***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a radiolucent cushioning pad during routine screening mammography to determine the degree of reduction in discomfort , any correlation of that reduction with various clinical factors , and the pad 's impact on image quality , compression force , and radiation dose . A total of 512 patients presenting for routine screening mammography were evaluated . The radiolucent cushioning pads ( MammoPad , Biolucent Inc. , Aliso Viejo , CA ) were placed on the bucky and compression paddle of the mammographic equipment ( M-IV , Lorad Corp. , Danbury , CT ) . For each patient , the radiolucent pads were used for imaging one breast while the opposite breast , which served as a control , was imaged without the pads . In all patients , the breast was positioned and compressed in st and ard fashion , using routine craniocaudal ( CC ) and mediolateral oblique ( MLO ) views . Patients completed a question naire before and after the mammogram . A visual analog scale ( VAS ) was used to record anticipated discomfort as well as the discomfort experienced during compression with and without the pads . Age , hormone replacement status , prior experience with mammography , compression force , and breast composition were recorded , as were dose parameters ( mAs and kVp ) , from which midgl and ular dose values were calculated . On the side where the pads were used to cushion the breast , 73.5 % ( 371/505 ) of women experienced a significant decrease in discomfort . Of those who benefited , there was a 47 % decrease in discomfort . On the pad side , compression force was increased an average of 14 % , and there was a 4 % decrease in dose for the CC view and no increase in dose for the MLO view . When comparing benefit versus nonbenefit groups , a significant reduction in discomfort did not correlate with any of the clinical factors evaluated , with the exception of experienced discomfort reported after the mammogram . Use of the MammoPad radiolucent cushion on the bucky and compression paddle was an effective means of reducing discomfort during compression for a majority ( 73.5 % ) of our patients undergoing screening mammography . Image quality and the ability to detect all pertinent anatomy were maintained OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether listening to a relaxation audiotape before and during mammography decreases subjective reports of pain and anxiety . CONCLUSION Listening to a relaxation or music audiotape before and during mammography does not reduce subjective reports of anxiety or pain .  Women undergoing screening mammography report minimal levels of distress OBJECTIVE We conducted a r and omized clinical trial to determine the impact on pain and image quality when breast cushions were used to pad the surfaces of the mammography equipment during film-screen mammography . METHODS We recruited a consecutive volunteer sample of 394 participants .  Breast cushions were used for only one breast , with laterality and sequence of use assigned r and omly . Data collected from participants included demographic data , rating of pain from previous  mammography , and rating of pain from present mammography using both a numeric rating scale and a visual analogue scale . Research assistants also collected breast compression and radiation exposure data . Radiologists were blinded to the laterality of cushion assignment while reading the mammograms and assessing image quality . RESULTS Participants were primarily white women ( 75.3 % ) , mean age 55.4 years . Most ( 94.4 % ) reported having previous mammography . Eight percent ( n = 32 ) of those surveyed had thought about skipping or delaying mammography because of the pain involved . The pain associated with mammography  was significantly ( p < .001 ) less during oblique and craniocaudal views when breast cushions were used during the procedure . Retakes were required for 2 % of the 1576 views with the most common reason being positioning ( 53 % ) . CONCLUSION The use of breast cushions significantly reduced the pain during film-screen mammography . Image quality with the cushions was reduced in a very small subset of women probably due to the difficulty in positioning the breast without visual clues . More research needs to be done prior to the routine use of these cushions in clinical practice Objective To examine the relationship between womens ’ experiences during mammography  and their likelihood of being rescreened after receiving a negative or benign mammogram . Methods Telephone interview and medical record data were collected from a r and om sample of enrollees from four states in a national screening program targeting uninsured and underinsured women at least 30 months after they had undergone an index mammogram in 1997 . We calculated 30-month rescreening rates by prior mammography characteristics including pain and embarrassment , worry , convenience of appointment time , treatment by staff , and financial considerations . Results Of the 2,000 women in the sampling frame , 1,895 ( 93.6 % ) were located , 1,685 ( 88.6 % ) were interviewed and 1,680 provided data required for our analysis . Overall , 81.5 % of the women had undergone rescreening . More than 90 % of the women reported being ‘ satisfied ’ or ‘ very satisfied ’ with treatment by facility staff , facility location and wait time during the appointment . Statistically significant decreased rescreening rates were seen for women who reported feeling embarrassed and for women reporting dissatisfaction with ability to schedule a convenient appointment time . Conclusion These results suggest that providing additional reassurance and privacy may increase rescreening rates The authors tested the hypothesis that giving women control over the compression portion of the mammography examination results in a less painful experience , greater overall patient satisfaction , and a radiographic image as good as that produced by means of technologist-controlled compression . One hundred nine women undergoing screening mammography at a hospital-based outpatient clinic were studied . Each underwent two-view , screen-film mammography performed in routine fashion except that , by r and om assignment , one breast was compressed by the technologist and the other breast , by the patient . Patient-controlled compression was significantly ( P = .003 ) less painful than technologist-controlled compression . Overall patient satisfaction ( 96 % [ 105 of 109 ] ) and willingness to repeat the experience were extremely high . The majority of images ( 93.5 % [ 202 of 216 ] ) were rated as having good to excellent compression . With minimal patient education , self-compression result ed in an image at least as good as that produced with technologist-applied compression . Further study of this technique is warranted At mammography , strong compression of the breasts is required to reduce the radiation dose and to obtain radiographic images of high quality . In recent times the mass media have received a number of letters with complaints about the painfulness of the examination and an unsympathetic reception by the personnel . The aim of this study was to find out what effect information and a special manner of reception ( " reflection " ) had on the experience of pain at mammography . Reflection meant that the X-ray nurse , in an accepting manner , reflected the feelings and facts which the woman expressed . The study was performed as a 2 x 2 factorial design . One independent variable was a letter of information , with the two alternatives letter of information and no letter of information , and another was reflection , with the two alternatives reflection and no reflection .  Seventy-six women were r and omly allocated to these four conditions . The letter of information stated why the examination was to be performed , how it is done and how it is usually experienced . The results showed that all women in all groups experienced relatively little pain . They considered that they were well received and were satisfied with the information . The difference between the groups was small . There was a tendency for those who were both received with reflection and were given a letter of information to be more satisfied with the examination as compared with the other women . A larger number of women in this former group than in the other groups stated reasons for their assessment . This result was significant . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS In a double-blind cross-over trial of azapropazone and indomethacin in 20 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee with four weeks on each drug , three methods of assessing pain and pain relief were used . These methods were a simple five-point rating scale , an analogue scale and an eight-point scale using pictures . Acceptable correlation was shown between all three scales in measurement of changes in degree of pain . The picture scale could be useful in patients with language or mental capacity difficulties 
    Output:
    
The review found that giving women information about the procedure prior to the mammogram may reduce pain and discomfort .
Increasing women 's control over breast compression could reduce pain experienced during the procedure , though mammogram image quality was only maintained if the technologist controlled the first compression .
If the technologist reduced compression force of the mammogram , discomfort experienced was unchanged .
Acetoaminophen as a premedication did not affect discomfort of mammography .
Currently there are very few proven interventions to reduce pain and discomfort of screening mammography , especially procedures that can be readily introduced to screening programmes .