***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Methamphetamine use is subject to severe criminal punishment in Japan and approximately 22 % of the prison population were confined for violations of the stimulants control law in 2009 . Although the high recidivism rate is also a problem , no systematic treatment has been conducted in prison . Therefore , the development of the prison-based treatment program is necessary . In this study , the prison-based program was developed based on the Matrix Model , which is the cognitive-behavioral treatment for amphetamine users developed in the US . The program was tailored in order to address the treatment needs of the Japanese amphetamine users considering Japanese culture and the prison climate . The r and omized controlled trial was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness the Japanese Matrix program ( J-MAT ) .  60 prisoners were r and omly assigned either to the J-MAT or the control groups and those who in the J-MAT group received the program once a week for 12 weeks . The abstinence rate could not be used as the outcome measure because the participants could not be followed after the release from prison due to the legal reasons . Therefore , the psychological variables including coping skills , self-efficacy and motivation were used as outcome measures , which are considered as the important predictive factors of abstinence . 93.3 % of the J-MAT participants completed the program . The coping skills of the treated prisoners were improved significantly after treatment comparing to the control ( F ( 1 , 27 ) = 9.03 , p < .001 ) , however other psychological variables were not significantly improved . The results suggested the effectiveness of the J-MAT because both treatment completion and coping skills are powerful predictors of abstinence . Further study is required and in which the participants should be followed after the completion of treatment in order to compare the relapse rates between the groups and to measure the long-term treatment gain BACKGROUND Despite its effectiveness , methadone maintenance is rarely provided in American correctional facilities . This study is the first r and omized clinical trial in the US to examine the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment provided to prisoners with pre-incarceration heroin addiction . METHODS A three-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted between September 2003 and June 2005 . Two hundred eleven Baltimore pre-release inmates who were heroin dependent during the year prior to incarceration were enrolled in this study . Participants were r and omly assigned to the following : counseling only : counseling in prison , with passive referral to treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; counseling+transfer : counseling in prison with transfer to methadone maintenance treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; and counseling+methadone : methadone maintenance and counseling in prison , continued in a community-based methadone maintenance program upon release ( n=71 ) . RESULTS Two hundred participants were located for follow-up interviews and included in the current analysis . The percentages of participants in each condition that entered community-based treatment were , respectively , counseling only 7.8 % , counseling+transfer 50.0 % , and counseling+methadone 68.6 % , p<.05 . All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant ( all ps<.05 ) . The percentage of participants in each condition that tested positive for opioids at 1-month post-release were , respectively , counseling only 62.9 % , counseling+transfer 41.0 % , and counseling+methadone 27.6 % , p<.05 , with the counseling only group significantly more likely to test positive than the counseling+methadone group . CONCLUSIONS Methadone maintenance initiated prior to or immediately after release from prison appears to have beneficial short-term impact on community treatment entry and heroin use . This intervention may be able to fill an urgent treatment need for prisoners with heroin addiction histories Exposure to sexual victimization is prevalent among persons with substance use disorders ( SUDs ) .  Contingency management ( CM ) treatments utilize concrete and relatively immediate positive reinforcers to retain patients in treatment and reduce substance use , and CM may have particular benefits for patients with histories of sexual victimization . Using data from three r and omized trials of CM ( N = 393 ) , this study evaluated main and interactive effects of sexual abuse history and treatment condition ( st and ard care versus CM ) with respect to during treatment outcomes ( retention , proportion of negative urine sample s su bmi tted , and longest duration of abstinence ) and abstinence at a nine-month follow-up . Compared to patients without sexual abuse histories ( N = 316 ) , those with sexual abuse histories ( N = 77 ) su bmi tted a significantly higher proportion of negative sample s in treatment . In CM , but not in st and ard care , patients with sexual abuse histories achieved significantly longer duration s of abstinence during treatment than those without sexual abuse histories . Although sexual abuse history was not associated with abstinence at nine-month follow-up evaluations , longest duration of abstinence during treatment was significantly associated with this long-term outcome . Results suggest that SUD patients with sexual abuse histories may accrue particular benefits during CM treatment that are associated with long-term abstinence . ( PsycINFO Data base Record ( c ) 2011 APA , all rights reserved ) OBJECTIVE We used growth mixture modeling to examine heterogeneity in treatment response in a secondary analysis of 2 r and omized controlled trials testing multidimensional family therapy ( MDFT ) , an established evidence -based therapy for adolescent drug abuse and delinquency . METHOD The first study compared 2 evidence -based adolescent substance abuse treatments : individually focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and MDFT in a sample of 224 urban , low-income , ethnic minority youths ( average age = 15 years , 81 % male , 72 % African American ) . The second compared a cross-systems version of MDFT ( MDFT-detention to community ) with enhanced services as usual for 154 youths , also primarily urban and ethnic minority ( average age = 15 years , 83 % male , 61 % African American , 22 % Latino ) , who were incarcerated in detention facilities . RESULTS In both studies , the analyses supported the distinctiveness of 2 classes of substance use severity , characterized primarily by adolescents with higher and lower initial severity ; the higher severity class also had greater psychiatric comorbidity . In each study , the 2 treatments showed similar effects in the classes with lower severity/frequency of substance use and fewer comorbid diagnoses . Further , in both studies ,  MDFT  was more effective for the classes with greater overall substance use severity and frequency and more comorbid diagnoses . CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that for youths with more severe drug use and greater psychiatric comorbidity , MDFT produced superior treatment outcomes OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of memantine with buprenorphine in the suppression of naloxone-precipitated acute withdrawal in heroin-dependent male subjects in an inpatient setting . SETTING Inpatient unit of tertiary level deaddiction facility . PARTICIPANTS Forty-five treatment-seeking heroin-dependent males . INTERVENTIONS Subjects stabilized on 650 mg of dextropropoxyphene for 5 days were r and omly divided into two groups on the sixth day : group A ( n=25 ) received 20 mg of memantine with buprenorphineplacebo , and group B ( n=20 ) received 2 mg of buprenorphine with memantine placebo . Acute withdrawals were precipitated with naloxone ( 0.4 mg , intravenously ) and were assessed using subjective and objective opioid withdrawal scales ( SOWS and OOWS ) and two separate visual analogue scales ( VASs ) for pain and dysphoria at baseline prior to test drug administration and again after the precipitation of acute withdrawal . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Severity ofprecipitated opioid withdrawals . RESULTS Baseline opioid withdrawal symptoms in both groups did not differ significantly . After the precipitation of acute withdrawal , there were no significant differences between subjects in both groups on OOWS and both VASs but showed significant difference on SOWS . When changes in ratings from baseline ( and after naloxone-precipitated acute withdrawal ) were compared between the two groups , a significant difference in the change in SOWS scores was observed with greater decrease in withdrawal scores in the buprenorphine group . CONCLUSIONS Memantine has comparable efficacy to buprenorphine in the suppression of objective signs of naloxone-precipitated acute opioid withdrawal ; however , its role in the suppression of subjective symptoms is debatable Group motivational interviewing ( MI ) interventions that target youth at-risk for alcohol and other drug ( AOD ) use may prevent future negative consequences . Youth in a teen court setting [ n=193 ; 67 % male , 45 % Hispanic ; mean age 16.6 ( SD=1.05 ) ] were r and omized to receive either a group MI intervention , Free Talk , or usual care ( UC ) . We examined client acceptance , and intervention feasibility and conducted a preliminary outcome evaluation . Free Talk teens reported higher quality and satisfaction ratings , and MI integrity scores were higher for Free Talk groups . AOD use and delinquency decreased for both groups at 3 months , and 12-month recidivism rates were lower but not significantly different for the Free Talk group compared to UC . Results contribute to emerging literature on MI in a group setting . A longer term follow-up is warranted MANAGEMENT OF OPIATE ADDICTS : OBJECTIVE : To describe the social and medical profiles of incarcerated ( in detention or after sentencing ) opiate addicts , whether or not they had already begun substitution treatment at arrival , and assess the impact of high-dose buprenorphine substitution therapy on the health of prisoners and the course of their incarceration . METHODS : A prospect i ve survey was conducted on opiate addicts on admission to prison and after 2 months of incarceration , from December 2001 to February 2003 , in 6 prison centres in the South East of France . RESULTS : During incarceration , no significant difference ( other than in medical follow-up ) appeared between the prisoners receiving substitution treatment and those who went through withdrawal on arrival . The first group differed from the second in several respects : their occupational history before incarceration was less stable , their history of drug addiction and incarceration was more serious ( injection , psychotropic use , number of prior incarcerations , early age at first incarceration ) . The buprenorphine patients also differed in their more intense use of medical follow-up before incarceration . CONCLUSION : The impact of buprenorphine substitution therapy during incarceration could not be demonstrated , but prisoners receiving this treatment had a substantially different profile than those who were not receiving treatment when they arrived in prison CONTEXT Effective alternatives to long waiting lists for entry into methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment are needed to reduce the complications of continuing heroin dependence and to increase methadone treatment entry . OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of interim methadone maintenance with that of the usual waiting list condition in facilitating methadone treatment entry and reducing heroin and cocaine use and criminal behavior . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , clinical trial using 2 conditions , with treatment assignment on a 3:2 basis to interim maintenance-waiting list control . SETTING A methadone treatment program in Baltimore . PARTICIPANTS A total of 319 individuals meeting the criteria for current heroin dependence and methadone maintenance treatment . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omly assigned to either interim methadone maintenance , consisting of an individually determined methadone dose and emergency counseling only for up to 120 days , or referral to community-based methadone treatment programs . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Entry into comprehensive methadone maintenance therapy  at 4 months from baseline ; self-reported days of heroin use , cocaine use , and criminal behavior ; and number of urine drug test results positive for heroin and cocaine at the follow-up interview conducted at time of entry into comprehensive methadone treatment ( or at 4 months from baseline for participants who did not enter regular treatment ) . RESULTS Significantly more participants assigned to the interim methadone maintenance condition entered comprehensive methadone maintenance treatment by the 120th day from baseline ( 75.9 % ) than those assigned to the waiting list control condition ( 20.8 % ) ( P<.001 ) . Overall , in the past 30 days at follow-up , interim participants reported significantly fewer days of heroin use ( P<.001 ) , had a significant reduction in heroin-positive drug test results ( P<.001 ) , reported spending less money on drugs ( P<.001 ) , and received less illegal income ( P<.02 ) than the waiting list participants . CONCLUSION Interim methadone maintenance results in a substantial increase in the likelihood of entry into comprehensive treatment , and is an effective means of reducing heroin use and criminal behavior among opioid-dependent individuals awaiting entry into a comprehensive methadone treatment program This r and omized trial evaluates whether automated telephony could be used to perform daily assessment s in paroled offenders ( N = 108 ) during their first 30 days after leaving prison . All subjects were called daily and answered assessment questions . Based on the content of their daily assessment s , subjects in the intervention group received immediate feedback and a recommendation by automated telephony , and their probation officers also received a daily report by email . The outcome variables were analyzed using linear mixed models . The intervention group showed greater improvement than the control group in the summary scores ( M = 9.6 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = [ 0.5 , 18.7 ] , p = .038 ) , in mental symptoms ( M = 4.6 , CI = [ 0.2 , 9.0 ] , p = .042 ) , in alcohol drinking ( M = 0.8 , CI = [ 0.1 , 1.4 ] , p = .031 ) 
    Output:
    
When compared to non-pharmacological treatment , agonist treatments did not seem effective in reducing drug use or criminal activity .
Antagonist treatments were not effective in reducing drug use but significantly reduced criminal activity .
When comparing the drugs to one another we found no significant differences between the drug comparisons ( methadone versus buprenorphine , diamorphine and naltrexone ) on any of the outcome measures .