***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: One of the most common integrative medicine ( IM ) modalities is yoga and related practice s. Previous work has shown that yoga may improve wellness in healthy people and have benefits for patients . However , the mechanisms of how yoga may positively affect the mind-body system are largely unknown . Here we have assessed possible rapid changes in global gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) in healthy people that practice d either a comprehensive yoga program or a  control regimen . The experimental sessions included gentle yoga postures , breathing exercises , and meditation ( Sudarshan Kriya and Related Practice s – SK&P ) compared with a control regimen of a nature walk and listening to relaxing music . We show that the SK&P program has a rapid and significantly greater effect on gene expression in P BMC s compared with the control regimen . These data suggest that yoga and related practice s result in rapid gene expression alterations which may be the basis for their longer term cell biological and higher level health effects BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in pharmacologic and device therapy , morbidity and mortality from heart failure ( HF ) remain high . Yoga combines physical and breathing exercises that may benefit patients with HF . We hypothesized that an 8-week regimen of yoga in addition to st and ard medical therapy would improve exercise capacity , inflammatory markers , and quality of life ( QoL ) in patients with HF . METHODS AND RESULTS New York Heart Association Class I-III HF patients were r and omized to yoga treatment ( YT ) or st and ard medical therapy ( MT ) .  Measurements included a grade d exercise test ( GXT ) to V O(2Peak ) and the following serum biomarkers : interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLHFQ ) was administered to assess changes in QoL. A total of 19 patients were enrolled after the initial screening . Of the 19 patients , 9 were r and omized to YT and 10 to MT . Patients had a mean EF of 25 % .  GXT time and V O(2Peak ) were significantly improved in the YT versus MT groups ( + 18 % in the YT and -7.5 % in MT ; P = .03 vs. control and + 17 in YT and -7.1 in MT ; P = .02 , respectively ) . There were statistically significant reductions in serum levels of IL-6 and hsCRP and an increase in EC-SOD in the YT group ( all P < .005 vs. MT ) . MLHFQ scores improved by 25.7 % in the YT group and by 2.9 % in the MT group . CONCLUSIONS Yoga improved exercise tolerance and positively affected levels of inflammatory markers in patients with HF , and there was also a trend toward improvements in INTRODUCTION Inflammatory markers play a very important role in body 's defense mechanism . Pro-inflammatory markers and anti-inflammatory markers counterbalance each other . It is extremely essential for the body to maintain their balance for a good immune response . OBJECTIVES To study the effect of yoga practice s on selected pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine among industrial workers . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty eight male study participants , aged 30 - 58 years , were r and omly divided into experimental ( n=24 ) & control ( n=24 ) groups . Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were evaluated at the baseline and at the end of 12 wk of yoga training in both the groups . During the experimental study , all the study participants continued with their daily lifestyle and diet . Data were analysed using paired t-test and independent t-test . RESULTS The result of within group comparison revealed that the yoga group showed a significant decrease in IL-1 β while significant increase in IL-10 ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas the control group revealed no change in IL-1 β ( p > 0.05 ) and IL-10 ( p > 0.05 ) . Further , the results between the groups confirmed that the yoga group had significantly lower level of IL-1 β and increase in IL-10 as compared to control group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The present study has demonstrated that yoga practice s could reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine and increase anti-inflammatory cytokine in industrial workers Background : Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infected individuals frequently suffer from anxiety and depression . Depression has been associated with rapid decline in CD4 counts and worsened treatment outcomes in HIV-infected patients . Yoga has been used to reduce psychopathology and improve immunity . Aim : To study the effect of 1-month integrated yoga ( IY ) intervention on anxiety , depression , and CD4 counts in patients suffering from HIV-1 infection . Methods : Forty four HIV-1 infected individuals from two HIV rehabilitation centers of Manipur State of India were r and omized into two groups : Yoga ( n = 22 ; 12 males ) and control ( n = 22 ; 14 males ) . Yoga group received IY intervention , which included physical postures ( asanas ) , breathing practice s ( pranayama ) , relaxation techniques , and meditation . IY sessions were given 60 min/day , 6 days a week for 1 month . Control group followed daily routine during this period . All patients were on anti-retroviral therapy ( ART ) and dosages were kept stable during the study . There was no significant difference in age , gender , education , CD4 counts , and ART status between the two groups . Hospital anxiety and depression scale was used to assess anxiety and depression , CD4 counts were measured by flow cytometry before and after intervention . Analysis of variance – repeated measures was applied to analyze the data using SPSS version 10 . Results : Within group comparison showed a significant reduction in depression scores ( F [ 1 , 21 ] = 4.19 , P < 0.05 ) and non-significant reduction in anxiety scores along with non significant increment in CD4 counts in the yoga group . In the control group , there was a non-significant increase in anxiety and depression scores and reduction in CD4 counts . Between-group comparison revealed a significant reduction in depression scores ( F [ 1 , 21 ] = 5.64 , P < 0.05 ) and significant increase in CD4 counts ( F [ 1 , 21 ] = 5.35 , P < 0.05 ) in the yoga group as compared to the control . Conclusion : One month practice of IY may reduce depression and improve immunity in HIV-1 infected adults Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more BACKGROUND The number of African American ( AA ) patients living with heart failure ( HF ) has been increasing , especially among the economically disadvantaged . Yoga therapy has been found to improve physical and psychological parameters among healthy individuals , but its effect in patients with HF remains unknown . The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of yoga therapy on cardiovascular endurance ( VO2peak ) , flexibility , quality of life ( QoL ) , and inflammatory markers on medically stable HF patients . METHODS Forty patients ( 38 AA , 1 Asian , and 1 Caucasian ) with systolic or diastolic HF were r and omized to the yoga group ( YG , n = 21 ) or the control group ( CG , n = 19 ) . All patients were asked to follow a home walk program . Premeasurement and postmeasurement included a treadmill stress test to peak exertion , flexibility , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . QoL was assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLwHFQ ) . RESULTS The statistical analyses ( assessed by ANOVA and t-tests ) were significant for favorable changes in the YG , compared with those in the CG , for flexibility ( P = 0.012 ) , treadmill time ( P = 0.002 ) , VO2peak ( P = 0.003 ) , and the biomarkers ( IL-6 , P = 0.004 ; CRP , P = 0.016 ; and EC-SOD , P = 0.012 ) . Within the YG , pretest to posttest scores for the total ( P = 0.02 ) and physical subscales ( P < 0.001 ) of the MLwHFQ were improved . CONCLUSIONS Yoga therapy offered additional benefits to the st and ard medical care of predominantly AA HF patients by improving cardiovascular endurance , QoL , inflammatory markers , and flexibility OBJECTIVES Previously it was shown that a brief yoga-based lifestyle intervention was efficacious in reducing oxidative stress and risk of chronic diseases even in a short duration . The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of this intervention in reducing stress and inflammation in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases . DESIGN This study reports preliminary results from a nonr and omized prospect i ve ongoing study with pre-post design . SETTING /LOCATION The study was conducted at the Integral Health Clinic , an outpatient facility conducting these yoga-based lifestyle intervention programs for prevention and management of chronic diseases . SUBJECTS Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and overweight/obese subjects were included while physically challenged , and those on other interventions were excluded from the study . INTERVENTION A pretested intervention program included asanas ( postures ) , pranayama ( breathing exercises ) , stress management , group discussion s , lectures , and individualized advice . OUTCOME MEASURES There was a reduction in stress ( plasma cortisol and β-endorphin ) and inflammation ( interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α ) at day 0 versus day 10 . RESULTS Eighty-six ( 86 ) patients ( 44 female , 42 male , 40.07 ± 13.91 years ) attended this program . Overall , the mean level of cortisol decreased from baseline to day 10 ( 149.95 ± 46.07 , 129.07 ± 33.30 ng/mL ; p=0.001 ) while β-endorphins increased from baseline to day 10 ( 3.53 ± 0.88 , 4.06 ± 0.79 ng/mL ; p=0.024 ) . Also , there was reduction from baseline to day 10 in mean levels of IL-6 ( 2.16 ± 0.42 , 1.94 ± 0.10 pg/mL , p=0.036 ) and TNF-α ( 2.85 ± 0.59 , 1.95 ± 0.32 pg/mL , p=0.002 ) . CONCLUSIONS This brief yoga-based lifestyle intervention reduced the markers of stress and inflammation as early as 10 days in patients with chronic diseases ; however , complete results of this study will confirm whether this program has utility as complementary and alternative therapy PURPOSE To evaluate yoga 's impact on inflammation , mood , and fatigue . PATIENTS AND METHODS A r and omized controlled 3-month trial was conducted with two post-treatment assessment s of 200 breast cancer survivors assigned to either 12 weeks of 90-minute twice per week hatha yoga classes or a wait-list control . The main outcome measures were lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) , and scores on the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form ( MFSI-SF ) , the vitality scale from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form ( SF-36 ) , and the Center for Epidemiological Studies -Depression ( CES-D ) scale . RESULTS Immediately post-treatment , fatigue was not lower ( P > .05 ) but vitality was higher ( P = .01 ) in the yoga group compared with the control group . At 3 months post-treatment , fatigue was lower in the yoga group ( P = .002 ) , vitality was higher ( P = .01 ) , and IL-6 ( P = .027 ) , TNF-α ( P = .027 ) , and IL-1β ( P = .037 ) were lower for yoga participants compared with the control group . Groups did not differ on depression at either time ( P > .2 ) . Planned secondary analyses showed that the frequency of yoga practice had stronger associations with fatigue at both post-treatment visits ( P = .019 ; P < .001 ) , as well as vitality ( P = .016 ; P = .0045 ) , but not depression ( P > .05 ) than simple group assignment ; more frequent practice produced larger changes . At 3 months post-treatment , increasing yoga practice also led to a decrease in IL-6 ( P = .01 ) and IL-1β ( P = .03 ) production but not in TNF-α production ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSION Chronic inflammation may fuel declines in physical function leading to frailty and disability . If yoga dampens or limits both fatigue and infl 
    Output:
    
Even though the existing evidence is not entirely consistent , a general pattern emerged suggesting that yoga can downregulate pro-inflammatory markers .
In particular , the qualitative evaluation of RCTs revealed decreases in IL-1beta , as well as indications for reductions in IL-6 and TNF-alpha .
These results imply that yoga may be implemented as a complementary intervention for population s at risk or already suffering from diseases with an inflammatory component .
Beyond this , yoga practice may exert further beneficial effects by enhancing cell-mediated and mucosal immunity .
It is hypothesized that longer time spans of yoga practice are required to achieve consistent effects especially on circulating inflammatory markers .