***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background In contrast to the well-accepted benefits of moderate exercise , recent research has suggested potential deleterious effects of repeated marathon running on the cardiovascular system . We thus performed a comprehensive analysis of markers of sub clinical vascular damage in a cohort of runners having finished multiple marathon races successfully . Design This was a prospect i ve , observational study . Methods A total of 97 healthy male Munich marathon participants ( mean age 44 ± 10 years ) underwent detailed training history , cardiopulmonary exercise testing for assessment of peak oxygen uptake , ultrasound for assessment of intima-media-thickness as well as non-invasive assessment s of ankle-brachial index , augmentation index , pulse wave velocity and reactive hyperaemia index . Results Runners had previously completed a median of eight ( range 1–500 ) half marathons , six ( 1–100 ) full marathons and three ( 1–40 ) ultramarathons ; mean weekly and annual training volumes were 59 ± 23 and 1639 ± 979 km . Mean peak oxygen uptake was 50 ± 8 ml/min/kg , and the Munich marathon was finished in 3:45 ± 0:32 h. Runners showed normal mean values for intima-media-thickness ( 0.60 ± 0.14 mm ) , ankle-brachial index ( 1.2 ± 0.1 ) , augmentation index ( 17 ± 13 % ) , pulse wave velocity ( 8.7 ± 1.4 cm/s ) and reactive hyperaemia index ( 1.96 ± 0.50 ) . Age was significantly and independently associated with intima-media-thickness ( r = 0.531 ; p < 0.001 ) , augmentation index ( r = 0.593 ; p < 0.001 ) and pulse wave velocity ( r = 0.357 ; p < 0.001 ) . However , no independent associations of peak oxygen uptake , marathon finishing time , number of completed races or weekly and annual training km with any of the vascular parameters were observed . Conclusions In this cohort of healthy male runners , running multiple marathon races did not pose an additional risk factor for premature sub clinical vascular impairment beyond age OBJECTIVE --To assess the effects of physical exercise training on blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension . DESIGN --R and omized controlled trial . SETTING --Hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation program . PATIENTS --Ninety-nine men and women with untreated mild hypertension ( systolic blood pressure , 140 to 180 mm Hg ; diastolic blood pressure , 90 to 105 mm Hg ) were included in the volunteer sample . INTERVENTIONS --Subjects were r and omly assigned to a 4-month program of aerobic exercise training , strength and flexibility training , or to a waiting list control group . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES --The main outcome measures were systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured four times with a r and om zero sphygmomanometer on 3 separate days in a clinic setting . RESULTS --After 4 months of exercise training , subjects in the aerobic exercise group did not exhibit greater reductions in blood pressure than subjects in the control group . We expected a differential decline of 5 mm Hg between the aerobic exercise and waiting list control groups and found a difference of -1.0 + /- 16 mm Hg and -1.2 + /- 10 mm Hg at alpha = .05 for systolic and diastolic blood pressure , respectively . CONCLUSIONS --Moderate aerobic exercise alone should not be considered a replacement for pharmacologic therapy in nonobese patients with mild hypertension BACKGROUND Patients with white coat hypertension comprise a substantial portion of the hypertensive population . Previous reports have shown that moderate-intensity regular exercise training in patients with mild hypertension usually reduces blood pressure ( BP ) , but there is a lack of data regarding individuals with white coat hypertension . This study was performed to evaluate whether programmed exercise was effective in reducing BP in patients with white coat hypertension and whether it also had beneficial effects on other biochemical parameters . METHODS A total of 42 patients ( 23 men and 19 women ) with white coat hypertension ( mean 24-h ambulatory BP 119.2 + /- 6.6/78.3 + /- 5.8 mm Hg ) were divided r and omly into two groups : control ( n = 20 ) ( no exercise ) , and moderate-intensity exercise ( n = 22 ) . The training group exercised three times per week at the prescribed exercise intensity using a treadmill exercise program .  Blood pressure , heart rate , and biochemical parameters were monitored every 4 weeks for 12 weeks . RESULTS Significant reductions in clinic and ambulatory BPs were seen in the exercise group after only 4 weeks regular exercise training and these persisted over the 12-week study . The mean maximal reductions in clinic BP were 11 mm Hg for systolic and 5 mm Hg for diastolic pressure . Significant reductions were found in plasma total cholesterol ( -6.1 % ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( -14.1 % ) , and triglyceride ( -11.4 % ) . Elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( + 11.2 % ) was also noted . CONCLUSIONS These data , which are clinical ly significant , suggest that 12 weeks of exercise training can result in successful reduction of BP and favorable changes in the lipid profile that would be beneficial to patients with white coat hypertension [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to search for the association of Type D personality and CVD risk factors through comparison of the association of exercise participation with CVD risk factors in women . [ Subjects ] The research subjects were r and omly assigned to four groups : Type D+Exercise ( n=12 ) , Type D+non-exercise ( n=12 ) , non-Type D+Exercise ( n=12 ) , and non-Type D+non-exercise ( n=10 ) . The study consisted of 46 participants . [ Methods ] An aerobic exercise program and meditation were conducted in parallel for 10 months . Stretching was performed for 10 min as a warm-up , and then walking and running on a treadmill at 60 to 70 % of HRmax were performed for 40 min three times a week . Blood sample s were processed according to st and ard laboratory procedures . The concentrations of TG and HDL cholesterol were determined enzymatically using a clinical chemistry analyzer ( Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation , Tokyo , Japan ) . [ Results ] The weight , percentage of body fat , waist circumference , triglyceride concentration , HDL cholesterol concentration , systolic blood pressure , and diastolic blood pressure showed a significant difference between measurement times in the exercise groups . [ Conclusion ] In conclusion , there were significant differences between groups in terms of cardiovascular disease risk factors Introduction The health benefits of exercise are well established . However , the relationship between exercise volume and intensity and health benefits remains unclear , particularly the benefits of low-volume and intensity exercise . Purpose The primary purpose of this investigation was , therefore , to examine the dose – response relationship between exercise volume and intensity with derived health benefits including volumes and intensity of activity well below international recommendations . Methods Generally healthy , active participants ( n = 72 ; age = 44 ± 13 years ) were assigned r and omly to control ( n = 10 ) or one of five 13-week exercise programs : ( 1 ) 10-min brisk walking 1 × /week ( n = 10 ) , ( 2 ) 10-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 10 ) , ( 3 ) 30-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 18 ) , ( 4 ) 60-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 10 ) , and ( 5 ) 30-min running 3 × /week ( n = 14 ) , in addition to their regular physical activity . Health measures evaluated pre- and post-training including blood pressure , body composition , fasting lipids and glucose , and maximal aerobic power ( VO2max ) . Results Health improvements were observed among programs at least 30 min in duration , including body composition and VO2max : 30-min walking 28.8–34.5 mL kg−1 min−1 , 60-min walking 25.1–28.9 mL kg−1 min−1 , and 30-min running 32.4–36.4 mL kg−1 min−1 . The greater intensity running program also demonstrated improvements in triglycerides . Conclusion In healthy active individuals , a physical activity program of at least 30 min in duration for three sessions/per week is associated with consistent improvements in health status Purpose Physical inactivity is more prevalent among women than men , varies by ethnic group , and becomes increasingly prevalent with age . The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week exercise program on the cardiovascular disease risk and fitness of Iranian middle aged women . Methods This was a r and omized controlled trial study . Participants in the  training group ( n=20 )  performed treadmill running exercise at a high intensity ( 70 - 80 % of maximum heart rate , 0 % grade ) for 30 min/day , 3 days/week . On the other h and , participants in the  control group ( n=20 ) were asked to maintain their habitual lifestyle and not change their activity or dietary habits . Measurements of body mass index , waist/hip ratio , blood pressure , total cholesterol , and lipoprotein subtractions were taken before program and after 12 weeks . Changes in 10-year risk scores for coronary heart disease were calculated using Framingham risk equation . Results Significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure , reduction in 10-year risk of coronary heart disease , and reduction in lipid levels were found within the training group between baseline and 12-week measurements . No changes were found in these parameters within the control group . Conclusions The study provides evidence for the positive effects of exercise training on the reduction of cardiovascular disease risks among women aged 40 - 55 years BACKGROUND People who are physically active  have at least a 30 % lower risk of death during follow-up compared with those who are inactive . However , the ideal dose of exercise for improving longevity is uncertain . OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between jogging and long-term , all-cause mortality by focusing specifically on the effects of pace , quantity , and frequency of jogging . METHODS As part of the Copenhagen City Heart Study , 1,098 healthy joggers and 3,950 healthy nonjoggers have been prospect ively followed up since 2001 .  Cox proportional hazards regression analysis  was performed with age as the underlying time scale and delayed entry . RESULTS Compared with sedentary nonjoggers , 1 to 2.4 h of jogging per week was associated with the lowest mortality ( multivariable hazard ratio [ HR ] : 0.29 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.11 to 0.80 ) . The optimal frequency of jogging was 2 to 3 times per week ( HR : 0.32 ; 95 % CI : 0.15 to 0.69 ) or ≤1 time per week ( HR : 0.29 ; 95 % CI : 0.12 to 0.72 ) . The optimal pace was slow ( HR : 0.51 ; 95 % CI : 0.24 to 1.10 ) or average ( HR : 0.38 ; 95 % CI : 0.22 to 0.66 ) . The joggers were divided into light , moderate , and strenuous joggers . The lowest HR for mortality was found in light joggers ( HR : 0.22 ; 95 % CI : 0.10 to 0.47 ) , followed by moderate joggers ( HR : 0.66 ; 95 % CI : 0.32 to 1.38 ) and strenuous joggers ( HR : 1.97 ; 95 % CI : 0.48 to 8.14 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest a U-shaped association between all-cause mortality and dose of jogging as calibrated by pace , quantity , and frequency of jogging . Light and moderate joggers  have lower mortality than sedentary nonjoggers , whereas strenuous joggers have a mortality rate not statistically different from that of the sedentary group To examine the effects of regular participation in recreational soccer on health profile , 36 healthy untrained Danish men aged 20–43 years were r and omised into a soccer group ( SO ; n = 13 ) , a running group ( RU ; n = 12 ) and a control group ( CO ; n = 11 ) . Training was performed for 1 h two or three times per week for 12 weeks ; at an average heart rate of 82 % ( SEM 2 % ) and 82 % ( 1 % ) of HRmax for SO and RU , respectively . During the 12 week period , maximal oxygen uptake increased ( p<0.05 ) by 13 % ( 3 % ) and 8 % ( 3 % ) in SO and RU , respectively . In SO , systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced ( p<0.05 ) from 130 ( 2 ) to 122 ( 2 ) mm Hg and from 77 ( 2 ) to 72 ( 2 ) mm Hg , respectively , after 12 weeks , with similar decreases observed for RU . After the 12 weeks of training , fat mass was 3.0 % ( 2.7 (  
    Output:
    
Running regularly decreases RBP , but the changes in subjects with hypertension may differ depending on exercise intensity or total exercise time .
Therefore , running regularly at moderate intensity and at a restrained volume is recommended to lower RBP in subjects with hypertension