***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To investigate the effect of flavoxate ( Urispadol ) treatment on patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hypertrophy ( BPH ) , with the main weight on the irritative symptoms , a r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , placebo-controlled and multicenter investigation was carried out . Seventy patients entered the study , 37 were allocated to flavoxate treatment on a daily dose of 1,200 mg ( 400 mg t.i.d . ) for 12 weeks , and 33 patients were allocated to placebo treatment . In spite of a sufficient power , the study did not discriminate the two treatment groups in a statistically significant way ( p > 0.05 ) , when considering the main endpoints : the irritative symptom score and the global patient evaluation . Conservative treatment of micturition disorders accompanying BPH with flavoxate in doses of 1,200 mg/day can not be recommended for clinical use A detailed study and analysis of several hundred cases of motor urge incontinence in the female is presented and summarized . This includes the incidence , the history referring to a question naire with a new urge and stress score , the symptomatology , possible etiological factors , the cystometric manifestation and the responsiveness to several treatment modalities and medications . A comparison of flavoxate , emepronium , propantheline and a placebo for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to bladder instability is made , the results are discussed and recommendations are made Detrusor instability occurs in approximately 10 % of the adult population , producing troublesome symptoms . The pharmacotherapy currently available is usually only partially effective and can not be adequately evaluated except under " blind " conditions because of the significant component attributable to placebo effects . The results of the present study revealed no advantage result ing from treatment with flavoxate , as assessed both subjectively and objective ly . We suggest that this therapy does not appear to be beneficial in the medical management of detrusor instability Abstract : A drug utilization observation study collected data on a total of 1800 patients given flavoxate ( Spasuret ® 200 ) over 2 weeks for urge incontinence .  Efficacy and tolerance parameters were determined . A subgroup of 618 patients without urinary tract infections or benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated with flavoxate only . The subgroup ( n= 618 ) showed a reduction of dysuria ( 37 % ) , nocturia ( 53 % ) , and both daytime ( 61 % ) and nighttime urge ( 69 % ) . Bladder volume at first urge sensation increased by 55.1 ± 58.8 ml ( 36 % ) , which was comparable to data from the entire group ( 1800 patients ) . In 89.2 % of all patients the residual urine volume was stable or decreased . Undesirable side effects occurred in 1.8 % of cases . Both groups showed better results with flavoxate four times daily ( 800 mg ) , compared to three times daily ( 600 mg ) . Flavoxate is effective and well tolerated and causes no additional problems due to residual urine or side effects OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of and bother associated with overactive bladder ( OAB ) in adults aged ≥40 years in the United States , using current International Continence Society definitions . METHODS Internet-based panel members were selected r and omly to participate in EpiLUTS , a cross-sectional , population -representative survey . Participants used Likert scales to rate how often they experienced individual lower urinary tract symptoms during the previous 4 weeks and how much bother they experienced . Based on responses to questions regarding urgency and urgency urinary incontinence , OAB symptoms were categorized as occurring at least " sometimes " or at least " often . " Symptom bother was categorized as at least " somewhat " or at least " quite a bit . " RESULTS The response rate was 59.6 % , with a final sample of 9416 men and 10,584 women .  Prevalence of OAB symptoms at least " sometimes " was 27.2 % and 43.1 % for men and women , respectively ; prevalence of OAB at least " often " was 15.8 % and 32.6 % , respectively . Among men with OAB symptoms at least " sometimes , " 60.0 % were bothered at least " somewhat " and 27.8 % were bothered at least " quite a bit . " Among women , bother rates were 67.6 % and 38.9 % , respectively . Among respondents with OAB at least " often , " 67.8 % and 38.2 % of men and 73.0 % and 47.1 % of women reported being bothered at least " somewhat " and at least " quite a bit , " respectively . We estimate that 29.8 million adults aged ≥40 years in the United States have bothersome OAB symptoms . CONCLUSIONS Bothersome OAB symptoms are highly prevalent among men and women aged ≥40 years in the United States Summary Two double-blind trials and one open study were carried out to assess the efficacy of the spasmolytic , flavoxate , in relieving the pain and discomfort associated with various urological conditions . In the first two studies , 24 patients with renal colic and 34 with cystitis or urethrotrigonitis were treated orally with either 0.2 g. flavoxate t.d.s . or placebo . In the open study , 25 patients with acute renal colic were given a single i/v injection of flavoxate ( 0–1 g.).Thirty-four ( 68 % ) of the 54 patients receiving flavoxate  showed a good or moderate response in terms of symptom relief compared with only 8 ( 28 % ) of the patients on placebo . The results of cystometrography in 7 patients on flavoxate and 7 on placebo showed that the increase in bladder capacity and the reduction in pressure after flavoxate treatment were statistically significant but not so in the case of placebo .  No side-effects or adverse reactions were noted in any of the patients treated This preliminary communication reports on a non-r and omized pilot type trial of 34 females with urgency after pelvic radiotherapy who were treated with flavoxate hydrochloride for 4 weeks . A dosage of 600 mg/day was given to 21 patients and 1200 mg/day to 13 patients . Clinical ly , both regimens achieved comparable results . Urodynamically ( first desire volume , bladder capacity and pressure at capacity ) treatment with 1200 mg/day was significantly superior to 600 mg/day . Both schedules were equally well tolerated by patients and no treatment interruption occurred . A r and omized double-blind trial comparing 600 and 1200 mg/day flavoxate hydrochloride is currently underway the results of which will be reported in due course 46 patients suffering from urgency/urge incontinency were treated with Mictonorm and Spasuret in a crossing-over study . In consideration of the placebo effect in this disease both agents were tested versus a non-verum . The application period was 4 weeks and the dosage was 45 mg/d Mictonorm and 300 mg/d Spasuret , respectively . Both with Mictonorm and with Spasuret a significant reduction of micturition frequency and an increase of the compliance could be observed , whereas the placebo was ineffective . A markedly growth of the maximal bladder capacity ( 16.9 % ) was obtained only by Mictonorm . Both agents keep likewise to an improvement of the symptoms or urgency/urge incontinency . Side effects could observed in a small size without a breaking-off of the treatment Flavoxate is a smooth muscle relaxant widely used to treat urgency and urge incontinence . It has been used in an unblinded , uncontrolled clinical trial in 14 urology departments in universities and major hospitals in the People 's Republic of China involving 361 patients with urgency/incontinence of various types . Patients were given 200 mg three times daily , orally , for 2 weeks , although 33 patients received a daily dosage of 1200 mg . Frequency , urgency , dysuria , nocturia and incontinence were assessed and scored clinical ly prior to and after treatment . Three departments also included urodynamic investigations , e.g. monitoring of the end-residual volume . Results from 336 evaluable patients indicate that 228 ( 67 % ) were completely cured of urgency/incontinence symptoms , 66 ( 20 % ) were improved and 42 ( 13 % ) patients were unchanged . Flavoxate was also effective in 77.4 % of patients refractory to previous anti-cholinergic treatment . Treatment did not increase the end-residual volume and adverse events occurred only in four ( 1.3 % ) patients , two ( 0.6 % ) of which discontinued the therapy . The 1200 mg dose produced a complete cure in 82 % of patients and improvement in the remaining 18 % , with no side-effects . In conclusion , flavoxate is an effective and well tolerated treatment for urgency/incontinence of various causes A double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of the antispasmodic flavoxate ( 600 mg . daily ) was carried out in 60 patients suffering from painful conditions of the lower urinary tract arising from inflammation and /or infection or from spasm following diagnostic or therapeutic procedures . Statistically significant improvement was noted in frequency and suprapubic pain , and marked relief was also afforded in dysuria , hesitancy and burning . Apart from dryness of the mouth , the incidence and type of side-effects reported were similar in both groups of patients and were probably not drug related . Fewer patients interrupted treatment with flavoxate because of inefficacy than in the placebo group , the difference being statistically significant A controlled double‐blind trial is reported of the para‐sympatholytic drug , flavoxate hydrochloride , and the new sympatho‐mimetic drug , clenbuterol , in the treatment of 39 women with motor urge incontinence . The clinical results and the urodynamic findings of urethrocystomanometry after therapy showed clenbuterol to be very effective with few side effects In nine separate clinical trials , 382 patients having symptoms of either prostatitis , acute cystitis , urethritis , and /or trigonitis were r and omly assigned to treatment with flavoxate or phenazopyridine .  Over-all response was evaluated in 384 patients after five days of therapy . In patients having prostatitis , response was satisfactory in 66 per cent treated with flavoxate and 31 per cent treated with phenazopyridine . In all other patients , satisfactory responses were reported in 80 per cent on flavoxate compared with 56 per cent on phenazopyridine . Similarly , symptom-severity evaluations at two and five days of therapy showed most symptoms improved in more of the patients on flavoxate therapy than on phenazopyridine therapy . Although more adverse effects were reported in patients treated with phenazopyridine than with flavoxate , the difference between medications was not statistically significant Flavoxate hydrochloride at a daily dosage of 600 mg was compared to a daily dosage of 1200 mg for the treatment of unstable bladder . Twenty-seven patients were treated for 4 weeks in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel-group trial . Clinical ly , both schedules were equally successful . In urodynamic terms , however , particularly with respect to uninhibited detrusor contractions , 1200 mg/day was significantly superior to 600 mg/day . Tolerability was excellent for both regimens . The side-effect free treatment of urgency and urge incontinence is of paramount importance for a patient 's quality of life OBJECTIVE To determine the bother associated with overactive bladder ( OAB ) symptoms and its influence on health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) , anxiety , depression , and treatment seeking in adults in the United States . METHODS Data from U.S. respondents aged ≥ 40 years participating in the Epidemiology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms survey , a population -based , cross-sectional Internet survey , were analyzed to assess OAB prevalence , OAB-associated bother , and effect of OAB on HRQL , anxiety , depression , and healthcare use . Likert data were categorized as no/minimal OAB symptoms , OAB without bother , and OAB with bother at least " somewhat . " RESULTS Of 31 588 completed surveys , 20 000 participants ( 9416 men and 10 584 women ) were r and omly selected and matched to U.S. census demographics . Of the respondents with OAB at least " sometimes , " the women were more likely than the men to be bothered by OAB , with 68 % of the women and 60 % of the men bothered at least " somewhat . " Men and women with OAB with bother were more likely to report that their bladder condition caused at least some problems ; had worse scores on HRQL , anxiety , and depression assessment s ; and had the greatest number of healthcare visits annually compared with those with OAB without bother and those with no/minimal symptoms . The strongest correlation between bother and symptom frequency was seen for urinary urgency , followed by urgency urinary incontinence and nocturia . CONCLUSION OAB symptoms can be quite bothersome , especially for women , and can negatively affect HRQL , increase anxiety and depression , and increase healthcare usage . In the present study , the strongest predictor of OAB-associated bother was urinary urgency 
    Output:
    
Results from pre clinical and clinical studies show that flavoxate significantly increases bladder volume capacity ( BVC ) , with greater results if compared to other drugs such as emepronium bromide and propantheline .
Moreover in clinical trials , both versus placebo or versus active comparators , flavoxate treatment was associated with a significant improvement in different low urinary tract symptoms , such as diurnal and night frequency , urgency and urinary incontinence , suprapubic pain , dysuria , hesitancy and burning .
In addition flavoxate was associated with an overall more favourable safety profile than competitors .
Several research es and a number of years of clinical practice have proven the efficacy and tolerability of flavoxate administration in the treatment of OAB and associated symptoms .