***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Since a higher level of self-efficacy in common mental disorders is associated with earlier return-to-work ( RTW ) , it is important to know if work related self-efficacy can be increased by occupational health care . The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether an intervention to enhance guideline adherence of occupational physicians lead to an increase in RTW self-efficacy in workers three months later . The secondary aim was to evaluate whether the intervention modified the association between RTW self-efficacy and return-to-work three months later . Methods A total of 66 occupational physicians participated in the study . They were r and omized into two groups ; the intervention group received a training , the control group did not . The training aim ed to enhance adherence to a mental health guideline that contained strategies that are supposed to enhance RTW self-efficacy . In 128 sick-listed workers guided by these occupational physicians , RTW self-efficacy , RTW , and personal , health-related and work-related variables were measured at baseline and three months later . Generalized linear mixed models analysis and linear mixed models analysis were used for the evaluations . Results In workers whose occupational physicians had received the training RTW self-efficacy increased significantly more than in workers whose occupational physicians had participated in the control group ( t = −2.626 , p ≤ .05 ) . Higher baseline RTW self-efficacy scores were significantly more often associated with full RTW than with no RTW three months later ( OR 2.20 , 95 % CI 1.18–4.07 ) , but the intervention did not affect this association . Conclusions This study showed that a training to enhance guideline adherence of occupational physicians leads to increased RTW self-efficacy in workers sick-listed with common mental disorders during the first months of sickness absence in a real-life occupational health care setting . This insight is helpful for optimizing the recovery and RTW process , and for underst and ing the role of RTW self-efficacy in this process . Trial registration IS RCT Purpose Only a limited number of studies have investigated return to work of sick-listed workers with mental health problems , and more knowledge is needed about the influence of non-disorder-related factors . This study aim ed to identify longitudinal associations between demographic , personality , disorder-related and work-related characteristics and  sustainable return to work  of sick-listed workers with a depressive or anxiety disorder . Methods We used data of a large Dutch cohort study to prospect ively study longitudinal associations between biopsychosocial factors and  sustainable return to work in 2 years . Associations were studied by means of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis . Participants who were sick-listed at baseline and had a lifetime diagnosis of a depressive and /or anxiety disorder were included in this study ( N = 215 ) . Results In 2 years , 51.6 % of the participants returned to work sustainably . Age , household income , extraversion , employment status , skill discretion and job security were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) associated with sustainable RTW in 2 years in the univariable analyses . The multivariable analysis revealed significant associations between sustainable return to work and age ( OR per 10 years = 0.67 ; 95 % CI 0.47–0.95 ) , household income ( OR per 100 Euro ’s a month = 1.04 ; 95 % CI 1.00–1.08 ) and being on sickness benefit versus being (self-)employed ( OR 0.39 ; 95 % CI 0.20–0.77 ) . Conclusions In the long-run not disorder-related factors , but an older age , the absence of a job and a low household income seem to complicate return to work . Policy and research should focus on facilitators and barriers for return to work of workers with these characteristics Background In recent years an increasing number of patients have been referred to the medical sector with stress symptoms . Moreover , these conditions imply increased sickness absence . This indicates a need for treatment programmes in general medical practice . The aim of this study was to test the effect of a multidisciplinary stress treatment programme on the return to work ( RTW ) rate in persons with work-related stress and establish predictive factors for this outcome . Methods During a two-year period 63 out of 73 referrals to the Stress Clinic ( a section of a Clinic of Occupational Medicine ) completed a stress treatment programme consisted of the following:1 ) Identification of relevant stressors . 2 . Changing the coping strategies of the participants . 3 . Evaluating/changes in participant workload and tasks . 4 . Relaxation techniques . 5 . Physical exercise . 6 .  Psychiatric evaluation when indicated by depression test score . On average each patient attended six one-hour sessions over the course of four months . A group of 34 employees referred to the Clinic of Occupational Medicine by their general practitioners served as a control group . Each participant had a one-hour consultation at baseline and after four months . A specialist in occupational medicine carried out all sessions . Return To Work ( RTW ) , defined as having a job and not being on sick leave at the census , was used as outcome measure four months after baseline , and after one and two years . Results The level of sick leave in the stress treatment group dropped from 52 % to 16 % during the first four months of follow-up and remained stable . In the control group , the reduction in sick leave was significantly smaller , ranging from 48 % at baseline to 27 % after four months and 24 % after one year . No statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed after one and two years . Age below 50 years and being a manager increased the odds ratio for RTW after one and two years , while gender and depression had no predictive value . Conclusions The stress treatment programme showed a significant effect on the return to work rate . The stress treatment programme seems feasible for general practitioners . Trial Registration IS RCT Background The aim of the present study was to conduct subgroup-analyses in a prospect i ve cohort of workers on long-term sickness absence to investigate whether associations between perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support and time to RTW differ across different health conditions . Methods The study was based on a sample of 926 workers on sickness absence ( 6–12 weeks ) . The participants filled out a baseline question naire and were subsequently followed until the tenth month after listing sick .  Perceived work attitude  was measured with a Dutch language version of the Work Involvement Scale .  Perceived social support  was measured with a self-constructed st and ardized scale reflecting a person ’s perception of social support regarding RTW . Self-efficacy was measured with the st and ardised Dutch version of the General self-efficacy scale , assessing the subjects ’ expectations of their general capacities . The sample was divided into three subgroups : musculoskeletal health conditions , other physical health conditions and mental health conditions . Anova analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify differences in association between the three factors and the time to RTW between different subgroups . Results The associations between the perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support and the time to RTW vary across different health condition subgroups , not only with regard to the strength of the association but also for the type of factor . In the multivariate model , hazard ratios ( HRs ) of 1.33 ( 95 % CI 1.01–1.75 ) in the musculoskeletal subgroup , and 1.26 ( 95 % CI 0.89–1.78 ) in the other physical subgroup were found in perceived work attitude . With regard to perceived social support HRs of 1.39 ( 95 % CI 1.12–1.99 ) respectively 1.51 ( 1.05–2.17 ) in the same subgroups were found . Only self-efficacy remained in the multivariate model in all subgroups with HRs of 1.49 ( 95 % CI 1.12–1.99 ) in the musculoskeletal subgroup , 1.53 ( 95 % CI 1.07–2.18 ) in the other physical subgroup and 1.60 ( 1.07–2.40 ) in the mental subgroup . Conclusions The results of this study show that perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support are relevant predictors with regard to the time to RTW in all types of health conditions , but that important differences are observed in type of factor and strengths of the relationships between physical and mental health conditions Objectives The study aims to identify individual and workplace factors associated with early return to work (RTW)—defined as within 3 months— and factors associated with later RTW — between 3 and 12 months after being sick-listed — in a cohort of newly sick-listed individuals with common mental disorders . Methods In a prospect i ve cohort study , a cross-sectional analysis was performed on baseline measures of patients granted sick leave due to common mental disorders . A total of 533 newly sick-listed individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate . A baseline question naire was sent by post within 3 weeks of their first day of certified medical sickness ; 354 ( 66 % ) responded . Those who were unemployed were excluded , result ing in a study population of 319 individuals . Sick leave was recorded for each individual from the Social Insurance Office during 1 year . Analyses were made with multiple Cox regression analyses . Results Early RTW was associated with lower education , better work ability at baseline , positive expectations of treatment and low perceived interactional justice with the supervisor . RTW after 3 months was associated with a need to reduce dem and s at work , and turnover intentions . Conclusions Early RTW among sick-listed individuals with common mental disorders seems to be associated with the individual ’s need to secure her/his employment situation , whereas later RTW is associated with variables reflecting dissatisfaction with work conditions . No health measures were associated with RTW . The study highlights the importance of considering not only health and functioning , but also workplace conditions and relations at the workplace in implementing RTW interventions OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore what characterizes patients receiving clinical interventions vs combined clinical and work-related interventions in a cohort of sick-listed subjects with musculoskeletal or mental disorders . Factors associated with return-to-work were also analysed . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study . METHODS A total of 699 newly sick-listed patients responded to a question naire on sociodemographics , measures of health , functioning , work ability , self-efficacy , social support , work conditions , and expectations . The 3-month follow-up question naire included patients ' self-reported measures of return-to-work , work ability and type of interventions .  The most frequent International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnoses for patients ' musculoskeletal disorders were dorsopathies ( M50 - 54 ) and soft tissue disorders ( M70 - 79 ) , and for patients with mental disorders , depression ( F32 - 39 ) and stress reactions ( F43 ) . RESULTS Patients with mental disorders who received combined interventions  returned to work to a higher degree than those who received only clinical intervention . The prevalence of work-related interventions  was higher for those who were younger and more highly educated . For patients with musculoskeletal disorders better health , work ability and positive expectations of return-to-work were associated with return-to-work . However , combined interventions did not affect return-to-work in this group . CONCLUSION Receiving combined interventions increased the probability of return-to-work for patients with mental disorders , but not for patients with musculoskeletal disorders . Better health , positive expectations of return-to-work and better work ability were associated with return-to-work for patients with musculoskeletal disorders Objectives To describe gender differences in work modifications and changed job characteristics during return-to-work after sickness absence . Methods A 13 month prospect i ve cohort study was performed among 119 employees ( 54 women and 65 men ) who had reported sick for more than 1 month due to mental or musculoskeletal disorders . Men and women were of comparable ages and educational levels , worked in similar sectors , at corresponding functional levels , and were experiencing the same types of health disorders . They were interviewed bi-monthly . Work modifications and job characteristics were assessed at return-to-work . Job characteristics were also assessed upon the employee ’s inclusion in the study . Results  Work modifications  occurred in 77.4 % of the return-to-work attempts ( no gender differences ) ; reduced working hours , reduced work pace , or task reassignments were most frequent . Compared to men , reduced hours and pace were more often used for women between 12 and 20 weeks of absence ( P > 0.001 and 0.01 < P < 0.001 respectively ) and reduced hours also during the whole period ( 0.01 < P < 0.001 ) . Applying reduced hours related to type of disorder in men and applying different time-schedules in women . Upon return to work both women and men reported increased job autonomy and emotional dem and s ( P < 0.001 ) ; women reported more job satisfaction ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions Work modifications were widely applied during the return-to-work process and predominantly aim ed at reduction of pressure at work . Women had a few more work modifications . The marginal gender differences may be due to male and female respondents having similar characteristics . Upon return to work some job characteristics improved BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) is a complex disease and therefore the assessment of work ability in patients with MDD is complicated . A checklist has been developed to support such assessment . AIMS To assess the mean score and variation of work ability assessment s undertaken by Dutch insurance physicians ( IPs ) in five real case history vignettes of MDD patients on long-term sick leave , with and without the aid of a checklist . METHODS In a post-test-only r and omized experiment , 25 IPs assessed work ability for five cases on a scale of 0 - 100 without the use of the checklist  , while 21 IPs used the checklist . Differences between groups in mean and absolute variation of work ability were tested with independent t-tests . Intrac 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Self-efficacy ( SE ) is a key factor in the enhancement of work ability and RTW .
Improving employee ’s SE and collaborating with employers to enhance work ability may help to facilitate RTW .