***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Acute intensive exercise has been shown to induce a decreased subsequent daily energy intake in obese adolescents without altering the subjective appetite feelings . It is however unclear whether or not those nutritional adaptations to acute exercise are affected by the adolescents ' weight status . The aim of this study was to compare the energy intake and macronutrient preferences , appetite feeling and energy expenditure response to acute exercise between lean and obese adolescents . METHODS Ten obese and nine normal weight 12 - 15year old adolescents r and omly completed a session with a 30minute cycling exercise at 75 % VO2max and a sedentary session . During both sessions energy expenditure was assessed using Armb and , ad libitum energy intake measured by weighing at both lunch and dinner time and appetite feelings assessed using visual analog scales . RESULTS Daily , morning and afternoon energy expenditure were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight adolescents ( p<0.001 ) . Total energy expenditure was significantly higher during EX ( 1086±157kcal ) compared to SED ( 853±154kcal ) in lean ( p<0.05 ) but not significantly different in obese ( respectively 1865±222 and 1803±232kcal ) . Afternoon energy expenditure was significantly lower during EX compare to SED in obese ( p<0.05 ) but not in normal weight adolescents . Lunch , dinner and total daily energy intake were significantly reduced after the exercise session in obese ( p>0.05 ) but not in lean adolescents . No group or condition effects were observed on subjective appetite feelings . DISCUSSION Post exercise spontaneous energy intake and energy expenditure are reduced in obese but not in normal weight adolescents , without appetite feeling changes . Acute exercise may have a greater impact on energy balance through the induced decreased energy intake in the absence of significant change in energy expenditure in obese youth Energy balance is regulated by a multifaceted system of physiological signals that influence energy intake and expenditure . Therefore , variability in the brain 's response to food may be partially explained by differences in levels of metabolically active tissues throughout the body , including fat-free mass ( FFM ) and fat mass ( FM ) . The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that children 's body composition would be related to their brain response to food images varying in energy density ( ED ) , a measure of energy content per weight of food . Functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) was used to measure brain response to High ( > 1.5kcal/g ) and Low ( < 1.5kcal/g ) ED food images , and Control images , in 36 children ages 7 - 10years .  Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis . Multi-subject r and om effects general linear model ( GLM ) and two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) were used to test for main effects of ED ( High ED vs. Low ED ) in a priori defined brain regions of interest previously implicated in energy homeostasis and reward processing . Pearson 's correlations were then calculated between activation in these regions for various contrasts ( High ED-Low ED , High ED-Control , Low ED-Control ) and child body composition ( FFM index , FM index , % body fat ) . Relative to Low ED foods , High ED foods elicited greater BOLD activation in the left thalamus . In the right substantia nigra , BOLD activation for the contrast of High ED-Low ED foods was positively associated with child FFM . There were no significant results for the High ED-Control or Low ED-Control contrasts . Our findings support literature on FFM as an appetitive driver , such that greater amounts of lean mass were associated with greater activation for High ED foods in an area of the brain associated with dopamine signaling and reward ( substantia nigra ) . These results confirm our hypothesis that brain response to foods varying in energy content is related to measures of child body composition Background The effect of exercise on subjective appetite and short-term food intake has received little investigation in children . Despite a lack of reported evaluation of short- duration activity programs , they are currently being implemented in schools as a means to benefit energy balance . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold ( VeT ) on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in normal weight boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years . Methods On 4 separate mornings and in r and om order , boys ( n = 14 ) and girls ( n = 15 ) completed 2 rest or 2 exercise treatments for 15 ( short- duration ; SD ) or 45 min ( long- duration ; LD ) at their previously measured VeT , 2 h after a st and ardized breakfast .  Subjective appetite was measured at regular intervals during the study sessions and food intake from a pizza meal was measured 30 min after rest or exercise . Results An increase in average appetite , desire to eat , and hunger ( p < 0.05 ) was attenuated by SD exercise , but was further increased ( p < 0.05 ) by LD exercise . However , food intake  after SD and LD exercise was similar to after rest in both boys and girls ( p = 0.55 ) . The energy cost of SD and LD exercise result ed in a lower net energy balance compared to resting during the study measurement period in boys ( SD : Δ = -418 ± 301 kJ ; LD : Δ = -928 ± 196 kJ ) and in girls ( SD : Δ = -297 ± 105 kJ ; LD : Δ = -432 ± 115 kJ ) . Conclusion Neither SD nor LD exercise at the VeT increased short-term food intake and SD exercise  attenuated increases in appetite . Thus , SD exercise programs in schools may be an effective strategy for maintaining healthier body weights in children Short-term effects of different intensities of exercise-induced energy expenditure on energy intake and hunger were compared in 19 girls ( 10.0 + /- 0.6 years ) in three conditions :  sedentary , low-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise . The exercise conditions involved cycling at 50 and 75 % of peak oxygen uptake , respectively , but were design ed to evoke approximately 1.50 MJ of total expenditure , as estimated from continuously monitored heart rate . A maintenance breakfast of controlled energy intake was provided and ad libitum energy intake was measured at lunch and dinner . Differences in energy intake relative to expenditure , between 09:30 and 17:00 , were calculated by subtracting energy expenditure from energy intake ( energy difference ) . Hunger , fullness and prospect i ve consumption were rated before and after meals and exercise sessions . Lunch energy intake was significantly less after low-intensity exercise than after high-intensity exercise .  Energy expenditure was greater in the exercise conditions than when sedentary and the energy difference was more positive in the sedentary condition than in each of the exercise conditions . At mid-afternoon , rated prospect i ve consumption was less after the high-intensity exercise . The imposition of energy expenditure through exercise of either low or high intensity result ed in no detectable increase in energy intake in the short term Background Physical exercise can modify subsequent energy intake and appetite and may thus be of particular interest in terms of obesity treatment . However , it is still unclear whether an intensive bout of exercise can affect the energy consumption of obese children and adolescents . Objective To compare the impact of high vs. moderate intensity exercises on subsequent 24-h energy intake , macronutrient preferences , appetite sensations , energy expenditure and balance in obese adolescent . Design This r and omized cross-over trial involves 15 obese adolescent boys who were asked to r and omly complete three 24-h sessions in a metabolic chamber , each separated by at least 7 days : ( 1 ) sedentary ( SED ) ; ( 2 ) Low-Intensity Exercise ( LIE ) ( 40 % maximal oxygen uptake , VO2max ) ; ( 3 ) High-Intensity Exercise ( HIE ) ( 75%VO2max ) . Results Despite unchanged appetite sensations , 24-h total energy intake following HIE was 6–11 % lower compared to LIE and SED ( p<0.05 ) , whereas no differences appeared between SED and LIE . Energy intake at lunch was 9.4 % and 8.4 % lower after HIE compared to SED and LIE , respectively ( p<0.05 ) . At dinner time , it was 20.5 % and 19.7 % lower after HIE compared to SED and LIE , respectively ( p<0.01 ) . 24-h energy expenditure was not significantly altered . Thus , the 24-h energy balance was significantly reduced during HIE compared to SED and LIE ( p<0.01 ) , whereas those of SED and LIE did not differ . Conclusions In obese adolescent boys , HIE has a beneficial impact on 24-h energy balance , mainly due to the spontaneous decrease in energy intake during lunch and dinner following the exercise bout . Prescribing high-intensity exercises to promote weight loss may therefore provide effective results without affecting appetite sensations and , as a result , food frustrations . Trial Registration Clinical Trial.gov Background While compensatory eating following acute aerobic exercise is highly variable , little is known about the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the alterations in exercise-induced eating behaviour . Methods Overweight and obese women ( body mass index=29.6±4.0 kg/m2 ) performed a bout of cycling individually tailored to expend 400 kcal ( EX ) or a time-matched no exercise control condition in a r and omised , counter-balanced order . 60 min after the cessation of exercise , an ad libitum test meal was provided . Substrate oxidation and subjective appetite ratings were measured during exercise/time-matched rest , and during the period between the cessation of exercise and food consumption . Results While ad libitum energy intake ( EI ) did not differ between EX and the control condition ( 666.0±203.9 vs 664.6±174.4 kcal , respectively ; ns ) , there was a marked individual variability in compensatory EI . The difference in EI between EX and the control condition ranged from −234.3 to 278.5 kcal . Carbohydrate oxidation during exercise was positively associated with postexercise EI , accounting for 37 % of the variance in EI ( r=0.57 ; p=0.02 ) . Conclusions These data indicate that the capacity of acute exercise to create a short-term energy deficit in overweight and obese women is highly variable . Furthermore , exercise-induced CHO oxidation can explain a part of the variability in acute exercise-induced compensatory eating . Postexercise compensatory eating could serve as an adaptive response to facilitate the restoration of carbohydrate balance AIM To examine energy intake adaptations to a 10-week aerobic exercise program in obese adolescents . METHODS Twenty-six 12 - 17year old obese adolescents were asked to cycle twice a week for an hour in a research laboratory . Body composition , aerobic fitness ( submaximal fitness test ) and energy intake ( 3-day food record ) were assessed before and immediately after the 10-week intervention . RESULTS The average time spent pedaling per session was 55.3±12.1min for a mean energy expenditure of 2196±561kJpersession . The intervention produced significant improvements in percentage of body fat ( 44.5±10.6 % vs. 43.4±9.8 % ; p<0.05 ) but no significant weight and fat-free mass change . Peak workload ( 79.5±20.8W vs. 87.3±17.6W ; p<0.05 ) and peak heart rate ( 174.6±18.7bpm vs. 166.2±21.0bpm ; p<0.01 ) were improved . The mean total daily energy intake ( in kJ/day ) showed a tendency to decrease through the intervention ( 7440±1744 to 6740±2124kJ ; p=0.07 ) but a high inter-individual variability observed in the energy intake response to the intervention may explain the non-significant association between the energy intake response and weight loss . CONCLUSION A 10-week aerobic exercise program may result in a small decrease in energy intake and an associated decrease in percentage of body fat but no weight loss in obese adolescents . This lack of weight loss could be explained by a decrease in spontaneous energy expenditure outside the intervention sessions The effect of short duration exercise ( EXR ) on food intake ( FI ) and energy balance ( EB ) is not well understood in either normal weight ( NW ) or overweight ( OW ) and obese ( OB ) 9 - 14 years old children . Our purpose was to describe the effects of activity and a glucose drink on short term FI , appetite , and EB in NW , OW , and OB boys . Each boy received in r and om order either a noncaloric Sucralose sweetened control or glucose ( 1.0 g·kg(-1 ) body weight ) drink 5 min after either exercise ( EXR ) or sedentary ( SED ) activity . Boys exercised for 15 min at their ventilation threshold ( V(T ) ) in experiment 1 or at 25 % above their V(T ) in experiment 2 . FI was measured at an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min after drink consumption . FI was lower after the glucose drink ( p < 0.001 ) but not affected by activity , even though EXR increased appetite ( p < 0.001 ) . OW/OB boys ate more total food than NW boys ( p = 0.020 ) . EB over the duration of the experiments was reduced by EXR in OW/OB boys ( p =  
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Although acute exercise does not affect energy intake in lean , it appears to reduced food intake in obese youth when intense , without altering the macronutrients composition of the meal