***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Physical activity is an important aspect of good health for everyone ; it is even more important for psychiatric patients who usually live an unhealthy lifestyle . In recent years , there has been growing focus on the use of soccer as a vehicle to improve the health of subjects with severe mental illness . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soccer practice on the self-reported health quality of life ( SRHQL ) and sports performance ( SP ) in psychotic subjects . Eighteen male patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia were r and omized into either a trained ( TG ) or a control group ( CG ) . The TG was trained for 12 weeks using two soccer training sessions per week . The CG did not perform any regular sports activity during the experimental period . Anthropometric measurements , SRHQL , personal time records in a 30 meter sprint test and slalom test running with a ball were evaluated before and after the experimental period . SRHQL was assessed using Short Form-12 question naire measuring physical and mental component summary scores . After the training period , the TG showed a relevant decrease by 4.6 % in bodyweight ( BW ) and body mass index compared to baseline . Conversely , the CG showed an increased BW and body mass index by 1.8 % from baseline to posttest . Moreover , after 12 weeks we found that control patients increased their BW significantly when compared to trained patients ( Δ = 5.4 % ; P < 0.05 ) . After the training period , comparing the baseline TG ’s Short Form-12-scores to posttest results , we found an improvement of 10.5 % and 10.8 % in physical component summary and mental component summary , respectively . In addition , performances on the 30 meter sprint test and slalom test running with a ball in the TG improved significantly ( P < 0.01 ) from baseline to posttest when compared to CG . Soccer practice appears able to improve psychophysical health in individuals with diagnosis of schizophrenia . Indeed , our study demonstrated that programmed soccer physical activity could reduce antipsychotic medication-related weight gain and improve SRHQL and sports performance in psychotic subjects Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more OBJECTIVE R and omized controlled drug trials have demonstrated that antipsychotic medication is effective to rapidly improve psychotic symptomatology in first-episode psychosis . However , these results may not be generalizable to routine clinical practice . We evaluated the effectiveness , tolerability , and safety of olanza-pine , risperidone , and haloperidol in individuals with first-episode nonaffective psychosis who are representative of clinical practice and who are treated in routine clinical setting s. METHOD 172 patients participated in a practical clinical trial and were r and omly assigned to haloperidol ( N = 56 ) , risperidone ( N = 61 ) , and olanzapine ( N = 55 ) . The mean modal daily doses were 5.4 mg/day for halo-peridol , 4 mg/day for risperidone , and 15.3 mg/day for olanzapine ;  98.3 % of subjects were drug naive at baseline . Data from clinical measures of treatment response and tolerability and safety data from the 6-week acute phase of a large epidemiologic and longitudinal ( February 2001 to February 2005 ) intervention program of first-episode psychosis ( schizophrenia spectrum disorders , DSM-IV criteria ) are reported . RESULTS All 3 treatments showed similar effectiveness in reducing the severity of general , negative , and positive symptomatology after 6 weeks of treatment , as reported by mean change in total Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) , Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms , and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms scores between baseline and 6 weeks . The proportion of study subjects responding , defined as 40 % or greater BPRS total score improvement from baseline , was 57.1 % ( N = 32 of 56 ) haloperidol , 52.5 % ( N = 32 of 61 ) risperidone , and 63.6 % ( N = 35 of 55 ) olanzapine , with no statistical differences among groups . The frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms ( chi(2 ) = 24.519 ; p < .001 ) and concomitant anticholinergic medication use ( chi(2 ) = 57.842 ; p < .0001 ) was greater with haloperidol than olanzapine or risperidone . Olanzapine-treated patients had significantly more weight gain compared with the haloperidol and risperidone groups ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSION Relatively low doses of haloperidol , risperidone , and olanzapine are equally effective for the acute treatment of first-episode nonaffective  psychosis  under usual conditions of real clinical practice The objective of this study was to examine exercise effects on global brain volume , hippocampal volume , and cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls . Irrespective of diagnosis and intervention , associations between brain changes and cardiorespiratory fitness improvement were examined . Sixty-three schizophrenia patients and fifty-five healthy controls participated in this r and omised controlled trial .  Global brain volumes , hippocampal volume , and cortical thickness were estimated from 3-Tesla MRI scans . Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with a cardiopulmonary ergometer test . Subjects were assigned exercise therapy or occupational therapy ( patients ) and exercise therapy or life-as-usual ( healthy controls ) for six months 2h weekly . Exercise therapy effects were analysed for subjects who were compliant at least 50 % of sessions offered . Significantly smaller baseline cerebral ( grey ) matter , and larger third ventricle volumes , and thinner cortex in most areas of the brain were found in patients versus controls . Exercise therapy did not affect global brain and hippocampal volume or cortical thickness in patients and controls . Cardiorespiratory fitness improvement was related to increased cerebral matter volume and lateral and third ventricle volume decrease in patients and to thickening in the left hemisphere in large areas of the frontal , temporal and cingulate cortex irrespective of diagnosis . One to 2h of exercise therapy did not elicit significant brain volume changes in patients or controls . However , cardiorespiratory fitness improvement attenuated brain volume changes in schizophrenia  patients and increased thickness in large areas of the left cortex in both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls The objective of this multicenter r and omised clinical trial was to examine the effect of  exercise versus occupational therapy on mental and physical health in schizophrenia patients Although the benefits of exercise are well documented , few published research studies have examined exercise in persons with schizophrenia . This pilot examined a 16-week walking program for out patients diagnosed with schizophrenia ( N = 10 ) .  Six-minute walking distance , body mass index , percent body fat and severity of psychiatric symptoms were measured . Experimental participants in the walking group experienced significant reductions in body fat ( p = 0.03 ) compared to a control group not participating in the exercises during the same time period . Experimental participants also had greater aerobic fitness , lower body mass indexes , and fewer psychiatric symptoms than controls at the conclusion of the program . Research is needed to identify effective exercise interventions and feasible delivery modalities for persons with schizophrenia in community setting Background : Increasingly alarmed by the health risks ( that is , weight gain , elevated lipids , and poor glucose tolerance ) posed by novel antipsychotic medications , clinicians who treat schizophrenia are attempting to help patients improve lifestyle factors . Unfortunately , schizophrenia research has neglected exercise as a legitimate adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia . Objective : To assess the extent to which stable patients with schizophrenia would adhere to an exercise program if offered access to a fitness facility . Methods : Ten of 20 stable patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were treated with olanzapine for at least 4 weeks had the opportunity to receive access to a Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) fitness facility , based on r and om allocation . The intervention included a free membership to the YMCA for 6 months , with access to all the fitness amenities and equipment . The mean dosage of olanzapine was 11.5 mg daily for the YMCA group . Results : Of the 10 subjects , 2 did not attend at all . One subject met criteria for full attendance for each of the 6 months and lost 15 kg . Dropout rates were as follows : 90 % at 6 months , 70 % at 5 months , and 40 % at 4 months . The main reason they gave for poor attendance was lack of motivation . The mean weight gain was 2 kg in the YMCA group . Conclusion : Most subjects did not regularly exercise or attend . They cited poor motivation as the main reason . The subject who exercised regularly lost a significant amount of weight BACKGROUND Increased mortality in schizophrenia is caused largely by coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . Low cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) is a key factor for CHD mortality . We compared CRF in patients with schizophrenia to CRF of matched healthy controls and reference values . Also , we examined the effects of exercise therapy on CRF in patients with schizophrenia and in controls . METHODS Sixty-three patients with schizophrenia and 55 controls , matched for gender , age , and socioeconomic status , were r and omized  to exercise ( n = 31 ) or occupational therapy ( n = 32 ) and controls to exercise ( n = 27 ) or life as usual ( n = 28 ) . CRF was assessed with an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test and defined as the highest relative oxygen uptake ( VO(2peak ) ) and peak work rate ( W(peak ) ) . Minimal compliance was 50 % of sessions ( n = 52 ) . RESULTS Male and female patients with schizophrenia had a relative VO(2peak ) of 34.3 ± 9.9 and 24.0 ± 4.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , respectively . Patients had higher resting HR ( P < 0.01 ) and lower peak HR ( P < 0.001 ) , peak systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.02 ) , relative VO(2peak ) ( P < 0.01 ) , W(peak ) ( P < 0.001 ) , RER ( P < 0.001 ) , minute ventilation ( P = 0.02 ) , and HR recovery ( P < 0.001 ) than controls . Relative VO(2peak ) was 90.5 % ± 19.7 % ( P < 0.01 ) of predicted relative VO(2peak ) in male and 95.9 % ± 14.9 % ( P = 0.18 ) in female patients . In patients , exercise therapy increased relative VO(2peak ) compared with decreased relative VO(2peak ) after occupational therapy . In controls , relative VO(2peak ) increased after exercise therapy and to a lesser extent after life as usual ( group , P < 0.01 ; r and omization , P = 0.03 ) . Exercise therapy increased W(peak ) in patients and controls compared with decreased W(peak ) in nonexercising patients and controls ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Patients had lower CRF levels compared with controls and reference  values . Exercise therapy increased VO(2peak ) and W(peak ) in patients and controls . VO(2peak ) and W(peak ) decreased in nonexercising patients Background : Schizophrenia is a highly disabling illness . Previous studies have shown yoga to be a feasible add-on therapy in schizophrenia . Aims : The current study aim ed to test the efficacy of yoga as an add-on treatment in out patients with schizophrenia . Setting s and Design : The study done at a tertiary psychiatry center used a single blind r and omized controlled design with active control and waitlist groups . Material s and Methods : Consenting patients with schizophrenia were r and omized into yoga , exercise , or waitlist group . They continued to receive pharmacological therapy that was unchanged during the study . Patients in the yoga or exercise group were offered supervised daily procedures for one month . All patients were assessed by a blind rater at the start of the intervention and at the end of 4 months . Results : Kendall tau , a nonparametric statistical test , showed that significantly more patients in the yoga group improved in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) negative and total PANSS scores as well as social functioning scores compared with the exercise and waitlist group . Odds ratio analysis showed that the likelihood of improvement in yoga group in terms of negative symptoms was about five times greater than either the exercise or waitlist groups . Conclusion : In schizophrenia patients with several years of illness and on stabilized pharmacological therapy , one-month training followed by three months of home practice s of yoga as an add-on treatment offered significant advantage over exercise or treatment as usual . Yoga holds promise as a complementary intervention in the management of schizophrenia BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has a characteristic onset during adolescence or young adulthood but also tends to persist throughout life . Structural magnetic resonance studies indicate that brain abnormalities are present at onset , but longitudinal studies to assess neuroprogression have been limited by small sample s and short or infrequent follow-up intervals . METHODS The Iowa Longitudinal Study is a prospect i ve study of 542 first-episode patients who have been followed up 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Exercise interventions had no significant effect on body mass index , but can improve physical fitness and other cardiometabolic risk factors .
This amount of exercise was also reported to significantly improve functioning , co-morbid disorders and neurocognition .
CONCLUSIONS Interventions that implement a sufficient dose of exercise , in supervised or group setting s , can be feasible and effective interventions for schizophrenia