***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Despite their beneficial effects on weight loss and blood lipids , high-protein ( HP ) diets have been shown to increase insulin resistance and diabetes risk , whereas high-cereal-fiber ( HCF ) diets have shown the opposite effects on these outcomes . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of isoenergetic HP and HCF diets and a diet with moderate increases in both cereal fibers and dietary protein ( Mix diet ) on insulin sensitivity , as measured by using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose . DESIGN We r and omly assigned 111 overweight adults with features of the metabolic syndrome to 1 of 4 two-phased , 18-wk isoenergetic diets by group-matching . Per 3-d food protocol s , the percentages of energy derived from protein and carbohydrates and the intake of cereal fiber per day , respectively , were as follows-after 6 wk : 17 % , 52 % , and 14 g ( control ) ; 17 % , 52 % , and 43 g ( HCF ) ; 28 % , 43 % , and 13 g ( HP ) ; 23 % , 44 % , and 26 g ( Mix ) ; after 18 wk : 17 % , 51 % , and 15 g ( control ) ; 17 % , 51 % , and 41 g ( HCF ) ; 26 % , 45 % , and 14 g ( HP ) ; and 22 % , 46 % , and 26 g ( Mix ) . Eighty-four participants completed the study successfully and were included in the final analyses . Adherence was supported by the provision of tailored dietary supplements twice daily in all groups . RESULTS Insulin sensitivity expressed as an M value was 25 % higher after 6 wk of the HCF diet than after 6 wk of the HP diet ( subgroup analysis : 4.61 ± 0.38 compared with 3.71 ± 0.36 mg · kg(-1 ) · min(-1 ) , P = 0.008 ; treatment × time interaction : P = 0.005 ) . Effects were attenuated after 18 wk ( treatment × time interaction : P = 0.054 ) , which was likely explained by lower adherence to the HP diet . HP intake was associated with a tendency to increased protein expression in adipose tissue of the translation initiation factor serine-kinase-6 - 1 , which is known to mediate amino acid-induced insulin resistance . Biomarkers of protein intake indicated interference of cereal fibers with dietary protein absorption . CONCLUSION Greater changes in insulin sensitivity after intake of an isoenergetic HCF than after intake of an HP diet might help to explain the diverse effects of these diets on diabetes risk . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00579657 OBJECTIVE Phytoestrogen consumption has been shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease . Type 2 diabetes confers an adverse cardiovascular risk profile particularly in women after menopause . The aim of this study was to determine whether a dietary supplement with soy protein and isoflavones affected insulin resistance , glycemic control , and cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 32 postmenopausal women with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes completed a r and omized , double blind , cross-over trial of dietary supplementation with phytoestrogens ( soy protein 30 g/day , isoflavones 132 mg/day ) versus placebo ( cellulose 30 g/day ) for 12 weeks , separated by a 2-week washout period . RESULTS Compliance with the dietary supplementation was > 90 % for both treatment phases . When compared with the mean percentage change from baseline seen after 12 weeks of placebo , phytoestrogen supplementation demonstrated significantly lower mean values for fasting insulin ( mean + /- SD 8.09 + /- 21.9 % , P = 0.006 ) , insulin resistance ( 6.47 + /- 27.7 % , P = 0.003 ) , HbA(1c ) ( 0.64 + /- 3.19 % , P = 0.048 ) , total cholesterol ( 4.07 + /- 8.13 % , P = 0.004 ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7.09 + /- 12.7 % , P = 0.001 ) , cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio ( 3.89 + /- 11.7 % , P = 0.015 ) , and free thyroxine ( 2.50 + /- 8.47 % , P = 0.004 ) . No significant change occurred in HDL cholesterol , triglycerides , weight , blood pressure , creatinine , dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate , and rostenedione , and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis hormones . CONCLUSIONS These results show that dietary supplementation with soy phytoestrogens favorably alters insulin resistance , glycemic control , and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes , thereby improving their cardiovascular risk profile BACKGROUND Red meat consumption has been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases . However , its relationship with mortality remains uncertain . METHODS We prospect ively observed 37 698 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1986 - 2008 ) and 83 644 women from the Nurses ' Health Study ( 1980 - 2008 ) who were free of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and cancer at baseline .  Diet was assessed by vali date d food frequency question naires and up date d every 4 years . RESULTS We documented 23 926 deaths ( including 5910 CVD and 9464 cancer deaths ) during 2.96 million person-years of follow-up . After multivariate adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors , the pooled hazard ratio ( HR ) ( 95 % CI ) of total mortality for a 1-serving-per-day increase was 1.13 ( 1.07 - 1.20 ) for unprocessed red meat and 1.20 ( 1.15 - 1.24 ) for processed red meat . The corresponding HRs ( 95 % CIs ) were 1.18 ( 1.13 - 1.23 ) and 1.21 ( 1.13 - 1.31 ) for CVD mortality and 1.10 ( 1.06 - 1.14 ) and 1.16 ( 1.09 - 1.23 ) for cancer mortality . We estimated that substitutions of 1 serving per day of other foods ( including fish , poultry , nuts , legumes , low-fat dairy , and whole grains ) for 1 serving per day of red meat were associated with a 7 % to 19 % lower mortality risk . We also estimated that 9.3 % of deaths in men and 7.6 % in women in these cohorts could be prevented at the end of follow-up if all the individuals consumed fewer than 0.5 servings per day ( approximately 42 g/d ) of red meat . CONCLUSIONS Red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of total , CVD , and cancer mortality . Substitution of other healthy protein sources for red meat is associated with a lower mortality risk BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes ( DM ) disproportionally affects African Americans . Data on the association between egg consumption and risk of DM are sparse . We sought to examine whether egg consumption is associated with the prevalence and incidence of DM among African Americans . METHODS We analyzed baseline data from 4568 participants of the Jackson Heart Study .  Egg consumption was obtained using a food frequency question naire design ed for this population . We used generalized estimating equations to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios of DM and Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios of DM with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) . RESULTS The average age was 55 ± 13 years and 64 % of subjects were women .  The median frequency of egg consumption was 2/week for men and 1/week for women . The prevalence of DM was 22 % overall ( 21 % of men and 23 % of women ) . Multivariable adjusted prevalence ratio [ PR ( 95 % CI ) ] for DM were : 1.00 ( ref ) , 1.14 ( 0.90 - 1.44 ) , 1.33 ( 1.04 - 1.70 ) , 1.33 ( 1.06 - 1.68 ) , 1.26 ( 0.99 - 1.61 ) , and 1.52 ( 1.17 - 1.97 ) for egg consumption of < 1/month , 1 - 3/month , 1/week , 2/week , 3 - 4/week , and 5+/week , respectively , p for linear trend 0.0024 . Corresponding multivariable adjusted hazard ratios were 1.00 ( ref ) , 0.88 ( 0.65 - 1.19 ) , 0.94 ( 0.68 - 1.30 ) , 0.91 ( 0.66 - 1.25 ) , 1.11 ( 0.81 - 1.52 ) , and 1.17 ( 0.81 - 1.70 ) , respectively , during a mean follow up of 7.3 years ( p for linear trend 0.22 ) . CONCLUSIONS While egg consumption was positively associated with prevalent DM , prospect i ve analysis did not show an association of egg intake with incidence of DM among African Americans BACKGROUND & AIMS The effect of total dairy products , milk , and calcium intake on risk of type 2 diabetes ( T2D )  is uncertain , particularly in the Chinese population . METHODS The present study was based on a prospect i ve cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women aged 45 - 74 years during enrollment ( 1993 - 1998 ) in Singapore . Dietary information was obtained using a vali date d 165-item semi-quantitative food-frequency question naire . Information about newly diagnosed T2D was collected by self-report during two follow-up interviews in 1999 - 2004 and 2006 - 2010 . Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to estimate hazard ratios ( HRs ) and their 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) in 45,411 eligible participants . RESULTS Incidence rate ( 95 % CI ) of T2D was 10.5 ( 10.2 - 10.8 ) per 1000 person-years . Intake of dairy food was significantly associated with reduced T2D risk ; compared with the lowest quartile , HRs ( 95 % CI ) for the second , third and fourth quartiles of dairy intake were 0.98 ( 0.91 - 1.06 ) , 0.96 ( 0.89 - 1.03 ) and 0.90 ( 0.83 - 0.98 ) , respectively , after adjustment for potential confounders at baseline ( P-trend = 0.01 ) . Daily drinkers of milk had a significant 12 % reduction in T2D risk compared with non-drinkers . While dairy calcium was associated with a decreased risk of T2D ( HR comparing extreme quartiles 0.84 ; 95 % CI 0.76 - 0.93 ; P-trend = 0.001 ) , no association was found for non-dairy calcium ( HR 1.02 ; 95 % CI 0.92 - 1.14 ; P-trend = 0.61 ) . CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study of Chinese adults , dairy product intake and daily milk consumption was associated with a statistically significant , although modest , decrease in risk of developing T2D , which may be independent of its calcium content Objective To examine relationships between fish consumption and plasma selenium ( Se ) and red blood-cell fatty acid ( RBC FA ) profile in aged subjects . We hypothesised that the importance of Se has been underestimated when interpreting the beneficial effect of fish consumption on health . Design Cross-sectional analysis of data from a prospect i ve cohort study . Setting The EVA study in Nantes , France (1991–2002).Subjects200 subjects aged 69 y with information on RBC FAs , plasma Se and completed food frequency question naires . Methods We examined correlations between the most abundant  FAs , Se and number of fish meals per week . Linear regression models were used . Results Plasma Se was negatively correlated with RBC 6 poly-unsaturated FA ( PUFAs ) and positively with 3 PUFAs . Plasma Se , RBC 3 PUFAs , docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) increased with fish consumption . Conversely , levels of 6 PUFAs were lower in the highest fish consumption group . All associations between plasma Se and fish consumption remained significant when adjusting for 6 PUFAs alone or additionally for age , sex , education , diabetes , hypertension , d 
    Output:
    
This meta- analysis shows that total protein and animal protein could increase the risk of T2DM in both males and females , and plant protein decreases the risk of T2DM in females .
The association between high-protein food types and T2DM are also different .
Red meat and processed meat are risk factors of T2DM , and soy , dairy and dairy products are the protective factors of T2DM .
Egg and fish intake are not associated with a decreased risk of T2DM .