***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Objective To evaluate the current range of hydrophilic‐coated catheters for intermittent self‐catheterization , focusing on the adherence of the catheter to the urethral mucosa at the end of catheterization OBJECTIVE The frequency of bacteriuria is high in children with neurogenic bladder on intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying . In an effort to decrease bacteriuria , we examined whether the method of catheter care was responsible for the high rate of bacteriuria . For this , the frequency of bacteriuria was examined in the same patient on single-use sterile catheters and on reused clean catheters . METHODS A prospect i ve , r and omized , crossover trial was conducted with 10 patients who were r and omized to 4 months of a new , sterile catheter for intermittent catheterization and 4 months of reuse of a clean catheter for intermittent catheterization .  Each week , a urine sample was collected and symptoms of infection and medication use were recorded . RESULTS A total of 158 urine sample s were collected during 164 patient-weeks on the new catheter method for each void ; 115 ( 73 % ) were positive for a pathogen . Of the 161 sample s collected during 169 patient-weeks on the st and ard , reuse method for voiding , 123 ( 76 % ) were positive ( 115 [ 73 % ] of 158 vs 123 [ 76 % ] of 161 ) . Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen detected during both method periods . CONCLUSION A new , sterile catheter for each void did not decrease the high frequency of bacteriuria in patients with neurogenic bladder on intermittent catheterization PURPOSE We compared a recently developed hydrophilic catheter to the st and ard polyethylene catheter in regard to hematuria , infection and patient satisfaction . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A hydrophilic LoFric or st and ard Mentor catheter was assigned at r and om to 17 and 16 boys , respectively , who were skilled in intermittent self-catheterization . They were evaluated by weekly urinalysis and a question naire . RESULTS Significantly fewer episodes of microscopic hematuria occurred in the LoFric than Mentor catheter group ( 9 episodes in 6 subjects versus 19 episodes in 11 , p < 0.05 ) . There were also fewer episodes of bacteriuria in the LoFric group but the difference was not statistically significant . Mean scores plus or minus st and ard deviation on a visual analogue scale with 0 equal to most and 10 equal to least favorable were LoFric 3.3 + /- 2.8 versus Mentor 4.9 + /- 2.7 for catheter convenience and 2.7 + /- 2.4 versus 4.2 + /- 2.6 for insertion comfort , significantly favoring the LoFric group ( p < 0.05 for both ) . Of the 16 LoFric subjects 13 preferred to continue its use , particularly those with a history of urethral trauma or sphincteric spasm . CONCLUSIONS In boys the LoFric catheter appears to cause less trauma . Although it is not reusable and is more expensive than the st and ard catheter , satisfaction is higher with the LoFric device and for select patients it has significant advantages OBJECTIVES To compare the safety and cost of  clean versus sterile intermittent bladder catheterization in male nursing home residents . To provide evidence to support the hypothesis that intermittent catheterization is a valid , alternative method of bladder management in male residents of long-term care in whom urinary retention is a documented problem . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . SETTING Three long-term care sites having predominantly male population s. PARTICIPANTS Eighty male veterans , residents of three long-term care facilities , ranging in age from 36 to 96 years with a mean age of 72 . INTERVENTIONS St and ardized procedures for clean and sterile intermittent catheterization ( IC ) were implemented by staff nurses at each site . Patients were r and omized into clean and sterile IC groups . Nursing time and catheterization equipment usage were recorded using bar code readers . Clinical data were collected from the medical chart . Treatment of urinary tract infection was prescribed by the medical personnel responsible for each individual resident . MEASUREMENTS We compared the number of treatment episodes for symptomatic bacteriuria between groups r and omized to receive either clean or sterile intermittent catheterization . Laboratory analysis of blood and urine was done on predetermined days . Control variables were research site and patient history of urinary tract infection within the last 6 months . A cost comparison of nursing time and equipment usage for the two catheterization techniques was also performed . RESULTS No significant differences were found between clean and sterile groups with regard to number of treatment episodes , time to first infection , type of organism cultured , or cost of antibiotic treatment . The cost of sterile technique  was considerably higher both in terms of nursing time and supplies . CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study demonstrate that clean technique intermittent catheterization is a safe and cost-effective bladder management technique with male , nursing home residents , despite the frailty of this high risk population . An annual savings of approximately $ 1460 per patient in nursing time and catheterization supplies could be anticipated if a patient were catheterized an average of four times per day substituting clean IC technique for sterile IC technique Monthly urine cultures were analyzed at the University of Alberta Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases to determine whether single-use sterile catheters and clean technique reduced the incidence of bacterial colonization in those using long-term intermittent self-catheterization . Thirty subjects with spina bifida , ages 3 years to 16 years , entered a crossover study with r and om assignment to 6 months of sterile single-use catheters or clean reused catheters .  Seventeen subjects were catheterized by a parent or caregiver ; 13 were responsible for self-catheterization and cleaning of the catheters . Six months of descriptive data were also collected at Alberta Children 's Hospital from a similar group of subjects with spina bifida who used sterile catheters only . In the crossover group , 38 % of all urine cultures were positive regardless of whether sterile single-use or clean reused catheters were employed . The other group using only sterile catheters had a 36 % positive culture rate . No difference in positive cultures was found between males and females or between children who catheterized themselves and children whose parents catheterized them . The authors concluded that plastic urethral catheters may be reused OBJECTIVES To compare the performance of SpeediCath hydrophilic-coated catheters versus uncoated polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) catheters , in traumatic spinal cord injured patients presenting with functional neurogenic bladder-sphincter disorders . METHODS A 1-year , prospect i ve , open , parallel , comparative , r and omised , multi centre study included 123 male patients , > or = 16 y and injured within the last 6 months . Primary endpoints were occurrence of symptomatic urinary tract infection ( UTI ) and hematuria . Secondary endpoints were development of urethral strictures and convenience of use . The main hypothesis was that coated catheters cause fewer complications in terms of symptomatic UTIs and hematuria . RESULTS 57 out of 123 patients completed the 12-month study . Fewer patients using the SpeediCath hydrophilic-coated catheter ( 64 % ) experienced 1 or more UTIs compared to the uncoated PVC catheter group ( 82 % ) ( p = 0.02 ) . Thus , twice as many patients in the SpeediCath group were free of UTI . There was no significant difference in the number of patients experiencing bleeding episodes ( 38/55 SpeediCath ; 32/59 PVC ) and no overall difference in the occurrence of hematuria , leukocyturia and bacteriuria . CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that there is a beneficial effect regarding UTI when using hydrophilic-coated catheters Local reactions of the urethral wall are known to occur by repeated introduction of a catheter in the urethra . Urethritis was found in 2 - 19 % of patients practising intermittent catheterisation . Although the use of catheters of smaller size and the liberal use of lubricants may prevent urethral irritation and trauma , it was postulated that hydrophilic catheters ( LoFric , Astra Tech Ltd , Stroud , Engl and ) induce significantly less trauma than PVC catheters because of the binding of the water molecules to the catheter surface which consists of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium chloride . Although urethritis and urethral stricture may represent one end of the spectrum of repeated urethral trauma , minor degrees of inflammation need to be quantitatively determined while assessing two different catheters for intermittent catheterisation . The degree of urethral inflammation in patients practising intermittent catheterisation was studied by urethral cytology and staining the smear by Papanicolaou 's method . The number of neutrophil polymorphs and epithelial cells in three r and om high power fields in the urethral smear was counted and the percentage ratio of polymorphs to epithelial cells was calculated . Group 1 comprised 14 patients practising intermittent catheterisation with a PVC catheter and group 2 comprised 17 patients performing intermittent catheterisation with a LoFric catheter .  There was no significant difference between the two groups as regards the age , diagnosis , size of the catheter used for intermittent catheterisation and the number of times that they performed catheterisation during a 24 hour period . Urethral cytology revealed a percentage ( mean ratio ) ratio of polymorphs to epithelial cells of 66 in group 1 and 0.04 in group 2 . ( < 0.0005 ) . Urethral cytology also revealed a significantly greater number of bacteria in group 1 as compared to group 2 ( p < 0.01 ) . In conclusion , use of a LoFric catheter for intermittent catheterisation was associated with significantly lesser degree of urethral inflammatory response when compared to the use of a PVC catheter This study was design ed to determine the effect of sterile and nonsterile intermittent catheterization on the incidence of urinary tract infection ( UTI ) in patients after spinal cord injury . The study included 29 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction treated with intermittent catheterization .  One group of 14 patients was on  sterile catheterization ;  another group of 15 patients was on nonsterile catheterization .  On a weekly basis , urine sample s were obtained and analyzed . A total of 122 urine sample s were analyzed . The patients on sterile catheterization had a 28.6 % UTI incidence ; the group using a nonsterile catheterization technique had a UTI incidence of 42.4 % . The most common urinary pathogen in both groups was E. coli ( 65 % ) . The cost of antibiotics  for patients on the sterile catheterization program was only 43 % of the cost of antibiotics for those on the nonsterile program . However , the sterile kits cost 371 % of the cost of the catheterization kits for the patients in the nonsterile program , so the total cost of managing neurogenic bladder on the sterile program was 277 % of the cost of the nonsterile program To evaluate whether patients performing clean intermittent self‐catheterization ( CISC ) for a short period preferred a prelubricated , hydrophilic , disposable polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) catheter or a non‐hydrophilic PVC catheter which could be used several times and that had to be lubricated by the patient PURPOSE We compared the safety and patient acceptance of a conventional Nélaton and a prelubricated nonhydrophilic catheter in 18 spinal cord injured patients on intermittent catheterization . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a prospect i ve crossover study each catheter was used for 7 weeks and the initial course was r and omized . Urinalysis and urine culture were performed at 2 , 4 and 7 weeks . Urethral trauma was evaluated by urethral cell count on the surface of each catheter used on the last day of each study period . Patient satisfaction was assessed at the end of the study by a question naire using multiple visual analog scales . RESULTS Urinary tract infection was identified in 12 and 4 patients on a Nélaton and a prelubricated nonhydrophilic catheter ( p = 0.03 ) , while asymptomatic bacteruria was identified in 18 and 8 ( p = 0.0244 ) , respectively . The mean urethral cell count plus or minus st and ard deviation on the catheter surface was 6.7 + /- 2.8 x 10(4 ) and 15.1 + /- 8.9 x 10(4 ) for the prelubricated nonhydrophilic and the Néelaton catheter , respectively ( p = 0.01 ) . The prelubricated nonhydrophilic catheter result ed in a better mean satisfaction score than the Nélaton catheter ( 2.33 + /- 1.06 versus 4.72 + /- 2.13 , p = 0.022 ) . Urethral bleeding was reported in 2 patients during the study period while using the Nélaton catheter . CONCLUSIONS The prelubricated nonhydrophilic cath 
    Output:
    
There are no definitive studies illustrating that incidence of UTIs is affected by sterile single-use or coated catheters compared to clean reused catheters .