***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION The purpose s of the study were to evaluate the immediate damage to roots and periodontal structures after initial  miniscrew implant ( MSI ) placement and the short- and long-term damage after MSIs were left in situ . METHODS The roots of the maxillary second , third , and fourth premolars of 7 mature beagle dogs were r and omly assigned to undergo immediate , short-term ( left for 6 weeks ) , or long-term ( left for 12 weeks ) damage . Intentional damage was inflicted with self-tapping screws ( 1.8 x 8 mm ) placed with a stent . Alternating tetracycline and calcein labels were administered at 6-week intervals . Undecalcified sections were stained and evaluated histologically to determine the extent of damage ; healing was evaluated by using fluorescence labels . RESULTS Histology showed damage to 73.8 % of the teeth , ranging from displacement of bone into the periodontal ligament to invasion of the pulp chamber . Displacement of bone into the periodontal ligament and direct damage to the periodontal ligament occurred in 3 ( 7.2 % ) instances . Damage was isolated to the cementum of 8 ( 19.0 % ) teeth , whereas damage occurred in the dentin of 11 ( 26.2 % ) teeth . Loss of bone in the furcation was evident in 3 ( 7.2 % ) teeth , and severe damage into the pulp occurred in 6 ( 14.2 % ) teeth . No differences in the amounts of damage were evident between the immediate , short- , and long-term groups . Healing often occurred with cementum around the unloaded MSIs . CONCLUSIONS Extensive damage can be caused by MSIs , with little to no differences evident over time . Unloaded MSIs that remain in contact with roots of teeth can show varying degrees of healing PURPOSE The aim of this prospect i ve clinical study was to assess the risk factors associated with failure of  mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 140 mini-implants in 44 patients , including 48 miniplates and 92 freest and ing miniscrews , were examined in the study . A variety of orthodontic loads were applied . The majority of implants were placed in the posterior maxilla ( 104/140 ) , and the next most common location was the posterior m and ible ( 34/140 ) . RESULTS A cumulative survival rate of 89 % ( 125/140 ) was found by Kaplan-Meier analysis . There was no significant difference in the survival rate between miniplates and freest and ing miniscrews , but miniplates were used in more hazardous situations . The Cox proportional-hazards regression model identified anatomic location and peri-implant soft tissue character as 2 independent prognostic indicators . The estimated relative risk of implant failure in the posterior m and ible was 1.101 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.942 to 1.301 ; P = .046 ) . The risk ratio of failure for implants surrounded by nonkeratinized mucosa was 1.117 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.899 to 1.405 ; P = .026 ) . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results confirmed the effectiveness of orthodontic mini-implants , but in certain situations adjustment of the treatment plan or modifications in the technique of implant placement may lead to improved success rates INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the diameter and shape of  orthodontic mini-implants ( OMIs )  on microdamage to the cortical bone during implant placement . METHODS Twenty-eight self-drilling OMIs  ( Bio material s Korea , Seoul , Korea ; length , 6 mm ; diameters , 1.5 and 2 mm ; cylindrical and tapered shapes ; classified as 1.5C , 2C , 1.5 T , and 2 T ) were placed with a surgical device in the tibias of 7 New Zeal and white rabbits ( mature males ; mean age , 6 months ; mean weight , 3.1 kg ) . Four OMIs of each type per rabbit were placed r and omly . Maximum insertion torque ( MIT ) was measured . Immediately after placement of the OMIs , the block of bone with the OMI was harvested . Cortical bone thickness was measured by using microcomputed tomography , and histomorphometric analyses of the number of cracks ( NC ) , accumulated crack length ( ACL ) , maximum radius of the crack ( MRC ) , and longest crack ( LC ) were performed . Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests with the Bonferroni adjustment were done for statistical analyses . RESULTS Increased diameter ( 1.5C<2C and 1.5T<2 T ) and tapering ( 1.5C<2 T ) result ed in increased values of MIT , NC , and LC ( P < 0.01 , respectively ) . Similarly , with increased diameters ( 1.5C and 1.5T<2C and 2 T ) , there were increases of ACL and MRC ( P < 0.001 , respectively ) . However , there were no differences in the values of MIT , NC , ACL , MRC , and LC between the cylindrical and tapered OMIs with the same diameters ( 1.5C and 1.5 T , 2C and 2 T ) . CONCLUSIONS OMIs with larger diameters and tapered shapes caused greater microdamage to the cortical bone ; this might affect bone remodeling and the stability of the OMIs PURPOSE This study evaluated the survival parameters of  single-tooth implants  through clinical and radiographic analysis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Implants were restored within a 24-hour period with a provisional crown design ed to receive an occlusal masticatory load . This approach was compared to implants restored after a healing period ( the control group ) . Forty-six implants were placed in 23 patients who were each treated with 2 Frialit-2 implants placed in sites between the second premolar in the maxilla or m and ible . The manufacturer 's recommended formal surgical procedure was followed , and primary stability was st and ardized with a minimum insertion torque of 20 Ncm . The sites were r and omly selected , and the clinical and radiographic parameters were st and ardized with individual templates . RESULTS Data were collected at 24 h , and at 1 , 3 , 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months . The experimental group included 10 failed implants ; 9 of the failed implants had been placed with an insertion torque of 20 Ncm . One implant from the control group failed during the 24-month follow-up period . The survival rate was independent of implant length , site position , and bone quality and quantity . Relative risk for implant failure was associated with insertion torque ( relative risk 0.79 [ CI : 0.66 - 0.930 ] ; Cox regression ) ( P < or = .007 ) , in the experimental group but was not significant for those in the control group ( ie , implants placed after a healing period ; relative risk 0.78 [ CI : 0.34 - 1.78 ] ; Cox regression ) ( P < or = .057 ) . To achieve osseointegration , it was found that an insertion torque above 32 Ncm was necessary ( chi2= 15.68 ; P < or = .004 ) . DISCUSSION A careful evaluation is necessary for a better underst and ing of the survival rates of immediately loaded implants . In this study , insertion torque was associated with the potential for risk , which can be decreased by 20 % per 9.8 Ncm added . CONCLUSION Given these results , and considering the number of patients treated , immediate provisional crowns should only be proposed with early loading if an appropriate initial insertion torque has been applied INTRODUCTION We compared the stability of  3- and 6-mm long miniscrew implants ( MSIs )  loaded with orthopedic force levels . METHODS Using a split-mouth experimental design , we placed MSIs into the jaws of 5 mature beagle dogs and immediately loaded them for 6 weeks . Continuous forces were applied by reciprocally loading pairs of MSIs with nickel-titanium coil springs . The m and ibles had the 3-mm MSIs r and omly loaded with forces of 600 or 900 g. In the maxilla , the 3- and 6-mm MSIs were r and omly assigned and loaded with 600 g of force . An unloaded , control MSI was placed in each quadrant . Overall success was defined as MSIs that remained intact ; net success rates excluded MSIs that had sheared off and all implants placed in a dog that frequently chewed his run bars and food bowl . RESULTS The overall success rates of the loaded and the control 6-mm MSIs were 100 % . Overall and net success rates for the 3-mm experimental MSIs were 66.7 % and 95.2 % , respectively . Similarly , the overall and net success rates of the 3-mm control MSIs were 66.7 % and 81.8 % , respectively . The overall success rates of the 3-mm m and ibular MSIs loaded with 900 and 600 g of force were both 60 % ; their net success rates were 100 % with 900 g and 85.7 % with 600 g. Overall success rates of the 3-mm experimental MSIs in the maxilla and the m and ible were 80 % and 60 % , repectively . The net success rates were 100 % ( maxilla ) and 85.7 % ( m and ible ) . There were no significant ( P > 0.05 ) differences in stability associated with force or location . The loaded 3- and 6-mm MSI pairs demonstrated significant decreases in interimplant distance , averaging 2.2 and 1.8 mm , respectively ; the 3-mm MSIs loaded with 900 g showed significantly more displacement than those loaded with 600 g. CONCLUSIONS Success rates of immediately loaded 3-mm MSIs were significantly lower than those of immediately loaded 6-mm MSIs . Neither force nor location explained differences in the success rates . The linear displacements of the MSIs were associated with load amount rather than implant length Miniscrews have been used in recent years for anchorage in orthodontic treatment . However , it is not clear whether the miniscrews are absolutely stationary or move when force is applied . Sixteen adult patients with miniscrews ( diameter = 2 mm , length = 17 mm ) as the maxillary anchorage were included in this study .  Miniscrews were inserted on the maxillary zygomatic buttress as a direct anchorage for en masse anterior retraction . Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were placed for the retraction 2 weeks after insertion of the miniscrews . Cephalometric radiographs were taken immediately before force application ( T1 ) and 9 months later ( T2 ) . The cephalometric tracings at T1 and T2 were superimposed for the overall best fit on the structures of the maxilla , cranial base , and cranial vault to determine any movement of the miniscrews . The miniscrews were also evaluated clinical ly for their mobility ( 0 : no movement , 1 : < or = 0.5 mm , 2 : 0.5 - 1.0 mm , 3 : > 1.0 mm ) . The mobility of all miniscrews  was 0 at T1 and T2 . On average , the  miniscrews tipped forward significantly , by 0.4 mm at the screw head . The  miniscrews were extruded and tipped forward ( -1.0 to 1.5 mm ) in 7 of the 16 patients .  Miniscrews are a stable anchorage but do not remain absolutely stationary throughout orthodontic loading . They might move according to the orthodontic loading in some patients . To prevent miniscrews hitting any vital organs because of displacement , it is recommended that they be placed in a non-tooth-bearing area that has no foramen , major nerves , or blood vessel pathways , or in a tooth-bearing area allowing 2 mm of safety clearance between the miniscrew and dental root The possibility of using osseointegrated implants for orthodontic anchorage is well known . When absolute orthodontic anchorage is needed , mini-implants can be inserted in the non-alveolar bone area ( e.g. palatal process or retromolar areas of the m and ible ) . However , what happens to these implants at the end of treatment can be a problem as neither trephine explantation nor simply leaving the subgingival part of the implant in the bone permanently are acceptable solutions . In this investigation , 16 Exacta small screw titanium implants  ( Exacta MS series conical profile , with a diameter of 3.3 mm and a length of 7.0 mm ) were used as indirect orthodontic anchorage in 16 adult patients . The site of implant placement was established based on radiological investigations . There were eight palatal and eight retromolar implants inserted in seven males and nine females ( mean age 30.3 years ) . On completion of treatment , the implants were unscrewed to the maximum limits of their removal torque values ( RTVs ) and the obtained data were analysed using a t-test . An in vitro study before the clinical trial was also undertaken to determine the maximum mechanical resistance of the unscrewing system . The clinical procedure and average RTV ( 67.91 + /- 12.47 N/cm ) were considered compatible with safe , non-invasive removal of the implant followed by rapid anatomical reconstruction of the area involved OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the stability and resistance to rotational moments of early loaded s and blasted and acid-etched ( SLA ) mini-implants and those of machined-surface implants of the same size and shape . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized complete block design was used in 12 skeletally mature 
    Output:
    
Currently , no evidence indicates that specific maximum insertion torque levels are associated with higher success rates for orthodontic mini-implants .