***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background A few observational studies have found an inverse association between adherence to a  Mediterranean diet and the risk of depression .  R and omized trials with an intervention based on this dietary pattern could provide the most definitive answer to the findings reported by observational studies . The aim of this study was to compare in a r and omized trial the effects of two Mediterranean diets versus a low-fat diet on depression risk after at least 3 years of intervention . Methods This was a multicenter , r and omized , primary prevention field trial of cardiovascular disease ( Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea ( PREDIMED Study ) ) based on community-dwelling men aged 55 to 80 years and women aged 60 to 80 years at high risk of cardiovascular disease ( 51 % of them had type 2 diabetes ; DM2 ) attending primary care centers affiliated with 11 Spanish teaching hospitals . Primary analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis . Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between the nutritional intervention groups and the incidence of depression . Results We identified 224 new cases of depression during follow-up . There was an inverse association with depression for participants assigned to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts ( multivariate hazard ratio ( HR ) 0.78 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.55 to 1.10 ) compared with participants assigned to the control group , although this was not significant . However , when the analysis was restricted to participants with DM2 , the magnitude of the effect of the intervention with the Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts did reach statistical significance ( multivariate HR = 0.59 ; 95 % CI 0.36 to 0.98 ) . Conclusions The result suggest that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts could exert a beneficial effect on the risk of depression in patients with DM2.Trial registration This trial has been registered in the Current Controlled Trials with the number IS RCT N BACKGROUND Studies of diet and depression have focused primarily on individual nutrients . AIMS To examine the association between dietary patterns and depression using an overall diet approach . METHOD Analyses were carried on data from 3486 participants ( 26.2 % women , mean age 55.6 years ) from the Whitehall II prospect i ve cohort , in which two dietary patterns were identified : ' whole food ' ( heavily loaded by vegetables , fruits and fish ) and ' processed food ' ( heavily loaded by sweetened desserts , fried food , processed meat , refined grains and high-fat dairy products ) . Self-reported depression was assessed 5 years later using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression ( CES-D ) scale . RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders , participants in the highest tertile of the whole food pattern had lower odds of CES-D depression ( OR = 0.74 , 95 % CI 0.56 - 0.99 ) than those in the lowest tertile . In contrast , high consumption of processed food was associated with an increased odds of CES-D depression ( OR = 1.58 , 95 % CI 1.11 - 2.23 ) . CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged participants , a processed food dietary pattern is a risk factor for CES-D depression 5 years later , whereas a whole food pattern is protective Aims To evaluate factors associated with depression in elderly . Methods During 2005–2007 , 553 men and 637 women ( aged 65 to 100 yrs ) living in various Greek isl and s and in Cyprus participated in the study . The sampling was r and om and multistage ( according to age-sex distribution of the referent population ) . Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) . Results Twenty five per cent of men and 35 % of women were classified in the highest GDS category ( i.e. GDS score > 10 ) , indicating intense depressive symptoms , while 54 % of men and 70 % of women scored above the depression cut-off ( i.e. GDS score > 5 ) indicating mild-to-severe depressive symptoms . Among the investigated characteristics , living in urban environment , physical inactivity and history of hypertension were correlated with the presence of depressive symptoms ( p<0.05 ) , after adjusting for various confounders . Moreover , the consumption of fish , vegetables and cereals is more prevalent among people with low or moderate depression ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions The prevalence of depression is quite high between elderly people living in Greek isl and s and Cyprus . Urban environment that may also interact with sedentarism and unhealthy dietary habits seems to promote depression in the studied population . Efforts to lower the prevalence of depression in the elderly should target on the aforementioned factors that employ functional impairment , social environment and dietary habits Purpose To prospect ively evaluate the association of the Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay ( MIND ) diet and the Mediterranean diet ( and their components ) , and depression risk . Methods We followed-up ( median 10.4 years ) 15,980 adults initially free of depression at baseline or in the first 2 years of follow-up .  Food consumption  was measured at baseline through a vali date d food-frequency question naire , and was used to compute adherence to the MIND and the Mediterranean diets . Relationships between these two diets and incident depression were assessed through Cox regression models . Results We identified 666 cases of incident depression . Comparing the highest versus the lowest quartiles of adherence , we found no association of the MIND diet and incident depression . This relation was statistically significant for the Mediterranean diet { hazard ratio ( HR ) 0.75 , [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.61 , 0.94 ] ; p < 0.01 } , although with departure from linearity . A reduced depression risk was associated with higher consumption of both fruits and nuts [ HR 0.82 ( 95 % CI 0.69 , 0.96 ) ; p = 0.02 ] , moderate nuts consumption [ HR 0.77 ( 95 % CI 0.64 , 0.93 ) ; p = 0.01 ] , and avoidance of fast/fried food [ HR 0.63 ( 95 % CI 0.41 , 0.96 ) ; p = 0.03 ] . Conclusions The Mediterranean diet was associated with reduced depression risk , but we found no evidence of such an association for the MIND diet CONTEXT Higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is linked to lower risk for mortality and chronic diseases , but its association with cognitive decline is unclear . OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of a Mediterranean diet with change in cognitive performance and risk for dementia in elderly French persons . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve cohort study of 1410 adults ( > or = 65 years ) from Bordeaux , France , included in the Three-City cohort in 2001 - 2002 and reexamined at least once over 5 years .  Adherence to a Mediterranean diet ( scored as 0 to 9 ) was computed from a food frequency question naire and 24-hour recall . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive performance was assessed on 4 neuropsychological tests : the Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) , Isaacs Set Test ( IST ) , Benton Visual Retention Test ( BVRT ) , and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test ( FCSRT ) . Incident cases of dementia ( n = 99 ) were vali date d by an independent expert committee of neurologists . RESULTS Adjusting for age , sex , education , marital status , energy intake , physical activity , depressive symptomatology , taking 5 medications/d or more , apolipoprotein E genotype , cardiovascular risk factors , and stroke , higher Mediterranean diet score was associated with fewer MMSE errors ( beta = -0.006 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -0.01 to -0.0003 ; P = .04 for 1 point of the Mediterranean diet score ) . Performance on the IST , BVRT , or FCSRT over time was not significantly associated with Mediterranean diet adherence . Greater adherence as a categorical variable ( score 6 - 9 ) was not significantly associated with fewer MMSE errors and better FCSRT scores in the entire cohort , but among individuals who remained free from dementia over 5 years , the association for the highest compared with the lowest group was significant ( adjusted for all factors , for MMSE : beta = -0.03 ; 95 % CI , -0.05 to -0.001 ; P = .04 ; for FCSRT : beta = 0.21 ; 95 % CI , 0.008 to 0.41 ; P = .04 ) . Mediterranean diet adherence was not associated with the risk for incident dementia ( fully adjusted model : hazard ratio , 1.12 ; 95 % CI , 0.60 to 2.10 ; P = .72 ) , although power to detect a difference was limited . CONCLUSIONS Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with slower MMSE cognitive decline but not consistently with other cognitive tests . Higher adherence was not associated with risk for incident dementia BACKGROUND No national data on the prevalence of mental disorders are available in Iran . Such information may be a prerequisite for efficient national mental health intervention . AIMS To determine the mental health status of a population sample aged 15 years and over . METHOD Through r and om cluster sampling , 35 014 individuals were selected and evaluated using the 28-item version of the General Health Question naire . A complementary semi-structured clinical interview was also undertaken to detect learning disability ( ' mental retardation ' ) , epilepsy and psychosis . RESULTS About a fifth of the people in the study ( 25.9 % of the women and 14.9 % of the men ) were detected as likely cases . The prevalence of mental disorders was 21.3 % in rural areas and 20.9 % in urban areas . Depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent than somatisation and social dysfunction . The interview of families by general practitioners revealed that the rates of learning disability , epilepsy and psychosis were 1.4 % , 1.2 % and 0.6 % , respectively . Prevalence increased with age and was higher in the married , widowed , divorced , unemployed and retired people . CONCLUSIONS Prevalence rates are comparable with international studies . There is a wide regional difference in the country , and women are at greater risk Depressive symptoms and inflammation increase in a prospect i ve study of older adults : a protective effect of a healthy ( Mediterranean-style ) Background Depression is a common disorder that is influenced by psychosocial factors in the workplace . Increasing resilience , the ability to cope with stress in the face of adversity , is considered an important strategy to prevent depression . It has been suggested that consumption of fish , which is a major source of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) , may prevent depression . However , associations between depression , resilience , and fish consumption have not been documented . The aim of the study is to investigate the association between fish consumption and resilience to depression . Methods Participants were 527 Japanese employees at three worksites of a large company . The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression ( CES-D ) Scale was administered to assess depressive symptoms , and the 14-item Resilience Scale ( RS-14 ) was administered to assess resilience . A self-report question naire extracted from the Food Frequency Question naire was used to measure fish consumption frequency . Regression analyses were conducted to assess a mediation model based on a statistical analysis framework defined by Baron and Kenny . The indirect association of resilience was calculated with the bootstrapping method . Each analysis was adjusted by age , sex , marital status , work position , and educational background . Results The association between fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score was significant ( B = −0.94 ; p = 0.011 ) . The association between fish consumption frequency and total RS-14 score was significant ( B = 1.4 ; p = 0.010 ) , as was association total RS-14 score and the total CES-D score ( B = −0.34 ; p < 0.001 ) . When controlling for total RS-14 score , there was no longer a significant association between fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score . The bootstrapping results revealed that significant indirect association though fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score ( bias corrected and accelerated confidence interval = −0.83 to −0.13 ; 95 % confidence interval ) through total RS-14 score . Conclusions Fish consumption might be associated with resilience to depression . Further studies are needed , particularly double blind r and omized placebo controlled intervention trials on the potential preventative effect of LC n-3 PUFA on resilience to depression OBJECTIVE The adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ensures an adequate intake of B vitamins and w-3 fatty acids . A protective role on depression has been suggested for both nutrients . DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis from the SUN ( Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra ) prospect i ve cohort study . Data from 9670 participants ( 4211 men and 5459 women ) were analised . Logistic regression analyses were fitted to assess the association between  B-vitamins and w-3 fatty acids intake ( quintiles ) and the prevalence of depression . RESULTS Folate intake was inversely 
    Output:
    
The analysis of cohort studies revealed no significant association was found between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression .
However , an inverse significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and odds of depression in cross-sectional studies