***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We show that during visual working memory , the electroencephalographic ( EEG ) process producing 5 - 7 Hz frontal  midline theta ( fmtheta ) activity exhibits multiple spectral modes involving at least three frequency b and s and a wide range of amplitudes . The process accounting for the fmtheta increase during working memory was separated from 71-channel data by clustering on time/frequency transforms of components returned by independent component analysis ( ICA ) . Dipole models of fmtheta component scalp maps were consistent with their generation in or near dorsal anterior cingulate cortex . From trial to trial , theta power of fmtheta components varied widely but correlated moderately with theta power in other frontal and left temporal processes . The weak mean increase in frontal midline theta power with increasing memory load , produced entirely by the fmtheta components , largely reflected progressively stronger theta activity in a relatively small proportion of trials . During presentations of letter series to be memorized or ignored , fmtheta components also exhibited 12 - 15 Hz low-beta activity that was stronger during memorized than during ignored letter trials , independent of letter duration . The same components produced a brief 3-Hz burst 500 ms after onset of the Probe letter following each letter sequence . A new decomposition method , log spectral ICA , applied to normalized log time/frequency transforms of fmtheta component Memorize-letter trials , showed that their low-beta activity reflected harmonic energy in continuous , sharp-peaked theta wave trains as well as independent low-beta bursts . Possibly , the observed fmtheta process variability may index dynamic adjustments in medial frontal cortex to trial-specific behavioral context and task dem and Abstract The study of meditation offers a perfect setting for the study of a large variety of states of consciousness . Here , we present a classification paradigm that can be used for staging of individual  meditation  sessions into a variety of predefined mental states . We have measured 64 channels of the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) plus peripheral physiological measures  in 49 participants with varying experiences in meditation practice . The data recorded in a meditation session of seven meditative tasks were analyzed with respect to EEG power spectral density measures plus peripheral measures . A multiclass linear discriminant analysis classifier was trained for classification of data epochs of the seven st and ard tasks . The classification results were verified using r and om partitions of the data . As an overall result , about 83 % ( ±7 % ) of the epochs could be correctly classified to their originating task . The best classification method was then applied to individual meditation sessions , which allowed for staging of meditation states similarly to the staging possibility of sleep states . This study exemplarily demonstrates the possibility of developing an automatized staging tool that can be used for monitoring changes in the states of consciousness offline or online for training or therapeutic purpose Objective : The underlying changes in biological processes that are associated with reported changes in mental and physical health in response to meditation have not been systematic ally explored . We performed a r and omized , controlled study on the effects on brain and immune function of a well‐known and widely used 8‐week clinical training program in mindfulness meditation applied in a work environment with healthy employees . Methods : We measured brain electrical activity before and immediately after , and then 4 months after an 8‐week training program in mindfulness meditation .  Twenty‐five subjects were tested in the meditation group . A wait‐list control group ( N = 16 ) was tested at the same points in time as the meditators . At the end of the 8‐week period , subjects in both groups were vaccinated with influenza vaccine . Results : We report for the first time significant increases in left‐sided anterior activation , a pattern previously associated with positive affect , in the meditators compared with the nonmeditators . We also found significant increases in antibody titers to influenza vaccine among subjects in the meditation compared with those in the wait‐list control group . Finally , the magnitude of increase in left‐sided activation predicted the magnitude of antibody titer rise to the vaccine . Conclusions : These findings demonstrate that a short program in mindfulness meditation produces demonstrable effects on brain and immune function . These findings suggest that meditation may change brain and immune function in positive ways and underscore the need for additional research Several studies have reported a functional relationship between spectral power within the theta-b and of the EEG ( theta-power ) and memory load while processing visual or semantic information . We investigated theta power during the processing of different complex haptic stimuli using a delayed recall design . The haptic explorations consisted of palpating the structure of twelve sunken reliefs with closed eyes . Subjects had to reproduce each relief by drawing it 10 s after the end of the exploration . The relationship between mean theta power and mean exploration time was analysed using a regression model . A linear relationship was found between the exploration time and theta power over fronto- central regions ( Fp1 , Fp2 , F3 , F7 , F8 , Fz , C3 ) directly before the recall of the relief . This result is interpreted in favour of the hypothesis that fronto- central theta power of the EEG correlates with the load of working memory independent of stimulus modality In previous papers we proposed that an increase in delta EEG activity during mental tasks might be related to an increase in subjects ' attention to internal processing . In this paper we have made a narrow b and analysis to detect those EEG frequencies that change selectively during the performance of a mental task that requires attention to internal processing . Two different experiments were performed : ( 1 ) a difficult mental calculation task and a control stimulus with the same physical characteristics as the arithmetical symbols were presented in r and om order ; ( 2 ) the Sternberg paradigm for the analysis of short term memory using a memory set of 5 or 3 digits was also presented in r and om order . Referential recordings to linked ears were obtained in all leads of the 10/20 system . In the first experiment , the increase of power from 1.56 to 5.46 Hz was observed only during the performance of the task and not during the control condition . In the Sternberg paradigm , the increase of power from 1.56 to 3.90 Hz was greater during the difficult than during the easy condition . These results support our hypothesis that an increase in delta activity may be related to attention to internal processing during the performance of a mental task The concept of mindfulness is based on Vipassana , a Buddhist meditation technique . The present study examines the physiological indices of attention and autonomic regulation in experienced Vipassana meditators to test the cl aim that mindfulness is an effective therapeutic tool due to its effects on increasing awareness of present experience and emotional self-regulation . Ten male experienced Vipassana meditators underwent two assessment sessions , one where they practice d Vipassana meditation and another where they rested with no meditation ( r and om thinking ) . Each meditation/no-meditation session lasted 30 min and was preceded and followed by an auditory oddball task with two tones ( st and ard and target ) . Event-related potentials to the tones were recorded at the Fz , Cz , and Pz locations . Heart rate variability , derived from an EKG , was recorded continuously during the meditation/no-meditation sessions and during a 5-minute baseline before the task . The Vipassana experts showed greater P3b amplitudes to the target tone after meditation than they did both before meditation and after the no-meditation session . They also showed a larger LF/HF ratio increase during specific Vipassana meditation . These results suggest that expert Vipassana meditators showed increased attentional engagement after meditation and increased autonomic regulation during meditation supporting , at least partially , the two cl aims concerning the clinical effectiveness of mindfulness Impact of meditation on emotional processing , and its clinical applications , has recently drawn significant interest . In this visual event-related potential ( ERP ) study we investigated whether  long-term meditation practitioners  exhibit different ERP responses to the emotional load of stimuli ( IAPS pictures ) than  control subjects with no experience in meditation .  Differences were observed in the late positive potential ( LPP ) . LPP amplitude is typically greater in ERPs evoked by emotionally arousing scenes , specifically negative images , compared to neutral scenes . This effect was also replicated in our study , but not in case of meditators ' frontal scalp regions , who differed significantly in this respect from control subjects . Our findings provide support for different emotional processing in  meditation practitioners : at high levels of processing meditators are less affected by stimuli with adverse emotional load , while processing of positive stimuli remains unaltered . To further confirm this observation , a long-term longitudinal r and om assignment study would be desirable Mindfulness meditation , with the result ing alpha brain state , is gaining a strong following as an adjunct to health , so too is applying self-affirmation to stimulate behavior change through subconscious re-programming . Until recently the EEG technology needed to demonstrate this has been cumbersome and required specialist training . This paper reports a pilot study using a remote EEG headb and , which through a sophisticated algorithm , provides a real-time EEG readout unencumbered by conventional artifacts . In a convenience sample of 13 , the difference in brain waves was examined while the subjects were occupied in an ' attention ' and an ' alpha mind state ' exercise . There was a significant difference in the mean scores for theta , delta , beta and gamma brain waves . Alpha brain waves remained static suggesting an ability of the headset to discriminate a mindful state and to provide real-time , easy to interpret feedback for the facilitator and subject . The findings provide encouragement for research applications in health care activities providing neurobiofeedback to subjects involved in mindfulness behavior change activities To underst and the effects of cocaine on the cerebral cortex , 14 male polydrug abusers were enrolled in a study on the effects of cocaine on the  electroencephalogram ( EEG ) . The experimental treatments were placebo , 20 mg cocaine or 40 mg cocaine IV administered in a double-blind , pseudor and om design . The  EEG  was recorded from 13 electrode positions over the left hemisphere during a 3-minute baseline recording and for 30 minutes after initiation of the IV injection . The spectral power for delta , theta , alpha and beta EEG b and s was calculated from data collected in each 3-minute interval . Cocaine significantly increased beta in frontal and central areas and enhanced alpha in frontal and temporal regions . Cocaine-induced increases in EEG beta power had a cortical distribution similar to those produced by barbiturates and benzodiazepines . As all of these drugs reduce cortical glucose metabolism , the increases in beta power may reflect a reduction in cortical neural activity Mindfulness-based meditation practice s involve various attentional skills , including the ability to sustain and focus ones attention . During a simple mindful breathing practice , sustained attention is required to maintain focus on the breath while cognitive control is required to detect mind w and ering . We thus hypothesized that regular , brief mindfulness training would result in improvements in the self-regulation of attention and foster changes in neuronal activity related to attentional control . A longitudinal r and omized control group EEG study was conducted . At baseline ( T1 ) , 40 meditation naïve participants were r and omized into a wait list group and a meditation group  , who received three hours mindfulness meditation training . Twenty-eight participants remained in the final analysis . At T1 , after eight weeks ( T2 ) and after 16 weeks ( T3 ) , all participants performed a  computerized Stroop task ( a measure of attentional control ) while the 64-channel EEG was recorded . Between T1 and T3 the meditators were requested to meditate daily for 10 min . Event-related potential ( ERP ) analysis highlighted two between group effects that developed over the course of the 16-week mindfulness training . An early effect at left and right posterior sites 160–240 ms post-stimulus indicated that meditation practice improved the focusing of attentional re sources . A second effect at central posterior sites 310–380 ms post-stimulus reflects that meditation practice reduced the recruitment of re sources during object recognition processes , especially for incongruent stimuli . Scalp topographies and source analyses ( Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography , VARETA ) indicate relevant changes in neural sources , pertaining to left medial and lateral occipitotemporal areas for the early effect and right lateral occipitotemporal and inferior temporal areas for the later effect . The results suggest that mindfulness meditation may alter the efficiency of allocating cognitive re sources , leading to improved self-regulation of attention Meditation-based interventions reduce the relapse risk in recurrently depressed patients . R and omized trials utilizing neurophysiologic outcome measures , however , have yielded inconsistent results with regard to a prophylactic effect . Although frontal brain asymmetry , assessed through electroencephalographic ( EEG ) alpha activity ( 8 - 13 Hz ) , is indicative of approach vs. withdrawal-related response dispositions and represents a vulnerability marker of depression , clinical trials have provided mixed results as to whether meditation has beneficial effects on alpha asymmetry . Inconsistencies might have arisen since such trials relied on resting-state recordings , instead of active paradigms under challenge , as suggested by contemporary notions of alpha asymmetry . We examined two groups of remitted , recurrently depressed females . In a " mindfulness support group " , EEG was recorded during neutral rest , and rest following a negative mood induction . Subsequently , participants received initial meditation instructions . EEG was then obtained during an active period of guided mindfulness meditation and rest following the active period . In a " rumination challenge group " ,  EEG  was obtained during the same resting conditions , whereas in the active period , initial meditation instructions were followed by a rumination challenge . A significant shift in mid-frontal asymmetry , yielding a pattern indicative of approach motivation , was observed in the mindfulness support group , specifically during the meditation period . This indicates that mindfulness meditation may have a transient beneficial effect , which enables patients to take an approach-related motivational stance , particularly under circumstances of risk Over the past several years meditation practice has gained increasing attention as a non-pharmacological intervention to provide health related benefits , from promoting general wellness to alleviating the symptoms of a variety of medical conditions . However , the effects of meditation training on brain activity still need to be fully characterized . Sleep provides a unique approach to explore the meditation-related plastic changes in brain function . In this study we performed sleep high-density electroencephal 
    Output:
    
The systematic review revealed that mindfulness was most commonly associated with enhanced alpha and theta power as compared to an eyes closed resting state , although such outcomes were not uniformly reported .
No consistent patterns were observed with respect to beta , delta and gamma b and widths .
In summary , mindfulness is associated with increased alpha and theta power in both healthy individuals and in patient groups .
This co-presence of elevated alpha and theta may signify a state of relaxed alertness which is conducive to mental health