***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of combinations of three methods to promote physical activity . Design : R and omised controlled trial . Baseline assessment with post-intervention follow up at 12 weeks and 1 year . Setting : One urban general practice , 1995 - 7 . Participants : 523 adults aged 40 to 64 years , r and omised to four intervention groups and a control group . Interventions : Brief ( one interview ) or intensive ( six interviews over 12 weeks ) motivational interviewing based on the stages of change model of behaviour change , with or without financial incentive ( 30 vouchers entitling free access to leisure facilities ) . Main outcome measures : Physical activity score ; sessions of moderate and vigorous activity in the preceding four weeks . Results : Response rate was 81 % at 12 weeks and 85 % at one year . More participants in the intervention group reported increased physical activity scores at 12 weeks than controls ( 38 % v 16 % , difference 22 % , 95 % confidence interval for difference 13 % to 32 % ) , with a 55 % increase observed in those offered six interviews plus vouchers . Vigorous activity increased in 29 % of intervention participants and 11 % of controls ( difference 18 % , 10 % to 26 % ) , but differences between the intervention groups were not significant . Short term increases in activity were not sustained , regardless of intensity of intervention . Conclusions : The most effective intervention for promoting adoption of exercise was the most intensive . Even this did not promote long term adherence to exercise . Brief interventions promoting physical activity that are used by many schemes in the United Kingdom are of question able effectiveness . Key messages Schemes promoting physical activity are currently popular in general practice in Britain , but few have been rigorously evaluated and their effectiveness is unknown . In this study , the most effective intervention for promoting adoption of physical activity was the most intensive , involving six motivational interviews and a financial incentive A comparatively brief intervention ( one interview ) was only effective in the short term in around a third of participants Short term increases in physical activity were not maintained at one year follow up and even the most intensive intervention was ineffective in promoting long term adherence to increased physical activity . National and local government , health authorities , and primary healthcare teams should be cautious about current and future expenditure on , and implementation of , exercise prescription or referral BACKGROUND Using peer volunteers as delivery agents may improve translation of evidence -based physical activity promotion programs for older adults . This study examined whether tailored support from older peer volunteers could improve initiation and long-term maintenance of physical activity behavior . METHODS Participants were r and omized to 2 16-week , group-based  programs : ( 1 ) peer-delivered , theory-based support for physical activity behavior change ; or ( 2 ) an intervention typically available in community setting s ( basic education , gym membership , and pedometer for self-monitoring ) , attention-matched with health education .  Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) was assessed via daily self-report logs at baseline , at the end of the intervention ( 16 weeks ) , and at follow-up ( 18 months ) , with accelerometry validation ( RT3 ) in a r and om sub sample . RESULTS Seven peer volunteers and 81 sedentary adults were recruited .  Retention at the end of the trial was 85 % and follow-up at 18 months was 61 % . Using intent-to-treat analyses , at 16 weeks , both groups had similar significant improvements in MVPA . At 18 months , the group supplemented with peer support had significantly more MVPA . CONCLUSIONS Trained peer volunteers may enhance long-term maintenance of physical activity gains from a community-based intervention . This approach has great potential to be adapted and delivered inexpensively in community setting Purpose . This study examined the broader use of a print-media intervention , which was previously shown to be effective at promoting physical activity to participants recruited from a regional Australian community , as a strategy suitable for a more diverse statewide population sample . Methods . Participants were r and omly selected adults who responded to a telephone interview conducted by the New South Wales Health Department and consented to participate in a r and omized controlled trial . Consenters were allocated to either  intervention ( n = 361 ) or control ( n = 358 ) conditions . The intervention , a personalized letter plus stage-targeted booklets , was sent 1 week postbaseline . Data were collected via telephone interview at baseline and 2 and 8 months and were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and χ2 statistics . Results . The groups were similar at baseline ( mean age 43 ± 3 years ; 64 % women ) . Process evaluation showed high intervention recall ( 76 % at 2 months ) and high follow-up response rates ( > 85 % at 8 months ) were achieved . Nonsignificant increases in physical activity were observed ( F 1,719 = 2.18 , p = .14 ) . Discussion . A single mailing of stage-targeted print material s was not effective in promoting increases in physical activity among participants selected from the statewide population . Future research could examine how the effectiveness of print media might be enhanced , possibly by using supplementary media , community-based prompts , or other incentives Background Research ers theorize that interventions increase physical activity by influencing key theory-based mediators ( e.g. , behavioral processes ) . However , few studies have been adequately powered to examine the importance of mediators . Purpose This study examined both physical activity behavior and psychosocial mediators in a r and omized trial specifically powered to detect mediation . Methods Healthy , sedentary adults ( n = 448 ; 70 % Caucasian , 87 % women , mean age was 43 ) were r and omly assigned to either a 6-month print-based theory tailored physical activity intervention ( n = 224 ) or a 6-month health/wellness contact control arm ( n = 224 ) . Results The print intervention arm exhibited greater increases in physical activity than the control arm at 6 and 12 months ( p < .05 ) . Additionally , behavioral processes were found to be an important mediator of physical activity behavior . Conclusions It is important for research ers and practitioners to focus on increasing behavioral strategies for physical activity adoption . Future studies should examine other potential mediators of physical activity This study examined predictors of exercise maintenance following completion of a physical activity intervention .  Sedentary adults recruited through newspaper advertisements were r and omly assigned to receive either ( a ) a motivation-matched intervention with feedback reports that were individually tailored ( IT ) to psychological variables from social cognitive theory and the Transtheoretical Model via computer expert system , or ( b ) a st and ard , print-based intervention ( ST ) . The intervention phase of the study included mailed assessment s and intervention material s at baseline , 1 , 3 , and 6 months . An assessment -only follow-up was conducted 6 months after the end of the intervention ( Month 12 ) . Participants were assessed for current physical activity participation , motivational readiness for physical activity , a number of psychological constructs posited to influence participation in physical activity ( e.g. , self-efficacy ) , and current affect . Significantly more participants in the IT condition met or exceeded exercise participation goals at the end of the intervention period and maintained , this level of physical activity through the Month 12 follow-up compared to ST participants . Prospect i ve analyses revealed significant differences in several psychological constructs both at program entry ( baseline ) and the end of the intervention period between individuals who maintained their physical activity participation through Month 12 and those who did not . Results suggest that the maintenance of physical activity following the end of an active intervention program , may be influenced by attitudes and behaviors acquired along with increased participation in physical activity , as well as by preexisting characteristics that individuals bring into treatment BACKGROUND The impact of a 6-month lifestyle change intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women was examined . A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of self-control skills training to an empirically supported lifestyle change intervention would result in greater cardiovascular risk reduction . METHODS Forty-four women were r and omly assigned to receive either a lifestyle change or a lifestyle change with self-control skills intervention . Pretreatment and posttreatment weight loss , body composition , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , diet , blood pressure ( BP ) , blood lipids , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . Also , at 1-year posttreatment , weight loss , body composition , self-reported physical activity , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . RESULTS The women significantly increased their physical activity ( + 39.6 % ) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( + 13.5 % ) and reduced their body weight ( -6.5 % ) , fat mass ( -7.4 % ) , body fat ( -2.4 % ) , BP ( SBP -6.2 % , DBP -9.2 % ) , total cholesterol ( -7.4 % ) , triglycerides ( -16.5 % ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 9.1 % ) and improved their diet ( p < 0.05 ) . At the 1-year follow-up , women had regained approximately 63 % of their posttreatment weight loss ( p < 0.05 ) , but had maintained their previous increases in physical activity . Additionally , there were no significant changes in fat free mass , body fat , anxiety , or depression between the end of treatment and 1-year posttreatment . The addition of self-control skills training did not significantly improve cardiovascular risk reduction . CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle change interventions may be an effective means for reducing cardiovascular risk in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women . However , greater attention should be devoted to the maintenance of these positive lifestyle changes Study objective : To determine if a self help intervention , delivered via written interactive material s ( the “ Walk in to Work Out ” pack ) , could increase  active commuting behaviour ( walking and cycling ) . Design : R and omised controlled trial . The intervention group received the “ Walk in to Work Out ” pack , which contained written interactive material s based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change , local information about distances and routes , and safety information . The control group received the pack six months later . Focus groups were also conducted after six months . Setting : Three workplaces in the city of Glasgow , Scotl and , UK . Participants : 295 employees who had been identified as thinking about , or doing some irregular , walking or cycling to work . Main results : The intervention group was almost twice as likely to increase walking to work as the control group at six months ( odds ratio of 1.93 , 95 % confidence intervals 1.06 to 3.52 ) . The intervention was not successful at increasing cycling . There were no distance travelled to work , gender , or age influences on the results . Twenty five per cent ( 95 % confidence intervals 17 % to 32 % ) of the intervention group , who received the pack at baseline , were regularly actively commuting at the 12 month follow up . Conclusion : The “ Walk in to Work Out ” pack was successful in increasing walking but not cycling . The environment for cycling must be improved before cycling will become a popular option Background The purpose of the study was to evaluate a 6-month intervention to promote  office-employees  ’ walking with pedometers and e-mail messages . Methods Participants were recruited by 10 occupational health care units ( OHC ) from 20 worksites with 2,230 employees . Voluntary and insufficiently physically active employees ( N = 241 ) were r and omized to a pedometer ( STEP , N = 123 ) and a comparison group ( COMP , N = 118 ) . STEP included one group meeting , log-monitored pedometer-use and six e-mail messages from OHC . COMP participated in data collection . Reach , effectiveness , adoption , implementation , maintenance ( RE- AIM ) and costs were assessed with question naires ( 0 , 2 , 6 , 12 months ) , process evaluation and interviews ( 12 months ) . Results The intervention reached 29 % ( N = 646 ) of employees in terms of participation willingness . Logistic regression showed that the proportion of walkers tended to increase more in STEP than in COMP at 2 months in “ walking for transportation ” ( Odds ratio 2.12 , 95%CI 0.94 to 4.81 ) and at 6 months in “ walking for leisure ” ( 1.86 , 95%CI 0.94 to 3.69 ) . Linear model revealed a modest increase in the mean duration of “ walking stairs ” at 2 and 6 months ( Geometric mean ratio 1.26 , 95%CI 0.98 to 1.61 ; 1.27 , 0.98 to 1.64 ) . Adoption and implementation succeeded as intended . At 12 months , some traces of the intervention were sustained in 15 worksites , and a slightly higher number of walkers in STEP in comparison with COMP was observed in “ walking stairs ” ( OR 2.24 , 95%CI 0.94 to 5.31 ) and in “ walking for leisure ” ( 2.07 , 95%CI 0.99 to 4.34 ) . The direct costs of the intervention were 43 Euros per participant . Conclusions The findings indicate only modest impact on some indicators of walking . Future studies should invest in reaching the employees , minimizing attrition rate and using objective walking assessment .Trial registerationIS RCT Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more The aim of the project was to reach inactive people through primary care offices and motivate them to become more active for health purpose s. Physical activity question naires based on the transtheoretical model ( TM ) of 
    Output:
    
Good evidence was found for behavior change maintenance effects in healthy inactive adults , and underlying BCTs .
This review provides translational evidence to improve research , intervention design , and service delivery in physical activity interventions , while highlighting the lack of fidelity measurement