***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It is well established that endothelial dysfunction is present in coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , although few studies have determined the effect of training on peripheral conduit vessel function in patients with CAD . A r and omized , crossover design determined the effect of 8 wk of predominantly lower limb , combined aerobic and resistance training , in 10 patients with treated CAD .  Endothelium-dependent dilation of the brachial artery was determined , by using high-resolution vascular ultrasonography , from flow-mediated vasodilation ( FMD ) after ischemia . Endothelium-independent vasodilation was measured after administration of glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) . Baseline function was compared with that of 10 control subjects . Compared with matched healthy control subjects , FMD and GTN responses were significantly impaired in the untrained CAD patients [ 3.0 + /- 0.8 ( SE ) vs. 5.8 + /- 0.8 % and 14.5 + /- 1.9 vs. 20.4 + /- 1.5 % , respectively ; both P < 0.05 ] . Training significantly improved FMD in the CAD patients ( from 3.0 + /- 0.8 to 5.7 + /- 1.1 % ; P < 0.05 ) but not responsiveness to GTN ( 14.5 + /- 1.9 vs. 12.1 + /- 1.4 % ; P = not significant ) . Exercise training improves endothelium-dependent conduit vessel dilation in subjects with CAD , and the effect , evident in the brachial artery , appears to be generalized rather than limited to vessels of exercising muscle beds . These results provide evidence for the benefit of exercise training , as an adjunct to routine therapy , in patients with a history of CAD The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of very high intensity sprint interval training ( SIT ) on metabolic and vascular risk factors in overweight/obese sedentary men . Ten men ( age , 32.1 ± 8.7 years ; body mass index , 31.0 ± 3.7 kg m(-2 ) ) participated . After baseline metabolic , anthropometric , and fitness measurements , participants completed a 2-week SIT intervention , comprising 6 sessions of 4 to 6 repeats of 30-second Wingate anaerobic sprints on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer , with 4.5-minute recovery between each repetition . Metabolic , anthropometric , and fitness assessment s were repeated post-intervention . Both maximal oxygen uptake ( 2.98 ± 0.15 vs 3.23 ± 0.14 L min(-1 ) , P = .013 ) and mean Wingate power ( 579 ± 24 vs 600 ± 19 W , P = .040 ) significantly increased after 2 weeks of  SIT . Insulin sensitivity index ( 5.35 ± 0.72 vs 4.34 ± 0.72 , P = .027 ) and resting fat oxidation rate in the fasted state ( 0.13 ± 0.01 vs 0.11 ± 0.01 g min(-1 ) , P = .019 ) were significantly higher and systolic blood pressure ( 121 ± 3 vs 127 ± 3 mm Hg , P = .020 ) and resting carbohydrate oxidation in the fasted state ( 0.03 ± 0.01 vs 0.08 ± 0.02 g min(-1 ) , P = .037 ) were significantly lower 24 hours post-intervention compared with baseline , but these changes were no longer significant 72 hours post-intervention . Significant decreases in waist ( 98.9 ± 3.1 vs 101.3 ± 2.7 cm , P = .004 ) and hip ( 109.8 ± 2.2 vs 110.9 ± 2.2 cm , P = .017 ) circumferences compared with baseline were also observed after the intervention . Thus , 2 weeks of SIT substantially improved a number of metabolic and vascular risk factors in overweight/obese sedentary men , highlighting the potential for this to provide an alternative exercise model for the improvement of vascular and metabolic health in this population Aerobic exercise training combined with resistance training ( RT ) might prevent the deterioration of vascular function . However , how aerobic exercise performed before or after a bout of RT affects vascular function is unknown . The present study investigates the effect of aerobic exercise before and after RT on vascular function .  Thirty-three young , healthy subjects were r and omly assigned to groups that ran before RT ( BRT : 4 male , 7 female ) , ran after RT ( ART : 4 male , 7 female ) , or remained sedentary ( SED : 3 male , 8 female ) . The BRT and ART groups performed RT at 80 % of one repetition maximum and ran at 60 % of the targeted heart rate twice each week for 8 wk . Both brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity ( baPWV ) and flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) after combined training in the BRT group did not change from baseline . In contrast , baPWV after combined training in the ART group reduced from baseline ( from 1,025 + /- 43 to 910 + /- 33 cm/s , P < 0.01 ) . Moreover , brachial artery FMD after combined training in the ART group increased from baseline ( from 7.3 + /- 0.8 to 9.6 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.01 ) . Brachial artery diameter , mean blood velocity , and blood flow in the BRT and ART groups after combined training increased from baseline ( P < 0.05 , P < 0.01 , and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . These values returned to the baseline during the detraining period . These values did not change in the SED group . These results suggest that although vascular function is not improved by aerobic exercise before RT , performing aerobic exercise thereafter can prevent the deteriorating of vascular function Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies Although  high-intensity resistance training increases central arterial stiffness , moderate-intensity resistance training does not . However , the effects of low-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness are unknown . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity resistance training with short inter-set rest period ( LSR ) on arterial stiffness .  Twenty-six young healthy subjects were r and omly assigned to training ( 10 males , 3 females ) and  control groups ( 9 males , 4 females ) . The subjects performed LSR twice a week at 50 % of one repetition maximum for 10 weeks . Training consisted of five sets of ten repetitions with an inter-set rest period of 30 s. Changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity ( baPWV ) and brachial flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) were assessed before and after the intervention period . After the intervention period , one repetition maximum strength increased ( by 9–38 % , P < 0.05 to < 0.001 ; increases varied among the exercise types ) , baPWV decreased ( from 1,093 ± 148 to 1,020 ± 128 cm/s , P < 0.05 ) , and brachial FMD increased ( from 9.7 ± 1.3 to 11.8 ± 1.9 % , P < 0.05 ) . These values did not change in the control group . These results suggest that LSR reduced arterial stiffness and improved vascular endothelial function OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of exercise and antidepressant medication in reducing depressive symptoms and improving cardiovascular biomarkers in depressed patients with coronary heart disease . BACKGROUND Although there is good evidence that clinical depression is associated with poor prognosis , optimal therapeutic strategies are currently not well defined . METHODS One hundred one out patients with coronary heart disease and elevated depressive symptoms underwent assessment of depression , including a psychiatric interview and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression . Participants were r and omized to 4 months of aerobic exercise ( 3 times/week ) , sertraline ( 50 - 200 mg/day ) , or placebo . Additional assessment s of cardiovascular biomarkers included measures of heart rate variability , endothelial function , baroreflex sensitivity , inflammation , and platelet function . RESULTS After 16 weeks , all groups showed improvement on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores . Participants in both the aerobic exercise ( mean -7.5 ; 95 % confidence interval : -9.8 to -5.0 ) and sertraline ( mean -6.1 ; 95 % confidence interval : -8.4 to -3.9 ) groups achieved larger reductions in depressive symptoms compared with those receiving placebo ( mean -4.5 ; 95 % confidence interval : -7.6 to -1.5 ; p = 0.034 ) ; exercise and sertraline were equally effective at reducing depressive symptoms ( p = 0.607 ) . Exercise and medication tended to result in greater improvements in heart rate variability compared with placebo ( p = 0.052 ) ; exercise tended to result in greater improvements in heart rate variability compared with sertraline ( p = 0.093 ) . CONCLUSIONS Both exercise and sertraline result ed in greater reductions in depressive symptoms compared to placebo in patients with coronary heart disease . Evidence that active treatments may also improve cardiovascular biomarkers suggests that they may have a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes as well as on quality of life . ( Exercise to Treat Depression in Individuals With Coronary Heart Disease ; NCT00302068 ) Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effect of three different doses of aerobic exercise training ( corresponding to approximately 50 % , 100 % and 150 % of the National Institutes of Health consensus guidelines ) on endothelial function in sedentary obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure .  Aerobic exercise training improves endothelial function in individuals with cardiovascular risk ; however , it is unknown whether these adaptations occur in a dose-dependent manner . Methods Obese postmenopausal women ( n=155 ) with elevated blood pressure ( systolic blood pressure between 120 and 159.0 mm Hg ) were r and omly assigned to one of four groups : 4 , 8 or 12 kilocalories per kilogram of energy expenditure per week ( kcal/kg/week ) or a non-exercise control group for 6 months . Endothelial function was assessed via flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) at baseline and post-intervention . Results After exercise training , there was a similar improvement ( 1.02–1.5 % ) in FMD in all three exercise groups ( p<0.05 ) compared with control ( –0.5 % ) . Change in FMD  after exercise training was significantly correlated with FMD at baseline ( r= –0.35 , p<0.001 ) . Post hoc analyses found a significant improvement in FMD in exercisers ( all exercise groups combined ) with endothelial dysfunction ( FMD < 5.5 % 
    Output:
    
Conclusions All exercise modalities improve EF significantly and there was a significant , positive relationship between aerobic exercise intensity and EF .
Greater frequency , rather than intensity , of resistance exercise training enhanced EF