***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Regular physical exercise may improve a variety of physiological and psychological factors in depressive persons . However , there is little experimental evidence to support this assumption for adolescent population s. We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to investigate the effect of physical exercise on depressive state , the excretions of stress hormones and physiological fitness variables in adolescent females with depressive symptoms . METHODS Forty-nine female volunteers ( aged 18 - 20 years ; mean 18.8 + /- 0.7 years ) with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms , as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression ( CES-D ) scale , were r and omly assigned to either an exercise regimen or usual daily activities for 8 weeks . The subjects were then crossed over to the alternate regimen for an additional 8-week period . The exercise program consisted of five 50-min sessions per week of a group jogging training at a mild intensity . The variables measured were CES-D rating scale , urinary cortisol and epinephrine levels , and cardiorespiratory factors at rest and during exercise endurance test . RESULTS After the sessions of exercise the CES-D total depressive score showed a significant decrease , whereas no effect was observed after the period of usual daily activities ( ANOVA ) . Twenty-four hour excretions of cortisol and epinephrine in urine were reduced due to the exercise regimen . The training group had a significantly reduced resting heart rate and increased peak oxygen uptake and lung capacity . CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that a group jogging exercise may be effective in improving depressive state , hormonal response to stress and physiological fitness of adolescent females with depressive symptoms BACKGROUND Depression is common and tends to be recurrent . Alternative treatments are needed that are non-stigmatising , accessible and can be prescribed by general medical practitioners . AIMS To compare the effectiveness of three interventions for depression : physical exercise , internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy ( ICBT ) and treatment as usual ( TAU ) . A secondary aim was to assess changes in self-rated work capacity . METHOD A total of 946 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate depression were recruited through primary healthcare centres across Sweden and r and omly assigned to one of three 12-week interventions ( trail registry : KCTR study ID : KT20110063 ) . Patients were reassessed at 3 months ( response rate 78 % ) . RESULTS Patients in the exercise and ICBT groups reported larger improvements in depressive symptoms compared with TAU . Work capacity improved over time in all three groups ( no significant differences ) . CONCLUSIONS Exercise and ICBT were more effective than TAU by a general medical practitioner , and both represent promising non-stigmatising treatment alternatives for patients with mild to moderate depression BACKGROUND Depression is a major health problem for community-dwelling elderly adults . Since limited re sources are available to decrease the high prevalence of depressive symptoms among the elderly adults , improved support for them can be provided if we can determine which intervention is superior in ridding depressive symptoms . OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of the physical fitness exercise program and the cognitive behavior therapy program on primary ( depressive symptoms ) and secondary outcomes ( 6-min walk distance , quality of life , and social support ) for community-dwelling elderly adults with depressive symptoms . DESIGN AND SETTING S A prospect i ve r and omized control trial was conducted in three communities in northern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS The elderly adults in the three communities were invited to participate by mail , phone calls , and posters . There were a total of 57 participants who had depressive symptoms and all without impaired cognition that participated in this trial . None of the participants withdrew during the 9 months of follow-up for this study . METHODS Fifty-seven participants were r and omly assigned to one of the three groups : the physical fitness exercise program group , the cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) group , or the control group . The primary ( Geriatric Depression Scale-15 , GDS-15 ) , and secondary outcomes ( 6-min walk distance , SF-36 , and Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors scales , ISSB ) were collected immediately ( T2 ) , at 3 months ( T3 ) , and at 6 months after the interventions ( T4 ) . RESULTS After the interventions , the CBT group participants demonstrated significantly lower symptoms of depression ( p=0.009 ) at T2 and perceived more social support from those around them ( p<0.001 , < 0.001 and = 0.004 , respectively ) at three time-point comparisons than the control group . Moreover , after intervention , participants in the physical fitness exercise program group had decreased GDS-15 scores at three time-point comparisons ( p=0.003 , 0.012 and 0.037 , respectively ) , had a substantially greater 6-min walk distance ( p=0.023 ) , a better quality of life ( p<0.001 ) , and a better perceived social support at T2 ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Immediately after a 12-week intervention , there were significant decreases in depressive symptoms and more perceived social support amongst those in the CBT group . When considering the effectiveness in the decrease of depressive symptoms longer term , the increase in the 6-min walk distance and raising the patients ' quality of life , physical fitness exercise program may be a better intervention for elderly adults with depressive symptoms BACKGROUND Previous observational and interventional studies have suggested that regular physical exercise may be associated with reduced symptoms of depression . However , the extent to which exercise training may reduce depressive symptoms in older patients with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) has not been systematic ally evaluated . OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program compared with st and ard medication ( ie , antidepressants ) for treatment of MDD in older patients , we conducted a 16-week r and omized controlled trial . METHODS One hundred fifty-six men and women with MDD ( age , > or = 50 years ) were assigned r and omly to a program of aerobic exercise , antidepressants ( sertraline hydrochloride ) , or combined exercise and medication . Subjects underwent comprehensive evaluations of depression , including the presence and severity of MDD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition criteria and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) and Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) scores before and after treatment . Secondary outcome measures included aerobic capacity , life satisfaction , self-esteem , anxiety , and dysfunctional cognitions . RESULTS After 16 weeks of treatment , the groups did not differ statistically on HAM-D or BDI scores ( P = .67 ) ; adjustment for baseline levels of depression yielded an essentially identical result . Growth curve models revealed that all groups exhibited statistically and clinical ly significant reductions on HAM-D and BDI scores . However , patients receiving medication alone exhibited the fastest initial response ; among patients receiving combination therapy , those with less severe depressive symptoms initially showed a more rapid response than those with initially more severe depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS An exercise training program may be considered an alternative to antidepressants for treatment of  depression in older persons . Although antidepressants may facilitate a more rapid initial therapeutic response than exercise , after 16 weeks of treatment exercise was equally effective in reducing depression among patients with MDD BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of elderly patients treated for depression fail to achieve symptomatic remission and functional recovery with first-line pharmacotherapy . In this study , we ask whether a mind-body exercise , Tai Chi Chih ( TCC ) , added to escitalopram will augment the treatment of geriatric depression design ed to achieve symptomatic remission and improvements in health functioning and cognitive performance . METHODS : One hundred twelve older adults with major depression age 60 years and older were recruited and treated with escitalopram for approximately 4 weeks . Seventy-three partial responders to escitalopram continued to receive escitalopram daily and were r and omly assigned to 10 weeks of adjunct use of either 1 ) TCC for 2 hours per week or 2 ) health education ( HE ) for 2 hours per week . All participants underwent evaluations of depression , anxiety , resilience , health-related quality of life , cognition , and inflammation at baseline and during 14-week follow-up . RESULTS Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition were more likely to show greater reduction of depressive symptoms and to achieve a depression remission as compared with those receiving escitalopram and HE . Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition also showed significantly greater improvements in 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical functioning and cognitive tests and a decline in the inflammatory marker , C-reactive protein , compared with the control group . CONCLUSION : Complementary use of a mind-body exercise , such as TCC , may provide additional improvements of clinical outcomes in the pharmacologic treatment of geriatric depression Objective : To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training  performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to st and ard antidepressant medication ( sertraline ) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls . Methods : Between October 2000 and November 2005 , we performed a prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial ( SMILE study ) with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in a tertiary care teaching hospital . A total of 202 adults ( 153 women ; 49 men ) diagnosed with major depression were assigned r and omly to one of four conditions : supervised exercise in a group setting ; home-based exercise ; antidepressant medication ( sertraline , 50–200 mg daily ) ; or placebo pill for 16 weeks . Patients underwent the structured clinical interview for depression and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D ) . Results : After 4 months of treatment , 41 % of the participants achieved remission , defined as no longer meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and a HAM-D score of < 8 . Patients receiving active treatments tended to have higher remission rates than the placebo controls : supervised exercise = 45 % ; home-based exercise = 40 % ; medication = 47 % ; placebo = 31 % ( p = .057 ) . All treatment groups had lower HAM-D scores after treatment ; scores for the active treatment groups were not significantly different from the placebo group ( p = .23 ) . Conclusions : The efficacy of exercise in patients seems generally comparable with patients receiving antidepressant medication and both tend to be better than the placebo in patients with MDD . Placebo response rates were high , suggesting that a considerable portion of the therapeutic response is determined by patient expectations , ongoing symptom monitoring , attention , and other nonspecific factors . BDI = Beck Depression Inventory ; CI = confidence interval ; HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ; ITT = intention-to-treat ; MDD = major depressive disorder ; SD = st and ard deviation ; SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone OBJECTIVE The Regenerate pilot study explored whether a 10-week , community-based progressive resistance training ( PRT ) program could reduce depressive symptoms in depressed chronic stroke survivors . METHODS Participants were screened for depressive status using the PHQ-9 and confirmed by psychiatric assessment . Eligible people ( n = 45 ) were r and omised to PRT or a waiting-list comparison group .  The PRT program included two high intensity sessions/week for 10 weeks at a community-based gymnasium . Depressive status , physical and mental health and quality of life were measured at baseline , 10 weeks and 6 months . Muscle strength was assessed using 1 repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for upper and lower limbs . RESULTS The participants ' median age was 69 years : 27 were male . The intervention group had lower depression scores than the comparison group at all time points . At 6-month follow-up , there was a trend for PRT participants to be more likely to be no longer depressed than the comparison group , but the difference was not significant after adjusting for baseline scores . There were modest improvements in health and wellbeing over time , but many scores were lower than reported in non-depressed people . Intervention participants demonstrated significant improvements in strength . Program adherence was good : on average 75 % of the 10-week program was completed . CONCLUSIONS The intervention appeared to be feasible within a community-based setting . To optimize stroke recovery and improve the quality of life of stroke survivors , health professionals should continue to focus on helping survivors ' mental health recovery as well their physical rehabilitation BACKGROUND Interventions including physical exercise may help improve the outcomes of late-life major depression  , but few studies are available . AIMS To investigate whether augmenting sertraline therapy with physical exercise leads to better outcomes of late-life major depression  . METHOD Primary care patients ( 465 years ) with major depression were r and omised to 24 weeks of higher-intensity , progressive aerobic exercise plus sertraline ( S+PAE ) , lower-intensity , non-progressive exercise plus sertraline ( S+NPE ) and sertraline alone . The primary outcome was remission ( a score of ≤10 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ) . RESULTS A total of 121 patients were included . At study end , 45 % of participants in the sertraline group , 73 % of those in the S+NPE group and 81 % of those in the S+PAE group achieved remission ( P = 0.001 ) . A shorter time to remission was observed in the S+PAE group than in the sertraline-only 
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DiskussionDieser Übersichtssartikel zeigt , dass körperliche Aktivität zu einer Verminderung der Symptomatik und einer Steigerung der affektiven Befindlichkeit bei Patienten mit depressiven Erkrankungen führt .