***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The strength training has been shown to be effective for attenuating the age-related physiological decline . However , the adequate volume of strength training volume adequate to promote improvements , mainly during the initial period of training , still remains controversial . Thus , the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a short-term strength training program with single or multiple sets in elderly women .  Maximal dynamic ( 1-RM ) and isometric strength , muscle activation , muscle thickness ( MT ) , and muscle quality ( MQ = 1-RM and MT quadriceps quotient ) of the knee extensors were assessed . Subjects were r and omly assigned into one of two groups : single set  ( SS ; n = 14 ) that performed one set per exercise or multiple sets  ( MS ; n = 13 ) that performed three-sets per exercise , twice weekly for 6 weeks . Following training , there were significant increases ( p ≤ 0.05 ) in knee extension 1-RM ( 16.1 ± 12 % for SS group and 21.7 ± 7.7 % for MS group ) , in all MT ( p ≤ 0.05 ; vastus lateralis , rectus femoris , vastus medialis , and vastus intermedius ) , and in MQ ( p ≤ 0.05 ) ; 15.0 ± 12.2 % for SS group and 12.6 ± 7.2 % for MS group ) , with no differences between groups . These results suggest that during the initial stages of strength training , single- and multiple-set training demonstrate similar capacity for increasing dynamic strength , MT , and MQ of the knee extensors in elderly women The purpose of this study was to compare single and multiple sets of weight training for strength gains in recreation-ally trained individuals . Sixteen men ( age = 21 ± 2.0 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 set ( S-1 ; n = 8) or 3 set ( S-3 ; n = 8) groups and trained 3 days per week for 12 weeks . One repetition maximum ( 1RM ) was recorded for bench press and leg press at pre- , mid- , and posttest . Subjects trained according to daily undulating periodization ( DUP ) , involving the bench press and leg press exercises between 4RM and 8RM . Training intensity was equated for both groups . Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed statistically significant differences favoring S-3 in the leg press ( p < 0.05 , effect size [ ES ] = 6.5 ) and differences approaching significance in the bench press ( p = 0.07 , ES = 2.3 ) . The results demonstrate that for recreationally trained individuals using DUP training , 3 sets of training are superior to 1 set for eliciting maximal strength gains A polymorphic variant of the human angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) gene was identified . The ’ D ’ ( rather than ‘ I ’ ) variant was associated with improvements in strength related to physical training . We set out to determine whether the response to different patterns of strength training might also differ . Ninty-nine Caucasian male non-elite athletes were r and omly allocated into one of three groups : 31 non-training/control ( CG : 31 ) , single-set ( SSG : 35 ) and multiple-set ( MSG : 33 ) . SSG and MSG trained three times a week for 6 weeks . Both training groups were underwent a strength-training program with two mesocycles ( 12–15 repetition maximum ( RM ) and 8–12 RM mesocycles ) . One RM loads in half squat and bench press were assessed before training and after the first and second mesocycles . ACE polymorphisms analysed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) methods . Subjects with ACE II genotype in the MST group had improved strength development in 12–15 RM , while SST and MST groups had similar gains in 8–12 RM . Subjects with ACE DD genotype in both the SSG and the MSG had similar benefits from both 12–15 RM and 8–12 RM . Strength gains for subjects with ACE ID genotype in the SSG were similar to MSG gains in response to 8–12 RM loads but not with 12–15 RM loads . Additionally , subjects with DD genotype had superior strength gains in both strength training groups . Tailoring strength training programmes ( single-set vs. multiple set ) according to the athlete ’s ACE genotype may be advantageous We have reported that the acute postexercise increases in muscle protein synthesis rates , with differing nutritional support , are predictive of longer-term training-induced muscle hypertrophy . Here , we aim ed to test whether the same was true with acute exercise-mediated changes in muscle protein synthesis . Eighteen men ( 21 ± 1 yr , 22.6 ± 2.1 kg/m(2 ) ; means ± SE ) had their legs r and omly assigned to two of three training conditions that differed in contraction intensity [ % of maximal strength ( 1 repetition maximum ) ] or contraction volume ( 1 or 3 sets of repetitions ) : 30%-3 , 80%-1 , and 80%-3 . Subjects trained each leg with their assigned regime for a period of 10 wk , 3 times/wk . We made pre- and posttraining measures of strength , muscle volume by magnetic resonance ( MR ) scans , as well as pre- and posttraining biopsies of the vastus lateralis , and a single postexercise ( 1 h ) biopsy following the first bout of exercise , to measure signaling proteins . Training-induced increases in MR-measured muscle volume were significant ( P < 0.01 ) , with no difference between groups : 30%-3 = 6.8 ± 1.8 % , 80%-1 = 3.2 ± 0.8 % , and 80%-3= 7.2 ± 1.9 % , P = 0.18 . Isotonic maximal strength gains were not different between 80%-1 and 80%-3 , but were greater than 30%-3 ( P = 0.04 ) , whereas training-induced isometric strength gains were significant but not different between conditions ( P = 0.92 ) . Biopsies taken 1 h following the initial resistance exercise bout showed increased phosphorylation ( P < 0.05 ) of p70S6 K only in the 80%-1 and 80%-3 conditions . There was no correlation between phosphorylation of any signaling protein and hypertrophy . In accordance with our previous acute measurements of muscle protein synthetic rates a lower load lifted to failure result ed in similar hypertrophy as a heavy load lifted to failure The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- and high-volume strength training on strength , muscle activation and muscle thickness ( MT ) of the lower- and upper-body , and on muscle quality ( MQ ) of the lower-body in older women . Twenty apparently healthy elderly women were r and omly assigned into two groups : low-volume ( LV , n=11 ) and high-volume ( HV , n=9 ) . The LV group performed one-set of each exercise , while the HV group performed three-sets of each exercise , twice weekly for 13 weeks . MQ was measured by echo intensity obtained by ultrasonography ( MQEI ) , strength per unit of muscle mass ( MQST ) , and strength per unit of muscle mass adjusted with an allometric scale ( MQAS ) . Following training , there was a significant increase ( p≤0.001 ) in knee extension 1-RM ( 31.8±20.5 % for LV and 38.3±7.3 % for HV ) and in elbow flexion 1-RM ( 25.1±9.5 % for LV and 26.6±8.9 % for HV ) and in isometric maximal strength of the lower-body ( p≤0.05 ) and upper-body ( p≤0.001 ) , with no difference between groups . The maximal electromyographic activation for both groups increased significantly ( p≤0.05 ) in the vastus medialis and biceps brachii , with no difference between groups . All MT measurements of the lower- and upper-body increased similarly in both groups ( p≤0.001 ) . Similar improvements were also observed in MQEI ( p≤0.01 ) , MQST , and MQAS ( p≤0.001 ) for both groups . These results demonstrate that low- and high-volume strength training promote similar increases in neuromuscular adaptations of the lower- and upper-body , and in MQ of the lower-body in elderly women Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) is reported to be inferior to computed tomography ( CT ) to measure changes in appendicular soft tissue composition . We compared CT- and DEXA-measured thigh muscle and fat mass to evaluate the r and om and systematic discrepancies between these two methods . Thigh skeletal muscle area ( single-slice CT ) was suboptimally ( r(2 ) = 0.74 , P < 0.0001 ) related to DEXA-measured thigh fat-free mass ( FFM ) . In contrast , thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes ( multislice CT ) were highly related to DEXA-measured thigh FFM and fat ( both r(2 ) = 0.96 , P < 0.0001 ) .  DEXA-measured leg fat was significantly less than multislice-CT-measured leg adipose tissue volume , whereas multislice-CT-measured leg muscle mass was less ( P < 0.0001 ) than DEXA-measured leg FFM . The systematic discrepancies between the two approaches were consistent with the 10 - 15 % nonfat components of adipose tissue . In conclusion ,  CT and DEXA measures of appendicular soft tissue are highly related . Systematic differences between DEXA and CT likely relate to the underlying principles of the techniques The purpose of this study was to compare serum growth hormone ( GH ) , testosterone ( T ) , cortisol ( C ) , and whole blood lactate ( L ) responses to single set ( 1S ) versus multiple set ( 3S ) heavy-resistance exercise protocol s.  Eight recreationally weight-trained men completed two identical resistance exercise workouts ( 1S vs. 3S ) . Blood was obtained preexercise ( PRE ) , immediately postexercise ( OP ) , and 5 min ( 5P ) , 15 min ( 15P ) , 30 min ( 30P ) and 60 min ( 60P ) postexercise and was analyzed for GH , T , C , and L levels . For 1S and 3S , GH , L , and T significantly increased from PRE to OP and remained significantly elevated to 60P , except for 1S . For GH , T , and L , 3S showed significantly greater increases compared to 1S . For C , 3S and 1S were increased significantly from resting at OP , 5P , and 15P ; 3S increased compared to 1S at 5P , 15P and 30P . Higher volumes of total work produce significantly greater increases in circulating anabolic hormones during the recovery phase following exercise Regular performance of  resistance exercise induces an increase in skeletal muscle mass , however , the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are not yet fully understood . The purpose of the present investigation was to examine acute changes in molecular signalling in response to resistance exercise involving different training volumes . Eight untrained male subjects carried out one , three and five sets of 6 repetition maximum ( RM ) in leg press exercise in a r and om order . Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis both prior to and 30 min after each training session and the effect on protein signalling was studied . Phosphorylation of Akt was not altered significantly after any of the training protocol s , whereas that of the mammalian target of rapamycin was enhanced to a similar extent by training at all three volumes . The phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase ( p70S6k ) was elevated threefold after 3 × 6 RM and sixfold after 5 × 6 RM , while the phosphorylation of S6 was increased 30- and 55-fold following the 3 × 6 RM and 5 × 6 RM exercises , respectively . Moreover , the level of the phosphorylated form of the gamma isoform of p38 MAPK was enhanced three to fourfold following each of the three protocol s , whereas phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was unchanged 30 min following exercise . These findings indicate that when exercise is performed in a fasted state , the increase in phosphorylation of signalling molecules such as p70S6k and the S6 ribosomal protein in human muscle depends on the exercise volume Abstract Radaelli , R , Fleck , SJ , Leite , T , Leite , RD , Pinto , RS , Fern and es , L , and Simão , R. Dose-response of 1 , 3 , and 5 sets of resistance exercise on strength , local muscular endurance , and hypertrophy . J Strength Cond Res 29(5 ) : 1349–1358 , 2015—The study 's purpose was to compare the response of performing 1 , 3 , and 5 sets on measures of performance and muscle hypertrophy . Forty-eight men , with no weight training experience , were r and omly assigned to one of the 3 training groups , 1 SET , 3 SETS , 5 SETS , or control group . All training groups performed 3 resistance training sessions per week for 6 months . The 5 repetition maximum ( RM ) for all training groups increased in the bench press ( BP ) , front lat pull down ( LPD ) , shoulder press ( SP ) , and leg press ( LP ) ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) , with the 5RM increases in the BP and LPD being significantly greater for 5 SETS compared with the other training groups ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) . Bench press 20RM in the 3-SET 
    Output:
    
The findings indicate a grade d dose-response relationship whereby increases in RT volume produce greater gains in muscle hypertrophy