***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To assess the effectiveness of a range of weight management programmes in terms of weight loss . Design Eight arm r and omised controlled trial . Setting Primary care trust in Birmingham , Engl and . Participants 740 obese or overweight men and women with a comorbid disorder identified from general practice records . Interventions Weight loss programmes of 12 weeks ’ duration : Weight Watchers ; Slimming World ; Rosemary Conley ; group based , dietetics led programme ; general practice one to one counselling ; pharmacy led one to one counselling ; choice of any of the six programmes . The comparator group was provided with 12 vouchers enabling free entrance to a local leisure ( fitness ) centre . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was weight loss at programme end ( 12 weeks ) . Secondary outcomes were weight loss at one year , self reported physical activity , and percentage weight loss at programme end and one year . Results Follow-up data were available for 658 ( 88.9 % ) participants at programme end and 522 ( 70.5 % ) at one year . All programmes achieved significant weight loss from baseline to programme end ( range 1.37 kg ( general practice ) to 4.43 kg ( Weight Watchers ) ) , and all except general practice and pharmacy provision result ed in significant weight loss at one year . At one year , only the Weight Watchers group had significantly greater weight loss than did the comparator group ( 2.5 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.8 to 4.2 ) kg greater loss , ) . The commercial programmes achieved significantly greater weight loss than did the primary care programmes at programme end ( mean difference 2.3 ( 1.3 to 3.4 ) kg ) . The primary care programmes were the most costly to provide . Participants allocated to the choice arm did not have better outcomes than those r and omly allocated to a programme . Conclusions Commercially provided weight management services are more effective and cheaper than primary care based services led by specially trained staff , which are ineffective . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N25072883 The behavior of others in people 's social environment ( i.e. , descriptive norms ) , as well as their opinions regarding appropriate actions ( i.e. , injunctive norms ) strongly influence people 's decisions and actions . The goal of this study was to extend prior laboratory research on the influence of social norms on food choices , by conducting a field-experiment in an on-campus food court . One of three different messages was posted on a given day : a healthy descriptive norm , healthy injunctive norm , or an unhealthy descriptive norm . Effects of these social norms messages on food choice were compared against each other and a no-message control condition . In total , 687 students reported their food choice through a question naire provided to them . Food choices were analyzed for participants who reported being exposed to one of the social norms signs and those in the control condition ( N=220 ) . Findings showed that the healthy  descriptive norm  result ed in more healthy food choices , compared to an unhealthy descriptive norm , as well as the control condition . The difference between the injunctive healthy norm and the control condition was not significant , though those in the injunctive norm condition did make more healthy decisions , than those in the unhealthy descriptive norm condition . Implication s with regard to theory and practice are discussed Abstract This paper examines the additive and moderating effects of social influence variables ( injunctive norms , descriptive norms , perceived social support ) within the Theory of Planned Behaviour ( TPB ) . The target behaviour is the decision to eat healthily . Question naire responses on components of the TPB , descriptive norms , perceived social support  , and subsequent healthy eating were obtained from a prospect i ve sample of 235 members of the general public . Good predictions of intentions ( 42 % of variance explained ) and behaviour ( 15 % of variance explained ) were found using the Theory of Planned Behaviour . Neither descriptive norms nor perceived social support added to these predictions of intentions over and above the TPB variables . However , perceived social support was found to act as a moderator variable on the relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention , and the relationship between attitude and intention . Implication s for exploring the role of social influence variables on decisions concerning health behavioun an discussed Research demonstrates that people conform to how much other people eat . This conformity occurs in the presence of other people ( live model ) and when people view information about how much food prior participants ate ( remote models ) . The assumption in the literature has been that remote models produce a similar effect to live models , but this has never been tested . To investigate this issue , we r and omly paired participants with a live or remote model  and compared their eating to those who ate alone . We found that participants exposed to both types of model differed significantly from those in the control group , but there was no significant difference between the two modeling procedures OBJECTIVES While healthy eating patterns are of high importance in adolescence , most adolescents portray quite unhealthy eating behaviour . One reason for this may be that social norms among peers tend to be unsupportive of healthy eating . The current study investigates whether communicating health-promoting descriptive and injunctive norms influences adolescents ' intended and actual fruit consumption . DESIGN The study employed an experimental prospect i ve design . METHODS A norm message manipulation ( descriptive vs. injunctive vs. no-norm control ) was administered to high school students , after which fruit intake intention ( N = 96 ) was assessed . At follow-up , actual fruit intake over 2 days ( N = 80 ) was recorded . RESULTS Adolescents receiving the descriptive norm did not report higher fruit intake intentions than the control group , but did consume ( borderline , p = .057 ) significantly more fruit in the following 2 days ( 2.3 portions per day ) than the control condition ( 1.7 portion per day ) . Adolescents receiving the injunctive norm reported lower fruit intake intentions than the other two groups , but actual fruit consumption ( 1.5 portions per day ) was similar to that of the control group . CONCLUSIONS Health-promoting injunctive norms not only had no positive effects on fruit intake but actually caused a decrease in fruit intake intentions , indicating that injunctive norms may be vulnerable to reactance . A health-promoting descriptive norm was found to positively affect fruit intake in adolescents . No effect on fruit intake intention was found . Results show that simple single-sentence norm messages hold the potential to substantially influence health behaviour 
    Output:
    
There was consistent evidence that norms influenced food choices ; norm information indicating that others make low-energy or high-energy food choices significantly increased the likelihood that participants made similar choices .
Information about eating norms  influences choice and quantity of food eaten , which could be used to promote healthy changes to dietary behavior