***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Gut microbiota is implied in obesity , because of its ability to harvest energy from diet , and in the regulation of behavior . Given the link between gut microbiota , body composition , obesity , and anxiety , the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new psychobiotic formulation . Methods Eligible patients were r and omly divided into three groups : psychobiotics oral suspension group ( POSG ) ; dietary treatment group ( DTG ) ; combined treatment group ( CTG ) . All subjects underwent body composition and psychological profile evaluation . Results Significant changes in body composition parameters in each group were relieved after all treatments . Hamilton anxiety rating scale ( HAM-A ) highlighted a significant reduction of the total score for all study population after treatments in POSG ( p = 0.01 ) and CTG ( p = 0.04 ) . A reduction of HAM-A total score in anxious subjects in POSG or CTG and a significant reduction of positive subjects for HAM-A in POSG ( p = 0.03 ) and in CDG ( p = 0.01 ) were shown . Discussion Three-week intake of selected POS represents a good approach to solve problems related to obesity and behavior disorders . However , new clinical trials need to be performed on a larger population and for a longer period of treatment before definitive conclusions can be made . This trial is registered with NCT01890070 AIM To determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM on  irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) symptoms and quality of life ( QoL ) . METHODS In this r and omized triple-blind trial , adult IBS volunteers who were recruited according to Rome III criteria received 109 or 1010 colony-forming units of NCFM or placebo daily for 12 wk . IBS Symptom Severity Score ( IBS-SSS ) , which constituted the primary outcome , and secondary outcomes , including individual IBS symptoms , IBS-related QoL question naire , anxiety and depression , defecation frequency , and stool consistency , were assessed at baseline at the end of the 8-wk run-in period , after 4 and 12 wk of intervention , and after a 4-wk washout . RESULTS A total of 340 of 391 r and omized volunteers completed the trial .  IBS-SSS improved over 12 wk of treatment in all treatment groups , decreasing by a mean ± SD of 44.0 ± 80.2 , 50.8 ± 82.4 , and 48.3 ± 72.2 in the placebo , active low-dose , and active high-dose groups , respectively . Similarly , secondary outcomes did not differ between treatment groups . However , in a post hoc analysis of volunteers with moderate to severe abdominal pain  at baseline ( VAS > 35/100 ) , the treatment significantly reduced the sensation of abdominal pain . Pain scores fell by 20.8 ± 22.8 , 29.4 ± 17.9 , and 31.2 ± 21.9 in the placebo , active low-dose , and active high-dose groups , respectively ( P value for placebo vs combined active doses = 0.0460 ) . CONCLUSION NCFM  alleviates moderate to severe abdominal pain , consistent with earlier observations of this strain mitigating visceral pain through increased analgesic receptor expression BACKGROUND & AIMS Probiotics can reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) , but little is known about their effects on psychiatric comorbidities . We performed a prospect i ve study to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 ( BL ) on anxiety and depression in patients with IBS . METHODS We performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of 44 adults with IBS and diarrhea or a mixed-stool pattern ( based on Rome III criteria ) and mild to moderate anxiety and /or depression ( based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale ) at McMaster University in Canada , from March 2011 to May 2014 . At the screening visit , clinical history and symptoms were assessed and blood sample s were collected . Patients were then r and omly assigned to groups and given daily BL ( n = 22 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) for 6 weeks . At weeks 0 , 6 , and 10 , we determined patients ' levels of anxiety and depression , IBS symptoms , quality of life , and somatization using vali date d question naires . At weeks 0 and 6 , stool , urine and blood sample s were collected , and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) test was performed . We assessed brain activation patterns , fecal microbiota , urine metabolome profiles , serum markers of inflammation , neurotransmitters , and neurotrophin levels . RESULTS At week 6 , 14 of 22 patients in the BL group had reduction in depression scores of 2 points or more on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale , vs 7 of 22 patients in the placebo group ( P = .04 ) . BL had no significant effect on anxiety or IBS symptoms . Patients in the BL group had a mean increase in quality of life score compared with the placebo group . The fMRI analysis showed that BL reduced responses to negative emotional stimuli in multiple brain areas , including amygdala and fronto-limbic regions , compared with placebo . The groups had similar fecal microbiota profiles , serum markers of inflammation , and levels of neurotrophins and neurotransmitters , but the BL group had reduced urine levels of methylamines and aromatic amino acids metabolites . At week 10 , depression scores were reduced in patients given BL vs placebo . CONCLUSION In a placebo-controlled trial , we found that the probiotic BL reduces depression but not anxiety scores and increases quality of life in patients with IBS . These improvements were associated with changes in brain activation patterns that indicate that this probiotic reduces limbic reactivity . Clinical Trials.gov no. NCT01276626 Objectives : This trial investigated whether probiotics improved mood , stress and anxiety in a sample selected for low mood . We also tested whether the presence or severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms , and levels of proinflammatory cytokines , brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other blood markers , would predict or impact treatment response . Method : Seventy-nine participants ( 10 dropouts ) not currently taking psychotropic medications with at least moderate scores on self-report mood measures were r and omly allocated to receive either a probiotic preparation ( containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum ) or a matched placebo , in a double-blind trial for 8 weeks . Data were analysed as intent-to-treat . Results : No significant difference was found between the probiotic and placebo groups on any psychological outcome measure ( Cohen ’s d range = 0.07–0.16 ) or any blood-based biomarker . At end-point , 9 ( 23 % ) of those in the probiotic group showed a ⩾60 % change on the Montgomery – Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ( responders ) , compared to 10 ( 26 % ) of those in the placebo group ( χ 1 2 = 0 . 107 , p = ns ) . Baseline vitamin D level was found to moderate treatment effect on several outcome measures . Dry mouth and sleep disruption were reported more frequently in the placebo group . Conclusions : This study found no evidence that the probiotic formulation is effective in treating low mood , or in moderating the levels of inflammatory and other biomarkers . The lack of observed effect on mood symptoms may be due to the severity , chronicity or treatment resistance of the sample ; recruiting an antidepressant-naive sample experiencing mild , acute symptoms of low mood , may well yield a different result . Future studies taking a preventative approach or using probiotics as an adjuvant treatment may also be more effective . Vitamin D levels should be monitored in future studies in the area . The results of this trial are preliminary ; future studies in the area should not be discouraged In a previous clinical study , a probiotic formulation ( PF ) consisting of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 ( PF ) decreased stress-induced gastrointestinal discomfort . Emerging evidence of a role for gut microbiota on central nervous system functions therefore suggests that oral intake of probiotics may have beneficial consequences on mood and psychological distress . The aim of the present study was to investigate the anxiolytic-like activity of PF in rats , and its possible effects on anxiety , depression , stress and coping strategies in healthy human volunteers . In the pre clinical study , rats were daily administered PF for 2 weeks and subsequently tested in the conditioned defensive burying test , a screening model for anti-anxiety agents . In the clinical trial , volunteers participated in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised parallel group study with PF administered for 30 d and assessed with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist ( HSCL-90 ) , the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , the Perceived Stress Scale , the Coping Checklist ( CCL ) and 24 h urinary free cortisol ( UFC ) . Daily subchronic administration of PF significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviour in rats ( P < 0·05 ) and alleviated psychological distress in volunteers , as measured particularly by the HSCL-90 scale ( global severity index , P < 0·05 ; somatisation , P < 0·05 ; depression , P < 0·05 ; and anger-hostility , P < 0·05 ) , the HADS ( HADS global score , P < 0·05 ; and HADS-anxiety , P < 0·06 ) , and by the CCL ( problem solving , P < 0·05 ) and the UFC level ( P < 0·05 ) . L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175 taken in combination display anxiolytic-like activity in rats and beneficial psychological effects in healthy human volunteers OBJECTIVE The aim of this trial was to determine the efficacy of a resistant dextrin on immune-mediated inflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS Females ( n = 55 ) with T2DM were r and omly allocated into intervention group ( n = 30 ) and control group ( n = 25 ) , in which they received 10 g/d of Nutriose ® 06 ( a resistant dextrin ) or maltodextrin for 8 weeks , respectively . Fasting blood sample s were taken to measure immune system related parameters like white blood cell count , CD4 , CD8 , interferon-γ ( IFNγ ) , interleukins ( IL12 , IL4 , IL10 ) , cortisol , tryptophan ( TRP ) , ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone ) , Kynurenine ( KYN ) and plasma lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) at the beginning and end of trial . Mental health was assessed using general health question naire ( GHQ ) and depression , anxiety and stress scale ( DASS ) . RESULTS Resistant dextrin caused a significant decrease in levels of cortisol , KYN , KYN/TRP ratio , IFNγ , IL12 , IFNγ/IL10 ratio , LPS , and a significant increase in the monocyte , GHQ , DASS , CD8 , IL10 , IL4 in the intervention group as compared with baseline . A significant decrease in the level of LPS ( -6.20 EU/mL , -17.8 % ) , IFNγ ( -0.6 pg/ml , -26.8 % ) , cortisol ( -2.6 μg/dl , -20.9 % ) , IFNγ/IL10 ratio ( 0.01 , 10 % ) , GHQ ( -5.1 , -12.5 % ) , DASS ( -10.4 , -38.4 % ) , KYN/TRP ratio ( 6.8 , 29.1 % ) , and a significant increase in levels of CD8 ( 6.4 % , 6.1 % ) and IL10 ( 2.6 pg/ml , 21.6 % ) in the intervention group as compared with the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes were observed in white blood cell count , CD4 , CD4/CD8 ratio , ACTH , KYN , TRP , IL4 and IL12 in the intervention group as compared with the control group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Supplementation of Nutriose ® 06 may have beneficial effects on mental health and the immune system response in women with T2DM BACKGROUND & AIMS : We investigated the effects of a diet low in fermentable oligo‐ , di‐ , and monosaccharides and polyols ( FODMAPs ) vs traditional dietary recommendations on health‐related quality of life ( QOL ) , anxiety and depression , work productivity , and sleep quality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea ( IBS‐D ) . METHODS : We conducted a prospect i ve , single‐center , single‐blind trial of 92 adult patients with IBS‐D ( 65 women ; median age , 42.6 years ) r and omly assigned to groups placed on a diet low in FODMAPs or a modified diet recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( mNICE ) for 4 weeks . IBS‐associated Q 
    Output:
    
There are two kinds of interventions ( probiotic and non-probiotic interventions ) to regulate intestinal microbiota , and it should be highlighted that the non-probiotic interventions were more effective than the probiotic interventions .