***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) is characterized by distorted self-views . The goal of this study was to examine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) alters behavioral and brain measures of negative and positive self-views . Methods : Fifty-six adult patients with generalized SAD were r and omly assigned to MBSR or a comparison aerobic exercise ( AE ) program . A self-referential encoding task was administered at baseline and post-intervention to examine changes in behavioral and neural responses in the self-referential brain network during functional magnetic resonance imaging . Patients were cued to decide whether positive and negative social trait adjectives were self-descriptive or in upper case font . Results : Behaviorally , compared to AE , MBSR produced greater decreases in negative self-views , and equivalent increases in positive self-views . Neurally , during negative self versus case , compared to AE , MBSR led to increased brain responses in the posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC ) . There were no differential changes for positive self versus case . Secondary analyses showed that changes in endorsement of negative and positive self-views were associated with decreased social anxiety symptom severity for MBSR , but not AE . Additionally , MBSR-related increases in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex ( DMPFC ) activity during negative self-view versus case were associated with decreased social anxiety related disability and increased mindfulness . Analysis of neural temporal dynamics revealed MBSR-related changes in the timing of neural responses in the DMPFC and PCC for negative self-view versus case . Conclusion : These findings suggest that MBSR attenuates maladaptive habitual self-views by facilitating automatic ( i.e. , uninstructed ) recruitment of cognitive and attention regulation neural networks . This highlights potentially important links between self-referential and cognitive-attention regulation systems and suggests that MBSR may enhance more adaptive social self-referential processes in patients with SAD BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) programs have consistently been shown to enhance the psychosocial well-being of participants . Given the well-established association between psychosocial factors and immunologic functioning , it has been hypothesized that enhanced psychosocial well-being among MBSR participants would be associated with corresponding changes in markers of immune activity . OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to examine changes in psychosocial and immunologic measures in a heterogeneous patient sample following participation in a MBSR program . DESIGN A single-group , pretest/post-test design was utilized . SETTING The intervention was conducted at an academic health center . SUBJECTS This pilot study involved 24 participants ( aged 28 - 72 years ) . Inclusion criteria were as follows : > or = 18 years of age , English-speaking , and no known autoimmune disorder . INTERVENTION The intervention was an 8-week MBSR program . OUTCOME MEASURES Distress and quality of life ( QOL ) measures included the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form Health Survey , respectively . Immunologic measures included natural killer ( NK ) cell cytolytic activity and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) . RESULTS Patients completed psychosocial assessment s and provided a blood sample at baseline ( pre-MBSR ) and within 2 weeks post-MBSR . Significant improvements in anxiety and overall distress as well as across multiple domains of QOL were observed from baseline to post-MBSR . Reductions in anxiety and overall distress were associated with reductions in CRP . Patients who reported improvement in overall mental well-being also showed increased NK cytolytic activity from pre- to post-MBSR , whereas patients who reported no improvement in mental well-being showed no change in NK cytolytic activity . CONCLUSIONS Positive improvement in psychologic well-being following MBSR was associated with increased NK cytolytic activity and decreased levels of CRP BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of elderly patients treated for depression fail to achieve symptomatic remission and functional recovery with first-line pharmacotherapy . In this study , we ask whether a mind-body exercise , Tai Chi Chih ( TCC ) , added to escitalopram will augment the treatment of geriatric depression design ed to achieve symptomatic remission and improvements in health functioning and cognitive performance . METHODS : One hundred twelve older adults with major depression age 60 years and older were recruited and treated with escitalopram for approximately 4 weeks . Seventy-three partial responders to escitalopram continued to receive escitalopram daily and were r and omly assigned to 10 weeks of adjunct use of either 1 ) TCC for 2 hours per week or 2 ) health education ( HE ) for 2 hours per week . All participants underwent evaluations of depression , anxiety , resilience , health-related quality of life , cognition , and inflammation at baseline and during 14-week follow-up . RESULTS Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition were more likely to show greater reduction of depressive symptoms and to achieve a depression remission as compared with those receiving escitalopram and HE . Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition also showed significantly greater improvements in 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical functioning and cognitive tests and a decline in the inflammatory marker , C-reactive protein , compared with the control group . CONCLUSION : Complementary use of a mind-body exercise , such as TCC , may provide additional improvements of clinical outcomes in the pharmacologic treatment of geriatric depression BACKGROUND Cognitive decline among seniors is a pressing health care issue . Specific exercise training may combat cognitive decline . We compared the effect of once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training with that of twice-weekly balance and tone exercise training on the performance of executive cognitive functions in senior women . METHODS In this single-blinded r and omized trial , 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years living in Vancouver were r and omly allocated to once-weekly ( n = 54 ) or twice-weekly ( n = 52 ) resistance training or twice-weekly balance and tone training ( control group ) ( n = 49 ) . The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test , an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution . Secondary outcomes of executive cognitive functions included set shifting as measured by the Trail Making Tests ( parts A and B ) and working memory as assessed by verbal digit span forward and backward tests . Gait speed , muscular function , and whole-brain volume were also secondary outcome measures . RESULTS Both resistance training groups significantly improved their performance on the Stroop test compared with those in the balance and tone group ( P < or = .03 ) . Task performance improved by 12.6 % and 10.9 % in the once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training groups , respectively ; it deteriorated by 0.5 % in the balance and tone group . Enhanced selective attention and conflict resolution was significantly associated with increased gait speed . Both resistance training groups demonstrated reductions in whole-brain volume compared with the balance and tone group at the end of the study ( P < or = .03 ) . CONCLUSION Twelve months of once-weekly or twice-weekly resistance training benefited the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution among senior women . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00426881 Exercise is an efficacious treatment for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and has independently been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in non-depressed subjects . Patients with MDD have elevated inflammatory cytokines but it is not known if exercise affects inflammation in MDD patients and whether these changes are clinical ly relevant . In the TReatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression ( TREAD ) study , participants who were partial responders to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor  were r and omized to receive one of two doses of exercise : 16 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per week ( KKW ) , or 4 KKW for 12 weeks . Blood sample s were collected before initiation and again at the end of the 12-week exercise intervention . Serum was analyzed using a multiplexed ELISA for interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) . Higher baseline levels of TNF-α were associated with greater decrease in depression symptoms over the 12-week exercise period ( P<0.0001 ) . In addition , a significant positive correlation between change in IL-1β and change in depression symptom scores was observed ( P=0.04 ) . There were no significant changes in mean level of any cytokine following the 12-week intervention , and no significant relationship between exercise dose and change in mean cytokine level . Results suggest that high TNF-α may differentially predict better outcomes with exercise treatment as opposed to antidepressant medications for which high TNF-α is linked to poor response . Our results also confirm findings from studies of antidepressant medications that tie decreasing IL-1β to positive depression treatment outcomes Background Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) represents a critical window to intervene against dementia . Exercise training is a promising intervention strategy , but the efficiency ( i.e. , relationship of costs and consequences ) of such types of training remains unknown . Thus , we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of resistance training or aerobic training compared with balance and tone exercises in terms of changes in executive cognitive function among senior women with probable MCI . Methods Economic evaluation conducted concurrently with a six-month three arm r and omized controlled trial including eighty-six community dwelling women aged 70 to 80 years living in Vancouver , Canada . Participants received twice-weekly resistance training ( n = 28 ) , twice weekly aerobic training ( n = 30 ) or twice-weekly balance and tone ( control group ) classes ( n = 28 ) for 6 months . The primary outcome measure of the Exercise for Cognition and Everyday Living ( EXCEL ) study assessed executive cognitive function , a test of selective attention and conflict resolution ( i.e. , Stroop Test ) . We collected healthcare re source utilization costs over six months . Results Based on the bootstrapped estimates from our base case analysis , we found that both the aerobic training and resistance training interventions were less costly than twice weekly balance and tone classes . Compared with the balance and tone group , the resistance-training group had significantly improved performance on the Stroop Test ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusions Resistance training and aerobic training result in health care cost saving and are more effective than balance and tone classes after only 6 months of intervention . Resistance training is a promising strategy to alter the trajectory of cognitive decline in seniors with MCI . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00958867 Background Depression is one of the most frequently missed diagnoses in elderly people , with obvious negative effects on quality of life . Various studies have shown that long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may be useful in its management . Our objective was to evaluate whether a supplement containing n-3 PUFA improves depressive symptoms in depressed elderly patients , and whether the blood fatty acid pattern is correlated with these changes . Methods The severity of depressive symptoms according to the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , blood fatty acid composition and erythrocyte phospholipids were analyzed in 46 depressed females aged 66 - 95y , diagnosed with depression according to DSMIV , within the context of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . 22 depressed females were included in the intervention group ( 2.5 g/day of n-3 PUFA for 8 weeks ) , and 24 in the  placebo  group . We also measured immunological parameters ( CD2 , CD3 , CD4 , CD8 , CD16 , CD19 and cytokines ( IL-5 , IL-15 ) . Results The mean GDS score and AA/EPA ratio , in whole blood and RBC membrane phospholipids , were significantly lower after 2 months supplementation with n-3 PUFA . A significant correlation between the amelioration of GDS and the AA/EPA ratio with some immunological parameters , such as CD2 , CD19 , CD4 , CD16 and the ratio CD4/CD8 , was also found . Nevertheless , omega-3 supplementation did not significantly improve the studied immunological functions . Conclusions n-3 PUFA supplementation ameliorates symptoms in elderly depression . The n-3 PUFA status may be monitored by means of the determination of whole blood AA/EPA ratio OBJECTIVE Most patients with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) require second-step treatments to achieve remission . The Treatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression ( TREAD ) study was design ed to test the efficacy of aerobic exercise as an augmentation treatment for MDD patients who had not remitted with antidepressant treatment . METHOD Eligible participants in this r and omized controlled trial were sedentary individuals ( men and women aged 18 - 70 years ) diagnosed with DSM-IV nonpsychotic MDD who had not remitted with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) treatment . Participants were recruited through physician referrals and advertisements . A total of 126 participants were r and omized to augmentation treatment with either 16 kcal per kg per week ( KKW ) or 4 KKW of exercise expenditure for 12 weeks while SSRI treatment was held constant . Supervised sessions were conducted at The Cooper Institute , Dallas , Texas , with additional home-based sessions as needed to fulfill the weekly exercise prescription . The primary outcome was remission ( as determined by a score ≤ 12 on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology , Clinician-Rated ) . The study took place between August 2003 and August 2007 . RESULTS There were significant improvements over time for both groups combined ( F₁,₁₂₁ = 39.9 , P < .00 
    Output:
    
The literature suggests several unique immunomodulatory and neuroplastic profiles for PA subtypes ( i.e. resistance , aerobic and mind-body ) in depression and ARCD .
In depression , levels of various cytokines at baseline may predict treatment response to subtypes of PA and pharmacological agents .
The pro-neuroplastic effects of resistance and aerobic PA in ARCD may differ due to variances in neurotrophin profiles .