***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Little is known about  positive emotion communication ( PEC )  in end-of-life care . This study aims to identify types and patterns of  PEC  among hospice nurses , caregivers , and patients . METHODS A coding system based on positive psychology theory was applied as a secondary analysis to audio recordings of hospice nurse home visits with cancer patients and family caregivers , collected as part of a prospect i ve longitudinal study . Eighty recordings ( 4 visits from 20 triads ) were coded for humor , connection , praise , positive focus , gratitude , taking joy/savoring , and perfunctory statements . RESULTS Descriptive statistics revealed the greatest proportion of  PEC  was made by nurses . Humor was most frequently used across all speakers . Cluster analysis revealed four PEC visit types : Savor/Take Joy ; Humor ; Perfunctory ; and Other-focused Expressions of Positive Emotions . Linear mixed effect regression was used to estimate the trajectory of PEC over time , but no significant change was found . CONCLUSION We found that positive emotions are common in nurse , caregiver and patient communication at end-of-life and do not decline closer to death . PRACTICE IMPLICATION This study is among the first to explore PEC at end-of-life , and offers a way to bring strengths-based approaches into end of life communication research This study prospect ively examined psychological strengths targeted in U.S. Army training programs as predictors of psychiatric diagnosis in active duty soldiers . At baseline , the cohort ( 140,584 soldiers ) was without psychiatric disorder . Soldiers were then followed for 2 yr and classified as healthy , or acquiring a psychiatric diagnosis ( adjustment disorder , anxiety disorder , depression , or post-traumatic stress disorder ) , or being prescribed psychotropic medication without a psychiatric diagnosis . Soldiers who remained healthy reported significantly higher strengths scores at baseline , compared with soldiers who were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder . In addition , soldiers in the worst strengths decile were twice as likely to develop a psychiatric disorder , compared with soldiers in the top 50 % on baseline strengths . Strengths afforded the greatest protection against depression . Offering tailored resilience training programs could help the Army steel vulnerable soldiers against the challenges of life , military training , and combat Background Linkage to and retention in care for US persons living with HIV ( PLWH ) after release from jail usually declines . We know of no rigorously evaluated behavioral interventions that can improve this . We hypothesized that a strengths-based case management intervention that we developed for PLWH leaving jail would increase linkage/retention in care ( indicated by receipt of laboratory draws ) and a suppressed HIV viral load ( VL ) in the year following release . Methods and findings We conducted a quasi-experimental feasibility study of our intervention for PLWH jailed in Atlanta . We recruited 113 PLWH in jail starting in 2014 . “ SUCCESS ” ( Sustained , Unbroken Connection to Care , Entry Services , and Suppression ) began in jail and continued post-release . Subjects who started the intervention but subsequently began long-term incarcerations were excluded from further analysis . Persons who were retained in the intervention group were compared to contemporaneously incarcerated PLWH who did not receive the intervention . Identities were su bmi tted to an enhanced HIV/AIDS reporting system ( eHARS ) at the state health department to capture all laboratories drawn . Both community engagement and care upon jail return were assessed equally . For 44 intervention participants released to Atlanta , 50 % of care occurred on subsequent jail stays , as documented with EventFlow software . Forty-five receiving usual services only were recruited for comparison . By examining records of jail reentries , half of participants and 60 % of controls recidivated ( range : 1–8 returns ) . All but 6 participants in the intervention and 9 subjects in the comparison arm had ≥1 laboratory recorded in eHARS post-release . Among the intervention group , 52 % were retained in care ( i.e. , had two laboratory studies , > = 3 months apart ) , versus 40 % among the comparison group ( OR = 1.60 , 95 % CI ( 0.71 , 3.81 ) ) . Both arms showed improved viral load suppression . Conclusions There was a trend towards increased retention for PLWH released from jail after SUCCESS , compared to usual services . Measuring linkage at all venues , including jail-based clinics , fully captured engagement for this frequently recidivating population . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years . The authors review recent developments in the field , including books , meetings , courses , and conferences . They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues , a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( e. g. , American Psychiatric Association , 1994 ) , and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues . Finally , the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness . In a 6-group , r and om-assignment ,  placebo-controlled Internet study , the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise . They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms . Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology This study assessed the effects of a psychological group intervention based on positive psychology in women with breast cancer . 175 women were r and omly assigned either to an experimental group , receiving the 14-session intervention ( n = 87 ) , or to a waitlist group ( n = 88 ) that did not receive any type of intervention . For treatment , a group intervention was applied , based on improving psychological strengths and enhancing positive psychology-based styles of coping . Strength-related outcomes , self-esteem , well-being , and happiness were assessed before and after the intervention . The experimental group showed higher scores on all of the study variables after the intervention . Participants reported improved self-esteem , emotional intelligence-related abilities , resilience , and optimism , as well as positive affectivity , well-being , and happiness . The results show a beneficial effect of this psychological intervention based on positive psychology on female breast cancer patients ' psychological health The effect of a grateful outlook on psychological and physical well-being was examined . In Studies 1 and 2 , participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions ( hassles , gratitude listing , and either neutral life events or social comparison ) ; they then kept weekly ( Study 1 ) or daily ( Study 2 ) records of their moods , coping behaviors , health behaviors , physical symptoms , and overall life appraisal s. In a 3rd study , persons with neuromuscular disease were r and omly assigned to either the gratitude condition or to a control condition . The gratitude-outlook groups exhibited heightened well-being across several , though not all , of the outcome measures across the 3 studies , relative to the comparison groups . The effect on positive affect appeared to be the most robust finding . Results suggest that a conscious focus on blessings may have emotional and interpersonal benefits Recent years have seen an increasing interest in research in positive psychology interventions . There is broad evidence for their effectiveness in increasing well-being and ameliorating depression .  Intentional activities that focus on those character strengths , which are most typical for a person ( i.e. , signature strengths , SS ) and encourage their usage in a new way have been identified as highly effective . The current study aims at comparing an intervention aim ed at using SS with one on using individual low scoring ( or lesser ) strengths in a r and omized placebo-controlled trial . A total of 375 adults were r and omly assigned to one of the two intervention conditions [ i.e. , using five signature vs. five lesser strengths ( LS ) in a new way ] or a placebo control condition ( i.e. , early memories ) . We measured happiness and depressive symptoms at five time points ( i.e. , pre- and post-test , 1- , 3- , and 6-months follow-ups ) and character strengths at pre-test . The main findings are that ( 1 ) there were increases in happiness for up to 3 months and decreases in depressive symptoms in the short term in both intervention conditions ; ( 2 ) participants found working with strengths equally rewarding ( enjoyment and benefit ) in both conditions ; ( 3 ) those participants that reported generally higher levels of strengths benefitted more from working on LS rather than SS and those with comparatively lower levels of strengths tended to benefit more from working on SS ; and ( 4 ) deviations from an average profile derived from a large sample of German-speakers completing the Values-in-Action Inventory of Strengths were associated with greater benefit from the interventions in the SS-condition . We conclude that working on character strengths is effective for increasing happiness and discuss how these interventions could be tailored to the individual for promoting their effectiveness PURPOSE New approaches to chronic disease management emphasize the need to improve the delivery of primary care services to meet the needs of chronically ill patients . This study ( 1 ) assessed whether chronic disease management differed among 4 models of primary health care delivery and ( 2 ) identified which practice organizational factors were independently associated with high- quality care . METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional survey with nested qualitative case studies ( 2 practice s per model ) in 137 r and omly selected primary care practice s from 4 delivery models in Ontario Canada : fee for service , capitation , blended payment , and community health centers ( CHCs ) .  Practice and clinician surveys were based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool . A chart audit assessed evidence -based care delivery for patients with diabetes , congestive heart failure , and coronary artery disease .  Intermediate outcomes were calculated for patients with diabetes and hypertension . Multiple linear regression identified those organizational factors independently associated with chronic disease management . RESULTS Chronic disease management was superior in CHCs . Clinicians in CHCs found it easier than those in the other models to promote high- quality care through longer consultations and interprofessional collaboration . Across the whole sample and independent of model , high- quality chronic disease management was associated with the presence of a nurse-practitioner . It was also associated with lower patient-family physician ratios and when practice s had 4 or fewer full-time-equivalent family physicians . CONCLUSIONS The study adds to the literature supporting the value of nurse-practitioners within primary care teams and vali date s the contributions of Ontario ’s CHCs . Our observation that quality of care decreased in larger , busier practice s suggests that moves toward larger practice s and greater patient-physician ratios may have unanticipated negative effects on processes of care quality Abstract Objective : To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of conducting two positive psychology interventions to improve mood and self-concept with survivors of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) , within a neuro-rehabilitation hospital . Method and procedures : Ten patients with brain injury were r and omly allocated to an intervention and control group . The efficacy of the first intervention , ‘ three positive things in life ’ was measured via Seligman ’s Authentic Happiness Index ( AHI ) , at base-line , directly following the intervention and at the end of the 12-week group programme . The second intervention , the ‘ Value in Action ( VIA ) signature strengths intervention ’ was measured by the  Head Injury Semantic Differential Scale ( HISDS ) at baseline and at the end of the group . Results : Compared to baseline and control group scores , the AHI index showed an increase in the intervention group ’s happiness following the intervention and at the end of the 12-week programme , albeit the latter increase was non-significant . The HISDS showed non-significant improvement in self-concept and reduction in polarization of the self in the present , future and past in the second intervention . Anecdotal evidence revealed a clear improved mood following the interventions . Conclusion : This study shows promising results for the effectiveness of Positive Psychology interventions and methods to improve feasibility when applying this treatment within a hospital setting OBJECTIVE Seligman , Steen , Park , and Peterson ( 2005 ) suggested that positive psychology interventions ( PPIs ) contain specific , powerful , therapeutic ingredients that effect greater increases in happiness and reductions in depression than a placebo control . This study reexamined the three PPIs that Seligman et al. found to be most effective when delivered over the internet . METHOD Three PPIs and a placebo control , identical with the interventions used by Seligman et al. , were examined in a web-based , r and omized assignment design . RESULTS Mixed- design analysis of variance and multilevel modeling showed that all interventions , including the placebo , led to significant increases in happiness and reductions in depression . The effects of PPIs were indistinguishable from those of the placebo control . CONCLUSION Using web-based delivery , both PPIs and theoretically neutral placebos can increase happiness and reduce depression  in self-selected population s. Possible explanations include that non-specific factors common to most therapeutic treatments are responsible for the observed changes , or that cultural or other context -related variables operate to account for the divergent findings OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a low-cost , strengths-based group intervention led jointly by peer counselors and professional counselors to foster recovery among adults with serious mental illnesses . METHODS Cohort 1 included development of material s and a feasibility pilot , with participants recruited from community mental health centers ( CMHCs ) . Cohorts 2 and 3 included a small r and omized controlled trial with participants recruited from members of a not-for-profit , integrated health plan . Cohorts 4 and 5 involved evaluation of the most appropriate length for the intervention with a pre-post design that allowed intervention length to vary between 12 and 18 sessions ; participants and peer leaders were recruited from two CMHCs ( N=82 ) . RESULTS Participants were very satisfied with the recovery-focused group 
    Output:
    
The findings support the effectiveness of character strengths-based intervention on improving the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses .
IMPACT This rigorous review provided current evidence on using character strengths-based intervention to improve the psychological well-being of patients with chronic illnesses .
character strengths-based intervention provides a creative approach for patients because it may help improve their well-being , happiness , self-esteem and self-efficacy , as well as reduce depression and mental symptoms .