***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Energy drink consumption has continued to gain in popularity since the 1997 debut of Red Bull , the current leader in the energy drink market . Although energy drinks are targeted to young adult consumers , there has been little research regarding energy drink consumption patterns among college students in the United States . The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption patterns among college students , prevalence and frequency of energy drink use for six situations , namely for insufficient sleep , to increase energy ( in general ) , while study ing , driving long periods of time , drinking with alcohol while partying , and to treat a hangover , and prevalence of adverse side effects and energy drink use dose effects among college energy drink users . Methods Based on the responses from a 32 member college student focus group and a field test , a 19 item survey was used to assess energy drink consumption patterns of 496 r and omly surveyed college students attending a state university in the Central Atlantic region of the United States . Results Fifty one percent of participants ( n = 253 ) reported consuming greater than one  energy drink  each month in an average month for the current semester ( defined as energy drink user ) . The majority of users consumed energy drinks for insufficient sleep ( 67 % ) , to increase energy ( 65 % ) , and to drink with alcohol while partying ( 54 % ) . The majority of users consumed one energy drink to treat most situations although using three or more was a common practice to drink with alcohol while partying ( 49 % ) . Weekly jolt and crash episodes were experienced by 29 % of users , 22 % reported ever having headaches , and 19 % heart palpitations from consuming energy drinks . There was a significant dose effect only for jolt and crash episodes . Conclusion Using energy drinks is a popular practice among college students for a variety of situations . Although for the majority of situations assessed , users consumed one energy drink with a reported frequency of 1 – 4 days per month , many users consumed three or more when combining with alcohol while partying . Further , side effects from consuming energy drinks are fairly common , and a significant dose effect was found with jolt and crash episodes . Future research should identify if college students recognize the amounts of caffeine that are present in the wide variety of caffeine-containing products that they are consuming , the amounts of caffeine that they are consuming in various situations , and the physical side effects associated with caffeine consumption Energy drinks containing caffeine , taurine , and glucose may improve mood and cognitive performance . However , there are no studies assessing the individual and interactive effects of these ingredients . We evaluated the effects of caffeine , taurine , and glucose alone and in combination on cognitive performance and mood in 24-hour caffeine-abstained habitual caffeine consumers . Using a r and omized , double-blind , mixed design , 48 habitual caffeine consumers ( 18 male , 30 female ) who were 24-hour caffeine deprived received one of four treatments ( 200 mg caffeine/0 mg taurine , 0 mg caffeine/2000 mg taurine , 200 mg caffeine/2000 mg taurine , 0 mg caffeine/0 mg taurine ) , on each of four separate days , separated by a 3-day wash-out period . Between- participants treatment was a glucose drink ( 50 g glucose , placebo ) . Salivary cortisol , mood and heart rate were measured . An attention task was administered 30-minutes post-treatment , followed by a working memory and reaction time task 60-minutes post-treatment . Caffeine enhanced executive control and working memory , and reduced simple and choice reaction time .  Taurine increased choice reaction time but reduced reaction time in the working memory tasks . Glucose alone slowed choice reaction time .  Glucose in combination with caffeine , enhanced object working memory and in combination with taurine , enhanced orienting attention . Limited glucose effects may reflect low task difficulty relative to subjects ' cognitive ability . Caffeine reduced feelings of fatigue and increased tension and vigor .  Taurine reversed the effects of caffeine on vigor and caffeine-withdrawal symptoms . No effects were found for salivary cortisol or heart rate .  Caffeine , not taurine or glucose , is likely responsible for reported changes in cognitive performance following consumption of energy drinks , especially in caffeine-withdrawn habitual caffeine consumers BACKGROUND There has been a significant growth in the energy drink ( ED ) market in Australia and around the world ; however , most research investigating the popularity of ED and alcohol and energy drink ( AED ) use has focused on specific sub population s such as university students . The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence , consumption patterns , and sociodemographic correlates of ED and combined AED use among a representative Australian population sample . METHODS A computer-assisted telephone interview survey ( n = 2,000 ) was undertaken in March-April 2013 of persons aged 18 years and over . Half of the interviews were obtained through r and omly generated l and line telephone numbers and half through mobile phones . Approximately half of the sample was female ( 55.5 % ; n = 1,110 ) and the mean age of participants was 45.9 ( range 18 to 95 , SD 20.0 ) . RESULTS Less than 1 in 6 Australians reported  ED  use ( 13.4 % , n = 268 ) and 4.6 % ( n = 91 ) reported  AED use in the past 3 months . Majority of ED and AED users consumed these beverages monthly or less . ED and AED users are more likely to be aged 18 to 24 years , live in a metropolitan area , and be moderate risk or problem gamblers  . AED consumers are more likely to report moderate levels of psychological distress . CONCLUSIONS Our findings in relation to problem gambling and psychological distress are novel and require further targeted investigation . Health promotion strategies directed toward reducing ED and AED use should focus on young people living in metropolitan areas and potentially be disseminated through locations where gambling takes place Rationale Combining alcohol and caffeine is associated with increased alcohol consumption  , but no prospect i ve experimental studies have examined whether added caffeine increases alcohol consumption . Objectives This study examined how caffeine alters alcohol self-administration and subjective reinforcing effects in healthy adults . Methods Thirty-one participants completed six double-blind alcohol self-administration sessions : three sessions with alcohol only ( e.g. , beverage A ) and three sessions with alcohol and caffeine ( e.g. , beverage B ) . Participants chose which beverage to consume on a subsequent session ( e.g. , beverage A or B ) . The effects of caffeine on overall beverage choice , number of self-administered drinks , subjective ratings ( e.g. , Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale ) , and psychomotor performance were examined . Results A majority of participants ( 65 % ) chose to drink the alcohol beverage containing caffeine on their final self-administration session . Caffeine did not increase the number of self-administered drinks .  Caffeine significantly increased stimulant effects , decreased sedative effects , and attenuated decreases in psychomotor performance attributable to alcohol . Relative to nonchoosers , caffeine choosers reported overall lower stimulant ratings and reported greater drinking behavior prior to the study . Conclusions Although caffeine did not increase the number of self-administered drinks , most participants chose the alcohol beverage containing caffeine . Given the differences in subjective ratings and pre-existing differences in self-reported alcohol consumption for caffeine choosers and nonchoosers , these data suggest that decreased stimulant effects of alcohol and heavier self-reported drinking may predict subsequent choice of combined caffeine and alcohol beverages . These predictors may identify individuals who would benefit from efforts to reduce risk behaviors associated with combining alcohol and caffeine BACKGROUND Well-known reports suggest that the use of energy drinks might reduce the intensity of the depressant effects of alcohol . However , there is little scientific evidence to support this hypothesis . OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The present study aim ed at evaluating the effects of the simultaneous ingestion of an alcohol ( vodka(37.5%v/v ) ) and an energy drink ( Red Bull-3.57 mL/kg ) , compared with those presented after the ingestion of an alcohol or an energy drink alone .  Twenty-six young healthy volunteers were r and omly assigned to 2 groups that received 0.6 or 1.0 g/kg alcohol , respectively . They all completed 3 experimental sessions in r and om order , 7 days apart : alcohol alone , energy drink alone , or alcohol plus energy drink . We evaluated the volunteers '  breath alcohol concentration , subjective sensations of intoxication , objective effects on their motor coordination , and visual reaction time . RESULTS When compared with the ingestion of alcohol alone , the ingestion of alcohol plus energy drink significantly reduced subjects ' perception of headache , weakness , dry mouth , and impairment of motor coordination . However , the ingestion of the energy drink did not significantly reduce the deficits caused by alcohol on objective motor coordination and visual reaction time . The ingestion of the energy drink did not alter the breath alcohol concentration in either group . CONCLUSIONS Even though the subjective perceptions of some symptoms of alcohol intoxication were less intense after the combined ingestion of the alcohol plus energy drink , these effects were not detected in objective measures of motor coordination and visual reaction time , as well as on the breath alcohol concentration BACKGROUND Recently , Marczinski and colleagues ( 2013 ) showed that energy drinks combined with alcohol augment a person 's desire to drink more alcohol relative to drinking alcohol alone . The current study replicates the findings of Marczinski and colleagues ( 2013 ) using a robust measure of alcohol craving . METHODS Seventy-five participants aged 18 to 30 years were assigned to an alcohol only or alcohol+energy drink condition in a double-blind r and omized pre- versus posttest experiment . Participants received a cocktail containing either 60 ml of vodka and a Red Bull ( ® ) Silver Edition energy drink ( alcohol+energy drink condition ) or 60 ml of vodka with a soda water vehicle ( alcohol-only condition ) ; both cocktails contained 200 ml of fruit drink . The primary outcome measure was the Alcohol Urge Question naire taken at pretest and at 20 minutes ( posttest ) . Other measures taken at posttest were the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Question naire , the Drug Effects Question naire , and breath alcohol concentration ( BAC ) . RESULTS The alcohol+energy drink condition showed a greater pre- versus posttest increase in urge to drink alcohol compared with the alcohol-only condition ( B = 3.24 , p = 0.021 , d = 0.44 ) . Participants in the alcohol+energy drink condition had significantly higher ratings on liking the cocktail and wanting to drink more of the cocktail , and lower BACs , than the alcohol-only condition . When examined at specific BACs , the effect of the energy drink on the pre- to posttest increase in urge to drink was largest and only significant at BACs of 0.04 - 0.05 ( cf . < 0.04 g/dl).There were no significant differences in stimulation , sedation , feeling the effects of the cocktail , or feeling high . CONCLUSIONS Combining energy drinks with alcohol increased the urge to drink alcohol relative to drinking alcohol alone . More research is needed to underst and what factors mediate this effect and whether it increases subsequent alcohol consumption OBJECTIVES The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks ( AmED ) is popular on college campuses in the United States . Limited research suggests that energy drink consumption lessens subjective intoxication in persons who also have consumed alcohol . This study examines the relationship between energy drink use , high-risk drinking behavior , and alcohol-related consequences . METHODS In Fall 2006 , a Web-based survey was conducted in a stratified r and om sample of 4,271 college students from 10 universities in North Carolina . RESULTS A total of 697 students ( 24 % of past 30-day drinkers ) reported consuming AmED  in the past 30 days . Students who were male , white , intramural athletes , fraternity or sorority members or pledges , and younger were significantly more likely to consume AmED . In multivariable analyses , consumption of AmED was associated with increased heavy episodic drinking ( 6.4 days vs. 3.4 days on average ; p < 0.001 ) and twice as many episodes of weekly drunkenness ( 1.4 days/week vs. 0.73 days/week ; p < 0.001 ) . Students who reported consuming AmED had significantly higher prevalence of alcohol-related consequences , including being taken advantage of sexually , taking advantage of another sexually , riding with an intoxicated driver , being physically hurt or injured , and requiring medical treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . The effect of consuming AmED on driving while intoxicated depended on a student 's reported typical alcohol consumption ( interaction p = 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS Almost one-quarter of college student current drinkers reported mixing alcohol with energy drinks . These students are at increased risk for alcohol-related consequences , even after adjusting for the amount of alcohol consumed . Further research is necessary to underst and this association and to develop targeted interventions to reduce risk OBJECTIVE This study examines the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks ( AmED ) as a predictor of alcohol problems and alcohol-related consequences and accidents two years later in a college student sample . METHOD Longitudinal data on AmED  use , alcohol consequences , and alcohol problems  were collected from the fall of students ' second year of college to the fall of their fourth year ( N = 620 , 49 % male ) . RESULTS After we controlled for demographic indicators and 
    Output:
    
Within-subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions .
On past month heaviest drinking occasions ,  AMED users  consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions .
AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk-taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions .
Meta-analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption .
In conclusion , when compared to AO consumption , mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption , associated risk-taking behavior , nor other negative alcohol-related consequences .