***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Using peer volunteers as delivery agents may improve translation of evidence -based physical activity promotion programs for older adults . This study examined whether tailored support from older peer volunteers could improve initiation and long-term maintenance of physical activity behavior . METHODS Participants were r and omized to 2 16-week , group-based  programs : ( 1 ) peer-delivered , theory-based support for physical activity behavior change ; or ( 2 ) an intervention typically available in community setting s ( basic education , gym membership , and pedometer for self-monitoring ) , attention-matched with health education .  Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) was assessed via daily self-report logs at baseline , at the end of the intervention ( 16 weeks ) , and at follow-up ( 18 months ) , with accelerometry validation ( RT3 ) in a r and om sub sample . RESULTS Seven peer volunteers and 81 sedentary adults were recruited .  Retention at the end of the trial was 85 % and follow-up at 18 months was 61 % . Using intent-to-treat analyses , at 16 weeks , both groups had similar significant improvements in MVPA . At 18 months , the group supplemented with peer support had significantly more MVPA . CONCLUSIONS Trained peer volunteers may enhance long-term maintenance of physical activity gains from a community-based intervention . This approach has great potential to be adapted and delivered inexpensively in community setting OBJECTIVE We evaluate the 6-month efficacy of Keep Active Minnesota , a phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention design ed for use with adults age 50 to 70 years who have increased their physical activity within the past year . METHOD Participants ( N=1049 ) recruited in 2004 and 2005 from one large managed-care organization in Minnesota were r and omly assigned to either treatment ( N=523 ) or usual care ( N=526 ) with physical activity assessed using the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors question naire , and expressed as kcal/week expenditures . RESULTS Total physical activity at baseline was similar for treatment and usual care participants ( p<0.44 ) as was moderate/vigorous physical activity ( p<0.21 ) . Maintenance of physical activity was higher among treatment participants whose mean 6-month change in total kcal/week energy expenditure was -91 , compared to -683 for usual care participants ( p<0.002 ) . Mean 6-month change in kcal/week expenditure in moderate or vigorous activities was -49 for treatment participants , compared to -612 for usual care participants ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS This phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention is efficacious at maintaining physical activity at 6 months Although telephone and mail are often used to promote physical activity adoption , their ability to produce long-term maintenance is unclear . In this study , 140 men and women aged 50 - 65 years received 1 year of telephone counseling  to adopt higher ( i.e. , more vigorous ) versus lower intensity ( i.e. , moderate ) exercise . After 1 year , participants were rer and omized to a 2nd year of contact via ( a ) telephone and mail or ( b ) predominantly mail . Participants who were prescribed higher intensity exercise and received predominantly mail had better exercise adherence during the maintenance year than those who received telephone and mail . Both strategies were similarly effective in promoting maintenance in the lower intensity condition . Results suggest that after successful adoption of physical activity with the help of telephone counseling , less intensive interventions are successful for physical activity maintenance in older adults BACKGROUND It is important to determine if permanent lifestyle changes may result from physical activity interventions and whether health may be affected by these changes . OBJECTIVE To conduct a 10-year follow-up of physical activity and self-reported health status in participants of a r and omized clinical trial of walking intervention .  METHODS Of the original 229 volunteer postmenopausal women who participated in the original clinical trial , 196 ( N = 96 intervention and 100 controls ) completed the 10-year follow-up telephone interview . The interview protocol included questions on  self-reported walking for exercise  and purpose s other than exercise , the Paffenbarger sport and exercise index , functional status , and various chronic diseases and conditions . RESULTS The median values for both usual walking for exercise and total walking  were significantly higher for walkers compared with controls ( for both , P = .01 ) , with median differences of 706 and 420 kcal/wk , respectively . After excluding women who reported heart disease during the original trial , 2 women in the walking group ( 2 % ) and 11 women in the control group ( 12 % ) reported physician-diagnosed heart disease over the last 10 years ( P = .07 ) . There were also fewer hospitalizations , surgeries , and falls among women in the walking group , although these differences were not statistically significant ( P>.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by self-report , this study may be the first to demonstrate long-term exercise compliance to a r and omized control trial in older women and to suggest that health benefits may have ensued as a result of these increased activity levels Background The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity warrants preventive actions , particularly among people in transitional stages associated with lifestyle changes , such as occupational retirement . The purpose is to investigate the effect of a one year low-intensity computer-tailored energy balance programme among recent retirees on waist circumference , body weight and body composition , blood pressure , physical activity and dietary intake . Methods A r and omised controlled trial was conducted among recent retirees ( N = 413 ; mean age 59.5 years ) . Outcome measures were assessed using anthropometry , bio-impedance , blood pressure measurement and question naires . Results Waist circumference , body weight and blood pressure decreased significantly in men of the intervention and control group , but no significant between-group-differences were observed at 12 or at 24-months follow-up . A significant effect of the programme was only observed on waist circumference ( -1.56 cm ( 95%CI : -2.91 to -0.21 ) ) at 12 month follow up among men with low education ( n = 85 ) . Physical activity and dietary behaviours improved in both the intervention and control group during the intervention period . Although , these behaviours changed more favourably in the intervention group , these between-group-differences were not statistically significant . Conclusions The multifaceted computer-tailored programme for recent retirees did not appear to be effective . Apparently the transition to occupational retirement and /or participation in the study had a greater impact than the intervention programme . Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT00122213 Mobile devices are a promising channel for delivering just-in-time guidance and support for improving key daily health behaviors . Despite an explosion of mobile phone applications aim ed at physical activity and other health behaviors , few have been based on theoretically derived constructs and empirical evidence . Eighty adults ages 45 years and older who were insufficiently physically active , engaged in prolonged daily sitting , and were new to smartphone technology , participated in iterative design development and feasibility testing of three daily activity smartphone applications based on motivational frames drawn from behavioral science theory and evidence . An “ analytically ” framed custom application focused on personalized goal setting , self-monitoring , and active problem solving around barriers to behavior change . A “ socially ” framed custom application focused on social comparisons , norms , and support . An “ affectively ” framed custom application focused on operant conditioning principles of reinforcement scheduling and emotional transference to an avatar , whose movements and behaviors reflected the physical activity and sedentary levels of the user . To explore the applications ' initial efficacy in changing regular physical activity and leisure-time sitting , behavioral changes were assessed across eight weeks in 68 participants using the CHAMPS physical activity question naire and the Australian sedentary behavior question naire . User acceptability of and satisfaction with the applications was explored via a post-intervention user survey . The results indicated that the three applications were sufficiently robust to significantly improve regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and decrease leisure-time sitting during the 8-week behavioral adoption period . Acceptability of the applications was confirmed in the post-intervention surveys for this sample of midlife and older adults new to smartphone technology . Preliminary data exploring sustained use of the applications across a longer time period yielded promising results . The results support further systematic investigation of the efficacy of the applications for changing these key health-promoting behaviors OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy at 6- , 12- , and 24-month follow-up of Keep Active Minnesota ( KAM ) , a telephone and mail-based intervention design ed to promote physical activity ( PA ) maintenance among currently active adults age 50 to 70 . METHOD Participants who reported having recently increased their MVPA to a minimum of 2d/wk , 30 min/bout , ( N=1049 ) were recruited in 2004 and 2005 from one large managed care organization in Minnesota , and r and omly assigned to either treatment ( KAM ; N=523 ) , or Usual Care ( UC ; N=526 ) with PA assessed using the CHAMPS question naire , and expressed as kcal/wk energy expenditure . RESULTS We find a sustained , significant benefit of the intervention at 6 , 12 and 24 months . kcal/wk expenditure in moderate or vigorous activities was higher at 6 ( p<.03 , Cohen 's d(6m)=.16 ) , 12 ( p<.04 , d(12 m)=.13 ) and 24 months ( p<.01 , d(24 m)=.16 ) for KAM participants , compared to UC participants . CONCLUSIONS The KAM telephone- and mail-based PA maintenance intervention was effective at maintaining PA in both the short-term ( 6 months ) and longer-term ( 12 and 24 months ) relative to usual care Background Computer tailoring and motivational interviewing show promise in promoting lifestyle change , despite few head-to-head comparative studies . Purpose Vitalum is a r and omized controlled trial in which the efficacy of these methods was compared in changing physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in middle-aged Dutch adults . Methods Participants ( n = 1,629 ) were recruited via 23 general practice s and r and omly received either four tailored print letters , four motivational telephone calls , two of each type of intervention , or no information . The primary outcomes were absolute change in self-reported physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption . Results All three intervention groups ( i.e. , the tailored letters , the motivational calls , and the combined version ) were equally and significantly more effective than the control group in increasing physical activity ( hours/day ) , intake of fruit ( servings/day ) , and consumption of vegetables ( grams/day ) from baseline to the intermediate measurement ( week 25 ) , follow-up 1 ( week 47 ) and 2 ( week 73 ) . Effect sizes ( Cohen ’s d ) ranged from 0.15 to 0.18 . Participants rated the interventions positively ; interviews were more positively evaluated than letters . Conclusions Tailored print communication and telephone motivational interviewing or their combination are equally successful in changing multiple behaviors Background Important health benefits can be derived when low-cost ( e.g. , computer-tailored ) physical activity interventions for older adults demonstrate sustained effects . Purpose The purpose of the study was to conduct in-depth analysis on the long-term efficacy of two tailored physical activity interventions for older adults . Methods A r and omized controlled trial ( n = 1,971 ) with two computer-tailored interventions  and a no-intervention control group was conducted . The two tailored interventions consisted of three tailored letters , delivered during 4 months . The basic tailored intervention targeted psychosocial determinants alone , while the environmentally tailored intervention additionally targeted environmental determinants , by providing tailored environmental information .  Self-reported behaviors ( i.e. , total physical activity , transport walking and cycling , leisure walking and cycling , and sports ) were measured at baseline and 12 months . Additionally , potential personal , health-related , and psychosocial moderators of the intervention effects were examined . Results The environmentally tailored intervention was effective in changing total physical activity , leisure cycling , and sports compared with the basic intervention and control group . No intervention effects were found for the basic intervention . Moderation analysis revealed that participants with a higher age , lower body mass index , and higher intention were unresponsive to the interventions . Conclusions Providing environmental information is an effective intervention strategy for increasing physical activity behaviors among older adults , especially among certain “ at-risk ” subgroups such as lower educated , overweight , or insufficiently active participants . Moderation analysis was perceived as a promising method for identifying meaningful subgroups that are unaffected by an intervention , which should receive special attention in future interventions Sedentary behavior among older adults increases risk for chronic diseases . Physicians in a primary care setting can play an important role in promoting physical activity adoption among their older patients . The Physically Active for Life ( PAL ) project was a r and omized , controlled trial comparing the efficacy of brief physician-delivered physical activity counseling to usual care on self-reported physical activity levels . The physical activity counseling was based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and social learning theory . Twenty-four community-based primary care medical practice s were recruited into the study ; 12 were r and omized to the Intervention condition and 12 to the Control condition . Physicians in the Intervention practice s received training in the delivery of brief physical activity counseling . Subjects in the Intervention practice s ( n=181 ) received brief activity counseling matched to their stage of motivational readiness for physical activity , a patient manual , a follow-up appointment with their physician to discuss activity counseling , and newsletter mailings . Subjects in the Control practice s ( n=174 ) received st and ard care .  Measures of motivational readiness for physical activity and the Physical Activity 
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The majority of papers reported some intervention effect , with evidence of positive outcomes for all types of programmes .
While the retirement transition is considered a significant point of life change , little research has been conducted to assess whether physical activity interventions at this time may be effective in promoting or maintaining activity , or reducing health inequalities .
We were unable to find any evidence that the transition to retirement period was , or was not a significant point for intervention .
Studies in older adults more generally indicated that a range of interventions might be effective for people around retirement age