***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent syphilis outbreaks in metropolitan cities are attributed to men who have sex with men ( MSM ) with a significant proportion of Black or Hispanic identity . However , there are few syphilis interventions that are tailored to minority MSM . Methods : We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to assess whether Black and Hispanic MSM recruited from various venues who viewed the “ Syphilis and Men ” video  showed an increase in syphilis knowledge , regardless of self-reported characteristics associated with increased risk for syphilis infection . Results : Of the 168 participants , 91.1 % were Black or Hispanic and 64.9 % had a male partner in the past 6 months .  The video intervention group had a significant increase of 19.5–20.9 percentage points on the post-test survey , depending on the venue . This difference was present irrespective of participant socio-demographic and health-related characteristics . Discussion : The “ Syphilis and Men ” video is a brief , cost-limited intervention to promote syphilis knowledge among Black and Hispanic MSM that can potentially be implemented in various venues BACKGROUND Low-income African American women are more likely to die of breast cancer than their Caucasian counterparts , and at least part of the difference in mortality results from differential screening adherence . The purpose of this study was to identify more efficacious methods of promoting routine mammography screening in underserved population s. METHODS A prospect i ve r and omized intervention study of 344 low income African American women compared the impact of three interventions on mammography adherence and stage of readiness : ( 1 ) pamphlet only ; ( 2 ) culturally appropriate video ; and ( 3 ) interactive computer-assisted instruction program . RESULTS The interactive computer intervention program produced the greatest level of adherence to mammography ( 40.0 % ) compared to the video group ( 24.6 % ) and the pamphlet group ( 32.1 % ) . When subjects in the pamphlet and video groups were combined to form a non-interactive group , this group had a significantly lower adherence than the group who received the interactive computer intervention ( 27.0 % versus 40.0 % ) . There was also significantly more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness among participants in the computer group ( 52.0 % ) compared to those in the pamphlet group ( 46.4 % ) or the video group ( 31.3 % ) . When combining the non-interactive technology ( pamphlet and video ) there was also more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness for those in the interactive intervention group ( 52.0 % moved 1 or 2 stages ) compared to those in the non-interactive group ( 36.2 % ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that tailored approaches are more effective than targeted messages either in print or video format . Another finding of this study is that interactive interventions are more effective than non-interactive interventions in increasing adherence and moving African American women forward in their mammogram stage of readiness The authors examined whether tailored self-management support ( SMS ) strategies reach patients in a safety net system and explored variation by language , literacy , and insurance . English- , Spanish- , and Cantonese-speaking diabetes patients were r and omized to weekly automated telephone disease  management ( ATDM ) or monthly group medical visits . The SMS programs employ distinct communication methods but share common objectives , including behavioral “ action plans . ” Reach was measured using three complementary dimensions : ( a ) participation among clinics , clinicians , and patients ; ( b ) patient representativeness ; and ( c ) patient engagement with SMS . Participation rates were high across all levels and preferentially attracted Spanish- language speakers , uninsured , and Medicaid recipients . Although both programs engaged a significant proportion in action planning , ATDM yielded higher engagement , especially among those with limited English proficiency and limited literacy . These results provide important insights for health communication and translational research with respect to realizing the public health benefits of SMS and can inform system-level planning to reduce health disparities Background Latinos are a fast growing segment of the U.S. health care population . Acculturation factors , including English fluency , result in an ethnic group heterogeneous with regard to SES , health practice s , and health education needs . This study examined how demographic and health-related characteristics of  Spanish-dominant ( SD ) , Bilingual ( BIL ) , and English-dominant ( ED ) Latino men and women aged 25–64 differed among members of a large Northern California health plan . Methods This observational study was based on data from cohorts of 171 SD ( requiring an interpreter ) , 181 BIL , and 734 ED Latinos aged 25–64 who responded to r and om sample health plan member surveys conducted 2005–2006 . Language groups were compared separately by gender on education , income , behavioral health risks ( smoking , obesity , exercise frequency , dietary practice s , health beliefs ) , health status ( overall health and emotional health , diabetes , hypertension , high cholesterol , heartburn/acid reflux , back pain , depression ) , computer and Internet access , and health education modality preferences . Results Compared with ED Latinos , higher percentages of the SD and BIL groups had very low educational attainment and low income . While groups were similar in prevalence of diabetes , hypertension , and high cholesterol , SD were less likely than ED Latinos to rate overall health and emotional well-being as good , very good , or excellent and more likely to report heartburn and back pain ( women only ) . The groups were similar with regard to smoking and obesity , but among women , SD were more likely to be physically inactive than ED , and BIL were less likely than SD and ED groups to eat <3 servings of fruit/vegetables per day . SD and BIL of both genders were significantly less likely than ED Latinos to believe that health practice s had a large impact on health . Compared to ED men and women , SD and BIL Latinos had significantly lower Internet and computer access . As a result , SD Latinos had a greater preference for lower technology health education modalities such as videos and taped phone messages . Conclusion There are important differences among Latinos of different English language proficiency with regard to education , income , health status , health behaviors , IT access , and health education modality preferences that ought to be considered when planning and implementing health programs for this growing segment of the U.S. population A series of interactive videodisc programs design ed to reduce HIV/STD risk behaviors was developed and evaluated . Separate programs were developed for each of three race/ethnicities ( African American , Hispanic , and Caucasian ) at each of two age levels ( middle school and high school ) using extensive formative procedures . Each program uses scenarios with extensive branching story lines to teach decision-making skills and socially appropriate responses to potentially risky sexual situations . In a r and omized experiment with 827 students , significant changes were observed at posttest for the four constructs assessed : ( 1 ) belief that sex occurs as a result of decisions ( vs. " it just happens " ) , ( 2 ) belief that even a single incident of unprotected sex can result in an STD or pregnancy , ( 3 ) intentions and attitudes toward use of condoms , and ( 4 ) self-efficacy in remaining abstinent ( i.e. , avoiding sex ) . At 30-day follow-up , three of the four measures remained significant BACKGROUND with increasing prevalence of diabetes in older people , it is important to underst and factors that affect their outcomes . The Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine ( IDEATel ) project is a demonstration project to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of telemedicine with diverse , medically underserved , older diabetes patients . Subjects were r and omised to telemedicine case management or usual care .  This intervention has been shown to result in improved medical outcomes and self-efficacy . Self-efficacy refers to one 's belief that (s)he can successfully engage in a behaviour . Self-efficacy has been shown to relate to behaviour change and glycaemic control in middle-aged individuals , but not studied in older individuals . OBJECTIVES to assess whether ( a ) diabetes self-efficacy relates to the primary medical outcome of glycaemic control , and to secondary outcomes ( blood pressure and cholesterol ) , and ( b ) whether , after an intervention , change in diabetes self-efficacy relates to change in these medical outcomes in a group of older , ethnically diverse individuals . METHODS three waves of longitudinal data from participants in IDEATel were analysed . RESULTS diabetes self-efficacy at baseline correlated with glycaemic control , blood pressure and cholesterol . An increase in diabetes self-efficacy over time was related to an improvement in glycaemic control ( P < 0.0001 ) , but not in blood pressure and lipid levels . The intervention was significantly related to improved self-efficacy over time ( P < 0.0001 ) , and both directly ( P = 0.022 ) and indirectly through self-efficacy ( P < 0.001 ) to improved glycaemic control . The mediation effect of self-efficacy was also significant ( P < 0.004 ) . CONCLUSIONS diabetes self-efficacy is a relevant construct for older diabetes patients . Thus , interventions that target enhanced self-efficacy may also result in improved glycaemic control OBJECTIVE To use social learning theory to develop and examine the effectiveness of a 15-minute , culturally sensitive videotape in altering mealtime communication and attitudes among African-American adolescent mothers . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial with baseline and follow-up evaluations . SETTING High schools , WIC ( Women , Infants , and Children ) Clinics , and Family Support Centers serving low-income families . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-nine first-time , African-American adolescent mothers of infants . INTERVENTION Intervention group viewed and received a copy of a videotape titled " Feeding Your Baby With Love . " The messages , title , music , and setting were design ed by an advisory group of six African-American adolescent mothers who were filmed feeding their infants in their homes . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During baseline and follow-up evaluations , mothers were videotaped feeding their baby and completed a question naire on attitudes toward mealtime behavior . Analysis of covariance with repeated measures indicated changes in both behavior and attitudes . At follow-up , intervention mothers were more involved with their infant and reported more favorable attitudes toward feeding and communication than control mothers . CONCLUSIONS Brief culturally sensitive videotapes may be effective strategies to promote parenting skills and to prevent social and health problems among adolescents Background : Until there is a definitive demonstration that early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer reduces disease-related mortality , it is imperative to promote informed screening decisions by providing balanced information about the potential benefits and risks of prostate cancer screening . Within a community/academic collaboration , we conducted a r and omized trial of a printed booklet and a videotape that were design ed for African American ( AA ) men . The purpose of the trial was to determine the effect of the interventions on knowledge , decisional conflict , satisfaction with the screening decision , and self-reported screening . Methods : Participants were 238 AA men , ages 40 to 70 years , who were members of the Prince Hall Masons in Washington , DC . Men were r and omly assigned to the ( a ) video-based information study arm , ( b ) print-based information study arm , or ( c ) wait list control study arm . Intervention material s were mailed to men at home . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , 1 month , and 12 months postintervention . Multivariate analyses , including ANCOVA and logistic regression , were used to analyze group differences . Results : The booklet and video result ed in a significant improvement in knowledge and a reduction in decisional conflict about prostate cancer screening , relative to the wait list control . Satisfaction with the screening decision was not affected by the interventions . Self-reported screening rates increased between the baseline and the 1-year assessment , although screening was not differentially associated with either of the interventions . In exploratory analyses , prostate-specific antigen testing at 1 year was more likely among previously screened men and was associated with having low baseline decisional conflict . Conclusions : This study represents one of the first r and omized intervention trials specifically design ed to address AA men 's informed decision making about prostate cancer screening . We have developed and evaluated culturally sensitive , balanced , and disseminable material s that improved knowledge and reduced decisional conflict about prostate cancer screening among AA men . Due to the high incidence and mortality rates among AA men , there is a need for targeted educational material s , particularly material s that are balanced in terms of the benefits and risks of screening . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2179–88 This article describes the design and implementation of an online diabetes self-management intervention for a sample of inner-city African Americans with diabetes . Study participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment ( 26 ) and control ( 21 ) conditions . The results indicate that treatment group participants were more likely to achieve positive outcomes in terms of lowered hemoglobin A1c and body mass index measurements than were control group members . These findings support the development of telehealth interventions to promote effective chronic disease management in medically underserved communities This article describes the development and pilot evaluation of a tailored multimedia program to improve dietary behavior among 378 low-income women enrolled in the Food Stamp program in Durham , North Carolina . After r and omization to intervention or control groups , participants completed a baseline survey and were resurveyed 1 - 3 months post-intervention . Measures included dietary fat intake assessed using a brief food-frequency question naire , stage of change , knowledge of low-fat foods , self-efficacy and eating behavior questions . The computer-based intervention consisted of a tailored soap opera and interactive ' info-mercials ' that provided individualized feedback about  dietary fat intake  , knowledge and strategies for lowering fat based on stage of change . At follow-up , intervention group participants had improved significantly in knowledge ( P < 0.001 
    Output:
    
While the review ed studies show how technology can be used to positively affect the health of historically underserved population s , the technology must be tailored toward the intended population , as personally relevant and context ually situated health technology is more likely than broader technology to create behavior changes .
Social media , cell phones , and videotapes are types of technology that should be used more often in the future .