***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial profile . The study sample consisted of 137 overweight and obese post-menopausal women . Participants were r and omized to a caloric restriction group and caloric restriction + resistance training group .  Psychosocial , anthropometric , and metabolic variables were measured before and after the 6-month weight loss intervention . Both groups presented similar weight loss and there were no significant differences between the caloric restriction group and caloric restriction + resistance training group for changes in psychosocial profile . Thereafter , all participants were classified into quintiles based on the amount of weight loss . In all quintiles , women markedly improved body esteem and self-esteem , and decreased hunger and perceived risk for diabetes mellitus ( P < 0.05 ) . However , significant increases in dietary restraint were observed in quintiles 2–5 ( ≥2.4 % body weight loss ) , decreases in disinhibition in quintiles 3–5 ( ≥4.9 % ) , increases in self-efficacy in quintiles 3–5 ( ≥4.9 % ) , and increases in health perceptions in quintile 5 ( ≥11.1 % ) . The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restriction weight loss intervention has additional benefits on psychosocial profile . Overall , the significant improvements in the psychosocial profile observed were mostly accounted for by the degree of weight loss To assess the individual and combined effects of weight loss and weight training on body weight and body composition , 40 obese women were r and omly assigned to one of four groups for an 8 wk weight-loss study . These groups were control ( C ) ; diet without exercise ( DO ) ; diet plus weight training ( DPE ) ; and weight training without diet ( EO ) . Body weight decreased for DO ( -4.47 kg ) and DPE ( -3.89 kg ) compared with C ( -0.38 kg ) and EO ( 0.45 kg ) . Lean body weight ( LBW ) increased for EO ( 1.07 kg ) compared with DO ( -0.91 kg ) and C ( -0.31 kg ) and for DPE ( 0.43 kg ) compared with DO . Upper-arm muscle areas ( determined by radiograph ) increased for DPE ( 11.2 cm2 ) and EO ( 10.4 cm2 ) compared with C ( 2.7 cm2 ) and DO ( 2.1 cm2 ) . It was concluded that weight training results in comparable gains in muscle area and strength for DPE and EO . Adding weight training exercise to a caloric restriction program results in maintenance of LBW compared with DO Background Excess adipose tissue and sarcopenia presents a multifaceted clinical challenge that promotes morbidity and mortality in the obese , elderly population . Unfortunately , the mortality risks of muscle loss may outweigh the potential benefits of weight loss in the elderly . We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of whey protein and essential amino acids towards the preservation of lean tissue , even under the conditions of strict bedrest in the elderly . Methods In the context of caloric restriction-based weight loss , we hypothesized that a similar formulation given as a meal replacement ( EAAMR ) would foster the retention of lean tissue through an increase in the skeletal muscle fractional synthesis rate ( FSR ) . We also proposed that EAAMR would promote the preferential loss of adipose tissue through the increased energy cost of skeletal muscle FSR . We recruited and r and omized 12 elderly individuals to an 8 week , caloric restriction diet utilizing equivalent caloric meal replacements ( 800 kcal/day ) : 1 ) EAAMR or a 2 ) competitive meal replacement ( CMR ) in conjunction with 400 kcal of solid food that totaled 1200 kcal/day design ed to induce 7 % weight loss . Combined with weekly measurements of total body weight and body composition , we also measured the acute change in the skeletal muscle FSR to EAAMR and CMR . Results By design , both groups lost ~7 % of total body weight . While EAAMR did not promote a significant preservation of lean tissue , the reduction in adipose tissue was greater in EAAMR compared to CMR . Interestingly , these results corresponded to an increase in the acute skeletal muscle protein FSR . Conclusion The provision of EAAMR during caloric restriction-induced weight loss promotes the preferential reduction of adipose tissue and the modest loss of lean tissue in the elderly population OBJECTIVE To determine what effect diet-induced approximately 12 kg weight loss in combination with exercise training has on body composition and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) in premenopausal African-American ( AA ) and European-American ( EA ) women . METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study was a longitudinal , r and omized weight loss clinical intervention , with either aerobic ( AT ) , resistance ( RT ) , or no exercise training ( NT ) .  Forty-eight AA and forty-six EA premenopausal overweight ( BMI between 27 and 30 ) women underwent weight loss to a BMI < 25 .  Body composition ( densitometry ) , REE ( indirect calorimetry ) , maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , and muscular strength ( isometric elbow flexion ) were evaluated when subjects were in energy balance . RESULTS AA women lost less fat-free mass ( FFM , P < or=0.05 ) ( 47.0+/-4.6 to 46.9+/-5.0 kg ) than EA women ( 46.4+/-4.9 to 45.2+/-4.6 kg ) . Regardless of race , RT maintained FFM ( P < or=0.05 ) following weight loss ( 46.9+/-5.2 to 47.2+/-5.0 kg ) whereas AT ( 45.4+/-4.2 to 44.4+/-4.1 kg ) and NT ( 47.9+/-4.7 to 46.4+/-5.1 kg ) decreased FFM ( P < or=0.05 ) . Both AT and NT decreased in REE with weight loss but RT did not . Significant time by group interactions ( all P < or=0.05 ) for strength indicated that RT maintained strength and AT did not . DISCUSSION AA women lost less FFM than EA women during equivalent weight losses . However , following weight loss in both AA and EA , RT conserved FFM , REE , and strength fitness when compared to women who AT or did not train Results from a pilot project indicate that isoflavones and exercise could have an additive effect on body composition and clinical risk factors of CVD in postmenopausal women . The objective of the present study was to assess the combined effect of exercise and isoflavones in overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women . In this double-blind r and omised controlled trial , 100 overweight-to-obese ( BMI 29·9 ( sd 3·2 ) kg/m2 ) postmenopausal women were assigned to four groups : ( 1 ) placebo ( PLA ) ; ( 2 ) isoflavones ( ISO ) ; ( 3 ) exercise and placebo ( Ex+PLA ) ; ( 4 ) exercise and isoflavones ( Ex+ISO ) . The supplementation contained 70 mg/d of isoflavones . Exercise consisted of three weekly sessions of resistance training and aerobics . Outcome measures included fat mass ( FM ) , lean body mass ( LBM ) , bone mineral density , lipid profile , fasting glucose , fasting insulin and insulin resistance ( homeostasis assessment model ) . The main effects of exercise were observed for total FM ( P = 0·02 ) , FM% ( P < 0·01 ) , trunk FM% ( P = 0·05 ) , arm FM% ( P < 0·01 ) , leg FM% ( P = 0·02 ) , arm LBM ( P < 0·01 ) , leg LBM ( P = 0·02 ) and C-reactive protein ( P < 0·01 ) . A main effect was detected for isoflavones in improving leg FM% ( P = 0·05 ) . No interactions were observed between isoflavones and exercise . In conclusion , it was observed that 6 months of exercise brought favourable changes in total FM , FM% and LBM in overweight postmenopausal women . No synergistic effects were observed between exercise and isoflavones . However , isoflavones could have a beneficial effect on leg FM% Background Sarcopenic obesity is a health condition that combines excess adipose tissue and loss of muscle mass and strength . Sarcopenic obesity predisposes to more functional disabilities than obesity or sarcopenia alone . Progressive resistance exercises are recommended for older people as a potential treatment for sarcopenia and also for obesity . However , there is a lack of evidence indicating which programmes are best applied to older people , and no studies have investigated their effects on sarcopenic obese people . The aims of this protocol study are to investigate and compare the efficacy of l and -based and aquatic resistance exercise programmes on improving muscle performance , functional capacity and quality of life of older women with sarcopenic obesity . Methods / Design This is a protocol study for a parallel r and omised controlled clinical trial . Eligible participants are older women ( ≥65 years ) with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 and h and grip strength ≤21 kg force . A total sample of 36 participants will be r and omly allocated to one of the intervention groups in blocks of three : l and -based , aquatic or control . Each intervention group will undergo 2-week sessions of a 10-week therapeutic exercise programme for strength , power and endurance training of the lower-limb muscles . Participants in the control group will not participate in any strengthening activity for lower limbs and will receive telephone calls once a week . Baseline and final evaluation of outcomes will encompass muscle performance of the lower limbs assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer ; functional tests of usual walking speed , maximal walking speed ( shuttle walking test ) , stair speed and the Short Physical Performance Battery ; and health-related quality of life ( Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Question naire – SF-36 ) . Data collectors will be blinded to r and omisation and will not be in touch with participants during the interventions . Discussion This study is the first r and omised controlled trial design ed to evaluate resistance exercises in older patients with sarcopenic obesity . If our hypothesis proves correct , both intervention programmes will be effective , with the l and -based exercises conferring better results in muscle performance . Trial registration Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos : Background This study evaluated a specialized whey fraction ( Prolibra ™ , high in leucine , bioactive peptides and milk calcium ) for use as a dietary supplement to enhance weight loss . Methods This was a r and omized , double-blind , parallel-arm , 12-week study . Caloric intake was reduced 500 calories per day . Subjects consumed Prolibra or an isocaloric ready-to-mix beverage 20 minutes before breakfast and 20 minutes before dinner . Body fat and lean muscle tissue were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) . Body weight and anthropometric measurements were recorded every 4 weeks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and end of the study . Statistical analyses were performed on all subjects that completed ( completer analysis ) and all subjects that lost at least 2.25 kg of body weight ( responder analysis ) . Within group significance was determined at P < 0.05 using a two-tailed paired t-test and between group significance was determined using one way analysis of covariance with baseline data as a covariate . Results Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and the Prolibra group tended to lose more weight than the control group ; however the amount of weight loss was not significantly different between groups after 12 weeks . Prolibra subjects lost significantly more body fat compared to control subjects for both the completer ( 2.81 vs. 1.62 kg P = 0.03 ) and responder ( 3.63 vs. 2.11 kg , P = 0.01 ) groups . Prolibra subjects lost significantly less lean muscle mass in the responder group ( 1.07 vs. 2.41 kg , P = 0.02 ) . The ratio of fat to lean loss ( kg fat lost/kg lean lost ) was much larger for Prolibra subjects for both completer ( 3.75 vs. 1.05 ) and responder ( 3.39 vs. 0.88 ) groups . ConclusionS ubjects in both the control and treatment group lost a significant amount of weight with a 500 calorie reduced diet . Subjects taking Prolibra lost significantly more body fat and showed a greater preservation of lean muscle compared to subjects consuming the control beverage . Because subjects taking Prolibra lost 6.1 % of their body fat mass , and because a 5 % reduction of body fat mass has been shown to reduce the risk of obesity related disease , the results have practical significance Objective : The aim of this study was to verify if six months of isoflavone supplementation could increase fat-free mass ( FFM ) and muscle mass index ( MMI = appendicular FFM/height2 ) in obese – sarcopenic postmenopausal women . Design : Double-blind r and omized study .Subject : Eighteen sarcopenic – obese women completed the study ( 12 on isoflavones  and six on  placebo )  . Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Subjects ingested 70 mg of isoflavones per day ( 44 mg of diadzein , 16 mg glycitein and 10 mg genestein ) or a placebo for 24 weeks . Results : The isoflavone group increased significantly appendicular ( P=0.034 ) , leg ( P=0.016 ) FFM and M 
    Output:
    
Weight loss based on diet combined with exercise seems to be the best strategy to adopt for treatment of phenotypic aspects of SO , improving metabolic consequences related to excess fat , preserving lean mass , and allowing functional recovery