***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: There have been cl aims that the postoperative course of patients may be improved by presentation during general anesthesia of therapeutic suggestions which predict a rapid and comfortable postoperative recovery . This study evaluated the effectiveness of such therapeutic suggestions under double-blind and r and omized conditions . A tape recording predicting a smooth recovery during a short postoperative stay without pain , nausea , or vomiting was played during anesthesia to about half the patients ( N = 109 ) , while the remaining , control patients were played a blank tape instead ( N = 100 ) . The patients were primarily undergoing operations on the fallopian tubes , total abdominal hysterectomy , vertical b and ing gastroplasty , cholecystectomy , and ovarian cystectomy or myomectomy . The anesthesia methods consisted of either isoflurane with 70 % nitrous oxide in oxygen to produce end-tidal concentrations of 1.0 , 1.3 , or 1.5 MAC ; or 70 % nitrous oxide in oxygen combined with high or low doses of opioids . Assessment s of the efficacy of the therapeutic suggestions in the recovery room and throughout the postoperative hospital stay included : the frequency of administration of analgesic and antiemetic drugs ; opioid doses ; the incidence of fever ; nausea , retching , and vomiting ; other gastrointestinal and urinary symptoms ; ratings of pain ; ratings of anxiety ; global ratings of the patients ' physical and psychological recoveries by the patients and their nurses ; and length of postoperative hospital stay . There were no meaningful , significant differences in postoperative recovery of patients receiving therapeutic suggestions and controls . These negative results were not likely to be due to insensitivity of the assessment s of recovery , as they showed meaningful interrelations among themselves and numerous differences in recovery following different types of surgery . Widespread utilization of therapeutic suggestions as a routine operating room procedure seems premature in the absence of adequate replication of previously published positive studies Immediately before they underwent femoral angiography , 45 patients were given one of three types of audiotapes : a relaxation response tape recorded for this study , a tape of contemporary instrumental music , or a blank tape . All patients were instructed to listen to their audiotape during the entire angiographic procedure . Each audiotape was played through earphones . Radiologists were not told the group assignment or tape contents . The patients given the audiotape with instructions to elicit the relaxation response ( n = 15 ) experienced significantly less anxiety ( P less than .05 ) and pain ( P less than .001 ) during the procedure , were observed by radiology nurses to exhibit significantly less pain ( P less than .001 ) and anxiety ( P less than .001 ) , and requested significantly less fentanyl citrate ( P less than .01 ) and diazepam ( P less than .01 ) than patients given either the music ( n = 14 ) or the blank ( n = 16 ) control audiotapes . Elicitation of the relaxation response is a simple , inexpensive , efficacious , and practical method to reduce pain , anxiety , and medication during femoral angiography and may be useful in other invasive procedures CONTEXT Previous studies on the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) therapy on  chronic pain syndromes have been hampered by study design . OBJECTIVE To evaluate short-term efficacy of MBSR therapy for improving quality of life in adults with failed back surgery syndrome ( FBSS ) . DESIGN A single-center , prospect i ve , r and omized , single-blind , parallel-group clinical trial . PATIENTS AND SETTING Participants were recruited from a multidisciplinary spine and rehabilitation center in the greater Portl and , Maine , area . INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patients were r and omly assigned at baseline to receive either MBSR therapy plus traditional therapy or traditional therapy alone for an 8-week period . Those receiving MBSR therapy completed weekly group sessions , and the control group continued with their traditional care as prescribed by their medical care providers . At study enrollment and at 12-week follow-up , all participants completed question naires on pain , quality of life , functionality , analgesic use , and sleep quality . Patients in the intervention group also completed question naires at 40-week follow-up . RESULTS The final analysis included 25 patients with FBSS ; 15 patients were in the  MBSR intervention arm , and 10 in the control group . At 12-week follow-up , patients in the intervention arm had a mean 7.0-point increase ( on an 108-point [ corrected ] scale ) in pain acceptance and quality of life on the Chronic Pain Assessment Question naire , a mean 3.6-point [ corrected ] decrease ( on a 24-point scale ) in functional limitation on the Rol and -Morris Disability Question naire , a mean 6.9-point [ corrected ] reduction ( on a 30-point scale ) in pain level on the Summary Visual Analog Scale for Pain , a mean 1.5-point [ corrected ] reduction ( on a 4-point scale ) in frequency of use and potency of analgesics used for pain and recorded on logs , and a mean 2.0-point [ corrected ] increase ( on a 5-point scale ) in sleep quality on the abridged Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory . These results were statistically and clinical ly significant compared to outcomes for the control group . CONCLUSION The results suggest that MBSR can be a useful clinical intervention for patients with FBSS A prospect i ve study was design ed to compare two psychological support interventions in controlling peri-dressing change pain and anxiety in severely burned patients . Thirty patients with a total burned surface area of 10 - 25 % , requiring a hospital stay of at least 14 days , were r and omised to receive either hypnosis or stress reducing strategies ( SRS ) adjunctively to routine intramuscular pre-dressing change analgesia and anxiolytic drugs .  Visual analogue scale ( VAS ) scores for anxiety , pain , pain control and satisfaction were recorded at 2-day intervals throughout the 14-day study period , before , during and after dressing changes . The psychological assistance was given on days 8 and 10 after hospital admission . The comparison of the two treatment groups indicated that VAS anxiety scores were significantly decreased before and during dressing changes when the hypnotic technique was used instead of SRS . No difference was observed for pain , pain control and satisfaction , although VAS scores were always better in the hypnosis group . The study also showed that , overall , psychological support interventions  reduced pain and increased patient satisfaction . These results confirm the potential benefits of psychological assistance during dressing changes in burned patients Background Medical management of acute pain among hospital in patients may be enhanced by mind-body interventions . Objective We hypothesized that a single , scripted session of mindfulness training focused on acceptance of pain or hypnotic suggestion focused on changing pain sensations through imagery would significantly reduce acute pain intensity and unpleasantness compared to a psychoeducation pain coping control . We also hypothesized that mindfulness and suggestion would produce significant improvements in secondary outcomes including relaxation , pleasant body sensations , anxiety , and desire for opioids , compared to the control condition . Methods This three-arm , parallel-group r and omized controlled trial conducted at a university-based hospital examined the acute effects of 15-min psychosocial interventions ( mindfulness , hypnotic suggestion , psychoeducation ) on adult in patients reporting “ intolerable pain ” or “ inadequate pain control . ” Participants ( N = 244 ) were assigned to one of three intervention conditions : mindfulness ( n = 86 ) , suggestion ( n = 73 ) , or psychoeducation ( n = 85).Key Results Participants in the mind-body interventions reported significantly lower baseline-adjusted pain intensity post-intervention than those assigned to psychoeducation ( p < 0.001 , percentage pain reduction : mindfulness = 23 % , suggestion = 29 % , education = 9 % ) , and lower baseline-adjusted pain unpleasantness ( p < 0.001 ) . Intervention conditions differed significantly with regard to relaxation ( p < 0.001 ) , pleasurable body sensations ( p = 0.001 ) , and desire for opioids ( p = 0.015 ) , but all three interventions were associated with a significant reduction in anxiety ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions Brief , single-session mind-body interventions delivered by hospital social workers led to clinical ly significant improvements in pain and related outcomes , suggesting that such interventions may be useful adjuncts to medical pain management . Trial registration Trial Registry : Clinical Trials.gov ; registration ID number : NCT02590029URL : https:// clinical OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether hypnotic analgesia can reduce the need for intravenous sedation analgesia without increasing pain and anxiety levels during abortion . STUDY DESIGN A cohort of 350 women who were scheduled for surgical abortion ( < 14 weeks ' gestation ) were assigned r and omly to a st and ard care group or a group that received a st and ardized hypnotic analgesia intervention 20 minutes before and throughout the surgical procedure . Primary outcome was the difference between the 2 groups : ( 1 ) the proportion who received sedation ( yes/no ) during the surgical procedure and ( 2 ) self- assessment s of pain and anxiety during suction evacuation of uterus content . RESULTS Women who underwent hypnosis required less intravenous sedation analgesia ( 108/172 women ; 63 % ) than the control group ( 149/175 women ; 85 % ; P < .0001 ) and self-reported no difference in pain , but not in anxiety , levels during suction evacuation . CONCLUSION Hypnotic interventions can be effective as an adjunct to pharmacologic management of acute pain during abortion The effects of hypnosis/therapeutic suggestion in connection with intravenous sedation and surgery have been described in many clinical publications ; however , few r and omized , controlled , and blind studies have been performed in the outpatient area . The original study published in 2010 aim ed to evaluate the use of hypnosis/therapeutic suggestion as an adjunct to intravenous sedation in patients having third molar removal in an outpatient setting . The patients were r and omly assigned to a treatment or control group . The treatment group listened to a rapid conversational induction and therapeutic suggestions via headphones throughout the entire surgical procedure along with a st and ard sedation dose of intravenous anesthetic . The control group received intravenous anesthesia but listened to only music without any hypnotic intervention . The current replication study addressed several of the limitations of the original . Sample size was increased and selection of participants from a different geographic area in Pennsylvania .  Intra-operative propofol administration , patient post-operative pain ratings , and post-operative prescription pain reliever consumption were all significantly reduced in the treatment compared to the control group . Implication s of these results are discussed Background Catastrophic thinking and fear-avoidance belief are negatively influencing severe acute pain following surgery causing delayed ambulation and discharge . We aim ed to examine if a preoperative intervention of cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) could influence the early postsurgical outcome following lumbar spinal fusion surgery ( LSF ) . Methods Ninety patients undergoing LSF due to degenerative spinal disorders were r and omly allocated to either the CBT group or the control group . Both groups received surgery and postoperative rehabilitation . In addition , the CBT group received a preoperative intervention focussed on pain coping using a CBT approach . Primary outcome was back pain during the first week ( 0–10 scale ) . Secondary outcomes were mobility , analgesic consumption , and length of hospitalisation . Data were retrieved using self-report question naires , assessment s made by physical therapists and from medical records . Results No difference between the groups ’ self-reported back pain ( p = 0.76 ) was detected . Independent mobility was reached by a significantly larger number of patients in the CBT group than the control group during the first three postoperative days . Analgesic consumption tended to be lower in the CBT group , whereas length of hospitalisation was unaffected by the CBT intervention . Conclusion Participation in a preoperative CBT intervention appeared to facilitate mobility in the acute postoperative phase , despite equally high levels of self-reported acute postsurgical pain in the two groups , and a slightly lower intake of rescue analgesics in the CBT group . This may reflect an overall improved ability to cope with pain following participation in the preoperative CBT intervention . Trial registration The study was approved by the Danish Protection Agency ( 2011 - 41 - 5899 ) and the Ethics Committee of the Central Denmark Region ( M-20110047 ) . The trial was registered in Current Controlled Trials ( IS RCT N42281022 ) BACKGROUND Breast cancer surgery is associated with side effects , including postsurgical pain , nausea , and fatigue . We carried out a r and omized clinical trial to test the hypotheses that a brief presurgery hypnosis intervention would decrease intraoperative anesthesia and analgesic use and side effects associated with breast cancer surgery and that it would be cost effective . METHODS We r and omly assigned 200 patients who were scheduled to undergo excisional breast biopsy or lumpectomy ( mean age 48.5 years ) to a 15-minute presurgery hypnosis session conducted by a psychologist or nondirective empathic listening ( attention control ) . Patients were not blinded to group assignment . Intraoperative anesthesia use ( i.e. , of the analgesics lidocaine and fentanyl and the sedatives propofol and midazolam ) was assessed . Patient-reported pain and other side effects as measured on 
    Output:
    
Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that MBTs are associated with moderate improvements in pain and small reductions in opioid dose and may be associated with therapeutic benefits for opioid-related problems , such as opioid craving and misuse .