***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effect of antibiotic therapy on the rate of resolution of signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis in children has not been previously evaluated in a placebo-controlled study . Patients were r and omly assigned to penicillin or placebo therapy and reevaluated after 48 hours , at which time benzathine penicillin G was given to all patients . Rates of improvement in treated ( 17 patients ) or control ( 18 patients ) cases significantly favored treatment with regard to resolution of pharyngeal injection , tender cervical lymph node and total duration of fever . Symptoms of sore throat and the parents ' assessment of the well-being of their children also significantly favored treatment . This study confirmed the clinical impression of physicians that specific antibiotic therapy promptly alleviates symptoms in most children with streptococcal pharyngitis OBJECTIVES : To describe the duration of illness in infants with first-time bronchiolitis who present to an emergency department ( ED ) and assess the burden of the illness on caregivers and families . METHODS : This was a prospect i ve cohort study of infants younger than 12 months who presented to a tertiary care children 's hospital ED with a first episode of bronchiolitis . Subjects were excluded if they had a history of bronchodilator use or immunocompromise . Demographic and clinical data were collected in the ED . Outcomes data were collected by weekly telephone interviews for 4 weeks or until the subject was free of cough for 24 hours . RESULTS : Ninety-five infants were enrolled from November 2007 to March 2008 .  Median duration of symptoms was 15 days ; 25 % of the infants remained symptomatic after 21 days . Subjects with a history of eczema trended toward a longer median duration of symptoms when compared with those who did not ( 18 days [ interquartile range ( IQR ) : 15.5–24 ] and 15 days [ IQR : 11–19 ] , respectively ; P = .055 ) . Duration of symptoms did not significantly vary with regards to respiratory syncytial virus status or secondh and smoke exposure . Subjects missed a median of 2.5 days ( IQR : 0.5–5.5 ) of day care , and caregivers missed a median of 2 days ( IQR : 1–4 ) of work . Of these infants , 37.1 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 24.3–44.1 ) had a subsequent unscheduled medical visit . CONCLUSIONS : Infants seen in the ED for bronchiolitis have a prolonged disease course , with substantial burden to the family . Symptom duration may be influenced by a propensity toward atopy . Clinicians may use this information for counseling families Aims : To test our hypothesis that children with potentially pathogenic bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis ) in the nasal middle meatus might have more prolonged symptoms of acute respiratory infection than children without such bacteria , we conducted a prospect i ve cohort study of such children . Material s and Methods : We recruited prospect ively child volunteers between 6 and 13 years of age with acute respiratory infections present for fewer than 10 days .  Nasal middle meatal bacterial culture was taken with a rigid endoscope at enrollment and again after 3 weeks and evaluated for presence or absence of 3 potential pathogens : S. pneumoniae , H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis . The subsequent persistence of acute symptoms ( nasal discharge : clear/colored , nasal obstruction and cough ) was determined by means of a diary . Viral etiology was studied with polymerase chain reaction methods . Results : The 82 children had had symptoms for an average of 4 days ( range , 1–10 ) at entry , and viruses were detected in 54 % ( 39 of 72 ) . The endoscopic procedure and bacteriologic sampling succeeded in all cases . Thirty-eight children ( 46 % ) had at least 1 of the 3 pathogens in the middle meatus specimen . The children with nasal pathogens present at entry had a significantly longer mean duration of symptoms than those with nonpathogenic bacteria ( difference , 3.6 days ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.7–6.5 ; P = 0.025 ) . The effect remained significant after adjustment for age , sex , allergic symptoms and the presence of virus ( adjusted relative hazard of delayed recovery , 2.0 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.1–3.6 ) . Conclusions : We found that the use of endoscopic swab culture sampling from the nasal middle meatus is well-tolerated by children older than 6 years of age and that it can be useful in selected situations to determine pathogenic bacteria in the culture of these specimens BACKGROUND The increasing number of children attending day care centres ( DCCs ) in industrialized countries has refocused attention on the occurrence of infections and infectious diseases in these setting s. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the agreement between two methods ( parent method vs. educator method ) for reporting the occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections . METHODS Fifty-two DCCs in Quebec , Canada , participated . Both educators and parents were invited to fill in calendars on which they would indicate the occurrence of colds and diarrhoea . For the parents ' method , parents were telephoned biweekly to record their calendar information . For the educators ' method , educators returned their calendar pages monthly ( following prompting by phone , when necessary ) . RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-three parents of toddlers participated in the 15-month reporting period between September 1996 and November 1997 . The average agreement between the two methods was low ( 13.5 % for colds and 9.8 % for diarrhoea ) . Overall estimates of the incidence rates of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections based on parents ' method were higher than those based on educators ' method . CONCLUSIONS Parents ' data lead to larger estimations of incidence rates and are probably more valid than educators ' data Respiratory symptoms are common in infancy . Most illnesses occurring among children are dealt with by parents and do not require medical attention . Nevertheless , few studies have prospect ively and on a community-basis assessed the amount of respiratory symptoms and general illness in normal infants . In this population -based birth cohort study , 228 healthy infants from Copenhagen , Denmark were followed from birth to 1 year of age during 2004 - 2006 . Symptoms were registered using daily diaries and monthly home visits . Interviews were performed at inclusion and every second month . Risk factor analysis was carried out by multiple logistic regression analysis . On average , children had general symptoms for 3.5 months during their first year of life , nasal discharge being most frequent followed by cough . Frequency of all symptoms increased steeply after 6 months of age . Each child had on average 6.3 episodes ( median : 5.1 , inter-quartile range ( IQR ) : 3.3 - 7.8 ) of acute respiratory tract illness ( ARTI ) ( nasal discharge and > or = 1 of the following symptoms : cough , fever , wheezing , tachypnea , malaise , or lost appetite ) and 5.6 episodes ( median : 4.3 , IQR : 2.1 - 7.3 ) of simple rhinitis per 365 days at risk . Determinants for respiratory symptoms were increasing age , winter season , household size , size of residence , day-care attendance , and having siblings aged 1 - 3 years attending a day nursery . In conclusion , the present study provides detailed data on the occurrence of disease symptoms during the first year of life in a general population cohort and emphasizes the impact of increasing age , seasonality , and living conditions on the occurrence of ARTI Promoting self care for  children with acute viral illness is an opportunity for relieving pressure on primary care . Carers may return for a second consultation and expect antibiotic treatment if they are not given a clear idea of what to expect or if their child fails to recover as predicted.1 We therefore set out to describe the clinical course of suspected acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract in children who consult their general practitioner . We wanted to help clinicians to better predict the course of the condition 
    Output:
    
The duration s of earache and common colds are considerably longer than current guidance given to parents in the United Kingdom and the United States ; for other symptoms such as sore throat , acute cough , bronchiolitis , and croup the current guidance is consistent with our findings .