***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE This study aim ed to examine the effects of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia ( CBT-I ) based on the mobile social networking service ( SNS ) on dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep , sleep quality , daytime sleepiness , depression , and quality of life among rotating-shift nurses in a hospital in Korea . METHODS A nonequivalent control group pre-post test design was used . The participants included 55 nurses with rotating three-shift work ( 25 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group ) . For the experimental group , CBT-I using mobile SNS was provided once a week for 60 minutes over six weeks . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics , χ²-test , independent sample s t-test , and Mann-whitney U test with the SPSS 21.0 program . RESULTS In the homogeneity test of the general characteristics and study variables , there were no significant differences between the two groups . Nurses in the experimental group had significantly lower scores on dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes regarding sleep and sleepiness than nurses in the control group . Nurses in the experimental group had significantly higher scores on sleep quality and quality of life than nurses in the control group . CONCLUSION These findings indicate that using the mobile SNS-based CBT-I is feasible and has significant and positive treatment-related effects on rotating-shift nurses ' irrational thoughts and beliefs in association with sleep , sleep quality , daytime sleepiness , and quality of life . These contribute to exp and ing our knowledge of rotating-shift nurses ' sleep issues and their preferences for intervention The purpose of this study was to develop and test the Verran and Snyder-Halpern ( VSH ) Sleep Scale , an instrument to subjectively measure sleep characteristics . Four major sleep factors and their associated characteristics were proposed for the Sleep Scale . Subjects completed three r and omly ordered sleep question naires on three consecutive weekday mornings within the first two hours after arising . Scales included the  VSH Sleep Scale , a sleep question naire and a sleep log .  The VSH Sleep Scale had a reliability coefficient of .82 ( theta ) . Construct validity was examined by factor analysis and correlations between Sleep Scale items and corresponding items on the two other study instruments . Scale validity also was assessed by the known groups method . Beginning support for the validity of the VSH Sleep Scale is provided Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more PURPOSE This study was an experimental study to compare the inhalation effects of aroma essential oil on the quality of sleep ( QOS ) for shift nurses after working nights . METHODS The participants were 60 healthy adults who did n't have any disease . As an experimental treatment , the participants in the experimental group were asked to inhale essential oil for 3 minutes at a distance of approximately 10 cm fromt heir nose and then they were asked to sleep with the aroma stone beside their head ( within a 30 cm distance ) . QOS were measured four times on Pretest , Day 1 , Day 2 , and Day 3 after they slept . To measure QOS , Perceived QOS ( Numeric Rating Scale ) , the Verran & Synder-Halpern ( VSH ) Sleep Scale were used , and number of awakenings ( NoA ) was measured by Actigraph . RESULTS There were no significant differences in the homogeneity tests for general characteristics and dependent variables prior to the experiments , except for VSH of subjective sleep quality . Also , there was no significant interaction between group and time . The VSH of the experimental group was higher than the control group ( F=6.39 , p=.002 ) . The NoA between the experimental group and the control group was significantly different after experimental treatment 3rd day ( F=13.35 , p=.001 ) . CONCLUSION The findings show that the inhalation of aroma essential oil had effects to increase the quality of sleep . Therefore , the inhalation of aroma essential oil could be applied to general nursing interventions to improve the quality of sleep INTRODUCTION Shift work ( an occupation requiring work between 2200 and 0500H ) comprises approximately 20 % of the workforce in Europe and North America [ 1 ] . This is likely to increase , with many shift workers ( SWs ) in emergency services , retail , hospitality , healthcare , transportation and manufacturing [ 2 ] . SWs are at increased risk for negative health outcomes , including cancer and other chronic diseases [ 3 , 4 ] . Biological changes from poor lifestyle habits related to shift work ( e.g. low physical activity ( PA ) , poor nutrition , obesity ) are thought to contribute to this risk ; these factors are also amenable to lifestyle intervention [ 5 ] . PA in particular , reduces cancer risk [ 6 ] , and has many positive physical and psychological benefits [ 7 ] . It is a simple , cost-effective strategy that may be implemented by individual workers or within workplaces to mitigate risk . Unfortunately , SWs are unlikely to engage in regular PA [ 8 ] . In Canada , only 15.9 % of SWsmeet the PA guidelines and have lower levels of aerobic fitness than those of day workers [ 9 ] . Few behavioural interventions improving health outcomes in SWs have been published [ 10 ] . In a targeted PA intervention , nurses r and omised to 4 months of supervised PA  improved aerobic fitness , muscular strength , fatigue and musculoskeletal symptoms . However , authors reported low adherence and large loss to follow-up , perhaps due to the supervised scheduled sessions [ 11 , 12 ] . Sustained behaviour change is a challenge and requires targeted efforts to encourage individuals to reach an adequate dose of PA to change health outcomes [ 13 ] . Due to irregular schedules and time constraints , SWs may be less likely to adhere to a traditional supervised PA intervention with face-to-face behavioural support [ 12 ] . Women SWs cite work schedule interference and lack of time as PA barriers and report scheduling flexibility as the most important in PA [ 14 ] . This highlights the need for a creative and innovative programming to promote PA in SWs . Distance-based interventions , in which individuals exercise independent of study staff or participants , may include telephone counselling and website or smart phone app-based technology . These interventions are highly flexible and may help overcome barriers related to timing and scheduling that are important for SWs . In a review of telephone-based PA interventions , 14 of 17 found evidence for behaviour change [ 15 ] . These may be a way to implement scalable , individuallytailored interventions in SWs . The primary objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a distance-based PA intervention in women SWs . Feasibility studies are important for establishing effective processes and underst and ing re sources required before attempting a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) , in order to put forward interventions that are most likely to be efficacious [ 16 ] . As this work was funded by a grant to examine the role of lifestyle in reducing breast cancer risk in SWs , only women were included . A secondary objective was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of intervention efficacy , to estimate effect size for future studies Purpose The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) is a self-reported question naire that measures sleep quality during the previous month . The aims of this study were to analyze the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the PSQI ( PSQI-K ) and to evaluate its usefulness . Methods We developed the PSQI-K , which involved translating the original PSQI into Korean and then translating back into English to check its accuracy . We tested the validity of the PSQI-K on a total of 394 individuals : 261 with poor sleep ( primary insomnia , n = 211 ; narcolepsy , n = 50 ) and 133 with good sleep . All subjects completed the PSQI-K , 285 had overnight nocturnal polysomnography  , and 53 were r and omly selected for a retest with the question naire after 2–4 weeks without any intervening treatment . The mean PSQI-K global scores in each group were analyzed after adjusting for age and sex . Results Cronbach 's α coefficient for internal consistency of the total score of the PSQI-K was 0.84 which shows high reliability . Sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing poor and good sleepers were 0.943 and 0.844 using the best cutoff point of 8.5 . The total and component scores of the PSQI-K for insomnia and narcolepsy were significantly higher than those for controls ( p < 0.05 ) . The test – retest correlation coefficient was 0.65 for the total score ( p < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the two values using the paired t tests . Conclusions The PSQI-K is a reliable and valid question naire for evaluating sleep quality in patients with sleep disorders INTRODUCTION Cancer care workers experience high levels of occupational stress that can have adverse mental and physical health consequences . Educating health professionals about self-care practice s throughout their careers can potentially build resilience . Our study aim ed to evaluate the effects of an educational intervention to improve recovery from job stress , increase satisfaction with current self-care practice s and improve sleep quality . METHODS An equivalent , r and omised comparison , pretest-post-test intervention design was used to investigate the effects of a 1-day workshop ( plus educational material ) compared with written educational material alone , on measures of recovery experiences ( i.e. psychological detachment from work , relaxation , mastery experiences and control over leisure ) , satisfaction with recovery-related self-care practice s and perceived sleep quality of 70 cancer care workers . RESULTS Workshop participants reported greater mean changes 6 weeks post-workshop for total recovery experiences ( F(1,69 ) = 8.145 , P = .008 ) , self-care satisfaction ( F(1,69 ) = 8.277 , P = .005 ) and perceived sleep quality ( F(1,69 ) = 9.611 , P = .003 ) . There was a decline in the scores of the control group over the 6-week period for all measures . Workshop participants not only avoided this decline , but demonstrated increased mean scores , with a significant main effect 6 weeks post-workshop , compared with the control group ( F(3,63 ) = 4.262 , P = .008 ) . CONCLUSIONS A 1-day intervention workshop improved recovery skills , satisfaction with self-care practice s and perceived sleep quality of oncology nurses and radiation therapists . Outcomes were enhanced when participants actively participated in experiential group-based learning compared with receiving written material alone . This intervention has the potential to enhance resilience and prevent burnout at different points in a cancer worker 's career Purpose : Sleep deficit affects neurobehavioral functioning , reduces attention and cognitive function , and negatively impacts occupational safety . This study investigated selective attention levels of nursing staff on different shifts . Methods : Using a prospect i ve , r and omized parallel group study , selective attention was measured using the d2 test in 62 nursing staff in a medical center in Taiwan . Findings : There were significant differences in selective attention indicators ( E% ) between the fixed-day-shift group ( control group ) and rotating-shift group ( experimental group ) : The percentage of errors ( E% ) for night-shift workers in the rotating-shift group was higher than that of fixed-day-shift workers , while the total number of items scanned minus error ( TN − E ) and concentration performance ( CP ) scores were higher for fixed-day-shift workers . Within the experimental group , the error rate on night shift was 0.44 times more than that on day shift and .62 times more than on evening shift ; the TN-E on night shift was 38.99 items less than that on day shift , and the CP was 27.68 items less on night shift than on day shift ; indicating that staff on the night shift demonstrated poorer speed and accuracy on the overall test than did the staff on day shifts . Conclusions : Inadequate sleep and a state of somnolence adversely affected the attention and operation speed of work among night-shift workers . More than 2 days off is suggested when shifting from the night shift to other shifts to provide adequate time for circadian rhythms to adjust The goal of this study is to examine the effects of aromatherapy massage on sleep quality of nurses with monthly rotating night shifts . Subjects were enrolled at a medical center in central Taiwan with overall score ≥ 5 of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) and r and omly assigned to the treatment or control groups . They were vali date d by pretests during their first graveyard shift in the trial period and the sleep quality information was collected by using the PSQI and sleep detectors . During the second graveyard shift , the treatment group received aromatherapy massage and the control group rested in the same aromatherapy room after work . All subjects filled out the PSQI surveys and the sleep quality information was collected during massage or resting and the following night . We found that the total PSQI was significantly decreased in the treatment group following the aromatherapy massage . Specifically , the components such as subjective sleep quality , sleep disturbance , and daytime dysfunction were significantly decreased . However , there were no significant changes of average PSQI scores between the two groups before and after intervention . Taken together , our study suggested that aromatherapy massage  could improve sleep quality of nurses with monthly rotating night shift AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of improving sleep quality interventions in menopausal women with sleep disturbance . BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are an extensive and common problem among menopausal women . There is an increased trend in the use of non-pharmacological methods to alleviate sleep disturbances . Studies that have implemented two or more non-pharmacological strategies for menopausal women are scant . METHODS A repeat measurement with a r and omized assignment was conducted . A total of 59 menopausal women with sleep disturbance were recruited and r and omly assigned to experimental ( 
    Output:
    
Ultimately , the effects of the aroma-inhalation therapy intervention significantly improved shift-work nurses ' sleep quality .
CONCLUSIONS We established a basic underst and ing of a strategy to measure and improve participants ' sleep quality .