***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Alzheimer ’s disease ( AD ) is the most common type of dementia affecting people over 65 years of age . The hallmarks of AD are the extracellular deposits known as amyloid β plaques and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles , both of which are the principal players involved in synaptic loss and neuronal cell death . Tau protein and Aβ fragment 1–42 have been investigated so far in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential AD biomarkers . However , an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers which will capture disease in the early stages and with better specificity remains . High-throughput proteomic and pathway analysis of hippocampal tissue provides a valuable source of disease-related proteins and biomarker c and i date s , since it represents one of the earliest affected brain regions in AD . Results In this study 2954 proteins were identified ( with at least 2 peptides for 1203 proteins ) from both control and AD brain tissues . Overall , 204 proteins were exclusively detected in AD and 600 proteins in control sample s. Comparing AD and control exclusive proteins with cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) literature -based proteome , 40 out of 204 AD related proteins and 106 out of 600 control related proteins were also present in CSF . As most of these proteins were extracellular/secretory origin , we consider them as a potential source of c and i date biomarkers that need to be further studied and verified in CSF sample s. Conclusions Our semiquantitative proteomic analysis provides one of the largest human hippocampal proteome data bases . The lists of AD and control related proteins represent a panel of proteins potentially involved in AD pathogenesis and could also serve as prospect i ve AD diagnostic biomarkers Cognitive dysfunction is common in older persons suffering from a major depression . However , the degree to which this dysfunction is reversible with successful treatment of the depression remains uncertain . The present study examined the effects that treatment ( r and omized double-blind design ) with either an SSRI ( paroxetine ) or a tricyclic antidepressant ( nortriptyline ) had on cognition in older depressed patients . The patients ' performance was compared to that of a group of normal controls of similar age and education . Patients and controls were administered measures of working memory , information-processing speed , episodic memory and attention five times over the course of a 12 week trial . At baseline , the patients performed more poorly than the elderly controls on all cognitive measures . While the patients ' performance did improve over the course of their treatment , the magnitude of this improvement did not exceed that produced in the elderly controls by practice alone . The same pattern of results was evident in both intent-to-treat and responder analyses . Thus , there was no evidence that the depressed patients ' cognitive performance normalized after response to antidepressant therapy . Neither the patients ' age at onset nor their baseline level of cognitive functioning influenced the amount by which their performance improved over the 12 week trial . There was no difference between paroxetine and nortriptyline in the amount of cognitive change associated with treatment . The present results suggest that cognitive dysfunction persists in older depressed patients even after their mood disorder has responded to antidepressant medications Background MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) mediate posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes by binding to the 3 ' untranslated region of target mRNAs , leading to translational inhibition , mRNA destabilization or degradation , depending on the degree of sequence complementarity . In general , a single miRNA concurrently downregulates hundreds of target mRNAs . Thus , miRNAs play a key role in fine-tuning of diverse cellular functions , such as development , differentiation , proliferation , apoptosis and metabolism . However , it remains to be fully eluci date d whether a set of miRNA target genes regulated by an individual miRNA in the whole human microRNAome generally constitute the biological network of functionally-associated molecules or simply reflect a r and om set of functionally-independent genes . Methods The complete set of human miRNAs was downloaded from miRBase Release 16 . We explored target genes of individual miRNA by using the Diana-microT 3.0 target prediction program , and selected the genes with the miTG score ≧ 20 as the set of highly reliable targets . Then , Entrez Gene IDs of miRNA target genes were uploaded onto KeyMolnet , a tool for analyzing molecular interactions on the comprehensive knowledgebase by the neighboring network- search algorithm . The generated network , compared side by side with human canonical networks of the KeyMolnet library , composed of 430 pathways , 885 diseases , and 208 pathological events , enabled us to identify the canonical network with the most significant relevance to the extracted network . Results Among 1,223 human miRNAs examined , Diana-microT 3.0 predicted reliable targets from 273 miRNAs . Among them , KeyMolnet successfully extracted molecular networks from 232 miRNAs . The most relevant pathway is transcriptional regulation by transcription factors RB/E2F , the disease is adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia , and the pathological event is cancer . Conclusion The predicted targets derived from approximately 20 % of all human miRNAs constructed biologically meaningful molecular networks , supporting the view that a set of miRNA targets regulated by a single miRNA generally constitute the biological network of functionally-associated molecules in human cells OBJECTIVE Knowledge of the relationship between various clinical characteristics and cognitive functioning is advancing , but little is known about the cognitive response to treatment for geriatric depression . The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive response to treatment for patients with late-life depression . METHOD Subjects included 45 nondemented , elderly depressed patients who achieved remission after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment and 20 elderly comparison subjects .  All subjects were administered a battery of clinical measures , including cognitive screening instruments , before and after treatment . RESULTS As a group , the elderly depressed patients showed a small improvement in overall cognitive functioning after treatment . Among depressed patients with concomitant cognitive impairment at baseline , performance on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale domains of conceptualization and initiation/perseveration improved significantly relative to those of depressed patients with normal cognition . Despite the improvement following treatment , the overall level of cognitive functioning in the elderly depressed patients with cognitive impairment at baseline remained mildly impaired , especially in the memory and initiation/perseveration domains . CONCLUSIONS Elderly depressed patients with cognitive impairment may experience improvement in specific domains following antidepressant treatment but may not necessarily reach normal levels of performance , particularly in memory and executive functions . This subgroup of late-life depression patients is likely at high risk of developing progressive dementia 
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CONCLUSION The current results suggest that the maintenance of genomic integrity , proteostasis control , immune-inflammatory regulation , and neurotrophic support are key neurobiologic links between these conditions .