***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Almost all childhood HIV-1 is now acquired through vertical transmission . Identifying factors that affect the rate of transmission may lead to the initiation of specific preventive strategies . In this study , antibody levels against different neutralizing epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 ( gp120 ) were measured in HIV-1-infected pregnant women that either transmitted HIV-1 to their infants ( 18 women ) or did not ( 29 women ) . Differences in levels of antibodies directed against the monomeric gp120 molecule and against the V3 loop region of gp120 were not significantly different between the two groups studied . However , significant differences were observed in the levels of CD4 binding site antibodies , as determined by the ability of diluted maternal plasma to inhibit binding of the CD4 binding site monoclonal antibody F105 ( mAb F105 ) to monomeric gp120 . In addition , more nontransmitting mothers had low viral load as defined by having two or more negative HIV-1 viral cultures during pregnancy compared with transmitters . This pilot study suggests that in addition to higher viral load , low levels of CD4 binding site antibodies correlate with increased risk of HIV-1 vertical transmission . Passive immunotherapy with broadly neutralizing CD4 binding site antibodies should be considered as a strategy to reduce this risk BACKGROUND The clinical presentation of HIV-1 related diseases could have changed after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment ( HAART ) . We aim ed to assess changes over time in the incidence of ADIs overall and within CD4 lymphocyte count strata , the relationship with treatment and degree of immunodeficiency at diagnosis of ADIs . METHODS We did a prospect i ve observational multicentre study of over 7300 patients in 52 European HIV-1 outpatient clinics . Incidence rates per 100 patient-years of observation were calculated . FINDINGS In total , we recorded 1667 new ADIs ; the incidence of ADIs declined from 30.7 per 100 patient-years of observation during 1994 ( 95 % CI 28.0 - 33.4 ) to 2.5 per 100 patient-years of observation during 1998 ( 95 % CI 2.0 - 3.0 , p<0.0001 , test for trend ) . Median CD4 lymphocyte count at diagnosis of a new ADI increased from 28 cells/microL to 125 cells/microL between 1994 and 1998 ( p<0.0001 ) , yet a steep decline in the rate of ADIs was seen after stratification by latest CD4 lymphocyte count within each year ( < or = 50 , 51 - 200 , and > 200 cells/microL ) . Patients on HAART had a lower rate of ADIs than patients not on this treatment within each CD4 lymphocyte count strata . The proportion of ADIs attributable to cytomegalovirus retinitis and Mycobacterium avium complex declined over time ( p=0.0058 and 0.0022 , respectively ) , whereas the proportion of diagnoses attributable to non-Hodgkin lymphoma has increased ( p<0.0001 ) . In 1994 , less than 4 % of ADIs were non-Hodgkin lymphoma , in 1998 the proportion was almost 16 % . This condition has become one of the most common ADIs in patients on HAART . INTERPRETATION Our findings lend support to the idea that treatment regimens can lower the incidence of ADIs . The immediate risk of an ADI for a given CD4 lymphocyte count has declined over time and is lower among patients on HAART . Long-term follow-up of patients on combination treatment is essential to monitor the incidence of new and emerging diagnoses The safety , toxicity , and pharmacokinetics of intrapartum and early newborn nevirapine were evaluated in 17 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women in labor and their newborns . No adverse effects of nevirapine were noted in any study mothers or infants . Following maternal dosing with 200 mg during labor , concentrations exceeding 100 ng/mL ( 10 times the in vitro IC50 ) were achieved in the newborns .  Nevirapine elimination was prolonged in both mothers and infants , with median half-lives ranging from 36.8 to 65.7 h. Administration of 200 mg orally to the mothers in labor and of a single 2-mg/kg oral dose to the infants at 48 - 72 h after birth maintained serum concentrations in the infants > 100 ng/mL through 7 days of life BACKGROUND The ORACLE II trial compared the use of erythromycin and /or amoxicillin-clavulanate ( co-amoxiclav ) with that of placebo for women in spontaneous preterm labour and intact membranes , without overt signs of clinical infection , by use of a factorial r and omised design . The aim of the present study --the ORACLE Children Study II -- was to determine the long-term effects on children after exposure to antibiotics in this clinical situation . METHODS We assessed children at age 7 years born to the 4221 women who had completed the ORACLE II study and who were eligible for follow-up with a structured parental question naire to assess the child 's health status . Functional impairment was defined as the presence of any level of functional impairment ( severe , moderate , or mild ) derived from the mark III Multi-Attribute Health Status classification system . Educational outcomes were assessed with national curriculum test results for children resident in Engl and . FINDINGS Outcome was determined for 3196 ( 71 % ) eligible children . Overall , a greater proportion of children whose mothers had been prescribed erythromycin , with or without co-amoxiclav , had any functional impairment than did those whose mothers had received no erythromycin ( 658 [ 42.3 % ] of 1554 children vs 574 [ 38.3 % ] of 1498 ; odds ratio 1.18 , 95 % CI 1.02 - 1.37 ) . Co-amoxiclav ( with or without erythromycin ) had no effect on the proportion of children with any functional impairment , compared with receipt of no co-amoxiclav ( 624 [ 40.7 % ] of 1523 vs 608 [ 40.0 % ] of 1520 ; 1.03 , 0.89 - 1.19 ) . No effects were seen with either antibiotic on the number of deaths , other medical conditions , behavioural patterns , or educational attainment . However , more children whose mothers had received erythromycin or co-amoxiclav developed cerebral palsy than did those born to mothers who received no erythromycin or no co-amoxiclav , respectively ( erythromycin : 53 [ 3.3 % ] of 1611 vs 27 [ 1.7 % ] of 1562 , 1.93 , 1.21 - 3.09 ; co-amoxiclav : 50 [ 3.2 % ] of 1587 vs 30 [ 1.9 % ] of 1586 , 1.69 , 1.07 - 2.67 ) . The number needed to harm with erythromycin was 64 ( 95 % CI 37 - 209 ) and with co-amoxiclav 79 ( 42 - 591 ) . INTERPRETATION The prescription of erythromycin for women in spontaneous preterm labour with intact membranes was associated with an increase in functional impairment among their children at 7 years of age . The risk of cerebral palsy was increased by either antibiotic , although the overall risk of this condition was low . FUNDING UK Medical Research Council BACKGROUND AND METHODS Maternal-infant transmission is the primary means by which young children become infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV ) . We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of zidovudine in reducing the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission . HIV-infected pregnant women ( 14 to 34 weeks ' gestation ) with CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts above 200 cells per cubic millimeter who had not received antiretroviral therapy during the current pregnancy were enrolled . The zidovudine regimen included antepartum zidovudine ( 100 mg orally five times daily ) , intrapartum zidovudine ( 2 mg per kilogram of body weight given intravenously over one hour , then 1 mg per kilogram per hour until delivery ) , and zidovudine for the newborn ( 2 mg per kilogram orally every six hours for six weeks ) . Infants with at least one positive HIV culture of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were classified as HIV-infected . RESULTS From April 1991 through December 20 , 1993 , the cutoff date for the first interim analysis of efficacy , 477 pregnant women were enrolled ; during the study period , 409 gave birth to 415 live-born infants .  HIV-infection status was known for 363 births ( 180 in the zidovudine group and 183 in the placebo group ) . Thirteen infants in the zidovudine group and 40 in the placebo group were HIV-infected . The proportions infected at 18 months , as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method , were 8.3 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 3.9 to 12.8 percent ) in the zidovudine group and 25.5 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 18.4 to 32.5 percent ) in the placebo group . This corresponds to a 67.5 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 40.7 to 82.1 percent ) relative reduction in the risk of HIV transmission ( Z = 4.03 , P = 0.00006 ) . Minimal short-term toxic effects were observed . The level of hemoglobin at birth in the infants in the zidovudine group was significantly lower than that in the infants in the placebo group . By 12 weeks of age , hemoglobin values in the two groups were similar . CONCLUSIONS In pregnant women with mildly symptomatic HIV disease and no prior treatment with antiretroviral drugs during the pregnancy , a regimen consisting of zidovudine given ante partum and intra partum to the mother and to the newborn for six weeks reduced the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission by approximately two thirds BACKGROUND Peripartum administration of single-dose nevirapine reduces mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) but selects for nevirapine-resistant virus . METHODS In seven African countries , women infected with HIV-1 whose CD4 + T-cell counts were below 200 per cubic millimeter and who either had or had not taken single-dose nevirapine at least 6 months before enrollment were r and omly assigned to receive antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir – emtricitabine plus nevirapine or tenofovir-emtricitabine plus lopinavir boosted by a low dose of ritonavir . The primary end point was the time to confirmed virologic failure or death . RESULTS A total of 241 women who had been exposed to single-dose nevirapine began the study treatments ( 121 received nevirapine and 120 received ritonavir-boosted lopinavir ) . Significantly more women in the nevirapine group reached the primary end point than in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group ( 26 % vs. 8 % ) ( adjusted P=0.001 ) . Virologic failure occurred in 37 ( 28 in the nevirapine group and 9 in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group ) , and 5 died without prior virologic failure ( 4 in the nevirapine group and 1 in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group ) . The group differences appeared to decrease as the interval between single-dose nevirapine exposure and the start of antiretroviral therapy increased . Retrospective bulk sequencing of baseline plasma sample s showed nevirapine resistance in 33 of 239 women tested ( 14 % ) . Among 500 women without prior exposure to single-dose nevirapine , 34 of 249 in the nevirapine group ( 14 % ) and 36 of 251 in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group ( 14 % ) had virologic failure or died . CONCLUSIONS In women with prior exposure to peripartum single-dose nevirapine ( but not in those without prior exposure ) , ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus tenofovir – emtricitabine was superior to nevirapine plus tenofovir – emtricitabine for initial antiretroviral therapy . ( Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Research Center ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00089505 . ) CONTEXT Underst and ing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) transmission through breastfeeding is essential for advising HIV-infected moth 
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The ' Thai CDC regimen ' compared with the ' HIVNET 012 regimen ' did not result in a significant difference in HIV infection at 4 to 8 weeks .