***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of a prevention intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior among Latino adolescents . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial from April 2000 through March 2003 , with data collection before and after intervention and at 3 , 6 , and 12 months . SETTING Northeast Philadelphia schools . PARTICIPANTS Latinos aged 13 through 18 years ( 249 males and 304 females ) ; 81.6 % retained at 12-month follow-up . INTERVENTIONS The HIV and health-promotion control interventions consisted of six 50-minute modules delivered by adult facilitators to small , mixed-gender groups  in English or Spanish . Main Outcome Measure Self-reported sexual behavior . RESULTS Analyses using generalized estimation equations over the follow-up period revealed that adolescents in the HIV intervention were less likely to report sexual intercourse ( odds ratio , 0.66 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.46 - 0.96 ) , multiple partners ( odds ratio , 0.53 ; 95 % CI , 0.31 - 0.90 ) , and days of unprotected intercourse ( relative risk , 0.47 ; 95 % CI , 0.26 - 0.84 ) and more likely to report using condoms consistently ( odds ratio , 1.91 ; 95 % CI , 1.24 - 2.93 ) . Baseline sexual experience and language use moderated intervention efficacy . Adolescents assigned to the HIV intervention who were sexually inexperienced at baseline reported fewer days of unprotected sex ( relative risk , 0.22 ; 95 % CI , 0.08 - 0.63 ) ; Spanish speakers were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse ( odds ratio , 4.73 ; 95 % CI , 1.72 - 12.97 ) and had a greater proportion of protected sex ( mean difference , 0.35 ; P<.01 ) compared with similar adolescents in the health-promotion intervention . CONCLUSION Results provide evidence for the efficacy of HIV intervention in decreasing sexual activity and increasing condom use among Latino adolescents Background Condoms remain the main protection against sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) when used correctly and consistently . Yet , there are many reported barriers to their use such as negative attitudes , reduced sexual pleasure , fit- and -feel problems and erection difficulties . The UK home-based intervention strategy ( HIS-UK ) is a behaviour change condom promotion intervention for use among young men ( aged 16–25 years ) design ed to increase condom use by enhancing enjoyment of condom-protected intercourse . The objective of this feasibility study was to test HIS-UK for viability , operability and acceptability . Along with an assessment of the recruitment strategy and adherence to the intervention protocol , the study tested the reliability and suitability of a series of behavioural and condom use outcome measures to assess condom use attitudes , motivations , self-efficacy , use experience , errors and problems and fit and feel . Methods The HIS-UK intervention and associated assessment instruments were tested for feasibility using a single-arm , repeated measures design with baseline measurement and two follow-up measurements over 3 months . A 3-month target of 50 young men completing the baseline question naire was set . Twenty process and acceptability evaluation interviews with participants and health promotion professionals were conducted post trial . Results Of the 61 young men who registered for the study , 57 completed the baseline question naire and 33 met with the study research er to receive the HIS-UK condom kit . Twenty-one young men remained for the duration of the study ( 64 % retention ) . The Cronbach ’s alpha scores for the condom use outcome measures were 0.84 attitudes , 0.78 self-efficacy , 0.83 use experience , 0.69 errors and problems and 0.75 fit and feel . Participant and health professional feedback indicated strong acceptability of the intervention . Conclusions The feasibility study demonstrated that our recruitment strategy was appropriate and the target sample size was achieved . Adherence was favourable when compared to other similar studies . The condom use measures tested proved to be fit-for- purpose with good internal consistency . Some further development and subsequent piloting of HIS-UK is required prior to a full r and omised controlled trial , including the feasibility of collecting STI biomarkers , and assessment of participant acceptance of r and omisation . Trial registration Research registry , RR2315 , 27th March 2017 ( retrospectively registered ) OBJECTIVES We tested the efficacy of a brief intervention to promote correct and consistent use of condoms among Black male youths attending sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) clinics in 3 southern US cities . METHODS In 2010 to 2012 , we screened ( n = 1102 ) and enrolled ( n = 702 ) youths aged 15 to 23 years who identified as Black and reported recent ( past 2 months ) sexual activity and r and omized them to a private , brief , interactive intervention ( n = 349 ) or an attention-equivalent control condition ( n = 353 ) . Assessment s occurred at baseline and 2 and 6 months after the intervention . RESULTS At 6 months , with adjustment for age and pretest nonequivalence of the outcome variable , an estimated odds ratio ( EOR ) of 1.63 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.07 , 2.49 ; P = .02 ) indicated efficacy for correct condom use . An adjusted generalized estimating equations model with both 2- and 6-month condom use variables produced an EOR of 1.49 ( 95 % CI = 1.06 , 2.08 ; P = .02 ) . We did not observe significant effects on chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence . CONCLUSIONS This brief intervention , delivered as part of STI clinical care , could help alleviate the disproportionate STI-HIV burden among young Black men Internet delivered primary prevention interventions for HIV risk reduction present significant challenges . Changing lifestyle behaviors , such as beginning to use condoms , is difficult and men seeking date s on line may want to avoid thinking about HIV risk which may lead to low initiation and high dropout rates . Many Internet delivered HIV risk reduction programs have mimicked face-to-face outreach programs , failing to take advantage of the Internet ’s capabilities or did not conduct evaluation . This study focuses on examining the feasibility , acceptability , and efficacy of an Internet delivered HIV risk reduction program for rural men who have sex with men ( MSM ) . The program included online recruiting , three intervention modules , each with two sessions , online question naires . The intervention was developed based on iterative research and the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills model . Participants ( N = 475 ) were r and omly assigned to one of six module orders and data were collected automatically at pre-test and after each module . Data supports the feasibility and acceptability of the program as demonstrated by good retention and rapid program completion . Knowledge , self-efficacy , outcome expectancies and motivation increase in a dose response fashion . Post-intervention behavior changes included reduced anal sex and significant increases in condom use . Limitations include a short follow-up period , a predominantly young white rural sample , and the lack of an attention control . Overall the results of the study provide support for the efficacy of Internet-based interventions to reduce risk of HIV infection . Results also support traditional research methods to evaluate HIV prevention programs delivered exclusively through the Internet OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of 2 condom promotion videotapes on self-efficacy , intentions , and behavior . DESIGN Two hundred twenty college students completed social-cognitive and behavioral measures and were then r and omly assigned to receive one of two 30-min condom promotion videotapes ( male or female student presenters ) or to a wait-list control condition . Participants who watched 1 of the videotapes completed immediate posttest measures , and 85 % of participants completed a 4-month follow-up . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-efficacy for condom use , intentions to use condoms , use of condom during last sex , and consistent condom use over the last month . RESULTS Participants who received either video reported greater self-efficacy to refuse to have unprotected sex and intentions than controls at follow-up . Individuals who received either video were more likely than controls to report using a condom during last sex with a regular partner , and those who watched the female presenter were more likely to report consistent condom use . CONCLUSION Participants benefited in terms of self-efficacy and intentions from receiving either video , but both men and women benefited more in terms of condom use behavior from receiving the female video . Future research is needed to determine whether opposite-sex speaker videos could be beneficial with a larger ( and more sexually active ) sample and whether these effects are maintained over time There is a need for brief HIV prevention interventions that can be disseminated and implemented widely . This article reports the results of a small r and omized field experiment that compared the relative effects of a brief two-session counselor-delivered computer-tailored intervention and a control condition . The intervention is design ed for use with African-American , non-Hispanic white and Hispanic males and females who may be at risk of HIV through unprotected sex , selling sex , male to male sex , injecting drug use or use of stimulants . Participants ( n = 120 ) were recruited using a quota sampling approach and r and omized using block r and omization , which result ed in ten male and ten female participants of each racial/ethnic group ( i.e. African-American , non-Hispanic white and Hispanic ) being assigned to either the intervention or a control arm . In logistic regression analyses using a generalized estimating equations approach , at 3-month followup , participants in the intervention arm were more likely than participants in the control arm to report condom use at last sex ( Odds ratio [ OR ] = 4.75 ; 95 % Confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.70–13.26 ; p = 0.003 ) . The findings suggest that a brief tailored intervention may increase condom use . Larger studies with longer followups are needed to determine if these results can be replicated Background This study compared the effectiveness of a brief theorybased , youth-friendly HIV counseling video series with the st and ard practice ( an HIV counselor ) in improving risk reduction behavior  among teens recruited in an urban Emergency Department ( ED ) . Methods A two-armed r and omized controlled trial was conducted on a convenience sample of 203 non-critically ill , sexually active individuals aged 15 - 21 in an urban emergency department . Participants in the control ( counselor ) group received HIV information and counseling from a counselor while those in the intervention ( video ) group watched a series of youth-friendly counseling videos tailored to patients ’ stages of change . All participants completed pre- and post-intervention measures on three mediating variables hypothesized to reduce unsafe sexual behavior : condom intention , condom outcome expectancy , and condom self-efficacy . HIV testing was optional for both arms . Results 203 patients were enrolled and r and omized , 102 in the video group and 101 in the counselor group . The groups were similar with respect to age , gender , race , ethnicity , and sexual history . The video intervention performed as well as in-person counseling at improving several condom use measures . The mean difference between groups ( video-counselor ) in improvement over time ( from preto post-counseling ) in condom self-efficacy was 0.26 , CI ( 0.03,0.50 ) , in male outcome expectancy was 0.15 , CI ( 0.02,0.28 ) , and in female outcome expectancy was 0.20 , CI(-0.01,0.40 ) . Participants in the video group improved their condom use intention score significantly more than those in the counselor group , with a mean difference between arms for change over time of 1.02 , pvalue= 0.01 , CI(.24,1.80 ) . The intervention effect on condom intention score did not differ by gender or ethnicity CONTEXT An important phase of HIV prevention research is replicating successful interventions with different groups and in different setting s. METHODS Be Proud ! Be Responsible ! , a successful intervention originally targeting black urban males and carried out in nonschool setting s , was presented in health classes at urban and suburban schools with diverse student bodies . A group-r and omized intervention study , which included 1,357 ninth and 10th grade rs from 10 paired schools in a Midwestern metropolitan area , was conducted in 2000 - 2002 . Half the schools received the intervention , and half received a general health promotion program . Students ' reports of their sexual behavior and selected cognitive mediators were analyzed immediately following the programs and four and 12 months later . RESULTS Compared with students who received the control curriculum , students exposed to the intervention reported significantly greater knowledge of HIV , other STDs and condoms ; greater confidence in their ability to control sexual impulses , to use condoms and to negotiate the use of condoms ; and stronger intentions to use condoms . Stratified analyses revealed that the strongest intervention impacts were on knowledge and efficacy among males and students attending suburban schools . The intervention had no impact on sexual initiation , frequency of intercourse or condom use . CONCLUSIONS Schools are a logical and viable setting for the dissemination and acquisition of information about HIV , including prevention strategies . However , the behavioral impact of an intervention may not be easily transferable when the program is taught outside a carefully controlled , nonschool setting Considering the prevalence and consequences of health-risking sexual behaviors ( HRSBs ) and STDs among young adults , their prevention is a public health priority . Emerging etiological and prevention outcome literature s suggested study of the long-term effects of universal family-focused interventions on young adult HRSBs and STDs . Although earlier studies have demonstrated intervention 
    Output:
    
There were significant increases in the reported use of condoms , including condom use with no errors and problems .
Improvements in some condom use mediators were reported , such as condom use self-efficacy , knowledge , intentions and condom use experience .
There were mixed findings in terms of the ability of interventions to reduce STI acquisition .