***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : Interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses lymphocyte functions , regulates production of proinflammatory cytokines , and suppresses nitric oxide production by activated macrophages . We examined IL-10 expression and its value as a surrogate index for nitric oxide ( NO ) production in endothelial cultures obtained from saphenous vein sample s. Methods : Using 2 different techniques ( the open and endoscopic ) , we harvested sample s of human saphenous veins from 90 r and omly selected patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABG ) . Endothelial cells collected from the vein sample s retrieved through both techniques were cultured for 72 hours . Using a solid phase enzyme linked-immuno-sorbent assay ( ELISA ) , we analyzed pre- and postoperative sera , in addition to the supernatants from the cultures , for IL-10 . Results : Mean preoperative levels of IL-10 ( 0.09 ± 0.04 pg/mL ) did not differ significantly from that for postoperative sera ( 0.14 ± 0.17 pg/mL ) ( P = 0.54 ) . Mean IL-10 levels for endothelial cell culture supernatants did not differ significantly between the endoscopic ( 0.32 ± 0.39 pg/mL ) and the open method ( 0.46 ± 0.80 pg/mL ) ( P = 0.30 ) . Conclusion : Our findings indicate that endoscopic and open saphenectomies are technically comparable with respect to their effects on IL-10 release during saphenous vein harvesting for CABG . We recommend the endoscopic method for its low morbidity and earlier hospital discharge BACKGROUND Levels of the cytokines Interleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) , IL-2 , and IL-10 are sensitive to the traumatic effect of saphenous vein harvesting . Their levels are compared between the endoscopic and traditional open techniques of harvesting . METHODS Sample s of human saphenous veins were harvested from 90 r and omly selected patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABG ) , using the  open or endoscopic techniques .  Endothelial cells collected from the vein sample s retrieved through both techniques were cultured for 72 hours . Pre and postoperative sera , in addition to the supernatants from the cultures , were analyzed for IL-1 , IL-2 , and IL-10 using ELISA . RESULTS Mean preoperative concentrations of IL-1 , Il-2 , and IL-10 were 0.11+/- 0.04 , 0.09 + /- 0.04 , and 0.09 + /- 0.04 pg/ml , respectively . Corresponding values for postoperative sera were 0.13 + /- 0.08 , 0.12 + /- 0.10 , 0.14 + /- 0.17 pg/ml , respectively . The differences between pre and postoperative means for each cytokine were not statistically significant ( p = 0.13 , 0.18 , 0.05 , respectively ) . Mean IL-1 , IL-2 , and IL-10 concentrations for endothelial cell culture supernatants did not differ significantly between the endoscopic ( 0.17 + /- 0.11 , 0.11 + /- 0.05 , and 0.32 + /- 0.40 pg/ml , respectively ) and the open method ( 0.19 + /- 0.16 , 0.11 + /- 0.05 , and 0.46 + /- 0.80 pg/ml , respectively ) ( p = 0.48 , 0.81 , 0.30 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Since endoscopic and open saphenectomies are technically comparable with respect to their effects on IL-1 , Il-2 , and IL-10 levels , we recommend the endoscopic method for its lower morbidity and the potential for earlier hospital discharge OBJECTIVE Preparation of the great saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafts is usually performed through one or many cutaneous incisions . A technique of endoscopic harvesting is now available . An aim of the study was to compare both methods , prospect ively . METHODS Sixty coronary artery bypass grafting patients were r and omly assigned to two groups according to saphenous vein harvesting technique : 30 patients to group 1 -- open harvesting technique ( OHT ) and 30 patients to group 2 -- endoscopic harvesting technique ( EHT ) . The results were assessed on the basis of ( 1 ) clinical outcome ( hematomas , inflammations ) , ( 2 ) length of the cutaneous incisions compared to length of the segment of vein harvested , ( 3 ) time of harvesting , ( 4 ) postoperative pain . RESULTS Both groups were comparable in terms of : age , sex , diabetes , peripheral artery disease , site of harvesting , number of anastomoses , and length of the vein harvested . Both the length of the cutaneous incisions and the postoperative pain were decreased in the EHT group . Harvesting time was increased in the OHT group . CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting allows improved aesthetic aspect , less postoperative discomfort , with an increased time in harvesting in the beginning BACKGROUND Minimally invasive techniques to harvest the saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting continue to improve and evolve . Smaller cutaneous incisions have been shown to decrease postoperative discomfort and improve healing . We describe a technique involving carbon dioxide insufflation and endoscopic dissection to allow easier and atraumatic dissection . METHODS The VasoView endoscope system ( Origin Medsystems , Inc ) was used to harvest the saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting in 27 patients . This group was compared with 24 patients having traditional saphenous vein harvesting . Wounds were examined for complications daily . Pain and postoperative mobility were quantified independently by physical therapists . RESULTS Comparison of patients in the two groups revealed greater edema in the legs with traditional harvesting . Patients with endoscopic removal also had less pain and increased mobility postoperatively . On average , minimally invasive harvesting allowed patients to ambulate to a predischarge goal of 300 ft 2 days earlier . CONCLUSIONS Minimally invasive harvesting of the saphenous vein by insufflation techniques is safe , effective , and atraumatic to the conduit . Discomfort is minimized , promoting earlier and improved ambulation Background In coronary artery bypass grafting surgery , arterial conduits are preferred because of more favourable long-term patency and outcome . Anyway the greater saphenous vein continues to be the most commonly used bypass conduit . Minimally invasive endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting is increasingly being investigated in order to reduce the morbidity associated with conventional open vein harvesting , includes postoperative leg wound complications , pain and patient satisfaction . However , to date the short and the long-term benefits of the endoscopic technique remain controversial . This study provides an interesting opportunity to address this gap in the literature . Methods / Design Endoscopic Saphenous harvesting with an Open CO2System trial includes two parallel vein harvesting arms in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery .  It is an interventional , single centre , prospect i ve , r and omized , safety/efficacy , cost/effectiveness study , in adult patients with elective planned and first isolated coronary artery disease . A simple size of 100 patients for each arm will be required to achieve 80 % statistical power , with a significant level of 0.05 , for detecting most of the formulated hypotheses . A six-weeks leg wound complications rate was assumed to be 20 % in the conventional arm and less of 4 % in the endoscopic arm . Previously quoted studies suggest a first-year vein-graft failure rate of about 20 % with an annual occlusion rate of 1 % to 2 % in the first six years , with practically no difference between the endoscopic and conventional approaches . Similarly , the results on event-free survival rates for the two arms have barely a 2 - 3 % gap . Assuming a 10 % drop-out rate and a 5 % cross-over rate , the goal is to enrol 230 patients from a single Italian cardiac surgery centre . Discussion The goal of this prospect i ve r and omized trial is to compare and to test improvement in wound healing , quality of life , safety/efficacy , cost-effectiveness , short and long-term outcomes and vein-graft patency after endoscopic open CO2 harvesting system versus conventional vein harvesting . The expected results are of high clinical relevance and will show the safety/efficacy or non-inferiority of one treatment approach in terms of vein harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery . Trial registration www . clinical Trials.gov NCT01121341 UNLABELLED Conventional conduit harvesting used for coronary artery bypass graft for many decades but there has been some wound complication problem . Endoscopic conduit harvesting is a minimal invasive surgery for reduced wounds complication . The authors aim ed to compare the result between two techniques . MATERIAL AND METHOD Prospect i ve enroll of 100 patients for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery . Divided in 2 groups . The first groups was a convention conduit harvesting ( C groups ) and the second groups was endoscopic conduit harvesting ( E groups ) . The endoscopic conduit harvesting performed using the Maquet Vasoview system under CO2 inflation assisted . RESULTS Endoscopic conduit harvesting was successful 94 % . Harvest time C group 32.4 mins E group 48.9 mins , ET CO2 C group 40.3 , E group 50.9 , Wounds infection C group 6 % E group O , wounds echymosis C group 6 % E group 44 % . CONCLUSION Endoscopic conduit harvesting showed better results with conventional conduit harvesting in wounds with serious complications but they need more harvest time and risk of CO2 embolism . However a long term graft patency needs more investigation Classical excision of saphenous vein grafts requires a continuous incision on the leg or the thigh or both . To minimise the trauma due to this method , an endoscopic method has been recently developed . The aim of this paper was to assess the benefits of this new method compared with the classical technique . One hundred and twenty patients requiring aorto-coronary grafts were included in this prospect i ve study and divided into two groups according to the method of saphenous vein harvesting . Group A comprised 60 patients who underwent the classical method os saphenous vein harvesting and Group B 60 patients who benefited from the endoscopic method .  No difference was observed between the two groups with respect to mean age , sex ratio , history of diabetes and obliterative arterial disease of the lower limbs . Parsonnet index number of bypass grafts and length of vein excised . The length of the skin wound in group A was 30.8 + /- 8.5 cm compared with only 4.1 + /- 1 cm in Group B ( p = 0.006 ) but the harvesting time was longer by endoscopy ( 55.7 + /- 23.7 minutes : 72.5 + /- 22.6 minutes for the first 10 patients , 48.5 + /- 24.7 minutes for the last 50 patients ) compared with the classical technique ( 39.8 + /- 6.6 minutes : p = 0.001 ) . Moreover , patients who underwent videosurgery had less operative pain ( 8 % versus 15 % ) ( p = 0.001 ) . The number of infectious complications was slightly lower in Group B ( 3.3 % , 2/60 , versus 10 % , 6/60 ) , ( NS ) . The authors conclude that harvesting of the saphenous vein by videosurgery reduces postoperative pain and gives a more aesthetic result but with a slightly longer operative time at the beginning of the experience Background Saphenous vein remains the most common conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting with increasing uptake of minimally invasive harvesting techniques . While Endoscopic Vein Harvest ( EVH ) has been demonstrated to improve early morbidity compared to Open Vein Harvest ( OVH ) , recent literature suggests that this may be at the expense of graft patency at one year and survival at three years . Methods We undertook a retrospective single-centre , single-surgeon , case-control study of EVH ( n = 89 ) and OVH ( n = 182 ) . The primary endpoint was death with secondary endpoints including acute coronary syndrome , revascularisation or other major adverse cardiac events . Freedom from angina , wound complications and self-rated health status were also assessed . Where repeat angiography had been performed , this was review ed . Results Both groups were well matched demographically and for peri-operative characteristics . All cause mortality was 2/89 ( 2 % ) and 11/182 ( 6 % ) in the EVH and OVH groups respectively . This was shown by Cox Log-Rank analysis to be non-significant ( p = 0.65 ) , even if adjusting for inpatient mortality ( p = 0.74 ) . There was no difference in the rates of freedom from angina ( p = 1.00 ) , re-admission ( p = 0.78 ) or need for further anti-anginals ( p = 1.00 ) . There was a significant reduction in the incidence of 
    Output:
    
Results Compared with open vein harvest , it is reasonable to perform endoscopic vein harvest of saphenous vein to reduce wound-related complications , postoperative length of stay , and outpatient wound management re sources and to increase patient satisfaction ( class I , level A ) .
Based on the quality of the conduit and major adverse cardiac events as well as 6-month angiographic patency , endoscopic vein harvest was noninferior to open harvest .
Conclusions Based on the consensus statements , the consensus panel recommends ( class I , level B ) that endoscopic saphenous vein and radial artery harvesting should be the st and ard of care for patients who require these conduits for coronary revascularization