***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a number of previous reports we showed the salutary effects on rats of SR-3 , a compound comprising a 1:4 ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids . Improvements were noted in learning tasks , thermoregulation , recovery from neurotoxins , and seizure protection . Because we were impressed that these effects are related to changes in membrane fluidity and neuronal functioning and because Alzheimer 's Disease is also associated with lipid defects , we undertook a short term ( 4 week ) double blind study with 100 Alzheimer patients ( 60 received SR-3 and 40 in a placebo control ) . The results indicated improvements in mood , cooperation , appetite , sleep , ability to navigate in the home , and short term memory . Overall improvement was reported for 49 patients , and in no case did a guardian report adverse effects to the compound . While not uniform or permanent , and while no mode of action for SR-3 can be precisely identified at this time , the promising results in quality of life for the patient and caregiver warrant further clinical trials and continued basic research into the neuropsychological substrate of the disease and its response to SR-3 Abstract 5′-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid ( 5′- MTHF ) in addition to st and ard psychotropic medication significantly improved clinical recovery in depressed patients with borderline or definite folate deficiency , and significantly reduced depressive symptoms in elderly normofolatemic patients after 3 weeks of treatment . In this equivalence study the effect of 5′- MTHF on depressive symptoms and cognitive status was compared to Trazodone ( TRZ ) in normofolatemic elderly patients with mild to moderate dementia and depression . Ninety-six patients with dementia , scoring 12–23 at the Mini Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) and ≥18 at the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HDRS ) after a 2-week placebo run-in , were r and omized to receive either 5′-MTHF ( 50 mg/day p.o . ) ( 47 patients ) or TRZ ( 100 mg/day p.o . ) ( 49 patients ) in a double-blind design for 8 weeks . HDRS was assessed before , after 4 weeks and at the end of treatment ; Rey ’s Verbal Memory ( RVM ) test for immediate and delayed recall was evaluated before and after treatment . After 4 weeks of treatment HDRS score was reduced from 23±5 to 20±6 in the 5′-MTHF ( p<0.05 vs baseline ) , and from 23±3 to 21±4 in the TRZ group ( p<0.05 vs baseline ) . p]A further significant decrease to 18±6 and 19±5 respectively was obtained at the end of the treatment period ( p<0.05 vs week 4 ) with 5′-MTHF and TRZ . HDRS was administered again after a 4-week , drug-free , follow-up period : no change vs the post treatment scores was observed either in the 5′-MTHF or in the TRZ group ( 18±7 and 19±5 respectively ) . RVM test for immediate recall was significantly improved ( p<0.05 ) at week 8 vs baseline in the 5′-MTHF group whereas no significant change occurred in the TRZ group . No change in delayed recall was observed after treatment in either group . Tolerability was good for both treatments . This study shows that 5′-MTHF and TRZ are equally effective in improving depressive symptoms in patients with mild to moderate dementia and suggests that pharmacological doses of 5′-MTHF may exert psychotropic effects irrespective of folate status . ( Aging Clin . Exp . Res . 1 : 63–71 , 1993 Background Observational studies have frequently reported an association between cognitive function and nutrition in later life but r and omised trials of B vitamins and antioxidant supplements have mostly found no beneficial effect . We examined the effect of daily supplementation with 11 vitamins and 5 minerals on cognitive function in older adults to assess the possibility that this could help to prevent cognitive decline . Methods The study was carried out as part of a r and omised double blind placebo controlled trial of micronutrient supplementation based in six primary care health centres in North East Scotl and . 910 men and women aged 65 years and over living in the community were recruited and r and omised : 456 to active treatment and 454 to placebo . The active treatment consisted of a single tablet containing eleven vitamins and five minerals in amounts ranging from 50–210 % of the UK Reference Nutrient Intake or matching placebo tablet taken daily for 12 months . Digit span forward and verbal fluency tests , which assess immediate memory and executive functioning respectively , were conducted at the start and end of the intervention period . Risk of micronutrient deficiency at baseline was assessed by a simple risk question naire . Results For digit span forward there was no evidence of an effect of supplements in all participants or in sub-groups defined by age or risk of deficiency . For verbal fluency there was no evidence of a beneficial effect in the whole study population but there was weak evidence for a beneficial effect of supplementation in the two pre-specified subgroups : in those aged 75 years and over ( n 290 ; mean difference between supplemented and placebo groups 2.8 ( 95 % CI -0.6 , 6.2 ) units ) and in those at increased risk of micronutrient deficiency assessed by the risk question naire ( n 260 ; mean difference between supplemented and placebo groups 2.5 ( 95 % CI -1.0 , 6.1 ) units ) . Conclusion The results provide no evidence for a beneficial effect of daily multivitamin and multimineral supplements on these domains of cognitive function in community-living people over 65 years . However , the possibility of beneficial effects in older people and those at greater risk of nutritional deficiency deserves further attention Based on research demonstrating associations between folate , B-12 and B-6 vitamins and cognition and mood , we investigated the effects of short-term supplementation in 211 healthy younger , middle-aged and older women who took either 750 microg of folate , 15 microg of vitamin B-12 , 75 mg of vitamin B-6 or a placebo daily for 35 d. In addition , we examined associations between dietary intake of these vitamins and cognition and mood . Usual dietary intake status was estimated using a retrospective , self-report , quantified food frequency question naire . Participants completed alternate forms of st and ardized tests of cognitive processing re sources , memory , executive function , verbal ability and self-report mood measures before and after supplementation . Supplementation had a significant positive effect on some measures of memory performance only , and no effect on mood . Dietary intake status was associated with speed of processing , recall and recognition and verbal ability BACKGROUND Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for vascular disease and is associated with dementia in older people . Potential mechanisms include altered endothelial and hemostatic function . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine the effects of folic acid plus vitamin B-12 , riboflavin , and vitamin B-6 on homocysteine and cognitive function . DESIGN This was a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 , r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind study with 3 active treatments : folic acid ( 2.5 mg ) plus vitamin B-12 ( 500 microg ) , vitamin B-6 ( 25 mg ) , and riboflavin ( 25 mg ) . We studied 185 patients aged > or=65 y with ischemic vascular disease . Outcome measures included plasma homocysteine , fibrinogen , and von Willebr and factor at 3 mo and cognitive change ( determined with the use of the Letter Digit Coding Test and on the basis of the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status ) after 1 y. RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) baseline plasma homocysteine concentration was 16.5 + /- 6.4 micromol/L. This value was 5.0 ( 95 % CI : 3.8 , 6.2 ) micromol/L lower in patients given folic acid plus vitamin B-12 than in patients not given folic acid plus vitamin B-12 but did not change significantly with vitamin B-6 or riboflavin treatment . Homocysteine lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B-12 had no significant effect , relative to the 2 other treatments , on fibrinogen , von Willebr and factor , or cognitive performance as measured by the Letter Digit Coding Test ( mean change : -1 ; 95 % CI : -2.3 , 1.4 ) and the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status ( -0.7 ; 95 % CI : -1.7 , 0.4 ) . CONCLUSION Oral folic acid plus vitamin B-12 decreased homocysteine concentrations in elderly patients with vascular disease but was not associated with statistically significant beneficial effects on cognitive function over the short or medium term BACKGROUND Deficiencies of vitamin B-12 , folic acid , and vitamin B-6-as defined by laboratory measures -occur in 10 - 20 % of elderly subjects . The clinical significance remains unresolved . OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore any association between vitamin status and vitamin treatment and movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects . DESIGN Community-dwelling subjects ( n = 209 ) with a median age of 76 y were r and omly assigned to daily oral treatment with 0.5 mg cyanocobalamin , 0.8 mg folic acid , and 3 mg vitamin B-6 or placebo ( double blind ) for 4 mo . Movement and cognitive performance tests were performed before and after treatment . RESULTS A high plasma total homocysteine ( tHcy ) concentration ( > or = 16 micromol/L ) was found in 64 % of men and in 45 % of women , and a high serum methylmalonic acid ( MMA ) concentration ( > or = 0.34 micromol/L ) was found in 11 % of both sexes . Movement time , digit symbol , and block design ( adjusted for age , sex , smoking , and creatinine ) correlated independently with plasma tHcy ( P < 0.01 , < 0.05 , and < 0.01 , respectively ) ; the simultaneity index and block design correlated with serum MMA ( P < 0.05 for both ) . Vitamin therapy significantly decreased plasma tHcy ( 32 % ) and serum MMA ( 14 % ) . No improvements were found in the movement or cognitive tests compared with placebo . Neither vitamin therapy nor changes in plasma tHcy , serum MMA , serum vitamin B-12 , plasma folate , or whole-blood folate correlated with changes in movement or cognitive performance . CONCLUSIONS High plasma tHcy and serum MMA were prevalent and correlated inversely with movement and cognitive performance . Oral B vitamin treatment normalized plasma tHcy and serum MMA concentrations but did not affect movement or cognitive performance . This might have been due to irreversible or vitamin-independent neurocognitive decline or to an insufficient dose or duration of vitamins BACKGROUND Frail elders are at risk of suboptimal micronutrient status , functional decline , and neurologic disorders . The influence of oral multimicronutrients in physiologic doses and of moderately intense physical exercise on homocysteine ( Hcy ) , methylmalonic acid ( MMA ) , and neurologic functioning have not yet been investigated . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine the effects of enriched foods and exercise on blood vitamins , Hcy , MMA , and neuropsychological functioning in the frail . DESIGN A 17-wk r and omized controlled intervention trial was used to study 1 ) enriched foods plus a social program , 2 ) regular foods plus exercise , 3 ) enriched foods plus exercise , and 4 ) regular foods plus a social program . Enriched foods contained multiple micronutrients ( 25 - 100 % of the Dutch recommended dietary allowances ) ; exercises focused on strength , coordination , flexibility , and endurance . Vitamin ( cobalamin , red blood cell folate , and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate ) , Hcy , and MMA concentrations were measured and 2 neuropsychological tests were conducted . RESULTS Vitamin concentrations were higher in the supplemented groups than in the unsupplemented groups ( P < 0.001 ; total n = 130 ) . Compared with baseline , cobalamin in the supplemented groups was increased by 22 % , plasma folate by 101 % , red blood cell folate by 87 % , and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate by 68 % . Concentrations in the unsupplemented groups changed by -2 % , -6 % , 1 % , and -13 % , respectively . Hcy decreased by 25 % and MMA by 30 % in the supplemented groups , compared with a small increase in Hcy ( 2 % ) and decrease in MMA ( 9 % ) in the unsupplemented groups . Exercise did not significantly affect vitamin , Hcy , or MMA concentrations . No significant effect of either intervention was observed on the neuropsychological tests . CONCLUSIONS The decrease in Hcy and MMA in frail elders confirms a sub clinical metabolic deficiency state . Enriched foods containing physiologic amounts of micronutrients have a beneficial effect on these metabolites . No effects of B vitamins on mental health were identified BACKGROUND The results of observational studies suggest that plasma homocysteine 
    Output:
    
A meta- analysis showed no significant effect of taking B vitamins or antioxidant vitamins on global cognitive function .
There was insufficient evidence to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on any cognitive domains .
There was little evidence of a beneficial effect from taking B vitamins or antioxidant supplements on global cognitive function in later life .