***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) combined with photochemotherapy ( PCT ) for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in young patients . METHODS A r and omized , blind , clinical trial with a split-mouth design was conducted involving a sample of 15 cancer patients aged three to 16 years at the Aldenora Bello Hospital in the city of São Luís , Brazil . The treatments ( PCT+LLLT and LLLT alone ) were r and omly determined for each side of the oral cavity . The patients were blinded to the type of therapy performed on each side . The outcome was the area of the lesion measured in cm2 over an eight-day evaluation period . Treatment and follow up of the lesions under evaluation as well as other lesions occurred until complete remission . Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were employed . Significance was set at a 95 % confidence level ( α=0.05 ) and the effect size was calculated . RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found between therapies for lesion area on Days 6 - 8 ( p=0.020 , 0.011 and 0.005 , respectively ) , which was confirmed by the moderate effect size . Lesions su bmi tted to PCT+LLLT had a smaller area at the end of the evaluation period . CONCLUSION Based on the present findings , PCT+LLLT had a greater therapeutic effect in comparison to LLLT alone regarding the reduction in the degree of severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis Oral mucositis in oncologic patients is the most undesirable event of the chemotherapeutic treatment . This study aim ed to identify damage to the oral cavity result ing from chemotherapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) . This is a prospect i ve study with a sample of 42 children and adolescents evaluated for 10 consecutive weeks after diagnosis . The  modified Oral Assessment Guide ( OAG ) was used , and data were analyzed by Spearman ’s rank correlation coefficient ( α = 5 % ) . Changes to the normal lips and saliva were positively related to an increase in the OAG score during all 10 weeks of evaluation . Alterations to the labial mucosa were correlated with an increase in the OAG score from the 2nd to 10th week , which was also found for changes in the tongue and in the swallowing function in Weeks 1 , 6 , 8 , 9 , and 10 and for gum changes from the 5th to 7th week . No significant vocal changes were correlated with the total OAG score at any point during the monitoring period . Changes in lips , cheek and /or palatal mucosa , labial mucosa , and gum areas and in swallowing function were positively correlated with an increase in the severity of oral mucositis in patients with ALL after beginning chemotherapeutic treatment Background Low-energy laser ( LEL ) treatment has been suggested as an effective and safe method to prevent and /or treat oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and /or radiotherapy ; however , it has not gained wide acceptance so far . Material s and methods We conducted two clinical trials testing the LEL technique : firstly , as a secondary prevention in patients with various solid tumors treated with chemotherapy who all developed severe mucositis after a previous identical chemotherapy and , secondly , as therapeutic intervention ( compared to sham illumination in a r and omized way ) in patients with hematological tumors receiving intensive chemotherapy and having developed low- grade oral mucositis . Results We entered 26 eligible patients in the first study and 36 were r and omized in the second study . The success rate was 81 % ( 95%CI = 61–93 % ) when LEL was given as a preventive treatment . In the second study , in patients with existing lesions , the therapeutic success rate was 83 % ( 95%CI = 59–96 % ) , which was significantly different from the success rate reached in the sham-treated patients ( 11 % ; 95%CI = 1–35 % ) ; the time to development of grade 3 mucositis was also significantly shorter in the sham-treated patients ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusion Our results strongly support the already available literature , suggesting that LEL is an effective and safe approach to prevent or treat oral mucositis result ing from cancer chemotherapy To evaluate the efficacy and safety of carbon‐ion radiotherapy for non‐squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck , 35 patients were enrolled in this prospect i ve study . The primary end‐point was the 3‐year local control rate , and the secondary end‐points included the 3‐year overall survival rate and adverse events . Acute and late adverse events were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events , version 4.0 . The median follow‐up time for all patients was 39 months . Thirty‐two and three patients received 64.0 Gy ( relative biological effectiveness ) and 57.6 Gy ( relative biological effectiveness ) in 16 fractions , respectively . Adenoid cystic carcinoma was dominant ( 60 % ) . Four patients had local recurrence and five patients died . The 3‐year local control and overall survival rates were 93 % and 88 % , respectively . Acute grade 2–3 radiation mucositis ( 65 % ) and dermatitis ( 31 % ) was common , which improved immediately with conservative therapy . Late mucositis of grade 2 , grade 3 , and grade 4 were observed in 11 , one , and no patients , respectively . There were no adverse events of grade 5 . Carbon‐ion radiotherapy achieved excellent local control and overall survival rates for non‐squamous cell carcinoma . However , the late mucosal adverse events were not rare , and meticulous treatment planning is required . Trial registration no. UMIN000007886 OBJECTIVE A pilot clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy (CT)-induced oral mucositis ( OM ) in young patients . BACKGROUND DATA Besides compromising the patient 's nutrition and well-being , oral mucositis represents a portal of entry into the body for microorganisms present in the mouth , which may lead to sepsis if there is hematological involvement . Oncologic treatment tolerance decreases and systemic complications may arise that interfere with the success of cancer treatment . LLLT appears to be an interesting alternative to other approaches to treating OM , due to its trophic , anti-inflammatory , and analgesic properties . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Patients undergoing chemotherapy ( 22 cycles ) without mucositis were r and omized into a group receiving prophylactic laser-irradiation ( group 1 ) , and a group receiving placebo light treatment ( group 2 ) . Patients who had already presented with mucositis were placed in a group receiving irradiation for therapeutic purpose s ( group 3 , with 10 cycles of CT ) . Serum granulocyte levels were taken and compared to the progression of mucositis . RESULTS In group 1 , most patients ( 73 % ) presented with mucositis of grade 0 ( p = 0.03 when compared with the placebo group ) , and 18 % presented with grade 1 . In group 2 , 27 % had no OM and did not require therapy . In group 3 , the patients had marked pain relief ( as assessed by a visual analogue scale ) , and a decrease in the severity of OM , even when they had severe granulocytopenia . CONCLUSION The ease of use of LLLT , high patient acceptance , and the positive results achieved , make this therapy feasible for the prevention and treatment of OM in young patients OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the efficacy of laser photobiomodulation ( PBM ) compared to that of placebo on severe oral mucositis ( OM ) in pediatric oncology patients . The primary objective was the reduction of OM grade ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] scale ) 7 days after starting PBM . Secondary objectives were reduction of pain , analgesic consumption , and incidence of side effects . METHODS One hundred and one children with WHO grade > 2 chemotherapy-induced OM were enrolled in eight Italian hospitals . Patients were r and omized to either PBM or sham treatment for four consecutive days ( days + 1 to + 4 ) . On days + 4 , + 7 , and + 11 , OM grade , pain ( following a 0 - 10 numeric pain rating scale , NRS ) and need for analgesics were evaluated by an operator blinded to treatment . RESULTS Fifty-one patients were allocated to the PBM group , and 50 were allocated to the sham group . In total , 93.7 % of PBM patients and 72 % of sham patients had OM grade < 3 WHO on day + 7 ( P = 0.01 ) . A significant reduction of pain was registered on day + 7 in the PBM versus sham group ( NRS 1 [ 0 - 3 ] vs. 2.5 [ 1 - 5 ] , P < 0.006 ) . Reduced use of analgesics was reported in the PBM group , although it was not statistically significant . No significant adverse events attributable to treatment were recorded . CONCLUSIONS PBM is a safe , feasible , and effective treatment for children affected by chemotherapy-induced OM , as it accelerates mucosal recovery and reduces pain Oral mucositis ( OM ) is a debilitating and serious side effect in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT ) and chemotherapy ( CT ) .  Laser therapy is becoming a promising treatment option in these patients , avoiding the necessity of enteral/parenteral nutrition . The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy in patients affected by oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and HSCT . Sixteen onco-hematological pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation , affected by oral mucositis , were enrolled in this study . They were divided in two r and omized groups : the laser group and the placebo-control group . Patients in the laser group were treated with HPLT ( 970 ± 15 nm , 3.2 W ( 50 % ) , 35–6000 Hz , 240 s ) for four consecutive days , once a day ; and placebo group underwent sham treatment . The assessment of mucositis was recorded through WHO Oral Mucositis Grading Objective Scale , and pain was evaluated through Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) . Patients were monitored and evaluated 3 , 7 , and 11 days after the first day of laser therapy . Once OM was diagnosed , the patients had mucositis grading assessment s before laser or sham application at day 3 , 7 , and 11 after first application . All patients of laser group demonstrated improvement in pain sensation from day 3 after first application of laser ( p < 0.05 ) , ulcerations reduced their dimensions and erythema disappeared . The patients of placebo group had improvement from day 7 . In laser group , all mucositis were fully resolved from day 7 ( p < 0.05 ) . Oral mucositis negatively impacts on nutritional intake , oral hygiene , and quality of life .  Laser therapy appears to be a safe and innovative approach in the management of oral mucositis . In this preliminary study , HPLT encourages to consider laser therapy as a part of onco-hematological protocol , providing to decrease pain and duration of OM induced by CT and HSCT . Further research es will be needed , especially r and omized , controlled clinical trials with a large number of enrolled patients and a long term of follow-up to confirm the efficacy of laser therapy in prevention and control of OM in onco-hematological pediatric patients BACKGROUND This study assessed the use of low-energy laser in the prevention or reduction of the severity of oral mucositis . PROCEDURE A r and omized clinical trial was carried out . Patients from 3 to 18 years of age treated with chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation between May , 2003 and February , 2005 were eligible . The intervention group received laser application for 5 days following the start of chemotherapy . The grade of oral mucositis was assessed by the WHO per NCI-CTC common toxicity criteria and the assessment s were made on days 1 , 8 and 15 by a trained examiner blind to the intervention . RESULTS Sixty patients were evaluable for analysis ; thirty-nine ( 65 % ) were males , 35 ( 58 % ) patients had a diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma , and 25 ( 42 % ) had solid tumors . The mean age was 8.7 + /- 4.3 years . Twenty-nine patients were r and omized in the laser group and 31 in the control group . On day 1 , no patients presented with mucositis . On day 8 , of 20 patients ( 36 % ) who developed mucositis , 13 of them were from the laser group and 7 from the control group . On day 15 , of 24 patients ( 41 % ) who developed mucositis , 13 of them were from the laser group and 11 from the control group . There was no significant difference between groups concerning the grade s of mucositis on day 8 ( P = 0.234 ) or on day 15 ( P = 0.208 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study showed no evidence of benefit from the prophylactic use of low-energy laser in children and adolescents with cancer treated with chemotherapy when optimal dental and oral care was provided Background Oral mucositis ( OM ) is one of the most frequent complications of 
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There is moderate evidence that LLLT is effective in resolving OM lesions in adult patients undergoing cancer therapy .
LLLT demonstrates potential for decreasing the resolution time of OM lesions by approximately 4.21 days