***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Tinnitus is experienced by up to 15 % of the population and can lead to significant disability and distress . There is rarely a medical or surgical target and psychological therapies are recommended . We investigated whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) could offer an effective new therapy for tinnitus . Methods : This single-site r and omized controlled trial compared MBCT to intensive relaxation training ( RT ) for chronic , distressing tinnitus in adults . Both treatments involved 8 weekly , 120-min sessions focused on either relaxation ( RT ) or mindfulness meditation ( MBCT ) . Assessment s were completed at baseline and at treatment commencement 8 weeks later . The primary outcomes were tinnitus severity ( Tinnitus Question naire ) and psychological distress ( Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation - Non-Risk , CORE-NR ) , 16 weeks after baseline . The analysis utilized a modified intention-to-treat approach . Results : A total of 75 patients were r and omly allocated to MBCT ( n = 39 ) or RT ( n = 36 ) . Both groups showed significant reductions in tinnitus severity and loudness , psychological distress , anxiety , depression , and disability .  MBCT led to a significantly greater reduction in tinnitus severity than RT , with a mean difference of 6.3 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 11.4 , p = 0.016 ) . Effects persisted 6 months later , with a mean difference of 7.2 ( 95 % CI 2.1 - 2.3 , p = 0.006 ) and a st and ardized effect size of 0.56 ( 95 % CI 0.16 - 0.96 ) . Treatment was effective regardless of initial tinnitus severity , duration , or hearing loss . Conclusions : MBCT is effective in reducing tinnitus severity in chronic tinnitus patients compared to intensive RT . It also reduces psychological distress and disability . Future studies should explore the generalizability of this approach and how outcome relates to different aspects of the intervention The Tinnitus Research Consortium ( TRC ) issued a Request for Proposals in 2003 to develop a new tinnitus outcome measure that would : ( 1 ) be highly sensitive to treatment effects ( vali date d for " responsiveness " ) ; ( 2 ) address all major dimensions of tinnitus impact ; and ( 3 ) be vali date d for scaling the negative impact of tinnitus . A grant was received by M. Meikle to conduct the study . In that observational study , all of the TRC objectives were met , with the final 25-item Tinnitus Functional Index ( TFI ) containing eight subscales . The study was published in 2012 , and since then the TFI has received increasing international use and is being translated into at least 14 language s. The present study utilized data from a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) that involved testing the efficacy of  " telephone tinnitus education " as intervention for bothersome tinnitus . These data were used to confirm results from the original TFI study . Overall , the TFI performed well in the RCT with Cohen 's d being 1.23 . There were large differences between the eight different subscales , ranging from a mean 13.2-point reduction ( for the Auditory subscale ) to a mean 26.7-point reduction ( for the Relaxation subscale ) . Comparison of TFI performance was made with the Tinnitus H and icap Inventory . All of the results confirmed sensitivity of the TFI along with its subscales . This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Objectives Research suggests that an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program ( a structured form of meditation ) might be effective in the treatment of various health problems including chronic pain . Our objective was to compare the clinical effectiveness of the MBSR program with a multidisciplinary pain intervention ( MPI ) program in terms of pain intensity , pain-related distress , quality of life , and mood in patients with chronic pain . Methods A r and omized , comparative clinical trial was conducted , including 6-month posttreatment follow-up . Ninety-nine participants , aged 24 to 64 years , with pain for a minimum of 3 months , were recruited from community-based clinics , hospitals , and community service centers . Participants were r and omly allocated to either the MBSR program ( 51 participants ) or a MPI program ( 48 participants ) . The study used vali date d Chinese versions of self-reported question naires measuring pain , mood symptoms , and health-related quality of life . Results Thirty-nine participants ( 77 % ) completed the MBSR  program and 44 ( 90 % ) completed the MPI program . Patients in both the groups were comparable with regard to demographical characteristics , pain intensity , mood symptoms , and health-related quality -of-life measures before intervention . In both the groups , patients who completed the trial demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pain intensity and pain-related distress . However , no statistically significant differences were observed in overall results between the MBSR and MPI groups . Conclusions This r and omized , clinical trial showed that both MBSR and MPI programs reduced pain intensity and pain-related distress although no statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups and the improvements were small Background Tinnitus , the perception of sound in absence of an external acoustic source , impairs the quality of life in 2 % of the population . Since in most cases causal treatment is not possible , the majority of therapeutic attempts aim at developing and strengthening individual coping and habituation strategies . Therapeutic interventions that incorporate training in mindfulness meditation have become increasingly popular in the treatment of stress-related disorders . Here we conducted a r and omized , controlled clinical study to investigate the efficacy of a specific mindfulness- and body-psychotherapy based program in patients suffering from chronic tinnitus . Methods Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this pilot study . The treatment was specifically developed for tinnitus patients and is based on mindfulness and body psychotherapy . Treatment was performed as group therapy at two training weekends that were separated by an interval of 7 weeks ( eleven hours/weekend ) and in four further two-hour sessions ( week 2 , 9 , 18 and 22 ) . Patients were r and omized to receive treatment either immediately or after waiting time , which served as a control condition . The primary study outcome was the change in tinnitus complaints as measured by the German Version of the Tinnitus Question naire ( TQ ) . Results ANOVA testing for the primary outcome showed a significant interaction effect time by group ( F = 7.4 ; df = 1,33 ; p = 0.010 ) . Post hoc t-tests indicated an amelioration of TQ scores from baseline to week 9 in both groups ( intervention group : t = 6.2 ; df = 17 ; p < 0.001 ; control group : t = 2.5 ; df = 16 ; p = 0.023 ) , but the intervention group improved more than the control group . Groups differed at week 7 and 9 , but not at week 24 as far as the TQ score was concerned . Conclusions Our results suggest that this mindfulness- and body-psychotherapy-based approach is feasible in the treatment of tinnitus and merits further evaluation in clinical studies with larger sample sizes . The study is registered with clinical trials.gov ( NCT01540357 ) UNLABELLED We conducted a r and omized clinical trial to examine the relative effectiveness of two psychological interventions for treating tinnitus .  People with tinnitus were initially offered a single session of psychoeducation about tinnitus , followed 2 months later by six weekly sessions of either mindfulness or relaxation training . Results indicated benefits from psychoeducation in reducing negative emotions , rumination and psychological difficulties of living with tinnitus . These effects were maintained or enhanced by mindfulness training that also emphasized acceptance , although they were eroded in the relaxation condition over the follow-up . Mediating processes are discussed , and suggestions for refining clinical interventions for this population are offered . KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE The present results suggest that mindfulness training might constitute a useful addition to psychoeducation for interventions targeting the psychological consequences of tinnitus BACKGROUND Chronic tinnitus is a frequent symptom presentation in clinical practice . No drug treatment to date has shown itself to be effective . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy and meditation in tinnitus sufferers . METHODOLOGY Patients were selected from a dedicated tinnitus clinic in the Welsh Hearing Institute . A waiting list control design was used . Twenty-five chronic tinnitus sufferers were consecutively allocated to two groups , one receiving a cognitive behavioural therapy/meditation intervention of four one hour sessions with the other group waiting three months and subsequently treated in the same way , thereby acting as their own control . The main outcome was measured using the Hallam tinnitus question naire . A four to six month follow up was conducted . RESULTS These showed significant statistical reductions in tinnitus variables both in the active and also in the control group . Post-therapy , no significant change was found after the waiting list period . The improvement was maintained at the four to six month period . CONCLUSION The positive findings give support for the use of cognitive behavioural therapy/meditation for chronic tinnitus sufferers Background : Because of specific method ological difficulties in conducting r and omized trials , surgical research remains dependent predominantly on observational or non‐r and omized studies . Few vali date d instruments are available to determine the method ological quality of such studies either from the reader 's perspective or for the purpose of meta‐ analysis . The aim of the present study was to develop and vali date such an instrument & NA ; The objectives of this pilot study were to assess the feasibility of recruitment and adherence to an eight‐session mindfulness meditation program for community‐dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain ( CLBP ) and to develop initial estimates of treatment effects . It was design ed as a r and omized , controlled clinical trial . Participants were 37 community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older with CLBP of moderate intensity occurring daily or almost every day . Participants were r and omized to an 8‐week mindfulness‐based meditation program or to a wait‐list control group . Baseline , 8‐week and 3‐month follow‐up measures of pain , physical function , and quality of life were assessed . Eighty‐nine older adults were screened and 37 found to be eligible and r and omized within a 6‐month period . The mean age of the sample was 74.9 years , 21/37 ( 57 % ) of participants were female and 33/37 ( 89 % ) were white . At the end of the intervention 30/37 ( 81 % ) participants completed 8‐week assessment s. Average class attendance of the intervention arm was 6.7 out of 8 . They meditated an average of 4.3 days a week and the average minutes per day was 31.6 . Compared to the control group , the intervention group displayed significant improvement in the Chronic Pain Acceptance Question naire Total Score and Activities Engagement subscale ( P = .008 , P = .004 ) and SF‐36 Physical Function ( P = .03 ) . An 8‐week mindfulness‐based meditation program is feasible for older adults with CLBP . The program may lead to improvement in pain acceptance and physical function OBJECTIVE Psychotherapeutic interventions have been adopted effectively in the management of tinnitus for a long time . This study compared mindfulness meditation and relaxation therapy for management of tinnitus . METHODS In this r and omised controlled trial , patients were recruited for five sessions of mindfulness meditation or five sessions of relaxation therapy . Patients ' responses were evaluated using the Tinnitus Reaction Question naire as a primary outcome measure , and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale , visual analogue scale and a health status indicator as secondary outcome measures . RESULTS A total of 86 patients were recruited . Thirty-four patients completed mindfulness meditation and 27 patients completed relaxation therapy . Statistically significant improvement was seen in all outcome measures except the health status indicator in both treatment groups . The change in treatment scores was greater in the mindfulness meditation group than in the relaxation therapy group . CONCLUSION This study suggests that although both mindfulness meditation and relaxation therapy are effective in the management of tinnitus , mindfulness meditation is superior to relaxation therapy OBJECTIVES Tinnitus is a very common experience , and although usually mild , in a significant proportion of people , it is intrusive , persistent , and disabling . This paper explores the lived experience of  chronic disabling tinnitus  , with the aim of underst and ing how distress and chronicity occur , and what might help to reduce this . DESIGN Nine individuals were interviewed 6 months after completing mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) as part of a r and omized controlled trial . The results reported here focus on their experiences of tinnitus before receiving MBCT . METHODS Data were collected through semi-structured , face-to-face interviews with a clinical psychologist , and an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was used . RESULTS Two supraordinate themes emerged . ' Living with tinnitus ' describes a range of significant and profound life changes that result from the condition . Tinnitus can be a life-altering condition affecting thoughts , emotions , attention , behaviour , and the social world . ' The health care journey ' shows how chronic distress was intensified by unhelpful health communications and alleviated by helpful consultations . CONCLUSIONS Tinnitus is a biopsychosocial condition , and associated distress is affected by cognitive , behavioural , attentional , and social factors . The individuals ' initial reactions to tinnitus interact with the responses of others , including health care professionals . The burden of tinnitus could be reduced by developing early interventions that 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : A decrease of tinnitus distress scores in MBIs can be observed directly post-therapy based on moderate to high quality studies .
This was found regardless of the heterogeneity of patients , study design , type of MBI and outcome assessment .
No effect of MBIs was observed for depression and anxiety  in tinnitus patients .
Long term effects remain uncertain .