***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Kinetic parameters including potential doubling time ( Tpot ) , duration of S phase ( Ts ) , labelling index ( LI ) , and DNA index ( DI ) were obtained from 42 dogs with previously untreated lymphoma . St and ard flow cytometric techniques using BrdUrd were employed . All dogs were treated with L-asparaginase and remission was induced in 26 dogs , which were then r and omized to receive chemotherapy only ( doxorubicin [ DOX ] alone or with lonidamine ) or chemotherapy plus whole body hyperthermia ( WBH ) . Dogs were treated every 3 weeks for up to five treatments and evaluated every 3 weeks for evidence of tumour recurrence . Within this subset of animals there was no difference in outcome based on treatment group . Median values for Tpot , Ts and LI were 3.4 days , 7.23 h and 12.49 % , respectively . Dogs that had tumours with LI > or = 20 % had a shorter time until recurrence than dogs with tumours characterized by LI < 20 % . In dogs treated only with chemotherapy , dogs bearing tumours with longer than median Tpot and Ts values and lower than median LI had significantly longer remission duration than dogs with more rapidly proliferating tumours . Dogs treated only with chemotherapy , which had longer than median Tpot and Ts values and lower than median LI , had significantly longer remission duration than all other dogs in the study . The mechanisms in which kinetics are associated with response to chemotherapy are not clear and vary depending on tumour type and treatment regimen . More work is needed to underst and factors involved in cell killing during in vivo hyperthermia Polyunsaturated n‐3 fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumors . This double‐blind , r and omized study was design ed to evaluate the hypothesis that polyunsaturated n‐3 fatty acids can improve metabolic parameters , decrease chemical indices of inflammation , enhance quality of life , and extend disease free interval and survival time for dogs treated for lymphoblastic lymphoma with doxorubicin chemotherapy OBJECTIVE To compare response rates and remission and survival times in dogs with lymphoma treated with a continuous , multiagent , doxorubicin-based chemotherapeutic protocol  or with a short-term single-agent protocol incorporating doxorubicin . DESIGN Nonr and omized controlled clinical trial . ANIMALS 114 dogs with lymphoma . PROCEDURES Dogs were treated with a chemotherapeutic protocol consisting of L-asparaginase , vincristine , cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , methotrexate , and prednisolone ( n=87 ) or doxorubicin alone ( 27 ) . RESULTS 63 of 86 ( 73 % ) dogs treated with the multiagent protocol ( data on response was unavailable for 1 dog ) and 14 of 27 ( 52 % ) dogs treated with the single-agent protocol had a complete remission . Dogs with lymphoma classified as substage < or= and dogs with a high BUN concentration at the time of initial diagnosis were significantly less likely to have a complete remission . No significant difference in remission or survival time could be demonstrated between treatment groups . Incidence of hematologic and gastrointestinal tract toxicoses did not differ between treatment groups , with the exception that vomiting was more common among dogs treated with the multiagent protocol . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this population of dogs , we were not able to identify any significant difference in remission or survival times between dogs with lymphoma treated with a continuous , multiagent chemotherapeutic protocol and dogs treated with a short-term single-agent protocol involving doxorubicin Purpose : Active immunotherapy is a promising antitumoral strategy ; however its use in combination with chemotherapy in dogs with large B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) remains largely untested . Heat shock proteins ( HSP ) bind the small peptides they chaperone ( HSPPC ) , allowing for immunization of the host against a large repertoire of tumor-associated antigens . Hydroxylapatite vehicles HSPPCs and acts as an immunologic adjuvant . The aim of this study was to show that an autologous vaccine with hydroxylapatite and tumor-derived HSPPCs is safe and therapeutically effective in dogs with DLBCL . Experimental Design : Nineteen dogs with naturally occurring DLBCL were entered into a prospect i ve r and omized placebo-controlled double-blinded trial of HSPPCs – hydroxylapatite plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone . Endpoints included time to progression ( TTP ) , lymphoma-specific survival ( LSS ) , and incidence of toxicoses . Results : Median first TTP after r and omization to the vaccine arm was 304 days versus 41 days for the control arm ( P = 0.0004 ) . There was also a statistically significant difference in duration of second remission between the two groups ( P = 0.02 ) . Median LSS was 505 days for the vaccinated dogs versus 159 days for the unvaccinated dogs ( P = 0.0018 ) . Six vaccinated dogs achieved molecular remission , as shown by clonal immunoglobulin H ( IgH ) rearrangement . Toxicoses were comparable between the two treatment arms . Conclusions : The results of this trial demonstrate that the autologous vaccine tested here is safe and efficacious in prolonging TTP and LSS in dogs with DLBCL when used in combination with dose-intense chemotherapy . On the basis of these results , additional evaluation of this novel therapeutic strategy is warranted in human DLBCL . Clin Cancer Res ; 20(3 ) ; 668–77 . © 2013 AACR The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of an intensified dose protocol with no maintenance phase for the treatment of canine lymphoma . Forty-nine dogs all weighing more than 15 kg were entered . Dogs were staged and treated with a modified version of the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison protocol for lymphoma . Modifications included increased dosages of cyclophosphamide ( 250 mg/m2 compared to 200 mg/m2 ) and doxorubicin ( 37.5 mg/m2 compared to 30 mg/m2 ) , with no crossover to chlorambucil or methotrexate . After 25 weeks on protocol ( 17 treatments ) , therapy was discontinued and dogs were monitored for relapse on a monthly basis . Disease-free interval ( DFI ) and overall survival were compared to 55 historical controls treated with the UW-Madison protocol . The 2 groups were comparable with respect to age , sex , breed , stage , presence of hypercalcemia , and CD3 status ; a trend toward more substage b dogs was present in the high-dose group ( P = .076 ) . When comparing response rate , DFI , death due to disease , and death due to treatment-related toxicity , more dogs were dead due to toxicity ( P < .001 ; odds ratio = 8.8 ) in the high-dose group . Overall survival between the high-dose and control groups did not differ significantly ( P = .55 ) at 270 and 318 days , respectively . The intensified dose protocol is an option for owners who are willing to risk higher toxicity for a shorter protocol with no statistical difference in survival from the UW-Madison protocol OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether serial determinations of serum lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) activity  in dogs with lymphoma could be used to predict outcome and assist in early recognition of disease progression . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . ANIMALS 50 dogs with lymphoma . PROCEDURES  LDH activity  was determined in dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma or that had not received treatment . The  LDH activity  was measured at time of initial diagnosis , at completion of chemotherapy , and at 1 , 3 , and 6 months after chemotherapy .  Treatment response and recurrence were recorded . At the end of chemotherapy and at each time point thereafter , the proportion of dogs in complete remission with elevated LDH activity was compared between dogs that did or did not have recurrence within the successive 45 or 90 days . Use of the LDH activity at admission to predict disease-free and survival intervals was evaluated . RESULTS The proportion of dogs in complete remission with increased LDH activity at completion of chemotherapy and at 1 month after chemotherapy with recurrence during the successive 45 days was significantly higher ( 3/9 and 7/9 dogs , respectively ) than the proportion of dogs without recurrence ( 0/32 and 1/26 dogs , respectively ) . At 3 or 6 months , only 1 dog without recurrence within 45 days had increased LDH activity . Increased LDH activity at time of diagnosis was not associated with disease-free and survival intervals . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Determination of LDH activity may help with identifying episodes of recurrence in dogs with lymphoma . Anticipation of recurrence is an appropriate reason to begin rescue treatment This study describes the development of an human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor DNA cationic-lipid complexed autologous tumour cell vaccine ( hGM-CSF CLDC ATCV ) and its implementation , following a chemotherapy treatment protocol , in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded clinical trial in pet dogs with naturally occurring lymphoma . We hypothesized that the use of this vaccine would result in an antitumour immune response leading to improved first remission duration and overall survival in dogs with B-cell lymphoma when compared with chemotherapy alone . Immune stimulation generated by hGM-CSF CLDC ATCV was assessed by means of surrogate in vivo analysis ( delayed-type hypersensitivity [ DTH ] ) as well as an ex vivo cellular assay ( lymphocyte proliferation assay ) . The vaccine approach considered in the current report did not result in clinical ly improved outcomes . A small measure of immunomodulation was documented by DTH and several modifications to the approach are suggested . This report illustrates the feasibility of clinical trials with vaccine strategies using companion animals with non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma Chemotherapy protocol s for canine lymphoma include the routine use of glucocorticoids for their lympholytic effect . However , glucocorticoids are associated with side effects ( e.g. polyphagia , polyuria , and weight gain ) , limit the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , and can induce drug transporter expression that could lead to drug resistance . Despite these negative effects , there are no data to support the use of glucocorticoids as part of a multidrug chemotherapy protocol for the treatment of canine lymphoma . A prospect i ve , r and omized clinical trial was conducted in 81 dogs with multicentric lymphoma and no history of recent glucocorticoid use . All dogs were staged and treated with the same chemotherapy protocol ( L-asparaginase , cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , and prednisolone ) with half of the dogs receiving prednisolone . Both treatment groups were similar with respect to demographics , immunophenotype , and clinical stage , except for a higher number of substage b patients in the prednisolone group ( 5 vs. 14 ; P=0.015 ) . Treatment results obtained with the initial treatment ( complete response rate 75 % , disease-free period 176 days ) and rescue treatment ( complete response rate 45 % , disease-free period 133 days ) , overall survival ( 283 days ) and adverse events ( number and grade ) were similar for both groups . In conclusion , prednisolone , as part of a multidrug chemotherapy protocol , has no additional effect on treatment results and can be omitted from first-line multidrug protocol s used for the treatment of canine lymphoma BACKGROUND ABT-751 is a novel orally available antimitotic agent that targets microtubule polymerization . This mechanism may suggest potential activity in canine lymphoma . OBJECTIVE Determine a maximum tolerated dose for ABT-751 , and assess long-term tolerability and activity in canine lymphoma . ANIMALS Thirty dogs with newly diagnosed ( n = 19 ) or relapsed ( n = 11 ) non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma . METHODS Dogs ( n = 11 ) were enrolled in a rapid dose escalation study to define the maximum tolerated dose . Upon definition of a maximally tolerated dose , a cohort expansion of 19 dogs allowed verification of long-term tolerability and assessment of activity . Study endpoints in the cohort expansion included chronic tolerability , response rate , response duration , and time to progression . Additional endpoints included serum pharmacokinetics , lymph node drug concentrations , and changes in circulating endothelial cells . RESULTS The maximum tolerated dose of ABT-751 was 350 mg/m(2 ) PO q24h . Dose-limiting toxicities included vomiting and diarrhea , which resolved with a schedule adjustment to 350 mg/m(2 ) PO q48h .  ABT-751  was consistently detected in lymphoma tissue sample s from dogs treated at or above the maximum tolerated dose . In the cohort expansion , objective responses were seen in 3/15 ( 20 % ) dogs with a response duration ranging from 21 to 111 days . Decreases in circulating endothelial cells were seen in 10 dogs at day 7 ( 2 responding dogs and 8 nonresponding dogs ) . CONCLUSION ABT-751 was well tolerated at 350 mg/m(2 ) PO q24h for 7 days 
    Output:
    
The survey results also expose variations in diagnostic criteria and treatment response assessment in canine multicentric lymphoma .