***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The current study was design ed to explore the use of behavioral ( i.e. , accuracy and reaction times ) and electrophysiological measures ( i.e. , event-related potentials ) to assess the impact of a family-based preventive intervention for preschool-aged , maltreated children in foster care . These measures were recorded during a computerized flanker task design ed to assess cognitive control and response monitoring . The sample was recruited from a larger r and omized efficacy trial of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers ( MTFC-P ) and included foster children assigned to the intervention condition ( n = 10 ) , foster children assigned to a services-as-usual comparison condition ( n = 13 ) , and low-income , nonmaltreated community children ( n = 11 ) . The children ’s behavioral and electrophysiological performance on the task was generally consistent with previous research with adults and older children . There were no group differences on the behavioral measures of cognitive control or response monitoring . Notably , however , group differences were observed on the electrophysiological measures of response monitoring . Specifically , the foster children who received services as usual were significantly less responsive to performance feedback about errors than the foster children who received the intervention and the nonmaltreated children . Applications of this methodology and implication s of the results for future prevention research are discussed Children with language processing deficits have various learning impairments and poor scholastic performance . In 3 - 10 % of all children a specific language processing deficit can be identified by the Sound Connecting Sub-Test of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic-Abilities ( SC-ITPA ) . These children among which we drew our index group ( AS-Group ) suffer from the disability to recognize isolated sounds as parts of words . Following linguistic terminology this is known as an auditory sequential sound processing deficit ( ASSPD ) Eighteen children ( AS-Group ) and 21 controls ( C-Group ) were subjected to mapped P300 evoked potential analyses of cortical response to acoustic stimulation in the oddball paradigm . The data presented here show that there exists significant relation between the P300 amplitude reduction and ASSPD . The P300 amplitude decrease measured in the AS-Group is due to a reduced information transmission in accordance with Johnson 's Triarchic Model of the P300 Amplitude . The cerebral structures involved in poor language processing are localized at the left temporo-parietal cortex . This supports the hypothesis that the underlying neuronal defect of ASSPD is localized in the language center and not in the auditory pathway . The P300 amplitude may serve as electrophysiological tool to identify ASSPD and to quantify the degree of improvement in the course of specific therapy The magnocellular deficit theory is one of the prominent hypotheses in dyslexia research . However , recent studies have produced conflicting results . Ten dyslexic children and 12 controls were examined with visual evoked potentials  elicited by r and om dot kinematogram . The experiment comprises two sequences , one with r and omly moving dots ( control condition ) and a second sequence where a fraction of the dots were moved coherently at the left or right side ( depending on the level of coherence , 10 % , 20 % , and 40 % of the dots ) . R and omly moving dots elicited two components , a P100 and P200 , which were not different between the groups . Coherently moving dots elicited a late positivity between 300 and 800 ms , which was significantly attenuated in dyslexic children . The area of this component becomes larger at a higher level of coherence . This study supports the hypothesis of an impairment of a specific magnocellular function in dyslexia PURPOSE To verify the effectiveness of the  Cognitive Auditory Evoked Potential-P300 ( CAEP-P300 ) for monitoring the therapeutical evolution of students with developmental dyslexia . METHODS Twenty students diagnosed with developmental dyslexia , of both genders , aged between 8 and 14 years , divided into two r and omized groups , one of them su bmi tted to a phonological remediation program associated with reading and writing ( GI )  , and the other one representing the control group ( GII ) , participated in the study . The groups were paired up , and the individuals were su bmi tted to two evaluations of the CAEP-P300 and the same interval was kept for both . Paired Student 's t-test , ANOVA test , and Pearson 's correlation coefficient were used , adopting 5 % significance level . RESULTS The statistical comparison of the pre and post evaluations of each group demonstrated difference in the Phonological Awareness Test ( p=0.000 ) and in the P300 latency ( p=0.005 ) only for GI . CONCLUSION CAEP-P300 use for monitoring the therapeutical evolution of children with developmental dyslexia is possible and represents a viable option for intervention programs PURPOSE To evaluate whether a hypothesis suggesting that apraxia of speech results from phonological overspecification could be relevant for childhood apraxia of speech ( CAS ) . METHOD  High-density EEG  was recorded from 5 children with CAS and 5 matched controls , ages 5 - 8 years , with and without CAS , as they listened to r and omized sequences of CV syllables in two oddball paradigms : phonemic ( /ba/ , /pa/ ) and allophonic ( /pa/ , /p(h)a/ ) . RESULTS In the phonemic contrast condition , mismatch negativity ( MMN ) responses to oddball sounds were observed for the typically developing ( comparison ) group but not the CAS group , although a component similar to an immature mismatch response was apparent . The allophonic contrast did not elicit MMN responses in the comparison group , but in the CAS group , an MMN-like response was observed . CONCLUSION The authors propose that these preliminary findings are consistent with a view of CAS as a disorder that not only affects motor planning but also has a phonological component 
    Output:
    
The present meta- analysis demonstrates that speech therapy does not influence the latency and amplitude results of the P300 evoked potential in children undergoing speech therapy intervention