***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We investigated the effects of emotion perception training on depressive symptoms and mood in young adults reporting high levels of depressive symptoms ( trial registration : IS RCT N02532638 ) . Participants were r and omised to an intervention procedure design ed to increase the perception of happiness over sadness in ambiguous facial expressions or a control procedure , and completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms and mood . Those in the intervention condition had lower depressive symptoms and negative mood at 2-week follow-up , but there was no statistical evidence for a difference . There was some evidence for increased positive mood . Modification of emotional perception may lead to an increase in positive affect Previous studies of gender differences in the phenomenology of depression have focused mostly on symptoms as measured by self-report question naires or clinician-rated scales . In this study , we examined gender differences in the interpersonal behavior of depressed patients by using ethological techniques which involve direct observation of behavior . The  nonverbal behavior of 72 nondepressed volunteers and 68 patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of nonpsychotic unipolar depression was videorecorded during clinical interviews and scored according to an ethological scoring system including 37 behavior patterns , mostly facial expressions and h and movements . Both male and female depressed patients showed a global restriction of nonverbal expressiveness reflecting a tendency towards social withdrawal . Nonverbal expression of hostility was the only behavioral category on which depressed patients scored higher than nondepressed volunteers . Even though clinical status exerted marked effects on the ethological profile , depression did not obscure some important differences in the nonverbal behavior of males and females . As a group , depressed women showed more socially interactive behaviors than depressed men . Their modality of interacting included higher levels both of nonverbal hostility and of su bmi ssive and affiliative behaviors . These results are discussed in view of clinical data indicating a relationship between gender , style of social interaction and response to antidepressant drugs The goal of this investigation was to identify microlevel processes in the support provider that may foster or inhibit the provision of spousal support . Specifically , the authors focused on ( a ) how emotional similarity between the support provider and support seeker and ( b ) how empathic accuracy of the support provider relate to support provision in marriage . In a laboratory experiment , 30 couples were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions ( support provider : man vs. woman ) of a factorial design . The couples provided question naire data and participated in a social support interaction design ed to assess behaviors when offering and soliciting social support . A  video- review task was used to assess emotional similarity and empathic accuracy during the support interaction . As expected , greater similarity between the support provider 's and support seeker 's emotional responses , as well as more accurate insights into the support-seeking spouse 's thoughts and feelings were found to be predictive of more skilful support ( i.e. , higher levels of emotional and instrumental support and lower levels of negative types of support ) OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia patients often exhibit impairments in facial affect recognition which contribute to their poor social functioning . These impairments are stable in the course of the disorder and seem not to be affected by conventional treatment . The present study investigates the efficacy and specificity of a new training program for the remediation of such impairments . METHOD A newly developed training program tackling affect recognition ( TAR ) was compared with a cognitive remediation training program ( CRT ) and treatment as usual ( TAU ) within a r and omized three group pre-post design in n=77 post-acute schizophrenia patients . The TAR is a computer-aided 12-session program focussing on facial affect recognition , whereas the CRT aims to improve attention , memory and executive functioning . Facial affect recognition , face recognition , and neurocognitive performance were assessed before ( T0 ) and after ( T1 ) the six week training phase . During the training period all patients received antipsychotic medication . RESULTS Patients under TAR significantly improved in facial affect recognition , with recognition performance after training approaching the level of healthy controls from former studies . Patients under CRT and those without special training ( TAU ) did not improve in affect recognition , though patients under CRT improved in verbal memory functions . CONCLUSION According to these results , remediation of disturbed facial affect recognition in schizophrenia patients is possible , but not achievable with a traditional cognitive rehabilitation program such as the CRT . Instead , functional specialized remediation programs such as the newly developed TAR are a more suitable option 
    Output:
    
The results indicated that depression was related to one type of affective empathy .
Specifically , depression was related to high levels of empathic stress but not to abnormal empathic concern .
Further , depression was related to limited cognitive empathy , as indicated by poor perspective taking , theory of mind , and empathic accuracy .
Poor performance on the more objective laboratory tasks might partially be explained by the broader cognitive deficits commonly observed in depression .
Empathic abilities may be impaired in depression .
The relation between empathy , depression , and gender is unclear .
Insight into impaired empathy in depression may not only help explain poor social functioning in MDD but also benefit clinician-patient interactions