***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Abstract Objectives . To assess preoperative depression in middle-aged men undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( CABG )  and to determine if depression is related to perioperative outcomes . Design . One hundred and nine middle-aged male patients were r and omly selected and assessed for depression one day before CABG using the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised ( SCL-90R ) . Perioperative outcomes were : ( 1 ) postoperative length of hospital stay , ( 2 ) the presence of any early complications ( at intensive care unit ) , and ( 3 ) the presence of any late complications ( at cardiac surgery unit ) . Results . Twenty-five ( 23 % ) patients had a high level of depression . Preoperative depression scores significantly predicted postoperative length of hospital stay ( p<0.001 ) and the incidence of late perioperative complications ( p<0.05 ) independently from biomedical and sociodemographic factors . Each increase in depression T score increased the odds of occurrence of late complications by 10 % ( p=0.018 , CI 95 % 1.02–1.19 ) . Conclusions . Depression is common in middle-aged men undergoing CABG and is an independent predictor of postoperative length of hospital stay and late perioperative complications OBJECTIVES To develop a model for predicting long-term survival following coronary artery bypass graft surgery . METHODS This study included 46 573 patients from the Australian and New Zeal and Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons ( ANZCTS ) registry , who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery between 2001 and 2014 . Data were r and omly split into development ( 23 282 ) and validation ( 23 291 ) sample s. Cox regression models were fitted separately , using the important preoperative variables , for 4 ' time intervals ' ( 31 - 90 days , 91 - 365 days , 1 - 3 years and > 3 years ) , with optimal predictors selected using the bootstrap bagging technique . Model performance was assessed both in validation data and in combined data ( development and validation sample s ) . Coefficients of all 4 final models were estimated on the combined data adjusting for hospital-level clustering . RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier mortality rates estimated in the sample were 1.7 % at 90 days , 2.8 % at 1 year , 4.4 % at 2 years and 6.1 % at 3 years . Age , peripheral vascular disease , respiratory disease , reduced ejection fraction , renal dysfunction , arrhythmia , diabetes , hypercholesterolaemia , cerebrovascular disease , hypertension , congestive heart failure , steroid use and smoking were included in all 4 models . However , their magnitude of effect varied across the time intervals . Harrell 's C-statistics was 0.83 , 0.78 , 0.75 and 0.74 for 31 - 90 days , 91 - 365 days , 1 - 3 years and > 3 years models , respectively . Models showed excellent discrimination and calibration in validation data . CONCLUSIONS Models were developed for predicting long-term survival at 4 time intervals after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery . These models can be used in conjunction with the existing 30-day mortality prediction model The purpose of this r and omized trial was to determine whether coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients and their caregivers who received  telehealth follow-up  had greater improvements in anxiety levels from pre-surgery to 3 weeks after discharge than did those who received st and ard care . Secondary outcomes included changes in depressive symptoms and patients ' contacts with physicians . No group differences were noted in changes in patients ' anxiety and depressive symptoms , but patients in the telehealth group had fewer physician contacts ( p = .04 ) . Female caregivers in the telehealth group had greater decreases in anxiety than those in st and ard care ( p < .001 ) , and caregivers of both genders in the telehealth group had greater decreases in depressive symptoms ( p = .03 ) PURPOSE : The purpose of this study was to examine health-related quality -of-life ( HRQOL ) outcomes in coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABS ) patients and partners enrolled together in cardiac rehabilitation versus a usual care group .  METHODS : After CABS , couples were r and omly assigned to the Partners Together in Health ( PaTH ) intervention ( n = 17 ) or usual care ( n = 17 ) groups .  Health-related quality -of-life was operationalized as physical function ( SF-36 Physical Functioning subscale ) , depression ( Patient Health Question naire ) , and marital adjustment ( Dyadic Adjustment Scale ) . Data were measured in patients and partners at the start ( T1 ) and end of cardiac rehabilitation ( T2 ) , and 3 months after cardiac rehabilitation ( T3 ) . Nonparametric statistics were used to examine changes over time and differences between groups . RESULTS : Patients in both groups , and partners in the PaTH group , significantly improved physical function between T1 and T2 . At T1 , 18 % of patients and 6 % of partners were depressed . At T2 and T3 , only 3 % of patients and no partners were depressed . Almost 12 % of patients and partners were maritally distressed at T1 . At T2 and T3 , patients ' marital distress was unchanged , but more partners reported marital distress ( 15 % ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study adds to our underst and ing of the trajectory of HRQOL outcomes  after CABS for patients and partners . These findings demonstrated promise for the PaTH intervention . Future testing of the intervention is warranted in a larger sample . Because patients and partners are impacted by CABS as a shared life experience , couple-centered interventions may improve HRQOL outcomes more than individually focused interventions CONTEXT There has been little research on the treatment of depression after coronary artery bypass surgery . OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of 2 nonpharmacological interventions for depression after  coronary artery bypass surgery  compared with usual care . DESIGN A 12-week , r and omized , single-blind clinical trial with outcome evaluations at 3 , 6 , and 9 months . SETTING Outpatient research clinic at Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , Missouri . PATIENTS One hundred twenty-three patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for major or minor depression within 1 year after surgery . INTERVENTION Twelve weeks of cognitive behavior therapy or supportive stress management .  Approximately half of the participants were taking non study antidepressant medications .  MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Remission of depression , defined as a score of less than 7 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression . RESULTS Remission of depression occurred by 3 months in a higher proportion of patients in the cognitive behavior therapy ( 71 % ) and supportive stress-management ( 57 % ) arms than in the usual care group ( 33 % ) ( chi(2)(2 ) = 12.22 , P = .002 ) . Covariate-adjusted Hamilton scores were lower in the cognitive behavior therapy ( mean [ st and ard error ] , 5.5 [ 1.0 ] ) and the supportive stress-management ( 7.8 [ 1.0 ] ) arms than in the usual care arm ( 10.7 [ 1.0 ] ) at 3 months . The differences narrowed at 6 months , but the remission rates differed again at 9 months ( 73 % , 57 % , and 35 % , respectively ; chi(2)(2 ) = 12.02 , P = .003 ) . Cognitive behavior therapy was superior to usual care at most points on secondary measures of depression , anxiety , hopelessness , stress , and quality of life . Supportive stress management was superior to usual care only on some of the measures . CONCLUSIONS Both cognitive behavior therapy and supportive stress management are efficacious for treating depression after coronary artery bypass surgery , relative to usual care . Cognitive behavior therapy had greater and more durable effects than supportive stress management on depression and several secondary psychological outcomes . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00042198 BACKGROUND Readmissions are a common problem in cardiac surgery . The goal of this study was to examine the frequency , timing , and associated risk factors for readmission after cardiac operations . METHODS A 10-center cohort study prospect ively enrolled 5,158 adult cardiac surgical patients ( 5,059 included in analysis ) to assess risk factors for infection after cardiac operations . Data were also collected on all-cause  readmissions  occurring within 65 days after the operation . Major outcomes included the readmission rate stratified by procedure type , cause of readmission , length of readmission stay , and discharge disposition after readmission .  Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine risk factors for time to first readmission . RESULTS The overall rate of readmission was 18.7 % ( number of readmissions , 945 ) . When stratified by the most common procedure type , readmission rates were isolated coronary artery bypass grafting , 14.9 % ( n = 248 ) ; isolated valve , 18.3 % ( n = 337 ) ; and coronary artery bypass grafting plus valve , 25.0 % ( n = 169 ) . The three most common causes of first readmission within 30 days were infection ( 17.1 % [ n = 115 ] ) , arrhythmia ( 17.1 % [ n = 115 ] ) , and volume overload ( 13.5 % [ n = 91 ] ) . More first readmissions occurred within 30 days ( 80.6 % [ n = 672 ] ) than after 30 days ( 19.4 % [ n = 162 ] ) , and 50 % of patients were readmitted within 22 days from the index operation . The median length of stay during the first readmission was 5 days . Discharge in 15.8 % of readmitted patients ( n = 128 ) was to a location other than home . Baseline patient characteristics associated with readmission included female gender , diabetes mellitus on medication , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , elevated creatinine , lower hemoglobin , and longer operation time . More complex surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of readmission compared with the coronary artery bypass grafting group . CONCLUSIONS Nearly 1 of 5 patients who undergo cardiac operations require readmission , an outcome with significant health and economic implication s. Management practice s to avert in-hospital infections , reduce postoperative arrhythmias , and avoid volume overload offer important targets for quality improvement This r and omized controlled study measured the effect of chaplain interventions on coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG ) patients over time . One hundred sixty-six CABG patients , received pre- and post-surgery testing at 1 month and 6 months with four instruments . Five chaplain visits were made to the intervention group , the control group received none . Comparison scores for anxiety , depression , hope , positive and negative religious coping , and religious coping styles were analyzed . Significant difference was found between groups in positive religious coping ( PRC ) ( p = .023 ) and negative religious coping ( NRC ) ( p = .046 ) scores over time . PRC increased in intervention group , decreased in the control group while NRC decreased in intervention group and increased in the control group . Demographics were comparable between groups . Moderate chaplain visits ( average total visits time , 44 min ) may be effective in helping CABG patients increase positive religious coping and decrease negative religious coping PURPOSE We compared health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) , including patient-perceived neurocognitive function at preoperative baseline and 3 months after  coronary artery bypass ( CABG ) surgery . DESIGN The design was prospect i ve and comparative . SETTING The study took place in the cardiovascular units at two large metropolitan Midwestern hospitals . SAMPLE The study included a consecutive convenience sample of 64 patients who underwent CABG . METHODS Preoperative baseline and mailed survey at 3 months post-CABG included the Short-Form 12 ( subjective health-status ) , State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( state anxiety ) , Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression ( depressive symptoms ) , and Cantril Ladder of Life Satisfaction ( global life satisfaction ) . Investigator-developed questions assessed satisfaction in life domains , cardiac symptoms , and frequency of symptoms related to neurocognitive function . RESULTS Significant improvements were demonstrated 3 months postoperatively , including the Physical Component Summary , Mental Component Summary , depression , anxiety , satisfaction with social and mental life domains , and patient-perceived neurocognitive function related to memory and concentration . CONCLUSIONS Patients reported improvements in HRQL measures , including two of three subjective neurocognitive measures . Health care providers facilitate preparation for the CABG recovery trajectory by discussing expected post-hospital experience and potential postoperative variations in emotions and neurocognitive function Background Cardiac surgery is a major life event , and outcomes after surgery are associated with men ’s and women ’s ability to self-manage and cope with their cardiac condition in everyday life . Hope is suggested to impact cardiac health by having a positive effect on how adults cope with and adapt to illness and recommended lifestyle changes . Methods We did a secondary analysis of 416 individuals ( 23 % women ) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft and /or valve surgery between March 2012 and September 2013 enrolled in r and omized controlled trial .  Hope was assessed using The Herth Hope Index ( HHI ) at three , six and 12 months following 
    Output:
    
There is a considerable presence of depression in this type of patient , but this varies according to the measurement tool used and the quality of the study .
Systematic ally detecting depression prior to cardiac surgery could identify patients at potential risk