***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To develop a checklist of items measuring the quality of reports of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) assessing nonpharmacological treatments ( NPTs ) . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The Delphi consensus method was used to select and reduce the number of items in the checklist . A total of 154 individuals were invited to participate : epidemiologists and statisticians involved in the field of methodology of RCTs ( n = 55 ) , members of the Cochrane Collaboration ( n = 41 ) , and clinicians involved in planning NPT clinical trials ( n = 58 ) . Participants ranked on a 10-point Likert scale whether an item should be included in the checklist . RESULTS Fifty-five experts ( 36 % ) participated in the survey . They were experienced in systematic review s ( 68 % were involved in the Cochrane Collaboration ) and in planning RCTs ( 76 % ) . Three rounds of the Delphi method were conducted to achieve consensus . The final checklist contains 10 items and 5 subitems , with items related to the st and ardization of the intervention , care provider influence , and additional measures to minimize the potential bias from lack of blinding of participants , care providers , and outcome assessors . CONCLUSIONS This tool can be used to critically appraise the medical literature , design NPT studies , and assess the quality of trial reports included in systematic review Methods Fifteen patients with AIS , aged 10 - 18 , with curves 10 – 45 degrees , braced or not , were r and omized into Schroth , or st and ard care , groups . The six-month Schroth intervention consists of weekly one-hour long group exercise sessions , combined with a daily 45-minute long home program , consisting of 3 - 4 exercises prescribed using an algorithm . Compliance was monitored with a logbook . SRS-22r , Spinal Appearance Question naire , Sorensen back endurance , and Self-efficacy and Global Rating of Change ( GRC ) outcomes were measured . The effect sizes of the Schroth exercise treatment on key outcomes were estimated using Cohen ’s d ( ≥0.8=large , 0.5 - 0.8=moderate , 0.2 - 0.5=small ) . Cohen ’s d is defined as the difference in change between the group means , Schroth – St and ard care , observed from baseline to 3 months , divided by the pooled st and ard deviation at baseline . Results Of 122 eligible patients , fifteen ( 12.3 % ) were enrolled between April and August 2011 . Recruitment was 3 per month . Exercise subjects attended 89±9 % of the prescribed weekly exercise sessions , and completed 76±8 % of the prescribed home exercises . Only one St and ardcare subject dropped out due to relocation . For SRS-22r domains , Cohen ’s d effect sizes favored st and ard care : -0.31 for Self-image , -0.72 for Function , and -0.38 for Pain . For SAQ domains , some effect sizes favored st and ard care : 0.50 for General , 0.46 for Curve , 1.36 for Prominence , 0.57 for Shoulders and 0.35 for Chest . Other SAQ effect sizes favored Schroth : -0.14 for Trunk Shift , -0.31 for waist . The Sorensen test ’s effect size was -0.14 , and Self-efficacy ’s was 0.5 , both favoring st and ard care . The mean difference between groups in GRC was 3.4±1.7 in favor of the Schroth group CONTEXT Previous long-term studies of idiopathic scoliosis have included patients with other etiologies , leading to the erroneous conclusion that all types of idiopathic scoliosis inevitably end in disability .  Late-onset idiopathic scoliosis ( LIS ) is a distinct entity with a unique natural history . OBJECTIVE To present the outcomes related to health and function in untreated patients with LIS . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PATIENTS Prospect i ve natural history study performed at a midwestern university with outpatient evaluation of patients who presented between 1932 and 1948 . At 50-year follow-up , which began in 1992 , 117 untreated patients were compared with 62 age- and sex-matched volunteers . The patients ' mean age was 66 years ( range , 54 - 80 years ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality , back pain , pulmonary symptoms , general function , depression , and body image . RESULTS The estimated probability of survival was approximately 0.55 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.47 - 0.63 ) compared with 0.57 expected for the general population . There was no significant difference in the demographic characteristics of the 2 groups . Twenty-two ( 22 % ) of 98 patients complained of shortness of breath during everyday activities compared with 8 ( 15 % ) of 53 controls . An increased risk of shortness of breath was also associated with the combination of a Cobb angle greater than 80 degrees and a thoracic apex ( adjusted odds ratio , 9.75 ; 95 % CI , 1.15 - 82.98 ) . Sixty-six ( 61 % ) of 109 patients reported chronic back pain compared with 22 ( 35 % ) of 62 controls ( P = .003 ) . However , of those with pain , 48 ( 68 % ) of 71 patients and 12 ( 71 % ) of 17 controls reported only little or moderate back pain . CONCLUSIONS Untreated adults with LIS are productive and functional at a high level at 50-year follow-up . Untreated LIS causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis , in selective respiratory parameters ( VC , FVC , FEV1 , FEV1/VC% FEV1/FVC ) as well as the ability to perform aerobic work ( PWC170 ) . The training group consisted of 20 young girls with a mean age of 13.5 + /- 0.16 years . They wore a Boston-type brace for a mean period of 0.30 + /- 0.04 years and suffered from a scoliotic curve ( 27.4 + /- 1.9 degrees ) . They followed a two-month training program on the cycloergometer . Each training session lasted 30 min and was performed four times a week . The control group consisted of 20 girls with a mean age of 13.6 + /- 0.18 years and they wore the same type of brace for a mean period of 0.24 + /- 0.04 years . They also suffered from a scoliosis ( 29.5 + /- 1.8 degrees ) . The results of the study revealed that  aerobic training sustained ( VC , FEV1 , FEV1/VC ) or improved significantly ( FVC , FEV1/FVC ) the parameters of pulmonary function , while the respective parameters ( VC , FVC ) for the control group were reduced during the two-month period . The ability to perform aerobic work increased 48.1 % ( P < 0.01 ) in the training group , while it decreased 9.2 % ( P < 0.01 ) in the control group UNLABELLED There is low evidence on the possible efficacy of exercises to treat idiopathic scoliosis , grade d as C by the existing Italian Guidelines . Our aim was to verify if exercises quality has an effect on results . DESIGN Prospect i ve controlled study on idiopathic scoliosis patients that performed only exercises to avoid progression . TREATMENT SEAS Group make exercises according to the protocol SEAS.02 ( Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis , version 2002 ) . The CONT Group performed exercises at a local structure according to different protocol s preferred by the treating therapists . Population . SEAS : 48 patients ( 37 females ) , 12.5+/-2.2 years , 15.1 degrees + /-5.7 degrees Cobb ( degrees C ) , 9.0 degrees + /-3.3 degrees Bunnell ( degrees B ) . The difference in the number of braced patients within the first year has been almost statistically significant ( P=0.07 ) : 1 in SEAS vs. 5 in CONT . Cobb degrees improved with treatment ( P<0.05 ) only in the SEAS group . Clinical results ( variation of at least 5 degrees C or 2 degrees B ) were better in SEAS than CONT . Not all exercises for scoliosis have the same efficacy : this study proves the short term efficacy of SEAS.02 when compared to usual care Objectives : Physiotherapy programmes so far mainly address the lateral deformity of scoliosis , a few aim at the correction of rotation and only very few address the sagittal profile . Meanwhile , there is evidence that correction forces applied in the sagittal plane are also able to correct the scoliotic deformity in the coronal and frontal planes . So it should be possible to improve excellence in scoliosis rehabilitation by the implementation of exercises to correct the sagittal deformity in scoliosis patients . An exercise programme ( physio-logic ® exercises ) aim ing at a physiologic sagittal profile was developed to add to the programme applied at the centre or to replace certain exercises or exercising positions . Material and methods : To test the hypothesis that physio-logic ® exercises improve the outcome of Scoliosis Intensive Rehabilitation ( SIR ) , the following study design was chosen : Prospect i ve controlled trial of pairs of patients with idiopathic scoliosis matched by sex , age , Cobb angle and curve pattern . There were 18 patients in the treatment group ( SIR + physio-logic ® exercises ) and 18 patients in the control group ( SIR only ) , all in matched pairs . Average Cobb angle in the treatment group was 34.5 ° ( SD 7.8 ) Cobb angle in the control group was 31.6 ° ( SD 5.8 ) . Age in the treatment group was at average 15.3 years ( SD 1.1 ) and in the control group 14.7 years ( SD 1.3 ) . Thirteen of the 18 patients in either group had a brace . Outcome parameter : average lateral deviation ( mm ) , average surface rotation ( ° ) and maximum Kyphosis angle ( ° ) as evaluated with the help of surface topography ( Formetric ® -system ) . Results : Lateral deviation ( mm ) decreased significantly after the performance of the physio-logic ® programme and highly significantly in the physio-logic ® ADL posture ; however , it was not significant after completion of the whole rehabilitation programme ( 2.3 vs 0.3 mm in the controls ) . Surface rotation improved at average 1.2 ° in the treatment group and 0.8 ° in the controls while Kyphosis angle did not improve in both groups . Discussion : The physio-logic ® programme has to be regarded as a useful ‘ add on ’ to Scoliosis Rehabilitation with regards to the lateral deviation of the scoliotic trunk . A longitudinal controlled study is necessary to evaluate the long-term effect of the the physio-logic ® programme also with the help of X-rays Summary Specific exercises design ed to strengthen trunk muscles are an integral part of most Milwaukee brace treatment protocol s. To assess the effectiveness of these exercises , we established a prospect i ve study evaluating a closely monitored exercise program coordinated with the use of a Milwaukee brace .  Between 1973 and 1979 , 24 girls treated with a Milwaukee brace for documented progression of primary right thoracic idiopathic scoliosis were selected for the study . All patients were instructed to perform a st and ard set of exercises based on the program of Blount and Moe ( The Milwaukee Bruce [ Williams and Wilkins , 1973 ] ) . Twelve patients who were regular exercisers  constituted the exercise group : 12 patients noncompliant in performing regular exercises  composed the control group . Both groups remained faithful brace wearers . No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding age at onset , initial curve degree , skeletal maturity , total time in brace , or general activity level . There was no statistically significant difference in curve improvement between the two groups ( p = 0.95 ) . This preliminary study suggests that the Milwaukee brace alone is as effective in halting curve progression as a Milwaukee brace plus st and ard prescribed exercises Study Design Prospect i ve clinical trial . Objectives To test the hypothesis that quantified trunk rotational strength training will equalize any strength asymmetry , increase strength overall , and stabilize adolescent idiopathic scoliosis . Summary of Background Data Bracing , the only generally accepted form of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis nonoperative therapy , has many shortcomings . Paraspinal muscle abnormalities , which have been extensively documented in these patients , are generally considered to be secondary . A normal female 's trunk strength in flexion and extension decreases from her juvenile to adolescent years , whereas a male 's increases . Methods Patients received a 4-month supervised followed by a 4-month home trunk rotational strength training program .  Trunk rotational strength was measured in both directions at 5 positions at baseline , 4 months , and 8 months . The patients were followed clinical ly . Results Fifteen patients ( 12 females and 3 males ) , with an average age of 13.9 years and an average main Cobb of 33 degrees were enrolled . At baseline there was no significant asymmetry . After 4 months of supervised strength training , involving an average of 32 training sessions , each lasting about 25 minutes , their strength had significantly increased by 28 % to 50 % ( P<0.0 
    Output:
    
There is a lack of high quality evidence to recommend the use of SSE for AIS .