***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: An open label intervention study was undertaken on 26 mild hypertensives and 26 apparently healthy adults ( 30 - 60 y ) , for the effect of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga practice for two months as complementary therapy . In the hypertensives , there was a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure ( P < 0.01 ) , serum urea ( P < 0.01 ) and plasma MDA ( malondialdehyde adducts ) as oxidative stress marker ( P < 0.05 ) . Other parameters ; viz . ; plasma levels of cholesterol , triglycerides , glucose , did not change significantly ( P > 0.1 ) . The pattern of change in most of the study parameters was such that values above normal range were lowered but values within normal range were unaltered . The action of Yoga on diastolic blood pressure , malondialdehyde adducts and kidney function in hypertensives was of counteractive nature and felt to be distinctly different than the effect of drugs OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of yoga on anthropometry , blood pressure , glycemic control , and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients on st and ard care  in comparison with st and ard care alone . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study involved 123 patients stratified according to groups with microvascular complications , macrovascular complications , and peripheral neuropathy and without complications and assigned to receive either st and ard care or st and ard care along with additional yoga for 3 months . RESULTS In comparison with st and ard care alone , yoga result ed in significant reduction in BMI , glycemic control , and malondialdehyde and increase in glutathione and vitamin C. There were no differences in waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , vitamin E , or superoxide dismutase in the yoga group at follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes . Yoga in addition to st and ard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients The modern living lifestyle is known to produce various physical and psychological stresses and subject the individual to produce oxidative stresses as well . The aim of this study has been to assess the effect of yogic breathing exercises ( pranayama ) on the oxidatives stress . The study group consisted of 30 young male volunteers , trained for the purpose of this study and an equal number of controls were used . The free radicals and Super oxide dismutase levels were measured before the study and at the end of the study . The free radicals were decreased significantly in the study group but the SOD was increased insignificantly as compared to the control group . Yogic breathing exercises not only help in relieving the stresses of life but also improve the antioxidant status of the individual . An improvement in the antioxidant status is helpful in preventing many pathological processes that are known with impaired antioxidant system of body Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Aging is associated with decline in cardiovascular , autonomic function , and brain-derived neurotropic factor ( BDNF ) . Reports are scanty regarding whether yoga can improve age-related degenerative changes in healthy active men . This study is design ed to appraise the role of yoga in improving age-related degenerative changes in cardiometabolic risk profile , autonomic function , stress , and BDNF . Healthy active males of three age groups ( 20–29 , 30–39 , and 40–49 years ) were r and omly assigned to practice yoga daily 1 h for 3 months . Significantly higher values of heart rate ( HR ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , load in heart ( DoP ) , myocardial oxygen consumption ( RPP ) , and total cholesterol ( TC ) were noted in senior age group .  HR , BP , DoP , RPP , and TC decreased significantly following yogic practice . High frequency ( HF ) , total power ( TP ) , all time domain variables of heart rate variability ( HRV ) , and skin conductance ( SC ) were significantly decreased with advancement of age . HF , TP , and time domain parameters of HRV and SC increased significantly following yogic practice .  Higher levels of catecholamines and low frequency ( LF ) power of HRV was noted with advancement of age . Levels of catecholamines and LF significantly decreased following yogic practice . Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) level raised in senior age group . BDNF , serotonin , and dopamine were low in higher age group . Significant decrement of cortisol ; ACTH ; and increment in serotonin , dopamine , and BDNF was noted following yogic practice . This study revealed that yogic practice s might help in the prevention of age-related degeneration by changing cardiometabolic risk factors , autonomic function , and BDNF in healthy male OBJECTIVES To study the effectiveness of yoga intervention on oxidative stress , glycemic status , blood pressure and anthropometry in prediabetes . DESIGN R and omized-controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS Twenty nine prediabetes subjects aged 30 - 75 years . SETTING Yoga was conducted at 4 different community diabetes clinics in Mangalore , India . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omized to either 3-month yoga or wait-list control groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Malondialdehyde , glutathione , vitamin C , vitamin E , superoxide dismutase , plasma glucose , glycated haemoglobin , BMI , waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure . RESULTS Yoga intervention result ed in a significant decline in malondialdehyde ( p<0.001 ) , relative to the control group . In comparison with the control , there was a significant improvement in BMI , waist circumference , systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose levels at follow-up . No significant improvement in glycated haemoglobin , waist-to-hip ratio or any of the antioxidants was observed . CONCLUSIONS Yoga intervention may be helpful in control of oxidative stress in prediabetes subjects . Yoga can also be beneficial in reduction in BMI , waist circumference , systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose . Effect of yoga on antioxidant parameters was not evident in this study . The findings of this study need to be confirmed in larger trials involving active control groups OBJECTIVE Several studies suggest that yoga can decrease oxidative stress . However reports are scanty regarding whether yoga training can improve the glutathione level of individual . This study is design ed to appraise the role of yoga in maintaining glutathione ( reduced and oxidized ) levels and antioxidant status . STUDY DESIGN This study was conducted on healthy male volunteers from the Indian Navy , who were divided into two groups -- a yoga ( n = 30 ) group and a control ( n = 21 ) group . The yoga group was trained in yoga for 6 months . The yoga schedule consisted of prayers , asana , pranayama , and meditation . The control group practice d routine physical training exercise for 6 months . Blood sample s were collected when the volunteers were in fasting condition before and after completion of 6-month training period . Reduced and oxidized glutathione , glutathione reductase activity and total antioxidant status ( TAS ) were estimated . RESULTS Reduced glutathione level increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in the yoga group after completion of training . Glutathione reductase activity increased significantly in the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . TAS increased significantly ( p < 0.001 ) in the yoga group and decreased significantly ( p < 0.001 ) in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Regular practice of yoga can maintain or improve antioxidant level of the body . The clinical relevance is that yoga practice can be used to maintain the antioxidant defense system under stressful conditions of training as observed in the case of soldiers and athletes BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hypertension , especially in elderly is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity . Oxidative stress has been implicated as one of the underlying cause of hypertension . Yoga has been found to control hypertension in the elderly , but the underlying benefits of mechanism in relation to oxidative stress regulation remains unclear . The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of yoga on oxidative stress in elderly with Grade -I hypertension . METHODS An open parallel-arm r and omised controlled study was conducted at BLDE University 's Shri B.M.Patil Medical College , Hospital and Research Centre , India on elderly male individuals with Grade -I hypertension ( n=57 , age 60 - 80 years ) .  Study ( Yoga ) group was assigned for yoga intervention and control group for walking for one hour in the morning for six days in a week for three months under the supervision of yoga instructor and physical training instructor respectively . Serum malondialdehyde ( MDA ) as an indicator of oxidative stress and antioxidants such as serum superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , reduced glutathione ( GSH ) and vitamin C levels were estimated . RESULTS Yoga practice for three months has significantly reduced serum MDA level ( p<0.001 ) , and enhanced antioxidants level such as SOD activity ( p=0.007 ) , serum GSH ( p=0.002 ) and vitamin C ( p=0.002 ) . In the control group , we observed a significant increase in serum MDA level ( p=0.04 ) and reduction in serum vitamin C level ( p=0.015 ) with no significant difference in the SOD activity and GSH level . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that yoga is an effective means to reduce oxidative stress and to improve antioxidant defense in elderly hypertensive individuals BACKGROUND Hypertension , a chronic medical condition of increased blood pressure , is a serious public health problem . Environmental and genetic risk factors are known to predispose to hypertension . The present study was design ed to investigate the association of glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) gene polymorphism with oxidative stress in hypertensive patients and the possible beneficial effect of yoga on them . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty ( 60 ) hypertensive individuals , between 30 and 60 years of age , were divided into two groups of 30 each . The yoga group was subjected to 50 - 60 minutes of yogic practice s daily for 42 days , while the control group included the remaining 30 age- and sex-matched hypertensive individuals . GST gene polymorphism was analyzed using multiple allele specific polymerase chain reaction , and oxidative stress parameters were assessed biochemically . RESULTS Assessment of blood pressure showed a statistically significant though modest reduction ( p<0.05 ) in the yoga group as compared to the control group . Malondialdehyde was observed to be significantly low ( p<0.05 ) , while antioxidant capacity in the form of GST showed an increasing trend and ferric-reducing ability of plasma was significantly increased ( p<0.05 ) in the subjects who practice d yoga . CONCLUSIONS In conclusion , yoga has been found to decrease blood pressure as well as the levels of oxidative stress in patients with hypertension Background : Oxidative stress promotes endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in chronic renal disease . Objectives : This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga on oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status , in patients with end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) on hemodialysis . Design : This prospect i ve r and omized study consisted of 33 ESRD patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group who were matched with 35 ESRD patients in the control group . Outcome Measures : The oxidative stress indicators ( malondialdehyde - MDA , protein oxidation - POX , phospholipase A2 - PLA2 activity ) and the oxidative status ( superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase activities ) were determined in the blood sample s taken at the pre-hemodialysis treatment , at baseline ( 0 months ) and after four months . Results : In patients in the Hatha yoga exercise  group , lipid peroxidation , as indicated by MDA decreased by 4.0 % after four months ( P = 0.096 ) . There was also a significant reduction in the activity of PLA from 2.68 ± 0.02 IU / L to 2.34 IU / L ( − 12.7 % ; P = 0.010 ) and POX from 2.28 ± 0.02 nmol / mg to 2.22 ± 0.01 nmol / mg ( − 22.6 % ; P = 0.0001 ) . The activity of SOD significantly increased from 12.91 ± 0.17 U / L to 13.54 ± 0.15 U / L ( 4.65 % ; P = 0.0001 ) and catalase from 79.83 ± 0.63 U / L to 80.54 ± 0.80 U / L ( 0.90 % ; P = 0.0001 ) . There was a significant correlation between the pre-hemodialysis oxidative stress parameters at the zero month and after four months for the activities of PLA ( r = 0.440 ) , catalase ( r = 0.872 ) , and SOD ( r = 0.775 ) . Conclusions : These findings suggest that the Hatha y 
    Output:
    
Healthy population showed overall enhancement of antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress following yogic practice s. Diabetic patients showed increased glutathione , vitamin C content and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde content following yogic practice s. Prediabetic and hypertensive patients showed reduced malondialdehyde content following yogic practice s. Renal disease patients showed decreased protein oxidation , and increased superoxide dismutase activity following yogic practice s. Regular yogic practice s can improve antioxidants and reduce oxidative stress in healthy , diabetic , prediabetic , hypertensive and renal disease patients .