***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Patients were identified from a population ‐based prospect i ve study of 4990 individuals with symptoms associated with colorectal cancer ( CRC ) . A total of 244 CRC tissue sample s were available for immunohistochemical staining of uPAR , semiquantitatively scored at the invasive front , and in the tumor core on cancer cells , macrophages , and myofibroblasts . In addition , the levels of the intact and cleaved uPAR‐forms in blood from the same patients are evaluated in this study . In a univariate analysis , the number of uPAR‐positive versus uPAR‐negative macrophages ( HR = 2.26 , [ 95 % CI : 1.39–3.66 , P = 0.0009 ] ) and cancer cells ( HR=1.49 , [ 95 % CI : 1.01–2.20 , P = 0.047 ] ) located in the tumor core were significantly associated to overall survival . In a multivariate analysis , uPAR‐positive versus uPAR‐negative macrophages located in the tumor core showed the best separation of patients with positive score associated to poor prognosis ( HR = 1.84 [ 95 % CI : 1.12–3.04 , P = 0.017 ] ) . In a multivariate analysis including clinical covariates and soluble uPAR(I ) , the latter was significantly associated to overall survival ( HR = 2.68 [ 95 % CI : 1.90–3.79 , P < 0.0001 ] ) and uPAR‐positive macrophages in the tumor core remained significantly associated to overall survival ( HR = 1.81 [ 95 % CI : 1.08–3.01 , P = 0.023 ] ) . Membrane‐bound uPAR showed additive effects with the circulating uPAR(I ) and stage , giving a hazard ratio of 12 between low and high scores . Thus , combining stage , uPAR(I ) in blood and uPAR on macrophages in the tumor core increase the prognostic precision more than tenfold , as compared to stage alone Short-term preoperative radiotherapy in combination with surgery has been shown to decrease the rate of local recurrence in rectal cancer patients . The effects of this type of radiotherapy on the histopathology of rectal carcinoma has been hitherto unknown . Since various histopathological factors are associated with prognosis , the study of alterations induced by irradiation is an important issue . This paper examines the histopathology of resection specimens from 1306 patients who were treated in a r and omized trial that evaluated the benefits of preoperative radiotherapy .  In this trial , patients were treated with short-term radiotherapy ( 5 x 5 Gy ) and operated on within 5 days after radiation . Histopathological parameters were determined by the Pathology Review Committee of the trial and we compared tumours of patients with and without preoperative radiotherapy . Tumours of patients who were treated with preoperative radiotherapy were smaller , more often mucinous carcinomas ( 13 % versus 7 % , p < 0.001 ) and more often poorly differentiated ( 35 % versus 24 % , p<0.001 ) . After radiotherapy , there was less inflammatory reaction around the tumour ( extensive in 7 % versus 18 % , p<0.001 ) , which was mainly caused by a decrease in T lymphocytes and neutrophil granulocytes . The fibroblastic reaction was more pronounced in the radiotherapy group ( extensive in 22 % versus 10 % , p < 0.001 ) . Remarkable histological alterations occurred within a week after 5 days of irradiation of rectal carcinomas . The prognostic value of these factors therefore needs to be re-evaluated for irradiated patients Objective Colorectal cancer is typically classified into proximal colon , distal colon and rectal cancer . Tumour genetic and epigenetic features differ by tumour location . Considering a possible role of bowel contents ( including microbiome ) in carcinogenesis , this study hypothesised that tumour molecular features might gradually change along bowel subsites , rather than change abruptly at splenic flexure . Design Utilising 1443 colorectal cancers in two US nationwide prospect i ve cohort studies , the frequencies of molecular features ( CpG isl and methylator phenotype ( CIMP ) , microsatellite instability ( MSI ) , LINE-1 methylation and BRAF , KRAS and PIK3CA mutations ) were examined along bowel subsites ( rectum , rectosigmoid junction , sigmoid , descending colon , splenic flexure , transverse colon , hepatic flexure , ascending colon and caecum ) . The linearity and non-linearity of molecular relations along subsites were statistically tested by multivariate logistic or linear regression analysis . Results The frequencies of CIMP-high , MSI-high and BRAF mutations gradually increased from the rectum ( < 2.3 % ) to ascending colon ( 36–40 % ) , followed by falls in the caecum ( 12–22 % ) . By linearity tests , these molecular relations were significantly linear from rectum to ascending colon ( p<0.0001 ) , and there was little evidence of non-linearity ( p>0.09 ) . Caecal cancers exhibited the highest frequency of KRAS mutations ( 52 % vs 27–35 % in other sites ; p<0.0001 ) . Conclusions The frequencies of CIMP-high , MSI-high and BRAF mutations in cancer increased gradually along colorectum subsites from the rectum to ascending colon . These novel data challenge the common conception of discrete molecular features of proximal versus distal colorectal cancers , and have a substantial impact on clinical , translational and epidemiology research , which has typically been performed with the dichotomous classification of proximal versus distal tumours Expression of the macrophage antigen CD163 in breast cancer cells is recently shown to be related to early distant recurrence and shortened survival . In this study , 163 patients with rectal cancer , included in the Swedish rectal cancer trial and followed up for a median of 71 months , were examined for the expression of CD163 in the primary tumors . The cancer cells expressed CD163 in the primary tumors in 23 % ( n = 32 ) of the patients . In pretreatment biopsies from 101 patients , 10 had CD163-positive cancers and these patients had earlier local recurrence ( p < 0.044 ) and reduced survival time ( p < 0.045 ) compared with those with CD163-negative tumors . When study ing surgical specimens from 61 patients r and omized to  preoperative irradiation ( 5 x 5 Gy delivered in 1 week ) , it was found that 31 % were CD163 positive whereas the corresponding figure was only 17 % for 78 patients who were nonirradiated ( p < 0.044 ) , which tentatively may be consistent with X-rays inducing fusion . In CD163-positive tumors there was a reduced apoptotic activity as measured with the Termina deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling ( TUNEL ) technique ( p = 0.018 ) . There tended also to be an increased proliferation activity measured as an expression of Ki-67 non significant ( NS ) . It is concluded that primary rectal cancers may express CD-163 , and this phenotypic macrophage trait is related to early local recurrence , shorter survival time and reduced apoptosis . Furthermore , the expression of CD163 is more common after irradiation 
    Output:
    
CD 68 + TAM subset correlated with better 5-year OS , while neither CD68+NOS2 + M1 subset nor CD163 + M2 subset was correlated with 5-year OS .
Increased CD68 + TAM infiltration in tumor stroma but not in tumor islet predicted improved 5-year OS .
Stratification by tumor type and MMR status showed that in colon cancer or MMR-proficient CRC , elevated TAM density was associated with better 5-year OS .
High infiltration of CD68 + TAMs could be a favorable prognostic marker in CRC .