***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The primary aim was to assess cardiovascular responses of expert and novice subjects to kung fu techniques .  It was hypothesised that experienced subjects would demonstrate improved economy of movement during the techniques , evidence d by reduced exercise intensity . METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN a comparative design was established utilising two groups ; experienced ( group E ) , and novice ( group N ) . SETTING the experimentation took place under laboratory conditions , but was design ed to maximise external validity . PARTICIPANTS the only pre selection variables were regular attendance at training and experience . Nine experienced males ( group E , exp 9.5 + /- 5.2 yrs ) and nine novice males ( group N , exp 1.2 + /- 0.1 yrs ) participated . The only exclusion guidelines were contraindications to participate within a maximal test , no subjects were excluded upon this basis . INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASURES each subject participated in three kung fu protocol s ( forms , kicking and punching ) . Each protocol , r and omly allocated , consisted of ten work ( 30 sec ) and ten rest periods ( 30 sec ) . MEASURES taken during the protocol s were heart rate ( HR ) and oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) . These were expressed as a percentage of maximal values to reflect exercise intensity . RESULTS During both the form protocol and punching protocol group E were found to be working at a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) lower % VO2 max than group N ( forms -- group E = 71.5 + /- 5.3 , group N = 82.1 + /- 6.1 ; punching -- group E = 37.5 + /- 2.1 , group N = 40.6 + /- 2.6 , p < 0.05 ) . This suggests that experienced subjects were more economical when performing similar movement patterns . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that cardiovascular responses to kung fu techniques differ depending upon experience level . It is difficult to directly relate this to improved economy since work output could not be accurately quantified . It was also found that kung fu protocol s elicited exercise intensity into the cardiovascular training zone BACKGROUND This study investigated the neuropsychological , sensorimotor , speed , and balance contributions to a new test of choice stepping reaction time ( CSRT ) and determined whether this new test is an important predictor of falls in older people . METHODS A total of 477 retirement-village residents aged 62 to 95 years ( mean + /- SD , 79.2 + /- 6.2 years ) took the CSRT test , which required them to step onto one of four panels that were illuminated in a r and om order . The subjects also took tests that measured neuropsychological , sensorimotor , speed , and balance function . RESULTS Multiple regression analysis revealed that poor performance in Part B of the Trail Making Test ( a neuropsychological test ) and impaired quadriceps strength , simple reaction time , sway with eyes open on a compliant surface , and maximal balance range were the best predictors of increased CSRTs ( multiple r(2 ) = .45 ) . Subjects with a history of falls had significantly increased CSRTs compared with nonfallers ( 1322 + /- 331 milliseconds and 1168 + /- 203 milliseconds , respectively ) . Impaired CSRT was a significant and independent predictor of falls , as were two complementary sensory measures ( visual contrast sensitivity and lower limb proprioception ) . Of these measures ,  CSRT  was the most important in predicting falls . Furthermore , the inclusion of CSRT in the model excluded measures of strength , central processing speed , and balance , because these could not provide nonredundant information for the prediction of falls . CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a new test that provides a composite measure of falls risk in older people and eluci date s the relative importance of specific physiological and neuropsychological systems in the initiation of fast and appropriate step responses The development of specific training design ed to enhance physiological aspects of performance relies heavily on the availability of accurate and validity physiological data . In the combat sport of Wushu , katas are used to develop aerobic fitness . It is arguably important to assess and monitor heart rate ( HR ) and lactate ( La ) responses when design ing effective training programs . The aim of this pilot study was to investigate heart rate and lactate responses to forms execution among Wushu combatants . Male elite modern Wushu athletes ( n = 4 ) from a South Brazilian regional team participated in the study . Athletes were aged 22.5 ± 2.08 years old and had at least eight years of Wushu experience . Athletes carried out the Changquan and Daoshu forms in r and om order , HR and La were measured pre- and post-exercise . Results indicate that HR was 176 ± 3 and 176 ± 2 bpm and La was 4.38 ± 1.3 and 5.15 ± 1.07 mmol·l(-1 ) for Changquan and Daoshu forms , respectively . There were no significantly differences in HR and La between the two forms . HR values represent 89.2 ± 1.1 and 89.1 ± 1.8 % of age-predicted maximal heart rate and lactate was near of 4 mmol·l(-1 ) point . In conclusion , training programs to Wushu combatants could target the range of physiological values cited above with no differences between two forms . Key PointsHeart rate and lactate responses are not significantly different between Changquan and Daoshu forms for Wushu combatants . The Wushu katas could be used to develop aerobic fitness Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists Health in older adults can best be measured in terms of functional status . Skeletal muscle strength has been reported to be a determinant of functional status in older individuals . Two major contributors to the decline in muscle function as a person ages are disuse and physical inactivity . Declining muscle function through a loss of muscular strength may decrease functional independence and mobility and increase the risk for falls and injuries , physical frailty , and disability .  Older individuals lacking an appropriate amount of muscular strength may not be able to perform various activities of daily living , which are important indicators of independence Thirty-seven healthy type A men ( mean age 42 years ) were r and omly assigned to either an aerobic exercise training group or to a strength and flexibility training group . Before exercise , subjects underwent comprehensive physiologic and behavioral assessment s , including grade d exercise treadmill testing with direct measurement of oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) and measurement of cardiovascular ( heart rate , systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product ) and neuroendocrine ( epinephrine and norepinephrine ) responses to mental arithmetic . The aerobic exercise consisted of walking and jogging at an intensity of greater than or equal to 70 % maximal heart rate reserve for 1 hour 3 times/week for 12 consecutive weeks . The strength training consisted of 1 hour of circuit Nautilus training 2 times/week for 12 weeks . At the completion of the exercise program , all subjects underwent repeat testing . For the aerobic group , peak VO2 increased significantly from 33.6 to 38.4 ml/kg/min ( p less than 0.001 ) , whereas the strength group only achieved a slight increase from 34.5 to 35.6 ml/kg/min ( difference not significant ) . During the mental arithmetic , the aerobic group experienced a greater reduction in levels of heart rate , diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product than the strength group ( after completing the exercise training programs ) . The aerobic group also tended to secrete less epinephrine and to show a faster recovery than the strength group after the exercise program . In addition , the aerobic group tended to exhibit less cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress after exercise training . These data suggest that aerobic exercise reduces levels of cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses during and after mental stress 
    Output:
    
Our findings suggest that there is no evidence that Kung Fu practice is associated with the prevention or treatment of any health condition .
However , as a moderate- to high-intensity form of aerobic exercise , it may confer benefits similar to those attributed to other aerobic training modalities .
Physiological benefits ( e.g. , aerobic capacity and bone density ) may be associated with long-term Kung Fu practice .