***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: INTRODUCTION Our goal was to investigate whether ambulatory smoking cessation among patients in a cardiologic department would ( 1 ) reduce the number of smokers by at least 25 % after 12 months compared to a control group and ( 2 ) influence whether the individual patient was readmitted to hospital . We used a r and omised , controlled , prospect i ve intervention project design . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Everyone hospitalised during the project period was screened . Those who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion were r and omised for inclusion in either the intervention group or the  control group . Both groups were given the department 's smoking cessation information . In addition , the intervention group attended five ambulatory smoking cessation intervention sessions . Each patient 's smoking status was registered after 12 months . chi2-test and logistic regression analysis were used to test differences , associations and control of confounders . RESULTS In all , 3,982 patients were screened , 29.5 % of whom were smokers . The study included 105 patients : 54 in the intervention group and 51 in the control group . After 12 months , 52 % of those in the intervention group compared to 39 % in the control group had become non-smokers , which was non-significant ( p = 0,14 ) . Ischemic heart disease ( IHS ) was significantly associated with smoking cessation . After adjustment for this confounder , the result was enhanced ( p = 0,06 ) . Readmission to hospital was not affected by smoking cessation ( p = 0,73 ) . DISCUSSION Ambulatory smoking cessation intervention had no significant effect on smoking cessation on an unselected group of patients in a cardiologic hospital department . The project does indicate that ambulatory smoking cessation interventions could have an effect on patients with IHS BACKGROUND This study examined the 1-year effects of a minimal-contact smoking cessation intervention for cardiac in patients . METHODS The multicenter study included cardiac in patients who had smoked prior to hospitalization . A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used . Patients ' experimental condition depended on the hospital they were assigned to . The design was partially r and omized : 4 of the 11 hospitals selected the experimental condition themselves ( 2 experimental , 2 control ) , while the remaining 7 hospitals were r and omly assigned . The experimental group consisted of patients of 5 hospitals ( N = 388 ) . Patients of 6 other hospitals served as the control group ( N = 401 ) . The intervention included stop-smoking advice by the cardiologist , brief counseling by the nurse , the provision of self-help material s , and aftercare by the cardiologist . RESULTS Logistic regression analyses controlling for baseline differences and covariates did not show significant intervention effects on point prevalence and continuous abstinence . The study also showed that the outcomes were not significantly related to the way hospitals were assigned to the experimental condition . CONCLUSIONS While short-term effects were found , the minimal-contact intervention did not result in significant effects after 12 months , at least if patients lost to follow-up were treated as posttest smokers . Efforts should be made to improve the intervention , especially the aftercare Background : Guidelines recommend that smoking cessation interventions are offered in all clinical setting s to all smokers willing to make a quit attempt . Since the effectiveness of routine provision of behavioural counselling and nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) to smokers admitted to hospital has not been established , a r and omised controlled trial of these interventions given together compared with counselling alone or minimal intervention was performed in hospital in patients . Methods : Medical and surgical in patients who were current smokers at the time of admission were r and omised to receive either usual care ( no additional advice at admission ) , counselling alone ( 20 minute intervention with written material s ) , or NRT plus counselling ( counselling intervention with a 6 week course of NRT ) .  Continuous and point prevalence abstinence from smoking ( vali date d by exhaled carbon monoxide < 10 ppm ) was measured at discharge from hospital and at 3 and 12 months , and self-reported reduction in cigarette consumption in smokers was assessed at 3 and 12 months . Results : 274 inpatient smokers were enrolled .  Abstinence was higher in the NRT plus counselling group ( n=91 ) than in the counselling alone ( n=91 ) or usual care ( n=92 ) groups . The difference between the groups was significant for vali date d point prevalence abstinence at discharge ( 55 % , 43 % , 37 % respectively , p=0.045 ) and at 12 months ( 17 % , 6 % , 8 % , p=0.03 ) . The respective differences in continuous vali date d abstinence at 12 months were 11 % , 4 % , 8 % ( p=0.25 ) . There was no significant difference between counselling alone and usual care , or in reduction in cigarette consumption between the treatment groups . Conclusions : NRT given with brief counselling to hospital in patients is an effective routine smoking cessation intervention BACKGROUND Cessation rates in smokers attending special clinics or their General Practitioners can be increased by transdermal nicotine ( TNS ) . This study assesses the efficacy of TNS as an adjunct to advice and support in helping patients attending hospital with smoking-related diseases to stop smoking . METHODS In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized manner , 234 in patients and out patients with smoking-related respiratory or cardiovascular disease , aged 18 - 75 years , who were willing to try to stop smoking , were advised by their hospital doctor to stop smoking . This was reinforced by repeated advice and encouragement from the Smoking Cessation Counsellor initially and at 2 , 4 , 8 and 12 weeks , supplemented by a 24 h patch in adjusted doses over that period . Those not smoking at 12 weeks were followed up at 26 and 52 weeks . Self-reported complete abstinence from 12 to 52 weeks was vali date d by expired air carbon monoxide measurement at 12 , 26 and 52 weeks . RESULTS Twenty-four ( 21 % ) of 115 TNS patients were verified as non-smokers at 12 , 26 and 52 weeks and cl aim ed continued abstinence , compared with 17 ( 14 % ) of 119 in the placebo ( P ) group ( P = 0 center dot 15 ) -5 % confidence limits for odds ratio of abstinence on TNS compared to P : 0 center dot 83 , 3 center dot 37 . Cessation was related to increasing age ( P = 0 center dot 02 ) and lower Fagerstrom score ( P = 0 center dot 05 ) . Minor skin reactions were more frequent in the TNS group ( 47 % TNS ; 34 % P ) , as was nausea ( 12 % TNS ; 3 % P ) . Severe skin reactions were rare ( 5 % TNS ; 4 % P ) . CONCLUSION The suggestion that TNS produces an increase of 50 % in relative terms ( 7 % absolute increase ) in smoking cessation over placebo in this population of hospital patients is sufficiently strong to warrant a further study large enough to answer whether or not this result was due to chance Many patients attempt to stop smoking during hospitalization , but most relapse after discharge . This study developed and evaluated a brief smoking-cessation and relapse-prevention program for hospitalized smokers . All hospitalized smokers ( n=1,119 ) were identified by question naire at hospital admission and then received either usual care or usual care plus a hospital-based smoking- cessation intervention regardless of interest in stopping smoking . Intervention components included a 20-minute bedside counseling session , a 12-minute videotape , a variety of self-help material s , and a follow-up telephone call . Special attention was given to techniques for preventing relapse after hospital discharge . Defining ex-smokers as those who reported no tobacco use at both 3- and 12-month follow-up assessment s , and counting those lost to follow-up as smokers , the intervention increased the proportion of patients who quit smoking by one half ( 9.2%vs 13.5 % , P<0.05 ) . These results demonstrate the efficacy of a brief in-hospital intervention and suggest that relapse-prevention efforts are needed to convert temporary cessation during hospitalization into longterm abstinence This study reports on the effectiveness of a nurse case-managed smoking cessation program for general hospitalized patients that was continued for 3 years after clinical trials were completed . Patients admitted to the hospital who smoked were offered a smoking cessation program during their hospitalization . The program included physician advice , bedside education and counseling with a nurse specially trained in smoking cessation techniques , take-home material s ( videotape , workbook , and relaxation audiotape ) , nicotine replacement therapy if requested or indicated , and four nurse-initiated post-discharge telephone counseling calls . Of the 2091 patients identified as smokers , 52 % enrolled in the program , 18 % wanted to quit on their own , 20 % did not want to quit , and 10 % were ineligible . The 12-month self-reported cessation rate ( 7-day point prevalence ) was 35 % if patients lost to follow-up were considered smokers , 49 % if not . Patients hospitalized for cancer , cardiovascular , or pulmonary reasons were most likely to participate and had the highest self-reported cessation rates ( 63 % , 57 % , and 46 % , respectively ) . This nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention  was effective when it was put into st and ard hospital practice outside of its originating r and omized clinical trial structure . The program , relatively inexpensive to deliver , appears to be acceptable to the majority of smokers who are hospitalized , result ed in high 1-year cessation rates , and can be extended to hospital employees and their families , work-sites , and communities on a cost-recovery basis Hospital  patients with smoking-related diseases rarely heed medical advice to stop smoking even when this advice is reinforced with nicotine gum and written material ( 1,2 ) , the exception being those with acute myocardial infa rct ion ( 3,4 ) . In contrast , success rates with advice , nicotine gum and specialized support sessions in smoking cessation clinics range from 38 % in healthy clients ( 5 ) to 29 % in a mixed group of clients and patients ( 6 ) . In our study the ' stop smoking ' advice of the physician was reinforced by advice/support from a research assistant ( SB ) and by nicotine ( N ) or placebo ( P ) chewing gum PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a  smoking cessation intervention for  hospitalized patients , implemented by regular staff and incorporated into their routine care of patients . METHODS The intervention was conducted in one experimental hospital and in two control hospitals . RESULTS One year after discharge , 15 % of smokers  became non-smokers in the experimental hospital versus 8 % in the control hospitals . This difference is not statistically significant ( p = 0.08 ) , however a small sample in the control hospitals had an influence on the statistical power . A logistic regression highlights program participation as the only variable predictive of a non-smoker status one year after discharge , considering both types of hospitals ( experimental and control ) . CONCLUSIONS Establishing relevancy of smoking cessation intervention for hospitalized patients is probably no longer needed . But research should be carried on towards finding better ways to convince the staff to intervene , towards establishing relevancy for specialized staff and defining intensity of required interventions before and after hospitalization Background Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , and quitting is highly beneficial . Yet , less than 30 % of CVD patients stop smoking . Relapse-prevention strategies seem most effective when initiated during the exacerbation of the disease . Objective A nurse-delivered inpatient smoking cessation program based on the Transtheoretical Model with telephone follow-up tailored to levels of readiness to quit smoking was evaluated on smoking abstinence and progress to ulterior stages of change . Method Participants ( N = 168 ) were r and omly assigned by cohorts to inpatient counseling with telephone follow-up , inpatient counseling , and usual care . The inpatient intervention consisted of a 1-hr counseling session , and the telephone follow-up included 6 calls during the first 2 months after discharge . The nursing intervention was tailored to the individual 's stage of change . End points at 2 and 6 months included actual and continuous smoking cessation rates ( biochemical markers ) and increased motivation ( progress to ulterior stages of change ) . Results Assuming that surviving patients lost to follow-up were smokers , the 6-month smoking abstinence rate was 41.5 % in the inpatient counseling with telephone follow-up group , compared with 30.2 % and 20 % in the inpatient counseling and usual care groups , respectively ( p = .05 ) . Progress to ulterior stages of change was 43.3 % , 32.1 % , and 18.2 % , respectively ( p = .02 ) . Stage of change at baseline and intervention predicted smoking status at 6 months . Discussion This tailored smoking cessation program with telephone follow-up significantly increased smoking cessation at 6 months , and progression to ulterior stages of change . The telephone follow-up was an important adjunct . It is , therefore , recommended to include such comprehensive smoking cessation programs within hospital setting s for individuals with CVD Abstract Objective : To evaluate a  smoking cess 
    Output:
    
Counseling was effective when offered to all hospitalized smokers and to the subset admitted for cardiovascular disease .
Offering smoking cessation counseling to all hospitalized smokers is effective as long as supportive contacts continue for more than 1 month after discharge .
Adding nicotine replacement therapy to counseling may further increase smoking cessation rates and should be offered when clinical ly indicated , especially to hospitalized smokers with nicotine withdrawal symptoms