***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : To compare the enamel protection efficacy of stannous-containing sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP)/triclosan dentifrices marketed in India in an in situ erosion model with acidic challenge . Material s and Methods : This r and omised and controlled , in situ , supervised , double-blind clinical trial employed a two-treatment , four-period crossover design , wherein subjects wore an  appliance fitted with human enamel sample s 6 h/day during each 10 day treatment period and swished twice daily with their assigned dentifrice slurry : Oral-B ® Pro-Health ( maximum 1,000 ppm F as sodium fluoride with stannous chloride ) or Colgate ® Strong Teeth with Cavity Protection ( maximum 1,000 F as sodium MFP and triclosan ) . Subjects swished with 250 ml of orange juice over a 10 min period after each treatment and twice daily for the acidic erosive challenge . Enamel sample s were measured for tooth surface loss using contact profilometry at baseline and day 10 . Results : A total of 34 subjects were r and omised to treatment ; 32 subjects completed the final visit . Baseline profilometry measurements of the specimen surfaces were near zero within ± 0.3 μm , and no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.48 ) on average was observed between the two test dentifrices . At day 10 , the stannous-containing dentifrice demonstrated 88 % less erosion ( P < 0.0001 ) relative to the MFP/triclosan dentifrice . Estimated medians ( 95 % confidence intervals ) were 0.21 μm ( 0.17 , 0.25 ) for the stannous-containing dentifrice versus 1.66 μm ( 1.39 , 1.99 ) for the MFP/triclosan dentifrice . Both dentifrices were well-tolerated . Conclusions : Compared with MFP/triclosan toothpaste , a stabilised stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice gave statistically significantly greater protection against tooth enamel surface loss in situ following repeated acid erosive challenge Objectives The aim of these investigations was to assess the ability of two fluoride dentifrices to protect against the initiation and progression of dental erosion using a predictive in vitro erosion cycling model and a human in situ erosion prevention clinical trial for verification of effectiveness . Material s and methods A stabilized stannous fluoride ( SnF2 ) dentifrice ( 0.454 % SnF2 + 0.077 % sodium fluoride [ NaF ] ; total F = 1450 ppm F ) [ dentifrice A ] and a sodium monofluorophosphate [SMFP]/arginine dentifrice ( 1.1 % SMFP + 1.5 % arginine ; total F = 1450 ppm F ) [ dentifrice B ] were tested in a 5-day in vitro erosion cycling model and a 10-day r and omized , controlled , double-blind , two-treatment , four-period crossover in situ clinical trial . In each study , human enamel specimens were exposed to repetitive product treatments using a st and ardized dilution of test products followed by erosive acid challenges in a systematic fashion . Results Both studies demonstrated statistically significant differences between the two products , with dentifrice A providing significantly better enamel protection in each study . In vitro , dentifrice A provided a 75.8 % benefit over dentifrice B ( p < 0.05 , ANOVA ) , while after 10 days in the in situ model , dentifrice A provided 93.9 % greater protection versus dentifrice B ( p < 0.0001 , general linear mixed model ) . Conclusion These results support the superiority of stabilized SnF2 dentifrices for protecting human teeth against the initiation and progression of dental erosion . Clinical relevance Stabilized SnF2 dentifrices may provide more significant benefits to consumers than conventional fluoride dentifrices OBJECTIVE To compare the enamel protection efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride ( SnF2 ) dentifrice to a sodium fluoride (NaF)/triclosan dentifrice following acidic erosive challenge . METHODS In this in situ , r and omized , controlled , double-blind , two-treatment , four-period crossover clinical trial , subjects wore an appliance fitted with human enamel sample s 6 h day-1 during each 15-day treatment period . Twice each treatment day they swished with their assigned dentifrice slurry : 0.454 % SnF2 /0.077 % NaF or 0.32 % NaF/0.3 % triclosan . After each treatment and two other times daily , subjects swished with 250 ml of orange juice over a 10-min period ( acidic erosive challenge ) . Enamel sample s were measured for tooth surface loss using contact profilometry at baseline and days 10 and 15 . RESULTS Thirty-six subjects ( mean age 44.8 years , range 23 - 65 years ) were r and omized to treatment ; 33 subjects completed the final study visit . There were no statistically significant baseline differences ( P > 0.44 ) in the specimen surfaces of the two dentifrice treatment groups via profilometry . At day 10 , the SnF2 dentifrice provided a statistically significant ( P < 0.0001 ) reduction in enamel loss by 67 % versus the NaF/triclosan dentifrice with estimated medians of 1.22 and 3.68 μm , respectively . At day 15 , the SnF2 dentifrice again provided a significantly greater benefit ( P < 0.0001 ) against tooth surface loss versus the NaF/triclosan dentifrice , with 68 % less erosion , and estimated medians of 1.60 and 5.03 μm , respectively . Both dentifrices were well tolerated . CONCLUSION A stabilized SnF2 dentifrice provided superior protection against the initiation and progression of tooth enamel surface loss in situ after erosive challenge compared to a NaF/triclosan dentifrice Background / Aims : Stannous fluoride ( SnF ) has been suggested as a dental erosion-preventive agent . The aim of this single-centre , r and omized , double-blind , in situ study was to evaluate the effect of toothpastes with SnF in the prevention of erosive enamel wear . Methods : A combined split-mouth ( extra-oral water or toothpaste brushing ) and crossover ( type of toothpaste ) set-up was used . Twelve volunteers wore palatal appliances containing human enamel sample s. Three toothpastes were used , in three consecutive runs , in r and omized order : two toothpastes containing SnF ( coded M and PE ) and one toothpaste containing only sodium fluoride ( coded C ) . On day 1 of each run the appliances were worn for pellicle formation . On days 2–5 the sample s were also brushed twice with a toothpaste-water slurry or only water ( control ) . Erosion took place on days 2–5 extra-orally 3 times a day ( 5 min ) in a citric acid solution ( pH 2.3 ) . Enamel wear depth was quantified by optical profilometry . The effect of toothpastes was tested using General Linear Modeling . Results : Average erosive wear depth of control sample s was 23 µm . Both SnF toothpastes significantly reduced erosive wear : M by 34 % ( SD 39 % ) and PE by 26 % ( SD 25 % ) . The control toothpaste reduced erosive wear non-significantly by 7 % ( SD 20 % ) . Both SnF-containing toothpastes significantly reduced erosive wear compared to the sodium fluoride toothpaste . Conclusion : We conclude that SnF-containing toothpastes are able to reduce erosive tooth wear in situ Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in inhibiting dental erosion progression , measures for further improvement in its effectiveness are paramount . Thus , this in situ study evaluated whether the protective effect promoted by the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution would be enhanced by increasing its frequency of use . The study was conducted with 12 volunteers , a 4-phase ( 5 days each ) r and omized , crossover model . Extraoral erosive challenges ( 0.5 % citric acid , pH 2.6 , 6 × 2 min/day ) and rinsing protocol ( 1 or 2 × 2 min/day ) were performed . Before the in situ phase , human enamel sample s were subjected to an in vitro surface softening ( 1 % citric acid , pH 4.0 , for 3 min ) . Four treatment protocol s were tested using sample s in replicas ( n = 12 ) : group G1 - deionized water ( negative control ) ; G2 - NaF solution ( positive control , 500 ppm F- , pH 4.5 ) ; G3 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution ( 500 ppm F- , 800 ppm Sn2 + , pH 4.5 ) once a day ; G4 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution twice a day . Tissue loss and morphological changes were determined by optical profilometry ( n = 12 ) and scanning electron microscopy ( n = 3 ) analysis , respectively . Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA with subsequent pairwise comparison of treatments . Tissue loss means ( ±SD in µm ) for each treatment protocol and statistical differences were found as follows : G1 4.55 ± 2.75 , G2 4.59 ± 2.13 , G3 2.64 ± 1.55 , and G4 1.34 ± 1.16 . Although there was no difference between the 2 AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution application regimens ( once or twice a day ) , application of the product twice a day was the only treatment that was able to control erosion progression , differing from the control groups OBJECTIVES To determine if brushing dentine with 2 moderate RDA desensitising toothpastes , results in a significant dentine wear difference and whether this difference continues to be relevant when preceded with an erosive challenge . METHODS An in situ , single centre , single blind , r and omised , split mouth study , evaluated the difference in abrasion of 2 toothpastes ( SFM - Sensodyne Fresh Mint ( ® ) RDA 70 ; CPHM - Crest Pro-Health Clean Mint ( ® ) RDA 120 ) in 28 healthy volunteers . Two toothpaste treatments were administered 3 × /day , for each of the two 15 day periods , subjects wearing bi-lateral , lower buccal appliances each with 4 dentine sections . A 2 min extra-oral acidic challenge preceded toothbrushing for 2 study arms . Contact profilometry measured sample s at baseline , days 5 , 10 and 15 . RESULTS Brushing with SFM was significantly less abrasive than brushing with CPHM at all time points , with or without a preceding acidic challenge ( p<0.0001 ) . The additional dentine loss arising from the erosive challenge prior to brushing with each paste was linear with time and independent of abrasive effect . CONCLUSIONS The desensiting toothpastes ' RDA , directly related to dentine loss with toothbrushing . An acidic challenge prior to brushing did not negate the benefits of reduced wear from the lower RDA paste compared to the higher RDA paste . When brushing eroded dentine , the additional wear appeared independent of abrasive effect . Dentine hypersensitivity sufferers should be recommended to use a low-moderate RDA toothpaste , not to brush more than 2 × /day and not immediately following an acidic challenge OBJECTIVES To determine if a stabilised , stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice provides greater enamel protection in situ against intraoral dietary erosive challenges compared with a sodium fluoride/potassium nitrate dentifrice . METHODS A single-centre , investigator blind , r and omised , supervised , two-treatment , non-brushing , four-period crossover in situ study was undertaken , with each test period being 15 days . Thirty-five healthy adult subjects were recruited to participate in the study , which included four erosive acid challenges per day . Subjects were r and omised to product treatment , which included either : ( 1 ) a stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice ( Oral-B ( ® ) Pro-Expert Sensitive ) or ( 2 ) a sodium fluoride/potassium nitrate dentifrice ( Sensodyne ( ® ) Pronamel ( ® ) ) . Each study subject wore an intraoral appliance retaining two sterilised , polished human enamel sample s for 6 hours/day . Subjects swished with an allocated dentifrice slurry twice a day and with 250 ml of orange juice for 10 minutes ( 25 ml/minute over a 10-minute period ) four times per day . The primary and secondary outcomes for this study were enamel loss measured using contact profilometry at days 15 and 5 , respectively , using parametric analysis methods . RESULTS At day 15 , a 38 % lower enamel loss ( P < 0.0001 ) was observed , with estimated medians of 2.03 μm ( SE 0.247 ) and 3.30 μm ( SE 0.379 ) , in favour of the stannous-containing dentifrice . At day 5 , specimens treated with the stannous-containing sodium fluoride 
    Output:
    
: The use of oral hygiene products containing AmF/NaF/SnCl2 or NaF may be effective in the prevention of erosive tooth wear