***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The objectives of the study were to examine linkages between exposure to childhood abuse and interparental violence and the subsequent development of panic attacks and panic disorder using data gathered on a birth cohort of 1265 New Zeal and young people studied to the age of 21 years . METHOD Data on : ( a ) exposure to child abuse and interparental violence ; ( b ) the development of panic attacks and panic disorder ; and ( c ) other childhood and related factors were gathered over the course of a 21-year longitudinal study . RESULTS After adjustment for childhood and related factors , exposure to childhood physical abuse was associated with a significantly increased risk of later panic attack ( OR 2.3 , 95 % CI 1.1 - 4.9 ) and panic disorder ( OR 3.0 , 95 % CI 1.1 - 7.9 ) ; childhood sexual abuse was associated with a significantly increased risk of panic attack ( OR 4.1 , 95 % CI 2.3 - 7.2 ) and a marginally significant increase risk of panic disorder ( OR 2.2 ; 95 % CI 0.98 - 5.0 ) . Exposure to interparental violence was unrelated to later panic attack or disorder after adjustment . CONCLUSIONS Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse was associated with increased risks of later panic attack/disorder even after adjustment for prospect ively assessed confounding factors . However , exposure to interparental violence during childhood was not related to increased risk of later panic attack/disorder after adjustment . These data suggest the need for clinicians to be aware that patients with histories of childhood physical and sexual abuse may be at increased risk for panic during young adulthood OBJECTIVES This study examined the extent to which being abused and /or neglected in childhood increases a person 's  risk for promiscuity , prostitution , and teenage pregnancy .  METHODS A prospect i ve cohorts design was used to match , on the basis of age , race , sex , and social class , cases of abused and /or neglected children from 1967 to 1971 with nonabused and nonneglected children ; subjects were followed into young adulthood . From 1989 to 1995 1196 subjects ( 676 abused and /or neglected and 520 control subjects were located and interviewed . RESULTS Early childhood abuse and /or neglect was a significant predictor of prostitution for females ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.96 ) . For females , sexual abuse ( OR = 2.54 ) and neglect ( OR = 2.58 ) were associated with prostitution , whereas physical abuse was only marginally associated . Childhood abuse and neglect were not associated with increased risk for promiscuity or teenage pregnancy . CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support a relationship between childhood victimization and subsequent prostitution . The presumed causal sequence between childhood victimization and teenage pregnancy may need to be reevaluated In a prospect ive-longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort , we tested why stressful experiences lead to  depression  in some people but not in others . A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter ( 5-HT T ) gene was found to moderate the influence of stressful life events on depression . Individuals with one or two copies of the short allele of the 5-HT T promoter polymorphism exhibited more depressive symptoms , diagnosable depression , and suicidality in relation to stressful life events than individuals homozygous for the long allele . This epidemiological study thus provides evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction , in which an individual 's response to environmental insults is moderated by his or her genetic makeup OBJECTIVE To evaluate the 3 alcohol consumption questions from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT-C ) as a brief screening test for heavy drinking and /or active alcohol abuse or dependence . METHODS Patients from 3 Veterans Affairs general medical clinics were  mailed question naires . A r and om , weighted sample of Health History Question naire respondents , who had 5 or more drinks over the past year , were eligible for telephone interviews ( N = 447 ) . Heavy drinkers were over sample d 2:1 . Patients were excluded if they could not be contacted by telephone , were too ill for interviews , or were female ( n = 54 ) .  Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves ( AUROCs ) were used to compare mailed alcohol screening question naires ( AUDIT-C and full AUDIT ) with 3 comparison st and ards based on telephone interviews : ( 1 ) past year heavy drinking ( > 14 drinks/week or > or = 5 drinks/ occasion ) ; ( 2 ) active alcohol abuse or dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Revised Third Edition , criteria ; and ( 3 ) either . RESULTS Of 393 eligible patients , 243 ( 62 % ) completed AUDIT-C and interviews . For detecting heavy drinking , AUDIT-C had a higher AUROC than the full AUDIT ( 0.891 vs 0.881 ; P = .03 ) . Although the full AUDIT performed better than AUDIT-C for detecting active alcohol abuse or dependence ( 0.811 vs 0.786 ; P<.001 ) , the 2 question naires performed similarly for detecting heavy drinking and /or active abuse or dependence ( 0.880 vs 0.881 ) . CONCLUSIONS Three questions about alcohol consumption  ( AUDIT-C ) appear to be a practical , valid primary care screening test for heavy drinking and /or active alcohol abuse or dependence CONTEXT The physical health consequences of childhood psychosocial adversities may be as substantial as the mental health consequences , but whether this is the case remains unclear because much prior research has involved unrepresentative sample s and a selective focus on particular adversities or physical outcomes . The association between early-onset mental disorders and subsequent poor physical health in adulthood has not been investigated . OBJECTIVE To investigate whether childhood adversities and early-onset mental disorders are independently associated with increased risk of a range of adult-onset chronic physical conditions in culturally diverse sample s spanning the full adult age range . DESIGN Cross-sectional community surveys of adults in 10 countries . SETTING General population . PARTICIPANTS Adults ( ie , aged ≥18 years ; N = 18 303 ) , with diagnostic assessment and determination of age at onset of DSM-IV mental disorders , assessment of childhood familial adversities , and age of diagnosis or onset of chronic physical conditions . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Risk ( ie , hazard ratios ) of adult-onset ( ie , at age > 20 years ) heart disease , asthma , diabetes mellitus , arthritis , chronic spinal pain , and chronic headache as a function of specific childhood adversities and early-onset ( ie , at age < 21 years ) DSM-IV depressive and anxiety disorders , with mutual adjustment . RESULTS A history of 3 or more childhood adversities was independently associated with onset of all 6 physical conditions ( hazard ratios , 1.44 to 2.19 ) . Controlling for current mental disorder made little difference to these associations . Early-onset mental disorders were independently associated with onset of 5 physical conditions ( hazard ratios , 1.43 to 1.66 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood adversities and early-onset mental disorders have independent , broad-spectrum effects that increase the risk of diverse chronic physical conditions in later life . They require confirmation in a prospect ively design ed study . The long course of these associations has theoretical and research implication The relationship between  childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life was investigated in a r and om community sample of women . There was a positive correlation between reporting abuse and greater levels of psychopathology on a range of measures . Substance abuse and suicidal behaviour were also more commonly reported by the abused group .  Childhood sexual abuse  was more frequent in women from disrupted homes as well as in those who had been exposed to inadequate parenting or physical abuse . While elements in the individual 's childhood which increased the risks of sexual abuse were also directly associated to higher rates of adult psychopathology , abuse emerged from logistic regression as a direct contributor to adult psychopathology . Severity of abuse reported was related to the degree of adult psychopathology . The overlap between the possible effects of sexual abuse and the effects of the matrix of disadvantage from which it so often emerges were , however , so considerable as to raise doubts about how often , in practice , it operates as an independent causal element . Further , many of those reporting childhood sexual abuse did not show a measurable long-term impairment of their mental health . Abuse correlated with an increased risk for a range of mental health problems , but in most cases its effects could only be understood in relationship to the context from which it emerged BACKGROUND Although childhood abuse is an important correlate of suicidality , not all individuals who were abused as children attempt suicide . AIMS To identify correlates and moderators of suicide attempts in adults reporting childhood physical abuse , contact sexual abuse , or both . METHOD A French-Canadian , school-based cohort ( n=1684 ) was prospect ively followed . RESULTS The identity of the abuser moderated the relationship of abuse frequency and suicide attempts , with individuals abused by their immediate family being at highest risk . Although paternal education exhibited negative associations ( OR=0.71 , 95 % CI 0.58 - 0.88 ) , several externalising phenotypes had positive associations with suicide attempts : disruptive disorders ( OR=3.10 , 95 % CI 1.05 - 9.15 ) , conduct problems ( OR=1.09 , 95 % CI 1.01 - 1.19 ) and childhood aggression ( OR=1.41 , 95 % CI 1.08 - 1.83 ) . CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of the abuser and abusive acts may be important additional indicators of risk for suicide attempts . Future research needs to employ developmental approaches to examine the extent and mechanisms by which childhood abuse contributes to the shared variance of suicidality , maladaptive traits and psychopathology OBJECTIVE This article examined links between childhood maltreatment and risky sexual behavior ( early sexual contact , promiscuity , prostitution ) and HIV in adulthood . DESIGN Using a prospect i ve cohort design , physically and sexually abused and neglected children ( ages 0 - 11 ) with documented cases during 1967 - 1971 were matched with nonmaltreated children and followed into adulthood . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES  Early sexual contact , promiscuity , and prostitution were assessed through in-person interviews and official records ( prostitution ) at approximate age 29 ( N=1196 ) .  HIV tests  were conducted at approximate age 41 ( N=631 ) . RESULTS Child maltreatment was associated with prostitution ( OR=2.47 , 95 % CI=1.35 - 4.50 ) and early sexual contact ( OR=1.73 , 95 % CI=1.24 - 2.40 ) . Prevalence of HIV in the abuse/neglect group was twice that in controls ( OR=2.35 , 95 % CI=.64 - 8.62 ) , although this difference did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance . SEM provided significant support for a model linking child abuse and neglect to prostitution through early sexual contact and a marginal link to HIV through prostitution . CONCLUSION These findings provide prospect i ve evidence that maltreated children are more likely to report sexual contact before age 15 , engage in prostitution by young adulthood , and test positive for HIV in middle adulthood OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which childhood abuse and neglect increase a person 's risk for subsequent  posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and to determine whether the relationship to PTSD persists despite controls for family , individual , and lifestyle characteristics associated with both childhood victimization and PTSD . METHOD Victims of substantiated child abuse and neglect from 1967 to 1971 in a Midwestern metropolitan county area were matched on the basis of age , race , sex , and approximate family socioeconomic class with a group of nonabused and nonneglected children and followed prospect ively into young adulthood . Subjects ( N = 1,196 ) were located and administered a 2-hour interview that included the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule to assess PTSD . RESULTS Childhood victimization was associated with increased risk for lifetime and current PTSD . Slightly more than a third of the childhood victims of sexual abuse ( 37.5 % ) , 32.7 % of those physically abused , and 30.6 % of victims of childhood neglect met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime PTSD . The relationship between childhood victimization and number of PTSD symptoms persisted despite the introduction of covariates associated with risk for both . CONCLUSIONS Victims of child abuse ( sexual and physical ) and neglect are at increased risk for developing PTSD , but childhood victimization is not a sufficient condition . Family , individual , and lifestyle variables also place individuals at risk and contribute to the symptoms of PTSD In conjunction with prospect i ve ratings of child maltreatment ( i.e. , sexual abuse , physical abuse , and physical neglect ) and measures of dissociation and somatization , this study examined prospect i ve pathways between child maltreatment and nonsuicidal , direct self-injurious behavior ( SIB ; e.g. , cutting , burning , self-hitting ) . Ongoing participants in the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( N = 164 ; 83 males , 81 females ) completed 
    Output:
    
This overview of the evidence suggests a causal relationship between non-sexual child maltreatment  and a range of mental disorders , drug use , suicide attempts , sexually transmitted infections , and risky sexual behaviour .