***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We investigated the relationship between oxidative stress and poor oocyte quality  and whether the antioxidant melatonin improves oocyte quality . Follicular fluid was sample d at oocyte retrieval during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer ( IVF-ET ) . Intrafollicular concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) in women with high rates of degenerate oocytes were significantly higher than those with low rates of degenerate oocytes . As there was a negative correlation between intrafollicular concentrations of 8-OHdG and melatonin , 18 patients undergoing IVF-ET were given melatonin ( 3 mg/day ) , vitamin E ( 600 mg/day ) or both melatonin and vitamin E.  Intrafollicular concentrations of 8-OHdG and hexanoyl-lysine adduct were significantly reduced by these antioxidant treatments . One hundred and fifteen patients who failed to become pregnant with a low fertilization rate ( < or = 50 % ) in the previous IVF-ET cycle were divided into two groups during the next IVF-ET procedure ; 56 patients with  melatonin treatment  ( 3 mg/day ) and 59 patients without melatonin treatment . The fertilization rate was improved by melatonin treatment compared to the previous IVF-ET cycle . However , the fertilization rate was not significantly changed without melatonin treatment . Oocytes recovered from preovulatory follicles in mice were incubated with H2O2 for 12 hr . The percentage of mature oocytes with a first polar body was significantly reduced by addition of H2O2 ( 300 microm ) . The inhibitory effect of H2O2 was significantly blocked by simultaneous addition of melatonin . In conclusion , oxidative stress causes toxic effects on oocyte maturation and melatonin protects oocytes from oxidative stress . Melatonin is likely to improve oocyte quality and fertilization rates Satureja khuzestanica is an endemic plant of Iran that is widely distributed in the Southern part of the country . It has antioxidant properties and thus it seems to be useful in diseases related to oxidative stress such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia . The present study investigates the effect of S. khuzestanica supplement in metabolic parameters of hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Twenty-one hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were r and omized in a double blind , placebo controlled clinical trial to receive either S. khuzestanica ( tablets contain 250 mg dried leaves ) or placebo once a day for 60 days . Blood sample s were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study . Sample s were analyzed for levels of glucose , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triglyceride , creatinine , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) as marker of lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing ability ( total antioxidant power , TAP ) . Treatment of patients by S. khuzestanica for 60 days induced significant decrease in total cholesterol ( P = 0.008 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.03 ) while increased HDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.02 ) and TAP ( P = 0.007 ) in comparison with the baseline values . S. khuzestanica did not alter blood glucose , triglyceride , creatinin and TBARS levels . In comparison with baseline values , no significant change was observed in blood glucose , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triglyceride , creatinine , TBARS and TAP in placebo-treated group . Usage of S. khuzestanica as a supplement to drug regimen of diabetic type 2 patients with hyperlipidemia is recommended OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of treatment with a combination of clomiphene citrate as an antiestrogen and vitamin E as an antioxidant on the incidence of pregnancy and sperm variables in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia and infertility . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . SETTING The outpatient and rology clinic at a university hospital . PATIENT(S ) Sixty infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia . INTERVENTION(S ) Patients were r and omly assigned to two treatment groups : a group receiving the combination of clomiphene citrate ( 25 mg/day ) and vitamin E ( 400 mg/day ; n = 30 ) against a placebo group ( n = 30 ) . Treatment was maintained for 6 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Pregnancy incidence and variations in semen parameters . RESULT ( S ) A significantly higher pregnancy rate was found among the combination treatment group in comparison to the control group . The odds ratio was 3.76 and the 95 % confidence interval was 1.03 - 13.64 , with a 36.7 % pregnancy rate ( 11/30 ) in the combination treatment group compared with 13.3 % pregnancy rate ( 4/30 ) in the control group . The trial showed a significantly higher increase in sperm count and progressive sperm motility with nonsignificant changes in total sperm motility , percentage of abnormal forms and semen volume in the combination treatment group as compared to the control group . CONCLUSION ( S ) The combination of clomiphene citrate as an antiestrogen and vitamin E as an antioxidant can significantly increase the pregnancy rate and improve sperm count and progressive sperm motility in cases of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia Sperm DNA fragmentation is known to compromise male fertility . Previous findings have suggested the implication of oxidative stress in the etiology of this pathological condition . The present study was conducted to find out if the pathologically increased incidence of DNA fragmentation in ejaculated spermatozoa can be reduced by oral treatment with two antioxidants , vitamins C and E.  Sixty-four men with unexplained infertility and an elevated ( > or = 15 % ) percentage of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa in the ejaculate were r and omized between an antioxidant treatment  ( 1 g vitamin C and 1 g  vitamin E daily for 2 months ) group and a  placebo group . Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay before and after treatment . No differences in basic sperm parameters were found between the antioxidant treatment and the placebo group before or after treatment . However , the percentage of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa was markedly reduced ( P < .001 ) in the antioxidant treatment group after the treatment ( 9.1 + /- 7.2 ) as compared with the pretreatment values ( 22.1 + /- 7.7 ) . No difference in the pretreatment and posttreatment incidence of sperm DNA fragmentation was observed in the placebo group . These data show that sperm DNA damage can be efficiently treated with oral antioxidants administered during a relatively short time period Peroxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) has been proposed as one of the major causes of defective sperm function . The ROS detected in semen reflect an imbalance between ROS generation and degradation . The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the oxidative and anti-oxidative potential in semen of infertile patients and healthy donors . Specimens were obtained from 28 patients and 18 healthy donors ( controls ) . A conventional spermiogram , measurement of luminol-chemiluminescence ( CL ) in washed semen , and high performance liquid chromatography determination of ascorbic acid and urate concentrations in seminal plasma were performed . Oligozoospermic patients exhibited higher CL signals than controls ( P < 0.001 ) . Normozoospermic patients showed lower ascorbic acid ( mean + /- SE : 491 + /- 46 microM , P < 0.04 ) and urate concentrations ( 320 + /- 22 microM , P < 0.009 ) than controls ( 612 + /- 35 and 426 + /- 26 microM respectively ) . Seminal plasma ascorbic acid was negatively correlated with the CL signals ( P < 0.0006 ) and positively correlated with the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology ( P < 0.006 ) . This is the first report of a correlation between the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid in seminal plasma and ROS generation in human semen . Furthermore , the reduced ascorbic acid/urate concentrations found in semen of normozoospermic patients might be indicative of a reduced anti-oxidative protection OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the association of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds may be beneficial in treatment of patients with abacterial prostatovesiculoepididymitis ( PVE ) and elevated seminal leukocyte concentrations . DESIGN Open , prospect i ve , r and om study . SETTING Academic research environment . PATIENT(S ) Ninety-eight patients with PVE who had increased seminal leukocyte concentrations ( > 1 x 10(6 ) cells/mL ) .  Carnitines ( group A ; n = 30 ) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( group B ; n = 16 ) for 4 months ; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for 2 months , followed by treatment with carnitines for 2 months ( group C ; n = 26 ) ; or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment given concomitantly with carnitines ( group D ; n = 26 ) for 4 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Semen variables , production of reactive oxygen species , and pregnancy outcome were evaluated before and after treatment and following a 3-month washout period . RESULT ( S ) Patients in group C had the highest reduction in production of reactive oxygen species associated with increased sperm motility and viability . Groups B and D experienced intermediate effects , and group A experienced the least effect . CONCLUSION ( S ) Antioxidant treatment with carnitines is effective in patients with abacterial PVE and increased seminal leukocyte concentrations if these patients have been pretreated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Numerous studies have reported beneficial effects of antioxidant drugs on semen quality , but there is no well-defined therapeutical protocol in male infertility . This study aim ed to test the effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on lipid peroxidation and on sperm parameters . The study included 54 voluntary and infertile men who produced semen sample s for spermiogram and for spectrophotometric measurement of a lipid peroxidatio n marker , the malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and produced blood sample s for high-perf ormance liquid chromatography assessment of serum vitamin E level . The trial was r and omized and open . Twenty-eight men were supplemented daily by vitamin E ( 400 mg ) and selenium ( 225 µg ) , during 3 months . The remaining 26 patients received vitamin B ( 4,5 g/day ) for the same duration . Only 20 patients achieved their treatment and returned for control analysis . MDA concentrations in sperm were much less than in seminal plasma and motility and viability were inversely correlated with semen MDA levels . In contrast to vitamin B supplementation , vitamin E and selenium supplementation produced a significant decrease in MDA concentrations and an improvement of sperm motility . The results confirm the protective and beneficial effects of vitamin E and selenium  on semen quality and advocate their use in male infertility treatment Asthenospermia is the main factor of male infertility among patients consulting the Asir Infertility Center in Abha , Saudi Arabia . Lipid peroxidation occurring in both the seminal plasma and spermatozoa was estimated by malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentration . Spermatozoal MDA concentration was higher in men with decreased sperm motility . The MDA concentration in the seminal plasma exhibited no relationship with sperm concentration , sperm motility , the number of immotile spermatozoa , or even the absence of spermatozoa . The MDA concentration in sperm pellet suspensions of asthenospermic and oligoasthenospermic patients was almost twice that of the normospermic males . The MDA concentration in the sperm pellet suspension from normospermic or oligospermic patients was about 10 % that in the seminal plasma . However , the MDA concentration in the sperm pellet suspension of asthenospermic or oligoasthenospermic patients was about 15 % that in the seminal plasma . Treatment of asthenospermic patients with oral Vitamin E significantly decreased the MDA concentration in spermatozoa and improved sperm motility . Eleven out of the 52 treated patients ( 21 % ) impregnated their spouses ; nine of the spouses successfully ended with normal term deliveries , whereas the other two aborted in the first trimester . No pregnancies were reported in the spouses of the placebo-treated patients The present study aim ed to evaluate whether ascorbate , a reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) scavenger , can improve fertilization and development of human embryos  in vitro when added to the simple salt solution human tubal fluid ( HTF ) or the complex tissue culture medium Ham 's F-10 , which contains iron and copper in its formulation . Human oocytes , spermatozoa and embryos from 83 infertile IVF couples were r and omly allocated and cultured in the presence or absence of 62. 
    Output:
    
The human and animal studies of Satureja Khuzestanica showed a significant antioxidative potential of the plant and its effectiveness for infertility improvement .
The use of oral antioxidants in infertility could improve sperm quality and pregnancy rates .
Improved fertility observed by SKEO in rats might be due to its antioxidative effect .