***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The generation of key uremic nephrovascular toxins , indoxyl sulfate ( IS ) , and p-cresyl sulfate ( PCS ) , is attributed to the dysbiotic gut microbiota in CKD . The aim of our study was to evaluate whether synbiotic ( pre- and probiotic ) therapy alters the gut microbiota and reduces serum concentrations of microbiome-generated uremic toxins , IS and PCS , in patients with CKD . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS , & MEASUREMENTS Predialysis adult participants with CKD ( eGFR=10 - 30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2 ) ) were recruited between January 5 , 2013 and November 12 , 2013 to a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial of synbiotic therapy over 6 weeks ( 4-week washout ) . The primary outcome was serum IS . Secondary outcomes included serum PCS , stool microbiota profile , eGFR , proteinuria-albuminuria , urinary kidney injury molecule-1 , serum inflammatory biomarkers ( IL-1β , IL-6 , IL-10 , and TNF-α ) , serum oxidative stress biomarkers ( F2-isoprostanes and glutathione peroxidase ) , serum LPS , patient-reported health , Gastrointestinal Symptom Score , and dietary intake . A prespecified subgroup analysis explored the effect of antibiotic use on treatment effect . RESULTS Of 37 individuals r and omized ( age = 69±10 years old ; 57 % men ; eGFR=24±8 ml/min per 1.73 m(2 ) ) , 31 completed the study .  Synbiotic therapy did not significantly reduce serum IS ( -2 μmol/L ; 95 % confidence interval [ 95 % CI ] , -5 to 1 μmol/L ) but did significantly reduce serum PCS ( -14 μmol/L ; 95 % CI , -27 to -2 μmol/L ) . Decreases in both PCS and IS concentrations were more pronounced in patients who did not receive antibiotics during the study ( n=21 ; serum PCS , -25 μmol/L ; 95 % CI , -38 to -12 μmol/L ; serum IS , -5 μmol/L ; 95 % CI , -8 to -1 μmol/L ) . Synbiotics also altered the stool microbiome , particularly with enrichment of Bifidobacterium and depletion of Ruminococcaceae . Except for an increase in albuminuria of 38 mg/24 h ( P=0.03 ) in the synbiotic arm , no changes were observed in the other secondary outcomes . CONCLUSION In patients with CKD , synbiotics did not significantly reduce serum IS but did decrease serum PCS and favorably modified the stool microbiome . Large-scale clinical trials are justified Background In persons without clinical symptom it is difficult to assess an impact of probiotics regarding its effect on health . We evaluated the functional efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 in healthy volunteers by measuring the influence of two different formulations on intestinal lactoflora , fecal recovery of the probiotic strain and oxidative stress markers of blood and urine after 3 weeks consumption . Methods Two 3-week healthy volunteer trials were performed . Open placebo controlled ( OPC ) study participants ( n = 21 ) consumed either goat milk or by L. fermentum ME-3 fermented goat milk ( daily dose 11.8 log CFU ( Colony Forming Units ) . Double blind r and omised placebo controlled ( DBRP ) study participants ( n = 24 ) received either capsules with L. fermentum ME-3 ( daily of dose 9.2 CFU ) or placebo capsules . The faecal lactoflora composition , faecal ME-3 recovery , effect of the consumption on intestinal lactoflora , and oxidative stress markers of blood ( total antioxidative activity ; total antioxidative status and glutathione red-ox ratio ) was measured . Results ME-3 was well tolerated and a significant increase in total faecal lactobacilli yet no predominance of ME-3 was detected in all study groups . Faecal recovery of ME-3 was documented by molecular methods only in fermented milk group , however the significant improvement of blood TAA ( Total Antioxidative Activity ) and TAS ( Total Antioxidative Status ) indices was seen both in case of fermented goat milk and capsules " , yet glutathione re-ox ratio values decreased only in case of fermented by ME-3 goat milk . Conclusion The functional efficacy of both consumed formulations of an antioxidative probiotic L. fermentum ME-3 is proved by the increase of the intestinal lactobacilli counts providing putative defence against enteric infections and by reduction of the oxidative stress indices of blood and urine of healthy volunteers . In non-diseased host the probiotic health cl aims can be assessed by improvement of some measurable laboratory indices of well-established physiological functions of host , e.g. markers of antioxidative defence system Background : Probiotics are live microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and benefit the host . Preterm infants develop abnormal patterns of bowel colonization , and only a few clinical trials have reported the outcomes of preterm infants treated with probiotics .  Purpose : We investigated the rate of colonization of Lactobacillus and the clinical variables affecting the colonization in preterm infants . Methods : Infants with gestational age less than 37 weeks treated at Ewha Womans University Hospital between March 2003 and July 2004 were eligible .  Lactobacillus acidophilus ( containing 108 CFU ) was supplemented orally , mixed with breast milk or formula divided into three doses a day . Stool sample s were collected before and 14 days after supplementation of the probiotic . Stool sample s were anaerobically cultured on Rogosa agar and identified by Gram stain , catalase test and glucose fermentation test . Clinical characteristics were analyzed . Results : Seventy-three patients with an average gestational age of 33.0 ± 2.5 weeks were studied . Meconium was cultured in 46 patients and Lactobacillus was not detected .  Probiotic supplementation began on 3.4 ± 6.8 days , and after 14 days of supplementation , Lactobacillus was cultured in an average of 3.01 × 108 CFU in the stool of 37.0 % ( 27/73 ) of the patients . There was a tendency towards an increased incidence of sepsis in the Lactobacillus– group ( p = 0.082 ) . In the Lactobacillus+ group , a striking increase in feeding tolerance was detected . Conclusion : In preterm infants , with the administration of probiotics , 37 % of the preterm infants  had Lactobacillus colonized in the gastrointestinal tract and improved feeding tolerance . A double-blind study is in progress for further investigation into the effect on other systemic diseases in premature infants BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with dysbiosis and one of the possible routes to restore a healthy gut microbiota is by the regular ingestion of probiotics . We aim ed to investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control , lipid profile , inflammation , oxidative stress and short chain fatty acids in T2D . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , 50 volunteers consumed daily 120 g/d of fermented milk for 6 wk . Participants were assigned into two groups : probiotic group , consuming fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 ( 109 colony-forming units/d , each ) and control group , consuming conventional fermented milk .  Anthropometric measurements , body composition , fasting blood and faecal sample s were taken at baseline and after 6 wk . RESULTS 45 subjects out of 50 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up . After 6 wk , there was a significant decrease in fructosamine levels ( -9.91 mmol/L ; p = 0.04 ) and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower ( -0.67 % ; p=0.06 ) in probiotic group . TNF-α and resistin were significantly reduced in probiotic and control groups ( -1.5 and -1.3 pg/mL , -.1 and -2.8 ng/mL , respectively ) , while IL-10 was significantly reduced ( - 0.65 pg/mL ; p < 0.001 ) only in the control group . Fecal acetic acid was increased in both groups ( 0.58 and 0.59 % in probiotic and control groups , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c ( + 0.31 for control group vs -0.65 for probiotic group ; p=0.02 ) , total cholesterol ( + 0.55 for control group vs -0.15 for probiotic group ; p=0.04 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( + 0.36 for control group vs -0.20 for probiotic group p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption improved the glycemic control in T2D subjects , however , the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with others metabolic changes , such as decrease in inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and resistin ) and increase in the acetic acid To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic food consumption on blood lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress among pregnant women . This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of a synbiotic food on blood lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women . This r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial was performed among 52 primigravida pregnant women , aged 18 to 35-year-old at their third trimester . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either a synbiotic ( n = 26 ) or control food ( n = 26 ) for 9 weeks . The synbiotic food consisted of a probiotic viable and heat-resistant Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 107 CFU ) and 0.04 g inulin (HPX)/g as the prebiotic . Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic and control foods two times a day . Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles , plasma total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) and total glutathione ( GSH ) were conducted before and after 9 weeks of intervention . Consumption of a synbiotic food for 9 weeks result ed in a significant reduction in serum TAG ( P = 0.04 ) , VLDL ( P = 0.04 ) and a significant rise in plasma GSH levels ( P = 0.004 ) compared to the control food . No significant effects of the synbiotic food consumption on serum TC , LDL , HDL and plasma TAC levels ( P > 0.05 ) were observed . Trial registry code : http://www.i rct .ir . I RCT 201212105623N3 Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics Background Canine inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) is a chronic enteropathy of unknown etiology , although microbiome dysbiosis , genetic susceptibility , and dietary and /or environmental factors are hypothesized to be involved in its pathogenesis . Since some of the current therapies are associated with severe side effects , novel therapeutic modalities are needed . A new oral supplement for long-term management of canine IBD containing chondroitin sulfate ( CS ) and prebiotics ( resistant starch , β-glucans and mannaoligosaccharides ) was developed to target intestinal inflammation and 
    Output:
    
According to our systematic review , prebiotic could decrease malondialdehyde and increase superoxidative dismutase , but evidence is not enough .
In comparison with fructo-oligosaccharide , inulin is much more useful for oxidative stress reduction .
Using probiotics with dairy products could reduce oxidative stress significantly , but probiotic in form of supplementation did not have any effect on oxidative stress .
There is limited but supportive evidence that presybiotics , prosybiotics and synbiotics are effective for reducing oxidative stress parameters .