***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE Coronectomy has been proposed for impacted third molars in close proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve ( IAN ) to avoid neurologic injury . Immediate ( up to 1 month ) and late ( 2 to 36 months ) postoperative complications were investigated . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study was performed on healthy patients treated in the dental clinic of the Department of Oral Surgery , University of Bologna . The predictor variables examined were experience of the surgeon ( < 10 vs ≥10 yr ) , length of surgery , type of m and ibular third molar inclusion , and patient age . To assess the rate of postoperative complications , outcome variables were neurologic injuries , postoperative pain , swelling , fever , alveolitis , pulpitis , and root exposure . The success rate and need for a second surgery also were investigated . Univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics , Kaplan-Meier analysis , and Cox hazards modeling were performed to evaluate the variables . RESULTS The study involved 94 healthy patients ( mean age , 28.99 ± 8.9 yr ; range , 17 to 56 yr ; 37 men and 57 women ) who had 116 third m and ibular molars treated with coronectomy . During the 3-year follow-up period , 28 patients ( 29 coronectomy procedures ) dropped out of the study . There was no case of neurologic injury to the inferior alveolar nerve ( IAN ) or to the lingual nerve ( LN ) . In total , 30 complications were observed ( 25 within 1 month ; 5 at 2 to 12 months ) . Surgeons with less than 10 years of training exposed patients to a greater risk of complications ( hazard ratio = 2.069 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.004 - 4.263 ) . An overall success rate of 74 % at 6 months was estimated , and a second surgery was needed in 6 % of cases . Of the retained roots analyzed , 80 % showed postoperative root migration . CONCLUSIONS In this study , coronectomy of m and ibular third molars did not result in temporary or permanent injury to the IAN or LN .  Coronectomy showed a low rate of postoperative complications . However , within the first year , a second surgery was needed in 6 % of coronectomy procedures to remove migrated root fragments . Additional studies with larger patient sample s are recommended to further investigate differences in postoperative complications in relation to patient age Objectives This study describes patients ' perceptions of changes in oral health related quality of life ( OHQOL ) in the early postoperative period following third molar surgery . Methods One hundred patients were enrolled in a prospect i ve cohort study of the surgical removal of lower third molars under local anaesthetic .  Two specific oral health related quality of life measures , OHIP-14 and OHQoLUK Results Both oral health related quality of life measures identified a significant deterioration in quality of life on POD1 ( P<0.01 ) and this remained evident on POD2 ( P<0.01 ) , POD3 ( P<0.01 ) , POD4 ( P<0.01 ) and POD5 ( P<0.05 ) . By POD6 and POD7 there was no significant difference in quality of life compared with preoperative status ( P>0.05 ) . Deterioration in life quality over the study period was associated with postoperative clinical findings ( P<0.05 ) : swelling and trismus . Conclusion The study concludes that there is a significant deterioration in oral health related quality of life in the immediate postoperative period following third molar surgery ; particularly during the first five days . This is associated with postoperative clinical findings . This has implication for patients deciding on third molar surgery and informed consent Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in oral health-related Quality of Life ( QoL ) following third molar surgery with either oral administration or submucosal injection of prednisolone . Patient and methods Subjects were r and omly distributed into three groups of 62 subjects each : Group A consisted of subjects who received 40 mg oral prednisolone ; group B received 40 mg submucosal injection of prednisolone  , while group  C did not receive prednisolone . Preoperative and postoperative quality of life evaluations of all subjects were done using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile ( OHIP-14 ) question naire . Postoperatively , quality of life evaluation was done on postoperative days 1 , 3 , and 7 . Subjects were categorized as either affected ( OHIP score ≤28 ) or not affected ( OHIP score > 28 ) . Mean OHIP scores between preoperative and postoperative periods , as well as between the three groups , were compared . Results A significant increase in the mean total and subscale scores was found in all the groups postoperatively . This was most marked on the first postoperative day , and it gradually improved throughout the immediate postoperative period . Subjects who received prednisolone experienced a statistically significant better quality of life than those who did not . Subjects who received submucosal injection of prednisolone showed statistically significant less deterioration in QoL than those who received oral prednisolone ( P = 0.001 ) . Conclusion Administration of prednisolone was significantly associated with less deterioration in quality of life and earlier recovery when compared with subjects who did not receive prednisolone . Submucosal injection of prednisolone 40 mg ( which offers a simple , safe , painless , and cost-effective therapeutic option ) is an effective therapeutic strategy for improving the quality of life after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intravenous administration of 1.5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg of methylprednisolone sodium succinate ( MP ) on pain , swelling , and trismus after third molar surgery . STUDY DESIGN Twenty-six healthy patients with symmetrically impacted m and ibular third molars were included in this double-blind , cross-over study . Either 1.5 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg of MP was administered by intravenous route one hour prior to the first operation . At the second operation the other dose was applied . Trismus was determined by measuring maximum interincisal opening and facial swelling was evaluated using a tape measuring method . Pain was determined using visual analogue scale and recording the number of pain pills taken . RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in trismus , facial swelling , and pain between the two groups . CONCLUSION No clinical benefit of the higher dose of MP was demonstrated The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the submucosal injection of 1ml dexamethasone ( 4mg/ml ) on pain , swelling , and trismus following the extraction of retained lower third molars . Ninety patients ( mean age 23.5 years ) were split r and omly into three equal study groups ( 30 patients in each ) : the ' before ' group received dexamethasone 15min before surgery and placebo 15min after surgery ; the ' after ' group received placebo 15min before surgery and dexamethasone 15min after surgery ; the ' placebo ' group received placebo 15min before surgery and placebo 15min after surgery .  Postoperative pain was recorded by the patients using a visual analogue scale , numerical rating scale , and the McGill Pain Question naire at 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , and 24h after surgery . The patients also recorded the total number of analgesic doses consumed during the 24h after the procedure . Swelling ( determined using linear measurements of the face ) and trismus ( determined through measurement of maximum mouth opening ) were assessed at 48h , 72h , and 7 days following surgery . Better control of pain , swelling , and trismus was demonstrated for dexamethasone in comparison to placebo . Postoperative dexamethasone provided better pain control than preoperative dexamethasone . There was no difference in total rescue analgesic intake between the preoperative and postoperative dexamethasone groups Background In current study we aim ed to examine the effect of a low-level laser therapy on the pain , mouth opening and swelling of patients whose impacted 3rd molar tooth was extracted in addition measurement volumetrically to the edema with 3dMD face system . Methods It was surveyed 15 patients who had bilateral symmetric lower 3rd molars . Surgical sides of patients were r and omly separated into two groups : the study group and the control group . It was applied extra oral low-level laser therapy ( LLLT , 0.3 W , 40 s , 4 J/cm2 ) to the study group ( n = 15 ) after the surgical operation and on the 2nd day . Only routine postoperative recommendation ( ice application ) was made in the control ( n = 15 ) group . The maximum mouth opening , pain level and facial swelling evaluated . 3dMD Face ® ( 3dMD , Atlanta , GA ) Photogrammetric System was used to evaluate volumetric changes of the swelling . Results There was no statistically significant difference in the edema and interincisal opening between the groups and the pain level in the laser group was significantly lower than in the control group on the 7th postoperative day . Conclusions Although there were decreasing trismus , swelling , and pain level , with this LLLT , there was significant difference only in the 7th day pain level in the laser group compared with the control group Background : Post-surgical complications like pain , swelling , impaired function cause transient morbidity for the patients leading to refrainment of the treatment . Various preemptive drugs are prescribed to prevent patients from such unpleasant situations . Both dexamethasone and methyl prednisolone can be used for this purpose in surgery of third molar impactions . Material s and Methods : This was a split-mouth study consisting 25 patients having Pell and Gregory ’s Class II position B bilateral impactions . About 8 mg dexamethasone and 40 mg methyl prednisolone were prescribed r and omly 1 hour prior to the surgery . Pain , swelling and trismus were noted on 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 7th day following surgery . Wilcoxon test was used to assess the significance between the parameters . Results : Reduction in swelling and trismus was found to be significantly more with dexamethasone than methyl prednisolone . However , no statistical significant difference was found in post-operative pain . Conclusion : Dexamethasone can be used as a potent preemptive drug for controlling post-operative complications in the removal of third molar impactions Background : The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preoperatively administered submucosal and oral prednisolone on postoperative pain , facial swelling , and trismus following third molar surgery . Patients and Methods : This was a r and omized controlled trial in which subjects were r and omly distributed into three groups . Group A consisted of subjects who received 40 mg oral prednisolone ;  Group B consisted of subjects who received 40 mg submucosal injection of prednisolone  while Group C consisted of subjects who did not receive prednisolone . Each group had 62 subjects . Measurements for facial width/facial swelling , pain , and mouth opening were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively . The postoperative evaluation points were postoperative days 1 , 3 , and 7 . These measurements were compared with the preoperative values both within and among the groups . Results : Most of the subjects were in their third decade of life . A considerable increase in the mean postoperative values for pain , facial width and trismus was observed . Notably , subjects who did not receive prednisolone showed comparatively higher values for the measured parameters throughout the postoperative evaluation period . Subjects who received submucosal injection of prednisolone showed overall lower values compared to those who received oral prednisolone . Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the administration of prednisolone has a significantly beneficial effect in ameliorating the postoperative sequelae of the third molar surgery . In addition , the effect of submucosally injected prednisolone is comparable to the orally administered prednisolone ; indeed it shows superiority to the latter in a number of dimensions . Submucosal injection of prednisolone offers a simple , effective , easy , safe , and minimally invasive option to existing therapeutic methods of reducing these postoperative sequelae PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of preoperative submucosal injection of 4 mg of dexamethasone versus 40 mg of methylprednisolone in reducing postoperative sequelae after surgical removal of impacted m and ibular third molars . PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study included 65 patients who required surgical removal of impacted m and ibular third molars with Class II or position B impaction ( Pell and Gregory classification ) . Patients were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups : dexamethasone , methylprednisolone , or placebo ( control ) . Surgery was performed with patients under local anesthesia . Baseline measurements were obtained preoperatively , and subsequent assessment s were made on postoperative day 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 to measure postoperative facial swelling by use of 2 linear measurements : interincisal mouth opening width and visual analog scale score for pain . The amount of analgesics consumed was recorded . Wound healing also was assessed on postoperative day 7 . Descriptive and multivariate statistics were computed , and significance was set at P < .05 . RESULTS Both methylprednisolone and dexamethasone significantly reduced swelling and trismus ( P < .05 , Kruskal-Wallis test ) , whereas the methylprednisolone group had significantly less pain ( P < .05 , Kruskal-Wallis test ) 
    Output:
    
Preoperative submucosal injection of corticosteroids significantly diminishes facial swelling , pain and trismus compared with placebo .
However , different dosages of corticosteroid and administration routes reveal contrary results indicating that administration of a higher dosage of corticosteroids do not necessarily cause a further decrease in facial swelling , pain and trismus .