***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE A device to st and ardize imaging was coupled with a digital intraoral camera to investigate the efficacy of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate ( OC ) tissue adhesives on the healing of minor aphthous ulcers . STUDY DESIGN Forty-two subjects were enrolled in a patient-blinded , sham-controlled study assessing the effects of 2-OC formulations on ulcer size and healing time . Daily images were made until ulcers were healed . Ulcer image outlines were traced by using a mouse , and ulcer areas were automatically calculated . RESULTS A mean difference of -0.15 mm(2 ) was seen between baseline and next-day measurements ( P = .48 ) . The cumulative ulcer area was meaningfully reduced in one OC group compared with the sham group ( P = .04 ) . Time to healing was reduced by 1.9 days in the same group compared with the sham group ( P = .02 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of digital intraoral images with an integrated measurement reference enhances the accuracy and reproducibility of measurements . 2-OC adhesives hold promise as devices to promote healing of recurrent aphthous ulcers BACKGROUND Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate is U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved for the closure of incisions and lacerations . In animal studies , a more flexible formulation of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate suitable for cuts and abrasions produced faster healing of partial thickness wounds than traditional b and ages . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a more flexible octyl-2-cyanoacrylate liquid adhesive b and age for the treatment of minor cuts and abrasions . METHODS One hundred sixty-two volunteers with recent minor cuts or abrasions were recruited and r and omized to treatment with either  liquid adhesive b and age ( LAB ) or a control device ( B and -Aid br and adhesive b and age , sheer , 2.5 cm ) . The primary efficacy criterion was complete healing at day 12 . Secondary efficacy criteria were the ability of patients to properly apply LAB , and the ability of LAB to stop bleeding , to reduce pain , and to remain on the wound . RESULTS At day 12 there was no statistical difference between the number of completely healed wounds in the LAB and the b and age-treated patients ( P = .493 ) . The ability of patients , as rated by investigators , to effectively apply the LAB device and the b and age was not significantly different ( P 3 = .165 ) . Only the LAB provided significant hemostasis ( P = .0001 ) and pain relief ( P = .002 ) . CONCLUSION In this r and omized , controlled trial , the LAB was as effective as the control at promoting healing as measured by complete healing at day 12 . The LAB was easy to use and gave rapid control of bleeding and pain , forming a film that stayed on wounds well OBJECTIVE To compare the surgical efficacy and wound-healing characteristics of the tissue adhesive octyl-2-cyanoacrylate ( approved by the Food and Drug Administration ) with traditional suture closure in upper blepharoplasty . METHODS Prospect i ve , r and omized , blinded study comparing cosmetic and functional outcome and time efficiency .  Twenty subjects underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty .  Each patient had a control side and an experimental side determined r and omly . One eyelid incision was closed with octyl-2-cyanoacrylate ( Dermabond ; Ethicon Inc , Somerville , NJ ) tissue glue , and the other with 6.0 suture ( polypropylene or fast-absorbing gut ) . Comparisons were performed for the time for closure by each method , wound healing , and patient satisfaction . Macrophotographs of the wounds at 1 , 2 , and 4 weeks after surgery were grade d by 5 observers blinded to the closure method , using a 10-point scale and a modified Holl and er wound evaluation scale . RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found between the quality of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate closure and suture closure  at 1 month . There were no differences in wound complications , duration of healing , inflammation , or final incision appearance . By 2 weeks , the sides were indistinguishable in 15 ( 75 % ) of the patients . Time for closure averaged 7 minutes with suture and 8 minutes with glue . CONCLUSIONS Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue is an excellent alternative to suture closure , producing equivalent quality of closure at all time points and no difference in appearance . This adhesive was sufficient to withst and the forces of closure in upper eyelid blepharoplasty without dehiscence in the absence of sutures BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that the use of octyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for closure of both traumatic lacerations and incisional surgical wounds results in a cosmetic outcome comparable to that achieved with conventional sutures . To date , no studies have looked at the use of tissue adhesive for higher-tension wounds , such as those created during cutaneous excisional procedures . OBJECTIVE To compare the tissue adhesive octyl cyanoacrylate with st and ard suture for the closure of excisional wounds in children and adolescents . DESIGN A prospect i ve comparison with blinded assessment of cosmetic outcome . Twenty-eight wounds were closed with monofilament suture and 24 were closed with tissue adhesive . At approximately 2 months , photographs of the incisions were evaluated by 2 dermatologists blinded to the method of skin closure . SUBJECTS Forty-two consecutive patients undergoing excisional dermatologic procedures at Children 's Hospital , San Diego , Calif. These 42 patients had a total of 52 wounds that were evaluated . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The cosmetic appearance of the wounds at 2 months , based on 2 vali date d wound scales : the Holl and er Wound Evaluation Scale and a visual analog scale . RESULTS There were no differences in early complications between the groups . The suture group scored higher on the visual analog scale ( 63.3 mm for suture vs 47.8 mm for tissue adhesive ) , and this difference was statistically significant ( P = .02 ) . The suture group also had a higher median score on the Holl and er Wound Evaluation Scale , but this difference was not statistically significant ( P = .09 ) . CONCLUSION The cosmetic outcome of cutaneous excisional surgery wounds closed with st and ard suturing was found to be superior to that of wounds closed with octyl cyanoacrylate STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the 1-year cosmetic outcome of wounds treated with octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive and monofilament sutures  and to correlate the early , 3-month , and 1-year cosmetic outcomes . METHODS We prospect ively r and omized 136 cases of traumatic laceration to repair with octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive or 5 - 0 or smaller monofilament suture .  A wound score was assigned by a research nurse , and vali date d by a second nurse blinded to the treatment , at 5 to 10 days after injury ( early ) , 3 months , and 1 year . St and ardized photographs were taken at 3 months and 1 year and shown to a cosmetic surgeon blinded to the method of closure , who rated the wounds on a vali date d cosmesis scale . RESULTS We were able to examine 77 lacerations at 1 year for follow-up . No differences were found in the demographic or clinical characteristics between groups . Likewise , at 1 year no difference was found in the optimal wound scores ( 73 % versus 68 % , P = .60 ) or in visual analog scale cosmesis scores ( 69 versus 69 mm , P = .95 ) for octylcyanoacrylate and sutures , respectively . Agreement was poor between early and 3-month wound scores ( kappa=.34 ; 95 % confidence interval [CI],.10 to.58 ) but a strong association existed between 3-month and 1-year wound scores ( kappa=.71 ; 95 % CI,.52 to.90 ) . We noted a moderate correlation between 3-month and 1-year results on the visual analog cosmesis scale ( intraclass correlation,.48 ; 95 % CI , .30 to.63 ) . CONCLUSION One year after wound repair , no difference is noted in the cosmetic outcomes of traumatic lacerations treated with octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive and sutures . The assessment of wounds 3 months after injury and wound repair provides a good measure of long-term cosmetic outcome OBJECTIVE Tissue adhesives have recently been approved for skin closure . Their low viscosity may result in inadvertent migration . The authors compared the tendency of the adhesive to migrate after laceration closure with a high- or low-viscosity octylcyanoacrylate ( OCA ) . METHODS This was a r and omized , clinical trial set in university and community-based emergency departments . Participants included patients with simple traumatic lacerations . Patients were r and omized to laceration closure with low- or high-viscosity OCA tissue adhesive .  The outcome measured was immediate adhesive migration ( interobserver agreement , kappa = 0.90 ) . Data analysis was performed with proportions compared with chi-square and Fisher 's exact tests . RESULTS Eighty-four patients were r and omized to low- ( n = 42 ) or high- ( n = 42 ) viscosity OCA tissue adhesive . Groups were similar in baseline patient and wound characteristics . The high-viscosity OCA was less likely to migrate than the lower-viscosity agent ( 21 % vs. 78 % , p < 0.001 ; odds ratio = 0.3 , 95 % confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.5 ) . The proportion of patients who noted a sensation of heat during OCA application was higher in the high-viscosity groups ( 44 % vs. 26 % respectively , p = 0.11 ) ; however , all such patients in both groups would use the device again . At 14 days , there were no wound infections in either group . There was one dehiscence in the high-viscosity group . CONCLUSIONS The high-viscosity OCA tissue adhesive was less likely to migrate than the lower-viscosity device . Wound dehiscence and infection rates were acceptably low in both treatment groups UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to determine which single-use wound adhesive is the most appropriate in terms of ease of use , minimal pain on application , adequate bonding time and wound closure . The three wound adhesives audited were Indermil ( n-butyl cynoacrylate ) , Liquib and ( n-butyl cynoacrylate ) and Dermabond ( octylcyanoacrylate ) . SAMPLE AND SETTING The study was conducted in an urban paediatric emergency department treating over 39,000 patients annually . The sample was taken from the client population presenting with lacerations requiring tissue adhesive closure , within the limitations of the study ( n = 63 ) . METHODOLOGY A non-blinded comparative study was performed . Children presenting with an appropriate laceration were assigned to receive either Indermil , Dermabond or Liquib and . The wounds were closed following the guidelines stated by the individual manufacturers . The nurses administering the tissue adhesive were asked to complete the audit form post closure and to comment on the procedure in descriptive terms . RESULTS Scalp wounds accounted for 79 % ( n = 50 ) of all the lacerations closed in the study . None of the glues were reported to be completely pain-free . However , the Liquib and tissue adhesive produced an average pain score of only 0.1 , whereas the Dermabond tissue adhesive scored the highest at 0.97 . The nurses using the tissue adhesives reported that Liquib and was the best tissue adhesive in terms of wound closure and ease of use . However , the only tissue adhesive to report a 100 % success rate was Indermil . DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS All of the tissue adhesives examined produced satisfactory results in terms of wound closure and ease of use . However , the Liquib and tissue adhesive produced the most consistent results , scoring higher in most of the categories when compared with the other tissue adhesives Tissue adhesives offer significant potential advantages over traditional methods of wound closure . A new n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive formulation was utilised for the closure of abdominal wounds after general and laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery . One hundred and two patients with 240 wounds were recruited . Wounds were classified as > 10 cm , n = 39 ; 5 - 9 cm , n = 27 ; and < 5 cm , n = 176 . Complications included one small seroma and two partial superficial dehiscences . There were no incidences of wound infection . This preliminary study indicates that this tissue adhesive can safely and effectively be utilised for general abdominal wound closure . It should now be subjected to the rigorous of a r and omised controlled trial to compare its performance against the more traditional methods of wound closure Etude comparative sur 76 observations . Dans la plupart des cas un traitement conservateur sans hospitalisation est suffisant . Les b and es adhesives sont preferables aux sutures pour les premiers STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the tissue adhesive Histoacryl Blue with suturing in the repair of pediatric facial lacerations . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Emergency department of a pediatric teaching hospital . PARTICIPANTS Eighty-one children presenting with clean facial 
    Output:
    
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS Tissue adhesives are an acceptable alternative to st and ard wound closure for repairing simple traumatic lacerations .
There is no significant difference in cosmetic outcome between tissue adhesives and st and ard wound closure , or between different tissue adhesives .
They offer the benefit of decreased procedure time and less pain , compared to st and ard wound closure .