***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: IMPORTANCE Panretinal photocoagulation ( PRP ) is the st and ard treatment for reducing severe visual loss from proliferative diabetic retinopathy . However , PRP can damage the retina , result ing in peripheral vision loss or worsening diabetic macular edema ( DME ) . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the noninferiority of intravitreous ranibizumab compared with PRP for visual acuity outcomes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized clinical trial conducted at 55 US sites among 305 adults with proliferative diabetic retinopathy enrolled between February and December 2012 ( mean age , 52 years ; 44 % female ; 52 % white ) . Both eyes were enrolled for 89 participants ( 1 eye to each study group ) , with a total of 394 study eyes . The final 2-year visit was completed in January 2015 . INTERVENTIONS Individual eyes were r and omly assigned to receive PRP treatment , completed in 1 to 3 visits ( n = 203 eyes ) , or ranibizumab , 0.5 mg , by intravitreous injection at baseline and as frequently as every 4 weeks based on a structured re-treatment protocol ( n = 191 eyes ) . Eyes in both treatment groups could receive ranibizumab for DME . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was mean visual acuity change at 2 years ( 5-letter noninferiority margin ; intention-to-treat analysis ) . Secondary outcomes included visual acuity area under the curve , peripheral visual field loss , vitrectomy , DME development , and retinal neovascularization . RESULTS Mean visual acuity letter improvement at 2 years was + 2.8 in the ranibizumab group vs + 0.2 in the PRP group ( difference , + 2.2 ; 95 % CI , -0.5 to + 5.0 ; P < .001 for noninferiority ) . The mean treatment group difference in visual acuity area under the curve over 2 years was + 4.2 ( 95 % CI , + 3.0 to + 5.4 ; P < .001 ) . Mean peripheral visual field sensitivity loss was worse ( -23 dB vs -422 dB ; difference , 372 dB ; 95 % CI , 213 - 531 dB ; P < .001 ) , vitrectomy was more frequent ( 15 % vs 4 % ; difference , 9 % ; 95 % CI , 4%-15 % ; P < .001 ) , and DME development was more frequent ( 28 % vs 9 % ; difference , 19 % ; 95 % CI , 10%-28 % ; P < .001 ) in the PRP group vs the ranibizumab group , respectively . Eyes without active or regressed neovascularization at 2 years were not significantly different ( 35 % in the ranibizumab group vs 30 % in the PRP group ; difference , 3 % ; 95 % CI , -7 % to 12 % ; P = .58 ) . One eye in the ranibizumab group developed endophthalmitis . No significant differences between groups in rates of major cardiovascular events were identified . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy , treatment with ranibizumab result ed in visual acuity that was noninferior to ( not worse than ) PRP treatment at 2 years . Although longer-term follow-up is needed , ranibizumab may be a reasonable treatment alternative , at least through 2 years , for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01489189 Objectives The Sight Loss and Vision Priority Setting Partnership aim ed to identify research priorities relating to sight loss and vision through consultation with patients , carers and clinicians . These priorities can be used to inform funding bodies ’ decisions and enhance the case for additional research funding . Design Prospect i ve survey with support from the James Lind Alliance . Setting UK-wide National Health Service ( NHS ) and non-NHS . Participants Patients , carers and eye health professionals . Academic research ers were excluded solely from the prioritisation process . The survey was disseminated by patient groups , professional bodies , at conferences and through the media , and was available for completion online , by phone , by post and by alternative formats ( Braille and audio ) . Outcome measure People were asked to su bmi t the questions about prevention , diagnosis and treatment of sight loss and eye conditions that they most wanted to see answered by research . Returned survey questions were review ed by a data assessment group . Priorities were established across eye disease categories at final workshops . Results 2220 people responded generating 4461 su bmi ssions . Sixty-five per cent of respondents had sight loss and /or an eye condition .  Following initial data analysis , 686 su bmi ssions remained which were circulated for interim prioritisation ( excluding cataract and ocular cancer questions ) to 446 patients /carers and 218 professionals . The remaining 346 questions were discussed at final prioritisation workshops to reach agreement of top questions per category . Conclusions The exercise engaged a diverse community of stakeholders generating a wide range of conditions and research questions . Top priority questions were established across 12 eye disease categories A clinical r and omized study using argon-green ( 532 nm ) and diode ( 810 nm ) lasers was carried out on 44 eyes ( 34 patients ) affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) , with the aim of evaluating the long-term effects of diode panretinal photocoagulation . Of the total 44 eyes , 22 were r and omized to argon laser treatment ( ALT ) and 22 to diode laser treatment ( DLT ) . The mean follow-up time was 25 ± 5 months in the ALT group versus 24 ± 4 montsh in the DLT group . In the ALT group 20 eyes ( 91 % ) showed regression of PDR whereas 2 eyes ( 9 % ) deteriorated . In the DLT  group regression of neovascularization was observed in 22 eyes ( 100 % ) . These results show that the long-term efficacy of diode laser PRP in the treatment of PDR is similar to that of argon-green laser PRP The range of wavelengths used in ophthalmic photocoagulation treatment has been greatly enlarged by the development of the dye laser . To investigate the efficacy and possible side effects of orange dye laser light in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy , we performed a prospect i ve , controlled clinical study comparing argon blue-green and orange dye laser light . In 14 patients with diabetic retinopathy of equal severity in both eyes one eye was r and omly assigned to either blue-green argon ( 488 and 514.5 nm ) or orange dye ( 600 nm ) panretinal laser treatment . The total coagulated area was the same in both eyes . Subjective parameters ( visual acuity , perimetry , color vision ) as well as objective functions ( electroretinography , electro-oculography ) and the clinical course were studied preoperatively and then postoperatively over a period of 6 months . Dye laser coagulation proved as effective and safe as blue-green argon laser coagulation in the panretinal treatment of diabetic retinopathy . No significant differences in postoperative retinal function were detected . However , orange laser coagulation proved significantly more painful than bluegreen argon laser treatment ( P=0.002 ) The present studies were performed to determine whether slight photocoagulation was better than heavy photocoagulation for the early stage of progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) . The authors selected 17 patients who had bilateral PDR of equal severity ( BI or BII stage according to Fukuda 's classification ) . In every case , we r and omly performed heavy photocoagulation ( laser burns were 1142 + /- 179 ) to one eye and slight photocoagulation ( 405 + /- 166 ) to the other eye . More than 6 months after the last photocoagulation , the effects of these treatments were compared in both eyes by fundus pictures , visual acuity and posterior vitreous fluorophotometric values . The results of judgement by fundus pictures and by vitreous fluorophotometric values were in perfect agreement . Eight cases ( 47 % ) in whom eyes received slight photocoagulation  showed result better than the other eye . Two cases ( 12 % ) which received heavy photocoagulation  were better than the other eye . Seven cases ( 41 % ) showed the same level of severity . No significant differences were found between slight and heavy photocoagulation Purpose . To compare subfoveal choroidal , central retinal , and peripapillary nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness after panretinal photocoagulation ( PRP ) with red and green laser in diabetic patients . Study Design . R and omized clinical trial . Methods . A total of 50 patients with bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy and no diabetic macular edema underwent PRP .  One eye was r and omly assigned to red or green laser .  Subfoveal choroidal , central retinal , and RNFL thicknesses were evaluated at baseline and 6 weeks after treatment . Results . The mean subfoveal choroidal , central retinal , and peripapillary nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness increased significantly in each eye 6 weeks after PRP ( P values in red laser group : < 0.01 , 0.03 , and < 0.01 , resp . , and in green laser group < 0.01 , < 0.01 , and < 0.01 ) . There was no difference between red and green laser considering subfoveal choroidal , central retinal , and peripapillary nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness increase after PRP ( P values : 0.184 , 0.404 , and 0.726 , resp . ) . Conclusion . Both red and green lasers increased mean subfoveal choroidal , central retinal , and peripapillary nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness significantly 6 weeks after PRP , but there is no difference between these two modalities in this regard The modification of corneal sensitivity , accommodation , pupillary diameter and endothelial cell density after argon versus krypton panretinal photocoagulation were studied prospect ively in 88 eyes of 64 diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy , r and omized for one of the two laser treatments . In both groups a marked internal ophthalmoplegia and reduction of corneal sensitivity occurred after laser photocoagulation . At no time , 2 , 90 and 180 days after PRP , were these parameters significantly different . Endothelial cell loss was non significantly greater in the krypton group . The results indicated that the side effects commonly observed on the anterior segment after PRP are comparable using argon or krypton lasers To investigate the influence of the intensity of coagulation spots on retinal function and the clinical course after panretinal argon laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy , we conducted a prospect i ve study in 24 eyes of 12 diabetics . One eye was treated with moderate spots ( average : 300 mW ) , the fellow eye was coagulated with intense spots ( average : 600 mW ) . The spot size was identical in both eyes . Subjective parameters ( visual acuity , perimetry ) , as well as objective functions ( ERG , EOG ) and the clinical course , were studied preoperatively and on a regular base with a follow-up of 12 months . Visual acuity and fundus findings deteriorated less often in eyes coagulated with intense spots . Visual field loss , however , was more prevalent in eyes treated with intense spots . Early treatment complications only occurred with high-energy coagulation . For this reason , high-energy spots should not be used even though they might be indicated theoretically This study comprises 53 eyes , divided into two groups A and B , with proliferative diabetic retinopathy which were treated with panretinal photocoagulation ( PRP ) .  Its purpose is to investigate the alterations in the central 15 degrees and 30 degrees of the visual field and in each quadrant separately . In both groups A and B , PRP covered the periphery and mid-periphery . In group A , it stopped 2 disc diameters ( DD ) from the upper temporal and lower margin of the fovea including the papillomacular bundle , while in group B , PRP stopped 3 DD from the upper temporal and lower margin of the fovea and 1 DD of the nasal margin of the optic disc . The investigation revealed , in group B after PRP , an improvement of the retinal sensitivity in the central 15 degrees of the visual field ( p less than 0.01 ) . In the 30 degrees of the visual field a deterioration after PRP  was noted in both groups A and B , the deterioration being however much more prominent in group A. Comparing the results between groups B and A after PRP , a difference in the retinal sensitivity in favour of group B at 15 degrees and 30 degrees of the visual field was found . As regards regression of neovascularization and visual acuity , no statistically significant difference has been observed between the two groups Purpose To determine the clinical efficacy of extended targeted retinal photocoagulation ( ETRP ) compared to conventional panretinal photocoagulation ( CPRP ) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) . Methods In a single-masked r and omized clinical trial , 270 eyes of 2 
    Output:
    
There was very low-certainty evidence on progression of PDR and adverse effects.'Light  intensity ' PRP versus classic PRP ( 1 study ): vision loss or gain was not reported but the mean difference in logMAR acuity at 1 year was -0.09 logMAR ( 95 % CI -0.22 to 0.04 , 65 eyes , 1 RCT ) ; and low-certainty evidence that fewer patients had pain during light PRP compared with classic PRP with an imprecise estimate compatible with increased or decreased pain ( RR 0.23 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 1.93 , 65 eyes , 1 RCT ) .'Mild scatter ' ( laser pattern limited to 400 to 600 laser burns in one sitting ) PRP versus st and ard ' full ' scatter PRP ( 1 study ): very low-certainty evidence on vision and visual field loss .