***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Berries are high in flavonoids , especially anthocyanidins , and improve cognition in experimental studies . We prospect ively evaluated whether greater long‐term intakes of berries and flavonoids are associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in older women OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to conduct the first known clinical trial of the short-term ( i.e. , 6 weeks ) efficacy of cranberry juice on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults . PARTICIPANTS Fifty ( 50 ) community-dwelling , cognitively intact volunteers , > or = 60 years old , who reported no history of dementia or significant neurocognitive impairments , participated in this study . DESIGN A 6-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , parallel-group , clinical trial was utilized . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive either 32 ounces/day of a beverage containing 27 % cranberry juice per volume ( n = 25 ) or placebo ( n = 25 ) for 6 weeks , and administered a series of neuropsychologic tests at both pretreatment baseline and again after 6 weeks of either cranberry juice or placebo treatment to assess treatment-related changes . OUTCOME MEASURES Efficacy measures consisted of participants ' raw scores on the following st and ardized neuropsychologic tests : Selective Reminding Test , Wechsler Memory Scale-III Faces I and Faces II subtests , Trail Making Test ( Parts A and B ) , Stroop Color and Word Test , and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- III Digit Symbol-Coding subtest . A subjective Follow-up Self-report Question naire was also administered to participants at the conclusion of the end-of-treatment phase assessment s. RESULTS Two-factor , mixed analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) revealed no significant group ( cranberry juice and placebo ) by trial ( pretreatment baseline and end-of-treatment assessment s ) interactions across all of the neuropsychologic tests and measures utilized in this study when a Bonferroni corrected alpha level was used to correct for multiple comparisons ( i.e. , .05/17 group by trial comparisons = .003 ) . Pearson Chi-Square analyses of the groups ' self-reported changes over the 6-week treatment phase in their abilities to remember , thinking processes , moods , energy levels , and overall health on the Follow-up Self-report Question naire revealed no significant relationships . However , a nonsignificant trend ( X2(1 ) = 2.373 , p = 0.123 ) was noted for participants ' self-reported overall abilities to remember from pretreatment baseline to the end-of-treatment assessment . Specifically , more than twice as many participants in the cranberry group ( n = 9 , 37.5 % ) rated their overall abilities to remember by treatment end as " improved " as compared to placebo controls ( n = 4 , 17.4 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Taken together , no significant interactions were found between the cranberry and placebo groups and their pretreatment baseline and end-of-treatment phase ( after 6 weeks ) st and ardized neuropsychologic assessment s. A nonsignificant trend was noted , however , on a subjective , self-report question naire where twice as many participants in the cranberry group rated their overall abilities to remember by treatment end as " improved " compared to placebo controls Concord grape juice contains polyphenol compounds , which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and influence neuronal signalling . Concord grape juice supplementation has been shown to reduce inflammation , blood pressure and vascular pathology in individuals with CVD , and consumption of such flavonoid-containing foods is associated with a reduced risk for dementia . In addition , preliminary animal data have indicated improvement in memory and motor function with grape juice supplementation , suggesting potential for cognitive benefit in ageing humans . In this initial investigation of neurocognitive effects , we enrolled twelve older adults with memory decline but not dementia in a r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial with Concord grape juice supplementation  for 12 weeks . We observed significant improvement in a measure of verbal learning and non-significant enhancement of verbal and spatial recall . There was no appreciable effect of the intervention on depressive symptoms and no effect on weight or waist circumference . A small increase in fasting insulin was observed for those consuming grape juice . These preliminary findings suggest that supplementation with Concord grape juice may enhance cognitive function for older adults with early memory decline and establish a basis for more comprehensive investigations to evaluate potential benefit and assess mechanisms of action Abstract Purpose Dietary flavonoids , including anthocyanins , may positively influence cognition and may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of dementia . We aim ed to assess whether daily consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice changed cognitive function in older adults with dementia .  Blood pressure and anti-inflammatory effects were examined as secondary outcomes . Methods A 12-week r and omised controlled trial assessed cognitive outcomes in older adults ( + 70 year ) with mild-to-moderate dementia ( n = 49 ) after consumption of 200 ml/day of either a cherry juice or a control juice with negligible anthocyanin content .  Blood pressure and inflammatory markers ( CRP and IL-6 ) were measured at 6 and 12 weeks . ANCOVA controlling for baseline and RMANOVA assessed change in cognition and blood pressure . Results Improvements in verbal fluency ( p = 0.014 ) , short-term memory ( p = 0.014 ) and long-term memory ( p ≤ 0.001 ) were found in the cherry juice group . A significant reduction in systolic ( p = 0.038 ) blood pressure and a trend for diastolic ( p = 0.160 ) blood pressure reduction was evident in the intervention group . Markers of inflammation ( CRP and IL-6 ) were not altered . Conclusion Inclusion of an anthocyanin-rich beverage may be a practical and feasible way to improve total anthocyanin consumption in older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia , with potential to improve specific cognitive outcomes BACKGROUND There are very limited data regarding the effects of blueberry flavonoid intake on vascular function in healthy humans . OBJECTIVES We investigated the impact of blueberry flavonoid intake on endothelial function in healthy men and assessed potential mechanisms of action by the assessment of circulating metabolites and neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity . DESIGN Two r and omized , controlled , double-blind , crossover human-intervention trials were conducted with 21 healthy men . Initially , the impact of blueberry flavonoid intake on flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) and polyphenol absorption and metabolism was assessed at baseline and 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 h after consumption of blueberry containing 766 , 1278 , and 1791 mg total blueberry polyphenols or a macronutrient- and micronutrient-matched control drink ( 0 mg total blueberry polyphenols ) . Second , an intake-dependence study was conducted ( from baseline to 1 h ) with 319 , 637 , 766 , 1278 , and 1791 mg total blueberry polyphenols and a control . RESULTS We observed a biphasic time-dependent increase in FMD , with significant increases at 1 - 2 and 6 h after consumption of blueberry polyphenols . No significant intake-dependence was observed between 766 and 1791 mg . However , at 1 h after consumption , FMD increased dose dependently to ≤766 mg total blueberry polyphenol intake , after which FMD plateaued . Increases in FMD were closely linked to increases in circulating metabolites and by decreases in neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity at 1 - 2 and 6 h. CONCLUSIONS Blueberry intake acutely improves vascular function in healthy men in a time- and intake-dependent manner . These benefits may be mechanistically linked to the actions of circulating phenolic metabolites on neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01292954 and NCT01829542 BACKGROUND Many elderly persons report that they have difficulties learning new things and remembering names , plans , and conversations . Because decreased cognitive function in elderly persons is potentially related to their poor nutritional status , provision of essential nutrients may improve cognitive function . The authors wanted to determine whether consumption of an enriched drink , including moderate doses of all essential micronutrients , improves cognitive function in frail elderly persons . METHODS Frail , white adults ( n=101 ) who were aged 65 years or older with a body mass index < or=25 kg/m2 were selected for this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . They received either an enriched drink or a placebo product for 6 months . Before and after the intervention , participants ' cognitive function was assessed ( word learning test [ WLT ] , WLT delayed , category fluency [ CF ] for animals and professions , and recognition memory test for words [ RMTW ] ) and blood biochemical analyses ( vitamin B12 , homocysteine ) were performed . RESULTS Sixty-seven residents completed the study period . After 6 months , significant differences were noted in changes of the WLT ( 0.9+/-0.3 vs -0.1+/-0.3 ; p=.014 ) and CF professions ( 1.2+/-0.7 vs -0.6+/-0.5 ; p=.017 ) in the supplement group ( n=34 ) compared with the placebo group ( n=33 ) . No significant differences were observed in WLT delayed , RMTW , and CF animals . The plasma vitamin B12 concentration increased ( 105+/-50 vs 8 + /-16 ; p=.003 ) and the homocysteine concentration decreased ( -6.3+/-5.9 vs -0.3+/-2.9 ; p=.000 ) in the supplement group compared with the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the evidence that nutritional supplementation may improve neuropsychological performance in frail elderly persons In the PAQUID ( Personnes Agées Quid ) study , the authors prospect ively examined flavonoid intake in relation to cognitive function and decline among subjects aged 65 years or older . A total of 1,640 subjects free from dementia at baseline in 1990 and with reliable dietary assessment were reexamined four times over a 10-year period . Cognitive functioning was assessed through three psychometric tests ( Mini-Mental State Examination , Benton 's Visual Retention Test , " Isaacs " Set Test ) at each visit . Information on flavonoid intake was collected at baseline . A linear mixed model was used to analyze the evolution of cognitive performance according to quartiles of flavonoid intake . After adjustment for age , sex , and educational level , flavonoid intake was associated with better cognitive performance at baseline ( p = 0.019 ) and with a better evolution of the performance over time ( p = 0.046 ) . Subjects included in the two highest quartiles of flavonoid intake had better cognitive evolution than did subjects in the lowest quartile . After 10 years ' follow-up , subjects with the lowest flavonoid intake had lost on average 2.1 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination , whereas subjects with the highest quartile had lost 1.2 points . This gradient persisted after adjustment for several other potential confounders . This study raises the possibility that dietary flavonoid intake is associated with better cognitive evolution OBJECTIVE Recent evidence from animals and adult humans has demonstrated potential benefits to cognition from flavonoid supplementation . The aim of this study was to investigate whether these cognitive benefits extended to a sample of school-aged children . METHOD Using a crossover design , with a washout of at least 7 d between drinks , 14 children ages 8 to 10 y consumed either a flavonoid-rich blueberry drink or a matched vehicle . Two h after consumption , the children completed a battery of five cognitive tests comprising the  Go-NoGo , Stroop , Rey 's Auditory Verbal Learning Task , Object Location Task , and a Visual N-back .  RESULTS In comparison to the vehicle , the blueberry drink produced significant improvements in the delayed recall of a previously learned list of words , showing for the first time a cognitive benefit for acute flavonoid intervention in children . However , performance on a measure of proactive interference indicated that the blueberry intervention led to a greater negative impact of previously memorized words on the encoding of a set of new words . There was no benefit of our blueberry intervention for measures of attention , response inhibition , or visuospatial memory . CONCLUSIONS Although findings are mixed , the improvements in delayed recall found in this pilot study suggest that , following acute flavonoid-rich blueberry interventions , school-aged children encode memory items more effectively Evidence in support of the neuroprotective effects of flavonoids has increased significantly in recent years , although to date much of this evidence has emerged from animal rather than human studies . Nonetheless , with a view to making recommendations for future good practice , we review 15 existing human dietary intervention studies that have examined the effects of particular types of flavonoid on cognitive performance . The studies employed a total of 55 different cognitive tests covering a broad range of cognitive domains . Most studies incorporated at least one measure of executive function/working memory , with nine reporting significant improvements in performance as a function of flavonoid supplementation compared to a control group . However , some domains were overlooked completely ( e.g. implicit memory , prospect i ve memory ) , and for the most part there was little consistency in terms of the particular cogn 
    Output:
    
The impact of food-based anthocyanin consumption on both acute and long-term cognition appears promising .