***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND It has been extensively shown , mainly in US population s , that sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) , but less is known about the effects of artificially sweetened beverages ( ASBs ) . OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between self-reported SSB , ASB , and 100 % fruit juice consumption and T2D risk over 14 y of follow-up in the French prospect i ve Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale-European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort . DESIGN A total of 66,118 women were followed from 1993 , and 1369 incident cases of T2D were diagnosed during the follow-up . Cox regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95 % CIs for T2D risk . RESULTS The average consumption of sweetened beverages in consumers was 328 and 568 mL/wk for SSBs and ASBs , respectively . Compared with nonconsumers , women in the highest quartiles of SSB and ASB consumers were at increased risk of T2D with HRs ( 95 % CIs ) of 1.34 ( 1.05 , 1.71 ) and 2.21 ( 1.56 , 3.14 ) for women who consumed > 359 and > 603 mL/wk of SSBs and ASBs , respectively . Strong positive trends in T2D risk were also observed across quartiles of consumption for both types of beverage ( P = 0.0088 and P < 0.0001 , respectively ) . In sensitivity analyses , associations were partly mediated by BMI , although there was still a strong significant independent effect . No association was observed for 100 % fruit juice consumption . CONCLUSIONS Both SSB consumption and ASB consumption were associated with increased T2D risk . We can not rule out that factors other than ASB consumption that we did not control for are responsible for the association with diabetes , and r and omized trials are required to prove a causal link between ASB consumption and T2D BACKGROUND The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death . There is a dearth of prospect i ve data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages , including soft drinks , fruit juice , whole milk , and skim and low-fat milk , and changes in waist circumference ( WC ) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , population -based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25 - 74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009 . We measured weight , height , and WC , and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) with the use of vali date d question naires . We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models . RESULTS A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC ( P = 0.018 ) after 10 y of follow-up . Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.3 , 2.4 ) and 1.1 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.03 , 2.2 ) decrease in WC , respectively . Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption . Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated ( P = 0.029 ) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity .  CONCLUSION Adults ' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention involving the families and teachers  that aim ed to promote healthy eating habits in adolescents ; the ultimate aim of the intervention was to reduce the increase in body mass index ( BMI ) of the students . Design Paired cluster r and omized school-based trial conducted with a sample of fifth grade rs . Setting Twenty classes were r and omly assigned into either an intervention group or a control group . Participants From a total of 574 eligible students , 559 students participated in the study (  intervention :  10 classes with 277 participants ;  control :  10 classes with 282 participants ) . The mean age of students was 11 years . Intervention Students attended 9 nutritional education sessions during the 2010 academic year . Parents/guardians and teachers received information on the same subjects . Main Outcome Measurement Changes in BMI and percentage of body fat . Results Intention-to-treat analysis showed that changes in BMI were not significantly different between the 2 groups ( β = 0.003 ; p = 0.75 ) . There was a major reduction in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and cookies in the intervention group ; students in this group also consumed more fruits . Conclusion Encouraging the adoption of healthy eating habits promoted important changes in the adolescent diet , but this did not lead to a reduction in BMI gain . Strategies based exclusively on the quality of diet may not reduce weight gain among adolescents . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov NCT01046474 The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of sugary drink consumption and its substitution with alternative beverages with body weight gain  among young children predisposed to future weight gain . Secondary analysis of the Healthy Start Study , a 1·5-year r and omised controlled trial design ed to prevent overweight among Danish children aged 2 - 6 years ( n 366 ) , was carried out . Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of beverage consumption with change in body weight ( Δweight ) or BMI ( Δ BMI ) z-score . Substitution models were used to extrapolate the influence of replacing sugary drinks with alternative beverages ( water , milk and diet drinks ) on Δweight or Δ BMI z-score .  Sugary drink intake at baseline and substitution of sugary drinks with milk were associated with both Δweight and Δ BMI z-score . Every 100 g/d increase in sugary drink intake was associated with 0·10 kg and 0·06 unit increases in body weight ( P=0·048 ) and BMI z-score ( P=0·04 ) , respectively . Substitution of 100 g/d sugary drinks with 100 g/d milk was inversely associated with Δweight ( β=-0·16 kg ; P=0·045 ) and Δ BMI z-score ( β=-0·07 units ; P=0·04 ) . The results of this study suggest that sugary drink consumption was associated with body weight gain  among young children with high predisposition for future overweight . In line with the current recommendations , sugary drinks , whether high in added or natural sugar , should be discouraged to help prevent childhood obesity . Milk may be a good alternative to sugary drinks with regard to weight management among young obesity-predisposed children OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between  diet soda ( DS ) intake ( DSI )  and long-term waist circumference ( WC ) change ( ΔWC ) in the biethnic San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging ( SALSA ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING San Antonio , Texas , neighborhoods . PARTICIPANTS SALSA examined 749 Mexican-American and European-American individuals aged 65 and older at baseline ( baseline , 1992 - 96 ) ; 474 ( 79.1 % ) survivors completed follow-up 1 ( FU1 , 2000 - 01 ) , 413 ( 73.4 % ) completed FU2 ( 2001 - 03 ) , and 375 ( 71.0 % ) completed FU3 ( 2003 - 04 ) . Participants completed a mean of 2.64 follow-up intervals , for 9.4 total follow-up years . MEASUREMENTS DSI , WC , height , and weight were measured at outset and at the conclusion of each interval : baseline , FU1 , FU2 , and FU3 . RESULTS Adjusted for initial WC , demographic characteristics , physical activity , diabetes mellitus , and smoking , mean interval ΔWC  of DS users ( 2.11 cm , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.45 - 2.76 cm ) was almost triple that of nonusers ( 0.77 cm , 95 % CI = 0.29 - 1.23 cm ) ( P < .001 ) . Adjusted interval ΔWCs were 0.77 cm ( 95 % CI = 0.29 - 1.23 cm ) for nonusers , 1.76 cm ( 95 % CI = 0.96 - 2.57 cm ) for occasional users , and 3.04 cm ( 95 % CI = 1.82 - 4.26 cm ) for daily users ( P = .002 for trend ) . This translates to ΔWCs of 0.80 inches for nonusers , 1.83 inches for occasional users , and 3.16 for daily users over the total SALSA follow-up . In subanalyses stratified for selected covariates , ΔWC point estimates were consistently higher in DS users . CONCLUSION In a striking dose-response relationship , increasing DSI was associated with escalating abdominal obesity , a potential pathway for cardiometabolic risk in this aging population Objective Sales of regular soda are declining , but sales of other sweetened beverages , such as sports drinks , are increasing . Our objective was to determine the prospect i ve associations between sports drinks and body mass index ( BMI ) gains among adolescents and young adults . Design and Methods We prospect ively followed 4,121 females and 3,438 males in the Growing Up Today Study II , aged 9–16 in 2004 , from across the United States . Data was collected by question naire in 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . Servings per day of various beverages were assessed with a food frequency question naire . Results Among the girls , each serving per day of sports drink predicted an increase of 0.3 BMI units ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) CI 0.03–0.54 ) more than their peers over the next 2–3 years . Among the males , each serving of sports drinks predicted a 0.33 BMI ( 95 % CI 0.09 , 0.66 ) increase . In addition , boys who increased their intake over the 2–3 year interval gained significantly more than their peers during the same time interval . Conclusions Intake of sports drinks predicted larger increases in BMI among both females and males . Our results suggest that school policies focused on obesity prevention should be augmented to restrict sports drinks Sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSB ) contribute to excessive weight gain through added energy intake . Replacing SSB with water is one strategy that has shown promise in helping lower excessive energy intake . Using nationally representative data from US adults ( n = 19,718 ) from NHANES 2007–2012 we examine the impact of replacing SSB with water on Healthy Beverage Index ( HBI ) scores and obesity prevalence . Replacing an 8-ounce serving of SSB with water lowered the percent of energy from beverages from 17 % to 11 % ( among those consuming 1 serving SSB/day ) . Reductions in the percent energy from beverages were observed across all SSB consumption groups ( 1–2 servings/day and > 2 servings/day ) . Among adults there was a 9 % to 21 % improvement in HBI score when one serving of water replaced one serving of SSB . Using previously published r and omized controlled trials ( RCT ) and meta-analyses of measured weight loss we also predicted a reduction in the prevalence of obesity ( observed : 35.2 % ; predicted 33.5%–34.9 % , p < 0.05 ) and increase in the prevalence of normal weight ( observed : 29.7 % ; high weight loss : 31.3 % , p < 0.05 ) . Our findings provide further epidemiologic evidence that water in the place of SSB can be used as a strategy to limit energy intake and help individuals meet beverage intake recommendations Background / Objectives : This longitudinal study describes the relationship between young children ’s screen time , dietary habits  and anthropometric measures . The hypothesis was that television viewing and other screen activities at baseline result in increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSB ) and increased BMI , BMI z-score and waist to height ratio ( WHtR ) two years later . A second hypothesis was that SSB consumption mediates the association between the screen activities and changes in the anthropometric measures .Subjects/ Methods : The study is a part of the prospect i ve cohort study IDEFICS ( “ Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants ” ) , investigating diet , lifestyle and social determinants of obesity in 2 to 9-year-olds in eight European countries ( baseline n=16 225 , two-year follow-up ; n=11 038 ) .  Anthropometry was objective ly measured , and behaviours were parent-reported . 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Recent evidence suggests that SSB consumption is positively associated with or has an effect on  obesity indices in children and adults .