***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent guidelines on exercise for weight loss and weight maintenance include resistance training as part of the exercise prescription . Yet few studies have compared the effects of similar amounts of aerobic and resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight adults . STRRIDE AT/RT , a r and omized trial , compared aerobic training , resistance training , and a combination of the two to determine the optimal mode of exercise for obesity reduction . Participants were 119 sedentary , overweight or obese adults who were r and omized to one of three 8-mo exercise protocol s : 1 ) RT : resistance training , 2 ) AT : aerobic training , and 3 ) AT/RT : aerobic and resistance training ( combination of AT and RT ) . Primary outcomes included total body mass , fat mass , and lean body mass . The AT and AT/RT groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more than RT ( P < 0.05 ) , but they were not different from each other . RT and AT/RT increased lean body mass more than AT ( P < 0.05 ) . While requiring double the time commitment , a program of combined AT and RT did not result in significantly more fat mass or body mass reductions over AT alone . Balancing time commitments against health benefits , it appears that AT is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass , while a program including RT is needed for increasing lean mass in middle-aged , overweight/obese individuals The independent effects of exercise and weight loss on markers of inflammation ( MOI ) in obese individuals have not been clearly characterized . The objectives of this study were to : ( i ) identify the independent effects of exercise and weight loss on MOI and ( ii ) determine whether changes in MOI were associated with changes in fat distribution . Subjects were 126 healthy , premenopausal women , BMI 27 - 30 kg/m(2 ) . They were r and omized to one of three groups : diet only , diet + aerobic- , or diet + resistance training until a BMI < 25 kg/m(2 ) was achieved . Fat distribution was measured with computed tomography , and body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry .  Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α , soluble TNF receptor 1 ( sTNF-R1 ) , soluble TNF receptor 2 ( sTNF-R2 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and interleukin (IL)-6 were assessed . Results of repeated- measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of time on MOI , such that MOI decreased with weight loss . Results of mixed-model analysis indicated that adjusting for intra-abdominal adipose tissue ( IAAT ) and total fat mass explained the decreases in TNF-α and sTNF-R1 , whereas only total fat mass explained the decreases in sTNF-R2 , IL-6 , and CRP . In conclusion , weight loss was associated with decreases in MOI . The effect of weight loss appeared to be mediated by changes in total fat mass or IAAT . Addition of exercise did not alter the response , suggesting that weight loss has a more profound impact for reducing MOI in overweight women than exercise The effects of energy restriction ( diet ) in combination with either aerobic ( DA ) or resistance exercise ( DR ) on adipose tissue ( AT ) distribution were evaluated in 24 obese women ( DA , n = 10 ; DR , n = 14 ) . AT distribution was measured by magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . Comparison between groups demonstrated that the relative losses observed for body weight , subcutaneous AT ( SAT ) , and visceral AT ( VAT ) volume were not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ) . A significant reduction in the volume ratio of VAT to SAT was observed for both groups ( P < 0.01 ) . Comparison of arm , abdomen and torso , and lower-body regions revealed that the regional mobilization of SAT was not significantly different between groups ( P > 0.05 ) and that for both groups there was a preferential mobilization of SAT from the abdominal region ( P < 0.05 ) . Within the VAT depot , significant reductions were observed for both intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal AT ( P < 0.01 ) . These findings suggest that the combination of moderate energy restriction and either resistance or aerobic exercise induces significant reductions in VAT and SAT , with a preferential loss of VAT , and are thus effective means of reducing total and upper-body obesity in obese women Objective : To compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on weight , muscle strength , cardiovascular fitness , blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on an energy-restricted diet . Design : R and omized , prospect i ve , controlled trial . Setting : Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , University Hospital . Subjects : Sixty obese women were assigned to one of three groups : aerobic exercise ( n=20 ) , resistance exercise ( n=20 ) and control group ( n=20 ) . Interventions : The aerobic exercise group performed both walking and leg cycle exercise with increasing duration and frequency . The resistance exercise group performed progressive weight-resistance exercises for the upper and lower body . Main outcome measures : Before and after a 12-week period , all subjects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement , rating of mood , cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles . Results : After a 12-week training period , subjects in the resistance group showed significant improvement in one-repetition maximum test of hip abductors ( 7.95±3.58 kg ) , quadriceps ( 14±7.18 kg ) , biceps ( 3.37± 2.84 kg ) and pectorals ( 8.75±5.09 kg ) compared with those in the control group ( P<0.001 ) . VO2 max increased ( 0.51±0.40 ) and Beck Depression Scale scores decreased ( -5.40±4.27 ) in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group , significantly ( P<0.001 ) . Only in hip abductor muscle strength was there a significant increase in the resistance exercise group compared with the aerobic exercise group ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise result ed in improved performance and exercise capacity in obese women .  While aerobic exercise appeared to be beneficial with regard to improving depressive symptoms and maximum oxygen consumption , resistance exercise was beneficial in increasing muscle strength Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more BACKGROUND Authorities advocate that resistance and aerobic exercise are essential for reducing risk factors for chronic disease and disability  in older adults . However , the incremental effects of combined resistance and aerobic exercise compared with either modality alone on risk factors for disease and disability is generally unknown . METHODS Participants were 136 sedentary , abdominally obese older men and women recruited from September 30 , 2002 , through November 15 , 2006 , at Queen 's University . Participants were r and omized to 1 of the following 4 groups for 6 months : resistance exercise , aerobic exercise , resistance and aerobic exercise ( combined exercise ) , or nonexercise control . Primary outcomes were analyzed by an intent-to-treat model and included changes in insulin resistance by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and functional limitation using the average change in 4 tests combined ( average z score ) . RESULTS After controlling for age , sex , and baseline value , insulin resistance improved compared with controls in the aerobic exercise and the combined exercise groups but not in the resistance exercise group . Improvement ( mean [ SE ] ) in the combined exercise group was greater than in the resistance exercise group ( 9.2 [ 1.3 ] vs 1.8 [ 1.3 ] mg/mL/microIU per kilogram of skeletal muscle per minute x100 [ P < .001 ] ) but not in the aerobic exercise group ( 9.2 [ 1.3 ] vs 6.5 [ 1.3 ] mg/mL/microIU per kilogram of skeletal muscle per minute x100 [ P = .46 ] ) . Functional limitation improved significantly in all groups compared with the control group . Improvement in the combined exercise group was greater than in the aerobic exercise group ( 0.5 [ 0.1 ] vs -0.0 [ 0.1 ] ; st and ard units , z score [ P = .003 ] ) but not in the resistance exercise group . Improvement in the resistance exercise group was not different from the aerobic exercise group . CONCLUSION The combination of resistance and aerobic exercise was the optimal exercise strategy for simultaneous reduction in insulin resistance and functional limitation in previously sedentary , abdominally obese older adults . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00520858 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on  abdominal fat .  Our participants in the study consisted of thirty obese women . They were separated into three groups : a control group ( n=10 ) , an aerobic training group ( n=10 ) and a combined training group ( n=10 ) . The aerobic training group was composed of 60 - 70 % HRmax ( intensity ) , 60 minutes a day ( duration ) for 6 days a week ( frequency ) . The combined training group was separated into resistance training ( 3 days a week , Mon , We d , Fri ) and the aerobic training ( 3 days a week , Tue , Thu , Sat ) . The levels for abdominal fat volume were measured by determining the subcutaneous fat volume ( SFV ) , visceral fat volume ( VFV ) , and VFV/SFV by CT ( computed tomography ) . The VO(2max ) was significantly ( p<0.05 ) increased in both groups . The subcutaneous fat and visceral fat levels were decreased in the combined training group more than in the aerobics training group . Also , the lean body mass ( LBM ) was significantly increased only in the combined training group . In addition , the total cholesterol , triglyceride and LDL-C were significantly ( p<.05 ) decreased and the HDL-C was significantly ( p<.05 ) increased in both groups . In conclusion , our results observed that combined training decreased abdominal subcutaneous fat and visceral fat more than aerobic training only OBJECTIVE To determine how multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures could be modified by high-intensity strength training exercises in postmenopausal women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial of 1-year duration . SETTING Exercise laboratory at Tufts University , Boston , Mass. POPULATION Forty postmenopausal white women , 50 to 70 years of age , participated in the study ; 39 women completed the study . The subjects were sedentary and estrogen-deplete . INTERVENTIONS High-intensity strength training exercises 2 days per week using five different exercises ( n = 20 ) vs untreated controls ( n = 19 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for bone status , one repetition maximum for muscle strength , 24-hour urinary creatinine for muscle mass , and backward t and em walk for dynamic balance . RESULTS Femoral neck bone mineral density and lumbar spine bone mineral density increased by 0.005 + /- 0.039 g/cm2 ( 0.9 % + /- 4.5 % ) ( mean + /- SD ) and 0.009 + /- 0.033 g/cm2 ( 1.0 % + /- 3.6 % ) , respectively , in the strength-trained women and decreased by -0.022 + /- 0.035 g/cm2 ( -2.5 % + /- 3.8 % ) and -0.019 + /- 0.035 g/cm2 ( -1.8 % + /- 3.5 % ) , respectively , in the controls ( P = .02 and .04 ) . Total body bone mineral content was preserved in the strength-trained women ( + 2.0 + /- 68 g ; 0.0 % + /- 3.0 % ) and tended to decrease in the controls ( -33 + 77 g ; -1.2 % + /- 3.4 % , P = .12 ) . Muscle mass , muscle strength , and dynamic balance increased in the strength-trained women and decreased in the controls ( P = .03 to < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS High-intensity strength training exercises are an effective and feasible means to preserve bone density while improving muscle mass , strength , and balance in postmenopausal women This study examined , through a r and omized controlled trial , the effects of cross-training ( combined resistance and endurance exercise ) on markers of insulin resistance , ( e.g. , dyslipidemia , intra-abdominal obesity , hyperinsulinemia , and hypertension ) , body composition , and performance in hyperinsulinemic individuals . Sedentary adult males characterized as hyperinsulinemic ( fasting insulin > 2 OuU.mL-1 ) , r and omly assigned to two groups ( N = 8 each ) , completed 14 wk of training at 3 d.wk-1 . An endurance-only ( E ) group performed both continuous cycle exercise and walking ( 30 min each at 60 - 70 % heart rate reserve ) . A cross-training ( C ) group performed both endurance and resistance exercise ( 8 exercises , 4 sets/exercise , 8 - 12 repetitions/set ) in a single session . Both E and C groups demonstrated similar increases in VO2max ( 25 % and 27 % ) while only C demonstrated an increase in 1 RM bench press ( 19 % ) and leg press ( 25 % ) . The changes induced by C training were significantly greater than those from E training alone in percent fat ( 6.9 + /- 1. 
    Output:
    
Evidence from both pairwise and network meta-analyses suggests that CT is the most efficacious means to reduce anthropometric outcomes and should be recommended in the prevention and treatment of overweight , and obesity whenever possible