***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The auditory brainstem response reflects neural encoding of the acoustic characteristic of a speech syllable with remarkable precision . Some children with learning impairments demonstrate abnormalities in this preconscious measure of neural encoding especially in background noise . This study investigated whether auditory training targeted to remediate perceptually-based learning problems would alter the neural brainstem encoding of the acoustic sound structure of speech in such children . Nine subjects , clinical ly diagnosed with a language -based learning problem ( e.g. , dyslexia ) , worked with auditory perceptual training software . Prior to beginning and within three months after completing the training program , brainstem responses to the syllable /da/ were recorded in quiet and background noise . Subjects underwent additional auditory neurophysiological , perceptual , and cognitive testing .  Ten control subjects , who did not participate in any remediation program , underwent the same battery of tests at time intervals equivalent to the trained subjects . Transient and sustained ( frequency-following response ) components of the brainstem response were evaluated . The primary pathway afferent volley -- neural events occurring earlier than 11 ms after stimulus onset -- did not demonstrate plasticity . However , quiet-to-noise inter-response correlations of the sustained response ( approximately 11 - 50 ms ) increased significantly in the trained children , reflecting improved stimulus encoding precision , whereas control subjects did not exhibit this change . Thus , auditory training can alter the preconscious neural encoding of complex sounds by improving neural synchrony in the auditory brainstem . Additionally , several measures of brainstem response timing were related to changes in cortical physiology , as well as perceptual , academic , and cognitive measures from pre- to post-training OBJECTIVE This study examined the plasticity of the central auditory pathway and accompanying cognitive changes in children with learning problems . METHODS Children diagnosed with a learning disability and /or attention deficit disorder worked with commercial auditory processing training software for 8 weeks ; control groups consisted of normal-learning and learning-impaired children who did not participate in any remedial programs .  Auditory brainstem function was evaluated in response to click and speech stimuli in quiet ;  cortical responses to speech stimuli were obtained in quiet and noise .  Academic achievement and cognitive abilities were assessed with st and ardized measures . RESULTS Compared to controls , the trained group improved on measures of auditory processing and exhibited changes in cortical responses in quiet and in noise . In quiet , cortical responses reflected an accelerated maturational pattern ; in background noise , cortical responses became more resistant to degradation . Brainstem responses did not change with training . CONCLUSIONS Children with learning problems who practice d with auditory training software exhibited plasticity of neural encoding of speech sounds at the cortical , but not subcortical , level of the auditory pathway . This plasticity was accompanied by improvement in behavioral performance . SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that in learning-impaired children working with commercial auditory processing training programs affects both the perception and the cortical representation of sound 
    Output:
    
In general , we argue that the conceptualizations and methods on which our review was based were well motivated , and that our original conclusions are valid given the limited evidence that is currently available from clinical studies of auditory training with school-age children with auditory processing disorder or language impairment