***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Distress and burnout among medical and psychology professionals are commonly reported and have implication s for the quality of patient care delivered . Already in the course of university studies , medicine and psychology students report mental distress and low life satisfaction . There is a need for interventions that promote better coping skills in students in order to prevent distress and future burnout . This study examines the effect of a seven-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) programme on mental distress , study stress , burnout , subjective well-being , and mindfulness of medical and psychology students . Methods A total of 288 students ( mean age = 23 years , 76 % female ) from the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø were r and omly allocated to an intervention or control group . The control group continued with their st and ard university courses and received no intervention . Participants were evaluated using self-reported measures both before and after the intervention . These were : the ‘ General Health Question naire , Maslach Burnout Inventory Student version , Perceived Medical School Stress , Subjective Well-being , and Five Facet Mindfulness Question naire ’ and additional indices of compliance . Results Following the intervention , a moderate effect on mental distress ( Hedges’g 0.65 , CI = .41 , .88 ) , and a small effect on both subjective well-being ( Hedges’g 0.40 , CI = .27 , .63 ) and the mindfulness facet ‘ non-reacting ’ ( Hedges’g 0.33 , CI = .10 , .56 ) were found in the intervention group compared with the control group . A higher level of programme attendance and reported mindfulness exercises predicted these changes . Significant effects were only found for female students who additionally reported reduced study stress and an increase in the mindfulness facet ‘ non-judging ’ . Gender specific effects of participation in the MBSR programme have not previously been reported , and gender differences in the present study are discussed . Conclusion Female medical and psychology students experienced significant positive improvements in mental distress , study stress , subjective well-being and mindfulness after participating in the MBSR programme . Trial registration The inability to cope successfully with the enormous stress of medical education may lead to a cascade of consequences at both a personal and professional level . The present study examined the short-term effects of an 8-week meditation-based stress reduction intervention on premedical and medical students using a well-controlled statistical design . Findings indicate that participation in the intervention can effectively ( 1 ) reduce self-reported state and trait anxiety , ( 2 ) reduce reports of overall psychological distress including depression , ( 3 ) increase scores on overall empathy levels , and ( 4 ) increase scores on a measure of spiritual experiences assessed at termination of intervention . These results ( 5 ) replicated in the wait-list control group , ( 6 ) held across different experiments , and ( 7 ) were observed during the exam period . Future research should address potential long-term effects of mindfulness training for medical and premedical students Recovered recurrently depressed patients were r and omized to treatment as usual ( TAU ) or TAU plus mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) . Replicating previous findings , MBCT reduced relapse from 78 % to 36 % in 55 patients with 3 or more previous episodes ; but in 18 patients with only 2 ( recent ) episodes corresponding figures were 20 % and 50 % . MBCT was most effective in preventing relapses not preceded by life events . Relapses were more often associated with significant life events in the 2-episode group . This group also reported less childhood adversity and later first depression onset than the 3-or-more-episode group , suggesting that these groups represented distinct population s. MBCT is an effective and efficient way to prevent relapse/recurrence in recovered depressed patients with 3 or more previous episodes OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to determine whether the practice of mindfulness reduces the level of stress experienced by senior medical students . METHODS We carried out a multicentre , single-blinded , r and omised controlled trial with intention-to-treat analysis in three clinical schools attached to the University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania . Participants included 66 medical students in their final 2 years of study in 2009 . Participants were block-r and omised to either an intervention or a usual care control group . The intervention used an audio CD of guided mindfulness practice design ed and produced for this trial . Participants were advised to use the intervention daily over the 8 weeks of the trial . All participants completed two self-report question naires , at baseline and at 8 weeks , respectively . The intervention group also completed a question naire at 16 weeks to provide follow-up data . The primary outcome measure was the difference over time in scores on the Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) . The secondary outcome measure referred to differences over time in scores on the subscales of the Depression , Anxiety and Stress Scale ( DASS ) . RESULTS Mean baseline scores on the PSS and the stress component of the DASS were 15.7 ( maximal score of 40 ) and 13.2 ( maximal score of 42 ) , respectively , both of which exceed scores in age-matched normative control data . Using multivariable analysis , participants in the intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in scores on the PSS ( - 3.44 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] - 6.20 to - 0.68 ; p < 0.05 ) and the anxiety component of the DASS ( - 2.82 , 95 % CI - 4.99 to - 0.64 ; p < 0.05 ) . A borderline significant effect was demonstrated on the stress component of the DASS ( - 3.69 , 95 % CI - 7.38 to 0.01 ; p = 0.05 ) . Follow-up at 8 weeks post-trial revealed that the effect was maintained . CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness practice reduced stress and anxiety in senior medical students . Stress is prevalent in medical students and can have adverse effects on both student health and patients . A simple , self-administered , evidence -based intervention now exists to manage stress in this at-risk population and should be widely utilised Background : Medical students confront significant academic , psychosocial , and existential stressors throughout their training . Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) is an educational intervention design ed to improve coping skills and reduce emotional distress . Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the MBSR intervention in a prospect i ve , nonr and omized , cohort-controlled study . Methods : Second-year students ( n = 140 ) elected to participate in a 10-week MBSR seminar .  Controls ( n = 162 ) participated in a didactic seminar on complementary medicine .  Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) was administered preintervention and postintervention . Results : Baseline total mood disturbance ( TMD ) was greater in the MBSR group compared with controls ( 38.7 ±33.3 vs. 28.0 ±31.2 ; p < . 01 ) . Despite this initial difference , the MBSR group scored significantly lower in TMD at the completion of the intervention period ( 31.8 ±33.8 vs. 38.6 ±32.8 ; p < . 05 ) . Significant effects were also observed on Tension-Anxiety , Confusion-Bewilderment , Fatigue-Inertia , and Vigor-Activity subscales . Conclusion : MBSR may be an effective stress management intervention for medical students Psychotherapeutic interventions containing training in mindfulness meditation have been shown to help participants with a variety of somatic and psychological conditions .  Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) is a meditation-based psychotherapeutic intervention design ed to help reduce the risk of relapse of recurrent depression . There is encouraging early evidence from multi-centre r and omized controlled trials . However , little is known of the process by which MBCT may bring therapeutic benefits . This study set out to explore participants ' accounts of MBCT in the mental-health context . Seven participants were interviewed in two phases . Interview data from four participants were obtained in the weeks following MBCT . Grounded theory techniques were used to identify several categories that combine to describe the ways in which mental-health difficulties arose as well as their experiences of MBCT .  Three further participants who have continued to practise MBCT  were interviewed so as to further vali date , eluci date and extend these categories . The theory suggested that the preconceptions and expectations of therapy are important influences on later experiences of MBCT . Important areas of therapeutic change ( ' coming to terms ' ) were identified , including the development of mindfulness skills , an attitude of acceptance and ' living in the moment ' . The development of mindfulness skills was seen to hold a key role in the development of change . Generalization of these skills to everyday life was seen as important , and several ways in which this happened , including the use of breathing spaces , were discussed . The study emphasized the role of continued skills practice for participants ' therapeutic gains . In addition , several of the concepts and categories offered support to cognitive accounts of mood disorder and the role of MBCT in reducing relapse BACKGROUND The Cochrane Collaboration is strongly encouraging the use of a newly developed tool , the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool ( CCRBT ) , for all review groups . However , the psychometric properties of this tool to date have yet to be described . Thus , the objective of this study was to add information about psychometric properties of the CCRBT including inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity , in comparison with the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool ( EPHPP ) . METHODS Both tools were used to assess the method ological quality of 20 r and omized controlled trials included in our systematic review of the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions  to improve the management of cancer pain . Each study assessment was completed independently by two review ers using each tool . We analysed the inter-rater reliability of each tool 's individual domains , as well as final grade assigned to each study . RESULTS The EPHPP had fair inter-rater agreement for individual domains and excellent agreement for the final grade . In contrast , the CCRBT had slight inter-rater agreement for individual domains and fair inter-rater agreement for final grade . Of interest , no agreement between the two tools was evident in their final grade assigned to each study . Although both tools were developed to assess ' quality of the evidence ' , they appear to measure different constructs . CONCLUSIONS Both tools performed quite differently when evaluating the risk of bias or method ological quality of studies in knowledge translation interventions for cancer pain . The newly introduced CCRBT assigned these studies a higher risk of bias . Its psychometric properties need to be more thoroughly vali date d , in a range of research fields , to underst and fully how to interpret results from its application 
    Output:
    
Half of studies review ed included predominantly female sample s. CONCLUSIONS Mixed evidence was found for the use of MBIs for reducing psychological distress in undergraduate medical students .