***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Some studies have found that prospect i ve memory ( PM ) cues which are emotionally valenced influence age effects in prospect i ve remembering , but it remains unclear whether this effect reflects the operation of processes implemented at encoding or retrieval . In addition , none of the prior ageing studies of valence on PM function have examined potential costs of engaging in different valence conditions , or re source allocation trade-offs between the PM and the ongoing task . In the present study , younger , young-old and old-old adults completed a PM task in which the valence of the cues varied systematic ally ( positive , negative or neutral ) at encoding , but was kept constant ( neutral ) at retrieval . The results indicated that PM accuracy did not vary as a function of affect at encoding , and that this effect did not interact with age group . There was also no main or interaction effect of valence on PM reaction time in PM cue trials , indicating that valence costs across the three encoding conditions were equivalent . Old-old adults ’  PM accuracy was reduced relative to both young-old and younger adults . Prospect i ve remembering incurred dual-task costs for all three groups . Analyses of reaction time data suggested that for both young-old and old-old , these costs were greater , implying differential re source allocation cost trade-offs . However , when reaction time data were expressed as a proportional change that adjusted for the general slowing of the older adults , costs did not differ as a function of group Event-based prospect i ve memory tasks entail detecting cues or reminders in our environment related to previously established intentions . If they are detected at an opportune time , then the intention can be fulfilled . In Experiments 1a-1c , we gave people 3 different nonfocal intentions ( e.g. , respond to words denoting animals ) and discovered that negatively valenced cues delivered the intention to mind less frequently than positively valenced cues . In Experiment 2 , this effect was extended to valenced and neutral sentential context s with convergent results that cues embedded in negatively valenced sentences evoked remembering the intention less often than in positive context s. In addition , both classes of valence caused the intention to be forgotten more often than a more neutral context . We propose that valence has the ability to usurp attentional re sources that otherwise would have supported successful prospect i ve memory performance Prospect i ve memory ( PM ) describes the ability to execute a previously planned action at the appropriate point in time . Although behavioral studies clearly showed that prospect i ve memory performance is affected by the emotional significance attributed to the intended action , no study so far investigated the brain mechanisms subserving the modulatory effect of emotional salience on PM performance . The general aim of the present study was to explore brain regions involved in prospect i ve memory processes when PM cues are associated with emotional stimuli . In particular , based on the hypothesised critical role of the prefrontal cortex in prospect i ve memory in the presence of emotionally salient stimuli , we expected a stronger involvement of aPFC when the retrieval and execution of the intended action is cued by an aversive stimulus . To this aim BOLD responses of PM trials cued by aversive facial expressions were compared to PM trials cued by neutral facial expressions . Whole brain analysis showed that PM task cued by aversive stimuli is differentially associated with activity in the right lateral prefrontal area ( BA 10 ) and in the left cau date nucleus . Moreover a temporal shift between the response of the cau date nucleus that preceded that of aPFC was observed . These findings suggest that the cau date nucleus might provide an early analysis of the affective properties of the stimuli , whereas the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex ( BA10 ) would be involved in a slower and more deliberative analysis to guide goal -directed behaviour This study examined the cue detection in the non-focal event-based prospect i ve memory ( PM ) of individuals with and without a major depressive disorder using behavioural and eye tracking assessment s. The participants were instructed to search on each trial for a different target stimulus that could be present or absent and to make prospect i ve responses to the cue object . PM tasks included cue only and target plus cue , whereas ongoing tasks included target only and distracter only . The results showed that a ) participants with depression performed more poorly than those without depression in PM ; b ) participants with depression showed more fixations and longer total and average fixation duration s in both ongoing and PM conditions ; c ) participants with depression had lower scores on accuracy in target-plus-cue trials than in cue-only trials and had a higher gaze rate of targets on hits and misses in target-plus-cue trials than did those without depression . The results indicate that the state of depression may impair top-down cognitive control function , which in turn results in particular deficits in the engagement of monitoring for PM cues Rationale Prospect i ve memory involves remembering to do something in the future and has a prospect i ve component ( remembering that something must be done ) and a retrospective component ( remembering what must be done and when it must be done ) . Initial studies reported an impairment in prospect ive-memory performance due to acute alcohol consumption . Retrospective-memory studies demonstrated that alcohol effects vary depending on the emotionality of the information that needs to be learned . Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differential effects of a mild acute alcohol dose ( 0.4 g/kg ) on the prospect i ve and retrospective components of prospect i ve memory depending on cue valence . MethodS eventy-five participants were allocated to an alcohol or placebo group  and performed a prospect ive-memory task in which prospect ive-memory cue valence was manipulated ( negative , neutral , positive ) . The multinomial model of event-based prospect i ve memory ( Smith and Bayen 2004 ) was used to measure alcohol and valence effects on the two prospect ive-memory components separately . Results Overall , no main effect of alcohol or valence on prospect ive-memory performance occurred . However , model-based analyses demonstrated a significantly higher retrospective component for positive compared with negative cues in the placebo group . In the alcohol group , the prospect i ve component was weaker for negative than for neutral cues and the retrospective component was stronger for positive than for neutral cues . Group comparisons showed that the alcohol group had a significantly lower prospect i ve component for negative cues and a lower retrospective component for neutral cues . Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate selective alcohol effects on prospect ive-memory components depending on prospect ive-memory cue valence Obsessive-compulsive disorder can result in a variety of deficits to cognitive performance , including negative consequences for attention and memory performance . The question addressed in the current study concerned whether this disorder influenced performance in an  event-based prospect i ve memory task .  The results from a sub clinical population indicated that , relative to non-anxious controls and mildly depressed controls , people with obsessive-compulsive tendencies ( washing compulsions ) incur decrements in remembering to respond to cues related to a neutral intention ( respond to animals ) . This deficit was ameliorated by giving the sub clinical group an intention about a threat-related category ( respond to bodily fluids ) and cueing them with concepts that they had previously rated as particularly disturbing to them . Thus , their normal attentional bias for extended processing of threat-related information overcame their natural deficit in event-based prospect i ve memory This study examined the separate influence and joint influences on  event-based prospect i ve memory task performance  due to the valence of cues and the valence of context s. We manipulated the valence of cues and context s with pictures from the International Affective Picture System . The participants , undergraduate students , showed higher performance when neutral compared to valenced pictures were used for cueing prospect i ve memory . In addition , neutral pictures were more effective as cues when they occurred in a valenced context than in the context of neutral pictures , but the effectiveness of valenced cues did not vary across context s that differed in valence . The finding of an interaction between cue and context valence indicates that their respective influence on event-based prospect i ve memory task performance can not be understood in isolation from each other . Our findings are not consistent with by the prevailing view which holds that the scope of attention is broadened and narrowed , respectively , by positively and negatively valenced stimuli . Instead , our findings are more supportive of the recent proposal that the scope of attention is determined by the motivational intensity associated with valenced stimuli . Consistent with this proposal , we speculate that the motivational intensity associated with different retrieval cues determines the scope of attention , that context s with different valence values determine participants ’ task engagement , and that prospect i ve memory task performance is determined jointly by attention scope and task engagement Prospect i ve memory involves the formation and execution of intended actions and is essential for autonomous living . In this study ( N=32 ) , the effect of the nature of PM cues ( semantic versus perceptual ) on established event-related potentials ( ERPs ) elicited in PM tasks ( N300 and prospect i ve positivity ) was investigated . PM cues defined by their perceptual features clearly elicited the N300 and prospect i ve positivity whereas PM cues defined by semantic relatedness elicited prospect i ve positivity . This calls into question the view that the N300 is a marker of general processes underlying detection of PM cues , but supports existing research showing that prospect i ve positivity represents general post-retrieval processes that follow detection of PM cues . Continued refinement of ERP paradigms for underst and ing the neural correlates of PM is needed So far , little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with emotion effects on prospect i ve memory ( PM ) performance . Thus , this study aim ed at disentangling possible mechanisms for the effects of emotional valence of PM cues on the distinct phases composing PM by investigating event-related potentials ( ERPs ) .  Participants were engaged in an ongoing N-back task  while being required to perform a PM task .  The emotional valence of both the ongoing pictures and the PM cues was manipulated ( pleasant , neutral , unpleasant ) . ERPs were recorded during the PM phases , such as encoding , maintenance , and retrieval of the intention . A recognition task including PM cues and ongoing stimuli was also performed at the end of the sessions . ERP results suggest that emotional PM cues not only trigger an automatic , bottom-up , capture of attention , but also boost a greater allocation of top-down processes . These processes seem to be recruited to hold attention toward the emotional stimuli and to retrieve the intention from memory , likely because of the motivational significance of the emotional stimuli . Moreover , pleasant PM cues seemed to modulate especially the prospect i ve component , as revealed by changes in the amplitude of the ERP correlates of strategic monitoring as a function of the relevance of the valence for the PM task . Unpleasant pictures seemed to modulate especially the retrospective component , as revealed by the largest old/new effect being elicited by unpleasant PM pictures in the recognition task Theoretically , prospect i ve memory retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of the environment for a target event or by a more reflexive process that spontaneously responds to the presence of a target event . These views were evaluated in Experiments 1 - 4 by examining whether performing a prospect i ve memory task produced costs on the speed of performing the ongoing task . In Experiment 5 , the authors directly tested for the existence of spontaneous retrieval . The results supported the multiprocess theory ( M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein , 2000 ) predictions that ( a ) spontaneous retrieval can occur and can support good prospect i ve memory and ( b ) depending on task dem and s and individual differences , people rely to different degrees on monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval  for prospect i ve remembering The present study investigated the effect of Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) on prospect i ve memory ( PM ) tasks by varying the emotional content of the PM actions . Twenty-one older adults with PD and 25 healthy older adults took part in the present study . Participants performed three virtual days in the Virtual Week task . On each virtual day , participants performed actions with positive , negative or neutral content . Immediately following each virtual day , participants completed a recognition task to assess their retrospective memory for the various PM tasks . PD patients were less accurate than the control group at both PM accuracy and recognition task accuracy . The effect of emotional valence was also evident , indicating that all participants were more accurate on positive PM tasks than both negative and neutral . This study confirmed PM impairment in PD patients and extended previous research showing how positive emotional stimuli can influence PM performance We investigated whether focal/nonfocal effects ( e.g. , Einstein et al. , 2005 ) in prospect i ve memory ( PM ) are explained by cue differences in monitoring difficulty . In Experiment 1 , we show that syllable cues ( used in Einstein et al. , 2005 ) are more difficult to monitor for than are word cues ; however , initial-letter cues ( in words ) are similar in monitoring difficulty to word cues ( Experiments 2a and 2b ) . Accordingly , in Experiments 3 and 4 , we design ated either an initial letter or a particular word as a PM cue in the context of a lexical decision task , a task that presumably directs attention to focal processing of words but not initial letters . We found that the nonfocal condition was more likely than the focal condition to produce costs to the lexical decision task ( task interference ) . Furthermore , when task interference was minimal or absent , focal PM performance remained relatively high , whereas nonfocal PM performance was near floor ( Experiment 4 ) . Collectively , these results suggest that qualitatively different retrieval processes can support prospect i ve remembering for focal versus nonfocal cues Converging experimental operations and several  prospect i ve memory tasks  were used across three experiments to determine the extent to which prospect i ve remembering is supported by data driven versus conceptually driven processes . In all experiments , subjects were asked to perform an action when a target item later occurred . When the semantic context changed from encoding to test , prospect i ve memory significantly declined ( Experiment 1 ) . When the target event ( the item , which in its subsequent appearance in the experiment was the signal to perform the action ) was presented as a word ( relative to picture presentation , Experiment 2 ) or was encoded nonsemantically ( relative to semantic encoding , Experiment 3 ) , there was a decline in prospect i ve memory performance . Dividing attention during prospect i ve memory retrieval substantially reduced prospect i ve memory performance ( Experiment 3 ) . The results of this research indicated that prospect i ve memory is largely conceptually driven , and it behaves more similarly to direct rather than indirect conceptual tests . We suggest that prospect i ve remembering of the type studied here is mediated by a reflexive episodic associative memory system as proposed by Moscovitch ( 1994 ) The present study reports test – retest consist 
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Moderating effects were also found for cue-focality and whether studies controlled for the arousal level of the cues .
The principal finding is that positively-valenced cues improve prospect i ve memory performance and that timing of the manipulation can moderate emotional effects on prospect i ve memory .