***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Advocates of new therapies frequently make bold cl aims regarding therapeutic effectiveness , particularly in response to disorders which have been traditionally treatment-refractory . This paper review s a collection of new therapies collectively self-termed " The Power Therapies " , outlining their proposed procedures and the evidence for and against their use . These therapies are then put to the test for pseudoscientific practice . METHOD Therapies were included which self-describe themselves as " Power Therapies " . Published work search es were conducted on each therapy using Medline and PsychInfo data bases for r and omized controlled trials assessing their efficacy , except for the case of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ( EMDR ) . Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has more r and omized controlled studies conducted on its efficacy than any other treatment for trauma and thus , previous meta-analyses were evaluated . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that these new therapies have offered no new scientifically valid theories of action , show only non-specific efficacy , show no evidence that they offer substantive improvements to extant psychiatric care , yet display many characteristics consistent with pseudoscience Male veterans and their spouses ( N = 218 ) attending one of six-week-long retreats were assessed for  posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) symptoms pre- and postintervention . Participants were evaluated using the PTSD checklist ( PCL ) , on which , a score of > 49 indicates clinical symptom levels . The mean pretest score was 61.1 ( SD ± 12.5 ) for veterans and 42.6 ( SD ± 16.5 ) for spouses ; 83 % of veterans and 29 % of spouses met clinical criteria . The multimodal intervention used Emotional Freedom Techniques and other energy psychology ( EP ) methods to address PTSD symptoms and a variety of complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) modalities for stress reduction and re source building . Interventions were delivered in group format as well as individual counseling sessions . Data were analyzed for each retreat , as well as for the six retreats as a whole . Mean post-test PCL scores decreased to 41.8 ( SE ± 1.2 ; p < .001 ) for veterans , with 28 % still clinical . Spouses demonstrated substantial symptom reductions ( M = 28.7 , SE ± 1.0 ; p < .001 ) , with 4 % still clinical . A follow-up assessment ( n = 63 ) found PTSD symptom levels dropping even further for spouses ( p < .003 ) , whereas gains were maintained for veterans . The significant reduction in PTSD symptoms is consistent with other published reports of EP treatment , though counter to the usual long-term course of the condition . The results indicate that a multimodal CAM intervention incorporating EP may offer benefits to family members as well as veterans suffering from PTSD symptoms . Recommendations are made for further research to answer the questions posed by this study A r and omized controlled trial of veterans with clinical levels of PTSD symptoms found significant improvements after Emotional Freedom Techniques ( EFT ) . Although pain , depression , and anxiety were not the primary targets of treatment , significant improvements in these conditions were noted . Subjects ( N = 59 ) received six sessions of EFT coaching supplementary to primary care . They were assessed using the SA-45 , which measures nine mental health symptom domains and also has two general scales measuring the breadth and depth of psychological distress . Anxiety and depression both reduced significantly , as did the breadth and depth of psychological symptoms . Pain decreased significantly during the intervention period ( -41 % , p < .0001 ) . Subjects were followed up at three and six months , revealing significant relationships between PTSD , depression , and anxiety at several assessment points . At follow-up , pain remained significantly lower than at pretest . The results of this study are consistent with other reports showing that , as PTSD symptoms are reduced , general mental health improves , and pain levels drop . The ability of EFT to produce reliable and long-term gains after relatively brief interventions indicates its utility in reducing the estimated trillion-dollar cost of treating veteran mental health disorders in the coming years Prior research indicates elevated but sub clinical posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) symptoms as a risk factor for a later diagnosis of PTSD . This study examined the progression of symptoms in 21 sub clinical veterans . Participants were r and omized into a treatment as usual ( TAU ) wait-list group and an experimental group , which received TAU plus six sessions of clinical emotional freedom techniques ( EFT ) . Symptoms were assessed using the PCL-M ( Posttraumatic Checklist-Military ) on which a score of 35 or higher indicates increased risk for PTSD . The mean pretreatment score of participants was 39 ± 8.7 , with no significant difference between groups . No change was found in the TAU group during the wait period . Afterward , the TAU group received an identical clinical EFT protocol . Posttreatment groups were combined for analysis . Scores declined to a mean of 25 ( -64 % , P < .0001 ) . Participants maintained their gains , with mean three-month and six-month follow-up PCL-M scores of 27 ( P < .0001 ) . Similar reductions were noted in the depth and breadth of psychological conditions such as anxiety . A Cohen 's d = 1.99 indicates a large treatment effect . Reductions in traumatic brain injury symptoms ( P = .045 ) and insomnia ( P = .004 ) were also noted . Symptom improvements were similar to those assessed in studies of PTSD-positive veterans  . EFT may thus be protective against an increase in symptoms and a later PTSD diagnosis . As a simple and quickly learned self-help method , EFT may be a clinical ly useful element of a resiliency program for veterans and active-duty warriors The present study reports on the first ever controlled comparison between eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR ) and emotional freedom techniques ( EFT ) for posttraumatic stress disorder . A total of 46 participants were r and omized to either EMDR ( n = 23 ) or EFT ( n = 23 ) . The participants were assessed at baseline and then reassessed after an 8-week waiting period . Two further blind assessment s were conducted at posttreatment and 3-months follow-up . Overall , the results indicated that both interventions produced significant therapeutic gains at posttreatment and follow-up in an equal number of sessions . Similar treatment effect sizes were observed in both treatment groups . Regarding clinical significant changes , a slightly higher proportion of patients in the EMDR group produced substantial clinical changes compared with the EFT group . Given the speculative nature of the theoretical basis of EFT , a dismantling study on the active ingredients of EFT should be subject to future research Abstract Brain processing of acupuncture stimuli in chronic neuropathic pain patients may underlie its beneficial effects . We used fMRI to evaluate verum and sham acupuncture stimulation at acupoint LI‐4 in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ( CTS ) patients and healthy controls ( HC ) . CTS patients were retested after 5 weeks of acupuncture therapy . Thus , we investigated both the short‐term brain response to acupuncture stimulation , as well as the influence of longer‐term acupuncture therapy effects on this short‐term response . CTS patients responded to verum acupuncture with greater activation in the hypothalamus and deactivation in the amygdala as compared to HC , controlling for the non‐specific effects of sham acupuncture . A similar difference was found between CTS patients at baseline and after acupuncture therapy . For baseline CTS patients responding to verum acupuncture , functional connectivity was found between the hypothalamus and amygdala – the less deactivation in the amygdala , the greater the activation in the hypothalamus , and vice versa . Furthermore , hypothalamic response correlated positively with the degree of maladaptive cortical plasticity in CTS patients ( inter‐digit separation distance ) . This is the first evidence suggesting that chronic pain patients respond to acupuncture differently than HC , through a coordinated limbic network including the hypothalamus and amygdala Sixty veterans ( 54 men , 6 women ) with chronic military-related posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) participated in a wait-list controlled trial of cognitive processing therapy ( CPT ) . The overall dropout rate was 16.6 % ( 20 % from CPT , 13 % from waiting list ) . R and om regression analyses of the intention-to-treat sample revealed significant improvements in PTSD and comorbid symptoms in the CPT condition compared with the wait-list condition . Forty percent of the intention-to-treat sample receiving CPT did not meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis , and 50 % had a reliable change in their PTSD symptoms at posttreatment assessment . There was no relationship between PTSD disability status and outcomes . This trial provides some of the most encouraging results of PTSD treatment for veterans with chronic PTSD and supports increased use of cognitive- behavioral treatments in this population Abstract This study examined the changes in cortisol levels and psychological distress symptoms of 83 non clinical subjects receiving a single hourlong intervention . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either an emotional freedom technique ( EFT ) group , a psychotherapy group receiving a supportive interviews ( SI ) , or a no treatment ( NT ) group . Salivary cortisol assays  were performed immediately before and 30 minutes after the intervention . Psychological distress symptoms were assessed using the symptom assessment -45 . The EFT group showed statistically significant improvements in anxiety ( −58.34 % , p < 0.05 ) , depression ( −49.33 % , p < 0.002 ) , the overall severity of symptoms ( −50.5 % , p < 0.001 ) , and symptom breadth ( −41.93 % , p < 0.001 ) . The EFT group experienced a significant decrease in cortisol level ( −24.39 % ; SE , 2.62 ) compared with the decrease observed in the SI ( −14.25 % ; SE , 2.61 ) and NT ( −14.44 % ; SE , 2.67 ) groups ( p < 0.03 ) . The decrease in cortisol levels in the EFT group mirrored the observed improvement in psychological distress Purpose : To assess the feasibility of measuring changes in gene expression associated with post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) treatment using emotional freedom techniques ( EFT ) . Design : Participants were r and omized into an EFT group receiving EFT and treatment as usual ( TAU ) throughout a 10-week intervention period and a group receiving only TAU during the intervention period and then receiving EFT . Setting : A community clinic and a research institute in California . Participants : Sixteen veterans with clinical levels of PTSD symptoms . Intervention : Ten hour-long sessions of EFT . Measures : Messenger RNA levels for a focused panel of 93 genes related to PTSD . The Symptom Assessment 45 question naire , Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale , Insomnia Severity Scale , SF-12v2 for physical impairments , and Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Question naire . Analysis : Pre- , posttreatment , and follow-up mean scores on question naires were assessed using repeated measures 1-way analysis of variance . A Student t test and post hoc analyses were performed on gene expression data . Results : Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms declined significantly in the EFT group ( −53 % , P < .0001 ) . Participants maintained their gains on follow-up . Significant differential expression of 6 genes was found ( P < .05 ) when comparing the expression levels before and after the intervention period in participants receiving EFT . Conclusion : Study results identify c and i date gene expression correlates of successful PTSD treatment , providing guidelines for the design of further studies aim ed at exploring the epigenetic effects of EFT 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : The analysis of existing studies showed that a series of 4–10 EFT sessions is an efficacious treatment for PTSD with a variety of population s. The studies examined reported no adverse effects  from EFT interventions and showed that it can be used both on a self‐help basis and as a primary evidence ‐based treatment for PTSD