***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Non-medical , non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments are recommended for the prevention of migraine . The purpose of this r and omized double-blind placebo controlled , multicenter trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a proprietary nutritional supplement containing a fixed combination of magnesium , riboflavin and Q10 as prophylactic treatment for migraine . Methods 130 adult migraineurs ( age 18 – 65 years ) with ≥ three migraine attacks per month were r and omized into two treatment groups : dietary supplementation or placebo in a double-blind fashion . The treatment period was 3 months following a 4 week baseline period without prophylactic treatment . Patients were assessed before r and omization and at the end of the 3-month-treatment-phase for days with migraine , migraine pain , burden of disease ( HIT-6 ) and subjective evaluation of efficacy . Results Migraine days per month declined from 6.2 days during the baseline period to 4.4 days at the end of the treatment with the supplement and from 6.2.days to 5.2 days in the placebo group ( p = 0.23 compared to placebo ) . The intensity of migraine pain was significantly reduced in the supplement group compared to placebo ( p = 0.03 ) . The sum score of the HIT-6 question naire was reduced by 4.8 points from 61.9 to 57.1 compared to 2 points in the placebo-group ( p = 0.01 ) . The evaluation of efficacy by the patient was better in the supplementation group compared to placebo ( p = 0.01 ) . Conclusions Treatment with a proprietary supplement containing magnesium , riboflavin and Q10 ( Migravent ® in Germany , Dolovent ® in USA ) had an impact on migraine frequency which showed a trend towards statistical significance . Migraine symptoms and burden of disease , however , were statistically significantly reduced compared to placebo in patients with migraine attacks There are inconsistent findings about the efficacy of magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine attacks and there is no study of magnesium prophylaxis focused on migraine subtypes without aura . In this double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled study ; we tried to evaluate the prophylactic effects of oral magnesium in migraine patients without aura . The prophylactic effects of 600 mg/day oral magnesium citrate supplementation were assessed by means of clinical evaluation , visual evoked potential and statistical parametric mapping of brain single photon emission computerized tomography before and after a 3 month treatment period . The results of 30 patients with migraine without aura ( 20 - 55 years old with 2 - 5 migraine attacks per month ) on magnesium treatment were compared with those of 10 patients with similar properties on placebo treatment .  Migraine attack frequency , severity and P1 amplitude in visual evoked potential examination decreased after magnesium treatment with respect to pretreatment values ( p < 0.001 ) . In a comparison of the effects of magnesium treatment with those of placebo , post/pretreatment ratios of migraine attack frequency , severity and P1 amplitude in Mg treatment group were found to be significantly lower than those in placebo treatment group ( attack frequency p = 0.005 , attack severity p < 0.001 , P1 amplitude p < 0.05 ) . Cortical blood flow in inferolateral frontal ( p < 0.001 ) , inferolateral temporal ( p = 0.001 ) and insular regions ( p < 0.01 ) increased significantly after magnesium treatment with respect to the pretreatment ; while such significant changes of cortical blood flow were not observed with placebo treatment . These results have made us think that magnesium is a beneficial agent in prophylaxis of migraine without aura and might work with both vascular and neurogenic mechanisms This study compared magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate with respect to in vitro solubility and in vivo gastrointestinal absorbability . The solubility of 25 mmol magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide was examined in vitro in solutions containing varying amounts of hydrochloric acid ( 0 - 24.2 mEq ) in 300 ml distilled water intended to mimic achlorhydric to peak acid secretory states . Magnesium oxide was virtually insoluble in water and only 43 % soluble in simulated peak acid secretion ( 24.2 mEq hydrochloric acid/300 ml ) . Magnesium citrate had high solubility even in water ( 55 % ) and was substantially more soluble than magnesium oxide in all states of acid secretion . Reprecipitation of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide did not occur when the filtrates from the solubility studies were titrated to pH 6 and 7 to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion . Approximately 65 % of magnesium citrate was complexed as soluble magnesium citrate , whereas magnesium complexation was not present in the magnesium oxide system . Magnesium absorption from the two magnesium salts was measured in vivo in normal volunteers by assessing the rise in urinary magnesium following oral magnesium load . The increment in urinary magnesium following magnesium citrate load ( 25 mmol ) was significantly higher than that obtained from magnesium oxide load ( during 4 hours post-load , 0.22 vs 0.006 mg/mg creatinine , p less than 0.05 ; during second 2 hours post-load , 0.035 vs 0.008 mg/mg creatinine , p less than 0.05 ) . Thus , magnesium citrate was more soluble and bioavailable than magnesium oxide Published data on the bioavailability of various Mg preparations is too fragmented and scanty to inform proper choice of Mg preparation for clinical studies . In this study , the relative bioavailability of three preparations of Mg ( amino-acid chelate , citrate and oxide ) were compared at a daily dose of 300 mg of elemental Mg in 46 healthy individuals . The study was a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel intervention , of 60 days duration . Urine , blood and saliva sample s were taken at baseline , 24 h after the first Mg supplement was taken ( ' acute ' supplementation ) and after 60 days of daily Mg consumption ( ' chronic ' supplementation ) . Results showed that supplementation of the organic forms of Mg ( citrate and amino-acid chelate ) showed greater absorption ( P = 0.033 ) at 60 days than MgO , as assessed by the 24-h urinary Mg excretion .  Mg citrate led to the greatest mean serum Mg concentration compared with other treatments following both acute ( P = 0.026 ) and chronic ( P = 0.006 ) supplementation . Furthermore , although mean erythrocyte Mg concentration showed no differences among groups , chronic Mg citrate supplementation result ed in the greatest ( P = 0.027 ) mean salivary Mg concentration compared with all other treatments . Mg oxide supplementation result ed in no differences compared to placebo . We conclude that a daily supplementation with Mg citrate shows superior bioavailability after 60 days of treatment when compared with other treatments studied SYNOPSIS In order to evaluate the prophylactic effect of oral magnesium , 81 patients aged 18–65 years with migraine according to the International Headache Society ( IHS ) criteria ( mean attack frequency 3.6 per month ) were examined . After a prospect i ve baseline period of 4 weeks they received oral 600 mg ( 24 mmol ) magnesium ( trimagnesium dicitrate ) daily for 12 weeks or placebo . In weeks 9–12 the attack frequency was reduced by 41.6 % in the magnesium group and by 15.8 % in the placebo group compared to the baseline ( p < 0.05 ) . The number of days with migraine and the drug consumption for symptomatic treatment per patient also decreased significantly in the magnesium group . Duration and intensity of the attacks and the drug consumption per attack also tended to decrease compared to placebo but failed to be significant . Adverse events were diarrhea ( 18.6 % ) and gastric irritation ( 4.7 % ) . High-dose oral magnesium appears to be effective in migraine prophylaxis Probable migraine ( PM ) is a prevalent migraine subtype fulfilling all but one criterion for migraine with or without aura . The aims of this study were : ( i ) to describe the epidemiology , medical recognition and patterns of treatment for PM in the USA ; ( ii ) to compare the patterns of preventive PM treatment in the population with expert panel guidelines for preventive treatment . A vali date d self-administered headache question naire was mailed to a r and om sample of 120 000 US households . Subjects were classified as PM according to the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders ( ICHD-2 ) . The question naire also assessed patterns of migraine treatment . Guidelines for preventive medication use were developed by a panel of headache experts , who used headache frequency and impairment to assess the need for preventive therapy and the gap between current and ideal use . Our sample consisted of 162 576 individuals aged ≥12 years . The 1-year period prevalence of PM was 4.5 % ( 3.9 % in men and 5.1 % in women ) . In women and men , prevalence was higher in middle life , between the ages of 30 and 59 years . The prevalence of PM was significantly higher in African-Americans than in Whites ( female 7.4 % vs. 4.8 % ; male 4.8 % vs. 3.7 % ) and inversely related to household income . During their headaches , most ( 48.2 % ) had at least some impairment , while 22.1 % were severely disabled . The vast majority ( 97 % ) of PM sufferers used acute treatments  , although 71 % usually treated with over-the-counter medication . Most PM sufferers ( 52.8 % ) never used a migraine-preventive treatment and only 7.9 % were currently using preventive medication . According to the expert panel guidelines , prevention should be offered ( 16.9 % ) or considered ( 11.5 % ) for 28.4 % of the PM sufferers in the survey . We conclude that PM is a frequent , undertreated , sometimes disabling disorder . It has an epidemiological profile similar to migraine . In contrast to migraine , which is less prevalent in African-Americans than in Whites , PM is more prevalent in African-Americans than in Whites . In the USA , many with PM do not receive adequate treatment The migraine prophylactic effect of 10 mmol magnesium twice-daily has been evaluated in a multicentre , prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Patients with two to six migraine attacks per month without aura , and history of migraine of at least 2 years , were included . A 4-week baseline period without medication was followed by 12 weeks of treatment with magnesium or placebo . The primary efficacy end-point was a reduction of at least 50 % in intensity or duration of migraine attacks in hours at the end of the 12 weeks of treatment compared to baseline . With a calculated total sample size of 150 patients , an interim analysis was planned after completing treatment of at least 60 patients , which in fact was performed with 69 patients ( 64F , 5 M ) , aged 18–64 years . Of these , 35 had received magnesium and 34 placebo . The number of responders was 1 in each group ( 28.6 % under magnesium and 29.4 % under placebo ) . As determined in the study protocol , this was a major reason to discontinue the trial . With regard to the number of migraine days or migraine attacks there was no benefit with magnesium compared to placebo . There were no centre-specific differences , and the final assessment s of treatment efficacy by the doctor and patient were largely equivocal . With respect to tolerability and safety , 45.7 % of patients in the magnesium group reported primarily mild adverse events like soft stool and diarrhoea in contrast to 23.5 % in the placebo group Magnesium sulphate has been used in the acute treatment of migraines ; some studies found it to be a highly effective medication in the acute control of migraine pain and associated symptoms . This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study assesses the effect of magnesium sulphate on the pain and associated symptoms in patients with migraine without aura and migraine with aura . Sixty patients in each group were assigned at r and om to receive magnesium sulphate , 1000 mg intravenously , or 0.9 % physiological saline , 10 ml . We used seven parameters of analgesic evaluation and an analogue scale to assess nausea , photophobia and phonophobia . In the migraine without aura group there was no statistically significant difference in the patients who received magnesium sulphate vs. placebo in pain relief . The analgesic therapeutic gain was 17 % and number needed to treat was 5.98 at 1 h. There was also no statistical difference in relief of nausea . We did observe a significant lower intensity of photophobia and phonophobia in patients who received magnesium sulphate . In the migraine with aura group patients receiving magnesium sulphate presented a statistically significant improvement of pain and of all associated symptoms compared with controls . The analgesic therapeutic gain was 36.7 % at 1 h. A smaller number of patients continued to have aura in the magnesium sulphate group compared with placebo 1 h after the administration of medication . Our data support the idea that magnesium sulphate can be used for the treatment of 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION This systematic review provides Grade C ( possibly effective ) evidence for prevention of migraine with magnesium .
Prophylactic treatment of migraine by means of high levels of magnesium dicitrate ( 600 mg ) seems to be a safe and cost efficient strategy in clinical use