***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim of our work was to carry out a r and omized clinical trial with a fast-food Mediterranean type diet rich in platelet activating factor ( PAF ) antagonist to investigate the effect on type 2 diabetics and healthy human subject 's platelet aggregation . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We extracted lipids from fast-food Mediterranean type foodstuffs , and tested them in vitro for their ability to inhibit or antagonize PAF towards washed rabbit platelets . We chose the foodstuffs that exerted the most potent in vitro anti-PAF activity and fed 22 healthy ( group A ) and 23 type 2 diabetics ( group B ) subjects on a diet containing the chosen foodstuffs . The 22 type 2 diabetics ( group C ) subjects were kept on their regular diet that was being followed before entering the study . Before and after a 4-week diet , all enrolled subjects underwent the following examinations ; measurement of total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein ( LDL-cholesterol ) , high density lipoprotein ( HDL-cholesterol ) , triglycerides , glucose , HbA(1c ) , body mass index ( BMI ) , and platelet aggregation in response to PAF , adenosine 5 ' diphosphate ( ADP ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ) . RESULTS The chosen diet significantly increased the EC(50 ) values of PAF and ADP to groups A and B ( p<0.05 ) . No statistical difference was observed on the EC(50 ) value of group C. No statistical differences were detected among Cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , triglycerides , glucose , HBA(1c ) , BMI , and EC(50 ) for AA values , for any of the three groups . CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a fast-food Mediterranean type diet rich in PAF antagonist improved platelet response of type 2 diabetics and healthy human subjects against thrombotic , inflammatory and proatherogenic factors The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) on the inflammatory potential of neutrophils was investigated by supplementing the diets of 12 subjects with 2.16 g of EPA or 12 g of olive oil per day for 4 weeks in a double blind crossover study . Neutrophil function as assessed by luminol enhanced chemiluminescence responses to plateletactivating factor ( PAF ) and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-EPA but not after olive oil consumption in the subjects who consumed EPA first . In contrast , EPA had no significant effect on neutrophil chemiluminescence in the subjects who consumed olive oil first . Dietary supplementation with EPA inhibits neutrophil responses to inflammatory mediators such as PAF while other fatty acids appear to modify the effects of EPA To determine dietary effects on circulating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) activity and enzyme activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) , 99 patients with impaired fasting glucose , impaired glucose tolerance , or newly-diagnosed T2D were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( usual diet with refined rice ) or the whole grain and legume group . Substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice was associated with the replacement of 7 % of energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein ( about 4 % ) and fat . After 12 weeks , the whole grain and legume group showed a significant decrease in fasting glucose , insulin , homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance , hemoglobin A1c , malondialdehyde , plasma Lp-PLA2 activity , and oxidized LDL ( ox-LDL ) , and an increase in LDL particle size . The changes ( Δs ) in these variables in the whole grain and legume group were significantly different from those in controls after adjustment for the baseline levels . When all subjects were considered , Δ plasma Lp-PLA2 positively correlated with Δ glucose , Δ P BMC Lp-PLA2 , Δ ox-LDL , and Δ urinary 8-epi-prostagl and in F2α after being adjusted for confounding factors . The Δ P BMC Lp-PLA2 correlated positively with Δ glucose and Δ ox-LDL , and negatively with Δ LDL particle size and baseline P BMC Lp-PLA2 . The substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice result ed in a reduction in Lp-PLA2 activities in plasma and P BMC s partly through improved glycemic control , increased consumption of protein relative to carbohydrate , and reduced lipid peroxides BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity , markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and whether these effects are modified by BMI . METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven lean ( BMI : 18.5 - 25 kg/m(2 ) ) and 9 overweight ( BMI > 27 kg/m(2 ) ) men participated in a r and omized controlled crossover trial . After consuming 3 cans of beer ( 40 g ethanol ) or alcohol-free beer daily during 3 weeks ,  fasting blood sample s were taken . HDL cholesterol increased by 18.2 % ( p<0.001 ) after beer compared to alcohol-free beer , while LDL cholesterol decreased by 7.8 % ( p=0.008 ) . Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity was not different ( p=0.23 ) between beer ( 47.5+/-0.8 ) and alcohol-free beer ( 48.9+/-0.8 ) . High-sensitive C-reactive protein was unaffected , but urinary isoprostanes tended to increase ( p=0.09 ) after beer ( 114.0+/-6.9 ) compared to alcohol-free beer ( 96.9+/-6.5 ) . An interaction between BMI and treatment ( p<0.05 ) on liver enzymes was observed , indicating an increase of liver enzymes after moderate alcohol consumption in overweight men only . CONCLUSION Despite profound effects on HDL and LDL cholesterol , moderate alcohol consumption did not affect lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity . Liver enzymes increased after alcohol consumption in overweight men only , suggesting a less favorable response to moderate alcohol consumption in overweight people This double-blind study was design ed to examine and compare the effects of supplementing the existing diet with fish oil or olive oil on lipids and cell function in patients with peripheral vascular disease . Thirty-two patients with symptomatic and angiographically demonstrated peripheral vascular disease were screened , matched , and r and omly allocated to take either 15 g/d fish oil or olive oil for 4 weeks . Fish oil reduced serum triglyceride levels by 26 % , but increased total cholesterol levels due to a significant increase in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and high-density lipoprotein-2 cholesterol ( HDL2-C ) . There was a nonsignificant decrease in HDL3-C levels .  Olive oil reduced total cholesterol levels , accountable to a significantly decrease in LDL-C levels . Serum thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) levels remained unchanged following fish oil , but were significantly increased by olive oil .  Urinary excretion of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was unaffected by either oil supplement . Platelet aggregation , which was measured in platelet-rich plasma in response to two doses of collagen or platelet-activating factor ( PAF ) , was significantly reduced after fish oil , but was increased by olive oil . Following fish oil , there was a significant increase in eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6 ) levels and a decrease in arachidonic acid content of platelet phospholipids . The platelet fatty acid composition after olive oil was unchanged . Fish oil decreased neutrophil leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) generation following calcium ionophore stimulation by 33 % , while leukotriene B5 levels increased significantly . Neutrophil PAF production and plasma lyso-PAF were unaffected by either oil . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Recent studies have suggested that omega 3-fats of marine origin may have a protective role in heart disease . This study aim ed to compare the effects of fish or fish oil , in the setting of a high- or low-fat diet , on platelet aggregation and platelet thromboxane in men with increased risk of cardiovascular disease . One hundred twenty men who were nonsmokers , 30 to 60 years old , with mildly elevated blood pressure and cholesterol were r and omly allocated to one of five high-fat ( 40 % of daily energy ) or two low-fat ( 30 % ) groups for 12 weeks . The five high-fat groups took either 6 or 12 fish oil capsules daily ; fish ; a combination of fish and fish oil ; or placebo capsules . The two low-fat groups took either fish or placebo capsules . Fish meals provided 1.3 g of eicosapentaenoic acid daily , equivalent to 6 fish oil capsules , and contained an average of 3.65 g/d of omega 3-fatty acids . Multiple regression analysis of the combined groups showed that all groups taking omega 3-fatty acids reduced platelet aggregation to both collagen ( P < .0001 ) and platelet-activating factor ( PAF ) ( P < .05 ) and platelet thromboxane B2 responses ( P < .05 ) to collagen-induced aggregation . The low-fat diet alone had no effect on PAF-induced platelet aggregation and only a small effect on platelet responses to collagen ( P < .05 ) . Platelet aggregation responses to PAF were reduced more by fish oil than fish in a high-fat diet , whereas fish had a greater effect when part of a low-fat rather than a high-fat diet . There was no significant difference in collagen-induced platelet aggregation or platelet thromboxane between fish and fish oils on a high or low fat intake . In conjunction with our previous findings of improvements in lipoproteins , blood pressure , and heart rate in this population , these results on platelet function suggest that dietary omega 3-fatty acids incorporated into a low- rather than a high-fat diet have a wider spectrum of more favorable effects on cardiovascular risk factors Purpose Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a novel inflammatory factor that has been independently associated with stroke and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Omega-3 fats have been implicated in reducing inflammation associated with CVD . The aim of this study was to determine if an 8-week isocaloric diet supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) in the form of fish oil or α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) in the form of flaxseed oil would alter Lp-PLA2 among healthy adults ages 50 years and older . Methods Fifty-nine healthy adults ( ~75 % female , average age 61 years ) were r and omized to one of three groups with equal amounts of total fat intake . All capsules contained ~1 g of fat . The control group ( n = 19 ) consumed olive oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) ; the ALA group ( n = 20 ) consumed flaxseed oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) and the EPA/DHA group ( n = 20 ) consumed fish oil capsules ( ~2 g/day + 9 g/day of olive oil ) . Fasting blood sample s were obtained before and after the 8-week intervention for determination of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity as well as lipid values . Results We did not find any significant changes in Lp-PLA2 mass or activity after the intervention in any of the groups ; however , change in oxidized LDL was associated with change in Lp-PLA2 mass ( r = 0.37 , p < 0.01 ) . ConclusionS upplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acids for 8-weeks did not influence Lp-PLA2 activity or mass among older adults ; altering oxidized LDL may be necessary to see changes in Lp-PLA2 levels 
    Output:
    
However , preliminary results indicate that the characteristic " healthy " components of the MD , especially , cereals , legumes , vegetables , fish and wine can favorably modulate the pro-inflammatory actions of PAF and regulate its metabolism .