***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose . This study assesses buddy support in a community-based , minimal-contact smoking cessation program . Design . Telephone interviews with participants ( n=641 , response=74 % ) before and after ( end-of-program , n=1 , 023 , response=83 % ; three months n=757 , response=74 % ; six months , n=859 , response=84 % ; and 12 months , n=713 , response=70 % ) intervention provided the data to be analyzed . Setting . The Chicago metropolitan area was the setting . Subjects . Subjects were a r and om sample of registrants for the intervention program . Intervention . A self-help smoking cessation program was used , which included a manual and complementary televised segments . Engaging a buddy was optional . Measures . Background and psychosocial characteristics of participants , characteristics of buddies , program compliance , and smoking behavior were the measures used . Results . Almost one third ( 30.3 % ) engaged a buddy . Those most likely to engage a buddy were female ( 33.4 % ) , younger than 30 ( 37.2 % ) , educated beyond high school ( 33.4 % ) , highly determined to quit ( 41.8 % ) , and more likely to need help from others ( 39.8 % ) . More than half of the buddies were from outside the participant 's household ( 55.1 % ) , and more than half were nonsmokers ( 60.9 % ) . Having a buddy was associated positively with manual use ( gamma=.38 ) , viewing televised segments ( gamma=.23 ) , recalling manual segments ( gamma=.33 ) , and recalling televised segments ( gamma=.26 ) . Among those who read the manual least , having a buddy was associated with viewing televised segments ( gamma=.26 , p<.05 ) and with end-of-program quitting ( 16.8 % vs. 9.8 % , p<.05 ) . Having a buddy also was associated with higher abstinence through 12 months ( 5.8 % vs. 2.7 % , p=.013 ) . Among those with lower determination , the end-of-program quit rate was more than three times greater ( p=.013 ) for those with a buddy ( 16.1 % ) than without a buddy ( 5.2 % ) . Participants whose buddy was their spouse or partner were more likely to quit at end-of-program ( 29.1 % vs. 18.4 % , p=.031 ) . Conclusions . Buddy support should be promoted as an adjunct to minimal-contact smoking cessation programs . Impact of buddy support might be improved by guiding participants in choosing a buddy OBJECTIVE To determine the effects on cessation rates of adding a partner support group component to a large-group community-based behavioral smoking cessation program . METHODS During the past eight smoking cessation programs at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , separate  support group sessions were offered for support persons of prospect i ve quitters . Six hundred smokers brought 156 support people with them to the groups . Cessation rates were calculated at 3 , 6 , and 12 months postquit . RESULTS Those smokers who had support people attending at least one of the support group sessions had higher cessation rates at 3 , 6 , and 12 months ( 56 % , 46 % , and 43 % ) compared to those without a support person in attendance ( 36 % , 35 % , 32 % ) . This effect was especially strong for men , with 3- , 6- , and 12-month cessation rates for those with support of 58 % , 54 % , and 56 % , compared to 52 % , 41 % , and 36 % in the women with support . For men without a support person , the rates were 34 % , 35 % , and 33 % , compared to 38 % , 35 % , and 31 % in women without support . This indicates that although support was initially effective for women , it had no effect on sustained abstinence . CONCLUSIONS The addition of a support person group to a large-group behavioral smoking cessation program was effective in improving 3-month cessation rates in both men and women , but over 1-year of follow-up support was only associated with greater sustained abstinence in men Smokers requesting self-help material s for  smoking cessation ( N = 2,021 ) were r and omized to receive ( a ) an experimental self-quitting guide emphasizing nicotine fading and other nonaversive behavioral strategies , ( b ) the same self-quitting guide with a support guide for the quitter 's family and friends , ( c ) self-quitting and support guides along with four brief counselor calls , or ( d ) a control guide providing motivational and quit tips and referral to locally available guides and programs .  Subjects were predominantly moderate to heavy smokers with a history of multiple previous quit attempts and treatments . Control subjects achieved quit rates similar to those of smokers using the experimental quitting guide , with fewer behavioral prequitting strategies and more outside treatments . Social support guides had no effect on perceived support for quitting or on 8- and 16-month quit rates . Telephone counseling increased adherence to the quitting protocol and quit rates Six hundred and thirty smokers who intended to quit smoking themselves completed pre-cessation measures of self-efficacy , partner support , daily stresses and demographics . Subjects were contacted at 2 , 7 , 14 , 30 , 90 and 180 days post-cessation to determine smoking status and to re-administer the measures at 7 , 14 and 30 days post-cessation . A series of logistic regression examined which prospect i ve factors best predicted relapse between 0 - 2 days , 3 - 7 days , 8 - 14 days , 15 - 30 days , 31 - 90 days and 91 - 180 days . Relapse was predicted by different variables at different times ; however , self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of relapse over time This paper presents results from a preliminary short-term work-site intervention study aim ed at smoking cessation . The 3-month intervention included consultation for employers on the adoption of a nonsmoking policy , training for nonsmokers to provide assistance to smokers attempting to  quit  , and cessation classes for smokers .  Eight work sites from Bloomington , Minnesota were recruited to the study and r and omly assigned to an intervention or comparison condition after a baseline survey of all employees . To assess the effect of the intervention , smokers were surveyed 1 and 6 months after the intervention was completed . At the 1-month follow-up , the overall quit rate in the intervention group was 12 % compared to 5 % in the control group ( P < .05 ) . At the 6-month follow-up , 12 % of smokers in the intervention group reported quitting , compared to 9 % in the control group ( P < .05 ) . Co-worker support for quitting was higher in the intervention group compared to the comparison group . Cessation was highest overall among smokers whose co-workers frequently asked them not to smoke and among those who worked with a high proportion of nonsmokers . These results indicate that a short-term , multifaceted smoking cessation program implemented in work sites can affect smoking cessation rates as well as the work-site norms about smoking BACKGROUND A partner 's provision of support and smoking status has been consistently associated with women 's likelihood of smoking cessation during pregnancy and relapse in postpartum . DESIGN A three-group r and omized controlled intervention trial was conducted in 1996 to 2001 , with 583 women and their partners r and omized to usual care ( UC ) , woman-only ( WO ) , or partner-assisted ( PA ) intervention .  Follow-ups occurred at 28 weeks of pregnancy , and 2- , 6- , and 12-months postpartum . SETTING Womack Army Medical Center ( WAMC ) at Fort Bragg in Fayetteville , North Carolina . INTERVENTION Women in the UC condition received provider advice to quit and a self-help guide . The WO condition received UC components plus a late-pregnancy relapse prevention kit ( booklet and gift items ) and six counseling calls ( three in pregnancy and three postpartum ) initiated by a health advisor . Women in the PA condition received the WO intervention , and their partners received telephone counseling and a support guide emphasizing skills to help the woman build and maintain her confidence to quit smoking . Partners who smoked also received cessation aids and related counseling . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Seven-day self-reported abstinence from smoking at each follow-up . RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses showed no significant differences by condition in women 's reports of abstinence at any follow-up . In late pregnancy , more partners were abstinent in the PA condition ( 15 % ) than in the UC condition ( 5 % ) , p = 0.02 . CONCLUSIONS Partner-assisted smoking-cessation interventions need further refinement . Influencing young couples ' support patterns may require more intensive and conjoint intervention . Partners who smoke could benefit from support for their cessation efforts BACKGROUND Although smoking cessation programs significantly reduce smoking rates in the general population , some sectors are poorly motivated by them , especially healthy men from lower socioeconomic classes . METHODS By using a significant life event ( approaching birth of a child ) we exploited a time of increased receptiveness to smoking cessation influences . A multicomponent intervention was conducted and evaluated using a stratified , r and omised control trial , with an intention to treat analysis . RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one men were enrolled and 505 ( 90 % ) followed to the end of their partners ' pregnancy . At 6-month follow-up 16.5 % of 291 smokers of the intervention group and 9.3 % of 270 in the control group reported they had stopped smoking ( P=0.011 , OR=0.52 , 95 % CI 0.31 - 0.86 ) . The strongest predictors of smoking cessation were being in a skilled occupation , having a higher number of quit attempts in the previous year and having the first cigarette of the day relatively later . CONCLUSIONS The number of smoking men who had to be treated to achieve one stopping smoking ( NNT ) during their partner 's pregnancy was 13 to 14 . Innovative antismoking population health measures for the partners of antenatal patients are effective and perhaps should be more widely adopted OBJECTIVES This project investigated whether augmented prenatal care for high-risk African American women would improve pregnancy outcomes and patients ' knowledge of risks , satisfaction with care , and behavior . METHODS The women enrolled were African American , were eligible for Medicaid , had scored 10 or higher on a risk assessment scale , were 16 years or older , and had no major medical complications . They were r and omly assigned to augmented care ( n = 318 ) or usual care ( n = 301 ) .  Augmented care included educationally oriented peer groups , additional appointments , extended time with clinicians , and other supports . RESULTS Women in augmented care rated their care as more helpful , knew more about their risk conditions , and spent more time with their nurse-providers than did women in usual care . More smokers in augmented care quit smoking . Pregnancy outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups ; however , among patients in augmented care , rates of preterm births were lower and cesarean deliveries and stays in neonatal intensive care units occurred in smaller proportions . Both groups had lower-than-predicted rates of low birthweight . CONCLUSIONS High- quality prenatal care , emphasizing education , health promotion , and social support , significantly increased women 's satisfaction , knowledge of risk conditions , and perceived mastery in their lives , but it did not reduce low birthweight To better underst and how social support operates in smoking cessation , three models of support were tested : main effect , stress-buffering , and indirect . Employees from 61 worksites received ( a ) self-help manuals ( SH ) ; ( b ) self-help manuals and incentives ( I ) ; or ( c ) self-help manuals , incentives , and social support groups ( G ) . At 24 months , results suggest that the main effect model of social support was operating in this study . That is , social support had a direct influence on smoking cessation . The group intervention significantly enhanced positive partner support across all time points , and partner support facilitated quitting smoking . Higher levels of appraisal support also significantly predicted successful quitting . The beneficial effects of social support were sustained throughout the process of quitting and long-term maintenance BACKGROUND Evaluate the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of a skills-training intervention for adults interested in helping someone to stop smoking ( i.e. , support persons ) . METHODS Sixty adult support persons ( 77 % female ) were directly recruited from the community and r and omly assigned to this intervention ( manual plus five weekly group-based sessions ) or a control condition ( one-page leaflet ) . All intervention and outcome assessment s occurred through the support persons . Assessment s occurred at weeks 0 ( baseline ) , 6 ( end of treatment ) , 12 , and 24 . The study was conducted from 1998 to 2001 ; data collection occurred from 1999 to 2000 . Outcomes were ratings of treatment acceptability , recruitment and retention rates , supportive behaviors provided to the smoker , and smoking behavior change in the smoker as reported by the support person . RESULTS Support persons were recruited in a timely manner and study retention rates were high . Support persons in skills training showed significant increases in their supportive behavior scores compared with control subjects at weeks 6 and 12 . Although not statistically significant , the skills-training intervention was associated with more quit attempts , greater 
    Output:
    
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS We conclude that interventions design ed to enhance partner support for smokers in cessation programs did not increase quit rates .
Limited data from several of the RCTs suggest that these interventions did not increase partner support either .
No conclusions can be made about the impact of partner support on smoking cessation .