***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children . SUBJECTS Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West Engl and ( 69 % of those invited at this age ) , a r and omly selected sub- sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood ( ALSPAC ) . METHODS Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive food record . Food and nutrient intakes  were compared with intakes at 18 months in the same children , with intakes in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) of pre-school children , and with dietary reference values ( DRVs ) . RESULTS Intakes of energy and most nutrients had increased between 18 and 43 months . The macronutrient content of the diet had also changed , the percentage of energy from starch rose from 21 to 23 % and from non-milk extrinsic ( NME ) sugar from 12 to 16 % , while the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio increased from 0.26 to 0.33 . When compared with the NDNS , intakes of energy and all nutrients were higher with the exception of NME sugar . Energy intakes were below the estimated average requirements . Mean intakes of iron and vitamin D  were below the Reference Nutrient Intake . Fewer children were eating beef at 43 months than at 18 months . Total daily meat consumption was lower than in the NDNS . The proportion of children consuming any vegetables dropped between 18 and 43 months , although fruit eating remained constant . CONCLUSIONS The diets of 3-year-olds in this study were adequate in most nutrients . Our results suggest that energy requirements of pre-school children in the 1990s are less than the DRV . Nutrient and food intakes changed between 18 and 43 months . Children were eating less meat than their counterparts in the NDNS OBJECTIVE To investigate the long-term effects of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates . DESIGN R and omized controlled multicentre trial ( CARMEN ) , in which subjects were allocated for 6 months either to a seasonal control group ( no intervention ) or to one of three experimental groups : a control diet group ( dietary intervention typical of the average national intake ) ; a low-fat high simple carbohydrate group ; or a low-fat high complex carbohydrate group . SUBJECTS Three hundred and ninety eight moderately obese adults . MEASUREMENTS The change in body weight was the primary outcome ; changes in body composition and blood lipids were secondary outcomes . RESULTS Body weight loss in the low-fat high simple carbohydrate and low-fat high complex carbohydrate groups was 0.9 kg ( P < 0.05 ) and 1.8 kg ( P < 0.001 ) , while the control diet and seasonal control groups gained weight ( 0.8 and 0.1 kg , NS ) . Fat mass changed by -1.3 kg ( P < 0.01 ) , -1.8 kg ( P < 0.001 ) and + 0.6 kg ( NS ) in the low-fat high simple carbohydrate , low-fat high complex carbohydrate and control diet groups , respectively . Changes in blood lipids did not differ significantly between the dietary treatment groups . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that reduction of fat intake results in a modest but significant reduction in body weight and body fatness . The concomitant increase in either simple or complex carbohydrates did not indicate significant differences in weight change . No adverse effects on blood lipids were observed . These findings underline the importance of this dietary change and its potential impact on the public health implication s of obesity Objective : To investigate whether subjects consuming a fat-reduced , high-simple carbohydrate diet ( SCHO )  are at greater risk of micronutrient inadequacy than subjects consuming a fat-reduced , high-complex carbohydrate ( CCHO ) or a normal-fat diet ( control , CD ) . Design : A 6-month r and omised controlled dietary intervention trial with a parallel design . Methods : In total , 46 overweight ( BMI : 24.4–36.3 kg/m2 ) subjects ( 19 males , 27 females ) aged 21–54 y consumed one of three ad libitum diets : SCHO , CCHO , or CD .  Nutrient intake was assessed by a 7-day weighed food record . Results : Self-reported energy intake did not differ between diet groups . The lowest intake of vitamin B12 was found in the SCHO group vs CCHO ( P=0.025 ) and vs. CD ( P=0.012 ) . In men , zinc intake was lower on the SCHO diet compared to the CD diet ( P=0.018 ) . The recommendations for zinc and vitamin B12 were , however , met by all the diet groups . No other diet differences were observed . Intake of several micronutrients were insufficient in all three diet groups , although in most cases comparable to average Danish intakes . Conclusion :  Zinc intake in men and vitamin B12 intake in the combined gender groups were lower on a fat-reduced , simple carbohydrate-rich diet compared to a habitual , normal-fat diet , but not below recommended levels . Sponsorship : The EU-FAIR program ( PL 95 - 809 ) , the Sugar Bureau , the European Sugar Industries , the Danish Medical Research Council , and the Danish Research and Development Programme for Food Technology BACKGROUND Nutritional intake by military personnel is typically inadequate during field exercises , potentially compromising health and performance . HYPOTHESIS Drinking a supplemental carbohydrate ( CHO ) beverage will increase total caloric intake and maintain nutritional status during military training in the desert . METHODS A total of 63 volunteers were r and omly assigned to one of two groups to receive either a CHO or placebo beverage with military rations during an 11-d desert field exercise . Fluid intake was ad libitum and adequate rations were provided . Blood sample s were collected twice to assess nutritional status , and nutrient intake was determined with consumption data . Mood state was examined by question naire . RESULTS Energy intake was significantly higher in the CHO group ( 3050 kcal x d(-1 ) vs. 2631 kcal x d(-1 ) ) , with additional CHO from the beverage providing energy with some compensation by reduced fat and protein intake . Intakes of energy , folacin , calcium , magnesium , iron , and zinc in both groups were inadequate , with intakes significantly lower ( p<0.05 ) for calcium , magnesium , and zinc in the CHO beverage group . Blood parameters of nutritional status remained within normal ranges with no differences between groups , but significant decreases were seen in pre-albumin . No changes in mood were seen during the training , nor after exposure to desert conditions . CONCLUSIONS The operational ration supplemented with a CHO beverage significantly increases CHO and energy intakes compared with st and ard rations and maintains nutritional status for short exercises . Fortification with micronutrients most at risk for deficient intake from foods may be needed for longer deployments OBJECTIVE To measure mineral intakes and the contribution of different food groups to mineral intakes in adults aged 18 - 64 years in Irel and . Intakes are reported for Ca , Mg , P , Fe , Cu and Zn . The adequacy of mineral intakes in the population and the risk of occurrence of excessive intakes are also assessed . DESIGN Food consumption was estimated using a 7-day food diary for a representative sample ( n=1379 ; 662 men , 717 women ) of 18 - 64-year-old adults in the Republic of Irel and and Northern Irel and selected r and omly from the electoral register .  Mineral intakes ( Ca , Mg , P , Fe , Cu and Zn )  were estimated using tables of food composition . RESULTS Mean nutrient density of intakes was higher for women than men for Ca and Fe and increased with age for all minerals , except Ca for men and Fe for women . Meat and meat products were the major contributor to mean daily intakes of Zn ( 38 % ) , P ( 23 % ) , Fe ( 18 % ) , Cu ( 15 % ) and Mg ( 13 % ) ; dairy products ( milk , yoghurt and cheese ) to Ca ( 44 % ) , P ( 22 % ) , Zn ( 14 % ) and Mg ( 11 % ) ; bread and rolls to Fe ( 21 % ) , Cu ( 18 % ) , Ca and Mg ( 17 % ) , Zn ( 13 % ) and P ( 12 % ) ; potatoes and potato products to Cu ( 16 % ) , Mg ( 14 % ) and Fe ( 10 % ) ; and breakfast cereals to Fe ( 13 % ) . In women of all ages nutritional supplements contributed 7.6 % , 4.4 % , 3.6 % and 2.2 % of mean daily intake of Fe , Zn , Cu and Ca , respectively , while in men of all ages , nutritional supplements contributed 2.7 % , 2.3 % , 1.7 % and 0.6 % , respectively , to mean daily intakes of Fe , Zn , Cu and Ca . Adequacy of minerals intakes in population groups was assessed using the average requirement ( AR ) as a cut-off value . A significant prevalence of intakes below the AR was observed for Ca , Fe , Cu and Zn but not P. A higher proportion of women than men had intakes below the AR for all minerals . Almost 50 % of 18 - 50-year-old females had intakes below the AR for Fe , while 23 % , 23 % and 15 % of women of all ages had intakes below the AR for Ca , Cu and Zn , respectively . For men of all ages , 11 % , 8 % and 13 % had intakes below the AR for Ca , Cu and Zn , respectively . There appears to be little risk of excessive intake of Ca , Mg , P , Cu or Zn in any age/sex category . However , 2.9 % of women of all ages had intakes above the tolerable upper intake level for Fe ( 45 mg ) due to supplement use . CONCLUSION Almost 50 % of women aged 18 - 50 years had Fe intakes below the AR and relatively high proportions of women of all ages had intakes below the AR for Ca , Cu and Zn . With the possible exception of iron intake from supplements in women , there appears to be little risk of excessive intake of minerals in the adult population . Meat and meat products , dairy products ( milk , cheese and yoghurt ) , bread and rolls , potatoes and potato products and breakfast cereals are important sources of minerals ; nutritional supplements make only a small contribution to mineral intakes in the population as a whole but may contribute significantly to intakes among supplement users OBJECTIVES : To compare the response by overweight individuals , counselled in a work environment , to energy-reduced diets in which the amount of sucrose-containing foods is varied . DESIGN : Two energy-reduced diets were design ed as a weight-reducing programme . A low-sugar diet ( LSD ) providing 5 % of its energy from sucrose and a sugar-containing diet ( SCD ) providing 10 % of its energy from sucrose incorporated as sweet foods were devised . Both diets were constructed to contain about 33 % of the energy from fat . The diets , design ed to provide a deficit of 2.51 MJ/day ( 600 kcal/day ) per individual , were r and omly allocated to subjects in an 8 week parallel design study .SUBJECTS : Ninety-five subjects were recruited from a large service industry if they were more than 7 kg ( 1 stone ) in weight above body mass index ( BMI ) 25 kg/m2 . Sixty-eight subjects completed the programme . MEASUREMENTS : Fortnightly body weight measurements were taken using calibrated scales ; BMI at baseline and week 8 ; and nutrient intake using 2 day food record diaries at baseline and weeks 2 , 4 and 8 . RESULTS : Weight loss over the 8 weeks was 2.2 kg ( LSD ) and 3.0 kg ( SCD ) . BMI changed from 29.2 on the LSD and 30.1 kg/m2 SCD at baseline to 28.2 and 28.8 kg/m2 at week 8 respectively . The actual prescribed commercially added sucrose intakes were 5 % energy ( LSD ) or 10 % energy ( SCD ) . Reported percentage energy from fat was significantly lower on the SCD ( and would seem to support the theory of an inverse relationship between fat and sugar ) than on the LSD , where there was seen to be no significant reduction . There was no evidence of micronutrient dilution that could be directly attributed to the sucrose content of the diets . CONCLUSION : These results provide no justification for the exclusion of added sucrose in weight-reducing diets 
    Output:
    
Curvilinear associations were found in some analyses , with lower nutrient intakes at both extremes of sugar intake ; however , factors such as dieting and under-reporting may confound the associations observed .
Mean intakes of most micronutrients were above the RDA or reference nutrient intake except among very high consumers of sugars .
The available evidence does not allow for firm conclusions on an optimal level of added sugars intake for micronutrient adequacy and the trends that exist may have little biological significance except for a few nutrients ( for example , Fe ) .
It is established that energy intake is the prime predictor of micronutrient adequacy .