***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: No previous studies have examined the effects of isometric training intensity upon resting blood pressure ( BP ) . The aims of this study were ( a ) to compare the effects of leg isometric training , performed at two intensities , upon resting systolic-SBP , diastolic-DBP and mean arterial-MAP BP ; and ( b ) to examine selected cardiovascular variables , in an attempt to explain any changes in resting BP following training . Thirty-three participants were r and omly allocated  to either control , high- ( HI ) or low-intensity ( LI ) training for 8 weeks . Participants performed 4 × 2 min exercise bouts 3 × weekly . Resting BP was measured at baseline , 4-weeks and post-training . SBP , DBP and MAP fell significantly in both groups after training . Changes were –5.2 ± 4.0 , –2.6 ± 2.9 and –2.5 ± 2.2 mmHg [ HI ] ; –3.7 ± 3.7 , –2.5 ± 4.8 and –2.6 ± 2.5 mmHg [ LI ] for SBP , DBP and MAP , respectively . There were no significant changes in BP at 4 weeks . No significant changes were observed in any of the other cardiovascular variables examined . These findings suggest that isometric training causes reductions in SBP , DBP and MAP at a range of exercise intensities , when it is performed over 8 weeks . Furthermore , it is possible to reduce resting BP using a much lower isometric exercise intensity than has previously been shown Abstract To reduce resting blood pressure , a minimum isometric exercise training ( IET ) intensity has been suggested , but this is not known for short-term IET programmes . We therefore compared the effects of moderate- and low-intensity IET programmes on resting blood pressure .  Forty normotensive participants ( 22.3 ± 3.4 years ; 69.5 ± 15.5 kg ; 170.2 ± 8.7 cm ) were r and omly assigned to groups of differing training intensities [ 20%EMGpeak ( ~23%MVC , maximum voluntary contraction , or 30%EMGpeak ( ~34%MVC ) ] or control group ; 3 weeks of IET at 30%EMGpeak result ed in significant reductions in resting mean arterial pressure ( e.g. −3.9 ± 1.0 mmHg , P < 0.001 ) , whereas 20%EMGpeak did not ( −2.3 ± 2.9 mmHg ; P > 0.05 ) . Moreover , after pooling all female versus male participants , IET induced a 6.9-mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure in female participants , but only a 1.5-mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure in male participants , although the difference was not significant . An IET intensity between 20%EMGpeak and 30%EMGpeak is sufficient to elicit significant resting blood pressure reductions in a short-term training period ( 3 weeks ) . In addition , sexual dimorphism may exist in the magnitude of reductions , but further work is required to confirm this possibility , which could be important in underst and ing the mechanisms responsible Isometric exercise training has been shown to reduce resting blood pressure , but the effect that this might have on orthostatic tolerance is poorly understood . Changes in orthostatic tolerance may also be dependent on whether the upper or lower limbs of the body are trained using isometric exercise .  Twenty-seven subjects were allocated to either a training or control group . A training group first undertook 5 weeks of isometric exercise training of the legs , and after an 8 week intervening period , a second training group containing six subjects from the initial training group , undertook 5 weeks of isometric arm-training . The control group were asked to continue their normal daily activities throughout the 18 weeks of the study . In all subjects orthostatic tolerance , assessed using lower body negative pressure ( LBNP ) , and resting blood pressure were measured before and after each of the 5 week training or control periods . Estimated lean leg volume was determined before and after leg-training . During all LBNP tests , heart rate and blood pressure were recorded each minute , and the time taken to reach the highest heart rate was derived ( time to peak HR ) . Resting systolic blood pressure ( mean + /- S.D. ) , when measured during the last week of training , was significantly reduced after both leg ( -10 + /- 8.7 mmHg ) and arm ( -12.4 + /- 9.3 mmHg ; P < 0.05 ) isometric exercise training , compared to controls . This reduction disappeared when blood pressure was measured immediately before the LBNP tests , which followed training . Orthostatic tolerance only increased after leg-training ( 20.8 + /- 16.4 LTI ; P < 0.05 ) and was accompanied by an increased time to peak HR ( 119.8 + /- 106.3 beats min(-1 ) ; P < 0.05 ) in this group . Blood pressure responses to LBNP did not change after arm-training , leg-training or in controls ( P > 0.05 ) . There was a small but significant increase in estimated lean leg volume after leg-training ( 0.1 + /- 0.1 1 ; P < 0.05 ) . These results suggest that lower resting blood pressure is probably not responsible for the increased orthostatic tolerance after isometric exercise training of the legs . Rather , it is possible that the training altered some other aspect of cardiovascular control during orthostatic stress that was apparent in the changes in heart rate .  Leg-training was accompanied by increases in estimated lean leg volume . The effects of isometric training on orthostatic tolerance appear to be specific to limbs that are directly involved in LBNP testing OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of small reductions in the population distribution of diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) , such as those potentially achievable by population -wide lifestyle modification , on incidence of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and stroke . DESIGN Published data from the Framingham Heart Study , a longitudinal cohort study , and from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II , a national population survey , were used to examine the impact of a population -wide strategy aim ed at reducing DBP by an average of 2 mm Hg in a population including normotensive subjects . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS White men and women aged 35 to 64 years in the United States . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of CHD and stroke , including transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs ) . RESULTS Data from overviews of observational studies and r and omized trials suggest that a 2-mm Hg reduction in DBP would result in a 17 % decrease in the prevalence of hypertension as well as a 6 % reduction in the risk of CHD and a 15 % reduction in risk of stroke and TIAs . From an application of these results to US white men and women aged 35 to 64 years , it is estimated that a successful population intervention alone could reduce CHD incidence more than could medical treatment for all those with a DBP of 95 mm Hg or higher . It could prevent 84 % of the number prevented by medical treatment for all those with a DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher . For stroke ( including TIAs ) , a population -wide 2-mm Hg reduction could prevent 93 % of events prevented by medical treatment for those with a DBP of 95 mm Hg or higher and 69 % of events for treatment for those with a DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher . A combination strategy of both a population reduction in DBP and targeted medical intervention is most effective and could double or triple the impact of medical treatment alone . Adding a population -based intervention to existing levels of hypertension treatment could prevent an estimated additional 67,000 CHD events ( 6 % ) and 34,000 stroke and TIA events ( 13 % ) annually among all those aged 35 to 64 years in the United States . CONCLUSIONS A small reduction of 2 mm Hg in DBP in the mean of the population distribution , in addition to medical treatment , could have a great public health impact on the number of CHD and stroke events prevented . Whether such DBP reductions can be achieved in the population through lifestyle interventions , in particular through sodium reduction , depends on the results of ongoing primary prevention trials as well as the cooperation of the food industry , government agencies , and health education professionals Abstract In this study , we examined the correlations between selected markers of isometric training intensity and subsequent reductions in resting blood pressure .  Thirteen participants performed a  discontinuous incremental isometric exercise test to volitional exhaustion at which point mean torque for the final 2-min stage ( 2min-torquepeak ) and peak heart rate peak ( HRpeak ) were identified . Also , during 4 weeks of training ( 3 sessions per week , comprising 4 × 2 min bilateral leg isometric exercise at 95 % HRpeak ) ,  heart rate (  HRtrain ) , torque (  Torquetrain ) , and changes in EMG amplitude ( ΔEMGamp ) and frequency ( ΔEMGfreq ) were determined . The markers of training intensity were : Torquetrain relative to the 2min-torquepeak ( % 2min-torquepeak ) , EMG relative to EMGpeak ( % EMGpeak ) , HRtrain ΔEMGamp , ΔEMGfreq , and % MVC . Mean systolic ( −4.9 mmHg ) and arterial blood pressure ( −2.7mmHg ) reductions correlated with % 2min-torquepeak ( r = −0.65 , P = 0.02 and r = −0.59 , P = 0.03 ) , ΔEMGamp ( r = 0.66 , P = 0.01 and r = 0.59 , P = 0.03 ) , ΔEMGfreq ( r = −0.67 , P = 0.01 and r = −0.64 , P = 0.02 ) , and % EMGpeak ( systolic blood pressure only ; r = −0.63 , P = 0.02 ) . These markers best reflect the association between isometric training intensity and reduction in resting blood pressure observed after bilateral leg isometric exercise training 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : It appears that isometric resistance training reduces SBP , DBP , and MAP in normotensive young adults in a statistically significant and clinical ly relevant manner .
This type of exercise could be considered effective in preventing arterial hypertension