***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Overweight and obesity is a significant health concern during pregnancy . Our aim was to investigate the effect of providing antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice to women who are overweight or obese on components of maternal diet and physical activity . Methods We conducted a r and omised controlled trial , in which pregnant women with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 , and singleton gestation between 10 + 0 to 20 + 0 weeks were recruited and r and omised to Lifestyle Advice ( involving a comprehensive dietary and lifestyle intervention over their pregnancy ) or St and ard Care . Within the intervention group , we conducted a nested r and omised trial in which a subgroup of women were further r and omised to receive access to supervised group walking sessions in addition to the st and ard information presented during the intervention contacts ( the Walking group ) or st and ard information only . The outcome measures were maternal dietary intake , ( including food groups , macronutrient and micronutrient intake , diet quality ( using the Healthy Eating Index ; HEI ) , dietary glycaemic load , and glycaemic index ) and maternal physical activity . Women completed the Harvard Semi-Structured Food Frequency Question naire , and the Short Question naire to Assess Health-enhancing Physical Activity ( SQUASH ) , at trial entry , 28 and 36 weeks ’ gestational age , and 4 months postpartum . Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis , using linear mixed effects models with adjustment for the stratification variables . Results Women r and omised to Lifestyle Advice demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the number of servings of fruit and vegetables consumed per day , as well as increased consumption of fibre , and reduced percentage energy intake from saturated fats ( P < 0.05 for all ) . Maternal HEI was significantly improved at both 28 ( 73.35 ± 6.62 versus 71.86 ± 7.01 ; adjusted difference in means 1.58 ; 95 % CI 0.89 to 2.27 ; P < 0.0001 ) and 36 ( 72.95 ± 6.82 versus 71.17 ± 7.69 ; adjusted difference in means 1.77 ; 95 % CI 1.01 to 2.53 ; P < 0.0001 ) weeks . There were no differences in dietary glycaemic index or glycaemic load . Women r and omised to Lifestyle Advice also demonstrated greater total physical activity ( adjusted difference in means 359.76 metabolic equivalent task units ( MET ) minutes/week ; 95 % CI 74.87 to 644.65 ; P = 0.01 ) compared with women receiving St and ard Care . The supervised walking group was poorly utilised . Conclusions For women who are overweight or obese , antenatal lifestyle advice improves maternal diet and physical activity during pregnancy . Please see related articles : http://www.biomed central .com/1741 - 7015/12/163 and http://www.biomed central .com/1741 - 7015/12/201.Trial registration Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( http://ACTRN12607000161426 Background Obesity is a significant global health problem , with the proportion of women entering pregnancy with a body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 approaching 50 % . Obesity during pregnancy is associated with a well-recognised increased risk of adverse health outcomes both for the woman and her infant , however there is more limited information available regarding effective interventions to improve health outcomes .The aims of this r and omised controlled trial are to assess whether the implementation of a package of dietary and lifestyle advice to overweight and obese women during pregnancy to limit gestational weight gain is effective in improving maternal , fetal and infant health outcomes . Methods / Design Design : Multicentred r and omised , controlled trial . Inclusion Criteria : Women with a singleton , live gestation between 10 + 0 - 20 + 0 weeks who are obese or overweight ( defined as body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 ) , at the first antenatal visit . Trial Entry & R and omisation : Eligible , consenting women will be r and omised between 10 + 0 and 20 + 0 weeks gestation using a central telephone r and omisation service , and r and omisation schedule prepared by non- clinical research staff with balanced variable blocks . Stratification will be according to maternal BMI at trial entry , parity , and centre where planned to give birth . Treatment Schedules : Women r and omised to the Dietary and Lifestyle Advice Group will receive a series of inputs from research assistants and research dietician to limit gestational weight gain , and will include a combination of dietary , exercise and behavioural strategies .  Women r and omised to the St and ard Care Group will continue to receive their pregnancy care according to local hospital guidelines , which does not currently include routine provision of dietary , lifestyle and behavioural advice . Outcome assessors will be blinded to the allocated treatment group . Primary Study Outcome : infant large for gestational age ( defined as infant birth weight ≥ 90th centile for gestational age ) . Sample Size : 2,180 women to detect a 30 % reduction in large for gestational age infants from 14.40 % ( p = 0.05 , 80 % power , two-tailed ) . Discussion This is a protocol for a r and omised trial . The findings will contribute to the development of evidence based clinical practice guidelines .Trial Registration Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Background Adolescence represents a critical period for the development of overweight that tracks into adulthood . This risk is significantly heightened for adolescents that become pregnant , many of whom experience postpartum weight retention . The aim of this study was to evaluate Balance Adolescent Lifestyle Activities and Nutrition Choices for Energy ( BALANCE ) , a multicomponent obesity prevention intervention targeting postpartum adolescents participating in a national home visiting child development-parent education program . Methods A group r and omized , nested cohort design was used with 1325 adolescents , 694 intervention and 490 control , ( mean age = 17.8 years , 52 % underrepresented minorities ) located across 30 states .  Participatory methods were used to integrate lifestyle behavior change strategies within st and ard parent education practice . Content targeted replacement of high-risk obesogenic patterns ( e.g. sweetened drink and high fat snack consumption , sedentary activity ) with positive behaviors ( e.g. water intake , fruit and vegetables , increased walking ) . Parent educators delivered BALANCE through home visits , school based classroom-group meetings , and website activities . Control adolescents received st and ard child development information . Phase I included baseline to posttest ( 12 months ) ; Phase II included baseline to follow-up ( 24 months ) . Results When compared to the control group , BALANCE adolescents who were ≥12 weeks postpartum were 89 % more likely ( p = 0.02 ) to maintain a normal BMI or improve an overweight/obese BMI by 12 months ; this change was not sustained at 24 months . When compared to the control group , BALANCE adolescents significantly improved fruit and vegetable intake ( p = .03 ) . In stratified analyses , water intake improved among younger BALANCE teens ( p = .001 ) and overweight/obese BALANCE teens ( p = .05 ) when compared to control counterparts . There were no significant differences between groups in sweetened drink and snack consumption or walking . Conclusion Prevention of postpartum weight retention yields immediate health benefits for the adolescent mother and may prevent the early development or progression of maternal obesity , which contributes to the intergenerational transmission of obesity to her offspring . Implementing BALANCE through a national home visiting organization may hold promise for promoting positive lifestyle behaviors associated with interruption of the progression of maternal obesity . Trial registration Clinical Trails.gov NCT01617486 OBJECTIVE This analysis was focused on 1-year maternal and infant follow-up of a r and omized trial that tested a weight management intervention conducted during pregnancy . METHODS One hundred fourteen women with obesity ( mean BMI 36.7 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omly assigned at a mean of 15 weeks gestation to a weight management intervention or usual care control condition . The intervention ended at delivery and result ed in less gestational weight gain and a lower proportion of large-for-gestational-age newborns among intervention compared with control participants . The primary outcome at 12 months postpartum was maternal weight . Secondary outcomes included infant weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores . RESULTS At 1 year , mothers in the intervention group weighed 96.3 ± 18.6 kg and those in the control group 99.7 ± 19.2 kg . There was no significant difference between groups in change in weight from r and omization to 1 year postpartum ( b = -0.47 , 95 % CI : -4.03 to 3.08 ) . There was a significant main effect of group for infant weight-for-age z-scores ( b = -0.40 , 95 % CI : -0.75 to -0.05 ) but not infant weight-for-length z-scores ( b = -0.20 , 95 % CI : -0.59 to 0.20 ) . CONCLUSIONS A gestational weight management intervention did not influence maternal weight or infant weight-for-length at 1 year postpartum . Future studies may be warranted to determine whether extending prenatal interventions into the postpartum period would be beneficial for maternal and infant outcomes OBJECTIVE to examine the effect of individual counselling on diet and physical activity from pregnancy to six months post partum , or from birth to six months post partum , on weight retention among Taiwanese women . DESIGN a r and omised controlled trial assigned participants to two experimental groups [ from pregnancy to six months post partum ( EP ) and from birth to six months post partum ( EPP ) ] and one comparison group . SETTING a 3900-bed medical centre in northern Taiwan with around 3000 births annually . PARTICIPANTS a sample of 189 women who had regular check-ups during pregnancy and gave birth at the medical centre . INTERVENTIONS the comparison group received the routine outpatient department obstetric educational programme . The EP group attended regularly scheduled clinic visits with individualised dietary and physical activity education plans from 16 gestational weeks to six months post partum , and received on brochure . The EPP group received the same educational intervention as the EP group from 24 - 48 hours after birth to six months post partum . MEASUREMENTS body weight , body mass index , health-promoting behaviour and psycho-social variables ( self-efficacy , body image , depression and social support ) . FINDINGS average gestational weight gain was 14.02 , 15.27 and 16.22 kg in the three EP , EPP and comparison groups respectively , and average weight retention at six months post partum was 2.34 , 4.06 and 5.08 kg in the three groups , respectively . KEY CONCLUSIONS a diet and physical activity intervention from pregnancy is effective for reducing post-pregnancy weight retention . IMPLICATION S FOR PRACTICE the findings of the present study should be taken into consideration when incorporating significant others and weight-loss maintenance strategies with interventions for a healthier family lifestyle Efforts to prevent postpartum weight retention in extant clinical trials of African American women have proven exceedingly challenging . The primary purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether a behavioral intervention implemented in early pregnancy through 6 months postpartum could increase the proportion of African American women who were at or below their early pregnancy weights by 6 months postpartum . We additionally evaluated whether mothers ' postpartum weight loss could be maintained at 12 months postpartum . Participants were 66 socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women ( 36 % overweight , 64 % obese ) r and omly assigned to a behavioral intervention or usual care group . The intervention , implemented from early pregnancy to 6 months postpartum , promoted weight control through : ( 1 ) empirically supported behavior change goals ; ( 2 ) interactive self-monitoring text messages ; ( 3 ) weekly to monthly health coach calls ; and ( 4 ) skills training and support through Facebook . In modified intent-to-treat analyses , participants assigned to the intervention were significantly more likely to be at or below their early pregnancy weights by 6 months postpartum compared to usual care ( 56 % vs. 29 % , p = 0.04 ) . At 12 months postpartum , the maternal weight difference between intervention and usual care groups was not maintained ( 41 % vs. 38 % respectively at or below early pregnancy weights , p = 0.83 ) . Findings suggest that a combined pregnancy and postpartum weight control intervention improves 6 month weight outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women with obesity . Longer interventions may be needed to overcome late postpartum weight gain among this high risk group . Clinical trial registration number : Clinical Trials.gov identifier IMPORTANCE Few weight loss treatments produce clinical ly meaningful weight loss outcomes among black women , particularly in the primary care setting . New weight management strategies are necessary for this population . Weight gain prevention might be an effective treatment option , with particular benefits for overweight and class 1 obese black women . OBJECTIVE To compare changes in weight and cardiometabolic risk during a 12-month period among black women r and omized to a primary care-based behavioral weight gain prevention intervention , relative to usual care . DESIGN , 
    Output:
    
This scoping review identified an increasing volume of research over time undertaken to support women of childbearing age to prevent and treat overweight and obesity .
It highlights , however , that little research is being undertaken to support the young adult female population unrelated to pregnancy or preconception