***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We compare the effects of a moderate hypocaloric , high-protein diet and resistance training , using two different protein supplements , versus hypocaloric diet alone on body compositional changes in overweight police officers . A r and omized , prospect i ve 12-week study was performed comparing the changes in body composition produced by three different treatment modalities in three study groups . One group ( n = 10 ) was placed on a nonlipogenic , hypocaloric diet alone ( 80 % of predicted needs ) . A second group ( n = 14 ) was placed on the hypocaloric diet plus resistance exercise plus a high-protein intake ( 1.5 g/kg/day ) using a casein protein hydrolysate . In the third group ( n = 14 ) treatment was identical to the second , except for the use of a whey protein hydrolysate . We found that weight loss was approximately 2.5 kg in all three groups . Mean percent body fat with diet alone decreased from a baseline of 27 ± 1.8 to 25 ± 1.3 % at 12 weeks . With diet , exercise and casein the decrease was from 26 ± 1.7 to 18 ± 1.1 % and with diet , exercise and whey protein the decrease was from 27 ± 1.6 to 23 ± 1.3 % . The mean fat loss was 2.5 ± 0.6 , 7.0 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 0.9 kg in the three groups , respectively . Lean mass gains in the three groups did not change for diet alone , versus gains of 4 ± 1.4 and 2 ± 0.7 kg in the casein and whey groups , respectively . Mean increase in strength for chest , shoulder and legs was 59 ± 9 % for casein and 29 ± 9 % for whey , a significant group difference . This significant difference in body composition and strength is likely due to improved nitrogen retention and overall anticatabolic effects caused by the peptide components of the casein hydrolysate PURPOSE This study examined how a high-protein diet affected nitrogen balance and protein turnover during an exercise-induced energy deficit . METHODS Twenty-two men completed a 4-d ( D1 - 4 ) baseline period ( BL ) of an energy balance diet while maintaining usual physical activity level , followed by 7 d ( D5 - 11 ) of 1000 kcal.d increased energy expenditure via exercise ( 50 - 65 % V O2peak ) . One group consumed 0.9 g of protein per kilogram per day and maintained energy balance throughout the 11-d intervention ( BAL , N = 8) . The other two groups consumed their BL energy intake throughout the 11 days , result ing in a 7-d , 1000-kcal.d energy deficit . These groups consumed either 0.9 g of protein per kilogram per day ( DEF , N = 7 ) or 1.8 g of protein per kilogram per day ( DEF-HP , N = 7 ) . Mean nitrogen balance ( NB ) , calculated per kilogram of fat-free mass ( FFM ) , was determined for BL , days 5 - 8 ( EX1 ) , and days 9 - 11 ( EX2 ) . Whole-body protein turnover was derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics assessed while fasting at rest on days 4 , 7 , and 12 , using a priming dose of L-[ring-N]tyrosine and a 4-h , primed , continuous infusion of L-[N]phenylalanine and L-[ring-H4]tyrosine . RESULTS DEF experienced a decrease in NB from BL to EX 1 that was maintained in EX 2 . No changes in NB occurred for BAL or DEF-HP over time . No within- or between-group differences were found over time for Phe flux ( Qp ) , conversion rate of Phe to Tyr ( Qpt ) , or the derived protein synthesis value ( Sp ) . CONCLUSION Increased dietary protein maintained NB during exercise-induced energy deficit , but this did not impact resting whole-body protein turnover The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of varying levels of dietary protein on body composition and muscle protein synthesis during energy deficit ( ED ) . A r and omized controlled trial of 39 adults assigned the subjects  diets providing protein at 0.8 ( recommended dietary allowance ; RDA ) , 1.6 ( 2X‐RDA ) , and 2.4 ( 3X‐RDA ) g kg–1 d–1 for 31 d. A 10‐d weight‐maintenance ( WM ) period was followed by a 21 d , 40 % ED . Body composition and postabsorptive and postpr and ial muscle protein synthesis were assessed during WM ( d 9‐10 ) and ED ( d 30‐31 ) . Volunteers lost ( P<0.05 ) 3.2 ± 0.2 kg body weight during ED regardless of dietary protein . The proportion of weight loss due to reductions in fat‐free mass was lower ( P<0.05 ) and the loss of fat mass was higher ( P<0.05 ) in those receiving 2X‐RDA and 3X‐RDA compared to RDA . The anabolic muscle response to a protein‐rich meal during ED was not different ( P>0.05 ) from WM for 2X‐RDA and 3X‐RDA , but was lower during ED than WM for those consuming RDA levels of protein ( energy × protein interaction , P<0.05 ) . To assess muscle protein metabolic responses to varied protein intakes during ED , RDA served as the study control . In summary , we determined that consuming dietary protein at levels exceeding the RDA may protect fat‐free mass during short‐term weight loss .— Pasiakos , S. M. , Cao , J. J. , Margolis , L. M. , Sauter , E. R. , Whigham , L. D. , McClung , J. P. , Rood , J. C. , Carbone , J. W. , Combs , G. F. , Jr. , Young , A. J. Effects of high‐protein diets on fat‐free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss : a r and omized controlled trial . FASEB J. 27 , 3837–3847 ( 2013 ) . Background The present study compares two different weight reduction regimens both with a moderately high protein intake on body composition , serum hormone concentration and strength performance in non-competitive female athletes . Methods Fifteen normal weighted women involved in recreational resistance training and aerobic training were recruited for the study ( age 28.5 ± 6.3 yr , height 167.0 ± 7.0 cm , body mass 66.3 ± 4.2 kg , body mass index 23.8 ± 1.8 , mean ± SD ) . They were r and omized into two groups . The 1 KG group ( n = 8 ; energy deficit 1100 kcal/day ) was supervised to reduce body weight by 1 kg per week and the 0.5 KG group ( n = 7 ; energy deficit 550 kcal/day ) by 0.5 kg per week , respectively . In both groups protein intake was kept at least 1.4 g/kg body weight/day and the weight reduction lasted four weeks . At the beginning of the study the energy need was calculated using food and training diaries . The same measurements were done before and after the 4-week weight reduction period including total body composition ( DXA ) , serum hormone concentrations , jumping ability and strength measurements Results During the 4-week weight reduction period there were no changes in lean body mass and bone mass , but total body mass , fat mass and fat percentage decreased significantly in both groups . The changes were greater in the 1 KG group than in the 0.5 KG group in total body mass ( p < 0.001 ) , fat mass ( p < 0.001 ) and fat percentage ( p < 0.01 ) . Serum testosterone concentration decreased significantly from 1.8 ± 1.0 to 1.4 ± 0.9 nmol/l ( p < 0.01 ) in 1 KG and the change was greater in 1 KG ( 30 % , p < 0.001 ) than in 0.5 KG ( 3 % ) . On the other h and , SHBG increased significantly in 1 KG from 63.4 ± 17.7 to 82.4 ± 33.0 nmol/l ( p < 0.05 ) during the weight reducing regimen . After the 4-week period there were no changes in strength performance in 0.5 KG group , however in 1 KG maximal strength in bench press decreased ( p < 0.05 ) while endurance strength in squat and counter movement jump improved ( p < 0.05 ) Conclusion It is concluded that a weight reduction by 0.5 kg per week with ~1.4 g protein/kg body weight/day can be recommended to normal weighted , physically active women instead of a larger ( e.g. 1 kg per week ) weight reduction because the latter may lead to a catabolic state . Vertical jumping performance is improved when fat mass and body weight decrease . Thus a moderate weight reduction prior to a major event could be considered beneficial for normal built athletes in jumping events When weight loss ( WL ) is necessary , athletes are advised to accomplish it gradually , at a rate of 0.5 - 1 kg/wk . However , it is possible that losing 0.5 kg/wk is better than 1 kg/wk in terms of preserving lean body mass ( LBM ) and performance . The aim of this study was to compare changes in body composition , strength , and power during a weekly body-weight ( BW ) loss of 0.7 % slow reduction ( SR ) vs. 1.4 % fast reduction ( FR ) . We hypothesized that the faster WL regimen would result in more detrimental effects on both LBM and strength-related performance .  Twenty-four athletes were r and omized to SR ( n = 13 , 24 ± 3 yr , 71.9 ± 12.7 kg ) or FR ( n = 11 , 22 ± 5 yr , 74.8 ± 11.7 kg ) . They followed energy-restricted diets promoting the predetermined weekly WL . All athletes included 4 resistance-training sessions/wk in their usual training regimen . The mean times spent in intervention for SR and FR were 8.5 ± 2.2 and 5.3 ± 0.9 wk , respectively ( p < .001 ) . BW , body composition ( DEXA ) , 1-repetition-maximum ( 1RM ) tests , 40-m sprint , and countermovement jump were measured before and after intervention . Energy intake was reduced by 19 % ± 2 % and 30 % ± 4 % in SR and FR , respectively ( p = .003 ) . BW and fat mass decreased in both SR and FR by 5.6 % ± 0.8 % and 5.5 % ± 0.7 % ( 0.7 % ± 0.8 % vs. 1.0 % ± 0.4%/wk ) and 31 % ± 3 % and 21 ± 4 % , respectively . LBM increased in SR by 2.1 % ± 0.4 % ( p < .001 ) , whereas it was unchanged in FR ( -0.2 % ± 0.7 % ) , with significant differences between groups ( p < .01 ) . In conclusion , data from this study suggest that athletes who want to gain LBM and increase 1RM strength  during a WL period combined with strength training should aim for a weekly BW loss of 0.7 % This r and omized double-blind cross-over study assessed  protein ( PRO ) requirements during the early stages of intensive bodybuilding training and determined whether supplemental PRO intake ( PROIN ) enhanced muscle mass/strength gains .  Twelve men [ 22.4 + /- 2.4 ( SD ) yr ] received an isoenergetic PRO ( total PROIN 2.62 g.kg-1.day-1 ) or carbohydrate ( CHO ; total PROIN 1.35 g.kg-1.day-1 ) supplement for 1 mo each during intensive ( 1.5 h/day , 6 days/wk ) weight training . On the basis of 3-day nitrogen balance ( NBAL ) measurements after 3.5 wk on each treatment ( 8.9 + /- 4.2 and -3.4 + /- 1.9 g N/day , respectively ) , the PROIN necessary for zero NBAL ( requirement ) was 1.4 - 1.5 g.kg-1.day-1 . The recommended intake ( requirement + 2 SD ) was 1.6 - 1.7 g.kg-1.day-1 . However , strength ( voluntary and electrically evoked ) and muscle mass [ density , creatinine excretion , muscle area ( computer axial tomography scan ) , and biceps N content ] gains were not different between diet treatments . These data indicate that , during the early stages of intensive bodybuilding training , PRO needs are approximately 100 % greater than current recommendations but that PROIN increases from 1.35 to 2.62 g.kg-1.day-1 do not enhance muscle mass/strength gains , at least during the 1st mo of training . Whether differential gains would occur with longer training remains to be determined Six healthy young adult male participants were confined to a metabolic ward for 105 days . Two nutritionally adequate purified diets providing 12 and 36 g of nitrogen per day were r and omized in two metabolic periods of approximately 50 days each . The objective of this study was to verify whether or not positive nitrogen balance is a concomitant of increased nitrogen intake under the most rig 
    Output:
    
Protein needs for energy-restricted resistance-trained athletes are likely 2.3 - 3.1g/kg of FFM scaled upwards with severity of caloric restriction and leanness