***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Physical exercise has been shown to increase brain volume and improve cognition in r and omized trials of non-demented elderly . Although greater social engagement was found to reduce dementia risk in observational studies , r and omized trials of social interventions have not been reported . A representative sample of 120 elderly from Shanghai , China was r and omized to four groups ( Tai Chi , Walking , Social Interaction , No Intervention ) for 40 weeks . Two MRIs were obtained , one before the intervention period , the other after . A neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline , 20 weeks , and 40 weeks . Comparison of changes in brain volumes in intervention groups with the No Intervention group were assessed by t-tests . Time-intervention group interactions for neuropsychological measures were evaluated with repeated- measures mixed models . Compared to the No Intervention group , significant increases in brain volume were seen in the Tai Chi and Social Intervention groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Improvements also were observed in several neuropsychological measures in the Tai Chi group , including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score ( p = 0.004 ) , the Trailmaking Test A ( p = 0.002 ) and B ( p = 0.0002 ) , the Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( p = 0.009 ) , and verbal fluency for animals ( p = 0.01 ) . The Social Interaction group showed improvement on some , but fewer neuropsychological indices . No differences were observed between the Walking and No Intervention groups . The findings differ from previous clinical trials in showing increases in brain volume and improvements in cognition with a largely non-aerobic exercise ( Tai Chi ) . In addition , intellectual stimulation through social interaction was associated with increases in brain volume as well as with some cognitive improvements CONTEXT Many observational studies have shown that physical activity reduces the risk of cognitive decline ; however , evidence from r and omized trials is lacking . OBJECTIVE To determine whether physical activity reduces the rate of cognitive decline among older adults at risk . DESIGN AND SETTING R and omized controlled trial of a 24-week physical activity intervention conducted between 2004 and 2007 in metropolitan Perth , Western Australia . Assessors of cognitive function were blinded to group membership . PARTICIPANTS We recruited volunteers who reported memory problems but did not meet criteria for dementia . Three hundred eleven individuals aged 50 years or older were screened for eligibility , 89 were not eligible , and 52 refused to participate . A total of 170 participants were r and omized and 138 participants completed the 18-month assessment . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly allocated to an education and usual care group or to a 24-week home-based program of physical activity . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale ( ADAS-Cog ) scores ( possible range , 0 - 70 ) over 18 months . RESULTS In an intent-to-treat analysis , participants in the intervention group improved 0.26 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -0.89 to 0.54 ) and those in the usual care group deteriorated 1.04 points ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.32 to 1.82 ) on the ADAS-Cog at the end of the intervention . The absolute difference of the outcome measure between the intervention and control groups was -1.3 points ( 95 % confidence interval,-2.38 to -0.22 ) at the end of the intervention . At 18 months , participants in the intervention group improved 0.73 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -1.27 to 0.03 ) on the ADAS-Cog , and those in the usual care group improved 0.04 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -0.46 to 0.88 ) . Word list delayed recall and Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes improved modestly as well , whereas word list total immediate recall , digit symbol coding , verbal fluency , Beck depression score , and Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short-Form physical and mental component summaries did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS In this study of adults with subjective memory impairment , a 6-month program of physical activity provided a modest improvement in cognition over an 18-month follow-up period . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000136606 Background : Global population aging will result in increasing rates of cognitive decline and dementia . Thus , effective , low-cost , and low side-effect interventions for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline are urgently needed . Our study is the first to investigate the effects of Kundalini yoga ( KY ) training on mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Methods : Older participants ( ≥55 years of age ) with MCI were r and omized to either a 12-week KY intervention or memory enhancement training ( MET ; gold-st and ard , active control ) . Cognitive ( i.e. memory and executive functioning ) and mood ( i.e. depression , apathy , and resilience ) assessment s were administered at baseline , 12 weeks and 24 weeks . Results : At baseline , 81 participants had no significant baseline group differences in clinical or demographic characteristics . At 12 weeks and 24 weeks , both KY and MET groups showed significant improvement in memory ; however , only KY showed significant improvement in executive functioning . Only the KY group showed significant improvement in depressive symptoms and resilience at week 12 . Conclusion : KY group showed short- and long-term improvements in executive functioning as compared to MET , and broader effects on depressed mood and resilience . This observation should be confirmed in future clinical trials of yoga intervention for treatment and prevention of cognitive decline ( NCT01983930 ) Background . Effects of Tai Chi ( TC ) on specific cognitive function and mechanisms by which TC may improve cognition in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ( a-MCI ) remain unknown . Objective . To examine the effects of TC on cognitive functions and plasma biomarkers ( brain-derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] , tumor necrosis factor-α [ TNF-α ] , and interleukin-10 [ IL-10 ] ) in a-MCI . Methods . A total of 66 older adults with a-MCI ( mean age = 67.9 years ) were r and omized to either a TC ( n = 33 ) or a control group ( n = 33 ) . Participants in the TC group learned TC with a certified instructor and then practice d at home for 50 min/session , 3 times/wk for 6 months . The control group received educational material that covered information related to cognition . The primary outcome was cognitive performance , including Logical Memory ( LM ) delayed recall , Block Design , Digit Span , and Trail Making Test B minus A ( TMT B-A ) . The secondary outcomes were plasma biomarkers , including BDNF , TNF-α , and IL-10 . Results . At the end of the trial , performance on the LM and TMT B-A was significantly better in the TC group compared with the control group after adjusting for age , gender , and education ( P < .05 ) . Plasma BDNF level was significantly increased for the TC group , whereas the other outcome measures were similar between the 2 groups after adjusting for age and gender ( P < .05 ) . Conclusions . TC training significantly improved memory and the mental switching component of executive function in older adults with a-MCI , possibly via an upregulation of BDNF Background There is limited research about beneficial effects of physical activity in older adults suffering from mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Aim The aim of the study was to provide preliminary evidence on the effects of two types of non-aerobic training on cognitive functions in older women suffering from MCI . Methods Twenty-eight participants aged 66–78 years with MCI were r and omly assigned to a combined balance and core resistance training group ( n = 14 ) or to a Pilates group ( n = 14 ) . Results Following completion of the 8-week exercise programme , both groups showed significant improvements in global and specific cognitive domains . Conclusion Findings suggest that non-aerobic training should be further explored as a beneficial intervention for older adults suffering from MCI BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of elderly patients treated for depression fail to achieve symptomatic remission and functional recovery with first-line pharmacotherapy . In this study , we ask whether a mind-body exercise , Tai Chi Chih ( TCC ) , added to escitalopram will augment the treatment of geriatric depression design ed to achieve symptomatic remission and improvements in health functioning and cognitive performance . METHODS : One hundred twelve older adults with major depression age 60 years and older were recruited and treated with escitalopram for approximately 4 weeks . Seventy-three partial responders to escitalopram continued to receive escitalopram daily and were r and omly assigned to 10 weeks of adjunct use of either 1 ) TCC for 2 hours per week or 2 ) health education ( HE ) for 2 hours per week . All participants underwent evaluations of depression , anxiety , resilience , health-related quality of life , cognition , and inflammation at baseline and during 14-week follow-up . RESULTS Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition were more likely to show greater reduction of depressive symptoms and to achieve a depression remission as compared with those receiving escitalopram and HE . Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition also showed significantly greater improvements in 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical functioning and cognitive tests and a decline in the inflammatory marker , C-reactive protein , compared with the control group . CONCLUSION : Complementary use of a mind-body exercise , such as TCC , may provide additional improvements of clinical outcomes in the pharmacologic treatment of geriatric depression OBJECTIVES We reported the interim findings of a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) to examine the effects of a mind body physical exercise ( Tai Chi ) on cognitive function in Chinese subjects at risk of cognitive decline . SUBJECTS 389 Chinese older persons with either a Clinical Dementia Rating ( CDR 0.5 ) or amnestic-MCI participated in an exercise program . The exercise intervention lasted for 1 year ; 171 subjects were trained with 24 forms simplified Tai Chi ( Intervention , I ) and 218 were trained with stretching and toning exercise ( Control , C ) . The exercise comprised of advised exercise sessions of at least three times per week . RESULTS At 5th months ( 2 months after completion of training ) , both I and C subjects showed an improvement in global cognitive function , delayed recall and subjective cognitive complaints ( paired t-tests , p < 0.05 ) . Improvements in visual spans and CDR sum of boxes scores were observed in I group ( paired t-tests , p < 0.001 ) . Three ( 2.2 % ) and 21(10.8 % ) subjects from the I and C groups progressed to dementia ( Pearson chi square = 8.71 , OR = 5.34 , 95 % CI 1.56 - 18.29 ) . Logistic regression analysis controlled for baseline group differences in education and cognitive function suggested I group was associated with stable CDR ( OR = 0.14 , 95%CI = 0.03 - 0.71 , p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our interim findings showed that Chinese style mind body ( Tai Chi ) exercise may offer specific benefits to cognition , potential clinical interests should be further explored with longer observation period Eight-Section Brocades and Yijin Jing consist of some routine movements that are too difficult for frail elders . A novel health qigong protocol was developed and its effectiveness for frail elders was examined using a r and omized clinical trial ( RCT ) . An expert panel performed functional anatomy analysis and safety field test prior to the RCT . The experimental group ( n = 61 , 83 ± 6 yr ) was given a 12-week qigong exercise program , while the comparison group ( n = 55 , 84 ± 6 yr ) participated in a newspaper reading program with the same duration and frequency . Pre- , mid- , post- , and follow-up assessment s were conducted . At 12 weeks , the qigong group had significant improvements in thinking operations ( F = 4.05 , P = .02 ) and significant reduction of resting heart rate ( F = 3.14 , P = .045 ) as compared to the newspaper reading group . A trend of improvements in grip strength and a decreasing trend of depression levels were observed among the qigong group . Significant perceived improvements in physical health ( F = 13.01 , P = .001 ) , activities of daily living ( F = 5.32 , P = .03 ) , and overall health status ( F = 15.26 , P = .0001 ) were found . There are improvements in some aspects of psychosocial , cognitive , physical , and physiological domains . Clinical applications and possibilities for further research are discussed CONTEXT There are potential benefits of mind-body techniques on cognitive function because the techniques involve an active attentional or mindfulness component , but this has not been fully explored . OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of yoga on cognitive function , fatigue , mood , and quality of life in seniors . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial comparing yoga , exercise , and wait-list control groups . PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-five generally healthy men and women aged 65 - 85 years . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized to 6 months of Hatha yoga class , walking exercise class , or wait-list control . Subjects assigned to classes also were asked to practice at home . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome assessment s performed at baseline and after the 6-month period included a battery of cognitive measures focused on attention and alertness , the 
    Output:
    
In addition , no significant adverse events were reported .
Conclusion : Mind-body exercise may be a safe and effective intervention for enhancing cognitive function  among people aged 60 years or older .