***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To compare nutrient intakes between vegetarians and nonvegetarians with similar health practice s , and to assess relationships with eating behavior scores from the Three-Factor Eating Question naire . DESIGN Survey . SETTING Metropolitan area in western Canada . SUBJECTS Subjects ( n = 45 ) were participants in a study comparing sub clinical menstrual disturbances between vegetarians and nonvegetarians . To be included , women had to be 20 to 40 years old , be weight stable with a body mass index ( BMI ; kg/m2 ) of 18 to 25 , be a nonsmoker , exercise 7 hours a week or less , consume one alcoholic drink or less a day , and not be using oral contraceptives . Nonvegetarians ( n = 22 ) ate red meat three times a week or more , and  vegetarians ( n = 23 , 8 vegans and 15 lactovegetarians ) had excluded all meat , fish , and poultry for 2 years or more . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nutrient intake assessed by three 3-day  diet records ; supplement use ; body composition ; and dietary restraint ( conscious limitation of food intake ) , disinhibition , and hunger assessed by the Three-Factor Eating Question naire . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Anthropometric variables , nutrient intakes , and eating behavior scores were compared between vegetarians and nonvegetarians using unpaired t tests , and among vegans , lactovegetarians , and nonvegetarians using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan 's test . Supplement use was compared using chi 2 analysis . The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate relationships between variables . RESULTS Diets of all women adhered closely to current nutrition recommendations . Vegetarians had lower protein and cholesterol intakes and higher percentage of energy as carbohydrate , ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ( P : S ratio ) , and fiber intake than nonvegetarians . Vegetarians had lower riboflavin , niacin , vitamin B-12 , zinc , and sodium intakes and higher folate , vitamin C , and copper intakes . However , many differences were not apparent between the subgroup of lactovegetarians and nonvegetarians ( their P : S ratios and carbohydrate , fiber , riboflavin , folate , vitamin C , and copper intakes were similar ) . In contrast , differences existed between the lactovegetarian and the vegan subgroups . Supplement use was similar between groups , except for greater vitamin C use by vegetarians . Vegetarians were leaner than nonvegetarians , had lower restraint scores , and had significant associations between restraint and BMI ( r = .49 ; P < .05 ) and energy per kilogram body weight ( r = -.60 ; P < .01 ) . APPLICATIONS/ CONCLUSIONS Current nutrition recommendations can be attained by vegetarians and nonvegetarians alike , but nutrient intakes can not be inferred from dietary pattern . In this study , the intakes of  health-conscious nonvegetarians and lactovegetarians  were more similar than the intakes of lactovegetarians and vegans . Vegans ' calcium and vitamin B-12 intakes may need attention . Vegetarians ' lower restraint scores suggest that they are not at increased risk for eating disorders Exercise has been found to be effective for prevention of weight gain and maintenance of a stable weight in adults . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a school-based aerobic exercise program on the obesity indexes of preschool children . Subjects were 292 second-year elementary school pupils from 2 kindergartens in Hat Yai municipality , Songkhla province , southern Thail and . A specially design ed exercise program , including a 15-min walk before beginning the morning class and a 20-min aerobic dance session after the afternoon nap , 3 times a week , was conducted for 29.6 wk . Weight , height , and triceps skinfold thickness were measured 4 times . At the end of the study , the prevalence of obesity , using 95th percentile National Center for Health Statistics triceps-skinfold-thickness cutoffs , of both the exercise and control groups decreased . That of the exercise group decreased from 12.2 % at baseline to 8.8 % ( Wilcoxon signed-rank test , P = 0.058 ) , whereas that of the control group decreased from 11.7 % to 9.7 % ( Wilcoxon signed-rank test , P = 0.179 ) . A sex difference in the response of body mass index ( BMI ) to exercise was observed . Girls in the exercise group had a lower likelihood of having an increasing BMI slope than the control girls did ( odds ratio : 0.32 ; 95 % CI : 0.18 , 0.56 ) . In conclusion , our study suggests that a 29.6-wk school-based exercise program can prevent BMI gain in girls and may induce a remission of obesity in preschool-age children We report 10-year treatment outcomes for obese children in 4 r and omized treatment studies . At 10 years , 34 % decreased percentage overweight by 20 % or more , and 30 % were not obese . Significant effects were observed when parents and children were targeted and reinforced for weight loss in comparison with nontargeted controls and for children given lifestyle or aerobic exercise in comparison with a calisthenics control . Thirty-four percent of the variance in change in percentage overweight was predicted from sex , baseline percentage overweight , self-monitoring weight , meals eaten at home , and family and friends ' support for eating and exercise . Results show long-term changes in children depend on the treatment , and evidence converges on the importance of the family and other sources of support for eating and activity change This study examined whether preschool children differed on measures of psychosocial functioning both cross-sectionally and longitudinally . One hundred and thirty-two children who varied in levels of body fat participated in the study along with their natural parents .  Results indicated that the children did not differ in levels of self-esteem and family functioning as a function of their body fat . Prospect ively , physical self-esteem weakly ( but significantly ) correlated with body fat at 1 and 2 years , and father 's perception of family functioning predicted body fat at 1 year only . Results suggested that childhood obesity may not develop as a result of psychosocial factors OBJECTIVE --To examine the patterns of physical activity among British schoolchildren aged 11 to 16 and to assess whether the children experience the intensity and duration of physical activity that are believed to stress the cardiopulmonary system appropriately . DESIGN --Cross sectional study of a sample of children drawn from a larger survey of coronary risk factors in children . Continuous monitoring of heart rate for 12 hour periods on three school days and one Saturday . SETTING --Two communities in Devon . SUBJECTS--266 Children ( 163 girls , 103 boys ) aged 11 to 16 r and omly selected from a sample of 707 children . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES --Percentage of time and number of sustained periods in which heart rate was greater than 139 beats/min . Anthropometric measures and external assessment of sexual maturity with Tanner 's indices . RESULTS --The boys had heart rates greater than 139 beats/min for a significantly higher percentage of time than the girls ( p less than 0.01 ) during the weekday ( 6.2 % v 4.3 % ) and the Saturday ( 5.6 % v 2.6 % ) . The boys had significantly more five and 10 minute periods with heart rates greater than 139 beats/min than the girls during the Saturday and weekdays and more 20 minute periods during the weekdays . 84 Girls and 37 boys had no 10 minute period with a heart rate greater than 139 beats/min during the three weekdays and 112 girls and 65 boys had no such 10 minute period during the Saturday . No significant relation was detected in either sex between the amount or habitual physical activity ( heart rate ) and skinfold thickness or maturity group . CONCLUSIONS --British children have surprisingly low levels of habitual physical activity , and many children seldom undertake the volume of physical activity believed to benefit the cardiopulmonary system . Boys are more active than girls . The pubertal stage of development or body fatness , or both , do not seem to be sensitive indicators of physical activity in either girls or boys Using the Princeton School Family Study cohort , our specific aim was to determine whether , and to what degree , parent-offspring and sibling associations for measures of body habitus outlast the period of shared common household environment in a single well characterized community . Familial associations of measures in body habitus were assessed in two and three generation kindreds , in parents and their pediatric offspring ( less than 20-yr-old ) , parents and their adult offspring ( less than or equal to 20-yr-old ) , and in pediatric and adult siblings . The cohort included 177 r and omly recalled prob and s and 202 prob and s from a hyperlipidemic recall group ( top decile plasma cholesterol and /or triglyceride ) . In r and omly recalled whites , significant associations of body mass indices in parents and pediatric offspring and in pediatric siblings , and the absence of significant correlations in parents and adult offspring and in adult siblings , emphasize the potency of common household environmental effects relative to within-family similarities for shared body habitus . In whites from the hyperlipidemic recall group , only the mother-pediatric and adult offspring correlations for body mass indices were significant . We speculate that mothers and their offspring from kindreds selected by hyperlipidemic prob and s are more likely than fathers and their offspring to share eating habits and relative ponderosity , with these communal behaviors outlasting the period of common household environment . Alternatively , and speculatively , in the hyperlipidemic recall group , determinants for ponderosity may be shared more by mothers and their offspring than by fathers and their offspring . Particularly in the r and om recall group , within-family associations of body mass indices primarily reflect shared common household environments , and probably secondarily , the outcome of genes held in common Recent research has shown weight maintenance for obese preadolescent children over 60 and 120 month intervals , while studies on adults consistently show they fail to maintain weight loss . This paper is design ed to examine differences in percent overweight changes at 6 , 60 and 120 months in obese parents and children from 113 families who participated in r and omized controlled outcome studies evaluating family-based behavioral treatment .  Analyses showed children had significantly greater changes in percent overweight than their parents at each time point . Chi-Square and Logistic Regression analyses showed children were more likely than their parents at each time point to have percent overweight decreases greater than 20 % , with over 20 % of the children and less than 1 % of the parents showing changes this large . The implication s of these results for weight control are discussed . These results suggest there may be differences in the efficacy of treating obesity in children versus adults The possible effect of maternal attitude to sweet eating habits on their offspring 's  risk of overweight is a common concern . This study addresses the influence of  mothers ' reports on and attitude to sweet eating habits on the subsequent risk of overweight of their offspring in young adulthood . A study of a r and omly selected cohort of 9 - 10 year old children from schools in the Copenhagen municipality was performed in 1974 . A decade later a follow-up was carried out , and 86 % of the target population participated . Overweight was defined as the 90th percentile of body mass index distribution ( weight/height2 ( kg/m2 ) ) . The odds ratio of overweight in young adulthood was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into account body mass index in childhood , gender and social background ( both parents ' school education , householder 's occupational status , and quality of dwellings in childhood rearing areas ) . The results showed that the risk of overweight was significantly increased if the mother reported lacking knowledge about her offspring 's sweet eating habits ( OR = 4.5 ; 95 % confidence limits : 1.7 - 12.1 ; P = 0.003 ) . The risk was insignificantly increased if the mothers expressed acceptance of sweet eating habits ( OR = 1.9 ; 0.8 - 4.2 ; P = 0.1 ) , and if more than an average amount of money was given for sweets ( OR = 2.0 ; 1.0 - 3.8 ; P = 0.06 ) . On the other h and , how often the child was actually allowed to eat sweets , and the mother 's acceptance of sugary food did not significantly influence the risk . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Objectives : To examine the effect of measurement error in dietary data on the relationship between diet and body mass index ( BMI ) . To correct for the effect of measurement error on diet– BMI association by using replicate measurements of diet . The effect of measurement error on diet– BMI relationship was simulated , and its implication s are discussed . Design : Prospect i ve study design . Setting : The first and second China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 1989 and 1991 , respectively . Subjects : Three thous and , four hundred and seventy-nine adults age 20–45 y at the 1989 survey . Methods : Statistical methods were used to demonstrate the effect of measurement error in dietary data on the diet- BMI association . Results : By using the average of three replicate 24 h dietary recalls , the attenuation of diet- BMI association was reduced substantially . The regression coefficients of fat and energy intakes differed markedly from those computed by using only single measurement of diet . Conclusions : Measurement error in dietary data may significantly attenuate the diet-disease association . Where appropriate , specific emphasis may be needed to address the problem of measurement error in the study of diet-disease relationship . Spnosorship : This research was supported by the National Institute of 
    Output:
    
Offspring of obese parent(s ) were consistently seen to be at increased risk of fatness , although few studies have looked at this relationship over longer periods of childhood and into adulthood .
No clear relationship is reported between socio-economic status ( SES ) in early life and childhood fatness .
However , a strong consistent relationship is observed between low SES in early life and increased fatness in adulthood .
Studies investigating SES were generally large but very few considered confounding by parental fatness .
Women who change social class ( social mobility ) show the prevalence of obesity of the class they join , an association which is not present in men .
There is good evidence from large and reasonably long-term studies for an apparently clear relationship for increased fatness with higher birth weight , but in studies which attempted to address potential confounding by gestational age , parental fatness , or social group , the relationship was less consistent .
There was almost no evidence for an influence of  activity  in infancy on later fatness , and inconsistent but suggestive evidence for a protective effect of activity in childhood on later fatness .