***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate course and outcome of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders prospect ively in clinical ly referred children . METHOD Children were blindly and repeatedly assessed with a structured diagnostic interview over a 3- to 4-year period to determine recovery from anxiety disorder and development of new psychiatric disorders . Both psychopathological ( attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , n = 50 ) and never psychiatrically ill ( NPI , n = 83 ) controls served as comparison groups for children with anxiety disorders ( n = 84 ) . RESULTS The majority of children ( 82 % ) were free from their intake anxiety disorders by the end of the follow-up . Relapse of these anxiety disorders after remission was rare ( 8 % ) . During follow-up , anxious children were more likely to develop new psychiatric disorders ( 30 % ) , primarily new anxiety disorders ( 16 % ) , than were NPI children ( 11 % and 2 % , respectively ) , but not psychopathological controls ( 42 % and 10 % , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Overall , results suggest a favorable outcome with respect to diagnostic status for clinical ly referred children with anxiety disorders . However , these children may be at risk for new psychiatric disorders over time Background Although literature provides support for cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) as an efficacious intervention for social phobia , more research is needed to improve treatments for children . Methods Forty four Caucasian children ( ages 8 - 14 ) meeting diagnostic criteria of social phobia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed . ; APA , 1994 ) were r and omly allocated to either a newly developed CBT program focusing on cognition according to the model of Clark and Wells ( n = 21 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 23 ) . The primary outcome measure was clinical improvement . Secondary outcomes included improvements in anxiety coping , dysfunctional cognitions , interaction frequency and comorbid symptoms . Outcome measures included child report and clinican completed measures as well as a diagnostic interview . Results Significant differences between treatment participants ( 4 dropouts ) and controls ( 2 dropouts ) were observed at post test on the German version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children . Furthermore , in the treatment group , significantly more children were free of diagnosis than in wait-list group at post-test . Additional child completed and clinician completed measures support the results . Discussion The study is a first step towards investigating whether CBT focusing on cognition is efficacious in treating children with social phobia .  Future research will need to compare this treatment to an active treatment group . There remain the questions of whether the effect of the treatment is specific to the disorder and whether the underlying theoretical model is adequate . Conclusion Preliminary support is provided for the efficacy of the cognitive behavioral treatment focusing on cognition in socially phobic children . Active comparators should be established with other evidence -based CBT programs for anxiety disorders , which differ significantly in their dosage and type of cognitive interventions from those of the manual under evaluation ( e.g. Coping Cat ) Abstract Objective To examine the extent and nature of outcome reporting bias in a broad cohort of published r and omised trials . Design Retrospective review of publications and follow up survey of authors . Cohort All journal articles of r and omised trials indexed in PubMed whose primary publication appeared in December 2000 . Main outcome measures Prevalence of incompletely reported outcomes per trial ; reasons for not reporting outcomes ; association between completeness of reporting and statistical significance . Results 519 trials with 553 publications and 10 557 outcomes were identified . Survey responders ( response rate 69 % ) provided information on unreported outcomes but were often unreliable — for 32 % of those who denied the existence of such outcomes there was evidence to the contrary in their publications . On average , over 20 % of the outcomes measured in a parallel group trial were incompletely reported . Within a trial , such outcomes had a higher odds of being statistically non-significant compared with fully reported outcomes ( odds ratio 2.0 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.6 to 2.7 ) for efficacy outcomes ; 1.9 ( 1.1 to 3.5 ) for harm outcomes ) . The most commonly reported reasons for omitting efficacy outcomes included space constraints , lack of clinical importance , and lack of statistical significance . Conclusions Incomplete reporting of outcomes within published articles of r and omised trials is common and is associated with statistical non- significance . The medical literature therefore represents a selective and biased subset of study outcomes , and trial protocol s should be made publicly available This study evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment  for  childhood anxiety  in a community clinic setting in Hong Kong , China . Forty-five clinical ly-referred children ( age 6 - 11 years ) were r and omly assigned to either a cognitive-behavioral treatment program or a waitlist-control condition . Children in the treatment condition showed significant reduction in anxiety symptoms-both statistically and clinical ly-whereas children in the waitlist condition did not . After the waitlist period was over , the control group also received the treatment program and showed a similar reduction in symptoms . For the full sample of 45 children , the effectiveness of the intervention was significant immediately after treatment and in 3- and 6-month follow-ups . In addition , children 's anxiety cognition and their ability to cope with anxiety-provoking situations fully mediated the treatment gains . These results offer empirical support for cognitive-behavioral treatment programs in a non-Western cultural context and plausible mediators for how cognitive-behavioral therapy works OBJECTIVE A pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral group therapy program for adolescents with social phobia , simplified both in terms of time and labor intensity from a previously studied program ( Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children and Adolescents ) to be more appropriate for a community outpatient psychiatric setting . METHOD Twelve adolescents with social phobia ( ages 13 - 18 ) , diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria and confirmed with Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children assessment , were r and omly assigned to treatment ( n=6 ) and waitlist ( n=6 ) groups . The waitlist group was subsequently treated , and results were included in the data analysis . Assessment s , including Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children interviews and self-report Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory II question naires , were performed at baseline and immediately after treatment or waitlist . RESULTS All subjects completed the treatment program . Compared with the waitlist group , treated subjects showed significantly greater improvement in both examiner-evaluated ( Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children ) and self-reported ( Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory ) symptoms of social anxiety ( effect sizes [ d ] , 1.63 and 0.85 , respectively ) . No significant change was seen in Beck Depression Inventory II scores for treatment or waitlist groups . CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the use of simplified cognitive-behavioral interventions for adolescents with social phobia that are practical for community psychiatric setting The study examined the shape of therapeutic alliance using latent growth curve modeling and data from multiple informants ( therapist , child , mother , father ) . Children ( n = 86 ) with anxiety disorders were r and omized to family-based cognitive-behavioral treatment ( FCBT ; N = 47 ) with exposure tasks or to family education , support , and attention ( FESA ; N = 39 ) . Children in FCBT engaged in exposure tasks in Sessions 9 - 16 , whereas FESA participants did not . Alliance growth curves of FCBT and FESA youths were compared to examine the impact of exposure tasks on the shape of the alliance ( between-subjects ) . Within FCBT , the shape of alliance prior to exposure tasks was compared with the shape of alliance following exposure tasks ( within-subjects ) . Therapist , child , mother , and father alliance ratings indicated significant growth in the alliance across treatment sessions . Initial alliance growth was steep and subsequently slowed over time , regardless of the use of exposure tasks . Data did not indicate a rupture in the therapeutic alliance following the introduction of in-session exposures . Results are discussed in relation to the processes , mediators , and ingredients of efficacious interventions as well as in terms of the dissemination of empirically supported treatments BACKGROUND Children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) are at high risk for developing significant anxiety . Anxiety can adversely impact functioning across school , home and community environments . Cognitive behavioral therapies ( CBT ) are frequently used with success for children with anxiety symptoms . Modified CBT interventions for anxiety in children with ASD have also yielded promising results . METHODS Fifty children with high-functioning ASD and anxiety were r and omizedto group CBT or treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) for 12 weeks . Independent clinical evaluators , blind to condition , completed structured interviews ( Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule – Parent Version;ADIS-P ) pre- and post-intervention condition . RESULTS Forty-seven children completed either the CBT or TAU condition . Results indicated markedly better outcomes for the CBT group . Significant differences by group were noted in Clinician Severity Ratings , diagnostic status , and clinician ratings of global improvement . In the intent-to-treat sample , 10 of 20 children ( 50 % ) in the CBT group had a clinical ly meaningful positive treatment response , compared to 2 of 23 children ( 8.7 % ) in the TAU group . CONCLUSIONS Initial results from this r and omized , design ed treatment study suggest that agroup CBT intervention specifically developed for children with ASD may be effective in decreasing anxiety . Limitations of this study include small sample size , lack of an attention control group , and use of outcome measures normed with typically developing BACKGROUND Promising evidence has emerged of clinical gains using guided self-help cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) for  child anxiety  and by involving parents in treatment ; however , the efficacy of guided parent-delivered CBT has not been systematic ally evaluated in UK primary and secondary setting s. AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of low-intensity guided parent-delivered CBT treatments for children with anxiety disorders . METHOD A total of 194 children presenting with a current anxiety disorder , whose primary carer did not meet criteria for a current anxiety disorder , were r and omly allocated to full guided parent-delivered CBT ( four face-to-face and four telephone sessions ) or brief guided parent-delivered CBT ( two face-to-face and two telephone sessions ) , or a wait-list control group ( trial registration : IS RCT N92977593 ) . Presence and severity of child primary anxiety disorder ( Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV , child/parent versions ) , improvement in child presentation of anxiety ( Clinical Global Impression - Improvement scale ) , and change in child anxiety symptoms ( Spence Children 's Anxiety Scale , child/parent version and Child Anxiety Impact scale , parent version ) were assessed at post-treatment and for those in the two active treatment groups , 6 months post-treatment . RESULTS Full guided parent-delivered CBT produced superior diagnostic outcomes compared with wait-list at post-treatment , whereas brief guided parent-delivered CBT did not : at post-treatment , 25 ( 50 % ) of those in the full guided CBT group had recovered from their primary diagnosis , compared with 16 ( 25 % ) of those on the wait-list ( relative risk ( RR ) 1.85 , 95 % CI 1.14 - 2.99 ) ; and in the brief guided CBT group , 18 participants ( 39 % ) had recovered from their primary diagnosis post-treatment ( RR = 1.56 , 95 % CI 0.89 - 2.74 ) . Level of therapist training and experience was unrelated to child outcome . CONCLUSIONS Full guided parent-delivered CBT is an effective and inexpensive first-line treatment for child anxiety Twenty-three preadolescent children ( ages 8 - 11 ) meeting criteria for social phobia were r and omly assigned to either a 3-week cognitive-behavioral group intervention or a wait-list control group . The intervention consisted of psychoeducation , cognitive strategies , and behavioral exposure . Outcome measures included diagnostic interview as well as parent and child report measures of anxiety and depression . Improvements were observed at posttest , with results stronger for parent report and interviewer ratings than for child self-report . At 3-week follow-up , children receiving the intervention demonstrated significant improvements on the majority of child , parent , and interviewer reports of social anxiety and related symptoms relative to wait-list participants . Preliminary support is provided for the utility of a brief intervention for preadolescent children with social phobia . Limitations and implication s for future research are discussed OBJECTIVE Most tests of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for youth anxiety disorders have shown beneficial effects , but these have been efficacy trials with recruited youths treated by research er-employed therapists . One previous ( nonr and omized ) trial in community clinics found that CBT did not outperform usual care ( UC ) . The present study used a more stringent effectiveness design to test CBT versus UC in youths referred to community clinics , with all treatment provided by therapists employed in the clinics . METHOD A r and omized controlled trial methodology was used . Therapists were r and omized to training and supervision in the Coping Cat CBT program or UC .  Forty-eight youths ( 56 % girls , 8 to 15 years of age , 38 % Caucasian , 33 % Latino , 15 % African-American ) diagnosed with DSM-IV anxiety disorders were r and omized to CBT 
    Output:
    
Cognitive behavioural therapy is an effective treatment for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders ; however , the evidence suggesting that CBT is more effective than active controls or TAU or medication at follow-up , is limited and inconclusive