***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To report on anatomical and visual outcomes after vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole repair . METHODS Forty patients with stage II to IV idiopathic macular holes were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) in a 2-arm , single-center , r and omized controlled . Internal limiting membrane delamination was performed using indocyanine green ( ICG ) solution ( n = 20 ) or trypan blue ( TB ) ( n = 20 ) . Two patients did not complete the study , for a total of 19 in each group . Follow-up examinations included Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity , scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry , optical coherence tomography , and fluorescein angiography . Main Outcome Measure Visual acuity 3 months after surgery . RESULTS Visual acuity did not show a significant difference between study groups ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -2 to 1 lines ) . The rate of macular hole closures was identical ( 84 % ; 95 % CI , 60 % to 97 % ) . Within-group visual recovery was significant only in the TB group . Central scotomata despite hole closure persisted in 8 patients ( 42 % ) in the ICG group and in 5 ( 26 % ) in the TB group . CONCLUSION Although no statistically significant difference was detected for the primary end point , the better visual recovery in the TB group and the higher rate of persistent central scotomata in the ICG group justify a larger clinical trial . Application to Clinical Practice No statistically significant difference in visual acuity between ICG and TB in the used concentrations and application method could be proved in macular hole surgery Background Our aim was to analyze outcomes of idiopathic macular hole surgeries in relation to staging and the use of indocyanine green ( ICG ) or brilliant blue ( BB ) for internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) peel . Methods Baseline , surgical , and outcome data for 351 consecutive primary macular hole surgeries was prospect ively collected using electronic medical record software between 2001 and 2011 . The outcomes for these cases were analysed in relation to staging and the use of ICG ( 0.5 mg/ml ) or BB for ILM peel . Results Mean age was 68.9 years ( range 39–87 ) with 66.4 % females and 54.1 % right eyes . Follow-up duration was median 0.55 years . Vision was significantly improved from logMAR 0.97 ( SD 0.45 ) ( Snellen equivalent 20/185 ) preoperatively to 0.65 ( SD 0.51 ) ( 20/90 ) at final follow-up . One hundred and eighteen patients had stage 2 macular holes , 185 stage 3 , and 48 stage 4 . Mean duration of symptoms varied with stage of hole : stage 2 0.53 years ( SD 0.43 ) , stage 3 0.79 years ( SD 0.68 ) , and stage 4 1.20 years ( SD 1.26 ) , p = 0.0002 . Closure rates of the holes were significantly different , with stage 2 closing in 95.8 % , stage 3 in 73.0 % , and stage 4 in 56.3 % , p < 0.0001 . At final follow-up , mean visual acuity ( VA ) was 0.42 ( SD 0.33 ) ( 20/50 ) for stage 2 , 0.75 ( SD 0.53 ) ( 20/110 ) for stage 3 , and 0.87 ( SD 0.60 ) ( 20/145 ) for stage 4 holes , p < 0.0001.Postoperative VA was 0.71 ( SD 0.53 ) ( 20/100 ) for patients in whom ICG was used , and 0.52 ( SD 0.43 ) ( 20/70 ) for BB , p = 0.003 . The proportion of patients who achieved a closed hole was less for ICG ( 73.2 % ) than BB ( 89.9 % ) , p = 0.0005 . For those patients with stage 2 hole who achieved hole closure , mean improvement in VA was significantly better for BB ( 0.47 , SD 0.36 ) than for ICG ( 0.30 , SD 0.31 ) , p = 0.01 . Conclusions Macular hole stage is a useful measure to help predict the chance of postoperative hole closure and visual outcome . The relationship between duration of symptoms and increasing stage suggests macula hole patients require prompt referral for consideration of early surgery . Better visual outcomes were achieved with BB for ILM peel than with ICG Mixed treatment comparison ( MTC ) meta- analysis is a generalization of st and ard pairwise meta- analysis for A vs B trials , to data structures that include , for example , A vs B , B vs C , and A vs C trials . There are two roles for MTC : one is to strengthen inference concerning the relative efficacy of two treatments , by including both ' direct ' and ' indirect ' comparisons . The other is to facilitate simultaneous inference regarding all treatments , in order for example to select the best treatment . In this paper , we present a range of Bayesian hierarchical models using the Markov chain Monte Carlo software WinBUGS . These are multivariate r and om effects models that allow for variation in true treatment effects across trials . We consider models where the between-trials variance is homogeneous across treatment comparisons as well as heterogeneous variance models . We also compare models with fixed ( unconstrained ) baseline study effects with models with r and om baselines drawn from a common distribution . These models are applied to an illustrative data set and posterior parameter distributions are compared . We discuss model critique and model selection , illustrating the role of Bayesian deviance analysis , and node-based model criticism . The assumptions underlying the MTC models and their parameterization are also discussed PURPOSE To describe comparatively the outcomes of  macular hole surgery  followed by internal limiting membrane removal with and without indocyanine green staining . METHODS We evaluated 142 consecutive macular hole surgeries with internal limiting membrane removal performed in the period from January 2001 to March 2004 . These were divided into two groups , based on the use or not of indocyanine green staining . RESULTS Both studied groups were similar concerning the patients ' profile and preoperative stage of the macular holes . Mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.12+/-0.15 in the group with indocyanine green staining and 0.18+/-0.18 in the group without internal limiting membrane staining ( p=0.02 ) . Mean postoperative visual acuity was 0.27+/-0.27 in the group with internal limiting membrane staining and 0.43+/-0.25 in the group without internal limiting membrane staining ( p=0.0002 ) . We observed improvement of visual acuity in 63 % of cases in the group in which internal limiting membrane staining was performed and in 80.3 % of cases in the group without internal limiting membrane staining . Macular hole closure rates were 76.5 % in the group treated with internal limiting membrane staining and 95.1 % in the group treated without internal limiting membrane staining . CONCLUSIONS Macular hole surgeries followed by internal limiting membrane removal without use of staining have better visual and anatomic results when compared to macular hole surgeries followed by internal limiting membrane removal guided by indocyanine green staining . We recommend caution in using indocyanine green staining in macular hole surgeries due to its possible toxic effect Purpose : To provide a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)-based analysis of retinal layers thickness and nasal displacement of closed macular hole after internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery . Methods : In this nonr and omized prospect i ve interventional study , 36 eyes of 32 patients were subjected to pars plana vitrectomy and 3.5 mm diameter internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) peeling for idiopathic macular hole ( IMH ) . Nasal and temporal internal retinal layer thickness were assessed with SD-OCT . Each scan included optic disc border so that distance between optic disc border and fovea were measured . Results : Thirty-six eyes had a successful surgery with macular hole closure .  Total nasal retinal thickening ( p<0.001 ) and total temporal retinal thinning ( p<0.0001 ) were observed . Outer retinal layers increased thickness after surgery ( nasal p<0.05 and temporal p<0.01 ) . Middle part of inner retinal layers ( mIRL ) had nasal thickening ( p<0.001 ) and temporal thinning ( p<0.05 ) . The mIRL was obtained by deducting ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) and retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness from overall thickness of the inner retinal layer . Papillofoveal distance was shorter after ILM peeling in macular hole surgery ( 3,651 ± 323 μm preoperatively and 3,361 ± 279 μm at 6 months ; p<0.0001 ) . Conclusions : Internal limiting membrane peel is associated with important alteration in inner retinal layer architecture , with thickening of mIRL and shortening of papillofoveal distance . These factors may contribute to recovery of disrupted foveal photoreceptor and vision improvement after IMH closure Purpose : To compare the long-term anatomic closure rate and visual outcome in patients who underwent internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) peeling with and without indocyanine green ( ICG ) dye staining for idiopathic macular hole repair . Design : Retrospective , nonr and omized , comparative study of consecutive case series . Methods : A total of 190 eyes of 182 patients with idiopathic macular holes underwent macular hole repair between March 1998 and June 2003 . Surgery consisted of pars plana vitrectomy , lensectomy if phakic , ILM peeling , intravitreal gas tamponade , and 1 week ’s face-down positioning . In the initial 94 consecutive eyes , ILM peeling was performed without adjuvants ( non-ICG group ) . The subsequent 96 eyes underwent surgery with ICG-stained ILM peeling ( ICG group ) , in which the ILM was stained with intravitreal application of 0.1 to 0.2 mL of 0.1 % ICG solution . Results : Two groups of patients had comparable clinical background s preoperatively . Mean follow-up time was 30.7 months in non-ICG group and 26.2 months in ICG group . Anatomic closure of the macular hole was achieved in 99 % of the cases in both groups , with both groups showing statistically significant visual improvement . There was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity between the two groups at each follow-up visit . There were also no intraoperative or postoperative complications attributed to the use of ICG . Conclusions : Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing ILM peeling for idiopathic macular hole repair shows equivalent anatomic and visual outcomes with and without the use of ICG Purpose : To report the 1-year results of macular hole surgery with triamcinolone acetonide (TA)–assisted internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) peeling and to compare those with results of indocyanine green (ICG)–assisted ILM peeling . Methods : In a nonr and omized , retrospective , interventional case series , 40 eyes of 39 consecutive patients with idiopathic full-thickness macular holes underwent macular hole surgery with TA-assisted ILM peeling .  Surgical results 1 year after surgery , including changes in best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) and macular hole closure , were evaluated . Moreover , we compared the results for these 40 eyes ( TA group ) with those for 27 eyes of 27 consecutive patients who had undergone macular hole surgery with 0.25 % ICG-assisted ILM peeling ( ICG group ) . Results : In the TA group , macular holes were closed in 39 ( 98 % ) of 40 eyes . Mean BCVA ± SD significantly improved from 0.78 ± 0.31 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution ( logMAR ) preoperatively to 0.20 ± 0.30 logMAR ( P < 0.001 ) . BCVA improved by ≥0.2 logMAR in 37 eyes ( 93 % ) . BCVA was 20/40 or better in 33 ( 83 % ) of 30 eyes . In the ICG group , macular holes were closed in all 27 eyes ( 100 % ) , and mean BCVA ± SD significantly improved from 0.81 ± 0.4 logMAR preoperatively to 0.34 ± 0.2 logMAR 1 year postoperatively ( P < 0.001 ) . BCVA improved by ≥0.2 logMAR in 22 eyes ( 81 % ) . BCVA was 20/40 or better in 16 ( 59 % ) of 27 eyes . Significant differences between groups were seen in mean BCVA 1 year after surgery ( P = 0.049 ) but not in BCVA of 20/40 or better ( P = 0.17 ) or change in BCVA by ≥0.2 logMAR ( P = 0.05 ) . Conclusion : TA is useful as an adjuvant for ILM peeling in macular hole surgery , and BCVA 1 year after surgery might be more favorable when compared with ICG-assisted ILM peeling PURPOSE To evaluate the possible toxicity of indocyanine green ( ICG ) dye in macular hole surgery by comparing functional results after successful 
    Output:
    
The improvement rate of visual acuity after using BBG was significantly higher than ICG .
The improvement rate of visual acuity was more favorable with TB than ICG , TA , and no dye .
BBG can contribute to better anatomical and functional outcomes compared to other dyes for ILM peeling in patients with IMH .
The results show that the best treatment of ILM peeling with dyes is BBG