***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Simple pulmonary function studies can be utilized successfully for diagnosis of pulmonary problems in surgery patients preoperatively . In the present study , r and omly selected " poor risk " patients were treated preoperatively and postoperatively with cessation of smoking , bronchodilator drugs , antibiotics , inhalation of humidified gases , segmental postural drainage , and chest physiotherapy . When compared to nontreated poor risk patients , the treated patients had a marked reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality due to pulmonary complications . Although the frequency and the severity of pulmonary complications were somewhat greater in the treated patients than in a group of " good risk " patients who were considerably younger in age , the differences were not significant . Extension of these simple therapeutic measures to large numbers of poor risk patients should reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality , allow earlier discharge , and lower the costs of patient care BACKGROUND : Patients who smoke put themselves at increased risk for serious surgical complications , yet it is not currently routine practice to educate patients about the risk of complications due to smoking . Computer-based smoking cessation programs are increasingly being utilized in the general population and may overcome some of the barriers such as lack of time , knowledge , and training to provide interventions . Our objective was to develop and implement a patient e-learning program design ed for surgical patients as part of a multifaceted program aim ed at assisting them to quit smoking and to determine the factors cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with abstinence . METHODS : In this prospect i ve multicenter study , smokers undergoing elective noncardiac surgery participated in a preoperative smoking cessation program consisting of a patient e-learning program , brief advice , educational pamphlet , tobacco quitline referral , letter to the primary care physician , and pharmacotherapy . The patient e-learning program described ( 1 ) the benefits of quitting smoking before surgery ; ( 2 ) how to quit smoking ; and ( 3 ) how to cope while quitting . The 7-day point prevalence ( PP ) abstinence on the day of surgery and at 1 , 3 and 6 six months after surgery was separately assessed , and factors most associated with abstinence were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis . Generalized estimating equation methods were used to estimate effect of the factors associated with abstinence longitudinally . The reach of the program was assessed with the number of smokers who participated in the program versus the number of patients who were referred to the program . RESULTS : A total of 459 patients ( 68.9 % of eligible patients ) participated . The 7-day PP abstinence at day of surgery , 1 month , 3 months , and 6 months was 22 % , 29 % , 25 % , and 22 % , respectively . The variables predicting abstinence at 6 months were use of pharmacotherapy ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 7.32 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 3.71–14.44 ; P < .0001 ) and number of contacts with a tobacco quitline ( OR , 1.60 ; 95 % CI , 1.35–1.90 ; P < .0001 ) . Presence of other smokers in the household ( OR , 0.39 ; 95 % CI , 0.21–0.72 ; P = .0030 ) and amount spent on cigarettes weekly at baseline ( per $ 10 increase ) ( OR , 0.73 ; 95 % CI , 0.61–0.87 ; P = .0004 ) were barriers to abstinence . CONCLUSIONS : Our preoperative smoking cessation program result ed in a 7-day PP abstinence of 22 % at 6 months . A multifaceted intervention including a patient e-learning program may be a valuable tool to overcome some of the barriers to help surgical patients quit smoking BACKGROUND The impact of short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer is evaluated . METHODS A prospect i ve observational study was design ed . Inclusion criteria consisted of an indication to lung resection because of a clinical stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer and a chronic obstructive disease on preoperative pulmonary function test . In such conditions , maximal oxygen consumption by a cardio-pulmonary exercise test was evaluated ; when this result ed as being < or = 15 ml/kg/min a pulmonary rehabilitation programme lasting 4 weeks was considered . Twelve patients fulfilled inclusion criteria , completed the preoperative rehabilitation programme and underwent a new functional evaluation prior to surgery . The postoperative record of these patients was collected . RESULTS On completion of pulmonary rehabilitation , the resting pulmonary function test and diffuse lung capacity of patients was unchanged , whereas the exercise performance was found to have significantly improved ; the mean increase in maximal oxygen consumption proved to be at 2.8 ml/kg/min ( p<0.01 ) . Eleven patients underwent lobectomy ; no postoperative mortality was noted and mean hospital stay was 17 days . Postoperative pulmonary complication was recorded in 8 patients . CONCLUSIONS Short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation could improve the exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are c and i date s for lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to develop a multistr and ed pragmatic rehabilitation programme for operable lung cancer patients , that looks into feasibility , process indicators , outcome measures , local adaptability , compliance and potential cost benefit . METHODS An outpatient-based complex intervention , rehabilitation for operated lung cancer ( ROC ) programme , was developed to optimize physical status , prepare for the inpatient journey and support through recovery after surgery . It includes exercise classes , smoking cessation , dietary advice and patient education and was tested in an enriched cohort study within a regional thoracic unit over 18 months . RESULTS A multistr and ed pragmatic rehabilitation programme pre- and post-surgery is feasible . Fifty-eight patients received the intervention and 305 received st and ard care . Both groups were matched for age , lung function comorbidity and type of surgery . Patients in the intervention group attended exercise classes twice a week until surgery , which was not delayed . Patients attended four sessions presurgery ( range 1 - 15 ) , result ing in an improvement of 20 m ( range -73 - 195 , P = 0.001 ) in a 6-min walk test and 0.66 l in forced expiratory volume in 1 s ( range -1.85 from 1.11 , P = 0.009 ) from baseline to presurgery . Fifty-four percentage of smokers in the intervention group stopped smoking . Sixteen percentage of patients were identified as being at risk of malnourishment and received nutritional intervention . There was a trend in patients in the intervention group towards experiencing fewer postoperative pulmonary complications than those in the non-intervention group ( 9 vs 16 % , respectively , P = 0.21 ) and fewer readmissions to hospital because of complications ( 5 vs 14 % respectively , P = 0.12 ) . CONCLUSION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-type pulmonary rehabilitation before and after lung cancer surgery is viable , and preliminary results suggest improvement in physical measures . A multicentre , r and omized controlled trial is warranted to confirm clinical efficacy . IS RCT N REGISTRATION NUMBER IS RCT N00061628 BACKGROUND : The effectiveness of perioperative interventions to quit smoking with varenicline has not been compared with brief interventions . Our objective was to determine the efficacy of a comprehensive smoking cessation program versus a brief intervention for smoking cessation . METHODS : In this prospect i ve , multicenter study , 296 patients were r and omized to participate in a smoking cessation program ( one 10- to 15-minute counseling session , pharmacotherapy with varenicline , an educational pamphlet , and a fax referral to a telephone quitline ) ; or brief advice and self-referral to a telephone quitline . The primary outcome was the 7-day point prevalence ( PP ) abstinence at 12 months after surgery . Secondary outcomes included abstinence at 1 , 3 , and 6 months . Multivariable generalized linear regression was used to identify independent variables related to abstinence . RESULTS : The 7-day PP abstinence for the smoking cessation program versus brief advice group was 42.4 % vs 26.2 % ( relative risk [ RR ] , 1.62 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.16–2.25 ; P = .003 ) at 12 months . The 7-day PP abstinence at 1 , 3 , and 6 months was higher in the smoking cessation group versus the brief advice group : 45.7 % vs 25.5 % ( RR , 1.79 ; 95 % CI , 1.29–2.49 ; P < .001 ) , 46.4 % vs 26.9 % ( RR , 1.72 ; 95 % CI , 1.25–2.37 ; P < .001 ) , and 45.0 % vs 26.2 % ( RR , 1.72 ; 95 % CI , 1.24–2.38 ; P < .001 ) , respectively . Participating in the smoking cessation group predicted abstinence at 12 months ( RR , 1.58 ; 95 % CI , 1.12–2.21 ; P = .0087 ) . CONCLUSIONS : A perioperative smoking cessation program with counseling , pharmacotherapy with varenicline , an educational pamphlet , and a fax referral to a quitline increased abstinence from smoking 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 months after surgery versus a brief intervention Smoking is a risk factor for complications during and after surgery , but most smokers are unable to quit before elective surgery . We tested the efficacy of bupropion in improving smoking cessation rates in this setting by enrolling 47 patients from the elective surgery waiting list in a double‐blind r and omised controlled trial . Patients receiving bupropion  had a lower daily cigarette consumption at the time of hospital admission , median ( IQR ) cigarettes per day : 6 ( 2–7 ) vs. 15 ( 9–20 ) , p = 0.046 . They also had a reduction in end‐expired carbon monoxide ( p = 0.004 ) , a known contaminant of cigarette smoke , and increased arterial oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry ( p = 0.011 ) . They were more likely to have stopped smoking at the 3‐week visit ( p = 0.036 ) , but not at the 6‐week visit ( p = 0.25 ) or at the time of hospital admission for surgery ( p > 0.99 ) . This study found that smokers waiting for elective surgery are more likely to reduce or stop smoking when treated with bupropion The effectiveness of three current regimes of preoperative respiratory care in reducing postoperative respiratory complications following herniorrhaphy  was studied prospect ively . No smoking for five days plus intensive physiotherapy , five days no smoking , and routine hospital admission two days preoperatively were the regimes . Clinical , bacteriological , chest X-ray , blood gas and respiratory function test data were the criteria for assessment . The same surgical and anaesthetic team performed each operation . No statistical difference between the groups for pulmonary complications was noted . A significant correlation was found between the preoperative vital capacity and arterial pO2 ; also between the preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second-vital capacity ratio with the postoperative arterial pO2 
    Output:
    
The results show that the interventions result ed in a high smoking abstinence rate prior to surgery ; however , longterm abstinence was not measured in any of the studies .