***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : Drinking green tea is associated with many health benefits , including increased fat oxidation . We tested the hypothesis that epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) , the main green tea catechin , increases  fat oxidation in obese men . Methods : Ten healthy overweight/obese males ( body mass index 31.3±0.8 kg/m2 ) were studied in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind crossover trial . Study supplements were low EGCG ( 300 mg ) , high EGCG ( 600 mg ) , caffeine ( 200 mg ) , EGCG/caffeine ( 300 mg/200 mg ) or placebo and were taken orally for 3 days . At the third day of supplementation , O2 consumption and CO2 production was measured by indirect calorimetry to assess energy expenditure and fat oxidation over 4 h each after overnight fasting and after a st and ardized test meal . Results : Energy expenditure was not affected by any supplementation , neither after overnight fasting nor after the test meal . During the first 2 h after overnight fasting , fat oxidation increased by 7.7 ( not significant , NS ) , 15.2 ( NS ) , 26.3 ( P<0.05 vs placebo ) and 35.4 % ( P<0.01 vs placebo and low EGCG ) , for low EGCG , high EGCG , caffeine and EGCG/caffeine , respectively . During the first 2 h after the meal , the mean increase in fat oxidation was 33.3 ( P<0.05 vs placebo ) , 20.2 ( NS ) , 34.5 ( P<0.05 vs placebo ) and 49.4 % ( P<0.05 vs placebo ) for low EGCG , high EGCG , caffeine and EGCG/caffeine , respectively . Conclusions : Low EGCG increases postpr and ial fat oxidation  in obese men and this to the same extent as 200 mg caffeine , whereas high EGCG does not exert this effect . Fasting fat oxidation is increased only by caffeine ( with or without EGCG ) . There is no synergism of low EGCG and 200 mg caffeine . Energy expenditure is not affected by EGCG Lack of control of food intake , excess size , and frequency of meals are critical to the development of obesity . The stomach signals satiation postpr and ially and may play an important role in control of calorie intake . Sodium alginate ( based on brown seaweed Laminaria digitata ) is currently marketed as a weight loss supplement , but its effects on gastric motor functions and satiation are unknown . We evaluated effects of 10 days treatment with alginate or placebo on gastric functions , satiation , appetite , and gut hormones associated with satiety in overweight or obese adults . We conducted a r and omized , 1:1 , placebo-controlled , allocation-concealed study in 48 overweight or obese participants with excluded psychiatric comorbidity and binge eating disorder . All underwent measurements of gastric emptying ( GE ) , fasting , and postpr and ial gastric volumes ( GVs ) , postpr and ial satiation , calorie intake at a free choice meal and selected gut hormones after 1 week of alginate ( three capsules vs. matching placebo per day , ingested 30 min before the main meal ) . Six capsules were ingested with water 30 min before the GE , GV , and satiation tests on days 8 - 10 . There were no treatment group effects on GE or volumes , gut hormones ( ghrelin , cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , peptide YY ( PYY ) ) , satiation , total and macronutrient calorie intake at a free choice meal . There was no difference detected in results between obese and overweight patients .  Alginate treatment for a period of 10 days showed no effect on gastric motor functions , satiation , appetite , or gut hormones . These results question the use of short-term alginate treatment for weight loss Snacking is an uncontrolled eating behavior , predisposing weight gain and obesity . It primarily affects the female population and is frequently associated with stress . We hypothesized that oral supplementation with Satiereal ( Inoreal Ltd , Plerin , France ) , a novel extract of saffron stigma , may reduce snacking and enhance satiety through its suggested mood-improving effect , and thus contribute to weight loss . Healthy , mildly overweight women ( N = 60 ) participated in this r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind study that evaluated the efficacy of Satiereal supplementation on body weight changes over an 8-week period . Snacking frequency , the main secondary variable , was assessed by daily self-recording of episodes by the subjects in a nutrition diary . Twice a day , enrolled subjects consumed 1 capsule of Satiereal ( 176.5 mg extract per day ( n = 31 ) or a matching placebo ( n = 29 ) . Caloric intake was left unrestricted during the study . At baseline , both groups were homogeneous for age , body weight , and snacking frequency . Satiereal caused a significantly greater body weight reduction than placebo after 8 weeks ( P < .01 ) . The mean snacking frequency was significantly decreased in the Satiereal group as compared with the placebo group ( P < .05 ) . Other anthropometric dimensions and vital signs remained almost unchanged in both groups . No subject withdrawal attributable to a product effect was reported throughout the trial , suggesting a good tolerability to Satiereal . Our results indicate that Satiereal consumption produces a reduction of snacking and creates a satiating effect that could contribute to body weight loss . The combination of an adequate diet with Satiereal supplementation might help subjects engaged in a weight loss program in achieving their objective OBJECTIVE Peptide YY3–36 ( PYY3–36 ) , a Y2 receptor agonist , and oxyntomodulin , a glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) receptor agonist , are cosecreted by intestinal L-cells after each meal . Separately each hormone acts as an endogenous satiety signal and reduces appetite in humans when infused intravenously . The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the anorectic effects of PYY3–36 and oxyntomodulin can be additive . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twelve overweight or obese human volunteers underwent a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study . An ad libitum test meal was used to measure energy intake during intravenous infusions of either PYY3–36 or oxyntomodulin or combined PYY3–36/oxyntomodulin . RESULTS Energy intake during coadministration of PYY3–36 and oxyntomodulin was reduced by 42.7 % in comparison with the saline control and was significantly lower than that during infusions of either hormone alone . CONCLUSIONS The anorectic effects of PYY3–36 and oxyntomodulin can be additive in overweight and obese humans . Coadministration of Y2 receptor agonists and GLP-1 receptor agonists may be a useful treatment strategy for obesity Our objective was to examine the effect of a quercetin supplementation on blood pressure , lipid metabolism , markers of oxidative stress , inflammation , and body composition in an at-risk population of 93 overweight-obese volunteers aged 25 - 65 y with metabolic syndrome traits in relation to apolipoprotein ( apo ) E genotype . Participants were r and omized to receive 150 mg/d quercetin in a double-blinded , placebo-controlled , crossover trial with 6-wk treatment periods separated by a 5-wk washout period . Retrospectively , 5 apoE genotype variants were found ( epsilon2/epsilon3 , n = 3 ; epsilon3/epsilon3 , n = 60 ; epsilon3/epsilon4 , n = 23 ; epsilon2/epsilon4 , n = 4 ; and epsilon4/epsilon4 , n = 3 ) . Participants were classified into the following 3 apoE phenotypes : apoE2 ( n = 3 ) , apoE3 ( n = 60 ) , and apoE4 ( n = 26 ) . Data were analyzed for apoE3 and apoE4 subgroups . Quercetin decreased systolic blood pressure by 3.4 mm Hg ( P < 0.01 ) in the apoE3 group , whereas no significant effect was observed in the apoE4 group . Quercetin decreased serum HDL cholesterol ( P < 0.01 ) and apoA1 ( P < 0.01 ) and increased the LDL : HDL cholesterol ratio ( P < 0.05 ) in the apoE4 subgroup , whereas the apoE3 subgroup had no significant changes in these variables . Quercetin significantly decreased plasma oxidized LDL and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the apoE3 and apoE4 groups , whereas no significant inter-group differences were found . Serum C-reactive protein and nutritional status ( body weight , waist circumference , fat mass , fat-free mass ) were unaffected compared with placebo . In conclusion , quercetin exhibited blood pressure-lowering effects in overweight-obese carriers of the apo epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype but not in carriers of the epsilon4 allele . Furthermore , quercetin supplementation result ed in a reduction in HDL cholesterol and apoA1 in apo epsilon4 carriers OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of exenatide on body weight and glucose tolerance in nondiabetic obese subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Obese subjects ( n = 152 ; age 46 ± 12 years , female 82 % , weight 108.6 ± 23.0 kg , BMI 39.6 ± 7.0 kg/m2 , IGT or IFG 25 % ) were r and omized to receive exenatide ( n = 73 ) or placebo ( n = 79 ) , along with lifestyle intervention , for 24 weeks . RESULTS Exenatide-treated subjects lost 5.1 ± 0.5 kg from baseline versus 1.6 ± 0.5 kg with placebo ( exenatide − placebo , P < 0.001 ) . Placebo-subtracted difference in percent weight reduction was −3.3 ± 0.5 % ( P < 0.001 ) . Both groups reduced their daily calorie intake  ( exenatide , −449 cal ; placebo , −387 cal ) . IGT or IFG normalized at end point in 77 and 56 % of exenatide and placebo subjects , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Exenatide plus lifestyle modification decreased caloric intake and result ed in weight loss in nondiabetic obesity with improved glucose tolerance in subjects with IGT and IFG In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that punicic acid , a type of conjugated fatty acid and the main constituent of pomegranate seed oil ( PSO ) , has anti-atherogenic effects . The present study aim ed at determining the effect of PSO treatment on serum lipid profiles . This double-blind placebo-controlled r and omised clinical trial included fifty-one hyperlipidaemic subjects , diagnosed according to National Cholesterol Education Program definition , and r and omly assigned to the PSO and the control groups . The PSO and placebo groups received 400 mg PSO and placebo twice daily , respectively and were followed up for 4 weeks . Serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins were measured before and 4 weeks after intervention . Mean concentration of TAG and the TAG : HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ratio were significantly decreased after 4 weeks in the PSO group as compared with baseline values ( 2.75 ( sd 1.40 ) v. 3.45 ( sd 1.56 ) mmol/l , P = 0.009 and 5.7 ( sd 4.6 ) v. 7.5 ( sd 5.0 ) , P = 0.031 , respectively ) . The treatment effect was statistically significant in the PSO group as compared with controls in diminution of cholesterol : HDL-C ratio ( 5.4 ( sd 1.5 ) v. 5.9 ( sd 1.4 ) , P < 0.05 ) adjusted for baseline values . We found a mean difference for PSO v. placebo in HDL-C concentration ( 0.13 v. - 0.02 mmol/l ) and cholesterol : HDL-C ratio ( - 0.42 v. 0.01 , P < 0.05 ) . Serum cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and glucose concentrations and body composition variables remained unchanged . It is concluded that administration of PSO for 4 weeks in hyperlipidaemic subjects had favourable effects on lipid profiles including TAG and TAG : HDL-C ratio Dietary supplementation with whole blueberries in a pre clinical study result ed in a reduction in glucose concentrations over time . We sought to evaluate the effect of daily dietary supplementation with bioactives from blueberries on whole-body insulin sensitivity in men and women . A double-blinded , r and omized , and placebo-controlled clinical study design was used . After screening to resolve study eligibility , baseline ( wk 0 ) ins 
    Output:
    
Studies with Nigella Sativa , Camellia Sinensis , Crocus Sativus L , Seaweed laminaria Digitata , Xantigen , virgin olive oil , Catechin enriched green tea , Monoselect Camellia , Oolong tea , Yacon syrup , Irvingia Gabonensi , Weighlevel , RCM-104 compound of Camellia Sinensis , Pistachio , Psyllium fibre , black Chinese tea , sea buckthorn and bilberries show significant decreases in body weight .
Only , alginate-based brown seaweed and Laminaria Digitata caused an abdominal bloating and upper respiratory tract infection as the side effect in the trial group .
In conclusion , Nigella Sativa , Camellia Synensis , Green Tea , and Black Chinese Tea seem to have satisfactory anti-obesity effects .