***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The present study aim ed to examine and compare memory processing in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) before and after surgery using  functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . Methods : Seventeen preoperative patients with unilateral TLE ( nine left , eight right ) and eight healthy controls were recruited . They performed a complex visual scene-encoding task during fMRI to measure memory activation in the mesial temporal lobe . Their memory performance was evaluated using st and ardised neuropsychological tests . After unilateral temporal lobe resection ( either temporal lobectomy , selective amygdalohippocampectomy or lesionectomy ) , the same fMRI paradigm and neuropsychological tests were administered to the patient group . Results : Left-TLE patients demonstrated a decline in verbal memory after left temporal lobe resection . Their postoperative verbal and visual memory performance was positively associated with postoperative functional activation in the right mesial temporal lobe , whereas the postoperative memory performance of right-TLE patients was positively associated with postoperative functional activation in the left mesial temporal lobe , contralateral to their respective side of resection . Conclusion : Postoperative memory performance was significantly associated with functional activation contralateral to the side of resection in patients with unilateral TLE , and the function of the contralateral mesial temporal lobe might play an important role in supporting memory performance after temporal lobe resection Objective : To develop a clinical ly applicable memory functional MRI ( fMRI ) method of predicting postsurgical memory outcome in individual patients . Methods : In this prospect i ve cohort study , 50 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy ( 23 left ) and 26 controls underwent an fMRI memory encoding paradigm of words with a subsequent out-of-scanner recognition assessment . Neuropsychological assessment  was performed preoperatively and 4 months after anterior temporal lobe resection , and at equal time intervals in controls . An event-related analysis was used to explore brain activations for words remembered and change in verbal memory scores 4 months after surgery was correlated with preoperative activations . Individual lateralization indices were calculated within a medial temporal and frontal region and compared with other clinical parameters ( hippocampal volume , preoperative verbal memory , age at onset of epilepsy , and language lateralization ) as a predictor of verbal memory outcome . Results : In left temporal lobe epilepsy patients , left frontal and anterior medial temporal activations correlated significantly with greater verbal memory decline , while bilateral posterior hippocampal activation correlated with less verbal memory decline postoperatively . In a multivariate regression model , left lateralized memory lateralization index ( ≥0.5 ) within a medial temporal and frontal mask was the best predictor of verbal memory outcome after surgery in the dominant hemisphere in individual patients . Neither clinical nor functional MRI parameters predicted verbal memory decline after nondominant temporal lobe resection . Conclusion : We propose a clinical ly applicable memory fMRI paradigm to predict postoperative verbal memory decline after surgery in the language -dominant hemisphere in individual patients Temporal lobectomy is an effective therapy for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) , but may be complicated by amnestic syndromes . Therefore , pre-surgical evaluation to assess the risk/benefit ratio for surgery is required . Intracarotid amobarbital testing ( IAT ) is currently the most widely used method for assessing pre-surgical memory lateralization , but is relatively invasive . Over the past decade functional MRI ( fMRI ) has been shown to correlate with IAT for language lateralization , and also for memory lateralization in a small number of patients . This study was carried out to compare fMRI during memory encoding with IAT testing for memory lateralization , and to assess the predictive value of fMRI during memory encoding for post-surgical memory outcome .  Thirty-five patients with refractory TLE undergoing pre-surgical evaluation for temporal lobectomy and 30 normal subjects performed a complex visual scene-encoding task during fMRI scanning at 1.5 T using a 10-min protocol . Encoding performance was evaluated with subsequent recognition testing . Twenty-three patients also completed the same task again outside the scanner , an average of 6.9 months following surgery . A region of interest ( ROI ) analysis was used to quantify activation within hippocampal and a larger mesial temporal lobe ROI consisting of hippocampus , parahippocampus and fusiform gyrus ( HPF ) as defined by a published template . Normal subjects showed almost symmetrical activation within these ROI . TLE patients showed greater asymmetry . Asymmetry ratios ( ARs ) from the HPF ROI correlated significantly with memory lateralization by intracarotid amobarbital testing . HPF ARs also correlated significantly with memory outcome , as determined by a change in scene recognition between pre-surgical and post-surgical trials . When absolute activation within the HPF ROI was considered , a significant inverse correlation between activation ipsilateral to temporal lobectomy and memory outcome was observed , with no significant correlation in the contralateral HPF ROI . Although further technical improvements and prospect i ve clinical validation are required , these results suggest that mesial temporal memory activation detected by fMRI during complex visual scene encoding correlates with post-surgical memory outcome and supports the notion that this approach will ultimately contribute to patient management Objective : To assess the long-term effects of  temporal lobe epilepsy surgery  on verbal memory . Methods : We assessed verbal memory performance as measured by a verbal learning test ( “ 15 Words Test , ” a Dutch adaptation of Rey 's Auditory Verbal Learning Test ) before surgery and at three specific times after surgery : 6 months , 2 years , and 6 years in 85 patients ( 34 left temporal lobe [ LTL ] vs. 51 right temporal lobe [ RTL ] ) . An amygdalo-hippocampectomy and a neocortical temporal resection between 2.5 and 8 cm were carried out in all patients . Results : LTL patients showed an ongoing memory decline for consolidation and acquisition of verbal material ( both 2/3 SDs ) for up to 2 years after surgery . RTL patients at first showed a gain in both memory acquisition and consolidation , which vanished in the long term . Breaking the group up into a mesiotemporal ( MTS ) group and a non-MTS group showed clear differences . The group with pure MTS showed an overall lower verbal memory performance than the group without pure MTS , in the LTL group more pronounced than in the RTL group . After surgery , both pathology groups showed an ongoing decline for up to 2 years , but the degree of decline was greater for the LTL patients with MTS compared with the non-MTS group . Becoming and remaining seizure-free after surgery does not result in a better performance in the long term . Predictors of postoperative verbal memory performance at 6 years after surgery were side of surgery , preoperative memory score , and age . Conclusions : The results provide evidence for a dynamic decline of verbal memory functions up to 2 years after left temporal lobectomy , which then levels off PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that structural integrity ( i.e. , presence/absence of mesial temporal sclerosis ( MTS ) ) of the left mesial temporal lobe is associated with verbal memory outcome following left anterior temporal lobectomy ( ATL ) . However , the functional integrity of the left temporal lobe , as exemplified by preoperative verbal memory performance , has also been associated with verbal memory outcome following surgery . We investigated the risk of verbal memory loss in patients with known structural abnormality ( i.e. , left mesial temporal sclerosis by MRI ) and normal preoperative verbal memory performance who undergo left ATL .  METHODS Seventeen patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy , MRI-based exclusive left MTS , and normal preoperative verbal memory were identified . Normal verbal memory was defined as performance on both Acquisition ( learning across trials 1 - 5 ) and Retrieval ( long delayed free recall ) portions of the  California Verbal Learning Test ( CVLT ) above a T score of 40 ( > 16%ile ) . Postoperative verbal memory outcome was established by incorporating st and ardized regression-based ( SRB ) change scores . RESULTS Postoperative declines across both CVLT Retrieval T scores and Acquisition T scores ( average 20 % and average 15 % declines from baseline scores , respectively ) were measured for the group . The average CVLT Retrieval SRB change score was -2.5 , and the average CVLT Acquisition SRB change score was -1.0 . A larger proportion of patients demonstrated postoperative declines on Retrieval scores than Acquisition scores ( 64.7 % vs 17.6 % , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Even in the presence of left MTS , patients exhibiting normal presurgical verbal memory are at risk for verbal memory declines following ATL . These results suggest that the functional integrity of the left mesial temporal lobe may play an important role in the verbal memory outcome in this patient group The contribution of the Wada test ( intracarotid amytal procedure , IAP ) to predicting postoperative memory outcome in left temporal lobe epilepsy ( LTLE ) is becoming increasingly controversial when preoperative neuropsychological evaluation and MRI findings are available . We retrospectively analyzed 59 patients with LTLE who underwent en bloc temporal lobe resection . All patients had valid bilateral IAP test results , complete pre- and postoperative neuropsychological evaluation , and MRI grading on a 5-point scale integrating T 2 signal increase and degree of atrophy . Thirty percent of patients showed postoperative memory decline . Multiple regression analysis revealed that significant predictors of decline [ F(2.56)=22.71 , P<0.001 , r(2)=0.448 ] included preoperative memory learning score [ t=-5.89 , P<0.001 ] and MRI classification [ t=3.10 , P<0.003 ] , but not IAP scores . The IAP is of no added value in the prediction of postoperative memory outcome in LTLE in the presence of comprehensive neuropsychological and MRI data Purpose : In the surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy , there is converging evidence that individually tailored or selective approaches have a favorable cognitive outcome compared to st and ard resections . There is , however , also evidence that due to collateral damage , selective surgery can be less selective than suggested . As part of a prospect i ve transregional research project the present study evaluated the outcome in memory and nonmemory functions , following two selective approaches : a combined temporal pole resection with amygdalohippocampectomy ( TPR+ ) and transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy ( SAH ) 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Most of the studies used neuropsychological tests and fMRI ; these methods are considered to have the greatest predictive ability for memory impairment .
Other less frequently used techniques included the Wada test and FDG-PET .
CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports performing a presurgical assessment of memory function using both neuropsychological tests and functional MRI to predict memory outcome after surgery