***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background —Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with lower  cardiovascular mortality . However , data evaluating the relationship between C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , a predictor of cardiovascular risk , and alcohol consumption are sparse . Methods and Results —The relationship between alcohol consumption and CRP was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey and over time among 1732 men and 1101 women participating in the Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation Study .  CRP levels were lower in those with moderate alcohol intake versus light or occasional intake : in 5 categories of alcohol intake ( no alcohol or < 1 drink monthly , 1 to 3 drinks monthly , 1 to 4 drinks weekly , 5 to 7 drinks weekly , and ≥2 drinks daily ) , median CRP levels were 2.60 mg/L ( interquartile range ( IQR ) , 1.20 to 5.30 mg/L ) , 2.20 mg/L ( IQR , 1.00 to 4.40 mg/L ) , 1.70 mg/L ( IQR , 0.80 to 3.80 mg/L ) , 1.60 mg/L ( IQR , 0.80 to 3.30 mg/L ) , and 1.80 mg/L ( IQR , 0.80 to 2.90 mg/L ) , respectively . This relationship was present among men , women not taking hormone replacement therapy , nonsmokers , and those individuals with and without a history of cardiovascular disease ( all P < 0.001 ) . In multivariate analysis , the relationship between alcohol consumption and CRP remained significant after controlling for multiple traditional cardiovascular risk factors . Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the change in CRP or lipid levels associated with statin use . Conclusion —Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower CRP concentrations than no or occasional alcohol intake , an effect that was independent of alcohol-related effects on lipids . Alcohol may attenuate cardiovascular mortality in part through an anti-inflammatory mechanism BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) plays a central role in inflammation and tissue injury . However , epidemiological data evaluating the role of IL-6 in atherogenesis are sparse . METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospect i ve study involving 14 916 apparently healthy men , we measured baseline plasma concentration of IL-6 in 202 participants who subsequently developed myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) and in 202 study participants matched for age and smoking status who did not report vascular disease during a 6-year follow-up .  Median concentrations of IL-6 at baseline were higher among men who subsequently had an MI than among those who did not ( 1.81 versus 1 . 46 pg/mL ; P=0.002 ) . The risk of future MI increased with increasing quartiles of baseline IL-6 concentration ( P for trend < 0.001 ) such that men in the highest quartile at entry had a relative risk 2.3 times higher than those in the lowest quartile ( 95 % CI 1.3 to 4.3 , P=0.005 ) ; for each quartile increase in IL-6 , there was a 38 % increase in risk (P=0.001).This relationship remained significant after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors , was stable over long periods of follow-up , and was present in all low-risk subgroups , including nonsmokers . Although the strongest correlate of IL-6 in these data was C-reactive protein ( r=0.43 , P<0.001 ) , the relationship of IL-6 with subsequent risk remained after control for this factor ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS In apparently healthy men , elevated levels of IL-6 are associated with increased risk of future MI . These data thus support a role for cytokine-mediated inflammation in the early stages of atherogenesis BACKGROUND Since inflammation is believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events , measurement of markers of inflammation has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of the risk of these events . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , nested case-control study among 28,263 apparently healthy postmenopausal women over a mean follow-up period of three years to assess the risk of cardiovascular events associated with base-line levels of markers of inflammation . The markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , serum amyloid A , interleukin-6 , and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 ( sICAM-1 ) . We also studied homocysteine and a variety of lipid and lipoprotein measurements .  Cardiovascular events were defined as death from coronary heart disease , nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion or stroke , or the need for coronary-revascularization procedures . RESULTS Of the 12 markers measured , hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events ; the relative risk of events for women in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile for this marker was 4.4 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 2.2 to 8.9 ) . Other markers significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events were serum amyloid A ( relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile , 3.0 ) , sICAM-1 ( 2.6 ) , interleukin-6 ( 2.2 ) , homocysteine ( 2.0 ) , total cholesterol ( 2.4 ) , LDL cholesterol ( 2.4 ) , apolipoprotein B-100 ( 3.4 ) , HDL cholesterol ( 0.3 ) , and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( 3.4 ) . Prediction models that incorporated markers of inflammation in addition to lipids were significantly better at predicting risk than models based on lipid levels alone ( P<0.001 ) . The levels of hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors of risk even in the subgroup of women with LDL cholesterol levels below 130 mg per deciliter ( 3.4 mmol per liter ) , the target for primary prevention established by the National Cholesterol Education Program . In multivariate analyses , the only plasma markers that independently predicted risk were hs-CRP ( relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile , 1.5 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 1.1 to 2.1 ) and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( relative risk , 1.4 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 1.1 to 1.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS The addition of the measurement of C-reactive protein to screening based on lipid levels may provide an improved method of identifying persons at risk for cardiovascular events Objective and design A 6-month , r and omized clinical study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a ribonuclease-enriched lactoferrin ( R-ELF ) supplement on the circulating cytokine levels and bone health of postmenopausal women . SubjectsThirty-eight healthy postmenopausal women , aged 45–60 years , were r and omized into placebo and R-ELF groups . TreatmentThe R-ELF group was supplemented with R-ELF ( 2 × 125 mg/day ) and calcium ( 100 % RDA ) , while the placebo group received only the calcium supplement .  Methods Serum levels of receptor activator for NF-κB lig and ( RANKL ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA . Results Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α decreased significantly ( −44 and −10 % , respectively ) while anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased ( 140 % ) due to R-ELF supplementation at the end of study . RANKL and CRP were modestly reduced ( −50 % ) relative to their placebo levels , although RANKL elevated initially . Conclusions R-ELF supplementation showed beneficial effects towards improvement of inflammatory status in postmenopausal women BACKGROUND We recently showed that calcitriol increases oxidative and inflammatory stress ; moreover , inhibition of calcitriol with high-calcium diets decreased both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and inflammatory stress in obese mice , whereas dairy exerted a greater effect . However , these findings may be confounded by concomitant changes in adiposity . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of adiposity changes . DESIGN Twenty subjects ( 10 obese , 10 overweight ) participated in a blinded , r and omized , crossover study of dairy- compared with soy-supplemented eucaloric diets . Two 28-d dietary periods were separated by a 28-d washout period . Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured on days 0 , 7 , and 28 of each dietary period . RESULTS The dairy-supplemented diet result ed in significant suppression of oxidative stress ( plasma malondialdehyde , 22 % ; 8-isoprostane-F(2alpha ) , 12 % ; P < 0.0005 ) and lower inflammatory markers ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha , 15 % , P < 0.002 ; interleukin-6 , 13 % , P < 0.01 ; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , 10 % , P < 0.0006 ) and increased adiponectin ( 20 % , P < 0.002 ) , whereas the soy exerted no significant effect . These effects were evident by day 7 of treatment and increased in magnitude at the end of the 28-d treatment periods . There were no significant differences in response to treatment between overweight and obese subjects for any variable studied . CONCLUSION An increase in dairy food intake produces significant and substantial suppression of the oxidative and inflammatory stress associated with overweight and obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00686426 OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effects of dairy consumption on adiposity and body composition in obese African Americans . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed two r and omized trials in obese African-American adults . In the first ( weight maintenance ) , 34 subjects were maintained on a low calcium ( 500 mg/d)/low dairy ( < 1 serving/d ) or high dairy ( 1200 mg Ca/d diet including 3 servings of dairy ) diet with no change in energy or macronutrient intake for 24 weeks . In the second trial ( weight loss ) , 29 subjects were similarly r and omized to the low or high dairy diets  and placed on a caloric restriction regimen ( -500 kcal/d ) . RESULTS In the first trial , body weight remained stable for both groups throughout the maintenance study . The high dairy diet result ed in decreases in total body fat ( 2.16 kg , p < 0.01 ) , trunk fat ( 1.03 kg , p < 0.01 ) , insulin ( 18.7 pM , p < 0.04 ) , and blood pressure ( 6.8 mm Hg systolic , p < 0.01 ; 4.25 mm Hg diastolic , p < 0.01 ) and an increase in lean mass ( 1.08 kg , p < 0.04 ) , whereas there were no significant changes in the low dairy group . In the second trial , although both diets produced significant weight and fat loss , weight and fat loss on the high dairy diet were approximately 2-fold higher ( p < 0.01 ) , and loss of lean body mass was markedly reduced ( p < 0.001 ) compared with the low dairy diet . DISCUSSION Substitution of calcium-rich foods in isocaloric diets reduced adiposity and improved metabolic profiles in obese African Americans without energy restriction or weight loss and augmented weight and fat loss secondary to energy restriction BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : We have previously demonstrated an antiobesity effect of dietary Ca ; this is largely mediated by Ca suppression of calcitriol levels , result ing in reduced adipocyte intracellular Ca2 + and , consequently , a coordinated increase in lipid utilization and decrease in lipogenesis . Notably , dairy Ca is markedly more effective than other Ca sources . DESIGN : Obese subjects were placed on balanced deficit ( −500 kcal/day ) diets and r and omized to control ( 400–500 mg Ca/day ; n=16 ) or yogurt ( 1100 mg Ca/day ; n=18 ) treatments for 12 weeks . Dietary macronutrients and fiber were held constant at the US average . MEASUREMENTS : Body weight , body fat and fat distribution ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , blood pressure and circulating lipids were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention . RESULTS : Fat loss was markedly increased on the yogurt diet ( −4.43±0.47 vs −2.75±0.73 kg in yogurt and control groups ; P<0.005 ) while lean tissue loss was reduced by 31 % on the yogurt diet . Trunk fat loss was augmented by 81 % on the yogurt vs control di 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSIONS Dairy product consumption does not exert adverse effects on biomarkers of inflammation in overweight or obese adults .