***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy ( MBCT ) , a treatment combining mindfulness meditation and interventions taken from cognitive therapy , in patients suffering from chronic-recurrent depression . Currently symptomatic patients with at least three previous episodes of depression and a history of suicidal ideation were r and omly allocated to receive either MBCT delivered in addition to treatment-as-usual ( TAU ; N = 14 completers ) or TAU alone ( N = 14 completers ) . Depressive symptoms and diagnostic status were assessed before and after treatment phase . Self-reported symptoms of depression decreased from severe to mild levels in the MBCT group while there was no significant change in the TAU group . Similarly , numbers of patients meeting full criteria for depression decreased significantly more in the MBCT group than in the TAU group . Results are consistent with previous uncontrolled studies . Although based on a small sample and , therefore , limited in their generalizability , they provide further preliminary evidence that MBCT can be used to successfully reduce current symptoms in patients suffering from a protracted course of the disorder Therapeutic interventions that incorporate training in mindfulness meditation have become increasingly popular , but to date little is known about neural mechanisms associated with these interventions . Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) , one of the most widely used mindfulness training programs , has been reported to produce positive effects on psychological well-being and to ameliorate symptoms of a number of disorders . Here , we report a controlled longitudinal study to investigate pre-post changes in brain gray matter concentration attributable to participation in an MBSR program . Anatomical magnetic resonance ( MR ) images from 16 healthy , meditation-naïve participants were obtained before and after they underwent the 8-week program . Changes in gray matter concentration were investigated using voxel-based morphometry , and compared with a waiting list control group of 17 individuals . Analyses in a priori regions of interest confirmed increases in gray matter concentration within the left hippocampus . Whole brain analyses identified increases in the posterior cingulate cortex , the temporo-parietal junction , and the cerebellum in the MBSR group compared with the controls . The results suggest that participation in MBSR is associated with changes in gray matter concentration in brain regions involved in learning and memory processes , emotion regulation , self-referential processing , and perspective taking Objective : This pilot study reports the findings of a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) investigating the feasibility , tolerability , acceptability , and initial estimates of efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) compared to a delayed treatment ( DT ) control for  headache pain . It was hypothesized that MBCT would be a viable treatment approach and that compared to DT , would elicit significant improvement in primary headache pain-related outcomes and secondary cognitive-related outcomes . Material s and Methods : RCT methodology was employed and multivariate analysis of variance models were conducted on daily headache diary data and pre assessment and post assessment data for the intent-to-treat sample ( N=36 ) , and on the completer sample ( N=24 ) . Results : Patient flow data and st and ardized measures found MBCT for headache pain to be feasible , tolerable , and acceptable to participants . Intent-to-treat analyses showed that compared to DT , MBCT patients reported significantly greater improvement in self-efficacy ( P=0.02 , d=0.82 ) and pain acceptance ( P=0.02 , d=0.82 ) . Results of the completer analyses produced a similar pattern of findings ; additionally , compared to DT , MBCT completers reported significantly improved pain interference ( P<0.01 , d=−1.29 ) and pain catastrophizing ( P=0.03 , d=−0.94 ) . Change in daily headache diary outcomes was not significantly different between groups ( P’s>0.05 , d’s⩽−0.24 ) . Discussion : This study empirically examined MBCT for the treatment of headache pain . Results indicated that MBCT is a feasible , tolerable , acceptable , and potentially efficacious intervention for patients with headache pain . This study provides a research base for future RCTs comparing MBCT to attention control , and future comparative effectiveness studies of MBCT and cognitive-behavioral therapy Background Although several studies have reported positive effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) intervention on psychological well-being , it is not known whether these effects are attributable to a change in mindfulness . Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the effects of MBSR to a waiting-list control condition in a r and omized controlled trial while examining potentially mediating effects of mindfulness . Methods Forty women and 20 men from the community with symptoms of distress ( mean age 43.6 years , SD = 10.1 ) were r and omized into a group receiving MBSR or a waiting-list control group . Before and after the intervention period , question naires were completed on psychological well-being , quality of life , and mindfulness . Results Repeated measures multiple analysis of variance ( MANCOVAs ) showed that , compared with the control group , the intervention result ed in significantly stronger reductions of perceived stress ( p = 0.016 ) and vital exhaustion ( p = 0.001 ) and stronger elevations of positive affect ( p = 0.006 ) , quality of life ( p = .009 ) , as well as mindfulness ( p = 0.001 ) . When mindfulness was included as a covariate in the MANCOVA , the group effects on perceived stress and quality of life were reduced to non significance . Conclusion Increased mindfulness may , at least partially , mediate the positive effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention The present study is a waitlist-controlled investigation of the impact of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program on mindful attentiveness , rumination and blood pressure ( BP ) in women with cancer . Female post-treatment cancer patients were recruited from the MBSR program waitlist . Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness and rumination and measured casual BP at home before and after the 8-week MBSR program or waiting period . MBSR group participants demonstrated higher levels of mindful attentiveness and decreased ruminative thinking following the intervention but no difference in BP , when compared to controls . In the MBSR group , decreases in rumination correlated with decreases in SBP and increases in mindful attention . When participants were assigned to “ Higher BP ” and “ Lower BP ” conditions based on mean BP values at week 1 , “ Higher BP ” participants in the MBSR group ( n = 19 ) had lower SBP at week 8 relative to the control group ( n = 16 ) . A MBSR program may be efficacious in increasing mindful attention and decreasing rumination in women with cancer . R and omized controlled trials are needed to evaluate an impact on clinical ly elevated BP Objective : We compared mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) with both cognitive psychological education ( CPE ) and treatment as usual ( TAU ) in preventing relapse to major depressive disorder ( MDD ) in people currently in remission following at least 3 previous episodes . Method : A r and omized controlled trial in which 274 participants were allocated in the ratio 2:2:1 to MBCT plus TAU , CPE plus TAU , and TAU alone , and data were analyzed for the 255 ( 93 % ; MBCT = 99 , CPE = 103 , TAU = 53 ) retained to follow-up . MBCT was delivered in accordance with its published manual , modified to address suicidal cognitions ; CPE was modeled on MBCT , but without training in meditation . Both treatments were delivered through 8 weekly classes . Results : Allocated treatment had no significant effect on risk of relapse to MDD over 12 months follow-up , hazard ratio for MBCT vs. CPE = 0.88 , 95 % CI [ 0.58 , 1.35 ] ; for MBCT vs. TAU = 0.69 , 95 % CI [ 0.42 , 1.12 ] . However , severity of childhood trauma affected relapse , hazard ratio for increase of 1 st and ard deviation = 1.26 ( 95 % CI [ 1.05 , 1.50 ] ) , and significantly interacted with allocated treatment . Among participants above median severity , the hazard ratio was 0.61 , 95 % CI [ 0.34 , 1.09 ] , for MBCT vs. CPE , and 0.43 , 95 % CI [ 0.22 , 0.87 ] , for MBCT vs. TAU . For those below median severity , there were no such differences between treatment groups . Conclusion : MBCT provided significant protection against relapse for participants with increased vulnerability due to history of childhood trauma , but showed no significant advantage in comparison to an active control treatment and usual care over the whole group of patients with recurrent depression BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of recurrent depression have a high risk of repeated depressive relapse or recurrence .  Maintenance antidepressants for at least 2 years is the current recommended treatment , but many individuals are interested in alternatives to medication . Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) has been shown to reduce risk of relapse or recurrence compared with usual care , but has not yet been compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in a definitive trial . We aim ed to see whether MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressant treatment ( MBCT-TS ) was superior to maintenance antidepressants for prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence over 24 months . METHODS In this single-blind , parallel , group r and omised controlled trial ( PREVENT ) , we recruited adult patients with three or more previous major depressive episodes and on a therapeutic dose of maintenance antidepressants , from primary care general practice s in urban and rural setting s in the UK . Participants were r and omly assigned to either MBCT-TS or maintenance antidepressants ( in a 1:1 ratio ) with a computer-generated r and om number sequence with stratification by centre and symptomatic status . Participants were aware of treatment allocation and research assessors were masked to treatment allocation . The primary outcome was time to relapse or recurrence of depression , with patients followed up at five separate intervals during the 24-month study period . The primary analysis was based on the principle of intention to treat . The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials , IS RCT N26666654 . FINDINGS Between March 23 , 2010 , and Oct 21 , 2011 , we assessed 2188 participants for eligibility and recruited 424 patients from 95 general practice s. 212 patients were r and omly assigned to MBCT-TS and 212 to maintenance antidepressants . The time to relapse or recurrence of depression did not differ between MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants over 24 months ( hazard ratio 0·89 , 95 % CI 0·67 - 1·18 ; p=0·43 ) , nor did the number of serious adverse events . Five adverse events were reported , including two deaths , in each of the MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants groups . No adverse events were attributable to the interventions or the trial . INTERPRETATION We found no evidence that MBCT-TS is superior to maintenance antidepressant treatment for the prevention of depressive relapse in individuals at risk for depressive relapse or recurrence . Both treatments were associated with enduring positive outcomes in terms of relapse or recurrence , residual depressive symptoms , and quality of life . FUNDING National Institute for Health Research ( NIHR ) Health Technology Assessment ( HTA ) programme , and NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula Background : Caregivers of people with chronic conditions are more likely than non-caregivers to have depression and emotional problems .  Few studies have examined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) in improving their mental well-being . Methods : Caregivers of persons with chronic conditions who scored 7 or above in the Caregiver Strain Index were r and omly assigned to the 8-week MBSR group ( n = 70 ) or the self-help control group ( n = 71 ) . Vali date d instruments were used to assess the changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms , quality of life , self-efficacy , self-compassion and mindfulness . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , post-intervention and at the 3-month follow-up . Results : Compared to the participants in the control group , participants in the MBSR group had a significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and at 3 months post-intervention ( p < 0.01 ) . The improvement in state anxiety symptoms was significantly greater among participants in the MBSR group than those of the control group at post-intervention ( p = 0.007 ) , although this difference was not statistically significant at 3 months post-intervention ( p = 0.084 ) . There was also a statistically significant larger increase in self-efficacy ( controlling negative thoughts ; p = 0.041 ) and mindfulness ( p = 0.001 ) among participants in the MBSR group at the 3-month follow-up compared to the participants in the control group . No statistically significant group effects ( MBSR vs. control ) were found in perceived stress , quality of life or self-compassion . Conclusions : MBSR appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention to improve mental health among family caregivers with significant care burden , although further studies that include an active control group are needed to make the findings more conclusive BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of an 8-week stress reduction program based on training in mindfulness meditation . Previous research efforts suggesting this program may be beneficial in terms of reducing stress-related symptomatology and helping patients cope with chronic pain have been limited by a lack of adequate comparison control group . METHODS Twenty-eight individuals who volunteered to participate in the present study were r and omized into either an experimental 
    Output:
    
There is a small but significant association between the extent of formal practice and positive intervention outcomes for a wide range of participants