***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons . Two question naires were developed . A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations ( e.g. , eating large amounts of food ) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode ( e.g. , guilt , fear of being unable to stop eating ) . An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating : the tendency to set unrealistic st and ards for a diet ( e.g. , eliminating " favorite foods " ) and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet . The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no , moderate or severe binge eating problems . Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet . The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity  and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to ( 1 ) determine the prevalence of binge eating and overeating in 8- to 13-year-old children ; ( 2 ) identify factors that cross-sectionally predict binge eating and overeating ; and ( 3 ) identify factors that prospect ively predict onset of binge eating and overeating . METHODS Participants were 259 boys and girls who were assessed at baseline and one-year follow-up , using a range of semi-structured interviews that included the Child Eating Disorder Examination . RESULTS At baseline , 9 % of children reported binge eating and 6 % reported overeating . Obese children were most at risk for these behaviours . Dietary restraint and the tendency to use food to regulate emotions were significant in predicting binge eating onset prospect ively , and eating concern was significant in predicting binge eating cross-sectionally . CONCLUSION Results provide support for current cognitive-behavioural models of binge eating , and have implication s for guiding binge eating prevention and intervention efforts with children BACKGROUND  Gastric restrictive surgery  induces a marked change in eating behavior . However , the relationship between preoperative and postoperative eating behavior and weight loss outcome has received limited attention . OBJECTIVE This study assessed a range of eating behaviors before and 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB )  and explored the nature and extent of change in eating patterns , their clinical associates , and impact on weight loss . METHODS AND PROCEDURES A 12-month observational study assessed presurgical and postsurgical binge eating disorder ( BED ) , uncontrolled eating , night eating syndrome ( NES ) , grazing , nutrient intake and eating-related behaviors , and markers of psychological distress .  A total of 129 subjects ( 26 male and 103 female , mean age 45.2 + /- 11.5 and BMI 44.3 + /- 6.8 ) participated in this study . RESULTS Presurgical BED , uncontrolled eating , and NES occurred in 14 % , 31 % , and 17.1 % of subjects , which reduced after surgery to 3.1 % , 22.5 % , and 7.8 % , respectively ( P = 0.05 for all ) . Grazing was prevalent before ( 26.3 % ) and after surgery ( 38.0 % ) . Preoperative BED most frequently became grazers ( P = 0.029 ) . The average percentage weight loss ( % WL ) was 20.8 + /- 8.5 % ; range -0.67 to 50.0 % and percentage of excess weight loss ( % EWL ) 50.0 + /- 20.7 % ; range -1.44 to 106.9 % ( P < 0.001 ) . Uncontrolled eating and grazing after surgery showed high overlap and were associated with poorer % WL ( P = 0.008 and P < 0.001 , respectively ) and elevated psychological distress . DISCUSSION Consistent with recent studies , uncontrolled eating and grazing were identified as two high-risk eating patterns after surgery . Clearer characterization of favorable and unfavorable postsurgical eating behaviors , reliable methods to assess their presence , and empirically tested postsurgical intervention strategies are required to optimize weight loss outcomes and facilitate psychological well-being in at-risk groups BACKGROUND Bipolar disorders ( BP ) are frequently diagnosed and treated as pure depression initially ; accurate diagnosis often being delayed by 8 to 10 years . In prospect i ve studies , the presence of hypomanic symptoms in adolescence is strongly predictive of later bipolar disorders . As such , an instrument for self- assessment of hypomanic symptoms might increase the detection of suspected and of manifest , but under-treated , cases of bipolar disorders . METHODS The multi-lingual hypomania checklist ( HCL-32 ) has been developed and is being tested internationally . This preliminary paper reports the performance of the scale in distinguishing individuals with BP ( N=266 ) from those with major depressive disorder ( MDD ; N=160 ) . The sample s were adult psychiatry patients recruited in Italy ( N=186 ) and Sweden ( N=240 ) . RESULTS The sample s reported similar clinical profiles and the structure for the HCL-32 demonstrated two main factors identified as " active/elated " hypomania and " risk-taking/irritable " hypomania . The HCL-32 distinguished between BP and MDD with a sensitivity of 80 % and a specificity of 51 % . LIMITATIONS Although the HCL-32 is a sensitive instrument for hypomanic symptoms , it does not distinguish between BP-I and BP-II disorders . CONCLUSIONS Future studies should test if different combinations of items , possibly recording the consequences of hypomania , can distinguish between these BP subtypes OBJECTIVE To examine negative mood as a proximal antecedent and reinforcing condition of binge eating in binge eating disorder ( BED ) and bulimia nervosa ( BN ) . METHOD Using an ecological momentary assessment design , 20 women with BED , 20 women with BN , and 20 non clinical control women were recruited from the community , provided with a portable minicomputer , and asked to  rate their mood and list their thoughts at r and omly-generated beep sounds and before , during , and after episodes of eating . RESULTS In both eating disorder groups mood before binge eating was more negative than before regular eating and at r and om assessment . Binge eating was followed by a deterioration of mood . The BED group revealed less antecedent negative mood than the BN group and less concomitant negative cognitions about food/eating and stress . CONCLUSION Affect regulation difficulties likely lead to binge eating in both disorders , but binge eating may not be effective for regulating overall mood OBJECTIVE The purpose of this experimental investigation was to test the hypothesis that negative affective states trigger disinhibited eating in the form of binge eating in subjects with binge eating disorder ( BED ) . METHOD BED subjects and weight-matched non-eating disordered subjects ( NED ) attended a laboratory experiment during which they were r and omly assigned to a negative or neutral mood induction procedure prior to being served a multi-item buffet . The dependent variable of interest was postmood induction caloric intake . RESULTS There were no significant differences in caloric intake between subjects in the negative and neutral mood conditions . However , negative affect was associated with eating episodes labeled binges , and associated with loss of control . DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that mood may be an important factor that discriminates overeating and binge eating Individuals with binge eating disorder ( BED ) have high rates of comorbid psychopathology , yet little is known about the relation of comorbidity to eating disorder features or response to treatment . These issues were examined among 162 BED patients participating in a psychotherapy trial .  Axis I psychopathology was not significantly related to baseline eating disorder severity , as measured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R ( SCID-I and SCID-II ) and the Eating Disorder Examination . However , presence of Axis II psychopathology was significantly related to more severe binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology at baseline . Although overall presence of Axis II psychopathology did not predict treatment outcome , presence of Cluster B personality disorders predicted significantly higher levels of binge eating at 1 year following treatment . Results suggest the need to consider Cluster B disorders when design ing treatments for BED 
    Output:
    
Included papers largely focused on negative emotions as antecedents of BE ; depression was consistently associated with a BED-obese classification and BE .
Negative mood , sadness , tension and instability of emotions were found to be antecedents of BE in an adult BED-obese sample .
However , findings were mixed regarding the role of stress , anger and positive emotions within the BED-obese population .