***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A reported 12 % incidence of acute renal failure after angiography prompted this prospect i ve study to substantiate or repudiate this seemingly excessive rate . In 537 consecutive patients undergoing cerebral , abdominal , or peripheral angiography  , there was no instance of renal failure following the procedure . The results of this study indicate that when adequate hydration is maintained , angiography does not pose a " significant hazard " of renal failure as previously reported , even in patients with underlying medical problems BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Most studies of contrast-induced acute kidney injury ( CIAKI ) have focused on patients undergoing angiographic procedures . The incidence and outcomes of CIAKI in patients undergoing nonemergent , contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the inpatient and outpatient setting were assessed . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS , & MEASUREMENTS Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates ( GFRs ) < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2 ) undergoing nonemergent computed tomography with intravenous iodinated radiocontrast at an academic VA Medical Center were prospect ively identified .  Serum creatinine  was assessed 48 to 96 h postprocedure to quantify the incidence of CIAKI , and the need for postprocedure dialysis , hospital admission , and 30-d mortality was tracked to examine the associations of CIAKI with these medical outcomes . RESULTS A total of 421 patients with a median estimated GFR of 53 ml/min per 1.73 m(2 ) were enrolled . Overall , 6.5 % of patients developed an increase in serum creatinine > or=25 % , and 3.5 % demonstrated a rise in serum creatinine > or=0.5 mg/dl . Although only 6 % of out patients received preprocedure and postprocedure intravenous fluid , < 1 % of out patients with estimated GFRs > 45 ml/min per 1.73 m(2 ) manifested an increase in serum creatinine > or=0.5 mg/dl . None of the study participants required postprocedure dialysis . Forty-six patients ( 10.9 % ) were hospitalized and 10 ( 2.4 % ) died by 30-d follow-up ; however , CIAKI was not associated with these outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Clinical ly significant CIAKI following nonemergent computed tomography is uncommon among out patients with mild baseline kidney disease . These findings have important implication s for providers ordering and performing computed tomography and for future clinical trials of CIAKI BACKGROUND Contrast-induced nephropathy ( CIN ) is a serious complication of percutenous coronary interventions ( PCI ) . Proper hydration reduces the risk of PCI . Wheter oral hydration is as effective as intravenous one has not been well established . AIM To determine the effects of oral hydration with mineral water versus intravenous hydration with isotonic solution ( 0.9 % NaCl ) on renal function in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography and angioplasty . METHODS The study included 102 patients ( age 67 ± 7.8 years , 44 female/58 male ) . Eligible patients ( group 1 - 52 pts ) were hydrated intravenously ( 1 mL/kg/h ) 6 hours before and during 12 hours following PCI with isotonic solution ( 0.9 % NaCl ) . Fifty patients ( group 2 ) were r and omised to receive oral mineral water ( 1 mL/kg/h ) 6 - 12 hours before and during 12 hours following angiography or angioplasty . All patients during the procedure received contrast medium ioversol . Primary endpoint of the study was the evaluation of renal function before and 72 hours after contrast medium administration . RESULTS Baseline creatinine clearance was 70.3 ± 21.22 mL/min in group 1 and 78.69 ± 19.92 mL/min in group 2 ( NS ) . The mean volume of contrast medium was 101.1 ± 36.7 mL in group 1 and 110.4 ± 45.3 mL in group 2 ( NS ) . At 72 hours after the procedure , creatinine clearance was 65.3 ± 23.39 mL/min in group 1 and 73.5 ± 21.94 mL/min in group 2 ( NS ) . CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the oral hydration with mineral water and intravenous hydration with 0.9 % NaCl have similar effects on renal function in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography and angioplasty BACKGROUND Contrast nephropathy ( CN ) is a common cause of renal dysfunction that may be prevented by saline hydration and by drugs such as theophylline or furosemide . Whether oral saline hydration is as efficient as intravenous saline hydration is unknown . The preventive efficacy of theophylline and furosemide for CN remains controversial . The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral saline hydration and of intravenous saline hydration plus theophylline or furosemide for the prevention of CN . METHODS We prospect ively studied 312 patients with chronic renal failure ( serum creatinine 201+/-81 micromol/l , Cockcroft clearance 37+/-12 ml/min/1.73 m(2 ) ) , who were undergoing various radiological procedures with a non-ionic , low osmolality contrast agent . Patients were r and omly assigned to four arms . In arm A , patients received 1 g/10 kg of body weight/day of sodium chloride per os for 2 days before the procedure . In arm B , patients received 0.9 % saline intravenously at a rate of 15 ml/kg for 6 h before the procedure . In arm C , patients received the same saline hydration as in arm B plus 5 mg/kg theophylline per os in one dose 1 h before the procedure . In arm D , patients received the same saline hydration as in arm B plus 3 mg/kg of furosemide intravenously just after the procedure . RESULTS Patients were well-matched with no significant differences at baseline in any measured parameters .  Acute renal failure , defined as an increase in serum creatinine of 44 micromol/l ( 0.5 mg/dl ) , occurred in 27 out of 312 patients ( 8.7 % ) . There was no significant difference between the rate of renal failure in the different arms of the study : five out of 76 ( 6.6 % ) in arm A , four out of 77 ( 5.2 % ) in arm B , six out of 80 ( 7.5 % ) in arm C and 12 out of 79 ( 15.2 % ) in arm D. No patient had fluid overload or a significant increase in blood pressure in the 2 days following the radiological procedure . The independent predictors of CN were diabetes mellitus , high baseline serum creatinine and high systolic blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS Oral saline hydration was as efficient as intravenous saline hydration for the prevention of CN in patients with stage 3 renal diseases . Furosemide and theophylline were not protective CONTEXT Contrast-induced nephropathy remains a common complication of radiographic procedures . Pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate is more protective than sodium chloride in animal models of acute ischemic renal failure . Acute renal failure from both ischemia and contrast are postulated to occur from free-radical injury . However , no studies in humans or animals have evaluated the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate for prophylaxis against contrast-induced nephropathy . OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate compared with sodium chloride for preventive hydration before and after radiographic contrast . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PATIENTS A prospect i ve , single-center , r and omized trial conducted from September 16 , 2002 , to June 17 , 2003 , of 119 patients with stable serum creatinine levels of at least 1.1 mg/dL ( > or = 97.2 micromol/L ) who were r and omized to receive a  154-mEq/L infusion of either sodium chloride ( n = 59 ) or sodium bicarbonate ( n = 60 ) before and after iopamidol administration ( 370 mg iodine/mL ) . Serum creatinine levels were measured at baseline and 1 and 2 days after contrast . INTERVENTIONS Patients received 154 mEq/L of either sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate , as a bolus of 3 mL/kg per hour for 1 hour before iopamidol contrast , followed by an infusion of 1 mL/kg per hour for 6 hours after the procedure . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Contrast-induced nephropathy , defined as an increase of 25 % or more in serum creatinine within 2 days of contrast . RESULTS There were no significant group differences in age , sex , incidence of diabetes mellitus , ethnicity , or contrast volume . Baseline serum creatinine was slightly higher but not statistically different in patients receiving sodium bicarbonate treatment ( mean [ SD ] , 1.71 [ 0.42 ] mg/dL [ 151.2 [ 37.1 ] micromol/L ] for sodium chloride and 1.89 [ 0.69 ] mg/dL [ 167.1 [ 61.0 ] micromol/L ] for sodium bicarbonate ; P = .09 ) . The primary end point of contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 8 patients ( 13.6 % ) infused with sodium chloride but in only 1 ( 1.7 % ) of those receiving sodium bicarbonate ( mean difference , 11.9 % ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.6%-21.2 % ; P = .02 ) . A follow-up registry of 191 consecutive patients receiving prophylactic sodium bicarbonate and meeting the same inclusion criteria as the study result ed in 3 cases of contrast-induced nephropathy ( 1.6 % ; 95 % CI , 0%-3.4 % ) . CONCLUSION Hydration with sodium bicarbonate before contrast exposure is more effective than hydration with sodium chloride for prophylaxis of contrast-induced renal failure OBJECTIVES The effects of an oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) on fatigue were studied in workers engaged in manual work during the summer . METHODS One hundred and fifty-three workers engaged in loading cargo onto aircraft at Tokyo International Airport who consented to participate in the study were the subjects . The study was carried out on two summer days with fine weather during the daytime shift . The subjects were r and omly divided into two groups : with one group restricted to ORS intake and the other group having free-choice of their favorite drink ( FAD ) in a r and omized crossover study . The subjects were asked about the amount of beverage that they consumed and the type of FAD that they chose on the days of the survey . The effects of the ORS and the FAD were compared using a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) to determine the degree of fatigue experienced immediately after completing work . RESULTS The average wet bulb globe temperature ( WBGT ) on the survey days was 30 degrees C. The beverage intake during work was 1,000 ml for most participants and the most commonly chosen types of FAD were tea and coffee . The fatigue VAS was significantly lower on the ORS intake days than on the FAD intake days ( 50.0 + /- 18.3 vs. 53.9 + /- 16.3 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the intake of ORS during outdoor work in a hot environment would be effective for preventing industrial accidents and heat stroke . It is important to select an appropriate drink to ensure adequate intake of water and electrolytes Despite myriad improvements in the care of hospitalized patients , a decline in renal function remains a common event . Renal function in 4,622 consecutive patients admitted to the medical and surgical services of an urban tertiary care hospital was followed up prospect ively from the time of admission . Some degree of renal insufficiency developed in 7.2 % of patients . Decreased renal perfusion , medications , surgery , and radiographic contrast media were the most common causes of hospital-acquired renal insufficiency ( HARI ) . The overall mortality rate was 19.4 % and was similar among patients for all causes of renal insufficiency , except sepsis . For patients with a greater than 3.0-mg/dL increase in serum creatinine level , the mortality rate was 37.8 % . As shown by previous investigators , age and preexisting renal insufficiency were risk factors for HARI . Women and blacks had less hospital-acquired renal failure . The increasing acuity of hospital admissions has been accompanied by a greater incidence of acute renal insufficiency in patients admitted to hospitals . There is a trend toward better survival in patients with a severe deterioration in renal function BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES No prospect i ve study has reported the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy ( CIN ) or the associated morbidity and mortality after contrast-enhanced computed tomography ( CECT ) in the outpatient setting . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS , & MEASUREMENTS We enrolled and followed a prospect i ve , 
    Output:
    
La plupart des essais traitant de prévention des néphropathies secondaire aux PCI ont été effectués en context e d’administration artérielle , comme par cathétérisme cardiaque , et non d’administration veineuse , comme par tomodensitométrie .
Les conclusions secondaires se rapportent à la sécurité et font part , entre autres , d’une comparaison des effets indésirables de l’administration orale d’eau salée et de l’administration intraveineuse de solution saline isotonique .
Discussion Les résultats de cet essai pilote fourniront de l’information cruciale pour la planification de l’essai définitif visant à tester l’efficacité des voies d’administration des traitements de prévention d’IRA après les tomodensitométries avec agent de contraste