***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to clinical ly evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) as a method of reducing pain reported by patients after placement of their first orthodontic archwires . METHODS The sample comprised 60 orthodontic patients ( ages , 12 - 18 years ; mean , 15.9 years ) . All patients had fixed orthodontic appliances placed in 1 dental arch ( maxillary or m and ibular ) , received the first archwire , and were then r and omly assigned to the experimental ( laser ) , placebo , or control group . This was a double-blind study . LLLT was started in the experimental group immediately after placement of the first archwire . Each tooth received a dose of 2.5 J per square centimeter on each side ( buccal and lingual ) . The placebo group had the laser probe positioned into the mouth at the same areas overlying the dental root and could hear a sound every 10 seconds . The control group had no laser intervention . All patients received a survey to be filled out at home describing their pain during the next 7 days . RESULTS The patients in the LLLT group had lower mean scores for oral pain and intensity of pain on the most painful day . Also , their pain ended sooner . LLLT did not affect the start of pain perception or alter the most painful day . There was no significant difference in pain symptomatology in the maxillary or m and ibular arches in an evaluated parameter . CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings , we concluded that LLLT efficiently controls pain caused by the first archwire The control of pain during orthodontic treatment is of great interest to both clinicians and patients . However , there has been limited research into the control of this pain , and there is no st and ard of care for controlling this discomfort . This prospect i ve study determines the pain sequelae in fixed orthodontic treatment and evaluates comparatively the analgesic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the control of this pain . One hundred and fifty orthodontic patients who were to have teeth bonded in at least one arch were r and omly assigned to one of six groups : ( 1 ) placebo/placebo , ( 2 ) ibuprofen/ibuprofen , ( 3 ) flurbiprofen/flurbiprofen , ( 4 ) acetaminophen/acetaminophen , ( 5 ) naproxen sodium/naproxen sodium , and ( 6 ) aspirin/aspirin . The pain evaluations were made during chewing , biting , fitting the front teeth , and fitting the back teeth using a 100-mm visual analogue scale ( VAS ) for seven days . All the analgesics succeeded in decreasing the pain levels compared with the placebo group . However , naproxen sodium and aspirin groups showed the lowest pain values , and the acetaminophen group showed VAS results similar to those of the two analgesics OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the pain associated with orthodontic force application after the application of local CO(2 ) laser irradiation to the teeth involved . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Separation modules were placed at the distal contacts of the maxillary first molars in 90 patients in this single-blinded study . In 60 of these patients ( 42 females and 18 males ; mean age = 19.22 years ) this was immediately followed by laser therapy . The other 30 patients ( 18 females and 12 males ; mean age = 18.8 years ) did not receive active laser irradiation . Patients were then instructed to rate their levels of pain on a visual analog scale over time , and the amount of tooth movement was analyzed . RESULTS Significant pain reductions were observed with laser treatment from immediately after insertion of separators through day 4 , but no differences from the nonirradiated control side were noted thereafter . No significant difference was noted in the amount of tooth movement between the irradiated and nonirradiated group . CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis was rejected . The results suggest that local CO(2 ) laser irradiation will reduce pain associated with orthodontic force application without interfering with the tooth movement The present study compared the effect of acetaminophen , ibuprofen and misoprostol on PGE2 synthesis and  orthodontic tooth movement . Guinea pigs were r and omly assigned into one of three test groups or a control group . Each group received study treatments every 12 hours as an orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary incisors . Direct linear measurements of tooth separation were recorded at days 2 , 4 , 6 , 10 , and 11 , and inflammatory exu date from the periodontal ligament ( PDL ) space was extracted and quantitatively analyzed radioimmunologically for the presence of PGE2 at days 4 and 9 . Comparing the concentration of PGE2 in sample extracts , a significant difference ( P = 0.001 ) was found among drug groups . A highly significant difference was found between the mean tooth separation among the various drug groups ( P < 0.001 ) . At day 11 the misoprostol group exhibited 4.49 + /- 0.49 mm of separation ;  ibuprofen 2.56 + /- 0.11 mm , and the control and acetaminophen groups exhibited similar degrees of tooth separation : 3.31 + /- 0.07 mm and 3.31 + /- 0.08 mm , respectively . A highly significant difference occurred between the mean rates of tooth separation among the various drug groups after day 8 ( P < 0.001 ) . Results of this study suggest that acetaminophen is the analgesic of choice for the relief of minor discomfort associated with orthodontic treatment The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of low-level laser irradiation to traditional topical fluoride treatment for treatment choices of dentinal hypersensitivity following scaling and root planing . The experimental group ( 15 patients ) was treated with low-energy-level diode laser at each site of dentinal hypersensitivity following scaling and root planning . The control group ( 15 patients ) received topical fluoride treatment ( protective varnish for desensitization ) . All the patients were treated at baseline visit , and then at day 2 and 4 after the initial treatment ; the pain was subjectively assessed by the patients as strong , medium , medium low , low , or no pain . Total absence of the dental hypersensitivity was reported in 26.66 % of the examined group even after the second visit , compared to the control group where complete resolution of the hypersensitivity was not present after the second visit in any of the treated cases . Complete absence of pain was achieved in 86.6 % of patients treated with laser and only in 26.6 % in the fluoride treated group , after the third visit . Based on our findings , we conclude that low-energy biostimulative laser treatment can be successfully used for treatment of dental hypersensitivity following scaling and root planing Low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) has been found to produce anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of disorders . Tendinopathies are directly related to unbalance in expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines which are responsible by degeneration process of tendinocytes . In the current study , we decided to investigate if LLLT could reduce mRNA expression for TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , TGF-β cytokines , and COX-2 enzyme . Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided r and omly in seven groups , and tendinitis was induced with a collagenase intratendinea injection . The mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR in 7th and 14th days after tendinitis . LLLT irradiation with wavelength of 780 nm required for 75 s with a dose of 7.7 J/cm2 was administered in distinct moments : 12 h and 7 days post tendinitis . At the 12 h after tendinitis , the animals were irradiated once in intercalate days until the 7th or 14th day in and them the animals were killed , respectively . In other series , 7 days after tendinitis , the animals were irradiated once in intercalated days until the 14th day and then the animals were killed . LLLT in both acute and chronic phases decreased IL-6 , COX-2 , and TGF-β expression after tendinitis , respectively , when compared to tendinitis groups : IL-6 , COX-2 , and TGF-β . The LLLT  not altered IL-1β expression in any time , but reduced the TNF-α expression ; however , only at chronic phase . We conclude that LLLT administered with this protocol reduces one of features of tendinopathies that is mRNA expression for pro-inflammatory mediators The control of pain during orthodontic treatment is of vital interest to both clinicians and patients . Surprisingly , there has been limited research into the control of orthodontic pain , and there is no st and ard of care for controlling this discomfort . The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of preemptive ibuprofen therapy , postoperative ibuprofen therapy , and a combination of the 2 therapies . Forty-one orthodontic patients aged 9 years 3 months to 16 years 11 months who were to undergo separator placement were enrolled in this prospect i ve study . Patients were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions : ( 1 ) 400 mg ibuprofen taken orally 1 hour before separator placement and 400 mg ibuprofen taken orally 6 hours after the initial dose , ( 2 ) 400 mg ibuprofen taken orally 1 hour before separator placement and a lactose capsule taken orally 6 hours after the initial dose , or ( 3 ) a lactose capsule taken orally 1 hour before separator placement and 400 mg ibuprofen taken 6 hours after the initial placebo . The results revealed that preemptive ibuprofen therapy significantly decreased pain that was experienced 2 hours after separator placement and at bedtime . Beginning on day 2 , there was a trend for patients who had taken both preemptive and postoperative ibuprofen doses to have lower pain scores compared with the other 2 groups . In conclusion , these data indicate that ibuprofen taken 60 minutes before separator placement alleviates pain at 2 hours and at bedtime after treatment . Further study with the use of additional postoperative doses is warranted Gallium-arsenide ( GaAs ) and helium-neon ( HeNe ) lasers are the most commonly used low-energy lasers in physiotherapy for promoting wound healing and pain modulation . The aim of this study was investigate the effect of low-power laser irradiation ( LPLI ) at different wavelengths and doses on oxidative stress and fibrogenesis parameters in an animal model of wound healing . The animals were r and omly divided into five groups ( n = 6 ) : Controls ( skin injured animals without local or systemic treatment ) , skin injury treated with HeNe 1 J/cm2 ( two seg ) ; skin injury treated with HeNe 3 J/cm2 ( six seg ) ; skin injury treated with GaAs 1 J/cm2 ( three seg ) ; skin injury treated with GaAs 3 J/cm2 ( nine seg ) . A single circular wound measuring 8 mm in diameter was surgically created on the back of the animal . The rats were irradiated at 2 , 12 , 24 , 48 , 72 , 96 , and 120 h after skin injury . The parameters , namely hydroxyproline content , activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase ( CAT ) , and lipid ( TBARS ) and protein oxidation ( carbonyl groups ) measurements were assessed . In addition , wound size regression was also analyzed . The results showed an improvement in the wound healing reflected by the reduction in wound size and increased collagen synthesis . Moreover , a significant reduction in TBARS levels , carbonyl content , and SOD and CAT activities were observed after laser irradiation , particularly with the treatments HeNe laser 1 and 3 J/cm2 dose and GaAs 3 J/cm2 dose . The data strongly indicate that LPLI therapy is efficient in accelerating the skin wound healing process after wounding , probably by reducing the inflammatory phase and inducing collagen synthesis The aims of this study were to investigate the initial time at which pain occurs after insertion of two initial wires of different sizes , the duration of the pain , the areas affected within the mouth , the level of self-medication , the effect of this pain on daily life , and whether gender is important in the perception of pain . The study group consisted of 109 patients ( 52 boys , 57 girls ) with a mean chronological age of 13.6 years for boys and 14.7 years for girls .  Insertion of either a 0.014 or 0.016 inch wire was by r and om selection . Following insertion of the archwires , a question naire comprising a total of 49 questions was given to the patients . They described the time of initial pain in the first question , answered the next 24 questions as ' yes ' or ' no ' , and used a visual analogue scale for the final 24 questions . No significant differences were found in terms of gender , in the perception period of initial pain as regards the areas affected within the mouth or the effect of pain on daily living when the 0.014 and 0.016 inch wire groups were compared at 6 hours , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 days . At 24 hours , which was found to be statistically significant , more pain relief was used in the 0.014 inch archwire group . The results show that in both groups , initial pain was perceived at 2 hours , peaked at 24 hours and had decreased by day 3 The effects of soft laser ( low reactive level laser ) on reduction of  pain while undergoing orthodontic treatment was examined in this study . These patients were r and omly separated into 3 groups : non-treated control group ( CG ) , blind irradiation group ( BG ) , 
    Output:
    
However , because of the method ological shortcomings and risk of bias of included trials , LLLT was proved with limited evidence in delaying pain onset and reducing pain intensity .