***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common causes of reproductive tract infection ( RTI ) , it 's prevalence is influenced by many factors . The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and impact of sexual and genital hygienie practice s and socio-demographic characteristics in non pregnant women of Zanjan province in Iran . METHODS 500 non-pregnant , married women were r and omly selected for this study . This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted among non-pregnant referred to primry healthcare centres in Zanjan between May to August 2006 . Following gynecological examination and vaginal sample collection by physicians , bacterial vaginosis was confirmed by Nugent criteria , tricomoniasis by direct microscopy and c and idiasis by direct microscopic observation and evaluation of presenting clinical signs of vulvovaginitis . RESULTS The prevalence of RTI was 27.6 % . Out of which 16.2 % was devoted to bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) , 6.6 % to trichomoniasis and 4.8 % to Vulvovaginal c and idiasis ( VVC ) . In contrast to coital hygiene , there was a significant correlation between menstrual and individual vaginal hygiene and BV ( p<0.01 and p<0.001 ) respectively . There was a significant correlation between BV and education ( p<0.025 ) , number of pregnancy ( p<0.05 ) and method of contraception ( p<0.005 ) . No significant correlation was observed between age , age of marriage and abortion . CONCLUSION The data obtained suggests that the prevalence rate of BV is relatively high and could be affected by hygiene behaviors and certain socio-demographic characteristics , which indicate the need for comprehensive , scheduled programs of healthcare educations , aim ed at reducing BV prevalence Background : The most serious outcome of term , premature rupture of membrane and chorioamnionitis is often associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes related to infection . This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) at 37–42 gestational weeks and its relationship to premature rupture of membranes . Method : During an analytical descriptive prospect i ve study , 425 pregnant women with a gestational age of 37–42 weeks were studied for prevalence of BV . Then , 304 women on the basis of having BV or not were followed up until 48 h after delivery for premature rupture of membranes . Result : The rate of BV in this population was 30.5 % . No significant association was found between BV and premature rupture of membranes ( odds ratio 1.6 , 95 % CI 0.9–2.8 ) . Conclusion : BV is a common vaginitis in term pregnancy , but we could not find any relationship between BV and premature rupture of membranes at term Background Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common genital tract infections among reproductive age group . The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis varies from country to country even in the same country it varies among population s of interest . Different social and sexual factors can contribute to the development of bacterial vaginosis . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and to identify the possible risk factors associated among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbessa University Hospital , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Methods R and omly selected 57 symptomatic and 195 asymptomatic pregnant women aged between 18 and 40 years visiting obstetric and gynecological clinic from November 2011 to April 2012 screenedusing Gram stain Nugent scoring system .  Statistical analysis like univariate analysis to calculate frequencies and proportions , bivariate analysis to see association of selected exposure variables with the outcome variable , and multivariate analysis to check the association of possible factors with bacterial vaginosis by adjusting potential confounding factors was calculated using SPSS ( Version 16.0 ) . Results The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is 19.4 % using Gram stain Nugent scoring system . In addition , prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is 31.6 % and 15.9 % among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women respectively . A high percentage of bacterial vaginosis positive pregnant women were asymptomatic ( 63.3 % ) . 36.7 % bacterial vaginosis positive pregnant women reported abnormal vaginal discharge with or without unpleasant smell . Multiple lifetime sexual partner ( OR : 8.6 ; 95 % CI : 2.5 , 29 ) and previous history of spontaneous abortion ( OR : 5.9 ; 95 % CI : 1.5 , 23 ) had remained significantly associated with prevalence of bacterial vaginosis . Conclusion The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis is higher among asymptomatic pregnant women and associated with the factors previous history of multiple lifetime sexual partner and spontaneous abortion The etiology of bacterial vaginosis is unknown , and there are no long-term therapies for preventing this frequently recurring condition . Vaginal douching has been reported to be associated with bacterial vaginosis in observational studies . However , this association may be due to confounding by indication -- that is , confounding by women douching in response to vaginal symptoms associated with bacterial vaginosis . The authors used marginal structural modeling to estimate the causal effect of douching on bacterial vaginosis risk while controlling for this confounding effect . In 1999 - 2002 , nonpregnant women ( n = 3,620 ) were recruited into a prospect i ve study when they visited one of 12 public health clinics in Birmingham , Alabama , for routine care . Participants were assessed quarterly for 1 year . Bacterial vaginosis was based on a Nugent 's Gram stain score of 7 or higher . Thirty-two percent of participants douched in every study interval , and 43.0 % never douched . Of the 12,349 study visits , 40.2 % were classified as involving bacterial vaginosis . The relative risk for regular douching as compared with no douching was 1.21 ( 95 % confidence interval : 1.08 , 1.38 ) . These findings indicate that douching confers increased risk of disruption of vaginal flora . In the absence of a large r and omized trial , these findings provide the best evidence to date for a risk of bacterial vaginosis associated with douching Objectives : the aim was to examine factors associated with acquisition and elimination of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy . Methods : a group of 229 pregnant women were r and omly selected from a population -based prospect i ve cohort study of 2927 . They were examined at enrollment ( mean gestational weeks 16w + 0d ) and again in mid-third trimester ( mean gestational age 32w + 3d ) . Measures : BV ( Amsel 's clinical criteria ) , microbiological cultures of the genital tract and question naire data . Results : BV prevalence decreased from 17 % in early second trimester to 14 % in mid-third trimester due to a tenfold higher elimination rate ( 39 % ) than incidence rate ( 4 % ) . Heavy smokers ( > 10/d ) in early pregnancy were at increased risk ( 5.3 [ 1.1–25 ] ) for the acquisition of BV during pregnancy , as were women receiving public benefits ( 4.8 [ 1.0–22 ] ) , having a vaginal pH  above 4.5 ( 6.3 [ 1.4–29 ] ) or vaginal anaerobe bacteria ( 18 [ 2.7–122 ] ) at enrollment . A previous use of combined oral contraceptives was preventive for the acquisition of BV ( 0.2 [ 0.03–0.96 ] ) . Elimination of BV in pregnancy tended to be associated with a heavy growth of Lactobacillus ( 3.2 [ 0.8–13 ] ) at enrollment . Conclusions : acquisition of BV during pregnancy is rare and is associated with smoking , while the presence of anaerobe bacteria and a vaginal pH > 4.5 are interpreted as steps on a gradual change towards BV . In the same way heavy growth of Lactobacillus spp in early pregnancy may be an indicator of women on the way to eliminate BV Background Bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery but little is known about factors that could predict BV . We have analyzed if it is possible to identify a category of pregnant women that should be screened for BV , and if BV would alter the pregnancy outcome at term ; we have also studied the treatment efficacy of clindamycin . Methods Prospect i ve BV screening and treatment study of 9025 women in a geographically defined region in southeast Sweden . BV was defined as a modified Nugent score of 6 and above . Data was collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register . Women allocated to treatment were supplied with vaginal clindamycin cream . The main outcome goals were to identify factors that could predict BV . Results Vaginal smears were consistent with BV criteria in 9.3 % . Logistic regression indicates a significant correlation between smoking and BV ( p < 0.001 ) and a greater prevalence of BV in the lower age groups ( p < 0.001 ) . We found no correlation between BV and history of preterm deliveries , previous miscarriages , extra-uterine pregnancies , infertility problems or reported history of urinary tract infections – factors that earlier have been associated with BV . Treatment with clindamycin cream showed a cure rate of 77 % . Less than 1 % of women with a normal vaginal smear in early pregnancy will develop BV during the pregnancy . There was no association between BV and the obstetric outcome among women who delivered at term . Women with BV , both treated patients and nontreated , had the same obstetric outcome at term as women with normal vaginal flora . Conclusion BV is more than twice as common among smokers , and there is a higher prevalence in the younger age group . However these two markers for BV do not suffice as a tool for screening , and considering the lack of other risk factors associated with BV , screening of all pregnant women might be a strategy to follow in a program intended to reduce the number of preterm births Aims : This study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) and other vaginal infections during pregnancy and its association with urinary tract infections ( UTI ) and its consequences on pregnancy outcome , maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . Setting s and Design : Prospect i ve cohort study . Material s and Methods : The present prospect i ve cohort study was conducted on 200 women attending the antenatal clinic ( ANC ) of a tertiary hospital . All pertinent obstetric and neonatal data covering antenatal events during the course of pregnancy , delivery , puerperium and condition of each newborn at the time of birth were collected . BV was detected by both Gram stain and gold st and ard clinical criteria ( Amsel ’s composite criteria ) . Statistical analysis used : Data were analyzed using SPSS version 9 . Fischer ’s exact test , chi square tests and Student ’s ’ test has been used for analysis . The probability of 5 % was considered as significant for continuous variables such as age , period of gestation and birth weight . Odds ratio ( OR ) and confidence interval ( CI ) with 95 % probability were determined . Results : The incidence of bacterial vaginosis was 41 in 200 patients . Adverse outcomes such as preterm labor , PROM and fetal complications were found more in pregnant women who had bacterial vaginosis ( N=41 ) , bacterial vaginosis with UTI ( N=14 ) as compared to those without bacterial vaginosis ( N=118 ) . Conclusions : The incidence of poor pregnancy outcome was higher in bacterial vaginosis with UTI . Prevention of BV and UTI is cost effective to minimize the pregnancy-related complications and preterm labor to decrease in perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity . We recommend all antenatal patients should be screened for the presence of bacterial vaginosis , other infections and UTI Background : A number of sexual and social risk factors for  bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) have been identified . However , many previous studies have used small numbers of patients , or highly selected or convenience sample s , or poorly defined population s. This study aims to clarify potential sexual and non-sexual risk factors for BV . Methods : Women attending the Sydney Sexual Health Centre with BV , between March 1991 and July 1999 , were included . Controls were r and omly selected women without BV . Information on the demographics , clinical findings , and sexual and non-sexual risk behaviours were extracted from the clinic data base and analysed using SPSS and SAS . A logistic regression model was used to establish which associations with BV persisted . Results : 890 women with BV and 890 controls were studied . Factors that were independently associated with BV were ⩾3 male sexual partners in the past 12 months ( OR = 1.60 , 95 % CI : 1.19 to 2.04 ) , at least one female sexual partner in the past 12 months ( OR = 2.1 , p = 0.003 ) , a past pregnancy ( OR = 1.5 , p<0.0006 ) , and smoking . In contrast , women with BV were significantly less likely to have used hormonal contraception ( 
    Output:
    
Conclusion The present review revealed a high prevalence of BV  in non-pregnant women .