***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Cigarette packaging is among the most prominent forms of tobacco marketing . This study examined the impact of cigarette pack design among young women in the United States . METHOD A national sample of 18- to 19-year-old females in the United States completed an online survey in February 2010 . Participants were r and omized to view eight cigarette packs design ed according to one of four experimental conditions : fully br and ed female packs , same packs without descriptors ( e.g. , " slims " ) , same packs without br and imagery or descriptors ( " plain " packs ) , and br and ed non-female br and s. Participants rated packs on measures of appeal and health risk and completed a behavioral pack selection task . RESULTS Fully br and ed female packs were rated significantly more appealing than the same packs without descriptors , " plain " packs , and non-female-br and ed packs . Female-br and ed packs were associated with a greater number of positive attributes including glamour , slimness , and attractiveness and were more likely to be perceived as less harmful . Approximately 40 % of smokers and nonsmokers requested a pack at the end of the study ; female-br and ed packs were 3 times more likely to be selected than plain packs . CONCLUSION Plain packaging and removing descriptors such as " slims " from cigarette packs may reduce smoking susceptibility among young women Background : Cigarette packaging is a key marketing strategy for promoting br and image . Plain packaging has been proposed to limit br and image , but tobacco companies would resist removal of br and ing design elements . Method : A 3 ( br and types ) × 4 ( degree of plain packaging ) between-subject experimental design was used , using an internet online method , to expose 813 adult Australian smokers to one r and omly selected cigarette pack , after which respondents completed ratings of the pack . Results : Compared with current cigarette packs with full br and ing , cigarette packs that displayed progressively fewer br and ing design elements were perceived increasingly unfavourably in terms of smokers ’ appraisal s of the packs , the smokers who might smoke such packs , and the inferred experience of smoking a cigarette from these packs . For example , cardboard brown packs with the number of enclosed cigarettes displayed on the front of the pack and featuring only the br and name in small st and ard font at the bottom of the pack face were rated as significantly less attractive and popular than original br and ed packs . Smokers of these plain packs were rated as significantly less trendy/stylish , less sociable/outgoing and less mature than smokers of the original pack . Compared with original packs , smokers inferred that cigarettes from these plain packs would be less rich in tobacco , less satisfying and of lower quality tobacco . Conclusion : Plain packaging policies that remove most br and design elements are likely to be most successful in removing cigarette br and image associations PURPOSE Cigarette packaging is the most prominent form of tobacco marketing remaining in countries such as the United Kingdom . The current study examined perceptions of cigarette packaging among female youth and the potential impact of " plain " cigarette packaging regulations . METHODS A national sample of 947 16- to 19-year-old female subjects in the United Kingdom completed an online survey . Participants were r and omized to view 10 cigarette packs design ed according to one of four experimental conditions : fully br and ed female packs , the same packs without descriptor words , the same packs without br and imagery or descriptors ( " plain " packs ) , and br and ed non-female br and s. Participants rated packs on measures of appeal and health risk , positive smoker image , and completed a behavioral pack selection task . RESULTS Plain packs were rated as the least appealing and worse tasting compared with all other conditions . Plain packs were also associated with fewer false beliefs about health risks compared with br and ed packs . Removing br and descriptors from packs significantly reduced measures of appeal and taste , particularly for br and s with flavor descriptors , such as cherry and vanilla . Plain packs were significantly less likely to be associated with positive images , such as glamour , sophistication , and slimness . Most importantly , respondents were significantly less likely to accept a pack of cigarettes when offered only plain versus br and ed packs ( p = .026 ) . CONCLUSIONS Marketing in the form of pack br and ing remains a potent tool for increasing the appeal of tobacco products to young women . The findings provide empirical support for plain cigarette packaging regulations in Australia to be implemented in 2012 OBJECTIVE To estimate differences in dem and for cigarette packages with different packaging and health warning label formats . METHODS Adult smokers ( n=404 ) in four states participated in experimental auctions . Participants bid on two of four experimental conditions , each involving a different health warning label format but with the same warning message : ( 1 ) text on 50 % of pack side ; ( 2 ) text on 50 % of the pack front and back ; ( 3 ) text with a graphic picture on 50 % of the pack front and back ; and ( 4 ) same as previous format , but without br and imagery . RESULTS Mean bids decreased across conditions ( 1 : $ 3.52 ; 2 : $ 3.43 ; 3 : $ 3.11 ; 4 : $ 2.93 ) . Bivariate and multivariate r and om effects models indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in dem and for packs with either of the two text only warnings ; however , dem and was significantly lower for both packs with prominent pictorial warnings , with the lowest dem and associated with the plain , unbr and ed pack . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that prominent health warnings with graphic pictures will reduce dem and for cigarettes . Regulators should not only consider this type of warning label , but also plain packaging policies for tobacco products BACKGROUND In the U.S. , limited evidence exists on the impact of colors and br and imagery used in cigarette pack design . PURPOSE This study examined the impact of pack design , product descriptors , and health warnings on risk perception and br and appeal . METHODS A cross-sectional mall-intercept study was conducted with 197 adult smokers and 200 nonsmokers in Buffalo NY from June to July 2009 ( data analysis from July 2009 to December 2010 ) . Participants were shown 12 sets of packs r and omly ; each set varied by a particular design feature ( color , descriptor ) or warning label style ( text versus graphic , size , attribution , message framing ) . Packs were rated on criteria including risk perceptions , quit motivation , and purchase interest . RESULTS Participants selected larger , pictorial , and loss-framed warning labels as more likely to attract attention , encourage thoughts about health risks , motivate quitting , and be most effective . Participants were more likely to select packs with lighter color shading and descriptors such as light , silver , and smooth as delivering less tar , smoother taste , and lower health risk , compared to darker-shaded or full-flavor packs . Additionally , participants were more likely to select the br and ed compared to plain white pack when asked which delivered the most tar , smoothest taste , was more attractive , appealed to youth aged < 18 years , and contained cigarettes of better quality . CONCLUSIONS The findings support larger , graphic health warnings that convey loss-framed messages as most effective in communicating health risks to U.S. adults . The results also indicate that color and product descriptors are associated with false beliefs about risks . Plain packaging may reduce many of the erroneous misperceptions of risk communicated through pack design features PURPOSE To examine the effect of plain packaging on adolescents ' perceptions of cigarette packs , attributes of smokers , and expectations of cigarette taste , and to identify the effect of increasing the size of pictorial health warnings on appraisal of plain packs . METHODS We used a 5 ( degree of plain packaging and graphic health warning)x 3 ( br and type ) between-subjects experimental design , using a Web-based methodology to expose adolescents to one r and omly selected cigarette pack , during which respondents completed ratings . RESULTS When br and elements such as color , br and ed fonts , and imagery were progressively removed from cigarette packs , adolescents perceived packs to be less appealing , rated attributes of a typical smoker of the pack less positively , and had more negative expectations of cigarette taste . Pack appeal was reduced even further when the size of the pictorial health warning on the most plain pack was increased from 30 % to 80 % of the pack face , with this effect apparent among susceptible nonsmokers , experimenters , and established smokers . CONCLUSIONS Removing as much br and information from cigarette packs as possible is likely to reduce positive cigarette br and image associations among adolescents . By additionally increasing the size of pictorial health warnings , positive pack perceptions of those who are at greater risk of becoming regular addicted adult smokers are most likely to be reduced 
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RESULTS Studies that explored the impact of package design on appeal consistently found that st and ardised packaging reduced the appeal of cigarettes and smoking , and was associated with perceived lower quality , poorer taste and less desirable smoker identities .
Although findings were mixed , st and ardised packs tended to increase the salience and effectiveness of health warnings in terms of recall , attention , believability and seriousness , with effects being mediated by the warning size , type and position on pack .
Pack colour was found to influence perceptions of product harm and strength , with darker coloured st and ardised packs generally perceived as containing stronger tasting and more harmful cigarettes than fully br and ed packs ; lighter coloured st and ardised packs suggested weaker and less harmful cigarettes .
The evidence strongly suggests that st and ardised packaging will reduce the appeal of packaging and of smoking in general ; that it will go some way to reduce consumer misperceptions regarding product harm based upon package design ; and will help make the legally required on-pack health warnings more salient