***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Studies of the association between physical activity ( PA ) and weight maintenance have been inconsistent . Methods : We prospect ively examined the association between PA patterns and prevention of weight gain  among 46 754 healthy premenopausal women , aged 25–43 years in 1989 . Participants reported their PA and weight in 1989 and 1997 . The primary outcome was gaining > 5 % of baseline weight by 1997 ( 62 % of the population ) . Results : Compared with women who maintained < 30 min d−1 of total discretionary activity over 8 years , women were less likely to gain weight if they sustained 30 + min d−1 ( odds ratio (OR)=0.68 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.64–0.73 ) or increased to 30 + min d−1 in 1997 ( OR=0.64 , 95%CI=0.60–0.68 ) . Among women whose only reported activity was walking , risk of gaining weight was lower in those who sustained 30 + min d−1 over 8 years ( OR=0.66 , 95%CI=0.49–0.91 ) , and brisk walking pace independently predicted less weight gain . For a 30 min d−1 increase between 1989 and 1997 , jogging/running was associated with less weight gain than brisk walking or other activities . Greater  duration of PA  was associated with progressively less weight gain , but even an 11–20 min d−1 increase was beneficial ; the benefits appeared stronger among those who were initially overweight . Sedentary behavior independently predicted weight gain . Conclusions : Sustained PA for at least 30 min d−1 , particularly if more intense , is associated with a reduction in long-term weight gain , and greater duration is associated with less weight gain . Sedentary women of any baseline weight who increase their PA will benefit , but overweight women appear to benefit the most The present study examined the cardiovascular health effects of 16 weeks of recreational football training in untrained premenopausal women in comparison with continuous running training .  Fifty healthy women were matched and r and omized to a football ( FG , n=25 ) or a running ( RG , n=25 ) group and compared with a control group with no physical training ( CO , n=15 ) . Training was performed for 1 h twice a week . After 16 weeks , systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced ( P<0.05 ) in FG ( 7+/-2 and 4+/-1 mmHg ) and systolic blood pressure was lowered ( P<0.05 ) in RG ( 6+/-2 mmHg ) . After 16 weeks , resting heart rate was lowered ( P<0.05 ) by 5+/-1 bpm both in FG and RG , and maximal oxygen uptake was elevated ( P<0.05 ) by 15 % in FG and by 10 % in RG ( 5.0+/-0.7 and 3.6+/-0.6 mL/min/kg , respectively ) . Total fat mass decreased ( P<0.05 ) by 1.4+/-0.3 kg in FG and by 1.1+/-0.3 kg in RG . After 16 weeks , pulse pressure wave augmentation index ( -0.9+/-2.5 vs 4.2+/-2.4 % ) , skeletal muscle capillarization ( 2.44+/-0.15 vs 2.07+/-0.05 cap/fib ) and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were improved ( P<0.05 ) in FG , but not altered in RG . No changes were observed in CO . In conclusion , regular recreational football training has significant favorable effects on the cardiovascular risk profile in untrained premenopausal women and is at the least as efficient as continuous running The present study examined the cardiac effects of football training and running for inactive pre-menopausal women by st and ard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging . Thirty-seven subjects were r and omized to two training groups ( football : FG ; n=19 ; running ; RG ; n=18 ) training 1 h with equal average heart rates twice a week for 16 weeks and compared with a matched inactive control group ( CG ; n=10 ) . During the training period , left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased by 13 % in FG and 11 % in RG ( P<0.05 ) . Left ventricular posterior wall thickness increased in FG from 8.5+/-1.4 to 9.0+/-1.3 mm ( P<0.05 ) . Right ventricle diameter increased by 12 % in FG and 10 % in RG ( P<0.05 ) . Tissue Doppler imaging demonstrated increased left ventricular systolic and diastolic performances in both training groups . Peak systolic velocity increased by 26 % in FG and 17 % in RG ( P<0.05 ) and left ventricular longitudinal displacement increased in both groups by 13 % ( P<0.05 ) . Isovolumetric relaxation time decreased significantly more in FG than in RG ( 26 % vs 14 % , respectively P<0.05 ) . In conclusion , 16 weeks of football and running exercise training induced significant changes of cardiac dimensions and had favorable effects on both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function . These training-induced cardiac adaptations appeared to be more consistent after football training compared with running Limited information exists concerning equitation as a viable form of physical activity . The study ’s purpose was to quantify effects of an equitation training program on health and physical fitness of college females . Following written informed consent , 15 college females enrolled in equitation and 10 controls ( age = 23.6 ± 2.5 years ; ht = 165.3 ± 5.3 cm ; wt = 62.4 ± 3.4 kg ) underwent a comprehensive pre- and post-series of tests to assess cardiorespiratory response ( Bruce ; VO2peak , HRpeak , VEpeak , RERpeak , MAPpeak , RPPpeak ) , body composition ( body mass , body fat , fat-free mass ) , muscular power [ Wingate ; peak and mean power ( MP ) , total power output , fatigue index ( FI ) ] , muscular strength ( curl-ups , reverse sit-ups , pushups , h and grip ) , blood chemistry , and coronary risk .  The equitation group trained at various equine gaits for 14 weeks , 5 days/week . Multivariate analyses of variance ( Wilks ’ Lambda ) indicated a significant main effect of training across muscular power ( F4,25 = 3.965 ; P = 0.013 ) , but not across cardiorespiratory response ( F11,18 = 1.472 ; P = 0.225 ) , body composition ( F3,26 = 1.081 ; P = 0.375 ) , or muscular strength ( F4,25 = 2.172 ; P = 0.102 ) . Pre-post improvements in MP ( + 13.3 % ; P = 0.01 ) , total work output ( + 11.8 % ; P = 0.015 ) , and FI ( −10.5 % ; P = 0.038 ) were observed . Nonsignificant improvements of 8.5–11.4 % were observed in muscular strength and body composition . In conclusion , equitation does not provide an adequate stimulus to improve health and fitness in young adults . Individuals who participate in equitation need to supplement this activity with traditional aerobic and load-bearing training regimens This study examined the effect of 12 weeks of small-sided street soccer ( 2.2 ± 0.7 sessions/week ) and fitness center training ( 0.5 ± 0.2 sessions/week ) on physical fitness and cardiovascular health profile for homeless men . Exercise capacity , maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , body composition ( DXA scans ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , and blood lipid profile were determined before and after the intervention period for 22 soccer-group subjects ( SG ) and 10 waiting list controls ( CO ) . In addition , time-motion analyses , HR measurements , and pedometer recordings were performed during street soccer training and daily-life activities . During a 60 min 4 versus 4 street soccer session 182 ± 62 intense running bouts were performed ; mean HR was 82 ± 4 % HRmax and HR was > 90 % HRmax for 21 ± 12 % ( ±SD ) of total time . On a day without training the participants performed 10,733 ± 4,341 steps and HR was > 80 % HRmax for 2.4 ± 4.3 min . In SG , VO2max was elevated ( p < 0.05 ) from 36.7 ± 7.6 to 40.6 ± 8.6 ml/min/kg after 12 weeks and incremental cycle test performance was improved ( p < 0.05 ) by 81 s ( 95 % CI : 47–128 s ) . After 12 weeks , fat percentage ( 19.4 ± 8.5 to 17.5 ± 8.6 % ) and LDL cholesterol ( 3.2 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 0.8 mmol L−1 ) were lowered ( p < 0.05 ) in SG . The observed changes in SG were different ( p < 0.05 ) from CO and no intra-group changes occurred for CO ( p > 0.05 ) . BP was unaltered after 12 weeks ( p > 0.05 ) , but diastolic BP was lowered for all SG subjects with pre-values > 75 mmHg ( 83 ± 6 to 76 ± 6 mmHg , n = 8 , p < 0.05 ) . In conclusion , the exercise intensity is high during street soccer and regular street soccer training can be used as an effective activity to promote physical fitness and cardiovascular health status for homeless men Objectives To investigate associations between modest levels of total and domain-specific ( commuting , other utility , recreational ) cycling and  mortality from all causes , cardiovascular disease and cancer . Design Population -based cohort study ( European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study -Norfolk ) . Setting Participants were recruited from general practice s in the east of Engl and and attended health examinations between 1993 and 1997 and again between 1998 and 2000 . At the first health assessment , participants reported their average weekly duration of cycling for all purpose s using a simple measure of physical activity . At the second health assessment , participants reported a more detailed breakdown of their weekly cycling behaviour using the EPAQ2 physical activity question naire . Participants Adults aged 40–79 years at the first health assessment . Primary outcome measure All participants were followed for mortality ( all-cause , cardiovascular and cancer ) until March 2011 . Results There were 22 450 participants with complete data at the first health assessment , of whom 4398 died during follow-up ; and 13 346 participants with complete data at the second health assessment , of whom 1670 died during follow-up . Preliminary analyses using exposure data from the first health assessment showed that cycling for at least 60 min/week in total was associated with a 9 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality ( adjusted HR 0.91 , 95 % CI 0.84 to 0.99 ) . Using the more precise measures of cycling available from the second health assessment , all types of cycling were associated with greater total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ; however , there was little evidence of an association between overall or domain-specific cycling and mortality . Conclusions Cycling , in particular for utility purpose s , was associated with greater moderate-to-vigorous and total physical activity . While this study provides tentative evidence that modest levels of cycling may reduce the risk of mortality , further research is required to confirm how much cycling is sufficient to induce health benefits PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brief intense interval training as exercise intervention for promoting health and to evaluate potential benefits about common interventions , that is , prolonged exercise and strength training . METHODS Thirty-six untrained men were divided into groups that completed 12 wk of intense interval running ( INT ; total training time 40 min wk(-1 ) ) , prolonged running ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) , and strength training ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) or continued their habitual lifestyle without participation in physical training . RESULTS The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was superior in the INT ( 14 % + /- 2 % increase in V˙O2max ) compared with the other two exercise interventions ( 7 % + /- 2 % and 3 % + /- 2 % increases ) . The blood glucose concentration 2 h after oral ingestion of 75 g of glucose was lowered to a similar extent after training in the INT ( from 6.1 + /- 0.6 to 5.1 + /- 0.4 mM , P < 0.05 ) and the prolonged running group ( from 5.6 + /- 1.5 to 4.9 + /- 1.1 mM , P < 0.05 ) . In contrast , INT was less efficient than prolonged running for lowering the subjects ' resting HR , fat percentage , and reducing the ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol . Furthermore , total bone mass and lean body mass remained unchanged in the INT group , whereas both these parameters were increased by the strength-training inter 
    Output:
    
Moderately strong evidence showed that both running and football improve aerobic fitness and cardiovascular function at rest , and football reduces adiposity .
Conditional evidence showed that running benefits metabolic fitness , adiposity and postural balance , and football improves metabolic fitness , muscular performance , postural balance , and cardiac function .