***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective Attention control ( AC ) conditions are used to balance nonspecific attention in r and omized trials of behavioral interventions . Very little guidance about which behavioral interventions and outcomes merit AC is available in the literature . The primary aim of the present study is to demonstrate a scenario in which use of AC in a behavioral r and omized trial was unnecessary and possibly detrimental . Methods Exploratory analyses were performed in a r and omized controlled trial that tested whether a patient-centered counseling intervention reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in 355 participants with peripheral arterial disease , compared with AC and usual care ( UC ) conditions . The patient-centered counseling intervention was design ed to activate participants to ask their physician for lipid-lowering medication and /or increase dose intensity , increase medication adherence , and reduce fat intake . The AC condition involved attention-matched telephone-delivered health education , and the UC condition consisted of an educational pamphlet . Results At 12-month follow-up , the mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes were −11.1 and −6.8 mg/dL in the UC and AC conditions , respectively ( p = .17 ) . The proportion of participants who increased the use or dose intensity of medication was significantly lower in AC than in UC : 17.5 % versus 30.5 % ( p = .03 ) . No significant difference in other outcomes was observed between AC and UC . Conclusions AC has significantly worse medication outcomes , and there is no indication of a therapeutic effect on other end points . Implication s for the use of AC in behavioral r and omized trials are discussed . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00217919 OBJECTIVE To determine if a series of 4 15-minute , theory-driven ( Social Cognitive Theory ) cooking programs aim ed at college students living off campus improved cooking self-efficacy , knowledge , attitudes , and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable intake . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with pre- , post- and follow-up tests . SETTING University campus . PARTICIPANTS Students ( n = 101 ) from upper-level nonhealth courses ( n = 37 male and n = 94 living off campus ) . INTERVENTION The intervention group ( n = 50 ) watched 4 weekly episodes of the cooking show , Good Grubbin ' . The control group ( n = 51 ) watched 4 weekly episodes on sleep disorders . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic information ; knowledge , self-efficacy , motivations , barriers of eating fruits and vegetables ; self-efficacy , motivations , barriers and behaviors of cooking ; fruit and vegetable intake food frequency question naire . ANALYSIS Repeated-measure analysis of variance and chi-square analyses were used to compare outcome variables . RESULTS There were significant improvements in knowledge of fruit and vegetable recommendations in the intervention group compared to the control group postintervention and at 4-month follow-up ( P < .05 ) . There were no significant changes in fruit and vegetable motivators , barriers , self-efficacy or intake . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S A television show on nutrition and cooking may be influential in changing students ' knowledge , but it seems to have little impact on dietary behaviors . With a recent increase in popularity of cooking shows , future research should investigate the impact an extended cooking and nutrition show series might have on young adult viewers OBJECTIVES This study tested the efficacy of an 8-week , culturally targeted community-based nutrition and physical activity promotion intervention , Fight Cancer with Fitness ! ( FCF ) . METHODS A r and omized , controlled trial was conducted in a black-owned  commercial gym in a sample of 366 predominantly overweight or obese , healthy African-American women . RESULTS Dietary quality as indexed by fruit and vegetable intake improved significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group at 12-month follow-up , and proportion of calories consumed as fat decreased in both groups . CONCLUSIONS This individually targeted cancer prevention intervention produced beneficial effects on dietary quality that were sustained for at least 12 months Background Most work sites engage in some form of health promotion programming design ed to improve worker health and reduce health care costs . Although these programs have typically been delivered through combinations of seminars and print material s , workplace health promotion programs are increasingly being delivered through the Internet . Objective The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Web-based multimedia health promotion program for the workplace , design ed to improve dietary practice s , reduce stress , and increase physical activity . Methods Using a r and omized controlled trial design with pretest-posttest comparisons within each group , 419 employees of a human re sources company were r and omly assigned to the Web-based condition or to a condition that provided print material s on the same topics . All subjects were assessed at pretest and posttest through an online question naire containing multiple measures of health behavior and attitudes . The test period was 3 months . Question naire data were analyzed mainly by analysis of covariance and t tests . Results Retention rates were good for both groups—85 % for the Web-based group and 87 % for the print group . Subjects using the Web-based program performed significantly better than the print group on Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet ( F1,415 = 7.104 , P = .008 ) and Dietary Stage of Change ( F1,408 = 6.487 , P = .01 ) , but there were no significant group differences on the five other dietary measures . Both groups also showed improvement from pretest to posttest on most dietary measures , as indicated by significant t tests . Within the Web-based group , dosage analyses showed significant effects of the number of times the subject accessed the program on measures of Dietary Self-Efficacy ( F2,203 = 5.270 , P = .003 ) , Attitudes Toward a Healthful Diet ( F2,204 = 2.585 , P = .045 ) , and Dietary Stage of Change ( F2,200 = 4.627 , P = .005 ) . No significant differences were found between the two groups on measures of stress or physical activity , although t tests of pretest-posttest changes indicated that both groups improved on several of these measures . The Web-based group gave significantly higher ratings to the program material s than the print group on all health topics and in their overall evaluation ( F1,410 = 9.808 , P = .002 ) . Conclusions The Web-based program was more effective than print material s in producing improvements in the areas of diet and nutrition but was not more effective in reducing stress or increasing physical activity . The higher ratings given to the Web-based program suggest that workers preferred it to the print material s. Both groups showed numerous pretest-posttest improvements in all health topics , although such improvements might be attributable in part to a Hawthorne effect . Results suggest that a multimedia Web-based program can be a promising means of delivering health promotion material to the workforce , particularly in the area of diet and nutrition OBJECTIVE Many targeted interventions have been developed and tested with African Americans ( AA ) ; however , AAs are a highly heterogeneous group . One characteristic that varies across AAs is Ethnic Identity ( EI ) . Little research has been conducted on how to incorporate EI into the design of health messages and programs . DESIGN We tested whether tailoring a print-based fruit and vegetable ( F & V ) intervention on EI would enhance program impact . AA adults were recruited from two integrated healthcare delivery systems and then r and omized to receive three newsletters focused on F & V behavior change over three months . One set of newsletters was tailored only on demographic and social cognitive variables ( control condition ) , whereas the other ( experimental condition ) was additionally tailored on EI . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome for the study was F & V intake , assessed at baseline and three months later using the composite of two brief self-report frequency measures . RESULTS A total of 560 eligible participants were enrolled , of which 468 provided complete 3-month follow-up data . The experimental group increased their daily mean F & V intake by 1.1 servings compared to .8 servings in the control group ( p = .13 ) . Afrocentric experimental group participants showed a 1.4 increase in F & V servings per day compared to a .43 servings per day increase among Afrocentric controls ( p < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although the overall between-group effects were not significant , tailoring dietary messages on ethnic identity may improve intervention impact for some AA subgroups Background Computer-tailored written nutrition interventions have been shown to be more effective than non-tailored material s in changing diet , but continued research is needed . Your Healthy Life/Su Vida Saludable ( YHL-SVS ) was an intervention study with low income , ethnically diverse , English and Spanish-speaking participants to determine which methods of delivering tailored written nutrition material s were most effective in lowering fat and increasing fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) intake . Methods YHL-SVS was a r and omized controlled trial with four experimental conditions : 1 )  Nontailored ( NT ) comparison group ; 2 ) Single Tailored ( ST ) packet ; 3 ) Multiple Tailored ( MT ) packet mailed in four installments ; 4 ) Multiple Re-Tailored ( MRT ) MT packets re-tailored between mailings via brief phone surveys . A baseline telephone survey collected information for tailoring as well as evaluation . Follow-up evaluation surveys were collected 4- and 7-months later . Primary outcomes included F&V intake and fat related behaviors . Descriptive statistics , paired t-test and ANOVA were used to examine the effectiveness of different methods of delivering tailored nutrition information . Results Both the ST and MT groups reported significantly higher F&V intake at 4-months than the NT and MRT groups . At 7 months , only the MT group still had significantly higher F&V intake compared to the NT group . For changes in fat-related behaviors , both the MT and MRT groups showed more change than NT at 4 months , but at 7 months , while these differences persisted , they were no longer statistically significant . There was a significant interaction of experimental group by education for change in F&V intake ( P = .0085 ) with the lowest educational group demonstrating the most change . Conclusion In this study , tailored interventions were more effective than non-tailored interventions in improving the  short-term dietary behaviors of low income , ethnically diverse participants . Delivery of information in multiple smaller doses over time appeared to improve effectiveness . Future studies should determine which variables are mediators of dietary change and whether these differ by participant demographics . Moreover , future research should differentiate the effects of tailoring vs. cultural adaptation in ethnically diverse population s and study the dissemination of tailored interventions into community-based setting s . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials # NCT00301691 Project FIT was a two-year multi-component nutrition and physical activity intervention delivered in ethnically-diverse low-income elementary schools in Gr and Rapids , MI . This paper reports effects on children ’s nutrition outcomes and process evaluation of the school component . A quasi-experimental design was utilized . 3rd , 4th and 5th- grade students ( Yr 1 baseline : N = 410 ; Yr 2 baseline : N = 405 ; age range : 7.5–12.6 years ) were measured in the fall and spring over the two-year intervention . Ordinal logistic , mixed effect models and generalized estimating equations were fitted , and the robust st and ard errors were utilized . Primary outcomes favoring the intervention students were found regarding consumption of fruits , vegetables and whole grain bread during year 2 . Process evaluation revealed that implementation of most intervention components increased during year 2 . Project FIT result ed in small but beneficial effects on consumption of fruits , vegetables , and whole grain bread in ethnically diverse low-income elementary school children OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of Food Stamp Nutrition Education ( FSNE ) in Indiana on participants ' food insecurity and food insufficiency .  DESIGN A single-blind r and omized design . A r and omized experimental group completed 5 FSNE lessons as an intervention between a pre- and posttest , whereas a control group completed a pre- and posttest without FSNE intervention . SETTING Client homes and community locations in 24 Indiana counties . PARTICIPANTS Female head-of-household participants > or= 18 years old ; n = 219 . INTERVENTION FSNE lessons targeting food insecurity and nutrition . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dependent variables food insecurity and food insufficiency were quantified with the 6-item United States Household Food Security Scale and United States Department of Agriculture Food Insufficiency Question , respectively . The independent variable was the r and omly assigned treatment group . ANALYSIS Participants ' characteristics were compared with chi-square analysis . Analyses of covariance models were constructed to find the effect of treatment group on food insecurity and food insufficiency . Significance indicated at P < or= .05 . RESULTS Food insecurity and food insufficiency in the experimental group compared with the control group were significantly improved ( P = .03 , P = .04 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S FSNE was successful in improving participants '  food insecurity and food insufficiency , indicating nutrition education is an appropriate intervention for food insecurity Background In the UK , thous and s of people with high cardiovascular risk are being identified by a national risk- assessment programme ( NHS Health Checks ) . Waste the Waist is an evidence -informed , theory-driven ( modified Health Action Process Approach ) , group-based intervention design ed to promote healthy eating and physical activity for people with high cardiovascular risk . This pilot r and omised controlled trial aim ed to assess the feasibility of delivering the Waste the Waist intervention in UK primary care and of conducting a full-scale r and omised controlled trial . We also conducted exploratory analyses of changes in weight . Methods Patients aged 40–74 with a Body Mass Index 
    Output:
    
None of the experimental and control group treatments were sufficiently detailed to permit replication of the nutrition education interventions studied .