***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Research and practice partnerships have the potential to enhance the translation of research findings into practice . Purpose This paper describes such a partnership in the development of Walk Kansas ( WK ) and highlights individual and organizational level outcomes . Method Phase 1 examined : ( a ) the reach of WK , ( b ) physical activity changes , and ( c ) maintenance of physical activity changes 6 months after the program was completed . Phase 2 explored WK adoption and sustainability over 5 years . Results WK attracted a large number of participants who were more likely to be female , more active , and older than the adult population within the counties where they resided . Inactive or insufficiently active participants at baseline experienced significant increases in both moderate ( p < 0.001 ) and vigorous ( p < 0.001 ) physical activity . A r and om selection of participants who were assessed 6 months post-program did not demonstrate a significant decrease in moderate or vigorous activity between program completion and 6-month follow-up . The number of counties adopting the program increased across years , peaking at 97 in 2006 and demonstrated the sustainability of the WK over 5 years . Conclusions WK is effective , has a broad reach , and enables participants to maintain increased activity . It also shows promise for broad adoption and sustainability It is becoming increasingly common for community teams or coalitions to implement  programming for children and families design ed to promote positive youth development and prevent adolescent problem behaviors . However , there has been only limited rigorous study of the effectiveness of community teams ’ programming efforts to produce positive outcomes . This study employed a community-level r and omized control design to examine protective parent and youth skills outcomes of evidence -based preventive interventions selected from a menu and delivered by community teams supported by a community – university partnership model called PROSPER . Twenty-eight rural communities in two states were r and omized across intervention and control conditions . Data were collected through written question naires that were completed by approximately 12,000 middle school students in the fall of the 6th grade , prior to intervention delivery , and again in the spring of the 7th , 8th , and 9th grade s. Positive intervention effects were found for youth , parent , and family outcomes ( e.g. , association with antisocial peers , child management , parent – child affective quality ) at each post-intervention assessment point . Improvements in these family and youth skill outcomes are expected to support long-term reductions of adolescent problem behaviors , such as substance abuse . Editors ’ Strategic Implication s : In this important and well controlled trial , the authors demonstrate that university partnership-supported community teams , especially when supported with ongoing technical assistance , can continue to produce positive outcomes even after much of the control over delivery of programs is turned over to representatives of the communities in which they are implemented This study examined the longitudinal predictors of quality of functioning of community prevention teams during the “ operations ” phase of team development . The 14 community teams were involved in a r and omized-trial of a university-community partnership project , PROSPER ( Spoth et al. , Prevention Science , 5(1 ) : 31–39 , 2004b ) , that implements evidence -based interventions intended to support positive youth development and reduce early substance use , as well as other problem behaviors . The study included a multi-informant approach to measurement of constructs , and included data from 137 team members , 59 human service agency directors and school administrators , 16 school principals , and 8 Prevention Coordinators ( i.e. technical assistance providers ) . We examined how community demographics and social capital , team level characteristics , and team member attributes and attitudes are related to local team functioning across an 18-month period . Findings indicate that community demographics ( poverty ) , social capital , team member attitudes towards prevention , and team members ’ views of the acceptability of teen alcohol use played a substantial role in predicting various indicators of the quality of team functioning 18 months later BACKGROUND If positive- outcome bias exists , it threatens the integrity of evidence -based medicine . METHODS We sought to determine whether positive- outcome bias is present during peer review by testing whether peer review ers would ( 1 ) recommend publication of a " positive " version of a fabricated manuscript over an otherwise identical " no-difference " version , ( 2 ) identify more purpose fully placed errors in the no-difference version , and ( 3 ) rate the " Methods " section in the positive version more highly than the identical " Methods " section in the no-difference version . Two versions of a well- design ed r and omized controlled trial that differed only in the direction of the finding of the principal study end point were su bmi tted for peer review to 2 journals in 2008 - 2009 . Of 238 review ers for The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research r and omly allocated to review either a positive or a no-difference version of the manuscript , 210 returned review s. RESULTS Review ers were more likely to recommend the positive version of the test manuscript for publication than the no-difference version ( 97.3 % vs 80.0 % , P < .001 ) . Review ers detected more errors in the no-difference version than in the positive version ( 0.85 vs 0.41 , P < .001 ) . Review ers awarded higher methods scores to the positive manuscript than to the no-difference manuscript ( 8.24 vs 7.53 , P = .005 ) , although the " Methods " sections in the 2 versions were identical . CONCLUSIONS Positive- outcome bias was present during peer review . A fabricated manuscript with a positive outcome was more likely to be recommended for publication than was an otherwise identical no-difference manuscript Using community-based participatory research methods , a community- research coalition in Santa Clara County , California ( SCC ) conducted a quasi-experimental , controlled trial to increase Pap test receipt and to build community capacity among Vietnamese-American women . From 1999 to 2004 , the Coalition planned and implemented an Action Plan with six components : multimedia campaign , lay health worker outreach , Vietnamese Pap clinic with patient navigation , registry and reminder system , continuing medical education for Vietnamese physicians , and restoring a Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program site . Components were evaluated individually . Community-wide , cross-sectional telephone surveys of Vietnamese women in SCC ( intervention community ) and Harris County , Texas ( comparison community ) measured overall project impact . Receipt and currency of Pap tests increased significantly in the intervention compared with the comparison community . Community involvement , system changes , community and research capacity building , dissemination of results , and program sustainability were also demonstrated . Community-based participatory research  is feasible and effective in Vietnamese-American communities BACKGROUND Traditional research approaches frequently fail to yield representative numbers of people of color in research . Community-based participatory research ( CBPR ) may be an important strategy for partnering with and reaching population s that bear a greater burden of illness but have been historically difficult to engage . The Community Action Board , consisting of 20 East Harlem residents , leaders , and advocates , used CBPR to compare the effectiveness of various strategies in recruiting and enrolling adults with prediabetes into a peer-led , diabetes prevention intervention . METHODS The board created five recruitment strategies : recruiting through clinicians ; recruiting at large public events such as farmers markets ; organizing special local recruitment events ; recruiting at local organizations ; and recruiting through a partner-led approach , in which community partners developed and managed the recruitment efforts at their sites . RESULTS In 3 months , 555 local adults were approached ; 249 were appropriate c and i date s for further evaluation ( overweight , nonpregnant , East Harlem residents without known diabetes ) ; 179 consented and returned in a fasting state for 1/2 day of prediabetes testing ; 99 had prediabetes and enrolled in a pilot r and omized trial . The partner-led approach was highly successful , recruiting 68 % of those enrolled . This strategy was also the most efficient ; 34 % of those approached through partners were ultimately enrolled , versus 0%-17 % enrolled through the other four strategies . Participants were predominantly low-income , uninsured , undereducated , Spanish-speaking women . CONCLUSIONS This CBPR approach highlights the value of partner-led recruitment to identify , reach out to , and motivate a vulnerable population into participation in research , using techniques that may be unfamiliar to research ers but are nevertheless rigorous and effective Many promising technology-based programs design ed to promote healthy behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating have not been adapted for use with diverse communities , including Latino communities . We design ed a community-based health kiosk program for English- and Spanish-speaking Latinos . Users receive personalized feedback on  nutrition , physical activity , and smoking behaviors from computerized role models that guide them in establishing goals in 1 or more of these 3 areas . We found significant improvements in nutrition and physical activity among 245 Latino program users ; however , no changes were observed with respect to smoking behaviors . The program shows promise for extending the reach of chronic disease prevention and self-management programs OBJECTIVES Our community-academic partnership employed community-based participatory research to develop and pilot a simple , peer-led intervention to promote weight loss  , which can prevent diabetes and eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in incident diabetes among overweight adults with prediabetes . METHODS We recruited overweight adults at community sites , performed oral glucose tolerance testing to identify persons with blood glucose levels in the prediabetes range , and r and omized eligible people to a  peer-led lifestyle intervention group or delayed intervention  in 1 year . Outcomes , including weight , blood pressure , and health behaviors , were measured at baseline and 3 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS More than half of those tested ( 56 % , or 99 of 178 ) had prediabetes and enrolled in the study . Participants were predominantly Spanish-speaking , low-income , undereducated women . The intervention group lost significantly more weight than the control group and maintained weight loss at 12 months ( 7.2 versus 2.4 pounds ; P < .01 ) . One fourth ( 24 of 99 ) of participants progressed to diabetes . CONCLUSIONS In underserved minority communities , prediabetes prevalence may be higher than previously reported . Low-cost , community-based interventions can succeed in encouraging weight loss to prevent diabetes This study investigated the effectiveness of a community-academic health center partnership , utilizing nurse-supervised indigenous community health workers , in decreasing the blood pressure in an urban African-American population . A four-year r and omized clinical trial was conducted in the S and town-Winchester community , which has an excess prevalence of high blood pressure , in order to test the effectiveness of 2 different levels of intervention intensity on increasing the control of high blood pressure .  Community health workers were trained and certified in blood pressure management , monitoring , education and counseling , social support mobilization , and community outreach and follow up . The primary results were a significant decrease in mean systolic and diastolic pressures after both levels of intervention , and a significant increase in the percentage of individuals with controlled high blood pressure . Surprisingly , no differences in results were observed between the 2 levels of intervention intensity . This study supports the use of community-based partnership efforts , and the utilization of indigenous health workers , to enhance the control of high blood pressure in a high-risk , African-American urban population This project evaluated an intervention for preventing  peer rejection in middle school that promoted social acceptance in the classroom environment . The systems-level and preventive focus of this intervention differed markedly from traditional interventions that target putative deficits within individual rejected children . In collaboration with 24 teachers and their classrooms , the intervention team led mixed groups of accepted and rejected children in cooperative games that required teamwork and mutual respect among all members in order to succeed . To reinforce these alliances between children , as well as to prevent future peer rejection , teachers were encouraged to use cooperative , teamwork-based group activities for academic instruction . The intervention was evaluated using a r and omized control ( waitlist ) design . Results suggested that the intervention reduced the amount of self-reported peer rejection in classrooms . Implication s for the further development and evaluation of systems-level interventions to prevent peer rejection are discussed . Editors ’ Strategic Implication s : The use of a systems-based prevention program shows promise for the prevention of  children ’s perceived peer rejection . The authors demonstrate a model of university-community collaboration with a plan for sustainability and a focus on low-income and minority population s. Educators , school administrators , and research ers will be intrigued by the positive experiences of non-rejected peers and teachers in promoting a socially accepting school climate There has been relatively little research on effects of interventions aim ed directly at improving internal community coalition functioning , particularly in the area of planning for adoption of evidence -based prevention programs . The current study investigated the effect of Project STEP , a prevention diffusion trial , on three factors hypothesized to improve coalition prevention planning ( quality of coalition plans , extent of plan implementation , and committee internal functioning in meetings ) . Cities were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions ( televised training with limited technical assistance , televised training alone , or control ; n = 24 ) . Results demonstrated that at 1.5 year follow-up , coalitions in the two intervention groups showed more effective prevention plans , plan implementation , and functioning in meetings than control coalitions . Group differences were maintained at 3-year follow-up , albeit at decreased levels , for quality of planning and implementation . The findings suggest that building coalition capacity to diffuse evidence -based prevention programs works at least partially by increasing the effectiveness of coalition functioning , and that booster training may be warranted within 3 years after initial training Nearly 2 million children live or work on America 's farms and ranches . Despite the increasing mechanization of production agriculture in the United States , children still constitute a considerable portion of the work force on farms and ranches . When adjusted for actual work exposure time , adolescent injury rates on agricultural establishments surpass those of adults ( Castillo , D. N. , L and en , D. D. , & Layne , L. A. ( 1994 ) . American Journal of 
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Although CBPR trials examined a wide range of behavioral and clinical outcomes , such trials had very high success rates in recruiting and retaining minority participants and achieving significant intervention effects .
CONCLUSIONS Significant publication gaps remain between CBPR and other interventional research methods .
CBPR may be effective in increasing participation of racial and ethnic minority subjects in research and may be a powerful tool in testing the generalizability of effective interventions among these population s. CBPR holds promise as an approach that may contribute greatly to the study of health care delivery to disadvantaged population