***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Previous research has found similarities between addiction to psychoactive substances and excessive food consumption . Further exploration is needed to evaluate the concept of " food addiction , " as there is currently a lack of psychometrically vali date d measurement tools in this area . The current study represents a preliminary exploration of the Yale Food Addiction Scale ( YFAS ) , design ed to identify those exhibiting signs of addiction towards certain types of foods ( e.g. , high fat and high sugar ) . Survey data were collected from 353 respondents from a stratified r and om sample of young adults . In addition to the YFAS , the survey assessed eating pathology , alcohol consumption and other health behaviors . The YFAS exhibited adequate internal reliability , and showed good convergent validity with measures of similar constructs and good discriminant validity relative to related but dissimilar constructs . Additionally , the YFAS predicted binge-eating behavior above and beyond existing measures of eating pathology , demonstrating incremental validity . The YFAS is a sound tool for identifying eating patterns that are similar to behaviors seen in classic areas of addiction . Further evaluation of the scale is needed , especially due to a low response rate of 24.5 % and a non- clinical sample , but confirmation of the reliability and validity of the scale has the potential to facilitate empirical research on the concept of " food addiction " The current study aim ed to identify how underlying individual differences increases vulnerability to television food  advertising . In particular , this study examined how reward sensitivity , a biologically-based predisposition to approach rewards ( such as appetitive foods ) in the environment , influenced participants ' vulnerability to television food advertising and subsequent food consumption . Ninety-eight participants were r and omly assigned to a cue condition ( food cues versus non-food cues ) and then viewed a 30 min documentary interrupted by advertising featuring a mix of food and neutral advertising ( food cue condition ) or only neutral advertising ( non-food cue condition ) . Participants ' reward sensitivity , approach motivation measured as urge to eat , and food consumption were recorded . Moderated mediation regression analyses revealed the positive association between reward sensitivity and food consumption was mediated by an increase in urge to eat , but only when participants were exposed to food advertising . These findings suggest heightened reward sensitivity , exposure to appetitive food cues , and approach motivation are key interacting mechanisms that may lead to maladaptive eating behaviours Low inhibitory control has been associated with overeating and addictive behaviors . Inhibitory control can modulate cue-elicited craving in social or alcohol-dependent drinkers , and trait impulsivity may also play a role in food-cue reactivity . The current study investigated food-cue affected response inhibition and its relationship to food craving using a stop-signal task with pictures of food and neutral stimuli .  Participants responded slower to food pictures as compared to neutral pictures . Reaction times in response to food pictures positively predicted scores on the Food Cravings Question naire - State ( FCQ-S ) after the task and particularly scores on its hunger subscale . Lower inhibitory performance in response to food pictures predicted higher FCQ-S scores and particularly those related to a desire for food and lack of control over consumption . Task performance was unrelated to current dieting or other measures of habitual eating behaviors . Results support models on interactive effects of top-down inhibitory control processes and bottom-up hedonic signals in the self-regulation of eating behavior , such that low inhibitory control specifically in response to appetitive stimuli is associated with increased craving , which may ultimately result in overeating Fifty-six heroin addicts and 60 age-matched controls were offered choices between monetary rewards ( $ 11-$80 ) available immediately and larger rewards ( $ 25-$85 ) available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months . Participants had a 1-in-6 chance of winning a reward that they chose on one r and omly selected trial .  Delay-discounting rates were estimated from the pattern of participants ' choices . The discounting model of impulsiveness ( Ainslie , 1975 ) implies that delay-discounting rates are positively correlated with impulsiveness . On average , heroin addicts ' discount rates were twice those of controls ( p = .004 ) , and discount rates were positively correlated with impulsivity as measured by self-report question naires ( p < .05 ) . The results lend external validity to the  delay-discounting rate  as a measure of impulsiveness , a characteristic associated with substance abuse 
    Output:
    
Self-report impulsivity , as measured by the  Barratt Impulsiveness Scale ( BIS-11 ) , was consistently associated with food addiction , with attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity the most consistent subscales .
Similarly , food addiction was also consistently associated with Negative Urgency , Positive Urgency , and Lack of Perseverance as measured by the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale .
Food addiction was inconsistently associated with disinhibition , as measured by behavioral tasks , indicating food addiction appears more aligned with self-report measures of impulsivity .