***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim was to investigate whether the addition of supervised high intensity progressive resistance training to a moderate weight loss program ( RT+WLoss ) could maintain bone mineral density ( BMD ) and lean mass compared to moderate weight loss ( WLoss ) alone in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes . We also investigated whether any benefits derived from a supervised RT program could be sustained through an additional home-based program . This was a 12-month trial in which 36 sedentary , overweight adults aged 60 to 80 years with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to either a supervised gymnasium-based RT+WLoss or WLoss program for 6 months ( phase 1 ) . Thereafter , all participants completed an additional 6-month home-based training without further dietary modification ( phase 2 ) . Total body and regional BMD and bone mineral content ( BMC ) , fat mass ( FM ) and lean mass ( LM ) were assessed by DXA every 6 months . Diet , muscle strength ( 1-RM ) and serum total testosterone , estradiol , SHBG , insulin and IGF-1 were measured every 3 months . No between group differences were detected for changes in any of the hormonal parameters at any measurement point . In phase 1 , after 6 months of gymnasium-based training , weight and FM decreased similarly in both groups ( P<0.01 ) , but LM tended to increase in the RT+WLoss ( n=16 ) relative to the WLoss ( n=13 ) group [ net difference ( 95 % CI ) , 1.8 % ( 0.2 , 3.5 ) , P<0.05 ] . Total body BMD and BMC remained unchanged in the RT+WLoss group , but decreased by 0.9 and 1.5 % , respectively , in the WLoss group ( interaction , P<0.05 ) . Similar , though non-significant , changes were detected at the femoral neck and lumbar spine ( L2-L4 ) . In phase 2 , after a further 6 months of home-based training , weight and FM increased significantly in both the RT+WLoss ( n=14 ) and WLoss ( n=12 ) group , but there were no significant changes in LM or total body or regional BMD or BMC in either group from 6 to 12 months . These results indicate that in older , overweight adults with type 2 diabetes , dietary modification should be combined with progressive resistance training to optimize the effects on body composition without having a negative effect on bone health Although it is well documented that persons suffering from diabetes type 2 profit from muscular activities , just a negligible amount of patients take advantage of physical exercises . During the last decade , vibration exercise ( VE ) could be established as an effective measure to prevent muscular atrophy and osteoporosis with low expenditure of overall exercise-time . Unfortunately , little is known about the metabolic effects of VE . In the present study we compared VE with the influence of strength training and a control group ( flexibility training ) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients . Forty adult non-insulin dependent patients participated in the intervention . Fasting glucose concentration , an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) , haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , the isometric maximal torque of quadriceps muscles , and endurance capacity were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks of training with three training sessions per week . The main findings are : Fasting glucose concentrations remind unchanged after training . The area under curve and maximal glucose concentration of OGTT were reduced in the vibration and strength training group . HbA1c values tended to decrease below baseline date in the vibration training group while it increased in the two other intervention groups . Theses findings suggest that vibration exercise may be an effective and low time consuming tool to enhance glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of high-intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) on glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a 16-week r and omized controlled trial in 62 Latino older adults ( 40 women and 22 men ; mean + /- SE age 66 + /- 8 years ) with type 2 diabetes r and omly assigned to supervised PRT or a control group .  Glycemic control , metabolic syndrome abnormalities , body composition , and muscle glycogen stores were determined before and after the intervention . RESULTS Sixteen weeks of PRT ( three times per week ) result ed in reduced plasma glycosylated hemoglobin levels ( from 8.7 + /- 0.3 to 7.6 + /- 0.2 % ) , increased muscle glycogen stores ( from 60.3 + /- 3.9 to 79.1 + /- 5.0 mmol glucose/kg muscle ) , and reduced the dose of prescribed diabetes medication in 72 % of exercisers compared with the control group , P = 0.004 - 0.05 . Control subjects showed no change in glycosylated hemoglobin , a reduction in muscle glycogen ( from 61.4 + /- 7.7 to 47.2 + /- 6.7 mmol glucose/kg muscle ) , and a 42 % increase in diabetes medications . PRT subjects versus control subjects also increased lean mass ( + 1.2 + /- 0.2 vs. -0.1 + /- 0.1 kg ) , reduced systolic blood pressure ( -9.7 + /- 1.6 vs. + 7.7 + /- 1.9 mmHg ) , and decreased trunk fat mass ( -0.7 + /- 0.1 vs. + 0.8 + /- 0.1 kg ; P = 0.01 - 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS PRT as an adjunct to st and ard of care is feasible and effective in improving glycemic control and some of the abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome among high-risk older adults with type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training combined with moderate weight loss on glycemic control and body composition in older patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary , overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes , aged 60 - 80 years ( n = 36 ) , were r and omized to high-intensity progressive resistance training plus moderate weight loss ( RT & WL group ) or moderate weight loss plus a control program ( WL group ) . Clinical and laboratory measurements were assessed at 0 , 3 , and 6 months . RESULTS HbA(1c ) fell significantly more in RT & WL than WL at 3 months ( 0.6 + /- 0.7 vs. 0.07 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.05 ) and 6 months ( 1.2 + /- 1.0 vs. 0.4 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.05 ) . Similar reductions in body weight ( RT & WL 2.5 + /- 2.9 vs. WL 3.1 + /- 2.1 kg ) and fat mass ( RT & WL 2.4 + /- 2.7 vs. WL 2.7 + /- 2.5 kg ) were observed after 6 months . In contrast , lean body mass ( LBM ) increased in the RT & WL group ( 0.5 + /- 1.1 kg ) and decreased in the WL group ( 0.4 + /- 1.0 ) after 6 months ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no between-group differences for fasting glucose , insulin , serum lipids and lipoproteins , or resting blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS High-intensity progressive resistance training , in combination with moderate weight loss , was effective in improving glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes . Additional benefits of improved muscular strength and LBM identify high-intensity resistance training as a feasible and effective component in the management program for older patients with type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a combined resistance and aerobic training program would improve insulin sensitivity compared with aerobic training alone in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . A second objective was to relate the improved insulin sensitivity to changes in abdominal adipose tissue ( AT ) and thigh muscle density . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 28 obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to one of three 16-week treatments : control , aerobic only training ( Ae only ) , or aerobic plus resistance training ( Ae+RT ) . Pre- and posttreatment outcome measures included glucose disposal by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and computed tomography scans of abdominal AT and mid-thigh skeletal muscle . RESULTS Glucose infusion rates increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) in the Ae+RT group . Both exercise groups had reduced abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT and increased muscle density . The Ae+RT training group exhibited a significantly greater increase in muscle density than the Ae only group . Improved glucose disposal was independently associated with changes in subcutaneous AT , visceral AT , and muscle density . Muscle density retained a relationship with glucose disposal after controlling for abdominal AT . CONCLUSIONS Adding resistance training to aerobic training enhanced glucose disposal in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . The improved insulin sensitivity is related to loss of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT and to increased muscle density Hispanics are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to their high prevalence of diabetes and poor glycemic control . Strength training is the most effective lifestyle intervention to increase muscle mass but limited data is available in older adults with diabetes . We determined the influence of strength training on muscle quality ( strength per unit of muscle mass ) , skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy , and metabolic control including insulin resistance ( Homeostasis Model Assessment –HOMA-IR ) , C-Reactive Protein ( CRP ) , adiponectin and Free Fatty Acid ( FFA ) levels in Hispanic older adults . Sixty-two community-dwelling Hispanics ( > 55 y ) with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to 16 weeks of strength training plus st and ard care ( ST group ) or st and ard care alone ( CON group ) . Skeletal muscle biopsies and biochemical measures were taken at baseline and 16 weeks . The ST group show improved muscle quality ( mean±SE : 28±3 ) vs CON ( -4±2 , p<0.001 ) and increased type I ( 860±252µm2 ) and type II fiber cross-sectional area ( 720±285µm2 ) compared to CON ( type I : -164±290µm2 , p=0.04 ; and type II : -130±336µm2 , p=0.04 ) . This was accompanied by reduced insulin resistance [ ST : median ( interquartile range ) -0.7(3.6 ) vs CON : 0.8(3.8 ) , p=0.05 ] ; FFA ( ST : -84±30µmol/L vs CON : 149±48µmol/L , p=0.02 ) ; and CRP [ ST : -1.3(2.9)mg/L vs CON : 0.4(2.3)mg/L , p=0.05 ] . Serum adiponectin increased with ST [ 1.0(1.8)µg/mL ] compared to CON [ -1.2(2.2)µg/mL , p<0.001  ] . Strength training improved muscle quality and whole-body insulin sensitivity . Decreased inflammation and increased adiponectin levels were related with improved metabolic control . Further studies are needed to underst and the mechanisms associated with these findings . However , these data show that strength training is an exercise modality to consider as an adjunct of st and ard of care in high risk population s with type 2 diabetes We examined the expression of the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter system ( hSGLT3 ) in skeletal muscle of Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes . Subjects ( 65±8 yr ) were  r and omized  to resistance training ( 3x/wk , n=13 ) or st and ard of care ( controls , n=5 ) for 16 weeks . Skeletal muscle hSGLT3 and GLUT4 mRNA transcript levels were determined by real time RT-PCR . hSGLT3 transcripts increased by a factor of ten following resistance training compared to control subjects ( 0.10 , P=0.03 ) . There were no differences in GLUT4 mRNA expression levels between groups . Protein expression levels of these transporters were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting . hSGLT3 after resistance exercise was found not to be co-localized with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor . The change in hSGLT3 transcript levels in the vastus lateralis muscle was positively correlated with glucose uptake , as measured by the change in muscle glycogen stores ( r=0.53 , P=0.02 ) ; and with exercise intensity , as measured by the change in muscle strength ( r=0.73 , P=0.001 ) . Group assignment was be the only independent predictor of hSGLT3 transcript levels , explaining 68 % of its variability ( P=0.01 ) . Our data show that hSGLT3 , but not GLTU4 , expression was enhanced in 
    Output:
    
When compared to aerobic exercise there were no significant differences in HbA1c .
There were no significant changes in body composition .
CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise increases strength and leads to small reductions in glycosylated haemoglobin that are likely to be clinical ly significant for people with type 2 diabetes .
Progressive resistance exercise is a feasible option in the management of glycaemia for this population