***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer centre . METHODS Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients were r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to their radiotherapy treatment . Intervention consisted of yoga sessions lasting 60 min daily while the control group was imparted supportive therapy once in 10 days . Assessment s included European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life ( EORTCQoL C30 ) functional scales and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( PANAS ) . Assessment s were done at baseline and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy treatment . RESULTS An intention to treat GLM repeated measures ANOVA showed significant difference across groups over time for positive affect , negative affect and emotional function and social function . There was significant improvement in positive affect ( ES = 0.59 , p = 0.007 , 95%CI 1.25 to 7.8 ) , emotional function ( ES = 0.71 , p = 0.001 , 95%CI 6.45 to 25.33 ) and cognitive function ( ES = 0.48 , p = 0.03 , 95%CI 1.2 to 18.5 ) , and decrease in negative affect ( ES = 0.84 , p<0.001 , 95%CI -13.4 to -4.4 ) in the yoga group as compared to controls . There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect with role function , social function and global quality of life . There was a significant negative correlation between negative affect with physical function , role function , emotional function and social function . CONCLUSION The results suggest a possible role for yoga to improve quality of life and affect in breast cancer out patients PURPOSE The 2000 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on Adjuvant Therapy of Breast Cancer recommended chemotherapy for all women with invasive cancer greater than 1 centimeter . Studies of long-term breast cancer survivors have found poorer quality of life ( QOL ) in women who received adjuvant chemotherapy .  The aim of this article is to characterize physical and psychosocial recovery as a function of chemotherapy receipt in the year after medical treatment completion . PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospect i ve longitudinal survey data ( R AND SF-36 and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial [ BCPT ] Symptom Scales ) collected from 558 women with breast cancer enrolled on the Moving Beyond Cancer ( MBC ) psychoeducational intervention trial were compared according to receipt of chemotherapy . MBC study enrollment occurred within 4 weeks after the end of primary treatment ( eg , surgery , chemotherapy , radiation ) . Self-report question naire data collected at enrollment and at 2 , 6 , and 12 months thereafter were examined , controlling for intervention and with propensity score adjustment for imbalance of covariates . Outcome analyses were carried out by fitting linear mixed models by using SAS PROC MIXED . RESULTS Longitudinal SF-36 scale scores did not differ by chemotherapy treatment exposure , and both groups improved significantly ( P < .01 ) in the year after primary treatment ended . However , adjuvant chemotherapy treatment was associated with significantly more severe physical symptoms , including musculoskeletal pain ( P = .01 ) , vaginal problems ( P < .01 ) , weight problems ( P = .01 ) , and nausea ( P = .03 ) . CONCLUSION Physical and psychosocial functioning improved significantly after breast cancer treatment , independent of receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy .  Women who received chemotherapy experienced more severe and persistent physical symptoms that should be more effectively managed as part of survivorship care Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy Approximately one-third of breast cancer survivors experiences persistent fatigue for months or years after successful treatment completion . There is a lack of evidence -based treatments for cancer-related fatigue , particularly among cancer survivors . This single-arm pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a yoga intervention for fatigued breast cancer survivors based on the Iyengar tradition . Iyengar yoga prescribes specific poses for individuals with specific medical problems and conditions ; this trial emphasized postures believed to be effective for reducing fatigue among breast cancer survivors , including inversions and backbends performed with the support of props . Twelve women were enrolled in the trial , and 11 completed the full 12-week course of treatment . There was a significant improvement in fatigue scores from pre- to post-intervention that was maintained at the 3-month post-intervention followup . Significant improvements were also observed in measures of physical function , depressed mood , and quality of life . These results support the acceptability of this intervention and suggest that it may have beneficial effects on persistent post-treatment fatigue . However , results require replication in a larger r and omized controlled trial Purpose To obtain estimates of time to recruit the study sample , retention , facility-based class attendance and home practice for a study of yoga in breast cancer survivors , and its efficacy on fatigue , quality of life ( QOL ) , and weight change . Methods Sixty-three post-treatment stages 0–III borderline overweight and obese ( body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 ) breast cancer survivors were r and omly assigned to a 6-month , facility- and home-based viniyoga intervention ( n = 32 ) or a waitlist control group ( n = 31 ) . The yoga goal was five practice s per week . Primary outcome measures were changes in QOL , fatigue , and weight from baseline to 6 months . Secondary outcomes included changes in waist and hip circumference . Results It took 12 months to complete recruitment . Participants attended a mean of 19.6 classes and practice d at home a mean of 55.8 times during the 6-month period . At follow-up , 90 % of participants completed question naires and 87 % completed anthropometric measurements . QOL and fatigue improved to a greater extent among women in the yoga group relative to women in the control group , although no differences were statistically significant . Waist circumference decreased 3.1 cm ( 95 % CI , −5.7 and −0.4 ) more among women in the yoga compared with the control group , with no difference in weight change . Conclusions This study provides important information regarding recruitment , retention , and practice levels achieved during a 6-month , intensive yoga intervention in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors .  Yoga may help decrease waist circumference and improve quality of life ; future studies are needed to confirm these results OBJECTIVES Restorative yoga ( RY ) is a gentle type of yoga that may be beneficial for cancer patients and post-treatment survivors . Study goals were : to determine the feasibility of implementing a RY intervention for women with breast cancer ; and to examine group differences in self-reported emotional , health-related quality of life , and symptom outcomes . METHODS Women with breast cancer ( n=44 ; mean age 55.8 years ) enrolled in this study ; 34 % were actively undergoing cancer treatment . Study participants were r and omized to the intervention ( 10 weekly 75-minute RY classes ) or a waitlist control group . Participants completed question naires at Week 0 ( baseline ) and Week 10 ( immediately post-intervention for the yoga group ) . RESULTS Group differences favoring the yoga group were seen for mental health , depression , positive affect , and spirituality ( peace/meaning ) . Significant baseline*group interactions were observed for negative affect and emotional well-being . Women with higher negative affect and lower emotional well-being at baseline derived greater benefit from the yoga intervention compared to those with similar values at baseline in the control group . The yoga group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement in fatigue ; no significant difference was noted for the control group . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by sample size , these pilot data suggest potential benefit of RY on emotional outcomes and fatigue in cancer patients . This study demonstrates that a RY intervention is feasible for women with breast cancer ; implication s for study design and implementation are noted with an emphasis on program adoption and participant adherence Purpose : To examine the effect of regular Iyengar yoga practice on measures of self‐perceived psychosocial function and diurnal salivary cortisol secretion in stage II – IV breast cancer survivors ( n = 18 ) . Data sources : Women were r and omly assigned to attend yoga practice for 90 min twice weekly for 8 weeks ( n = 9 ) or to a wait‐listed , noninterventional control group ( n = 9 ) . Traditional Iyengar yoga routines that progressively increased in difficulty as participants gained strength and flexibility were used . At baseline and after the 8‐week study period , women completed self‐report instruments to document various aspects of psychosocial and physical functioning , and collected salivary sample s for cortisol analysis four times during the day for two consecutive days . Conclusions : The yoga group had lower morning and 5 p.m. salivary cortisol and improved emotional well‐being and fatigue scores . Implication s for practice : Breast cancer survivors are at risk for chronic psychosocial distress that may alter activity of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis , result ing in aberrant regulation of cortisol secretion and increased risk of immune dysfunction and cancer progression . Regular yoga practice may be a low‐risk , cost‐effective way to improve psychosocial functioning , fatigue , and regulation of cortisol secretion in breast cancer survivors . These findings require validation with a larger r and omized study Purpose . To testthe relative effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program ( MBSR ) compared with a nutrition education intervention ( NEP ) and usual care ( UC ) in women with newly diagnosed early-stage breast cancer (BrCA)undergoing radiotherapy .  Methods . Data were available from a r and omized controlled trialof 172 women , 20 to 65 years old , with stage I or II BrCA . Data from women completing the 8-week MBSR program plus 3 additional sessions focuses on special needs associated with BrCA were compared to women receiving attention control NEP and UC . Follow-up was performed at 3 post-intervention points : 4 months , and 1 and 2 years . St and ardized , vali date d self-administered question naires were used to assess psychosocial variables . Descriptive analyses compared women by r and omization assignment . Regression analyses , incorporating both intention-to-treat and post hoc multivariable approaches , were used to control for potential confounding variables . Results . A subset of 120 women underwent radiotherapy ;  77 completed treatment prior to the study , and 40 had radiotherapy during the MBSR intervention . Women who actively received radiotherapy ( art ) while participating in the MBSR intervention ( MBSR-art ) experienced a significant ( P < .05 ) improvement in 16 psychosocial variables compared with the NEP-art , UC-art , or both at 4 months . These included health-related , BrCA-specific quality of life and psychosocial coping , which were the primary outcomes , and secondary measures , including meaningfulness , helplessness , cognitive avoidance , depression , paranoid ideation , hostility , anxiety , global severity , anxious preoccupation , and emotional control . Conclusions . MBSR appears to facilitate psychosocial adjustment in BrCA patients receiving radiotherapy , suggesting applicability for MBSR as adjunctive therapy in oncological practice Radiotherapy may lead to side effects that undermine patients ' quality of life ( QOL ) . Although mind‐body practice s like qigong appear to improve QOL in cancer survivors , little is known about their benefits for patients who are receiving radiotherapy . Thus , in the current r and omized controlled trial , the authors examined the efficacy of a qigong intervention on QOL in women with breast cancer during and after treatment Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effects of participation in a mindfulness meditation – based stress reduction program on mood disturbance and symptoms of stress in cancer out patients . Methods A r and omized , wait-list controlled design was used . A convenience sample of eligible cancer patients enrolled after giving informed consent and were r and omly assigned to either an immediate treatment condition or a wait-list control condition . Patients completed the Profile of Mood States and the Symptoms of Stress Inventory both before and after the intervention . The intervention consisted of a weekly meditation group lasting 1.5 hours for 7 weeks plus home meditation practice . Results Ninety patients ( mean age , 51 years ) completed the study . The group was heterogeneous in type and stage of cancer . Patients ’ mean preintervention scores on dependent measures were equivalent between groups . After the intervention , patients in the treatment group had significantly lower scores on Total Mood Disturbance and subscales of Depression , Anxiety , Anger , and Confusion and 
    Output:
    
The most reported psychosocial benefits of yoga therapy were anxiety , emotional and social functioning , stress , depression and global QoL. The most reported physical benefits of yoga therapy were improved salivary cortisol readings , sleep quality and lymphocyte apoptosis .
Benefits in these areas were linked strongly with the yoga interventions , in addition to significant improvement in overall QoL. CONCLUSION The evidence supports the use of yoga therapy to improve the physical and psychosocial QoL for breast cancer patients with a range of benefits relevant to radiation therapy .