***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Because universal psychoeducational eating disorder prevention programs have had little success , we developed and evaluated two interventions for high-risk population s : a healthy weight control intervention and a dissonance-based intervention . METHOD Adolescent girls ( N = 148 ) with body image concerns were r and omized to one of these interventions or to a waitlist control group . Participants completed baseline , termination , and 1 , 3 , and 6-month follow-up surveys . RESULTS Participants in both interventions reported decreased thin-ideal internalization , negative affect , and bulimic symptoms at termination and follow-up relative to controls . However , no effects were observed for body dissatisfaction or dieting and effects diminished over time . DISCUSSION Results provide evidence that both interventions effectively reduce bulimic pathology and risk factors for eating disturbances A population -based , r and omized universal classroom intervention trial for the prevention of disruptive behavior ( i.e. , attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems , oppositional defiant problems , and conduct problems ) is described . Impact on developmental trajectories in young elementary schoolchildren was studied . Three trajectories were identified in children with high , intermediate , or low levels of problems on all 3 disruptive behaviors  at baseline . The intervention had a positive impact on the development of all disruptive behavior problems in children with intermediate levels of these problems at baseline . Effect sizes of mean difference at outcome were medium or small . In children with the highest levels of disruptive behavior at baseline , a positive impact of the intervention was found for conduct problems BACKGROUND The high prevalence and incidence of obesity and eating disorders in US adolescent girls are serious health problems . Because of the shared risk factors for obesity and eating disorders , a targeted prevention of both conditions is a priority . OBJECTIVE We determined whether an adapted interpersonal psychotherapy prevention program is more efficacious for reducing excess weight gain and worsening disordered eating than health education in adolescent girls at high risk of obesity and eating disorders . DESIGN A parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial was conducted between September 2008 and January 2013 in a university-based laboratory and a federal research hospital . The study included 113 adolescent ( 12 - 17-y-old ) girls deemed at high risk of adult obesity and eating disorders because of a body mass index ( BMI ) between the 75th and 97th percentiles and reports of episodes of a loss of control over their eating . Girls were r and omly assigned to participate in an adapted interpersonal psychotherapy or a health-education group program for 12 weekly 90-min group sessions . Follow-up assessment s occurred immediately after group programs and at 6 and 12 mo . RESULTS Participation in both conditions was associated with decreases in expected BMI gain , age-adjusted BMI metrics , the percentage of fat by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , symptoms of depression and anxiety , and the frequency of loss-of-control eating over 12 mo of follow-up ( Ps < 0.001 ) with no group difference . In follow-up analyses , interpersonal psychotherapy was more efficacious than health education at reducing objective binge eating at the 12-mo follow-up ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The intervention with adolescent girls with loss-of-control eating is associated with lower age-adjusted BMI and percentage of adiposity as well as improved mood symptoms over 1 y. Interpersonal psychotherapy further reduced objective binge eating . Additional research is needed to eluci date the mechanisms by which physical and psychological improvements were observed . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00680979 OBJECTIVE  Body dissatisfaction in females is common and a risk factor for the development of an eating disorder . This study tested whether body dissatisfaction could be improved using a brief conditioning intervention in which photographs of participants ' bodies were selectively paired with positive social stimuli ( smiling faces ) and photographs of other bodies were paired with neutral or negative social stimuli ( neutral and frowning faces ) . METHOD 39 women ( mean age = 22.46 ; 64.1 % Caucasian ) with high body dissatisfaction were r and omized to either the evaluative conditioning intervention ( n = 22 ) or to a delayed waitlist control condition ( n = 17 ) . Body dissatisfaction ( specifically , shape and weight concern ) , restraint , eating concern , and self-esteem were assessed at baseline , post treatment and again after four and 12 weeks . RESULTS Compared to women in the delayed waitlist control condition , women in the treatment condition demonstrated a significant decrease in shape and weight concern , and a significant increase in self-esteem . Similar trends were found for the control condition after they completed the intervention . Changes at post treatment related to body dissatisfaction were maintained at 12-week follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Repeatedly pairing photographs of an individual 's body with positive social feedback may lead to improved body image and self-esteem OBJECTIVE A group dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program , in which young women critique the thin ideal , reduces eating disorder risk factors and symptoms , but it can be difficult to identify school clinicians with the time and expertise to deliver the intervention . Thus , we developed a prototype Internet version of this program and evaluated it in a preliminary trial . METHOD Female college students with body dissatisfaction ( N = 107 ; M age = 21.6 years , SD = 6.6 ) were r and omized to the Internet intervention , group intervention , educational video condition , or educational brochure condition . RESULTS Internet and group participants showed greater pre-post reductions in eating disorder risk factors and symptoms than video controls ( M ds = 0.47 and 0.54 , respectively ) and brochure controls ( M ds = 0.75 and 0.72 , respectively ) , with many effects reaching significance . Effects did not differ significantly for Internet versus group participants ( M ds = -0.13 ) or for video versus brochure controls ( M d = 0.25 ) . Effect sizes for the Internet intervention were similar to those previously observed for group versions of this intervention . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that this prototype Internet intervention is as efficacious as the group intervention , implying that there would be merit in completing this intervention and evaluating it in a fully powered trial Oral healthcare providers have a clinical opportunity for early detection of disordered eating behaviors because they are often the first health professionals to observe overt oral and physical signs . Curricula regarding early recognition of this oral/systemic medical condition are limited in oral health educational programs . Web-based learning can supplement and reinforce traditional learning and has the potential to develop skills . The study purpose was to determine the efficacy of a theory-driven Web-based training program to increase the capacity of oral health students to perform behaviors related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Using the Reach , Effectiveness , Adoption , Implementation and Maintenance evaluation framework , a longitudinal group-r and omized controlled trial involving 27 oral health classes from 12 oral health education programs in the United States was implemented to assess the efficacy of the Web-based training on attitudes , knowledge , self-efficacy and skills related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Mixed-model analysis of covariance indicated substantial improvements among students in the intervention group ( effect sizes : 0.51 - 0.83 ) on all six outcomes of interest . Results suggest that the Web-based training program may increase the capacity of oral healthcare providers to deliver secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Implication s and value of using the Reach , Effectiveness , Adoption , Implementation and Maintenance framework are discussed This study evaluated a targeted intervention design ed to alleviate body image and eating problems in adolescent girls that was delivered over the internet so as to increase access to the program . The program consisted of six , 90-minute weekly small group , synchronous on-line sessions and was facilitated by a therapist and manual . Participants were 73 girls ( mean age=14.4 years , SD=1.48 ) who self-identified as having body image or eating problems and were r and omly assigned to an intervention group ( n=36 ) ( assessed at baseline , post-intervention and at 2- and 6-months follow-up ) or a delayed treatment control group ( n=37 ) ( assessed at baseline and 6–7 weeks later ) . Clinical ly significant improvements in body dissatisfaction , disordered eating , and depression were observed at post-intervention and maintained at follow-up . Internet delivery was enthusiastically endorsed . The program offers a promising approach to improve body image and eating problems that also addresses geographic access problems Proper r and omisation means little if investigators can not include all r and omised participants in the primary analysis . Participants might ignore follow-up , leave town , or take aspartame when instructed to take aspirin . Exclusions before r and omisation do not bias the treatment comparison , but they can hurt generalisability . Eligibility criteria for a trial should be clear , specific , and applied before r and omisation . Readers should assess whether any of the criteria make the trial sample atypical or unrepresentative of the people in which they are interested . In principle , assessment of exclusions after r and omisation is simple : none are allowed . For the primary analysis , all participants enrolled should be included and analysed as part of the original group assigned ( an intent-to-treat analysis ) . In reality , however , losses frequently occur . Investigators should , therefore , commit adequate re sources to develop and implement procedures to maximise retention of participants . Moreover , research ers should provide clear , explicit information on the progress of all r and omised participants through the trial by use of , for instance , a trial profile . Investigators can also do secondary analyses on , for instance , per- protocol or as-treated participants . Such analyses should be described as secondary and non-r and omised comparisons . Mish and ling of exclusions causes serious method ological difficulties . Unfortunately , some explanations for mish and ling exclusions intuitively appeal to readers , disguising the seriousness of the issues . Creative mismanagement of exclusions can undermine trial validity BACKGROUND Body image dissatisfaction during adolescence is common but not benign . School-based interventions have the potential for wide reach , but scalability of previous programmes is limited by a reliance on external facilitators . AIMS To assess the acceptability , feasibility and efficacy of a teacher-delivered body image intervention . METHOD A pilot clustered r and omised controlled trial in which 16 classes of adolescent girls were allocated to a 6-session body image programme ( n = 261 ) ,  or usual curriculum control ( n = 187 ) ( registration : IS RCT N42594993 ) . RESULTS Students in the intervention group had significantly improved body esteem and self-esteem and reduced thin-ideal internalisation . Effects for body esteem and thin-ideal internalisation were maintained for 3 months . There were no group differences for eating pathology , peer factors or depression . Acceptability , feasibility and efficacy varied between schools . CONCLUSIONS Teacher-delivered body image lessons have promise but further work is needed to increase efficacy and make interventions suitable across a range of schools OBJECTIVE Lifestyle interventions that promote physical activity and healthy dietary habits may reduce binge eating symptoms and be more feasible and sustainable among ethnic minority women , who are less likely to seek clinical treatment for eating disorders . The purpose of this study was to investigate ( 1 ) whether participating in a lifestyle intervention is a feasible way to decrease binge eating symptoms ( BES ) and ( 2 ) whether changes in BES differed by intervention ( physical activity vs. dietary habits ) and binge eating status at baseline ( binger eater vs. non-binge eater ) in African American and Hispanic women . METHOD Health Is Power ( HIP ) was a longitudinal r and omized controlled trial to promote physical activity and improve dietary habits .  Women ( N = 180 ) who completed anthropometric measures and question naires assessing  fruit and vegetable and dietary fat intake , BES and demographics at baseline and post-intervention six months later were included in the current study . RESULTS Over one-fourth ( 27.8 % ) of participants were categorized as binge-eaters . Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant two- and three-way interactions . Decreases in BES over time were greater in binge eaters than in non-binge eaters ( F(1,164 ) = 33.253 , p < .001 ) , and women classified as binge eaters who participated in the physical activity intervention reported greater decreases in BES than non-binge eaters in the dietary habits intervention ( F(1,157 ) = 5.170 , p = .024 ) . DISCUSSION Findings suggest behavioral interventions to increase physical activity may lead to reductions in BES  among ethnic minority women and ultimately reduce the prevalence of binge eating disorder and health disparities in this population OBJECTIVE This study examined the outcome of a body image and disordered eating intervention for midlife women . The intervention was specifically design ed to address risk factors that are pertinent in midlife . METHOD Participants were 61 women aged 30 to 60 years ( M = 43.92 , SD = 8.22 ) r and omly assigned to intervention ( n = 32 ) or ( delayed treatment ) control ( n = 29 ) groups . Following an 8-session facilitated group cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention , outcomes from the Body Shape Question naire ; Eating Disorder Examination Question naire ; Body Image Avoidance Question naire ; Physical Appearance Comparison Scale ; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale , Internalization subscale ; measures of appearance importance , cognitive re appraisal , and self-care ; Dutch Eating Behavior Question naire ; and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were compared for statistical and clinical significance from baseline to posttest and 6-month follow-up . RES 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Media literacy had the most support for universal prevention .
Most universal approaches showed significant modest effects on risk factors .
Dissonance-based was the best supported approach for selective prevention .
Cognitive-behavior therapy ( CBT ) , a healthy weight program , media literacy , and psychoeducation , were also effective for selective prevention and effects were maintained at follow-up .
CBT was supported for indicated prevention and effects were maintained at follow-up .
DISCUSSION The modest effects for universal prevention were likely due to floor effects .