***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility , acceptability , and efficacy of an after-school team sports program for reducing weight gain in low-income overweight children . DESIGN Six-month , 2-arm , parallel-group , pilot r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Low-income , racial/ethnic minority community . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one children in grade s 4 and 5 with a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile . INTERVENTIONS The treatment intervention consisted of an after-school soccer program . The " active placebo " control intervention consisted of an after-school health education program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Implementation , acceptability , body mass index , physical activity measured using accelerometers , reported television and other screen time , self-esteem , depressive symptoms , and weight concerns . RESULTS All 21 children completed the study . Compared with children receiving health education , children in the soccer group had significant decreases in body mass index z scores at 3 and 6 months and significant increases in total daily , moderate , and vigorous physical activity at 3 months . CONCLUSION An after-school team soccer program for overweight children can be a feasible , acceptable , and efficacious intervention for weight control The optimal exercise modality for reductions of abdominal obesity and risk factors for  type 2 diabetes in youth is unknown . We examined the effects of aerobic exercise ( AE ) versus resistance exercise ( RE ) without caloric restriction on abdominal adiposity , ectopic fat , and insulin sensitivity and secretion in youth . Forty-five obese adolescent boys were r and omly assigned to one of three 3-month interventions : AE , RE , or a nonexercising control . Abdominal fat was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging , and intrahepatic lipid and intramyocellular lipid were assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Insulin sensitivity and secretion were evaluated by a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and a 2-h hyperglycemic clamp . Both AE and RE prevented the significant weight gain that was observed in controls . Compared with controls , significant reductions in total and visceral fat and intrahepatic lipid were observed in both exercise groups . Compared with controls , a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity ( 27 % ) was observed in the RE group . Collapsed across groups , changes in visceral fat were associated with changes in intrahepatic lipid ( r = 0.72 ) and insulin sensitivity ( r = −0.47 ) . Both AE and RE alone are effective for reducing abdominal fat and intrahepatic lipid in obese adolescent boys . RE but not AE is also associated with significant improvements in insulin sensitivity Background / aim Resistance training is an exercise modality at which overweight and obese adolescents can excel and which can therefore positively affect their psychological well-being . The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-month resistance training intervention on the self-concept strength and body composition of overweight and obese adolescent males . Methods 56 overweight and obese males aged 13–17 years were r and omly allocated to an Intervention ( n=30 ) or Control ( n=26 ) group . Primary ( psychological ) and secondary ( strength and body composition ) outcomes were assessed at baseline as well as at 3 ( halfway through the intervention ) , 6 ( immediately postintervention ) and 12 months follow-up . R and om effects mixed modelling was used to determine the effects of the intervention . Results Statistically significant differences between the Intervention and Control groups were observed at 3-month and 6-month assessment s for exercise self-efficacy , resistance training confidence and self-esteem . Large increases in strength for the Intervention group , relative to Controls , were also observed with no substantial changes in body composition shown for either group . Values for all variables returned to baseline following completion of the programme . Conclusions A 6-month resistance training intervention can positively affect the self-concept and strength of overweight and obese adolescent boys BACKGROUND Sedentary activities such as video gaming are independently associated with obesity .  Active video games , in which players physically interact with images on screen , may help increase physical activity and improve body composition . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of active video games over a 6-mo period on weight , body composition , physical activity , and physical fitness . DESIGN We conducted a 2-arm , parallel , r and omized controlled trial in Auckl and , New Zeal and . A total of 322 overweight and obese children aged 10 - 14 y , who were current users of sedentary video games , were r and omly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive either an active video game up grade package ( intervention , n = 160 ) or to have no change ( control group , n = 162 ) . The primary outcome was the change from baseline in body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) . Secondary outcomes were changes in percentage body fat , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , video game play , and food snacking . RESULTS At 24 wk , the treatment effect on BMI ( -0.24 ; 95 % CI : -0.44 , -0.05 ; P = 0.02 ) favored the intervention group . The change ( ±SE ) in BMI from baseline increased in the control group ( 0.34 ± 0.08 ) but remained the same in the intervention group ( 0.09 ± 0.08 ) . There was also evidence of a reduction in body fat in the intervention group ( -0.83 % ; 95 % CI : -1.54 % , -0.12 % ; P = 0.02 ) . The change in daily time spent playing active video games at 24 wk increased ( 10.03 min ; 95 % CI : 6.26 , 13.81 min ; P < 0.0001 ) with the intervention accompanied by a reduction in the change in daily time spent playing nonactive video games ( -9.39 min ; 95 % CI : -19.38 , 0.59 min ; P = 0.06 ) . CONCLUSION An active video game intervention has a small but definite effect on BMI and body composition in overweight and obese children . This trial was registered in the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry at http://www.anzctr.org.au/ as ACTRN12607000632493 OBJECTIVES The primary goals of this study were to determine the effects of a physical activity intervention on the set-shifting aspect of executive function and to explore the potential mechanistic role of cardiac autonomic control , as assessed by heart rate variability ( HRV ) , in the relationship between physical activity and executive function in obese young adolescents . METHOD Obese young adolescents were r and omized either to participate in a physical activity program ( n = 25 ) or to serve as the wait-list control ( n = 25 ) for a 3-month intervention . Outcome measures included physical fitness , obesity status , executive function , and HRV ; these measures were assessed at baseline and within 1 week of the conclusion of the intervention . RESULTS The physical activity program improved the participants '  physical fitness and obesity status . The program also improved executive function-related set-shifting performance , as measured by the total number of errors , and increased the HRV indices of normalized low frequency ( nLF ) and normalized high frequency ( nHF ) . A positive correlation between the nHF time changes and the total number of errors was also observed . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 3 months of a physical activity intervention effectively increase physical fitness and improve the set-shifting aspect of executive function in obese young adolescents . Furthermore , the physical activity-related alterations in cardiac autonomic control , particularly the parasympathetic response , may be associated with enhanced executive function . ( PsycINFO Data base BACKGROUND Structured exergaming with prescribed moderate intensity physical activity has reduced adiposity among adolescents . The extent to which adolescents reduce adiposity when allowed to self-select intensity level is not known . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the influence of exergaming on adolescent girls ' body composition and  cardiovascular risk factors . METHODS This r and omized controlled trial assigned 41 overweight and obese girls aged 14 to 18 years to group-based dance exergaming ( 36 h over 3 months ) or to a self-directed care control condition .  Body size and composition were measured by anthropometry , dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [ % fat and bone mineral density { BMD } ] and magnetic resonance imaging . Cardiovascular risk factors included blood pressure , cholesterol , triglycerides , glucose and insulin . RESULTS Attrition was 5 % . Using analysis of covariance controlling for baseline value , age and race , there were no significant condition differences . Per protocol ( attended > 75 % ) , the intervention group significantly decreased abdominal subcutaneous adiposity and increased trunk and spine BMD ( ps < 0.05 ) . Per protocol ( > 2600 steps/session ) , the intervention group significantly decreased leg % fat and decreased abdominal subcutaneous and total adiposity ( ps < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Exergaming reduced body fat and increased BMD among those adolescent girls who adhered . Further research is required before exergaming is recommended in clinical setting AIM To determine whether five months of guided active play in overweight or obese children and adolescents under multi-disciplinary management for weight reduction leads to increased physical activity levels in leisure time , as well as changes in aerobic fitness and body composition . METHODS Sixty overweight or obese children and adolescents were r and omly assigned to an intervention or control group . All participants received dietary advice and were encouraged to increase physical activity level . The intervention group additionally participated in 60-minute guided active play/physical activity twice a week for 5 months . Physical activity was recorded ; aerobic fitness and body composition were measured at inclusion and after cessation of intervention . RESULTS Physical activity level during weekend days was significantly higher for the intervention group compared with the controls after 5 months intervention ( p=0.04 ) . The mean reduction in percentage of body fat was 1.8 % ( 95%CI : 0.6 , 3.1 ) in the intervention group ( p=0.04 ) and not significant among the controls ( 0.9 [ -0.9 , 2.7 ] ) . There was no change in aerobic fitness . CONCLUSION Five months of guided active play was associated with increased physical activity levels during weekend days and reduced body fat , although weakly , in overweight and obese children and adolescents participating in multi-disciplinary weight reduction programmes Adjustments for making multiple comparisons in large bodies of data are recommended to avoid rejecting the null hypothesis too readily . Unfortunately , reducing the type I error for null associations increases the type II error for those associations that are not null . The theoretical basis for advocating a routine adjustment for multiple comparisons is the “ universal null hypothesis ” that “ chance ” serves as the first-order explanation for observed phenomena . This hypothesis undermines the basic premises of empirical research , which holds that nature hollows regular laws that may he studied through observations . A policy of not making adjustments for multiple comparisons is preferable because it will lead to fewer errors of interpretation when the data under evaluation are not r and om numbers but actual observations on nature . Furthermore , scientists should not he so reluctant to explore leads that may turn out to he wrong that they penalize themselves by missing possibly important findings PURPOSE We assessed the exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory responses during 2-month weight-loss programmes using the 6-minute walking test ( 6MWT ) in obese children . METHODS Twenty-eight male obese children were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( C ) , an energy restriction group ( R ) , an exercise training at maximum lipid-oxidation ( LIPOXmax ) group ( E ) , or an energy restriction/training group ( RE ) . The body composition , the submaximal incremental cycling exercise , and the 6MWT were performed before and after the 2-month programme . RESULTS . After the programme , RE group showed a significant improvement of body composition ( body weight reduced by 6.3 ± 1.5 kg , p < 0.01 ) , and an increase of 6-minute walking distance ( 6MWD ) ( + 13.7 % , p < 0.01 ) . Similarly , maximum oxygen uptake calculated according to the American College of Science Medicine guideline ( VO(2max ) ACSM ) and VO(2max ) predicted from 6MWD were respectively higher ( + 12.9 % and + 10.0 % , p < 0.01 ) than the R or E groups . Bl and -Altman analysis highlighted an agreement of these two methods of VO(2max ) measurement . Moreover , in all participants the 6MWD was significantly correlated with VO(2max ) ACSM and LIPOXmax ( r = 0.77 , p < 0.001 and r = 0.67 , p < 0.01 ; respectively ) before the programme as well as their changes in percentage over the programme ( r = 0.85 and r = 0.86 , p < 0.0001 ; respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that a 2-month weight-loss programme including energy restriction and exercise training targeted at LIPOXmax improved body composition and cardiorespiratory tolerance in obese children . Furthermore , the 6MWT could be considered as a useful and reliable tool for the assessment and the follow-up of cardiorespiratory responses during weight-loss programme in obese children OBJECTIVES We sought to characterize the impact of obesity on vascular function in adolescents and to determine whether an exercise program reverses abnormalities in endothelial function . BACKGROUND Obesity , a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease , is epidemic in Western societies , with rapid rates of increase in the young . Ather 
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Combined aerobic and strength training was ranked first for improving both fat mass ( kg ) and per cent body fat while aerobic exercise was ranked first for improving BMI .
Conclusions Aerobic and combined aerobic and strength training are associated with improvements in adiposity outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents .