***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the effects of an 8-week exercise intervention on aerobic fitness , and roid and gynoid fat mass , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . Twenty-four sedentary participants ( average BMI = 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ; 18 females , 6 males ) were r and omized into either interval training and diet education ( INT group ) , continuous aerobic exercise and diet education ( CON group ) , or diet education only ( DIET group ) . Duration s of exercise sessions were similar ( ∼30 minutes ) , with both exercise groups completing the same amount of work . The INT and CON groups demonstrated significant improvements over time for ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 , ES = 1.1 and 1.2 , respectively ) and time to exhaustion on a grade d exercise test ( p < 0.01 and ES = 0.8 for both groups ) . Further , a large effect size ( 0.7 ) was recorded for the loss in and roid fat mass over time in the INT group only Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform BACKGROUND Peak oxygen uptake ( Vo(2peak ) ) strongly predicts mortality in cardiac patients . We compared the effects of aerobic interval training ( AIT ) versus moderate continuous training ( MCT ) on Vo(2peak ) and quality of life after  coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) . METHODS Fifty-nine CABG patients were r and omized to either AIT at 90 % of maximum heart rate or MCT at 70 % of maximum heart rate , 5 d/wk , for 4 weeks at a rehabilitation center . Primary outcome was Vo(2peak ) , at baseline , after rehabilitation ( 4 weeks ) , and after 6 months of home-based exercise ( 6 months ) . RESULTS Vo(2peak ) increased between baseline and 4 weeks in AIT ( 27.1 + /- 4.5 vs 30.4 + /- 5.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) and MCT ( 26.2 + /- 5.2 vs 28.5 + /- 5.6 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ; group difference , not significant ) . Aerobic interval training increased Vo(2peak ) between 4 weeks and 6 months ( 30.4 + /- 5.5 vs 32.2 + /- 7.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) , with no significant change in MCT ( 28.5 + /- 5.6 vs 29.5 + /- 5.7 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) ) . Quality of life improved in both groups from baseline to 4 weeks , remaining improved at 6 months . There were no changes in echocardiographic systolic and diastolic left ventricular function . Adiponectin increased between 4 weeks and 6 months in both groups ( group differences , not significant ) . CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of intense training increased Vo(2peak ) significantly after both AIT and MCT . Six months later , the AIT group had a significantly higher Vo(2peak ) than MCT . The results indicate that AIT and MCT increase Vo(2peak ) similarly in the short term , but with better long-term effect of AIT after CABG PURPOSE The present study compared the effects of aerobic endurance training at different intensities and with different methods matched for total work and frequency . Responses in maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , stroke volume of the heart ( SV ) , blood volume , lactate threshold ( LT ) , and running economy ( CR ) were examined . METHODS Forty healthy , nonsmoking , moderately trained male subjects were r and omly assigned to one of four groups:1 ) long slow distance ( 70 % maximal heart rate ; HRmax ) ; 2)lactate threshold ( 85 % HRmax ) ; 3 ) 15/15 interval running ( 15 s of running at 90 - 95 % HRmax followed by 15 s of active resting at 70 % HRmax ) ; and 4 ) 4 x 4 min of interval running ( 4 min of running at 90 - 95 % HRmax followed by 3 min of active resting at 70%HRmax ) . All four training protocol s result ed in similar total oxygen consumption and were performed 3 d.wk for 8 wk . RESULTS High-intensity aerobic interval training result ed in significantly increased VO2max compared with long slow distance and lactate-threshold training intensities ( P<0.01 ) . The percentage increases for the 15/15 and 4 x 4 min groups were 5.5 and 7.2 % , respectively , reflecting increases in V O2max from 60.5 to 64.4 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) and 55.5 to 60.4 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) . SV increased significantly by approximately 10 % after interval training ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS : High-aerobic intensity endurance interval training is significantly more effective than performing the same total work at either lactate threshold or at 70 % HRmax , in improving VO2max . The changes in VO2max correspond with changes in SV , indicating a close link between the two PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brief intense interval training as exercise intervention for promoting health and to evaluate potential benefits about common interventions , that is , prolonged exercise and strength training . METHODS Thirty-six untrained men were divided into groups that completed 12 wk of intense interval running ( INT ; total training time 40 min wk(-1 ) ) , prolonged running ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) , and strength training ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) or continued their habitual lifestyle without participation in physical training . RESULTS The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was superior in the INT ( 14 % + /- 2 % increase in V˙O2max ) compared with the other two exercise interventions ( 7 % + /- 2 % and 3 % + /- 2 % increases ) . The blood glucose concentration 2 h after oral ingestion of 75 g of glucose was lowered to a similar extent after training in the INT ( from 6.1 + /- 0.6 to 5.1 + /- 0.4 mM , P < 0.05 ) and the prolonged running group ( from 5.6 + /- 1.5 to 4.9 + /- 1.1 mM , P < 0.05 ) . In contrast , INT was less efficient than prolonged running for lowering the subjects ' resting HR , fat percentage , and reducing the ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol . Furthermore , total bone mass and lean body mass remained unchanged in the INT group , whereas both these parameters were increased by the strength-training intervention . CONCLUSIONS INT for 12 wk is an effective training stimulus for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness and glucose tolerance , but in relation to the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity , it is less effective than prolonged training . Furthermore and in contrast to strength training , 12 wk of INT had no impact on muscle mass or indices of skeletal health BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training has been shown to be superior to moderate continuous exercise training in improving exercise capacity and endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease . The objective of this study was to evaluate this training model on in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention for stable or unstable angina . METHODS AND RESULTS We prospect ively r and omized 40 patients after percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of a bare metal stent ( n = 30 ) or drug eluting stent ( n = 32 ) to a 6-month supervised high-intensity interval exercise training program  ( n = 20 ) or to a control group ( n = 20 ) . At six months , restenosis , measured as in-segment late luminal loss of the stented coronary area , was smaller in the training group 0.10 ( 0.52 ) mm compared to the control group 0.39 ( 0.38 ) mm ( P = .01 ) . Reduction of late luminal loss in the training group was consistent with both stent types . Peak oxygen uptake increased in the training and control group by 16.8 % and 7.8 % , respectively ( P < .01 ) . Flow-mediated dilation improved 5.2 % ( 7.6 ) in the training group and decreased -0.1 % ( 8.1 ) in the control group ( P = .01 ) . Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased by -0.4 ( 1.1 ) mg/L in the training group and increased by 0.1 ( 1.2 ) mg/L in the control group ( P = .03 for trend ) . CONCLUSIONS Regular high-intensity interval exercise training was associated with a significant reduction in late luminal loss in the stented coronary segment . This effect was associated with increased aerobic capacity , improved endothelium function , and attenuated inflammation The goal of the study was to determine the effects of continuous ( CT ) vs. intermittent ( IT ) training yielding identical mechanical work and training duration on skeletal muscle and cardiorespiratory adaptations in sedentary subjects . Eleven subjects ( 6 men and 5 women , 45 + /- 3 years ) were r and omly assigned to either of the two 8-wk training programs in a cross-over design , separated by 12 wk of detraining .  Maximal oxygen uptake ( Vo2max ) increased after both trainings ( 9 % with CT vs. 15 % with IT ) , whereas only IT was associated with faster Vo2 kinetics ( tau : 68.0 + /- 1.6 vs. 54.9 + /- 0.7 s , P < 0.05 ) measured during a test to exhaustion ( TTE ) and with improvements in maximal cardiac output ( Qmax , from 18.1 + /- 1.1 to 20.1 + /- 1.2 l/min ; P < 0.01 ) . Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacities ( Vmax ) were only increased after IT ( 3.3 + /- 0.4 before and 4.5 + /- 0.6 micromol O2 x min(-1 ) x g dw(-1 ) after training ; P < 0.05 ) , whereas capillary density increased after both trainings , with a two-fold higher enhancement after CT ( + 21 + /- 1 % for IT and + 40 + /- 3 % after CT , P < 0.05 ) . The gain of Vmax was correlated with the gain of TTE and the gain of Vo2max with IT . The gain of Qmax was also correlated with the gain of VO2max . These results suggest that fluctuations of workload and oxygen uptake during training sessions , rather than exercise duration or global energy expenditure , are key factors in improving muscle oxidative capacities . In an integrative view , IT seems optimal in maximizing both peripheral muscle and central cardiorespiratory adaptations , permitting significant functional improvement . These data support the symmorphosis concept in sedentary subjects BACKGROUND The observation that exercise training reduces cardiovascular mortality is robust and consistent , but the amount and intensity of exercise that is required for risk reduction is not yet resolved . METHODS We studied the association between the amount and intensity of exercise and  cardiovascular mortality  in 27 143 men and 28 929 women who were free from known cardiovascular disease at the beginning of follow-up between 1984 and 1986 . The relative risk of death was calculated as the rate of death among participants within a given physical activity category compared with the rate of death in the reference category ( no physical activity ) . We used Cox regression analysis to adjust for age and other potentially confounding factors . RESULTS After 16 years ( SD 4 years ) of follow-up , 294 
    Output:
    
The effects on other metabolic risk factors were similar between AIT and CME .
: Analysis of a limited number of studies with small sample sizes indicates that AIT is superior to CME in terms of improving exercise capacity .