***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The efficacy and acceptability of two third generation oral contraceptives in Thai women were evaluated in a prospect i ve , open , group-comparative , r and omized , multicenter trial of women asking for contraception . In six Family Planning Centers and Outpatient Gynaecological Clinics in urban areas in Thail and , 783 healthy women who were at risk for pregnancy and did not have contraindications to oral contraceptive use were r and omly allocated to one of the two study groups . An oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol and 150 mcg desogestrel was given to 394 women and an oral contraceptive with the same amount of ethinylestradiol and 75 mcg gestodene to 389 women during 6 cycles . Criteria of cycle control , side effects and the presence and severity of acne vulgaris were assessed and blood pressure and body weight measured at pretreatment and after cycles 1 , 3 and 6 . Furthermore , the efficacy was evaluated after the last cycle . No pregnancies occurred with either of the contraceptives . The incidences of irregular bleeding and minor side effects in both groups were very low and decreased after an initial increase in the first cycle . Acne improved in both groups . Blood pressure and body weight remained unchanged . The two oral contraceptives were found to be effective and acceptable in Thai women . Compared to Caucasian women , the incidences of irregular bleeding and side effects were apparently lower in these Asian women . Furthermore , the effects of both oral contraceptives were comparable Two monophasic oral contraceptives containing gestodene ( GTD , 75 micrograms ) and ethinylestradiol ( EE , 30 micrograms ) or norgestimate ( NGS , 250 micrograms ) and EE ( 35 micrograms ) were compared during the first six cycles of use . The subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either type : 97 received GTD/EE and 92 NGS/EE . Six women in the  GTD/EE  group and nine in the NGS/EE group withdrew from the study ; three ( 3 % ) and two ( 2 % ) , respectively , withdrew because of adverse reactions . A total of 562 cycles for GTD/EE and 523 for NGS/EE were available . No woman became pregnant during the study . Overall , 94.4 % of cycles in the GTD/EE group and 92.8 % in the NGS/EE group were normal . A similar incidence of breakthrough bleeding ( 0.2 % of cycles for GTD and 1.6 % for NGS ) and spotting ( 5.4 % vs. 5.6 % ) was observed . Amenorrhea was never reported . Duration of withdrawal bleeding tended to be slightly longer in the NGS/EE group , significantly so for cycles 2 ( 0.5 days , p = 0.016 ) , 4 ( 0.5 days , p = 0.031 ) and 5 ( 0.4 days , p = 0.045 ) . Cycle 2 was significantly longer in the GTD/EE group ( 0.3 days , p = 0.027 ) . Side-effects were reported by 12 ( 12 % ) women in the GTD/EE group and 13 ( 14 % ) in the NGS/EE group . The most common side-effects were headache ( five cases ( 5 % ) in the GTD/EE group and two ( 2 % ) in the NGS/EE group ) and breast pain ( three ( 3 % ) and eight ( 9 % ) cases respectively ) . There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to change in body weight or changes in blood pressure and in laboratory data . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The efficacy , cycle control , subjective complaints , and safety of monophasic preparations of the oral contraceptives containing gestodene 75 mcg plus ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg versus desogestrel 150 mcg plus ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg were compared in a 6-cycle , open-label , parallel , r and omized , multicenter phase IV clinical study in Latin America . Of a total of 176 women in each group , 163 in the gestodene group and 160 in the desogestrel group completed 6 cycles , providing data for 1,015 and 1,006 cycles , respectively . Subject compliance was excellent ; pills were missed during only 6.9 % of the cycles in each group . No woman became pregnant during the study . Gestodene group exhibited significantly better cycle control as evidence d by the lower incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting . Spotting in some cycles was reported by 11.9 % of women taking the gestodene-combination compared with 21 % of women taking the desogestrel-combination . Based on number of women , 86.4 % of the gestodene group reported all cycles were normal ( no BTB ) compared with 76.7 % of the desogestrel group . Also , the women in the gestodene group reported a significantly lower incidence of nuisance side effects during treatment cycles . No amenorrhea was observed for either group . There were no clinical ly significant differences between groups with respect to body weight , blood pressure , or laboratory evaluations .  Seven women withdrew from the gestodene group and 8 women withdrew from the desogestrel group because of adverse reactions . The results of this study indicate that , although both OCs provided effective contraception , in comparison to the desogestrel-combination , the gestodene-containing OC is associated with better cycle control , less bleeding , and fewer subjective complaints OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to define the frequency and reasons for oral contraceptive discontinuation and subsequent contraceptive behavior . STUDY DESIGN A nationwide prospect i ve study of 1657 women initiating or switching to the use of a new contraceptive from private practice s , clinics , and a health maintenance organization was performed . RESULTS Six months after a new oral contraceptive prescription , 68 % of new starts and 84 % of switchers still used oral contraceptives . Of women who discontinued , 46 % did so because of side effects , whereas 23 % had no continuing need . More than four fifths of women who discontinued oral contraceptives but remained at risk of unintended pregnancy either failed to adopt another method or adopted a less effective method . Fifteen percent of women who discontinued oral contraceptives resumed their use within the 7-month follow-up period . CONCLUSIONS Counseling should emphasize the possibility of side effects , stressing the fact that most will be transient , and the need to identify a backup method . Follow-up visits should be scheduled for 1 to 2 months after a prescription is written The efficacy , cycle-control and tolerance of Microgynon-30 , a widely prescribed levonorgestrel containing oral contraceptive , and Femodene , a new oral-contraceptive containing gestodene , were compared in a r and omised , double-blind study involving 456 healthy women over a 6 month period . 229 women were allocated to receive Femodene and 227 received Microgynon-30 .  No differences between the groups in terms of obstetric and gynaecological history , previous contraceptive history , smoking habits , blood-pressure or body weight at admission were observed . No pregnancies were reported in either group , despite tablet-taking errors recorded in 6.3 % of the Femodene group and 7.6 % of the Microgynon-30 group . Both oral contraceptives were compared in terms of cycle length , intensity of the withdrawal bleed and side effects . Cycle-control was similar in the two groups . However , significantly fewer subjects reported breakthrough bleeding ( with or without spotting ) in the Femodene group ( 18 % of patients ) compared with the Microgynon-30 group ( 26 % of patients ) . The incidence of absent withdrawal bleeds was 1 % or less in both groups and no significant effects on body weight or blood pressure were observed OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to compare the safety , contraceptive efficacy , and menstrual cycle patterns in women using triphasic oral contraceptive pills , namely CTR-05  , containing 50/100/150 micrograms  desogestrel  and 35/30/30 micrograms  ethinylestradiol  , and Orthonovum777  containing 500/750/1000 micrograms norethindrone and 35/35/35 micrograms ethinylestradiol . METHOD Forty-six female volunteers , satisfying the selection criteria , were evaluated for six cycles , in an open-label , r and omized study . Volunteers using CTR-05 were studied for 13 additional cycles for efficacy and safety . RESULTS No serious adverse effects were observed in either group . The incidences of other drug-related adverse effects , such as headache and nausea , were transient in both groups . CTR-05 did not lower levels of high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol . This may be attributed to the lower and rogenicity of its progestin component , desogestrel . No pregnancies were reported in either group . Clinical and laboratory parameters remained within normal limits in both groups . In the CTR-05 group , the lower dose of ethinylestradiol did not affect the safety , efficacy and acceptability of the product . CONCLUSION Desogestrel , with little estrogenic activity and only minimal and rogenic activity , leads to lipoprotein changes , result ing in a favorable cardiovascular profile , as well as minimal and rogen-related effects , such as hirsutism and acne Oral contraceptives have the highest theoretic efficacy of all reversible forms of contraception , yet in practice they have an actual failure rate equivalent to that of some barrier methods . The efficacy of oral contraceptives depends primarily on patient compliance . So-called " nuisance " side effects , such as intermenstrual bleeding ( breakthrough bleeding or spotting ) , play a major role in their discontinuation . The Triphasic R and omized Clinical Trial compared the incidence of these side effects in three groups of subjects taking NET ( A ) ( Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 ) , LNG ( Tri-Levlen ) , or NET ( B ) ( Tri-Norinyl ) .  Subjects taking NET ( A ) had the highest incidence of intermenstrual bleeding ( 63 % ) followed by NET ( B ) ( 44 % ) and LNG ( 33 % ) . Only the difference between NET ( A ) and LNG attained statistical significance ( p less than 0.030 ) . Control subjects had no breakthrough bleeding and a 4 % incidence of spotting . Further research is warranted to establish the cause of the disparity in the incidence of intermenstrual bleeding among patient groups assigned to the three oral triphasic contraceptives OBJECTIVE To assess the contraceptive efficacy , cycle control and acceptability of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing either 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol plus 150 micrograms desogestrel or 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol plus 75 micrograms gestodene . METHODS In a r and omized , open-label , six-cycle , group-comparative , multicenter study performed in Brazil , pregnancies , cycle-control parameters , incidence of side-effects and the presence and severity of acne vulgaris were assessed , and blood pressure and body weight were measured at pretreatment and after one , three and six cycles of oral contraceptive use . RESULTS Of the 595 women enrolled , 274 ( 86.7 % ) in the  desogestrel/ethinylestradiol group and 227 ( 81.4 % ) in the  gestodene/ethinylestradiol  group completed the six cycles , providing data for 1753 and 1487 treatment cycles , respectively . Two pregnancies occurred , one of which ( in the desogestrel/ethinylestradiol group ) was attributed to user failure , whilst the other ( in the gestodene/ethinylestradiol group ) was thought to result from method failure . Cycle control was observed to be excellent ; the incidences of irregular bleeding and minor side-effects were low in both groups and decreased after an initial increase in the first cycle . Pre-existing acne improved in both groups , whereas blood pressure and body weight remained essentially unchanged . CONCLUSIONS Both desogestrel/ethinylestradiol and gestodene/ethinylestradiol provide effective oral contraception with comparable cycle control and acceptability OBJECTIVE To assess the contraceptive reliability , cycle control and tolerance of a new monophasic oral contraceptive ( Yasmin ) containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone and compare it with a preparation containing an equal dose of ethinylestradiol combined with 150 microg desogestrel ( Marvelon ) . METHODS A multicenter , open-label , r and omized study was carried out in 26 European centers .  Contraceptive efficacy , cycle control and tolerance ( including body weight , blood pressure and heart rate ) were assessed over 26 cycles , plus a 3-month follow-up period . RESULTS Of 900 women who were r and omized , 887 started treatment and 627 completed the 26 cycles plus follow-up ( 310 in the ethinylestradiol/drospirenone group and 317 in the ethinylestradiol/desogestrel group ) . Both study preparations were found to be effective with regard to contraceptive reliability and cycle control was good . There were six pregnancies ( three in each group ) , but none were considered to have been the result of method failures . The subjective and objective tolerances were good in both groups . A statistically significant difference was found in body weight changes between the two groups . While there 
    Output:
    
Intermenstrual bleeding was less with third- compared to second-generation pills ( RR 0.71 ; 95 % CI 0.55–0.91).Contraceptive effectiveness of gestodene ( GSD ) was comparable to that of levonorgestrel ( LNG ) , and had similar pattern of spotting , breakthrough bleeding and absence of withdrawal bleeding ) .
Drospirenone ( DRSP ) was similar compared to desogestrel ( DSG )  regarding contraceptive effectiveness , cycle control and side effects .
Conclusion The third- and second-generation progestogens are preferred over first generation in all indices of acceptability .
Current evidence suggests that GSD is comparable to LNG in terms of contraceptive effectiveness and for most cycle control indices .
GSD is also comparable to DSG .
DRSP is comparable to DSG .