***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The most effective highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) in pregnancy and its efficacy during breast-feeding are unknown . METHODS We r and omly assigned 560 HIV-1-infected pregnant women ( CD4 + count , > or = 200 cells per cubic millimeter ) to receive coformulated abacavir , zidovudine , and lamivudine ( the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor [ NRTI ] group ) or lopinavir-ritonavir plus zidovudine-lamivudine ( the protease-inhibitor group ) from 26 to 34 weeks ' gestation through planned weaning by 6 months post partum . A total of 170 women with CD4 + counts of less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter received nevirapine plus zidovudine-lamivudine ( the observational group ) . Infants received single-dose nevirapine and 4 weeks of zidovudine . RESULTS The rate of virologic suppression to less than 400 copies per milliliter was high and did not differ significantly among the three groups at delivery ( 96 % in the NRTI group , 93 % in the protease-inhibitor group , and 94 % in the observational group ) or throughout the breast-feeding period ( 92 % in the NRTI group , 93 % in the protease-inhibitor group , and 95 % in the observational group ) . By 6 months of age , 8 of 709 live-born infants ( 1.1 % ) were infected ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.5 to 2.2 ) : 6 were infected in utero ( 4 in the NRTI group , 1 in the protease-inhibitor group , and 1 in the observational group ) , and 2 were infected during the breast-feeding period ( in the NRTI group ) . Treatment-limiting adverse events occurred in 2 % of women in the NRTI group , 2 % of women in the protease-inhibitor group , and 11 % of women in the observational group . CONCLUSIONS All regimens of HAART from pregnancy through 6 months post partum result ed in high rates of virologic suppression , with an overall rate of mother-to-child transmission of 1.1 % . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00270296 . Background : Risk factors associated with preeclampsia in HIV-infected women remain largely unknown . Systemic angiogenic imbalance contributes to preeclampsia in HIV-uninfected women , but changes in angiogenic markers after highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) initiation have not been studied . Methods : The Mma Bana study r and omized 560 HIV-infected , HAART-naive pregnant women with CD4 counts ≥200 cells per cubic millimeter between 26 and 34 weeks gestation to lopinavir/ritonavir/zidovudine/lamivudine or abacavir/zidovudine/lamivudine . Another 170 participants with CD4 counts less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter initiated nevirapine/zidovudine/lamivudine between 18 and 34 weeks gestation . Characteristics of 11 women who developed preeclampsia were compared with the remaining 722 Mma Bana participants who delivered using logistic regression . Plasma sample s drawn at HAART initiation and 1 month later from 60 women without preeclampsia and at HAART initiation for all 11 preeclamptic women were assayed for placental growth factor ( PlGF ) and soluble FMS toll-like tyrosine kinase-1 ( sFlt-1 ) . Results : Pre-HAART viral load greater than 100,000 copies per milliliter was associated with preeclampsia ( odds ratio : 5.8 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.8 to 19.4 , P = 0.004 ) . Median pre-HAART PlGF level was lower and sFlt-1 was higher in women who developed preeclampsia vs those who did not ( 130 vs 992 pg/mL , P = 0.001 ; 17.5 vs 9.4 pg/mL , P = 0.03 , respectively ) . In multivariate analysis , PlGF and viral load remained significantly associated with preeclampsia . No significant changes in angiogenic factors were noted after 1 month of HAART treatment among non-preeclamptic women . Conclusions : Pre-HAART viral load greater than 100,000 copies per milliliter and PlGF predicted preeclampsia among women starting HAART in pregnancy . Among non-preeclamptic women , HAART treatment did not significantly alter levels of PlGF or sFlt-1 after 1 month of treatment Purpose To compare the outcome of pregnancy between HIV positive pregnant women on highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) and HIV negative controls . Methods A prospect i ve matched case – control study . Results HIV positive women were significantly more likely to have anaemia in pregnancy [ p < 0.001 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 5.66 ( 3.0–10.5 ) ] , intrauterine growth restriction [ p = 0.002 , odds ratio ( 95%CI ) 13.82 ( 1.8–106.7 ) ] , preterm labour [ p = 0.03 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 2.89 ( 1.2–7.0 ) ] and birth weight less than 2,500 g [ p < 0.0001 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 5.43 ( 2.4–12.0 ) ] . The 5-min apgar score less than 7 , admission into neonatal unit , stillbirth and perinatal mortality were comparable between the two groups . Conclusion Anaemia in pregnancy , intrauterine growth restriction , preterm labour and birth weight less than 2,500 g are important complications among  HIV positive pregnant women . This information is vital for strategic antenatal care planning to improve obstetric and perinatal outcome in these women Abstract Objective : To estimate and interpret time trends in vertical transmission rates for HIV using data from national obstetric and paediatric surveillance registers . Design : Prospect i ve study of HIV infected women reported through obstetric surveillance . HIV infection status of the child and onset of AIDS were reported through paediatric surveillance . Rates of vertical transmission and progression to AIDS rate were estimated by methods that take account of incomplete follow up of children with indeterminate infection status and delay in AIDS reporting . Setting : British Isles . Subjects : Pregnant women infected with HIV whose infection was diagnosed before delivery , and their babies . Main outcome measures : Mother to child transmission of infection and progression to AIDS in children . Results : By January 1999 , 800 children born to diagnosed HIV infected women who had not breast fed had been reported .  Vertical transmission rates rose to 19.6 % ( 95 % confidence interval 8.0 % to 32.5 % ) in 1993 before falling to 2.2 % ( 0 % to 7.8 % ) in 1998 . Between 1995 and 1998 use of antiretroviral treatment  increased significantly each year , reaching 97 % of live births in 1998 . The rate of elective caesarean section remained constant , at around 40 % , up to 1997 but increased to 62 % in 1998 .  Caesarean section and  antiretroviral treatment  together were estimated to reduce risk of transmission from 31.6 % ( 13.6 % to 52.2 % ) to 4.2 % ( 0.8 % to 8.5 % ) . The proportion of infected children developing AIDS in the first 6 months fell from 17.7 % ( 6.8 % to 30.8 % ) before 1994 to 7.2 % ( 0 % to 15.7 % ) after , coinciding with increased use of prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia . Conclusions : In the British Isles both HIV related morbidity and vertical transmission are being reduced through increased use of interventions Key messages Reliable estimates of HIV vertical transmission rates can be derived from surveillance data Infected pregnant women are increasingly taking up elective caesarean section and antiretroviral treatment to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to their babies Vertical transmission rates have fallen greatly over the past four years and progression to AIDS among infected children may also have slowed These benefits can occur only if infected women are diagnosed before or during OBJECTIVE : In view of recent suggestions that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection may protect against preeclampsia , this study was done to evaluate whether untreated HIV-positive pregnant women have a lower rate of preeclampsia-eclampsia than HIV-negative women . METHODS : Subjects for this study were pregnant women from Soweto , South Africa , who gave birth from March to December 2002 at midwife-run clinics or at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and in whom the HIV status was known . A sample size calculation indicated that 2,588 subjects would be required to show statistical significance at P < .05 with a power of 80 % for a reduction in the rate of preeclampsia from 8 % to 5 % with HIV seropositivity , assuming an HIV seroprevalence rate of 30 % . Data collection was by record review from r and omly selected patient files and birth registers . RESULTS : In the total sample of 2,600 women , 1,797 gave birth at the hospital and 803 at the midwife-run clinics . The HIV seroprevalence rate was 27.1 % . Hypertension was found in 17.3 % of women , with 5.3 % having preeclampsia-eclampsia . The rates of preeclampsia-eclampsia were 5.2 % in HIV-negative and 5.7 % in HIV-positive women ( P = .61 ) . CD4 count results were available for only 13 women ( 0.5 % ) . CONCLUSION : Human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity was not associated with any reduction in the risk of developing preeclampsia-eclampsia . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of prenatal and peripartum antibiotics on maternal morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected and uninfected women . METHODS A multicenter trial was conducted at clinical sites in 4 Sub-Saharan African cities : Blantyre and Lilongwe , Malawi ; Dar es Salaam , Tanzania ; and Lusaka , Zambia . A total of 1558 HIV-infected and 271 uninfected pregnant women who were eligible to receive both the prenatal and peripartum antibiotic/placebo regimens were enrolled . Pregnant women were interviewed at 20 - 24 weeks of gestation and a physical examination was performed . Women were r and omized to receive either antibiotics or placebo . At the 26 - 30 week visit , participants were given antibiotics or placebo to be taken every 4 hours beginning at the onset of labor and continuing after delivery 3 times a day until a 1-week course was completed . Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the antibiotic and placebo groups for medical conditions , obstetric complications , physical examination findings , puerperal sepsis , and death in either the HIV-infected or the uninfected cohort . CONCLUSION Administration of study antibiotics during pregnancy had no effect on maternal morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women BACKGROUND Hematological abnormalities are common manifestations of advanced HIV-1 infection that could affect the outcomes of highly-active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . Although most HIV-1-infected individuals live in re source -constrained countries , there is little information about the frequency of hematological abnormalities such as anemia , neutropenia , and thrombocytopenia among individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease . METHODS This study compared the prevalence of  pre-antiretroviral therapy hematological abnormalities among 1571 participants in a r and omized trial of antiretroviral efficacy in Africa , Asia , South America , the Caribbean , and the USA . Potential covariates for anemia , neutropenia , and thrombocytopenia were identified in univariate analyses and evaluated in separate multivariable models for each hematological condition . RESULTS The frequencies of neutropenia ( absolute neutrophil count ≤1.3 × 10⁹/l ) , anemia ( hemoglobin ≤10g/dl ) , and thrombocytopenia ( platelets ≤125 × 10⁹/l ) at initiation of antiretroviral therapy were 14 % , 12 % , and 7 % , respectively , and varied by country ( p<0.0001 for each ) . In multivariable models , anemia was associated with gender , platelet count , and country ; neutropenia was associated with CD4 + lymphocyte and platelet counts ; and thrombocytopenia was associated with country , gender , and chronic hepatitis B infection . CONCLUSIONS Differ 
    Output:
    
This meta- analysis shows no significant association between HIV positivity and PIH , pre-eclampsia , or eclampsia .