***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent strength and endurance training ( SE ) ( 2 plus 2 days a week ) versus strength training only ( S ) ( 2 days a week ) in men [ SE : n=11 ; 38 ( 5 ) years , S : n=16 ; 37 ( 5 ) years ] over a training period of 21 weeks . The resistance training program addressed both maximal and explosive strength components . EMG , maximal isometric force , 1 RM strength , and rate of force development ( RFD ) of the leg extensors , muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) of the quadriceps femoris ( QF ) throughout the lengths of 4/15–12/15 ( Lf ) of the femur , muscle fibre proportion and areas of types I , IIa , and IIb of the vastus lateralis ( VL ) , and maximal oxygen uptake ( V̇O2max ) were evaluated . No changes occurred in strength during the 1-week control period , while after the 21-week training period increases of 21 % ( p<0.001 ) and 22 % ( p<0.001 ) , and of 22 % ( p<0.001 ) and 21 % ( p<0.001 ) took place in the 1RM load and maximal isometric force in S and SE , respectively . Increases of 26 % ( p<0.05 ) and 29 % ( p<0.001 ) occurred in the maximum iEMG of the VL in S and SE , respectively . The CSA of the QF increased throughout the length of the QF ( from 4/15 to 12/15 Lf ) both in S ( p<0.05–0.001 ) and SE ( p<0.01–0.001 ) . The mean fibre areas of types I , IIa and IIb increased after the training both in S ( p<0.05 and 0.01 ) and SE ( p<0.05 and p<0.01 ) . S showed an increase in RFD ( p<0.01 ) , while no change occurred in SE . The average iEMG of the VL during the first 500 ms of the rapid isometric action increased ( p<0.05–0.001 ) only in S. V̇O2max increased by 18.5 % ( p<0.001 ) in SE . The present data do not support the concept of the universal nature of the interference effect in strength development and muscle hypertrophy when strength training is performed concurrently with endurance training , and the training volume is diluted by a longer period of time with a low frequency of training . However , the present results suggest that even the low-frequency concurrent strength and endurance training leads to interference in explosive strength development mediated in part by the limitations of rapid voluntary neural activation of the trained muscles Abstract HIV infection and HIV drug therapies result in physical and psychological challenges to those living with HIV . These conditions contribute to decreased functional aerobic capacity ( FAC ) . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a combined moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on the FAC of HIV-infected individuals . Forty HIV-infected individuals were r and omized to an  exercise group  ( EX ) who completed six weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training , or to a control group ( CON ) that did not receive the exercise intervention . Twice weekly , the EX group completed 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic training followed by moderate-intensity resistance training . Prior to , and following , the intervention the FAC for each subject was determined by grade d exercise treadmill stress test ( GXT ) . At baseline testing , the mean FAC as determined by treadmill time-based estimation of maximal oxygen consumption was 25 % below age-predicted values , a level of reduction indicating the presence of functional aerobic impairment ( FAI ) . Following the intervention , the EX had a significant increase in time to fatigue and estimated VO2 max ( p<.001 ) . Further , FAI was eliminated ( 1 % above age predicted values ) during the exercise training . The EX group also experienced decreased heart rates during Stages 1 ( p=.02 ) , 2 ( p=.01 ) , 4 ( p=.05 ) and 6 ( p=.02 ) of the GXT . The CON had no significant changes during the intervention period . These data indicate that six weeks of combined moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training can improve FAC and eliminate FAI in those with HIV . Results suggest that the functional limitations common in HIV-infected individuals are due in part to detraining that is reversible through moderate exercise adherence Objective Our objective was to examine the effects of exercise training ( EXS ) on quality of life ( QoL ) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-positive ( HIV+ ) subjects with body fat redistribution ( BFR ) in Rw and a. Methods The effects of a r and omised controlled trial of EXS on QoL were measured using World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF  in HIV+ subjects with BFR r and omised to EXS ( n = 50 ; BFR + EXS ) or no exercise training ( n = 50 ; BFR + noEXS ) . Results At 6 months , scores on the psychological [ 1.3 ( 0.3 ) vs. 0.5 ( 0.1 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , independence [ 0.6 ( 0.1 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationships [ 0.6 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] and HIV HAART-specific QoL domains [ 1.4 ( 0.2 ) vs. −0.1 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Self-esteem [ 1.3 ( 0.8 ) vs. 0.1 ( 0.6 ) ; P < 0.001 ] , body image [ 1.5 ( 0.6 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] and emotional stress [ 1.6 ( 0.7 ) vs. 0.2 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] improved more in the BFR + EXS group than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Psychological [ 1.5 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.1 ( 0.3 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationship [ 0.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.4 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , and HIV HAART-specific well-being [ 1.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS female than male subjects . Conclusions Exercise training improved several components of QoL in HAART-treated HIV+ African subjects with BFR .  Exercise training is an inexpensive and efficacious strategy for improving QoL in HIV+ African subjects , which may improve HAART adherence and treatment initiatives in re source -limited areas of sub-Saharan Africa The prevalence and incidence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) are higher in people treated for human immunodeficiency virus-1 ( HIV ) infection than in the general population . Identifying safe and effective interventions is a high priority . We evaluated whether the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone with exercise training improves central and peripheral insulin sensitivity more than pioglitazone alone in HIV-infected adults with insulin resistance and central adiposity . Forty-four HIV-infected adults with baseline insulin resistance and central adiposity were r and omly assigned to 4 mo of pioglitazone ( 30 mg/day ) with or without supervised , progressive aerobic , and resistance exercise training ( 1.5 - 2 h/day , 3 days/wk ) . The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was used to evaluate alterations in central and peripheral insulin sensitivity . Thirty-nine participants completed the study . Hepatic insulin sensitivity improved similarly in both groups . Exercise training augmented the beneficial effects of pioglitazone on peripheral insulin sensitivity . Greater improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity were associated with reductions in total body and limb adipose content rather than increases in limb adiposity or pioglitazone-induced increases in adiponectin concentration . We conclude that supplementing pioglitazone with increased physical activity improved insulin sensitivity more effectively than pioglitazone alone in HIV-infected adults with insulin resistance and central adiposity . Pioglitazone alone did not significantly increase limb adipose content . Potential cardiovascular benefits of these interventions in HIV need investigation PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare changes in maximal strength , power , and muscular endurance after 12 wk of periodized heavy-resistance training directly supervised by a personal trainer ( SUP ) versus unsupervised training ( UNSUP ) . METHODS Twenty moderately trained men aged 24.6 + /- 1.0 yr ( mean + /- SE ) were r and omly assigned to either the SUP group ( N = 10 ) or the UNSUP group ( N = 8) . Both groups performed identical linear periodized resistance training programs consisting of preparatory ( 10 - 12 repetitions maximum ( RM ) ) , hypertrophy ( 8 to 10-RM ) , strength ( 5 to 8-RM ) , and peaking phases ( 3 to 6-RM ) using free-weight and variable-resistance machine exercises . Subjects were tested for maximal squat and bench press strength ( 1-RM ) , squat jump power output , bench press muscular endurance , and body composition at week 0 and after 12 wk of training . RESULTS Mean training loads ( kg per set ) per week were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater in the SUP group than the UNSUP group at weeks 7 through 11 for the squat , and weeks 3 and 7 through 12 for the bench press exercises . The rates of increase ( slope ) of squat and bench press kg per set were significantly greater in the SUP group . Maximal squat and bench press strength were significantly greater at week 12 in the SUP group . Squat and bench press 1-RM , and mean and peak power output increased significantly after training in both groups . Relative local muscular endurance ( 80 % of 1-RM ) was not compromised in either group despite significantly greater loads utilized in bench press muscular endurance testing after training . Body mass , fat mass , and fat-free mass increased significantly after training in the SUP group . CONCLUSION Directly supervised , heavy-resistance training in moderately trained men result ed in a greater rate of training load increase and magnitude which result ed in greater maximal strength gains compared with unsupervised training QUESTION What is the effect of a six-month , supervised , aerobic and resistance exercise program on self-efficacy in men living with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) ? DESIGN R and omised , controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS 40 ( 5 dropouts ) men living with HIV , aged 18 years or older . INTERVENTION The experimental group participated in a twice-weekly supervised aerobic and resistance exercise program for six months and the control group participated in a twice-weekly unsupervised walking program and attended a monthly group forum . OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was self-efficacy using the General Self-Efficacy Scale . Secondary outcome measures were cardiovascular fitness using the Kasch Pulse Recovery test , and health-related quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey . Measures were taken by an assessor blinded to group allocation . RESULTS By six months , the experimental group had improved their self-efficacy by 6.8 points ( 95 % CI 3.9 to 9.7 , p < 0.001 ) and improved their cardiovascular fitness by reducing their heart rate by 20.2 bpm ( 95 % CI -25.8 to -14.6 , p < 0.001 ) more than the control group . Health-related quality of life improved in only two out of the eleven dimensions : the experimental group improved their overall health by 20.8 points ( 95 % CI 2.0 to 39.7 , p = 0.03 ) and their cognitive function by 14 points ( 95 % CI 0.7 to 27.3 , p = 0.04 ) more than the control group . CONCLUSION The findings of this study add to the known benefits of exercise for the HIV-infected population Background Progressive resistance exercise training ( PRT ) improves physical functioning in patients with HIV infection .  Creatine supplementation can augment the benefits derived from training in athletes and improve muscle function in patients with muscle wasting . The objective of this study was to determine whether creatine supplementation augments the effects of PRT on muscle strength , energetics , and body composition in HIV-infected patients . Methodology /Principal Findings This is a r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled , clinical research center-based , outpatient study in San Francisco . 40 HIV – positive men ( 20 creatine , 20 placebo ) enrolled in a 14-week study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to receive creatine monohydrate or placebo for 14 weeks . Treatment began with a loading dose of 20 g/day or an equivalent number of placebo capsules for 5 days , followed by maintenance dosing of 4.8 g/day or placebo . Beginning at week 2 and continuing to week 14 , all subjects underwent thrice-weekly super 
    Output:
    
Individual studies suggested that exercise training contributed to improvement of physiologic and functional parameters , but that the gains were specific to the type of exercise performed .
Resistance exercise training improved outcomes related to body composition and muscle strength , with little impact on quality of life .
Aerobic exercise training  improved body composition and aerobic capacity .
Concurrent training produced significant gains in all outcomes evaluated , although moderate intensity and a long duration were necessary .
We concluded that exercise training was shown to be a safe and beneficial intervention in the treatment of patients with HIV