***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND To investigate the incidence , risk factors and clinical implication s of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) in advanced cancer patients treated in phase I studies . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients enrolled and treated in phase I studies conducted by SENDO ( Southern Europe New Drugs Organization ) Foundation between 2000 and 2010 in 15 experimental centers were considered for the study . Clinical data , including adverse events , were prospect ively collected during the studies and retrospectively pooled for VTE analysis . RESULTS Data of 1415 patients were considered for analysis . Five hundred and twenty-six ( 37.2 % ) patients were males , and median age was 57.3 years ( range : 13 - 85 ) . Eighty-five percent of patients had metastatic disease , while the remaining had locally advanced irresectable disease . For 706 ( 49.9 % ) of the patients , the study treatment was with cytotoxic agent(s ) only , for 314 with target therapy(ies ) only , while the remaining patients received a target therapy in combination with a cytotoxic drug . Fifty-six ( 3.96 % ) patients who developed a VTE , almost all ( 89.3 % ) during the course of treatment , the remaining during the follow-up . At univariate analysis , the Khorana score , the combination of an antiangiogenic agent with a cytotoxic drug , and the time from first cancer diagnosis to study entry ( as continuous variable ) were associated with a statistically significant increase of VTE occurrence . The multivariate analysis confirmed only a statistically significant association for the Khorana score . The hazard ratio of VTE occurrence was 7.88 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 2.86 - 21.70 ) and 2.74 ( 95 % CI 1.27 - 5.92 ) times higher for the highest ( ≥3 ) and intermediate ( 1 - 2 ) scores as compared with score = 0 . CONCLUSIONS VTE is a relatively common complication among patients treated in the context of phase I studies . The Khorana score predicts VTE development and can be used to identify patients at high of VTE BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that patients who present with idiopathic deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) have an increased risk of subsequently developing cancer . A clinical trial had previously been conducted examining the optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy following initial heparin treatment in patients with proximal DVT . METHODS A historical cohort study was performed on patients enrolled in the duration of anticoagulant trial . Patients known to have cancer at the time of entry into the trial were excluded . The qualifying DVTs were classified as idiopathic ( no known associated risk factors ) or secondary without knowledge of subsequent recurrent venous thrombosis or cancer . The patients were then followed for the development of cancer . RESULTS Thirteen ( 8.6 % ) of the 152 patients in the idiopathic cohort subsequently developed cancer compared to eight ( 7.1 % ) of 112 patients in the secondary cohort , P = 0.86 . Two ( 5.4 % ) of 37 patients with recurrent venous thromboembolism and 19 ( 8.4 % ) of 227 patients without recurrent thromboembolism developed cancer , P = 0.7 . CONCLUSION Our study did not detect an increased risk of subsequent cancer in patients presenting with idiopathic DVT compared to secondary DVT ; nor did we detect an increased incidence of cancer in patients with recurrent venous thromboembolism . Further studies are required prior to pursuing a policy of aggressive screening for cancer in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism Summary Background Data : The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) after cancer surgery is based on clinical trials on VTE prophylaxis that used venography to screen deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) . However , the clinical relevance of asymptomatic venography-detected DVT is unclear , and the population of these clinical trials is not necessarily representative of the overall cancer surgery population . Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of clinical ly overt VTE in a wide spectrum of consecutive patients undergoing surgery for cancer and to identify risk factors for VTE . Methods : @RISTOS was a prospect i ve observational study in patients undergoing general , urologic , or gynecologic surgery . Patients were assessed for clinical ly overt VTE occurring up to 30 ± 5 days after surgery or more if the hospital stay was longer than 35 days . All outcome events were evaluated by an independent Adjudication Committee . Results : A total of 2373 patients were included in the study : 1238 ( 52 % ) undergoing general , 685 ( 29 % ) urologic , and 450 ( 19 % ) gynecologic surgery . In-hospital prophylaxis was given in 81.6 % and postdischarge prophylaxis in 30.7 % of the patients . Fifty patients ( 2.1 % ) were adjudicated as affected by clinical ly overt VTE ( DVT , 0.42 % ; nonfatal pulmonary embolism , 0.88 % ; death 0.80 % ) . The incidence of VTE was 2.83 % in general surgery , 2.0 % in gynecologic surgery , and 0.87 % in urologic surgery . Forty percent of the events occurred later than 21 days from surgery . The overall death rate was 1.72 % ; in 46.3 % of the cases , death was caused by VTE . In a multivariable analysis , 5 risk factors were identified : age above 60 years ( 2.63 , 95 % confidence interval , 1.21–5.71 ) , previous VTE ( 5.98 , 2.13–16.80 ) , advanced cancer ( 2.68 , 1.37–5.24 ) , anesthesia lasting more than 2 hours ( 4.50 , 1.06–19.04 ) , and bed rest longer than 3 days ( 4.37 , 2.45–7.78 ) . Conclusions : VTE remains a common complication of cancer surgery , with a remarkable proportion of events occurring late after surgery . In patients undergoing cancer surgery , VTE is the most common cause of death at 30 days after surgery 9572 Background : To assess the thrombogenic role of adjuvant chemotherapy , following radical surgical resection , in ambulatory cancer patients , is of particular interest , because of the little or no tumor burden . The relation between adjuvant chemotherapy and thrombosis has been investigated in breast cancer . Limited information is available in GI cancers . Aim of this study was to investigate the acquired and inherited risk factors for VTE and the incidence of symptomatic VTE in patients on adjuvant chemotherapy for breast or GI cancer . METHODS In a prospect i ve observational study ( January 2003 and February 2006 ) , 199 GI ( 82F/117 M ; age range , 26 - 84 years ) and 182 breast ( 180F/2 M ; age range , 29 - 85 years ) cancer patients were enrolled and followed-up for symptomatic VTE during adjuvant chemotherapy . We prospect ively evaluated the effect of acquired ( i.e. age , chemotherapy , tumor hystotype , history of thrombosis , body mass index and smoke ) and inherited risk factors ( i.e. antithrombin , protein C , protein S , homocysteine , activated protein C [ APC ] resistance , factor V Leiden [ FVL ] and Prothrombin [ PT ] mutations ) . RESULTS Overall 30 VTE events ( 7.87 % ) were recorded : 28 ( 7.35 % ) during treatment and 2 ( 0.52 % ) during the subsequent follow-up . Among all the 381 cancer patients , FVL was detected in 14 cases ( 3.67 % ) and PT mutation in 10 cases ( 2.62 % ) . At multivariate analysis thrombocytosis ( HR 2.8 ; 95 % CI , 1.13 - 7.30 , P < 0.026 ) and a previous episode of thrombosis ( HR 12.4 ; 95 % CI , 2.48 - 62.6 , P < 0.0026 ) were significantly associated to the development of VTE . There was no association between the FVL or PT mutations and the risk of VTE . CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that , in the adjuvant setting , most VTE occur during therapy . Thrombocytosis prechemotherapy and an history of VTE strongly predict the developing of VTE in the adjuvant setting . No significant financial relationships to disclose INTRODUCTION Systemic chemotherapy and surgery for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer ( ROC ) constitute a therapeutic challenge . Venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) seems to have a negative prognostic impact in patients with solid tumors including primary ovarian cancer in many series . Only limited contemporary data exist regarding the impact of VTE on ROC . PATIENTS AND METHODS Two large multicenter prospect i ve controlled phase I/II-III studies on 2nd-line topotecan-based chemotherapy with platinum-sensitive or resistant ROC ( N=525 ) were conducted on both operated and non-operative patients by the North-Eastern German Society of Gynaecologic Oncology Ovarian Cancer Study Group ( NOGGO ) . Analysis was performed to identify incidence , predictors and prognosis of VTE . Survival analysis , univariate and Cox-regression analysis were performed to identify independent predictors of VTE , overall and progression free survival . RESULTS Thirty-seven ( 7 % ) VTE-episodes during chemotherapy were identified ; 70 % of them occurred within the first 2 months after initiation of chemotherapy .  Ascites , as a sign of peritoneal carcinomatosis and advanced tumor disease , was identified as independent predictor of VTE . Advanced age and high BMI did not appear to affect significantly the VTE-incidence . High performance status , platinum-sensitivity , serous-papillary histology , lack of ascites and surgery appeared to positively affect survival by multivariate analysis . Overall survival and progression free survival were similar between the VTE and no-VTE patients . CONCLUSION ROC- patients appear to have the highest risk for developing VTE when ascites exists and during the first 2 months following chemotherapy initiation . In contrast to primary ovarian cancer , VTE could not be identified to affect overall survival in relapsed malignant ovarian disease Cancer and its treatment are recognized risk factors for VTE . Compliance rate with published VTE prophylaxis guidelines is low . Decision on when to offer prophylaxis for hospitalized cancer patients is difficult to make . This paper describes current clinical practice in offering VTE prophylaxis to hospitalized cancer patients . Prophylaxis rate and rate of VTE will be correlated with the risk level . We prospect ively followed all consecutive adult cancer patients admitted to medical units over a 5-month period .  Caprini risk assessment model , with some modifications , was utilized to determine risk of VTE . Six hundred and six patients ( 51 % males , median age 52 years , range 18–91 ) were included . Reasons for admission included infections ( 25 % ) ,  chemotherapy  ( 22 % ) and  palliative care ( 10 % ) . In addition to cancer , the most frequently encountered risk factors for VTE were : Immobilization ( 35 % ) , age > 60 years ( 31 % ) and body mass index > 30 in ( 20 % ) . Patients were grouped according to their total risk score : low ( 9 % ) , moderate ( 44 % ) and high risk ( 47 % ) . VTE prophylaxis rate was 55.1 % for the whole study group . Following discharge , patients were followed for 60 days . The incidence of VTE was 3.4 % in the moderate and 4.2 % in the high risk groups , while none in the low risk group developed VTE . Many additional risk factors for VTE are usually encountered in hospitalized cancer patients . Cancer alone may not be an enough reason for VTE prophylaxis . Risk assessment model able to stratify patients into different risk categories will simplify decision making and enhance VTE prophylaxis rate Introduction : The risk of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) among patients with non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) has not been well studied . We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with NSCLC to determine the incidence of DVT and to characterize predictors of DVT in patients with NSCLC . Methods : The pulmonary oncology data base of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis – Jewish General Hospital contains prospect ively collected clinical data on lung cancer patients since January 1 , 1997 . We identified all consecutive patients with histologically confirmed new diagnoses of NSCLC between January 1 , 1997 and December 31 , 2004 , and we determined the occurrence of an objective ly defined DVT . Data on clinical and tumor characteristics were collected and compared among patients with DVT and patients without DVT . Results : Of the 493 NSCLC patients included in the cohort for a total of 634 person-years , 67 ( 13.6 % ) patients developed objective ly confirmed DVTs , with an incidence of 110 cases ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 80 , 130 ) per 1000 person-years . An adjusted multivariable regression analysis showed that advanced stage ( rate ratio [ RR ] 2.63 , 95 % CI 1.38 , 5.00 ) and male sex ( RR 1.75 , 95 % CI 1.03–2 
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On the basis of the literature , cancer patients experience between two-fold and 20-fold higher risk of developing VTE than noncancer patients .
They are more likely to experience a VTE event during the first 3 - 6 months after cancer diagnosis .
In addition , an increased risk of VTE in patients with distant metastases and certain types of cancer ( i.e. pancreatic or lung ) was revealed .
VTE was found to be a leading cause of mortality in cancer patients .
The annual average total cost for cancer patients  with VTE was found to be almost 50 % higher than that of cancer patients without VTE .