***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aerobic exercise training combined with resistance training ( RT ) might prevent the deterioration of vascular function . However , how aerobic exercise performed before or after a bout of RT affects vascular function is unknown . The present study investigates the effect of aerobic exercise before and after RT on vascular function .  Thirty-three young , healthy subjects were r and omly assigned to groups that ran before RT ( BRT : 4 male , 7 female ) , ran after RT ( ART : 4 male , 7 female ) , or remained sedentary ( SED : 3 male , 8 female ) . The BRT and ART groups performed RT at 80 % of one repetition maximum and ran at 60 % of the targeted heart rate twice each week for 8 wk . Both brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity ( baPWV ) and flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) after combined training in the BRT group did not change from baseline . In contrast , baPWV after combined training in the ART group reduced from baseline ( from 1,025 + /- 43 to 910 + /- 33 cm/s , P < 0.01 ) . Moreover , brachial artery FMD after combined training in the ART group increased from baseline ( from 7.3 + /- 0.8 to 9.6 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.01 ) . Brachial artery diameter , mean blood velocity , and blood flow in the BRT and ART groups after combined training increased from baseline ( P < 0.05 , P < 0.01 , and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . These values returned to the baseline during the detraining period . These values did not change in the SED group . These results suggest that although vascular function is not improved by aerobic exercise before RT , performing aerobic exercise thereafter can prevent the deteriorating of vascular function The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent strength and endurance training ( SE ) ( 2 plus 2 days a week ) versus strength training only ( S ) ( 2 days a week ) in men [ SE : n=11 ; 38 ( 5 ) years , S : n=16 ; 37 ( 5 ) years ] over a training period of 21 weeks . The resistance training program addressed both maximal and explosive strength components . EMG , maximal isometric force , 1 RM strength , and rate of force development ( RFD ) of the leg extensors , muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) of the quadriceps femoris ( QF ) throughout the lengths of 4/15–12/15 ( Lf ) of the femur , muscle fibre proportion and areas of types I , IIa , and IIb of the vastus lateralis ( VL ) , and maximal oxygen uptake ( V̇O2max ) were evaluated . No changes occurred in strength during the 1-week control period , while after the 21-week training period increases of 21 % ( p<0.001 ) and 22 % ( p<0.001 ) , and of 22 % ( p<0.001 ) and 21 % ( p<0.001 ) took place in the 1RM load and maximal isometric force in S and SE , respectively . Increases of 26 % ( p<0.05 ) and 29 % ( p<0.001 ) occurred in the maximum iEMG of the VL in S and SE , respectively . The CSA of the QF increased throughout the length of the QF ( from 4/15 to 12/15 Lf ) both in S ( p<0.05–0.001 ) and SE ( p<0.01–0.001 ) . The mean fibre areas of types I , IIa and IIb increased after the training both in S ( p<0.05 and 0.01 ) and SE ( p<0.05 and p<0.01 ) . S showed an increase in RFD ( p<0.01 ) , while no change occurred in SE . The average iEMG of the VL during the first 500 ms of the rapid isometric action increased ( p<0.05–0.001 ) only in S. V̇O2max increased by 18.5 % ( p<0.001 ) in SE . The present data do not support the concept of the universal nature of the interference effect in strength development and muscle hypertrophy when strength training is performed concurrently with endurance training , and the training volume is diluted by a longer period of time with a low frequency of training . However , the present results suggest that even the low-frequency concurrent strength and endurance training leads to interference in explosive strength development mediated in part by the limitations of rapid voluntary neural activation of the trained muscles We examined acute molecular responses in skeletal muscle to repeated sprint and resistance exercise bouts .  Six men [ age , 24.7 + /- 6.3 yr ; body mass , 81.6 + /- 7.3 kg ; peak oxygen uptake , 47 + /- 9.9 mlxkg(-1)xmin(-1 ) ; one repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) leg extension 92.2 + /- 12.5 kg ; means + /- SD ] were r and omly assigned to trials consisting of either resistance exercise ( 8 x 5 leg extension , 80 % 1-RM ) followed by repeated sprints ( 10 x 6 s , 0.75 Nxm torquexkg(-1 ) ) or vice-versa . Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were obtained at rest , 15 min after each exercise bout , and following 3-h recovery to determine early signaling and mRNA responses . There was divergent exercise order-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 K ( S6 K ) . Specifically , initial resistance exercise increased S6 K phosphorylation ( approximately 75 % P < 0.05 ) , but there was no effect when resistance exercise was undertaken after sprints . Exercise decreased IGF-I mRNA following 3-h recovery ( approximately 50 % , P = 0.06 ) independent of order , while muscle RING finger mRNA was elevated with a moderate exercise order effect ( P < 0.01 ) . When resistance exercise was followed by repeated sprints  PGC-1alpha mRNA was increased ( REX1-SPR2 ; P = 0.02 ) with a modest distinction between exercise orders . Repeated sprints may promote acute interference on resistance exercise responses by attenuating translation initiation signaling and exacerbating ubiquitin ligase expression . Indeed , repeated sprints appear to generate the overriding acute exercise-induced response when undertaking concurrent repeated sprint and resistance exercise . Accordingly , we suggest that sprint-activities are isolated from resistance training and that adequate recovery time is considered within periodized training plans that incorporate these divergent exercise modes Chtara , M , Chaouachi , A , Levin , GT , Chaouachi , M , Chamari , K , Amri , M , Laursen , PB . Effect of concurrent endurance and circuit resistance-training sequence on muscular strength and power development . J Strength Cond Res 22 : 1037 - 1045 , 2008-The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the sequence order of high-intensity endurance training and circuit training on changes in muscular strength and anaerobic power .  Forty-eight physical education students ( ages , 21.4 ± 1.3 years ) were assigned to 1 of 5 groups : no training controls ( C , n = 9 ) , endurance training ( E , n = 10 ) , circuit training ( S , n = 9 ) , endurance before circuit training in the same session , ( E+S , n = 10 ) , and circuit before endurance training in the same session ( S+E , n = 10 ) . Subjects performed 2 sessions per week for 12 weeks . Resistance-type circuit training targeted strength endurance ( weeks 1 - 6 ) and explosive strength and power ( weeks 7 - 12 ) . Endurance training sessions included 5 repetitions run at the velocity associated with & OV0312;o2max ( & OV0312;o2max ) for a duration equal to 50 % of the time to exhaustion at & OV0312;o2max ; recovery was for an equal period at 60 % & OV0312;o2max . Maximal strength in the half squat , strength endurance in the 1-leg half squat and hip extension , and explosive strength and power in a 5-jump test and countermovement jump were measured pre- and post-testing . No significant differences were shown following training between the S+E and E+S groups for all exercise tests . However , both S+E and E+S groups improved less than the S group in 1 repetition maximum ( p < 0.01 ) , right and left 1-leg half squat ( p < 0.02 ) , 5-jump test ( p < 0.01 ) , peak jumping force ( p < 0.05 ) , peak jumping power ( p < 0.02 ) , and peak jumping height ( p < 0.05 ) . The intrasession sequence did not influence the adaptive response of muscular strength and explosive strength and power . Circuit training alone induced strength and power improvements that were significantly greater than when resistance and endurance training were combined , irrespective of the intrasession  sequencing This study investigated the effects of different exercise sequences on the neuromuscular adaptations induced by water-based concurrent training in postmenopausal women . Twenty-one healthy postmenopausal women ( 57.14 ± 2.43 years ) were r and omly placed into two water-based concurrent training groups : resistance training prior to ( RA , n = 10 ) or after ( AR , n = 11 ) aerobic training . Subjects performed resistance and aerobic training twice a week over 12 weeks , performing both exercise types in the same training session . Upper ( elbow flexors ) and lower-body ( knee extensors ) one-repetition maximal test ( 1RM ) and peak torque ( PT ) ( knee extensors ) were evaluated . The muscle thickness ( MT ) of upper ( biceps brachii ) and lower-body ( vastus lateralis ) was determined by ultrasonography . Moreover , the maximal and submaximal ( neuromuscular economy ) electromyographic activity ( EMG ) of lower-body ( vastus lateralis and rectus femoris ) was measured . Both RA and AR groups increased the upper- and lower-body 1RM and PT , while the lower-body 1RM increases observed in the RA was greater than AR ( 34.62 ± 13.51 vs. 14.16 ± 13.68 % ) . RA and AR showed similar MT increases in upper- and lower-body muscles evaluated . In addition , significant improvements in the maximal and submaximal EMG of lower-body muscles in both RA and AR were found , with no differences between groups . Both exercise sequences in water-based concurrent training presented relevant improvements to promote health and physical fitness in postmenopausal women . However , the exercise sequence resistance – aerobic optimizes the strength gains in lower limbs We examined acute molecular responses in skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli by combining consecutive bouts of resistance and endurance exercise .  Eight men [ 22.9 + /- 6.3 yr , body mass of 73.2 + /- 4.5 kg , peak O(2 ) uptake ( Vo(2peak ) ) of 54.0 + /- 5.7 ml.kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ] were r and omly assigned to complete trials consisting of either resistance exercise ( 8 x 5 leg extension , 80 % 1 repetition maximum ) followed by a bout of endurance exercise ( 30 min cycling , 70 % Vo(2peak ) ) or vice versa . Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest , 15 min after each exercise bout , and after 3 h of passive recovery to determine early signaling and mRNA responses . Phosphorylation of Akt and Akt1(Ser473 ) were elevated 15 min after resistance exercise compared with cycling , with the greatest increase observed when resistance exercise followed cycling ( approximately 55 % ; P < 0.01 ) . TSC2-mTOR-S6 kinase phosphorylation 15 min after each bout of exercise was similar regardless of the exercise mode . The cumulative effect of combined exercise result ed in disparate mRNA responses . IGF-I mRNA content was reduced when cycling preceded resistance exercise ( -42 % ) , whereas muscle ring finger mRNA was elevated when cycling was undertaken after resistance exercise ( approximately 52 % ; P < 0.05 ) . The hexokinase II mRNA level was higher after resistance cycling ( approximately 45 % ; P < 0.05 ) than after cycling-resistance exercise , whereas modest increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha mRNA did not reveal an order effect . We conclude that acute responses to diverse bouts of contractile activity are modified by the exercise order . Moreover , undertaking divergent exercise in close proximity influences the acute molecular profile and likely exacerbates acute " interference . We compared the effects of concurrent exercise , incorporating either high-intensity interval training ( HIT ) or moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) , on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) signaling and microRNA expression in skeletal muscle , relative to resistance exercise ( RE ) alone . Eight males ( mean ± SD : age , 27 ± 4 yr ; V̇o2 peak , 45.7 ± 9 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) ) performed three experimental trials in a r and omized order : 1 ) RE ( 8 × 5 leg press repetitions at 80 % 1-repetition maximum ) performed alone and RE preceded by either 2 ) HIT cycling [ 10 × 2 min at 120 % lactate threshold ( LT ) ; HIT + RE ] or 3 ) work-matched MICT cycling ( 30 min at 80 % LT 
    Output:
    
Conclusion These results indicate that the practice of concurrent training with a resistance followed by an endurance exercise order is beneficial for the outcome of lower-body dynamic strength , while alternating the order of stimuli offers no benefit for training outcomes associated with the interference effect