***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aim : To confirm the efficacy of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) by testing the hypothesis that glycosylated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) reduction with vildagliptin is superior to that with voglibose after 12 weeks of treatment . Methods : In this 12-week , r and omized , double-blind , active-controlled , parallel-group study , the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin ( 50 mg bid , n = 188 ) was compared with that of voglibose ( 0.2 mg tid , n = 192 ) in patients with T2D who were inadequately controlled with diet and exercise . Results : The characteristics of two groups were well matched at baseline . The mean age , body mass index ( BMI ) and HbA1c were 59.1 years , 24.9 kg/m2 and 7.6 % , respectively . At baseline , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) and 2-h postpr and ial glucose ( PPG ) were 9.01 mmol/l ( 162.2 mg/dl ) and 13.57 mmol/l ( 244.3 mg/dl ) , respectively . The adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline to endpoint was −0.95 ± 0.04 % in the vildagliptin-treated patients and −0.38 ± 0.04 % in those receiving voglibose ( between-group change = 0.57 ± 0.06 % , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ( −0.68 to −0.46 % ) , p < 0.001 ) , showing that vildagliptin was superior to voglibose . Endpoint HbA1c ≤ 6.5 % was achieved in 51 % vildagliptin-treated patients compared with 24 % patients who were on voglibose ( p < 0.001 ) . Vildagliptin also exhibited significantly ( p < 0.001 ) greater reduction compared with voglibose in both FPG [ 1.34 vs. 0.43 mmol/l ( 24.1 vs. 7.8 mg/dl ) ] and 2-h PPG [ 2.86 vs. 1.1 mmol/l ( 51.5 vs. 19.8 mg/dl ) ] . Overall adverse events ( AEs ) were lower in the vildagliptin-treated patients compared with that in the voglibose-treated patients ( 61.2 vs. 71.4 % ) , with no incidence of hypoglycaemia and serious adverse events with vildagliptin . Gastrointestinal AEs were significantly lower with vildagliptin compared with that of the voglibose ( 18.6 vs. 32.8 % ; p = 0.002 ) . Conclusions : Vildagliptin ( 50 mg bid ) showed superior efficacy and better tolerability compared with voglibose in Japanese patients with T2D Background New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation ( NODAT ) , a frequent and serious complication after transplantation , is associated with decreased graft and patient survival . Currently , it is diagnosed and treated primarily according to existing guidelines for type II diabetes . To date , only a few trials have studied antidiabetic drugs in patients with NODAT .  Vildagliptin is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 ( DPP-4 ) inhibitor that improves pancreatic islet function by enhancing both α- and β-cell responsiveness to increased blood glucose . Experimental data show potential protective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on islet function after exogenous stress stimuli including immunosuppressants . Therefore , the therapy of NODAT with this class of compounds seems attractive . At present , vildagliptin is used to treat type II diabetes as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs , since that it efficiently decreases glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) values . Additionally , vildagliptin has been shown to be safe in patients with moderately impaired kidney function . This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of vildagliptin monotherapy in renal transplant recipients with recently diagnosed NODAT . Methods / Design This study is a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , prospect i ve phase II trial . Using the results of routinely performed oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) in stable renal transplant patients at our center , we will recruit patients without a history of diabetes and a 2 h glucose value surpassing 200 mg/dl ( 11.1 mmol/l ) . They are r and omized to receive either 50 mg vildagliptin or placebo once daily . A total of 32 patients with newly diagnosed NODAT will be included . The primary endpoint is the difference in the 2 h glucose value between baseline and the repeated OGTT performed 3 months after treatment start , compared between the vildagliptin- and the placebo-group . Secondary endpoints include changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) . The safety of vildagliptin in renal transplant patients will be assessed by the number of symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes ( glucose < 72 mg/dl or 4 mmol/l ) , the number of adverse events , and possible medication-associated side-effects . Discussion NODAT is a severe complication after kidney transplantation . Few trials have assessed the safety and efficacy of antidiabetic drugs for these patients . The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of vildagliptin in renal transplant patients with NODAT.Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov UNLABELLED Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enhances the activity of incretin hormones , improving glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes . This twelve-week r and omized , double-masked , placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the specific and potent oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor , vildagliptin ( 25 mg , bid , n=70 ) VS . placebo ( bid , n=28 ) in previously diet-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes . St and ardized meal tests were performed at baseline and endpoint . The between-group difference in adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline to endpoint was - 0.6 + /- 0.2 % ( p=0.0012 ) for the whole cohort ( baseline 8.0 % ) and -1.2 % for subjects with baseline HbA1c 8.0 - 9.5 % . Fasting glucose and mean pr and ial glucose were reduced by 1.1 + /- 0.4 ( p=0.0043 ) and 1.9 + /- 0.5 mmol/l ( p < 0.0001 ) , respectively . The between-group differences in corrected insulin response at peak glucose and mean pr and ial C-peptide were + 0.06 + /- 0.02 ( p=0.0258 ) and + 0.10 + /- 0.03 nmol/l ( p=0.0031 ) , respectively . Vildagliptin had no effect on fasting lipid levels or body weight . The incidence of adverse events was similar in subjects receiving placebo ( 71.4 % ) and vildagliptin ( 55.7 % ) . CONCLUSION monotherapy with vildagliptin is well tolerated and improves glycemic control in diet-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes . Concomitant improvements in beta-cell function were also observed . Subjects with higher baseline HbA1c levels showed greater response BACKGROUND The cardiovascular safety and efficacy of many current antihyperglycemic agents , including saxagliptin , a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 ( DPP-4 ) inhibitor , are unclear . METHODS We r and omly assigned 16,492 patients with type 2 diabetes who had a history of , or were at risk for , cardiovascular events to receive saxagliptin or placebo and followed them for a median of 2.1 years . Physicians were permitted to adjust other medications , including antihyperglycemic agents . The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death , myocardial infa rct ion , or ischemic stroke . RESULTS A primary end-point event occurred in 613 patients in the saxagliptin group and in 609 patients in the placebo group ( 7.3 % and 7.2 % , respectively , according to 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimates ; hazard ratio with saxagliptin , 1.00 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.89 to 1.12 ; P=0.99 for superiority ; P<0.001 for noninferiority ) ; the results were similar in the " on-treatment " analysis ( hazard ratio , 1.03 ; 95 % CI , 0.91 to 1.17 ) . The major secondary end point of a composite of cardiovascular death , myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , hospitalization for unstable angina , coronary revascularization , or heart failure occurred in 1059 patients in the saxagliptin group and in 1034 patients in the placebo group ( 12.8 % and 12.4 % , respectively , according to 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimates ; hazard ratio , 1.02 ; 95 % CI , 0.94 to 1.11 ; P=0.66 ) . More patients in the saxagliptin group than in the placebo group were hospitalized for heart failure ( 3.5 % vs. 2.8 % ; hazard ratio , 1.27 ; 95 % CI , 1.07 to 1.51 ; P=0.007 ) . Rates of adjudicated cases of acute and chronic pancreatitis were similar in the two groups ( acute pancreatitis , 0.3 % in the saxagliptin group and 0.2 % in the placebo group ; chronic pancreatitis , < 0.1 % and 0.1 % in the two groups , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS DPP-4 inhibition with saxagliptin did not increase or decrease the rate of ischemic events , though the rate of hospitalization for heart failure was increased . Although saxagliptin improves glycemic control , other approaches are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes . ( Funded by AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb ; SAVOR-TIMI 53 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT01107886 . ) New‐onset diabetes after transplantation ( NODAT ) is a serious complication after kidney transplantation , but therapeutic strategies remain underexplored . Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 ( DPP‐4 ) inhibitors selectively foster insulin secretion without inducing hypoglycemia , which might be advantageous in kidney transplant recipients ( KTRs ) with NODAT . We conducted a r and omized , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled , phase II trial to assess safety and efficacy of the DPP‐4 inhibitor vildagliptin . Intraindividual differences in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)‐derived 2‐h plasma glucose ( 2HPG ) from baseline to 3 months after treatment served as primary endpoint . Among secondary outcomes , we evaluated HbA1c , metabolic and safety parameters , as well as OGTTs at 1 month after drug discontinuation . Of 509 stable KTRs who were screened in our outpatient clinic , 63 ( 12.4 % ) had 2HPG ≥200 mg/dL , 33 of them were r and omized and 32 completed the study . In the vildagliptin  group 2HPG and HbA1c were profoundly reduced in comparison to placebo ( vildagliptin : 2HPG = 182.7 mg/dL , HbA1c = 6.1 % ; placebo : 2HPG = 231.2 mg/dL , HbA1c = 6.5 % ; both p ≤ 0.05 ) , and statistical significance was achieved for the primary endpoint ( vildagliptin : 2HPG‐difference −73.7 ± 51.3 mg/dL ; placebo : −5.7 ± 41.4 mg/dL ; p < 0.01 ) . Adverse events were generally mild and occurred at similar rates in both groups . In conclusion , DPP‐4 inhibition in KTRs with overt NODAT was safe and efficient , providing a novel treatment alternative for this specific form of diabetes Context : Although dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors exert their major action via an incretin mechanism , a favorable effect of vildagliptin on lipid metabolism remains unexplained . Objective : The objective was to examine hepatic triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity on vildagliptin . Design : This was a 6-month , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Setting : This was an outpatient study at a university clinical research center . Patients : Individuals with type 2 diabetes ( n = 44 ) and glycated hemoglobin ≤7.6 % on stable metformin therapy were included . Intervention : Intervention was vildagliptin 50 mg twice a day or placebo over 6 months . Main Outcome Measures : Main outcome measures were hepatic triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity . Results : Mean fasting li 
    Output:
    
Vildagliptin is an effective and safe therapeutic option for patients with T2DM , both as monotherapy and as add-on treatment