***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and comparison between 2.0 mm locking plate system and 2.0 mm Champy ’s titanium mini plating system in m and ible fractures . Material s and Methods A total of 20 patients with m and ibular fractures were selected and divided into two groups A and B on r and omized basis . Group A was treated with open reduction internal fixation using 2.0 mm locking plates and group B with 2.0 mm Champy ’s titanium miniplates . All patients were followed up for 12 weeks postoperatively . Results Results of the study show less screw loosening , less precision in plate adaptation and less alteration of the osseous or occlusal relationship upon screw tightening in group A. Chi square test was applied to compare the results between the two groups . Statistical analysis did not show significant difference of incidence of malocclusion between the two groups ( p value = 0.606 ) . Statistical analysis using un-paired t test showed significant difference of working time between the two groups ( p value = 0.00296 ) . When comparing the overall complication rates according to plates used , the χ2 test showed no statistically significant difference between the locking and nonlocking plates ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion It is observed in our study that the locking plate/screw system offers significant advantages over the conventional plating system . The precise adaptation required for using conventional plates is not needed when this locking plate/screw system is used . Locking plate/screw system provides better stability than the conventional plate/screw system Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to compare effectiveness of 2.0-mm locking miniplates and screws with 2.0-mm st and ard miniplates and screws in treating m and ible fractures . Patients and methods A r and omized prospect i ve study comprising of 40 sample s , where 20 patients ( group 1 ) were treated with locking plates and 20 patients ( group 2 ) were treated with st and ard miniplates . All the cases were evaluated for the type of fracture , need for the Intermaxillary Fixation ( IMF ) and its duration , duration of surgery , anatomic reduction , paresthesia / neurosensory changes , occlusal discrepancies , infection at the fracture site and any need for the removal of the plates and screws . Results In our study Road Traffic Accidents ( RTA ) accounted for the majority of patients 30 ( 70 % ) .  RTA  was more prevalent ( 52.5 % ) in 21–30 age group , with assault being more common ( 67 % ) in 25–35 years . There was a significant difference between group 1 and 2 in postoperative occlusal discrepancy and need for IMF ( p=0.008 ) . There was no significant difference in complication rates between group 1 and group 2 patients . Conclusion Locking plate/screw system proved to be more rigid than conventional plate/ screw system , thereby reducing the need and duration of IMF . However there was no significant difference in complication rates To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of 2.0 mm locking miniplates versus 2.0 mm st and ard miniplates in treatment of m and ible fractures . Sixty r and omly selected patients who sustained m and ibular fractures were selected for this study . The fractured fragments were stabilized using 2.0 mm locking miniplates in 30 cases and in the remaining 30 cases the fractured fragments were fixed with conventional 2.0 mm miniplates .  Post-operative stability was assessed with radiographs at 7th day , 1st , and 3rd months . The stability of the reduced fracture was assessed clinical ly and both the types of plates were assessed with an OPG or conventional radiographs . This study shows favorable results on use of locking miniplates in m and ibular fractures . The results show that there were no significant differences in the post-operative complications between the conventional and the locking plate/screw m and ibular systems . The locking plate/screw system was more rigid than conventional plate/screw system , thereby reducing the need and duration of intermaxillary fixation ( IMF ) PURPOSE The aim of this follow-up study was to compare 3-dimensional ( 3D ) and st and ard ( Champy 's ) miniplate fixation in the management of m and ibular fractures , and to analyze advantages and disadvantages of one over the other . PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial was carried out in patients with well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria . Patients were followed for 2 months for wound dehiscence , infection , segmental mobility , postoperative occlusion , significant period of postoperative complications , and radiological evaluation of reduction and fixation . RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled in both the groups with no case of wound dehiscence .  In group 1 , 2 patients had mild segmental mobility ( P = .07 ) , 2 patients had surgical site infection ( P = .07 ) , and 2 patients involving mental nerve had involved roots of teeth ( P = .07 ) . Radiological evaluation did not show any statistically significant difference in reduction ( P = 1.4 ) , but showed a significant difference ( P = .03 ) in fixation between the 2 groups , especially in cases involving the mental nerve ( ie , fracture near or involving the mental foramen ) and oblique fractures . CONCLUSION Champy 's miniplate system is a better and easier method than the 3D miniplate system for fixation of m and ibular fractures . In comparison , the 3D miniplate system is unfavorable for use in cases of oblique fractures and those involving the mental nerve , and is also difficult to adapt . In most cases , it provides good stability but with excessive implant material because of extra vertical bars incorporated for countering the torque forces . However , operative time is less because of simultaneous stabilization at both superior and inferior borders Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of open treatment of m and ibular fracture ( symphysis or parasymphysis ) using lag screw or mini plate clinical ly as well as radiologically in young ( age range 12–45 years ) and healthy individuals of poor socioeconomic status . Method This prospect i ve study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed as cases of displaced m and ibular anterior fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation .  The patients were then r and omly allocated to either of two groups––Group A : Two 2.5 mm stainless steel lag screws were placed in 15 patients . Group B : Two 2.5 mm stainless steel mini plates were placed in 15 patients for the fixation of fractures . Subsequent follow up was done on 2nd , 4th , 6th and 8th week postoperatively . During every follow up patient was assessed clinical ly for infection , malocclusion , loosening of plate/screw , sensory disturbance , plate fracture , malunion/non-union , devitalisation of associated dentoalveolar segment and masticatory efficiency . Radiographs were taken if necessary and patients were further assessed for any complaint . Pain was objective ly measured using a visual analogue scale , bite force was measured using a bite force transducer at biweekly interval . The data collected was subjected to unpaired t test and paired t test for statistical analysis . Results During follow up period a significant improvement in bite force was present in both the groups , with more improvement seen in the lag screw group ( p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant pain reduction present in the lag screw group ( p < 0.01 ) and also masticatory efficiency showed a steadier improvement in lag screw group while mini plate group patients showed a tendency to masticate only food items of medium hard consistency . Conclusion The sample size is small to conclude lag screws are better than mini plates but the result of our study provides a basis for further studies done to conclude that the application of LAG SCREW is an effective , inexpensive , quick treatment modality to accelerate healing of fresh , displaced m and ibular anterior fracture This prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial compared the treatment outcomes of strut plate and Champy miniplate in fixation of m and ibular angle fractures . Patients with m and ibular angle fracture were consented and enrolled into this study . Exclusion criteria include patients with severely comminuted fractures . The patients were r and omly assigned to receive the strut plate or Champy miniplate for angle fracture fixation . Patient demographics , fracture characteristics , operative and postoperative outcomes were collected prospect ively . Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of the outcome . A total of 18 patients were included in this study and r and omly assigned to receive either the strut plate or Champy miniplate . Out of which five patients were excluded postoperatively due to complex fracture result ing in postoperative maxillom and ibular fixation . The final enrollment was 13 patients , N = 6 ( strut ) and N = 7 ( Champy ) . There was no statistically significant difference in the pretreatment variables . Nine of these patients had other associated facial fractures , including parasymphyseal and subcondylar fractures . Most of the ( 11 ) patients had sufficient follow-up after surgery . Both groups exhibited successful clinical unions of the m and ibular angle fractures . The complications associated with the m and ibular angle were 20 % in the strut plate group and 16.7 % in the Champy group . One patient in the strut plate group had a parasymphyseal infection , requiring hardware removal . The strut plate demonstrated comparable surgical outcome as the Champy miniplate . It is a safe and effective alternative for management of m and ibular angle fracture Introduction Three dimensional titanium plating system was developed by Farm and in 1995 to meet the requirements of semi rigid fixation with lesser complication . The purpose of this in vivo prospect i ve study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of three dimensional and two dimensional Titanium miniplates for open reduction and fixation of m and ibular parasymphysis fracture . Material s and Methods Thirty patients with non-comminuted m and ibular parasymphysis fractures were divided r and omly into two equal groups and were treated with 2 mm 3D and 2D miniplate system respectively . All patients were systematic ally monitored at 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 6th week , 3rd and 6th month postoperatively . The outcome parameters recorded were severity of pain , infection , mobility , occlusion derangement , paresthesia and implant failure . The data so collected was analyzed using independent t test and Chi square test ( α = .05 ) . Results The results showed that one patient in each group had post-operative infection , occlusion derangement and mobility ( p > .05 ) . In Group A , one patient had paresthesia while in Group B , two patients had paresthesia ( p > .05 ) . None of the patients in both the groups had implant failure . There was no statistically significant difference between 3D and 2D miniplate system in all the recorded parameters at all the follow-ups ( p > .05 ) . Conclusion 3D miniplates were found to be better than 2D miniplates in terms of cost , ease of surgery and operative time .  However , 3D miniplates were unfavorable for cases where fracture line was oblique and in close proximity to mental foramen , where they were difficult to adapt and more chances for tooth-root damage and inadvertent injury to the mental nerve due to traction This study evaluated the efficacy of a 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system compared with a 2.0-mm non-locking plate/screw system in m and ibular fractures . A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial was conducted . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive 2.0-mm locking plates ( group A ) or 2.0-mm nonlocking plates ( group B ) . All patients were followed up for 12 weeks postoperatively . Complications were analysed according to the type of plate used and the site of fracture . Fifty patients with 76 fractures met the inclusion criteria . Thirty-six fracture sites were treated with 2.0-mm locking plates and 40 with 2.0-mm nonlocking plates . The number of patients requiring postoperative maxillom and ibular fixation was significantly higher in group B ( p < 0.01 ) ; seven complications occurred representing 9 % of the total . Two complications occurred in the locking group and five in the nonlocking group with complication rates equalling 6 % and 13 % , respectively . When comparing the overall complication rates according to plates used , the χ(2 ) test showed no statistically significant difference between the locking and nonlocking plates ( p > 0.05 ) . In conclusion , m and ible fractures treated with 2.0-mm locking plates and 2.0-mm nonlocking plates present similar short-term complication rates The objective of this study is to analyze the difference in bite forces in patients treated for m and ibular fractures with 2.0 mm conventional and locking titanium plating system .  A r and omized study was performed for the treatment of fractures of m and ible . In this study , 20 adult patients with isolated m and ibular fracture were included . The patients were r and omly allocated into two groups , that is , Group I-2.0 mm nonlocking ( traditional ) and Group II-2.0 mm locking plates .  Bite force was evaluated at 1st , 3rd , and 6th weeks . Comparison of all the assessed parameters between both the groups depicted no significant difference in terms of pain , swelling including the incidence of infection , paresthesia , and hardware failure . Although same was true in case of bite force between both the groups at various time intervals , there was statistically significant increase in the bite force within the group comprising patients in whom locking plates was used between 1st and 3rd weeks follow-up period and highly significant increase in bite force between 1st and 6th weeks of follow-up period . The rapid improvement of bite force values when locking plates 
    Output:
    
Conclusion The results of the three-Dimensional Versus St and ard miniplate showed that 3-dimensional miniplate is the best option for m and ibular fractures .
Regarding Lag Screws Versus Miniplates results of the meta- analysis found that the use of lag screws is superior to using miniplates in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications .
And in regards to locking miniplates versus non-locking miniplate , the analysis indicates that the 2.0-mm locking miniplate is a prospect i ve fixation system in the treatment of maxillofacial fractures