***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Physical activity is beneficial for cancer survivors , but exercise participation is low in this population . It is therefore important to underst and the psychological factors underlying exercise uptake so that more effective interventions can be developed . Social-cognitive theory constructs such as outcome expectancies predict exercise behavior , but self-report measures have several limitations . We examined the associations between implicit ( automatic ) cognitions and exercise behavior and self-efficacy in endometrial cancer survivors . METHOD This was a longitudinal study to examine predictors of exercise behavior in female endometrial cancer survivors who all received an exercise intervention . Participants ( N = 100 , mean age of 57.0 ) completed question naires to assess self-report exercise-related measures ( outcome expectancy and attitudes about and identification with exercise ) and reaction time ( RT ) tasks to assess  implicit exercise cognitions ( expectancy accessibility , implicit attitudes about exercise , and implicit self- identification with exercise ) at baseline and at 2 , 4 , and 6 months at follow-up .  Exercise behavior  was measured using accelerometers and self-report . Data were analyzed using linear mixed models . RESULTS Expectancy accessibility was associated with exercise duration independent of the corresponding self-report measure . Exercise implicit attitudes and self- identification were prospect ively associated with exercise self-efficacy only after adjustment for the corresponding self-report measures and baseline self-efficacy . Self-report measures were also associated with study outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Both self-reported cognitions and implicit cognitions may be useful to identify individuals at risk of failing to exercise . Individuals so identified might be provided with a different or more intensive intervention . The data also suggest cognitive targets for intervention . ( PsycINFO Data base An implicit association test ( IAT ) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute . The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task ( 2-choice task ( e.g. , flower vs. insect names ) , and the attribute in a 2nd task ( e.g. , pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute ) . When instructions oblige highly associated categories ( e.g. , flower + pleasant ) to share a response key , performance is faster than when less associated categories ( e.g. , insect & pleasant ) share a key . This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute . In 3 experiments , the IAT was sensitive to ( a ) near-universal evaluative differences ( e.g. , flower vs. insect ) , ( b ) expected individual differences in evaluative associations ( Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects ) , and ( c ) consciously disavowed evaluative differences ( Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects ) Assessment of habitual physical activity in epidemiologic and health education studies has been difficult . A seven-day physical activity recall interview was developed and administered in a community health survey , a r and omized clinical trial , and two worksite health promotion programs during 1979 - 1982 . These studies were conducted in several population s in California , Texas , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey . Energy expenditure estimates from the physical activity recall conformed to expected age- and sex-specific values in the cross-sectional community survey . Estimates of energy expenditure were also congruent with other questions on physical activity and job classification . In a r and omized , one-year exercise trial , the physical activity recall detected increases in energy expenditure in the treated group and was positively associated with miles run during training ( p less than 0.05 ) . Changes in energy expenditure were associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ( r = 0.33 , p less than 0.05 ) and body fatness ( r = -0.50 , p less than 0.01 ) at six months , and in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( r = 0.31 , p less than 0.05 ) and triglyceride ( r = -0.41 , p less than 0.01 ) at one year . The physical activity recall detected significant ( p less than 0.01 ) increases in energy expenditure in treatment groups in two worksite health promotion projects . These data suggest that the physical activity recall provides useful estimates of habitual physical activity for research in epidemiologic and health education studies OBJECTIVES The present study explored whether similarity of students ' food attitudes with those of their parents and friends varies as a function of both the food and type of measurement . We expected greater resemblance with parents for attitudes towards fruit and for implicit attitudes and greater resemblance with friends for attitudes towards snacks and for explicit attitudes . DESIGN We compared the resemblance in implicit and explicit attitudes towards fruit and preference for sweet over savoury snacks between  target-parent and target-friend pairings  . The parental-peer mutual influence effect was separated from cultural effect by comparing real and r and om dyads . METHODS Target participants were 85 students who recruited one parent and one best friend each . All participants completed online two Implicit Association Tests and rated their liking for fruit and sweet/savoury snacks . RESULTS Our target participants ' attitudes towards fruit were predicted by those of their parents rather than friends , with this relationship being detected through implicit but not explicit measures . Conversely , target participants ' preference for sweet over savoury snacks was predicted with those of their friends but not parents , with this relationship being detected through explicit but not implicit measures . CONCLUSIONS Young adults ' resemblance to parents and friends , in terms of food attitudes , seems specific both to the food type and to the attitude measure , suggesting that parents ' influence concerns healthy food and is exerted at an implicit attitude level ; whereas friends ' influence concerns junk food and is exerted at an explicit attitude level . The theoretical and practical implication s are discussed The purpose of this study was to develop a brief physical activity interview for older adults ( Phone-FITT ) and evaluate its test-retest reliability and validity . Summary scores were derived for household , recreational , and total PA . Reliability was evaluated in a convenience sample from a fall-prevention study ( N = 43 , 79.4 + /- 2.9 years , 51 % male ) , and validity , in a r and om sample of individuals in older adult exercise programs ( N = 48 , 77.4 + /- 4.7 years , 25 % male ) . Mean time to complete the Phone-FITT was 10 min for participants sample d from exercise programs . Evaluation of test-retest reliability indicated substantial to almost perfect agreement for all scores , with intraclass correlation coefficients ( 95 % confidence intervals ) ranging from .74 ( .58-.85 ) to .88 ( .8-.94 ) . For validity , Spearman 's rho correlations of  Phone-FITT scores with accelerometer counts ranged from .29 ( .01-.53 ) to .57 ( .34-.73 ) . Correlations of  Phone-FITT recreational scores with age and seconds to complete a self-paced step test ranged from -.29 ( -.53 to -.01 ) to -.45 ( -.68 to -.14 ) . This study contributes preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the Phone-FITT OBJECTIVE The Single-Category Implicit Association Test ( SC-IAT ) has been used as a method for assessing automatic evaluations of physical activity , but measurement artifact or consciously-held attitudes could be confounding the outcome scores of these measures . The objective of these two studies was to address these measurement concerns by testing the validity of a novel SC-IAT scoring technique . DESIGN Study 1 was a cross-sectional study , and study 2 was a prospect i ve study . METHOD In study 1 , undergraduate students ( N = 104 ) completed SC-IATs for physical activity , flowers , and sedentary behavior . In study 2 , undergraduate students ( N = 91 ) completed a SC-IAT for physical activity , self-reported affective and instrumental attitudes toward physical activity , physical activity intentions , and wore an accelerometer for two weeks . The EZ-diffusion model was used to decompose the SC-IAT into three process component scores including the information processing efficiency score . RESULTS In study 1 , a series of structural equation model comparisons revealed that the information processing score did not share variability across distinct SC-IATs , suggesting it does not represent systematic measurement artifact . In study 2 , the information processing efficiency score was shown to be unrelated to self-reported affective and instrumental attitudes toward physical activity , and positively related to physical activity behavior , above and beyond the traditional D-score of the SC-IAT . CONCLUSIONS The information processing efficiency score is a valid measure of automatic evaluations of physical activity BACKGROUND Promoting regular physical activity ( PA ) and lessening sedentary behaviors ( SB ) constitute a public health priority . Recent evidence suggests that PA and SB are not only related to reflective processes ( eg , behavioral intentions ) , but also to impulsive approach-avoidance tendencies ( IAAT ) . This study aims to test the effect of a computerized IAAT intervention on an exercise task . METHODS Participants ( N = 115 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions , in which they were either trained to approach PA and avoid SB ( ApPA-AvSB condition ) , to approach SB and avoid PA ( ApSB-AvPA condition ) , or to approach and avoid PA and SB equally often ( active control condition ) . The main outcome variable was the time spent carrying out a moderate intensity exercise task . RESULTS IAAT toward PA decreased in the ApSB-AvPA condition , tended to increase in the ApPA-AvSB condition , and remained stable in the control condition . Most importantly , the ApPA-AvSB manipulation led to more time spent exercising than the ApSB-AvPA condition . Sensitivity analyses excluding individuals who were highly physically active further revealed that participants in the ApPA-AvSB condition spent more time exercising than participants in the control condition . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary evidence that a single intervention session can successfully change impulsive approach tendencies toward PA and can increase the time devoted to an exercise task , especially among individuals who need to be more physically active . Potential implication s for health behavior theories and behavior change interventions are outlined 
    Output:
    
This association was not significantly moderated by study design or objective , participants ’ age or other characteristics , or measures of implicit attitudes or physical activity .
This meta- analysis provides evidence that implicit attitudes toward physical activity are positively associated with physical activity in adults to a small degree