***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE Coronectomy has been proposed for impacted third molars in close proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve ( IAN ) to avoid neurologic injury . Immediate ( up to 1 month ) and late ( 2 to 36 months ) postoperative complications were investigated . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study was performed on healthy patients treated in the dental clinic of the Department of Oral Surgery , University of Bologna . The predictor variables examined were experience of the surgeon ( < 10 vs ≥10 yr ) , length of surgery , type of m and ibular third molar inclusion , and patient age . To assess the rate of postoperative complications , outcome variables were neurologic injuries , postoperative pain , swelling , fever , alveolitis , pulpitis , and root exposure . The success rate and need for a second surgery also were investigated . Univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics , Kaplan-Meier analysis , and Cox hazards modeling were performed to evaluate the variables . RESULTS The study involved 94 healthy patients ( mean age , 28.99 ± 8.9 yr ; range , 17 to 56 yr ; 37 men and 57 women ) who had 116 third m and ibular molars treated with coronectomy . During the 3-year follow-up period , 28 patients ( 29 coronectomy procedures ) dropped out of the study . There was no case of neurologic injury to the inferior alveolar nerve ( IAN ) or to the lingual nerve ( LN ) . In total , 30 complications were observed ( 25 within 1 month ; 5 at 2 to 12 months ) . Surgeons with less than 10 years of training exposed patients to a greater risk of complications ( hazard ratio = 2.069 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.004 - 4.263 ) . An overall success rate of 74 % at 6 months was estimated , and a second surgery was needed in 6 % of cases . Of the retained roots analyzed , 80 % showed postoperative root migration . CONCLUSIONS In this study , coronectomy of m and ibular third molars did not result in temporary or permanent injury to the IAN or LN .  Coronectomy showed a low rate of postoperative complications . However , within the first year , a second surgery was needed in 6 % of coronectomy procedures to remove migrated root fragments . Additional studies with larger patient sample s are recommended to further investigate differences in postoperative complications in relation to patient age Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in oral health-related Quality of Life ( QoL ) following third molar surgery with either oral administration or submucosal injection of prednisolone . Patient and methods Subjects were r and omly distributed into three groups of 62 subjects each : Group A consisted of subjects who received 40 mg oral prednisolone ; group B received 40 mg submucosal injection of prednisolone  , while group  C did not receive prednisolone . Preoperative and postoperative quality of life evaluations of all subjects were done using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile ( OHIP-14 ) question naire . Postoperatively , quality of life evaluation was done on postoperative days 1 , 3 , and 7 . Subjects were categorized as either affected ( OHIP score ≤28 ) or not affected ( OHIP score > 28 ) . Mean OHIP scores between preoperative and postoperative periods , as well as between the three groups , were compared . Results A significant increase in the mean total and subscale scores was found in all the groups postoperatively . This was most marked on the first postoperative day , and it gradually improved throughout the immediate postoperative period . Subjects who received prednisolone experienced a statistically significant better quality of life than those who did not . Subjects who received submucosal injection of prednisolone showed statistically significant less deterioration in QoL than those who received oral prednisolone ( P = 0.001 ) . Conclusion Administration of prednisolone was significantly associated with less deterioration in quality of life and earlier recovery when compared with subjects who did not receive prednisolone . Submucosal injection of prednisolone 40 mg ( which offers a simple , safe , painless , and cost-effective therapeutic option ) is an effective therapeutic strategy for improving the quality of life after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of single- and two-dose low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) on the postoperative swelling , trismus and pain of patients undergoing extraction of impacted m and ibular third molars . In addition , edema was volumetrically measured with a 3dMD face system . A total of 45 patients were r and omly divided into three treatment groups ( 15 patients in each group ) as follows : Group 1 , receiving routine management with ice application and serving as the control group ; Group 2 , receiving a single dose of LLLT immediately following surgery ; and Group 3 , receiving two doses of LLLT , immediately following surgery and on day 2 after surgery . In the present study , a gallium-aluminum-arsenide ( 0.3 W , 40 sec , 4 J/cm2 ) diode laser device was applied extraorally at the insertion point of the masseter muscle . The trismus , pain level and facial swelling of the patients were evaluated . The visual analog scale ( VAS ) was used to examine the pain degree , while a 3dMD face photogrammetric system was used to evaluate the volumetric alterations of the swelling . The results indicated no statistically significant differences in the mean swelling or trismus among the three groups . The mean VAS measurements did not differ significantly among the groups at postoperative day 2 ; however , significantly reduced VAS values were observed in Group 2 compared with Group 1 at postoperative day 7 ( P<0.05 ) . The present study demonstrated that , although single-dose or two-dose LLLT had beneficial effects on the swelling , trismus and pain level , a significant reduction was only observed in the pain level at postoperative day 7 To evaluate quality of life ( QoL ) and patients ' perceptions of a domiciliary facial cooling system ( Hilotherm ® , Hilotherapy UK Ltd , Coventry , UK ) , we asked 30 patients to complete a paper-based EQ-5D-3L QoL question naire ( EuroQol Group 1990 , Rotterdam , The Netherl and s ) each day for seven days after the removal of m and ibular third molars . They were returned by 14 of the 20 patients who had not used the system and by all 10 who had . Patients aged between 18 and 25 who had their teeth removed in out patients ( in accordance with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines ) under general anaesthesia ( American Association of Anesthesiologists ( ASA ) class I or II ) and did not smoke , were included . They were all treated by the same surgeon in the day surgery unit of a district general hospital . Patients found the system helpful and easy to use . They had no complications , their QoL was significantly improved ( p<0.001 ) , and the time taken to return to normal activities was reduced . The Hilotherm ® domiciliary facial cooling system  is safe and helps in the management of postoperative pain and swelling . Our findings confirm recently published meta-analyses that show the effectiveness of hilotherapy  after facial surgery Background In current study we aim ed to examine the effect of a low-level laser therapy on the pain , mouth opening and swelling of patients whose impacted 3rd molar tooth was extracted in addition measurement volumetrically to the edema with 3dMD face system . Methods It was surveyed 15 patients who had bilateral symmetric lower 3rd molars . Surgical sides of patients were r and omly separated into two groups : the study group and the control group . It was applied extra oral low-level laser therapy ( LLLT , 0.3 W , 40 s , 4 J/cm2 ) to the study group ( n = 15 ) after the surgical operation and on the 2nd day . Only routine postoperative recommendation ( ice application ) was made in the control ( n = 15 ) group . The maximum mouth opening , pain level and facial swelling evaluated . 3dMD Face ® ( 3dMD , Atlanta , GA ) Photogrammetric System was used to evaluate volumetric changes of the swelling . Results There was no statistically significant difference in the edema and interincisal opening between the groups and the pain level in the laser group was significantly lower than in the control group on the 7th postoperative day . Conclusions Although there were decreasing trismus , swelling , and pain level , with this LLLT , there was significant difference only in the 7th day pain level in the laser group compared with the control group Purpose Combined paracetamol and ibuprofen has been shown to be more effective than either constituent alone for acute pain in adults , but the dose-response has not been confirmed . The aim of this study was to define the analgesic dose-response relationship of different potential doses of a fixed dose combination containing paracetamol and ibuprofen after third molar surgery . Methods Patients aged 16 to 60 years with moderate or severe pain after the removal of at least two impacted third molars were r and omised to receive double-blind study medication as two tablets every 6 h for 24 h of either of the following : two tablet , combination full dose ( paracetamol 1000 mg and ibuprofen 300 mg ) ; one tablet , combination half dose ( paracetamol 500 mg and ibuprofen 150 mg ) ; half a tablet , combination quarter dose ( paracetamol 250 mg and ibuprofen 75 mg ) ; or placebo . The primary outcome measure was the time-adjusted summed pain intensity difference over 24 h ( SPID 24 ) calculated from the 100-mm VAS assessment s collected over multiple time points for the study duration . Results Data from 159 patients were included in the analysis . Mean ( SD ) time-adjusted SPID over 24 h were full-dose combination 20.1 ( 18.0 ) , half dose combination 20.4 ( 20.8 ) , quarter dose combination 19.3 ( 20.0 ) and placebo 6.6 ( 19.8 ) . There was a significant overall effect of dose ( p = 0.002 ) on the primary outcome . Planned pairwise comparisons showed that all combination dose groups were superior to placebo ( full dose vs. placebo p = 0.004 , half dose vs. placebo p = 0.002 , quarter dose vs. placebo p = 0.002 ) . The overall effect of dose was also significant for maximum VAS pain intensity score ( p = 0.048 ) , response rate ( p = 0.0094 ) , percentage of participants requiring rescue ( p = 0.025 ) and amount of rescue ( p < 0.001 ) . No significant dose effect was found for time to peak reduction in VAS or time to meaningful pain relief . The majority of adverse events recorded were of mild ( 52.75 % ) or moderate ( 40.16 % ) severity and not related ( 30.7 % ) or unlikely related ( 57.5 % ) to the study medication . Conclusion All doses of the combination provide safe superior pain relief to placebo in adult patients following third molar removal surgery Cold therapy is a conventional and widely used modality for reducing pain , trismus , and oedema after dentoalveolar surgeries . However , information reported in the literature on its effectiveness is insufficient and controversial . This study was performed to evaluate the effect of local cold application in reducing pain , trismus , and swelling after impacted m and ibular third molar surgery . Thirty patients ( seven males and 23 females ) with bilateral symmetrical m and ibular impacted third molars were enrolled in this r and omized , self-controlled , observer-blind clinical trial . The patients were aged between 18 and 30 years . After surgical removal of the tooth on one side ( intervention ) , ice pack therapy was given for 24h after surgery ; for the other side ( control ) , no cold therapy was given . The time interval between the two surgeries was at least 4 weeks . The amount of pain , trismus , and facial swelling was measured on days 2 and 7 postoperative , and patient satisfaction with the cold therapy vs. no cold therapy was assessed . The amount of pain , trismus , and facial swelling , and the extent of patient satisfaction were not significantly different between the intervention and control sides . Cold therapy had no beneficial effects on postoperative sequelae after impacted m and ibular third molar surgery OBJECTIVE : To search the English- language literature for original research addressing the effect of  cryotherapy  on return to participation after injury . DATA SOURCES : We search ed MEDLINE , the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base , SPORT Discus , the Cochrane Review s data base , and CINAHL from 1976 to 2003 to identify r and omized clinical trials of  cryotherapy .  Key words used were cryotherapy , return to participation , cold treatment , ice , injury , sport , edema , and pain . DATA SYNTHESIS : Original research , including outcomes - assessment measures of return to participation of injured subjects , was review ed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) Scale . Four studies were identified and review ed by a panel of certified athletic trainers . The 4 articles ' scores ranged from 2 to 4 on the PEDro scale , which has a maximum of 10 points . Two of the articles suggested that cryotherapy speeds return to participation after ankle sprains . However , these authors failed to provide in-depth statistical analysis of their results . A confounding factor of compression as part of the treatment prevented interpretation of the effects of cryotherapy in 1 article . CONCLUSIONS : After critically review ing the literature 
    Output:
    
Intermittent cryotherapy for 30 minutes during the first post-operative days significantly diminished facial swelling , pain and trismus compared with no cryotherapy .
Patient 's satisfaction and perception of recovery were significantly increased with cryotherapy .
Therapeutic efficacy of intermittent cryotherapy  on post-operative facial swelling , pain and trismus seems to be improved compared with continuous cryotherapy .