***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : Some epidemiological studies found a lower risk of cardiovascular disease among wine drinkers than among drinkers of other types of ethanol . This difference might be due to an effect of nonalcohol compounds in wine on important cardiovascular risk factors . The objective of this study was to compare the effect of red wine , nonalcohol compounds of red wine and placebo on established cardiovascular risk factors . Design : A parallel , four-armed intervention study .Subjects : A total of 69 healthy 38–74-y-old men and women . Interventions : Subjects were r and omised to either 1 : red wine ( males : 300 ml/day , 38.3 g alcohol/day , female subjects : 200 ml/day , 25.5 g alcohol/day ) , 2 : water+red grape extract tablets ( wine-equivalent dose ) , 3 : water+red grape extract tablets ( half dose ) , or 4 : water+placebo tablets for a period of 4 weeks . No other sources of alcohol or anthocyanin were allowed . Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio , very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol , total cholesterol , fibrinogen , factor VII coagulant activity ( FVIIc ) , blood pressure , and body weight were determined before and after intervention . Results : Wine consumption was associated with a significant 11–16 % increase in fasting HDL-C and 8–15 % decrease in fasting fibrinogen relative to not drinking wine . There were no significant treatment effects on fasting LDL-C , HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio , VLDL-triacylglycerol , total cholesterol , FVIIc , or blood pressure . Drinking wine was associated with relative body weight increments closely corresponding to the energy contributed by the alcohol component . Conclusion : Moderate red wine consumption for 4 weeks is associated with desirable changes in HDL-C and fibrinogen compared with drinking water with or without red grape extract . The impact of wine on the measured cardiovascular risk factors thus seems primarily explained by an alcohol effect . Our finding suggests that the putative difference in cardiac risk associated with wine vs other alcoholic beverages might be rather explained by other life-style confounders than by red wine contents of nonalcohol components . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Chr . Hansen A/S , Denmark CONTEXT Epidemiologic data demonstrate that moderate alcohol intake is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic individuals . No controlled-diet studies have addressed the effects of daily moderate alcohol consumption on fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity . OBJECTIVE To determine whether daily consumption of low to moderate amounts of alcohol influences fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic postmenopausal women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized controlled crossover trial of 63 healthy postmenopausal women , conducted at a clinical research center in Maryl and between 1998 and 1999 . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omly assigned to consume 0 , 15 , or 30 g/d of alcohol for 8 weeks each as part of a controlled diet . All foods and beverages were provided during the intervention . An isocaloric beverage was provided in the 0-g/d arm . Energy intake was adjusted to maintain constant body weight . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting insulin , triglyceride , and glucose concentrations , measured at the end of each dietary period ; insulin sensitivity , estimated with a published index of glucose disposal rate corrected for fat-free mass based on fasting insulin and fasting triglyceride concentrations , compared among treatments with a mixed-model analysis of variance . RESULTS A complete set of plasma sample s was collected and analyzed for 51 women who completed all diet treatments . Consumption of 30 g/d of alcohol compared with 0 g/d reduced fasting insulin concentration by 19.2 % ( P = .004 ) and triglyceride concentration by 10.3 % ( P = .001 ) , and increased insulin sensitivity by 7.2 % ( P = .002 ) . Normal-weight , overweight , and obese individuals responded similarly . Only fasting triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced when comparing 0 and 15 g/d of alcohol ( 7.8 % ; P = .03 ) , and no difference was found between consumption of 15 and 30 g/d of alcohol ; however , there was a significant linear trend ( P = .001 ) . Fasting glucose concentrations were not different across treatments . CONCLUSIONS Consumption of 30 g/d of alcohol ( 2 drinks per day ) has beneficial effects on insulin and triglyceride concentrations and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic postmenopausal women OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fat distribution , adipose tissue secreted proteins ( adiponectin and resistin ) , and insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men with abdominal obesity . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty-four healthy men between 35 and 70 years old , with increased waist circumference ( > or = 94 cm ) , participated in a r and omized , controlled cross-over design trial . They drank 450 mL of red wine ( 40 grams of alcohol ) or 450 mL of de-alcoholized red wine daily during 4 weeks . At the end of each treatment period , fat distribution , adipose tissue proteins , and insulin sensitivity index ( ISI ) were measured . RESULTS Subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents and body weight did not change after 4 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption . Liver fat ( quip index ) was slightly higher after consumption of red wine ( 6.8 + /- 0.1 ) as compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 6.5 + /- 0.1 ) but not significantly different ( p = 0.09 ) . Plasma adiponectin concentration increased ( p < 0.01 ) to 6.0 + /- 0.1 microg/mL after 28 days of moderate alcohol consumption compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 5.5 + /- 0.1 microg/mL ) . Serum resistin concentrations and ISI were not affected by alcohol consumption . Percentage changes in serum resistin correlated significantly with changes in ISI ( r = -0.69 , p < 0.01 ) , whereas this correlation was not present between changes in plasma adiponectin and ISI ( r = 0.31 , p = 0.22 ) . DISCUSSION Moderate alcohol consumption for 4 weeks is not associated with differences in subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents or body weight . Thus , the 10 % increase in adiponectin was not associated with a change in fat distribution or body weight change Atherosclerosis is considered a low- grade inflammatory disease . Polyphenol-rich alcoholic beverages ( red wine ) have shown a more pronounced antiinflammatory effect than polyphenol-free alcoholic beverages ( gin ) . However , no studies to our knowledge have evaluated the antiinflammatory effects of alcoholic beverages with medium-level polyphenol content such as cava ( sparkling wine ) . We enrolled 20 healthy men ( aged 34 + /- 9 y ) in a r and omized crossover study to receive 30 g ethanol/d as cava or gin for 28 d. Before both interventions , subjects abstained from alcohol for 2 wk . Inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis and expression of adhesion molecules on peripheral leukocytes were measured before and after each intervention . Likewise ,  dietary intake  and  exercise  were also evaluated . Expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 ( LFA-1 ) , very late activation antigen-4 ( VLA-4 ) , Sialyl-Lewis(x ) ( SLe(x ) ) , and CD40 on monocytes decreased after cava intake ( all P < 0.05 ) , whereas only SLe(x ) was reduced after gin intake ( P = 0.036 ) . Circulating markers of atherosclerosis including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 , E-selectin , and P-selectin decreased after both interventions ( all P < 0.05 ) . High-sensitivity C-reactive protein , intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) , IL-6 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , and CD40L were diminished only after cava intake ( all P < 0.05 ) . The effects of cava on circulating CD40L , ICAM-1 , and MCP-1 , and monocyte surface expression of CD40 , LFA-1 , and VLA-4 were greater than those of gin ( all P < 0.05 ) . In conclusion , both cava and gin showed antiinflammatory properties ; however , cava had a greater protective effect , probably due its polyphenol content BACKGROUND Moderate alcohol consumption ( 1 - 2 drinks/d ) may decrease cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women by improving lipid profiles . OBJECTIVE We measured the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women . DESIGN Postmenopausal women ( n = 51 ) consumed 0 ( control ) , 15 ( 1 drink ) , and 30 ( 2 drinks ) g alcohol (ethanol)/d for 8 wk each as part of a controlled diet in a r and omized crossover design . The control diet provided approximately 15 % , 53 % , and 32 % of energy from protein , carbohydrate , and fat , respectively . The energy provided from alcohol in the 15- and 30-g alcohol diets was replaced with energy from carbohydrate . RESULTS Compared with concentrations after the control diet , plasma LDL cholesterol decreased from 3.45 to 3.34 mmol/L ( P = 0.04 ) and triacylglycerol from 1.43 to 1.34 mmol/L ( P = 0.05 ) after 15 g alcohol/d . There were no additional significant decreases in either lipid after an increase in alcohol intake from 15 to 30 g/d . Compared with concentrations after the control diet , plasma HDL cholesterol increased nonsignificantly from 1.40 to 1.43 mmol/L after 15 g alcohol/d but increased to 1.48 mmol/L after 30 g alcohol/d ( P = 0.02 ) . Apolipoprotein A-I increased significantly and apolipoprotein B decreased significantly after 30 g alcohol/d relative to the concentration after the control diet . CONCLUSIONS Consumption of 15 - 30 g alcohol/d by postmenopausal women apparently decreases cardiovascular disease risk by improving lipid profiles . Plasma LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations improve after 15 g alcohol/d ; plasma HDL cholesterol improves only after 30 g alcohol/d BACKGROUND The inverse association between moderate drinking and coronary heart disease mortality is well established . This study was performed to investigate the kinetics of the alcohol-induced increases in apo A-1 , HDL cholesterol , and paraoxonase ( PON ) activity , as well as to study whether the alcohol-induced increases in PON activity differ within different PON polymorphisms , and to investigate whether moderate alcohol consumption has similar effects on the outcome measures in postmenopausal women as in middle-aged men . METHODS In a r and omized , diet-controlled , crossover study , 10 middle-aged men and 9 postmenopausal women , all apparently healthy , nonsmoking , and moderate alcohol drinkers , consumed beer or no-alcohol beer ( control ) with evening dinner during two successive periods of 3 weeks . During the beer period , alcohol intake equaled 40 and 30 g/day for men and women , respectively . The total diet was supplied to the subjects and had essentially the same composition during these 6 weeks . Before each treatment was a 1-week washout period , in which the subjects were not allowed to drink alcoholic beverages . RESULTS Moderate alcohol consumption significantly increased serum apo A-I level after 5 days ( 3.7 % , p < 0.05 ) ; after 10 days , serum HDL cholesterol level was increased ( 6.8 % , p < 0.001 ) , and after 15 days serum PON activity was increased ( 3.7 % , p < 0.05 ) , all compared with no alcohol consumption . Gene polymorphisms did not modulate the alcohol effect on PON . CONCLUSIONS Serum apo A-I , HDL cholesterol , and PON activity were significantly increased during 3 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption as compared with no alcohol consumption . Moreover , the results suggest that there is a sequence in induction of these parameters . After an increase in apo A-I , HDL cholesterol is increased followed by an increase in PON activity . Increased serum HDL cholesterol level and PON activity may be a mechanism of action not only in healthy middle-aged men but also in postmenopausal women , underlying the reduced coronary heart disease risk in moderate drinkers BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is 
    Output:
    
Alcohol showed a dose-response relation with high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( test for trend P = 0.013 ) .
Favourable changes in several cardiovascular biomarkers ( higher levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin and lower levels of fibrinogen ) provide indirect pathophysiological support for a protective effect of moderate alcohol use on coronary heart disease