***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background We planned to compare the effect of intravenous oxycodone and fentanyl on post-operative pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy . Methods We examined 60 patients were r and omized to postoperative pain treatment with either oxycodone ( n = 30 , Group O ) or fentanyl ( n = 30 , Group F ) . The patients received 10 mg oxycodone/100 µg fentanyl with ketorolac 30 mg before the end of anesthesia and then continued with patient-controlled analgesia for 48 h postoperatively . Results The accumulated oxycodone consumption was less than fentanyl during 8 , 24 and 48 h postoperatively . Numeric rating score of Group O showed significantly lower than that of Group F during 30 min , 2 , 4 , 8 and 24 h postoperatively . The incidences of adverse reactions were similar in the two groups , though the incidence of nausea was higher in the Group O during the 24 and 48 h postoperative period . Conclusions Oxycodone IV-PCA was more advantageous than fentanyl IV-PCA for laparoscopic hysterectomy in view of accumulated oxycodone consumption , pain control and cost beneficial effect . However , patient satisfaction was not good in the group O compared to group Intravenous morphine and oxycodone were given double blind in doses of 0.05 mg/kg after major abdominal surgery to 39 patients . The dosing interval was 5 min , until the patient did not want any further analgesics . Less oxycodone was needed than morphine , both to achieve the “ first state of pain relief ” ( 13.2 mg vs. 24.9 mg ) and during the whole 2‐h study period ( 21.8 mg vs. 34.2 mg ) . The “ first state of pain relief ” was achieved faster ( 28 min vs. 46 min ) and lasted longer ( 39 min vs. 27 min ) with oxycodone than morphine . Morphine  caused more sedation and a greater decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure  than oxycodone . In other respects the two opioids were comparable Objectives Oxycodone is semi-synthetic opioid , oral and parenteral preparations have been widely used for acute and chronic pain . The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and side effects of oxycodone and fentanyl in patient controlled analgesia ( PCA ) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Methods A prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study was conducted . 81 patients were r and omly divided into two groups ; fentanyl ( 10 mcg fentanyl and 1.5 mg ketorolac ) and oxycodone group ( 1 mg oxycodone and 1.5 mg ketorolac ) . After the operation , a blinded observer assessed pain using a numerical rating scale ( NRS ) , infused PCA dose , side effects , sedation levels , and satisfaction . Results Cumulative PCA dose of oxycodone group at 48 h ( 31.4 ± 16.0 ml ) was significantly less than that of fentanyl group ( 43.8 ± 23.1 ml , P = 0.009 ) . Oxycodone group showed more nausea at 6 - 24 h after the operation ( P = 0.001 ) , but there was no difference in satisfaction score ( P = 0.073 ) . There were no significant differences in other side effects , sedation and NRS scores between two groups . Conclusion Oxycodone showed comparable effects for pain relief compared to fentanyl in spite of less cumulative PCA dose . Based on these results , we could conclude that oxycodone may be useful as an alternative to fentanyl for PCA after laparoscopic cholecystectomy Background Opioids are widely used in boluses and patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) for postoperative pain control . In this study , we compared the effects of oxycodone and fentanyl on postoperative pain in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia ( IV-PCA ) after laparoscopic gynecological surgery . Methods Seventy-four patients undergoing elective total laparoscopic hysterectomy or laparoscopic myomectomy  were r and omly assigned to the administration of either fentanyl or oxycodone using IV-PCA ( potency ratio 1 : 60 ) . The cumulative dose administered in the patient-controlled mode during the initial 48 hours after the operation was measured . Patients were also assessed for postoperative pain severity , adverse effects , and patient satisfaction . Results No significant differences were observed in patient satisfaction with the analgesia during the postoperative period . Patients in the oxycodone group experienced significantly more dizziness compared to the fentanyl group . Patients in the oxycodone group showed significantly lower consumption of opioid in the patient-controlled mode ( 10.1 ± 8.5 ml vs. 16.6 ± 12.0 ml , P = 0.013 ) . Conclusions Our data suggest that oxycodone and fentanyl demonstrated similar effects , and therefore oxycodone may be a good alternative to fentanyl in postoperative pain management . Further studies in various clinical setting s will be needed to determine the adequate potency ratio The single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone administered by the intravenous and rectal routes were determined in 12 adult cancer patients with moderate to severe cancer pain ( visual analog scale [ VAS ] score , approximately 5 ) .  Oxycodone was administered by the intravenous and rectal routes with open drug administration and a cross-over design . After single-dose intravenous administration ( 7.9 + /- 1.5 mg , mean + /- SD ) , the mean ( + /- SD ) terminal half-life was 3.4 h ( + /- 1.1 ) , the mean ( + /- SD ) plasma clearance was 45.4 L/h ( + /- 10.1 ) , and the mean ( + /- SD ) volume of distribution in the terminal phase was 3.0 L/kg ( + /- 1.1 ) . After rectal oxycodone ( 30 mg ) , the mean ( + /- SD ) absorption lag time was 0.52 h ( + /- 0.29 ) and the mean ( + /- SD ) absolute bioavailability was 61.6 % ( + /- 30.2 % ) . Intravenous oxycodone was associated with a rapid onset of pain relief ( 5 - 8 min ) in contrast to the 0.5- to 1.0-h delay observed after rectal administration . However , rectal oxycodone provided analgesia of much longer duration ( approximate equals 8 - 12 h ) than did intravenous oxycodone ( approximate equals 4 h ) . There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) in the incidence and severity of side effects between intravenous and rectal oxycodone . The marked interindividual variation observed in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in this study emphasizes the need for individualized dosing regimens . ( Anesth Analg 1995;80:296 - 302 Abstract Visceral pain can be difficult to treat with classical & mgr;‐opioid agonists and it has been suggested to use opioids with distinct pharmacological profiles . In animal experiments , oxycodone has shown different effects compared to morphine , and clinical observations have shown that oxycodone may occasionally be superior to , e.g. , morphine in the treatment of visceral pain . In the current study , we r and omised 24 healthy subjects to treatment with either morphine ( 30 mg ) , oxycodone ( 15 mg ) or placebo in a crossover study . The experimental pain model involved multi‐modal ( mechanical , thermal and electrical ) pain tests in the skin , muscles and viscera . The pain tests were carried out at baseline and 30 , 60 and 90 min after oral administration of the drugs . The model showed effect of the two opioids compared to placebo on all stimulus modalities in all three types of tissues ( all P values < 0.001 ) . Both opioids attenuated the sensory response mainly to painful stimulations . Morphine and oxycodone were equipotent in pain modulation of the skin and muscles , but oxycodone had superior analgesic effect to both morphine and placebo on the mechanical ( P < 0.001 ) and thermal ( P < 0.001 ) stimulations of the oesophagus . In conclusion , the multi‐modal and tissue‐differentiated pain model could link findings from animal experiments to clinical findings . A different pharmacological profile of oxycodone compared to that of morphine was shown , and thus oxycodone may be a useful alternative to morphine in the treatment of visceral pain syndromes According to previous studies oxycodone might have some advantages over morphine in the treatment of visceral pain . This study investigated the opioid consumption ( primary outcome ) , pain relief and side effects ( secondary outcomes ) of morphine versus oxycodone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy using a method where the somatic pain component was minimized . Forty-four adult patients were studied . The patients were r and omised to receive either morphine or oxycodone intravenously as postoperative pain treatment . During the first 4 h after surgery the opioid consumption , pain scores and side effects ( nausea , dizziness , sedation , respiratory effects and itching ) were registered . The postoperative opioid consumption varied considerably between the patients but the mean opioid consumption in the morphine and oxycodone group was comparable ( 18.93 mg versus 16.15 mg , P = 0.7 ) . Nausea was significantly less frequent with morphine ( P = 0.03 ) . In this study morphine and oxycodone produced similar analgesia the first 4 h after surgery but the frequency of nausea was significantly less patient-reported with morphine . The hypothesis that oxycodone would be superior in the treatment of visceral pain after percutaneous kidney stone operation was not confirmed Background : Morphine has been the st and ard opioid in patient‐controlled analgesia ( PCA ) . Oxycodone , the analgesic potency of which in i.v . administration has been suggested to be slightly greater than that of morphine , has not yet been studied for its efficacy in PCA 
    Output:
    
Higher incidences of adverse effects were associated with IV oxycodone .
Conclusions : IV oxycodone can be considered as effective analgesia for acute postoperative pain with careful regards to its adverse effects