***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Pesticides are a collective term for a wide array of chemicals intended to kill unwanted insects , plants , molds , and rodents . Food , water , and treatment in the home , yard , and school are all potential sources of children ’s exposure . Exposures to pesticides may be overt or subacute , and effects range from acute to chronic toxicity . In 2008 , pesticides were the ninth most common substance reported to poison control centers , and approximately 45 % of all reports of pesticide poisoning were for children . Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning are perhaps the most widely known acute poisoning syndromes , can be diagnosed by depressed red blood cell cholinesterase levels , and have available antidotal therapy . However , numerous other pesticides that may cause acute toxicity , such as pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides , herbicides , fungicides , and rodenticides , also have specific toxic effects ; recognition of these effects may help identify acute exposures . Evidence is increasingly emerging about chronic health implication s from both acute and chronic exposure . A growing body of epidemiological evidence demonstrates associations between parental use of pesticides , particularly insecticides , with acute lymphocytic leukemia and brain tumors . Prenatal , household , and occupational exposures ( maternal and paternal ) appear to be the largest risks . Prospect i ve cohort studies link early-life exposure to organophosphates and organochlorine pesticides ( primarily DDT ) with adverse effects on neurodevelopment and behavior . Among the findings associated with increased pesticide levels are poorer mental development by using the Bayley index and increased scores on measures assessing pervasive developmental disorder , inattention , and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Related animal toxicology studies provide supportive biological plausibility for these findings . Additional data suggest that there may also be an association between parental pesticide use and adverse birth outcomes including physical birth defects , low birth weight , and fetal death , although the data are less robust than for cancer and neurodevelopmental effects . Children ’s exposures to pesticides should be limited as much as possible The take-home pathway is a significant source of organophosphate pesticide exposure for young children ( 3–5 years old ) living with an adult farmworker . This avoidable exposure pathway is an important target for intervention . We selected 24 agricultural communities in the Yakima Valley of Washington State and r and omly assigned them to receive an educational intervention ( n = 12 ) to reduce children ’s pesticide exposure or usual care ( n = 12 ) . We assessed exposure to pesticides in nearly 200 adults and children during the pre and post-intervention periods by measuring metabolites in urine . We compared pre- and post-intervention exposures by expressing the child ’s pesticide metabolite concentration as a fraction of the adult ’s concentration living in the same household , because the amount of pesticides applied during the collection periods varied . Exposures in our community were consistently higher , sometimes above the 95th percentile of the exposures reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) . While intervention and control communities demonstrated a reduction in the ratio of child to adult exposure , this reduction was more pronounced in intervention communities ( 2.7-fold , p < 0.001 compared to 1.7-fold , p = 0.052 for intervention and control , respectively ) . By examining the child/adult biomarker ratio , we demonstrated that our community-based intervention was effective in reducing pesticide exposure to children in agricultural communities We conducted a r and omized-controlled trial of a home-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposures to farmworkers ’ children in Monterey County , California ( n=116 families ) . The intervention consisted of three home-based educational sessions delivered by community health workers in Spanish . Measurements of organophosphate ( OP ) insecticide metabolites in child urine ( n=106 ) and pesticides in home floor wipes ( n=103 ) were collected before and after the intervention . Median child urinary dialkyl phosphate ( DAP ) metabolite levels were slightly lower among the intervention group children at follow-up compared with baseline , albeit nonsignificantly . DAP metabolite levels in the control group children were markedly higher at follow-up compared with baseline . In adjusted models , intervention participation was associated with a 51 % decrease in total DAP metabolite levels . Carbaryl , chlorpyrifos , cypermethrin , dacthal , diazinon , malathion , and trans-permethrin were commonly detected in the floor wipes . In adjusted models , intervention participation was significantly associated with a 37 % decrease in trans-permethrin floor wipe levels in homes , but not OP or other agricultural pesticides . In summary ,  intervention group children had slightly reduced pesticide exposures , whereas child exposures were higher among the control group . Additional intervention studies evaluating methods to reduce pesticide exposures to farmworker families and children are needed Background Exposure to organophosphate ( OP ) pesticides is an occupational hazard for farmworkers and affects their children through the take-home pathway . Objectives We examined the effectiveness of a r and omized community intervention to reduce pesticide exposure among farmworkers and their children . Methods We conducted a baseline survey of a cross-sectional sample of farmworkers ( year 1 ) in 24 participating communities . Communities were r and omized to intervention or control . After 2 years of intervention , a new cross-sectional survey of farmworkers was conducted ( year 4 ) . Farmworkers with a child 2–6 years of age were asked to participate in a sub study in which urine was collected from the farmworker and child , and dust was collected from the home and the vehicle driven to work . Results The median concentration of urinary metabolites was higher in year 4 than in year 1 for dimethylthiophosphate ( DMTP ) and dimethyldithiophosphate in adults and for DMTP for children . There were significant increases within both the intervention and control communities between year 1 and year 4 ( p < 0.005 ) ; however , the differences were not significant between study communities after adjusting for year ( p = 0.21 ) . The dust residue data showed azinphos-methyl having the highest percentage of detects in vehicles ( 86 % and 84 % in years 1 and 4 , respectively ) and in house dust ( 85 % and 83 % in years 1 and 4 , respectively ) . There were no significant differences between intervention and control communities after adjusting for year ( p = 0.49 ) . Conclusions We found no significant decreases in urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations or in pesticide residue concentrations in house and vehicle dust from intervention community households compared with control community households after adjusting for baseline . These negative findings may have implication s for future community-wide interventions 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The majority of the review ed studies were conducted in the U.S. , but there seems to be an increase in literature on pesticide take-home pathway in developing countries .
Most of the articles provided evidence that farmworkers ' families are exposed to pesticides at higher levels than non-farmworkers ' families .
The levels may depend on several factors such as seasonality , parental occupation , cohabitation with a farmworker , behavior at work/home , age , and gender .
Community-based interventions disrupting the take-home pathway seem to be effective at reducing pesticide exposure .