***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Examination of differences between primary alcohol and drug abusing adolescents can provide valuable direction to intervention efforts , though little research in this area has been conducted . The current study compared primary alcohol and primary drug abusing runaway adolescents who were r and omly assigned to family therapy or treatment as usual .  Baseline differences , as well as response to treatment , were examined separately for alcohol and drug use and by gender . Although few baseline differences were found , hierarchical linear modeling indicated that alcohol and drug abusing male and female adolescents responded differently to therapy . Primary drug using males showed poorer alcohol use outcomes than did primary alcohol abusers . Specifically , alcohol use increased for primary drug using males receiving family therapy , while drug use decreased in all groups . Findings suggest that alcohol and drug use outcomes might be improved at treatment planning through consideration of client 's gender and primary alcohol versus drug use PURPOSE We evaluate the efficacy of a short family intervention in reducing sexual risk behavior , drug use , and delinquent behaviors among homeless youth . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial of 151 families with a homeless adolescent aged 12 to 17 years . Between March 2006 and June 2009 , adolescents were recruited from diverse sites in Southern California and were assessed at recruitment ( baseline ) , and at 3 , 6 , and 12 months later . Families were r and omly assigned to an intervention condition with five weekly home-based intervention sessions or a control condition ( st and ard care ) . Main outcome measures reflect self-reported sexual risk behavior , substance use , and delinquent behaviors over the past 90 days . RESULTS Sexual risk behavior ( e.g. , mean number of partners ; p < .001 ) , alcohol use ( p = .003 ) , hard drug use ( p < .001 ) , and delinquent behaviors ( p = .001 ) decreased significantly more during 12 months in the intervention condition compared with the control condition . Marijuana use , however , significantly increased in the intervention condition compared with the control condition ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS An intervention to reengage families of homeless youth has significant benefits in reducing risk over 12 months Runaway youth report a broader range and higher severity of substance-related , mental health and family problems relative to non-runaway youth . Most studies to date have collected self-report data on the family and social history ; virtually no research has examined treatment effectiveness with this population . This study is a treatment development project in which 124 runaway youth were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) ecologically based family therapy ( EBFT ) or ( 2 ) service as usual ( SAU ) through a shelter . Youth completed an intake , posttreatment , 6 and 12 months follow-up assessment . Youth assigned to EBFT reported greater reductions in overall substance abuse compared to youth assigned to SAU while other problem areas improved in both conditions . Findings suggest that EBFT is an efficacious intervention for this relatively severe population of youth This prospect i ve review was design ed to determine the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum health intervention program for homeless and runaway youth .  Diagnosis , treatment , and counseling for drug use , sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , and other health issues were provided all new admissions to a residential care facility during a 2-month enrollment . Education was continued during a 9-month follow-up period based on the program entitled Bright Futures , previously developed and published by the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health . Sixty percent of the 106 study residents had STDs on admission and 7 % developed new STDs after completing therapy and undergoing counseling . Drug dependence was reduced from 41 % to 3 % , and 42 % achieved full-time or part-time employment . Fifty-nine percent completed hepatitis B immunization with the 3-dose series . This experience suggests that an organized program of interventions in a residential care facility for homeless teenagers can significantly reduce drug dependence and STDs The broad objective of this study was to underst and the incidence and severity of aggression among sexually abused girls who were trafficked and who were then further used for commercial sexual exploitation ( referred to subsequently as sexually abused trafficked girls ) . In addition , the impact of counseling for minimizing aggression in these girls was investigated . A group of 120 sexually abused trafficked Indian girls and a group of 120 nonsexually abused Indian girls , aged 13 to 18 , participated in the study . The sexually abused trafficked girls were purposively selected from four shelters located in and around Kolkata , India . The nonsexually abused girls were selected r and omly from four schools situated near the shelters , and these girls were matched by age with the sexually abused trafficked girls . Data were collected using a Background Information Schedule and a st and ardized psychological test , that is , The Aggression Scale . Results revealed that 16.7 % of the girls were first sexually abused between 6 and 9 years of age , 37.5 % between 10 and 13 years of age , and 45.8 % between 14 and 17 years of age . Findings further revealed that 4.2 % of the sexually abused trafficked girls demonstrated saturated aggression , and 26.7 % were highly aggressive , that is , extremely frustrated and rebellious . Across age groups , the sexually abused trafficked girls suffered from more aggression ( p < .05 ) , compared with the nonvictimized girls . Psychological interventions , such as individual and group counseling , were found to have a positive impact on the sexually abused trafficked girls . These findings should motivate counselors to deal with sexually abused children . It is also hoped that authorities in welfare homes will underst and the importance of counseling for sexually abused trafficked children , and will appoint more counselors for this purpose Homeless youth face various health challenges . The effectiveness of a short intervention to promote sexual health in 572 homeless 16—23-year-olds ( M = 19.467 + 1.89 ) was conducted using a quasi-experimental repeated measures design . Data collected at three time points ( pre-intervention , immediately post-intervention and follow-up ) via laptop computers were analyzed using multivariate general linear mixed models . A significant condition by time interaction was found for self-reported AIDS/STD knowledge ; intervention participants had higher scores at first post-test . Females scored significantly higher on cognitive and behavioral outcomes while males reported significantly more sexual risk-taking behaviors . Findings support gender-specific interventions Runaway youth are 6–12 times more likely to become infected with HIV than other youth . Using a quasi-experimental design , the efficacy of an  HIV prevention program  was evaluated over 2 years among 2 groups of runaways : ( 1 ) those at 2 shelters who received Street Smart , an intensive HIV intervention program , and ( 2 ) youth at 2 control shelters . Street Smart provided youth with access to health care and condoms and delivered a 10-session skill-focused prevention program based on social learning theory to youth . Prior to analysis of the intervention 's outcomes , propensity scores were used to identify comparable subgroups of youth in the intervention ( n = 101 ) and control conditions ( n = 86 ) . Compared to females in the control condition , females in the intervention condition significantly reduced their unprotected sexual acts at 2 years and alcohol use , marijuana use , and the number of drugs used over 12 months .  Male adolescents in the intervention condition showed significant reductions in marijuana use over 6 months compared to control youth . Adolescent HIV prevention programs must proactively identify mechanisms for maintaining behavior change over the long-term , and innovative research design s are needed to allow examination of agency-level interventions While many studies provide useful information on the risk behaviors in which homeless youth engage , few prior studies evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) risk related reduction strategies . In this study , homeless youth ( n = 180 ) were recruited from a drop-in center and r and omly assigned to one of two conditions , either an integrated individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and HIV prevention intervention that focused on skills building and education or to treatment as usual . All youth were assessed at entry into the program and at 3 and 6 month follow-up points . Findings showed an interaction between treatment condition , age and time . In the interaction , youth assigned to the integrated treatment reported greater condom usage than youth assigned to treatment as usual , with younger youth assigned to treatment as usual showing no change in condom use . The number of sexual partners reported by youth in both treatment conditions was also reduced over time . However , youth in both conditions continued to engage in other high-risk behaviors . The integrated treatment findings are promising and suggest that interventions which target both HIV risk behavior in addition to other life areas ( substance use , mental health and housing ) among homeless youth may be necessary in order to significantly impact high-risk behaviors among this unique group The short-term results of a r and omized trial testing a brief feedback and motivational intervention for substance use among homeless adolescents are presented . Homeless adolescents ages 14 - 19 ( N = 285 ) recruited from drop-in centers at agencies and from street intercept were r and omly assigned to either a brief motivational enhancement ( ME ) group or 1 of 2 control groups . The 1-session motivational intervention presented personal feedback about patterns of risks related to alcohol or substance use in a style consistent with motivational interviewing . Follow-up interviews were conducted at 1 and 3 months postintervention . Youths who received the motivational intervention reported reduced illicit drug use other than marijuana at 1-month follow-up compared with youths in the control groups . Treatment effects were not found with respect to alcohol or marijuana . Post hoc analyses within the ME group suggested that those who were rated as more engaged and more likely to benefit showed greater drug use reduction than did those rated as less engaged . Limitations of the study are discussed as are implication s for development of future substance use interventions for this high-risk group This prospect i ve review was design ed to determine the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum health intervention program for homeless and runaway youth .  Diagnosis , treatment , and counseling for drug use , sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , and other health issues were provided to all new admissions to a residential care facility during a 7(1/2)-year enrollment .  Education was continued during a minimum follow-up period of 9 months based on the program entitled Bright Futures , previously developed and published by the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health . Fifty-four percent of the study residents had STDs on admission , and 9 % developed new STDs after completing therapy and undergoing counseling . Drug dependence was reduced from 47 % to 4 % , and 46 % achieved full-time or part-time employment . Sixty-three percent completed hepatitis B immunization with the 3-dose series . This experience suggests that an organized program of interventions in a residential care facility for homeless teenagers can significantly reduce drug dependence and STDs ABSTRACT This study compared the costs and outcomes associated with three treatment programs that served 149 individuals with dual disorders ( i.e. , individuals with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders ) who were homeless at baseline . The three treatment programs were : Integrated Assertive Community Treatment ( IACT ) , Assertive Community Treatment only ( ACTO ) , and st and ard care ( Control ) .  Participants were r and omly assigned to treatment and followed for a period of 24 months . Clients in the IACT and ACTO programs were more satisfied with their treatment program and reported more days in stable housing than clients in the Control condition . There were no significant differences between treatment groups on psychiatric symptoms and substance use . The average total costs associated with the IACT and Control conditions were significantly less than the average total costs for the ACTO condition A brief motivational intervention with 117 homeless adolescents was evaluated using a r and omized design and 3-month follow-up . The intervention was design ed to raise youths ' concerns about their substance use , support harm reduction , and encourage greater service utilization at a collaborating agency . The study was design ed to strengthen initial promising results of an earlier study ( P. L. Peterson , J. S. Baer , E. A. Wells , J. A. Ginzler , & S. B. Garrett , 2006 ) . Several modifications in the clinical protocol were included to enhance engagement with the intervention . Analyses revealed no significant benefits for intervention participants when homeless youths ' substance use rates were compared with those of control participants . Service utilization during the intervention period increased for those receiving the intervention but returned to baseline levels at follow-up . Participants reported overall reductions in substance use over time . Differences between sampling methods for the current and previous study are discussed , as are the limitations of brief interventions with this population . Future research needs to eluci date mechanisms of change and service engagement for highly vulnerable youth OBJECTIVE This research examined the impact of completing a question naire about blood donation on subsequent donation behavior among a large sample of experienced blood donors . DESIGN Participants ( N=4672 ) were r and omly assigned to an experimental condition that received a postal question naire measuring cognitions about donation or a control condition that did not receive a question naire . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of registration s at blood drives and number of successful blood donations were assessed using objective records both 6 months and 12 months later . RESULTS Findings indicated that , compared to control participants , the mean frequency of number of registration s at blood drives among participants in the experimental group was 8.6 % greater at 6 months ( p<.0.007 ) , and was 6.4 % greater at 12 months ( p<.035 ) . Significant effects were also observed for successful blood donations at 6 months ( p<.001 ) and 12 months ( p<.004 ) . CONCLUSION These findings provide the first evidence that the mere measurement is relevant to promoting consequential health behaviors . Implication s of the research for intervention evaluation are discussed This study examined the effects of cognitive- 
    Output:
    
The interventions being evaluated consisted of time limited therapeutically based programmes which did not prove more effective than st and ard shelter or drop-in services for most outcomes and in most studies .
There were favourable changes from baseline in outcomes for most particpants in therapy interventions and also in st and ard services .
The review discussion section included consideration of the relevance of the findings for LMIC setting s. AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS Analysis across the included studies found no consistently significant benefit for the ' new ' interventions compared to st and ard services for street-connected children and young people .