***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: An increased consumption of fruits and vegetables ( F&V ) has been suggested as a way to limit , or even lower , energy and fat intakes . The present study examined the effects of incorporating F&V supplements into the diets of adults who reported consuming < 240 g ( three portions ) of F&V per d on energy and fat intakes , and change in body weight  , over 8 weeks using a r and omised parallel design . Thirty-four males and twenty-eight females ( age 42.6 ( sd 11.1 ) years , BMI 23.7 ( sd 2.7 ) kg/m(2 ) ) were each provided with supplements of 0 , 300 or 600 g F&V per d. Food , nutrient and energy intakes were measured before , during and at the end of the supplementation period using 7 d weighed records . Mean daily energy intakes were not different among the three groups before ( P = 0.151 ) or during the supplementation periods ( P = 0.407 ) , although changes in energy intakes over the study period tended to be more positive with increasing amounts of F&V supplements ( P = 0.078 ) . There was no difference in changes of body weights during the study ( P = 0.242 ) . Carbohydrate ( P < 0.001 ) , sugar ( P < 0.001 ) , fibre ( P < 0.001 ) and weight of food consumed ( P = 0.022 ) increased in the treatment groups . There were no significant differences , or changes , in fat intakes among the three groups . Consumption of m and atory F&V supplements for 8 weeks produced beneficial changes in diet composition , but did not result in lower reported energy or fat intakes , and did not result in loss of body weight Definitive solutions wo n’t come from another million observational papers or small r and omized trials BACKGROUND Altering the macronutrient composition of the diet influences hunger and satiety . Studies have compared high- and low-protein diets , but there are few data on carbohydrate content and ketosis on motivation to eat and ad libitum intake . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the hunger , appetite , and weight-loss responses to a high-protein , low-carbohydrate [ ( LC ) ketogenic ] and those to a high-protein , medium-carbohydrate [ ( MC ) nonketogenic ] diet in obese men feeding ad libitum . DESIGN Seventeen obese men were studied in a residential trial ; food was provided daily . Subjects were offered 2 high-protein ( 30 % of energy ) ad libitum diets , each for a 4-wk period-an LC ( 4 % carbohydrate ) ketogenic diet and an MC ( 35 % carbohydrate ) diet-r and omized in a crossover design . Body weight was measured daily , and ketosis was monitored by analysis of plasma and urine sample s. Hunger was assessed by using a computerized visual analogue system . RESULTS Ad libitum energy intakes were lower with the LC diet than with the MC diet [ P=0.02 ; SE of the difference ( SED ) : 0.27 ] at 7.25 and 7.95 MJ/d , respectively . Over the 4-wk period , hunger was significantly lower ( P=0.014 ; SED : 1.76 ) and weight loss was significantly greater ( P=0.006 ; SED : 0.62 ) with the LC diet ( 6.34 kg ) than with the MC diet ( 4.35 kg ) . The LC diet induced ketosis with mean 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 1.52 mmol/L in plasma ( P=0.036 from baseline ; SED : 0.62 ) and 2.99 mmol/L in urine ( P<0.001 from baseline ; SED : 0.36 ) . CONCLUSION In the short term , high-protein , low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high-protein , medium-carbohydrate nonketogenic diets OBJECTIVES We examined the viability and efficacy of a known quantity of exercise in facilitating weight loss among previously sedentary or irregularly active overweight and obese adult women residing in a slum ( favela ) in Brazil . METHODS In this r and omized controlled trial , 156 women were r and omized to a  control or intervention group  ( 78 in each group ) . Exercise was supervised , consisting of three 50-minute aerobic sessions each week for 6 months . RESULTS Ninety-one percent ( 71 ) of the participants in the intervention group completed 6 months of the exercise program . At 6 months , women in the treatment group showed significant reduction in weight ( mean=-1.69 kg ; 95 % confidence interval [CI]=-2.36,-1.03 ) and body mass index ( mean=-0.63 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI=-0.97 , -0.30 ) compared with controls ( P for both<.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS A moderately intense , structured exercise program result ed in modest weight loss in women when sustained for 6 months BACKGROUND The consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks ( SSSDs ) has been associated with obesity , the metabolic syndrome , and cardiovascular disorders in observational and short-term intervention studies . Too few long-term intervention studies in humans have examined the effects of soft drinks . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of SSSDs with those of isocaloric milk and a noncaloric soft drink on changes in total fat mass and ectopic fat deposition ( in liver and muscle tissue ) . DESIGN Overweight subjects ( n = 47 ) were r and omly assigned to 4 different test drinks ( 1 L/d for 6 mo ) : SSSD ( regular cola ) , isocaloric semiskim milk , aspartame-sweetened diet cola , and water . The amount of intrahepatic fat and intramyocellular fat was measured with (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Other endpoints were fat mass , fat distribution ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging ) , and metabolic risk factors . RESULTS The relative changes between baseline and the end of 6-mo intervention were significantly higher in the regular cola group than in the 3 other groups for liver fat ( 132 - 143 % , sex-adjusted mean ; P < 0.01 ) , skeletal muscle fat ( 117 - 221 % ; P < 0.05 ) , visceral fat ( 24 - 31 % ; P < 0.05 ) , blood triglycerides ( 32 % ; P < 0.01 ) , and total cholesterol ( 11 % ; P < 0.01 ) . Total fat mass was not significantly different between the 4 beverage groups . Milk and diet cola reduced systolic blood pressure by 10 - 15 % compared with regular cola ( P < 0.05 ) . Otherwise , diet cola had effects similar to those of water . CONCLUSION Daily intake of SSSDs for 6 mo increases ectopic fat accumulation and lipids compared with milk , diet cola , and water . Thus , daily intake of SSSDs is likely to enhance the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00777647 Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) is a substantial cause of death and disability in South Africa and Western society , with research showing obesity to be one of the most common CAD risk factors . Furthermore , obesity is speculated to be the fastest-growing CAD risk factor and to become the most prevalent CAD risk factor . Research on obesity is therefore essential , and we propose some preventative measures that will hopefully limit the expansion of this risk factor for CAD . Most of the literature has focused primarily on aerobic modes of exercise . The aim of this study , therefore , was to investigate whether resistance training would improve body composition .  Twenty-eight males were matched by age , percentage of body fat and waist-to-hip ratio and r and omly assigned either to a resistance-training group ( n = 13 ) or a control group ( n = 15 ) . Each subject 's body mass , percentage body fat , lean mass , fat mass , waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index were assessed both pre- and post-experimentally following the eight-week experimental period . The resistance-training group trained three times weekly at 60 % of their one-repetition maximum using nine resistance exercises . Each exercise was performed for three sets of 15 repetitions each , whereas the control group did not exercise over this period . The dependent t-test indicated that resistance training significantly changed body mass , percentage of body fat , lean mass and fat mass ( all had a p-value of 0.00 ; p < or= 0.01 ) . Furthermore , the independent t-test demonstrated that lean mass , fat mass and percentage of body fat were statistically significantly different between the control and resistance-training groups . In conclusion , resistance training improved four of the six measured body composition variables , therefore implying that resistance training does in fact improve the majority of body composition variables and therefore CAD risk Objective : Clinical and epidemiological studies have reported the beneficial effects of tree nuts and peanuts on serum lipid levels . We studied the effects of consuming 15 % of the daily caloric intake in the form of pistachio nuts on the lipid profiles of free-living human subjects with primary , moderate hypercholesterolemia ( serum cholesterol greater than 210 mg/dL ) . Methods : Design : R and omized crossover trial . Setting : Outpatient dietary counseling and blood analysis . Subjects : 15 subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia . Intervention : Fours weeks of dietary modification with 15 % caloric intake from pistachio nuts . Measures of Outcome : Endpoints were serum lipid levels of total cholesterol , HDL-C , LDL-C , VLDL-C , triglycerides and apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100 . BMI , blood pressure , and nutrient intake ( total energy , fat , protein , and fiber ) were also measured at baseline , during , and after dietary intervention . Results : No statistically significant differences were observed for total energy or percent of energy from protein , carbohydrate or fat . On the pistachio nut diet , a statistically significant decrease was seen for percent energy from saturated fat ( mean difference , −2.7 % ; 95 % CI , −5.4 % to −0.08 % ; p = 0.04 ) . On the pistachio nut diet , statistically significant increases were seen for percent energy from polyunsaturated fat ( mean difference , 6.5 % ; 95 % CI , 4.2 % to 8.9 % ; p<.0001 ) and fiber intake ( mean difference , 15 g ; 95 % CI , 8.4 g to 22 g ; p = 0.0003 ) . On the pistachio diet , statistically significant reductions were seen in TC/HDL-C ( mean difference , −0.38 ; 95 % CI , −0.57 to −0.19 ; p = 0.001 ) , LDL-C/HDL-C ( mean difference , −0.40 ; 95 % CI , −0.66 to −0.15 ; p = 0.004 ) , B-100/A-1 ( mean difference , −0.11 ; 95 % CI , −0.19 to −0.03 ; p = 0.009 ) and a statistically significant increase was seen in HDL-C ( mean difference , 2.3 ; 95 % CI , 0.48 to 4.0 ; p = 0.02 ) . No statistically significant differences were seen for total cholesterol , triglycerides , LDL-C , VLDL-C , apolipoprotein A-1 or apolipoprotein B-100 . No changes were observed in BMI or blood pressure . Conclusion : A diet consisting of 15 % of calories as pistachio nuts ( about 2–3 ounces per day ) over a four week period can favorably improve some lipid profiles in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia and may reduce risk of coronary disease To determine the effect of a 12-week high intensity intermittent exercise ( HIIE ) intervention on  total body , abdominal , trunk , visceral fat mass , and fat free mass of young overweight males . Participants were r and omly assigned to either exercise or control group . The intervention group received HIIE three times per week , 20 min per session , for 12 weeks . Aerobic power improved significantly ( P < 0.001 ) by 15 % for the exercising group . Exercisers compared to controls experienced significant weight loss of 1.5 kg ( P < 0.005 ) and a significant reduction in total fat mass of 2 kg ( P < 0.001 ) . Abdominal and trunk adiposity was also significantly reduced in the exercising group by 0.1 kg ( P < 0.05 ) and 1.5 kg ( P < 0.001 ) . Also the exercise group had a significant ( P < 0.01 ) 17 % reduction in visceral fat after 12 weeks of HIIE , whereas waist circumference was significantly decreased by week six ( P < 0.001 ) . Fat free mass was significantly increased ( P < 0.05 ) in the exercising group by 0.4 kg for the leg and 0.7 kg for the trunk . No significant change ( P > 0.05 ) occurred in levels of insulin , HO 
    Output:
    
Interpretation : Compensation is substantial even in high-compliance conditions , result ing in far less weight change than would be expected .
The simple algorithm we report allows for more realistic predictions of intervention effects in free-living population s by accounting for the significant compensation that occurs