***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study sought to compare the respective effects of resistance or aerobic exercise of higher or lower intensities on the acute plasma interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) response in a sedentary , middle-aged , disease-free cohort . Following baseline testing , and in a r and omized cross-over design , 12 sedentary males completed four exercise protocol s , including 40 min of moderate – vigorous ( M-VA ) or low-intensity ( LA ) aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer ; and a moderate – vigorous ( M-VR ) or low-intensity ( LR ) full-body resistance session matched for protocol duration . Venous blood was obtained pre- , post- , 3 h post and 24 h post-exercise and analysed for IL-6 , CRP , leukocyte count , myoglobin , creatine kinase ( CK ) , and cortisol .  Diet and physical activity were st and ardized 24 h before and after exercise . Results indicated an elevated CRP response in the M-VR protocol in comparison to the low-intensity protocol s ( P < 0.05 ) ; however , no changes were evident between the moderate – vigorous intensity protocol s. The moderate – vigorous intensity protocol s induced significant increases of IL-6 , cortisol , and leukocytes in comparison to the low-intensity protocol s ( P < 0.05 ) . However , the IL-6 response showed no significant differences between the moderate – vigorous intensity protocol s , despite the M-VR protocol inducing the largest response of markers indicative of muscle damage ( CK , myoglobin , and neutrophil count ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Hence , indicating a disassociation between the IL-6 response and markers of muscle damage within the respective exercise bouts . The highest IL-6 response was evident in the moderate – vigorous intensity protocol s immediately post-exercise . Moreover , the exercise modality did not seem to influence the acute IL-6 and CRP response , with the main determinant of the IL-6 response being exercise intensity Effects of heavy resistance exercise on serum testosterone and skeletal muscle and rogen receptor ( AR ) concentrations were examined before and after a 21-week resistance training period . Seven healthy untrained young adult men ( YT ) and ten controls ( YC ) as well as ten older men ( OT ) and eight controls ( OC ) volunteered as subjects .  Heavy resistance exercise bouts ( 5 × 10 RM leg presses ) were performed before and after the training period . Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1h and 48 h after the resistance exercise bouts from m.vastus lateralis ( VL ) to determine cross-sectional area of muscle fibers ( fCSA ) and AR mRNA expression and protein concentrations . No changes were observed in YC and OC while resistance training led to significant increases in maximal strength of leg extensors ( 1 RM ) , fCSA and lean body mass in YT and OT . Acute increases occurred in serum testosterone concentrations due to resistance exercises but basal testosterone remained unaltered . Mean AR mRNA expression and protein concentration remained unchanged after heavy resistance exercise bouts compared to pre-values . The individual pre- to post-training changes in resting ( pre-exercise ) AR protein concentration correlated with the changes in fCSA and lean body mass in the combined group of YT and OT . Similarly , it correlated with the changes in 1 RM in YT . Although mean AR expression did not changed due to the resistance exercise training , the present findings suggest that the individual changes of AR protein concentration in skeletal muscle following resistance training may have an impact on training-induced muscular adaptations in both younger and older men CONTEXT The cause of declining testosterone ( T )  in aging men and their relationships with risk factors are unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the relationships between lifestyle and health with reproductive hormones in aging men . DESIGN This was a baseline cross-sectional survey on 3200 community-dwelling men aged 40 - 79 yr from a prospect i ve cohort study in eight European countries . RESULTS Four predictors were associated with distinct modes of altered function : 1 ) age : lower free T ( FT ; -3.12 pmol/liter.yr , P < 0.001 ) with raised LH , suggesting impaired testicular function ; 2 ) obesity : lower total T ( TT ; -2.32 nmol/liter ) and FT ( -17.60 pmol/liter ) for body mass index ( BMI ; > or = 25 to < 30 kg/m(2 ) ) and lower TT ( -5.09 nmol/liter ) and FT ( -53.72 pmol/liter ) for BMI 30 kg/m(2 ) or greater ( P < 0.001 - 0.01 , referent : BMI < 25 kg/m(2 ) ) with unchanged/decreased LH , indicating hypothalamus/pituitary dysfunction ; 3 ) comorbidity : lower TT ( -0.80 nmol/liter , P < 0.01 ) with unchanged LH in younger men but higher LH in older men ; and 4 ) smoking : higher SHBG ( 5.96 nmol/liter , P < 0.001 ) and LH ( 0.77 U/liter , P < 0.01 ) with increased TT ( 1.31 nmol/liter , P < 0.001 ) but not FT , compatible with a re setting of T-LH-negative feedback due to elevated SHBG . CONCLUSIONS Complex multiple alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function exist in aging men against a background of progressive age-related testicular impairment . These changes are differentially linked to specific risk factors . Some risk factors operate independently of but others interact with age , in contributing to the T decline . These potentially modifiable risk factors suggest possible preventative measures to maintain T during aging in men OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that SHBG affects glycemic control , predicts both T2D and metabolic syndrome , and is low in obese subjects . We sought to determine if resistance exercise training ( RT ) can increase sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) and ameliorate levels of related steroid hormones in overweight/obese , sedentary young men . MATERIAL S/ METHODS 36 participants ( BMI 31.4 kg/m(2 ) , age 22 years ) were r and omized into an RT ( 12 weeks of training , 3/week ) or control group ( C , 12 weeks no training ) , and assessed for changes in SHBG , cortisol , testosterone , free testosterone ( FT ) and free and rogen index ( FAI ) . In addition , body composition and oral glucose tolerance testing was performed . RESULTS 12 weeks of RT  increased SHBG ( P=0.01 ) and decreased FAI ( P<0.05 ) and cortisol ( P<0.05 ) compared to C. FT decreased in RT ( P=0.01 ) . Total testosterone did not change in either group . These changes were noted without weight loss , and in concert with increases in lean body mass ( P=0.0002 vs C ) and decreases in glucose area under the curve ( AUC ) ( P=0.004 ) , insulin AUC ( P=0.03 ) , and total ( P=0.002 ) and trunk ( P=0.003 ) fat mass in RT . CONCLUSION In overweight/obese young men , RT increases SHBG and lowers FAI in obese young adult men OBJECTIVES To examine the response of the endocrine system , strength development and muscle circumference to moderate-resistance training in younger and middle-aged men . MATERIAL AND METHODS Two groups of men of similar activity background , but differing in age ( Y : 21.2±2.2years and M : 49.7±2.1years ) participated in an 8-week moderate-resistance training program . Blood sampling was obtained at rest before and after training for analysis of serum testosterone , growth hormone , cortisol and ACTH concentrations . One repetition maximum for the  bench press ( 1RM(BP ) ) and squat ( 1RM(S ) ) ; thigh ( TC ) and arm circumference ( AC ) were also measured . Both groups underwent a 1-h st and ardized moderate-resistance training session ( three series of 8 to 15RM ; nine exercises with 1 - 3min rest between sets ) three times a week for 8weeks . RESULTS Both the Y and M groups gained significant improvements in 1RM(BP ) , 1RM(S ) , TC and AC ( P<0.05 ) . Growth hormone and testosterone concentration increased for both groups , while Y men increased greater than M men in resting posttraining testosterone concentration . With training the Y and M men demonstrated significant decreases in ACTH and cortisol concentrations . CONCLUSION These data indicate moderate-resistance training would lead to gains in maximal strength , muscle circumference and increases anabolic hormone secretion for M men and consequently promoting of health , improve daily life and delay negative effects with aging 
    Output:
    
However , without this endocrinological information , it is unknown if the current acute REx prescriptions are appropriate for eliciting a favorable acute endocrinological response , and ultimately , a positive chronic adaptation in obese males