***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The control of soil-transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections currently relies on the large-scale administration of single-dose oral albendazole or mebendazole . However , these treatment regimens have limited efficacy against hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in terms of cure rates ( CR ) , whereas fecal egg reduction rates ( ERR ) are generally high for all common STH species . We compared the efficacy of single-dose versus triple-dose treatment against hookworm and other STHs in a community-based r and omized controlled trial in the People 's Republic of China . Methodology /Principal findings The hookworm CR and fecal ERR were assessed in 314 individuals aged ≥5 years who su bmi tted two stool sample s before and 3–4 weeks after administration of  single-dose oral albendazole ( 400 mg ) or mebendazole ( 500 mg ) or triple-dose albendazole ( 3 × 400 mg over 3 consecutive days ) or mebendazole ( 3 × 500 mg over 3 consecutive days ) . Efficacy against T. trichiura , Ascaris lumbricoides , and Taenia spp . was also assessed . Albendazole  cured significantly more hookworm infections than mebendazole in both treatment regimens ( single dose : respective CRs 69 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 55–81 % ) and 29 % ( 95 % CI : 20–45 % ) ; triple dose : respective CRs 92 % ( 95 % CI : 81–98 % ) and 54 % ( 95 % CI : 46–71 % ) ) . ERRs followed the same pattern ( single dose : 97 % versus 84 % ; triple dose : 99.7 % versus 96 % ) . Triple-dose regimens outperformed single doses against T. trichiura ; three doses of mebendazole – the most efficacious treatment tested – cured 71 % ( 95 % CI : 57–82 % ) . Both single and triple doses of either drug were highly efficacious against A. lumbricoides ( CR : 93–97 % ; ERR : all > 99.9 % ) . Triple dose regimens cured all Taenia spp . infections , whereas single dose applications cured only half of them . Conclusions / Significance Single-dose oral albendazole is more efficacious against hookworm than mebendazole . To achieve high CRs against both hookworm and T. trichiura , triple-dose regimens are warranted . Trial Registration www.controlled-trials.com IS RCT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three strategies for the control of taeniasis in a community , in terms of cost per case treated . METHODS A study was conducted in South India to determine the prevalence of taeniasis by screening stool sample s from 653 r and omly chosen subjects , for coproantigens . The costs incurred in the project were used to estimate the cost per case screened and treated . A one-way sensitivity analysis was carried out for varying rates of taeniasis , different screening strategies and mass therapy . Further sensitivity analysis was carried out with different manpower and test costs . RESULTS The rate of taeniasis as detected by ELISA for coproantigen was 3 per 1000 ( 2 of 653 sample s ) . Our study showed that mass therapy without screening for taeniasis would be the most economical strategy in terms of cost per case treated if field workers are employed exclusively for either mass therapy or screening . For each strategy , costs per case treated are higher at low prevalence of taeniasis , with a sharp rise below 15 % . CONCLUSIONS In places that are endemic for taeniasis and neurocysticercosis , mass therapy or screening for taeniasis should be considered . Screening by stool microscopy is not cost-effective in terms of cost per case of taeniasis treated owing to its low sensitivity . Although the cost per case of taeniasis treated is high at low prevalence of taeniasis for all options , incorporating mass therapy into existing mass drug distribution programmes might prove to be the most cost-effective control strategy Summary Background The effectiveness of drug-free interventions in controlling human cysticercosis is not well known . We aim ed to estimate the effectiveness of a community-based educational intervention in reducing the frequency of human cysticercosis in Burkina Faso . Methods We did a cluster-r and omised controlled trial between 2011 and 2014 . 60 eligible villages from three provinces ( Boulkiemdé , Sanguié , and Nayala ) were r and omly allocated to the intervention or control group . Villages raising pigs , that were not a regional capital or located on a main road , that were more than 20 km from Ouagadougou or 5 km from one another , were eligible . In each village , 60 participants were asked for blood sample s at baseline , 18 months later ( before r and omisation ) , and 18 months after r and omisation . Villages were block r and omised ( 1:1 ) by pig-raising department immediately after the pre-r and omisation visit . The intervention aim ed to improve knowledge of Taenia solium transmission and control through screening and structured discussion of a 52-min movie , and to increase community self-efficacy through a Self-esteem , Associative strengths , Re source fulness , Action planning , Responsibility ( SARAR ) approach via the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation ( PHAST ) model . The primary outcome was active cysticercosis , defined as the presence of circulating antigens detected by use of B158/B60 ELISA . Effectiveness measured at the village level was estimated by use of three Bayesian hierarchical models . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT0309339 . Findings Two villages in the same r and omisation block were excluded , result ing in a final sample size of 58 villages . Overall , the intervention tended towards a decrease in the cumulative incidence of active cysticercosis from baseline to after r and omisation ( adjusted cumulative incidence ratio 0·65 , 95 % Bayesian credible interval [ 95 % CrI ] 0·39–1·05 ) and a decrease in active cysticercosis prevalence from baseline to after r and omisation ( adjusted prevalence proportion ratio 0·84 ; 95 % CrI 0·59–1·18 ) . The intervention was shown to be effective in Nayala and Sanguié but not in Boulkiemdé . Interpretation Community-engaged participatory interventions can be effective at reducing the incidence and prevalence of cysticercosis in some low-re source setting s. Funding US National Institutes of Health ( National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , Fogarty International Center , and National Institute of General Medical Sciences ) Taenia solium causes significant economic and public health impacts in endemic countries . This study determined effectiveness of a health education intervention at improving school children ’s knowledge and attitudes related to T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Tanzania . A cluster r and omised controlled health education intervention trial was conducted in 60 schools ( 30 primary , 30 secondary ) in Mbulu district . Baseline data were collected using a structured question naire in the 60 schools and group discussion s in three other schools . The 60 schools stratified by baseline knowledge were r and omised to receive the intervention or serve as control . The health education consisted of an address by a trained teacher , a video show and a leaflet given to each pupil . Two post-intervention re- assessment s ( immediately and 6 months post-intervention ) were conducted in all schools and the third ( 12 months post-intervention ) was conducted in 28 secondary schools . Data were analysed using Bayesian hierarchical log-binomial models for individual knowledge and attitude questions and Bayesian hierarchical linear regression models for scores . The overall score ( percentage of correct answers ) improved by about 10 % in all schools after 6 months , but was slightly lower among secondary schools . Monitoring alone was associated with improvement in scores by about 6 % . The intervention was linked to improvements in knowledge regarding taeniasis , porcine cysticercosis , human cysticercosis , epilepsy , the attitude of condemning infected meat but it reduced the attitude of contacting a veterinarian if a pig was found to be infected with cysticercosis . Monitoring alone was linked to an improvement in how best to raise pigs . This study demonstrates the potential value of school children as targets for health messages to control T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in endemic areas . Studies are needed to assess effectiveness of message transmission from children to parents and the general community and their impacts in improving behaviours facilitating disease transmission Background Taeniasis and cysticercosis are two diseases caused by Taenia solium , a parasite transmitted between humans and pigs , leading to considerable economic loss and disabilities . Transmission of the parasite is linked to environmental and behavioural factors such as inadequate sanitation and hygiene , poor pig management , and consumption of infected pork . This study used implementation research method to design a health education intervention strategy for reducing T. solium infections in Burkina Faso , a country endemic for the parasite . Methods Eighteen group discussion s were conducted with 8–18 participants each in three villages . In addition , structured interviews were conducted among 4 777 participants and 2 244 pig owners , who were selected through cluster r and om sampling in 60 villages of three provinces of Burkina Faso . Both approaches assessed knowledge and practice s related to T. solium . The information obtained was used to develop a community-adapted health education intervention strategy to control taeniasis and cysticercosis in Burkina Faso . Results The group discussion s revealed that participants had a poor quality of life due to the diseases as well as inadequate access to latrines , safe water , and healthcare services . In addition , it was found that pig production was an important economic activity , especially for women . Furthermore , financial and knowledge constraints were important limitations to improved pig management and latrine construction . The survey data also showed that open defecation and drinking unboiled water were common behaviours , enhanced by a lack of knowledge regarding the transmission of the parasite , perceived financial barriers to the implementation of control measures , lack of public sensitization , as well as a lack of self-efficacy towards control of the parasite . Nevertheless , the perceived financial benefits of controlling porcine cysticercosis could be emphasized by an education program that discourages open defecation and encourages drinking safe water . The final intervention strategy included a Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation ( PHAST ) approach , as well as a 52-min film and an accompanying comic booklet . Conclusions The main problem in the study communities regarding the transmission of T. solium cysticercosis is the r and om disposal of human faeces , which can be contaminated with parasite eggs . Prevention of open defecation requires the building of latrines , which can be quite problematic in economically challenged setting s. Providing the community with the skills to construct durable latrines using low-cost locally available material s would likely help to resolve this problem . Further studies are required to implement and evaluate the T. solium control strategy developed in this study Human Taenia solium cysticercosis is a major cause of epilepsy in developing countries , and porcine infection causes widespread economic losses because of infested pork . Recently , the use of oxfendazole ( OFZ ) for porcine cysticercosis provided , for the first time , an effective , single-dose treatment . We performed a controlled study to determine the time required between treatment with a single dose of OFZ and the death of cysticerci to define its applicability as preslaughter treatment or as a field control measure . Twenty naturally infected pigs were included in this study . Sixteen received a single dose ( 30 mg/kg ) of OFZ , and were killed in groups of four at one , two , four , and 12 weeks after treatment . Four untreated controls were killed at week 12 . No adverse reactions to OFZ were noted . A clear decrease in viability and number of cysts was evident after the first week after therapy , but even at week 4 some viable cysticerci were found in all sample s. Twelve weeks after treatment , all meat appeared clear and only minuscule scars remained , except in one animal that had viable brain cysts . This study confirms the efficacy of a single dose of 30 mg/kg of OFZ for porcine cysticercosis but demonstrates that preslaughter treatment of pigs with OFZ will not be useful in controlling cysticercosis . The inclusion of porcine treatment with OFZ in mass cysticercosis control programs is , however , highly promising because it is a simple , effective , inexpensive , and potentially sustainable method for decreasing the porcine reservoir of cysticercosis in disease-endemic countries Background Taenia solium is a major cause of preventable epilepsy in developing nations . Screening and treatment of human intestinal stage infection ( taeniasis ) within high-risk foci may reduce transmission and prevent epilepsy by limiting human exposure to infective eggs . We piloted a ring- strategy that involves screening and treatment for taeniasis among households located nearby pigs heavily-infected with the larval stage ( cysticercosis ) . These pigs mark areas of increased transmission and can be identified by tongue examination . Methodology We selected two villages in northern Peru for a controlled prospect i ve interventional cohort pilot study . In the intervention village ( 1,058 residents ) we examined the tongues of all pigs every 4 months for nodules characteristic of cysticercosis . We then screened all residents living within 100-meters of any tongue-positive pig using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Ta 
    Output:
    
Recent field studies confirm that combinations of interventions or multiple rounds are more successful in obtaining rapid reductions in transmission and parasite occurrence , with the quick impact of the combination of human and pig treatment confirmed in a South Asian and Peruvian context .