***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We have determined whole body protein kinetics , i.e. , protein synthesis ( PS ) , breakdown ( PB ) , and net balance ( NB ) in human subjects in the fasted state and following ingestion of ~40 g [ moderate protein ( MP ) ] , which has been reported to maximize the protein synthetic response or ~70 g [ higher protein ( HP ) ] protein , more representative of the amount of protein in the dinner of an average American diet . Twenty-three healthy young adults who had performed prior resistance exercise ( X-MP or X-HP ) or time-matched resting ( R-MP or R-HP )  were studied during a primed continuous infusion of l-[(2)H5]phenylalanine and l-[(2)H2]tyrosine . Subjects were r and omly assigned into an exercise ( X , n = 12 ) or resting ( R , n = 11 ) group , and each group was studied at the two levels of dietary protein intake in r and om order . PS , PB , and NB were expressed as increases above the basal , fasting values ( mg·kg lean body mass(-1)·min(-1 ) ) . Exercise did not significantly affect protein kinetics and blood chemistry . Feeding result ed in positive NB at both levels of protein intake : NB was greater in response to the meal containing HP vs. MP ( P < 0.00001 ) . The greater NB with HP was achieved primarily through a greater reduction in PB and to a lesser extent stimulation of protein synthesis ( for all , P < 0.0001 ) . HP result ed in greater plasma essential amino acid responses ( P < 0.01 ) vs. MP , with no differences in insulin and glucose responses . In conclusion , whole body net protein balance improves with greater protein intake above that previously suggested to maximally stimulating muscle protein synthesis because of a simultaneous reduction in protein breakdown Manipulating joint range of motion during squat training may have differential effects on adaptations to strength training with implication s for sports and rehabilitation . Consequently , the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of squat training with a short vs. a long range of motion . Male students ( n = 17 ) were r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of progressive squat training ( repetition matched , repetition maximum sets ) performed as either a ) deep squat ( 0–120 ° of knee flexion ) ; n = 8 ( DS ) or ( b ) shallow squat ( 0–60 of knee flexion ) ; n = 9 ( SS )  . Strength ( 1 RM and isometric strength ) , jump performance , muscle architecture and cross-sectional area ( CSA ) of the thigh muscles , as well as CSA and collagen synthesis in the patellar tendon , were assessed before and after the intervention . The DS group increased 1 RM in both the SS and DS with ~20 ± 3 % , while the SS group achieved a 36 ± 4 % increase in the SS , and 9 ± 2 % in the DS ( P < 0.05 ) . However , the main finding was that DS training result ed in superior increases in front thigh muscle CSA ( 4–7 % ) compared to SS training , whereas no differences were observed in patellar tendon CSA . In parallel with the larger increase in front thigh muscle CSA , a superior increase in isometric knee extension strength at 75 ° ( 6 ± 2 % ) and 105 ° ( 8 ± 1 % ) knee flexion , and squat-jump performance ( 15 ± 3 % ) were observed in the DS group compared to the SS group . Training deep squats elicited favourable adaptations on knee extensor muscle size and function compared to training shallow squats Abstract The currently accepted amount of protein required to achieve maximal stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) following resistance exercise is 20–25 g. However , the influence of lean body mass ( LBM ) on the response of MPS to protein ingestion is unclear . Our aim was to assess the influence of LBM , both total and the amount activated during exercise , on the maximal response of MPS to ingestion of 20 or 40 g of whey protein following a bout of whole‐body resistance exercise . Resistance‐trained males were assigned to a group with lower LBM ( ≤65 kg ; LLBM n = 15 ) or higher LBM ( ≥70 kg ; HLBM n = 15 ) and participated in two trials in r and om order . MPS was measured with the infusion of 13C6‐phenylalanine tracer and collection of muscle biopsies following ingestion of either 20 or 40 g protein during recovery from a single bout of whole‐body resistance exercise . A similar response of MPS during exercise recovery was observed between LBM groups following protein ingestion ( 20 g – LLBM : 0.048 ± 0.018%·h−1 ; HLBM : 0.051 ± 0.014%·h−1 ; 40 g – LLBM : 0.059 ± 0.021%·h−1 ; HLBM : 0.059 ± 0.012%·h−1 ) . Overall ( groups combined ) , MPS was stimulated to a greater extent following ingestion of 40 g ( 0.059 ± 0.020%·h−1 ) compared with 20 g ( 0.049 ± 0.020%·h−1 ; P = 0.005 ) of protein . Our data indicate that ingestion of 40 g whey protein following whole‐body resistance exercise stimulates a greater MPS response than 20 g in young resistance‐trained men . However , with the current doses , the total amount of LBM does not seem to influence the response BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic review s. However , the reliability of data obtained with most quality assessment scales has not been established . This report describes 2 studies design ed to investigate the reliability of data obtained with the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale developed to rate the quality of RCTs evaluating physical therapist interventions . METHOD In the first study , 11 raters independently rated 25 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base . In the second study , 2 raters rated 120 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base , and disagreements were resolved by a third rater ; this generated a set of individual rater and consensus ratings . The process was repeated by independent raters to create a second set of individual and consensus ratings . Reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items was calculated using multirater kappas , and reliability of the total ( summed ) score was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC [ 1,1 ] ) . RESULTS The kappa value for each of the 11 items ranged from.36 to.80 for individual assessors and from.50 to.79 for consensus ratings generated by groups of 2 or 3 raters . The ICC for the total score was.56 ( 95 % confidence interval=.47-.65 ) for ratings by individuals , and the ICC for consensus ratings was.68 ( 95 % confidence interval=.57-.76 ) . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items varied from " fair " to " substantial , " and the reliability of the total PEDro score was " fair " to " good . Summary Six healthy women ( 21.8±0.4 y )  did isometric strength training of the left plantarflexors at an ankle joint angle of 90 ° . Training sessions , done 3 times per week for 6 weeks , consisted of 2 sets of ten 5 s maximal voluntary contractions . Prior to and following the training , and in r and om order , voluntary and evoked isometric contraction strength was measured at the training angle and at additional angles : 5 ° , 10 ° , 15 ° , and 20 ° intervals in the plantarflexion and dorsiflexion directions . Evoked contraction strength was measured as the peak torque of maximal twitch contractions of triceps surae . Training increased voluntary strength at the training angle and the two adjacent angles only ( p<0.05 ) . Time to peak twitch torque was not affected by training . Twitch half relaxation time increased after training ( p=0.013 ) , but the increase was not specific to the training angle . There was a small ( 1.1 % , p<0.05 ) increase in calf circumference after training . Evoked twitch torque did not increase significantly at any joint angle . It was therefore concluded that a neural mechanism is responsible for the specificity of joint angle observed in isometric training Abstract Pinto , RS , Gomes , N , Radaelli , R , Botton , CE , Brown , LE , and Bottaro , M. Effect of range of motion on muscle strength and thickness . J Strength Cond Res 26(8 ) : 2140–2145 , 2012—The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial range-of-motion vs. full range-of-motion upper-body resistance training on strength and muscle thickness ( MT ) in young men . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to 3 groups : ( a ) full range of motion ( FULL ; n = 15 ) , ( b ) partial range of motion ( PART ; n = 15 ) ,  or ( c ) control ( CON ; n = 10 ) . The subjects trained 2 d·wk−1 for 10 weeks in a periodized program . Primary outcome measures included elbow flexion maximal strength measured by 1 repetition maximum ( 1RM ) and elbow flexors MT measured by ultrasound . The results indicated that elbow flexion 1RM significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ) for the FULL ( 25.7 ± 9.6 % ) and PART groups ( 16.0 ± 6.7 % ) but not for the CON group ( 1.7 ± 5.5 % ) . Also , FULL 1RM strength was significantly greater than the PART 1RM after the training period . Average elbow flexor MT significantly increased for both training groups ( 9.65 ± 4.4 % for FULL and 7.83 ± 4.9 for PART ) . These data suggest that muscle strength and MT can be improved with both FULL and PART resistance training , but FULL may lead to greater strength gains Abstract Baroni , BM , Pompermayer , MG , Cini , A , Peruzzolo , AS , Radaelli , R , Brusco , CM , and Pinto , RS . Full range of motion induces greater muscle damage than partial range of motion in elbow flexion exercise with free weights . J Strength Cond Res 31(8 ) : 2223–2230 , 2017—Load and range of motion ( ROM ) applied in resistance training ( RT ) affect the muscle damage magnitude and the recovery time-course . Because exercises performed with partial ROM allow a higher load compared with those with full ROM , this study investigated the acute effect of a traditional RT exercise using full ROM or partial ROM on muscle damage markers . Fourteen healthy men performed 4 sets of 10 concentric-eccentric repetitions of unilateral elbow flexion on the Scott  bench . Arms were r and omly assigned to partial-ROM ( 50–100 ° ) and full-ROM ( 0–130 ° ) conditions , and load was determined as 80 % of 1 repetition maximum ( 1RM ) in the full- and partial-ROM tests . Muscle damage markers were assessed preexercise , immediately , and 24 , 48 , and 72 hours after exercise . Primary outcomes were peak torque , muscle soreness during palpation and elbow extension , arm circumference , and joint ROM . The load lifted in the partial-ROM condition ( 1RM = 19.1 ± 3.0 kg ) was 40 ± 18 % higher compared with the full-ROM condition ( 1RM = 13.7 ± 2.2 kg ) . Seventy-two hours after exercise , the full-ROM condition led to significant higher soreness sensation during elbow extension ( 1.3–4.1 cm vs. 1.0–1.9 cm ) and smaller ROM values ( 97.5–106.1 ° vs. 103.6–115.7 ° ) . Peak torque , soreness from palpation , and arm circumference were statistically similar between conditions , although mean values in all time points of these outcomes have suggested more expressive muscle damage for the full-ROM condition . In conclusion , elbow flexion exercise with full ROM seems to induce greater muscle damage than partial-ROM exercises , even though higher absolute load was achieved with partial ROM Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-week partial range of motion ( ROM ) resistance training program on the vastus lateralis ( VL ) architecture and mechanical properties , when the time under tension ( TUT ) was equalized . Methods Nineteen untrained male subjects were r and omly assigned to a control ( Control ; n = 8) or training ( TG ; n = 11 ) group . In the TG , the dominant and nondominant legs were r and omly selected to be trained with a full ROM ( FULL ) or a partial ROM ( PART ) in an isokinetic dynamometer . Training volume was equalized based on the TUT by manipulating sets and repetitions . The VL muscle architecture was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography at rest and during maximal isometric knee extension contractions ( MVCs ) at ten knee angles . The VL fascicle force and specific tension were calculated from the MVCs with superimposed stimuli , accounting for the moment arm length , muscle architecture , and antagonist coactivation . Results The FULL training induced changes in fascicle length ( FL ) ( 4.9 ± 2.0 % , P < 0.001 ) and specific tension ( 25.8 ± 18.7 % , P < 0.001 ) . There was a moderate effect 
    Output:
    
When assessing the current body of literature , it can be inferred that performing RT through a full ROM confers beneficial effects on hypertrophy of the lower body musculature versus training with a partial ROM .
No study to date has investigated how ROM influences muscle growth of the trunk musculature .