***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Blockade of programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) , an inhibitory receptor expressed by T cells , can overcome immune resistance . We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of BMS-936558 , an antibody that specifically blocks PD-1 . METHODS We enrolled patients with advanced melanoma , non-small-cell lung cancer , castration-resistant prostate cancer , or renal-cell or colorectal cancer to receive anti-PD-1 antibody at a dose of 0.1 to 10.0 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks . Response was assessed after each 8-week treatment cycle . Patients received up to 12 cycles until disease progression or a complete response occurred . RESULTS A total of 296 patients received treatment through February 24 , 2012 .  Grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events occurred in 14 % of patients ; there were three deaths from pulmonary toxicity . No maximum tolerated dose was defined . Adverse events consistent with immune-related causes were observed . Among 236 patients in whom response could be evaluated , objective responses ( complete or partial responses ) were observed in those with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer .  Cumulative response rates ( all doses ) were 18 % among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ( 14 of 76 patients ) , 28 % among patients with melanoma ( 26 of 94 patients ) , and 27 % among patients with renal-cell cancer ( 9 of 33 patients ) . Responses were durable ; 20 of 31 responses lasted 1 year or more in patients with 1 year or more of follow-up . To assess the role of intratumoral PD-1 lig and ( PD-L1 ) expression in the modulation of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway , immunohistochemical analysis was performed on pretreatment tumor specimens obtained from 42 patients . Of 17 patients with PD-L1-negative tumors , none had an objective response ; 9 of 25 patients ( 36 % ) with PD-L1-positive tumors had an objective response ( P=0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1 antibody produced objective responses in approximately one in four to one in five patients with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer ; the adverse-event profile does not appear to preclude its use . Preliminary data suggest a relationship between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00730639 . ) Purpose BIRCH was design ed to examine the efficacy of atezolizumab , a humanized anti-programmed death-lig and 1 ( PD-L1 ) monoclonal antibody , in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) across lines of therapy . Patients were selected on the basis of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells ( TC ) or tumor-infiltrating immune cells ( IC ) . Patients and Methods Eligible patients had advanced-stage NSCLC , no CNS metastases , and zero to two or more lines of prior chemotherapy . Patients whose tumors expressed PD-L1 using the SP142 immunohistochemistry assay on ≥ 5 % of TC or IC ( TC2/3 or IC2/3 [ TC or IC ≥ 5 % PD-L1-expressing cells , respectively ] ) were enrolled . Atezolizumab 1,200 mg was administered intravenously every 3 weeks . Efficacy-evaluable patients ( N = 659 ) comprised three cohorts : first line ( cohort 1 ; n = 139 ) ; second line ( cohort 2 ; n = 268 ) ; and third line or higher ( cohort 3 ; n = 252 ) . The primary end point was independent review facility-assessed objective response rate ( ORR ; Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [ RECIST ] version 1.1 ) . Secondary end points included median duration of response , progression-free survival , and overall survival ( OS ) . Results BIRCH met its primary objective of demonstrating a significant ORR versus historical controls . With a minimum of 12 months of follow-up , the independent review facility-assessed ORR was 18 % to 22 % for the three cohorts , and 26 % to 31 % for the TC3 or IC3 subgroup ; most responses are ongoing . Responses occurred regardless of EGFR or KRAS mutation status . The median OS from an up date d survival analysis ( minimum of 20 month follow up ) for cohort 1 was 23.5 months ( 26.9 months for TC3 or IC3 patients ) ; the median OS in cohorts 2 and 3 was 15.5 and 13.2 months , respectively . The safety profile was similar across cohorts and consistent with previous atezolizumab monotherapy trials . Conclusion BIRCH demonstrated responses with atezolizumab monotherapy in patients with PD-L1-selected advanced NSCLC , with good tolerability . PD-L1 status may serve as a predictive biomarker for identifying patients most likely to benefit from atezolizumab BACKGROUND Nivolumab , a fully human IgG4 programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody , disrupts PD-1-mediated signaling and may restore antitumor immunity . METHODS In this r and omized , open-label , international phase 3 study , we assigned patients with nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) that had progressed during or after platinum-based doublet chemotherapy  to receive nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks or docetaxel at a dose of 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks . The primary end point was overall survival . RESULTS Overall survival was longer with nivolumab than with docetaxel .  The median overall survival was 12.2 months ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 9.7 to 15.0 ) among 292 patients in the  nivolumab group and 9.4 months ( 95 % CI , 8.1 to 10.7 ) among 290 patients in the docetaxel group ( hazard ratio for death , 0.73 ; 96 % CI , 0.59 to 0.89 ; P=0.002 ) . At 1 year , the overall survival rate was 51 % ( 95 % CI , 45 to 56 ) with nivolumab versus 39 % ( 95 % CI , 33 to 45 ) with docetaxel . With additional follow-up , the overall survival rate at 18 months was 39 % ( 95 % CI , 34 to 45 ) with nivolumab versus 23 % ( 95 % CI , 19 to 28 ) with docetaxel . The response rate was 19 % with nivolumab versus 12 % with docetaxel ( P=0.02 ) . Although progression-free survival did not favor nivolumab over docetaxel ( median , 2.3 months and 4.2 months , respectively ) , the rate of progression-free survival at 1 year was higher with nivolumab than with docetaxel ( 19 % and 8 % , respectively ) . Nivolumab was associated with even greater efficacy  than docetaxel across all end points in subgroups defined according to prespecified levels of tumor-membrane expression ( ≥1 % , ≥5 % , and ≥10 % ) of the PD-1 lig and . Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 were reported in 10 % of the patients in the nivolumab group , as compared with 54 % of those in the docetaxel group . CONCLUSIONS Among patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC that had progressed during or after platinum-based chemotherapy  , overall survival was longer with nivolumab than with docetaxel . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb ; CheckMate 057 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT01673867 . ) BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) that has antitumor activity in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) , with increased activity in tumors that express programmed death lig and 1 ( PD-L1 ) . METHODS In this open-label , phase 3 trial , we r and omly assigned 305 patients who had previously untreated advanced NSCLC with PD-L1 expression on at least 50 % of tumor cells and no sensitizing mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene or translocation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene to receive either pembrolizumab ( at a fixed dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks ) or the investigator 's choice of platinum-based chemotherapy .  Crossover from the chemotherapy group to the pembrolizumab group was permitted in the event of disease progression . The primary end point , progression-free survival , was assessed by means of blinded , independent , central radiologic review . Secondary end points were overall survival , objective response rate , and safety . RESULTS Median progression-free survival was 10.3 months ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 6.7 to not reached ) in the pembrolizumab group versus 6.0 months ( 95 % CI , 4.2 to 6.2 ) in the chemotherapy group ( hazard ratio for disease progression or death , 0.50 ; 95 % CI , 0.37 to 0.68 ; P<0.001 ) . The estimated rate of overall survival at 6 months was 80.2 % in the pembrolizumab group versus 72.4 % in the chemotherapy group ( hazard ratio for death , 0.60 ; 95 % CI , 0.41 to 0.89 ; P=0.005 ) . The response rate was higher in the pembrolizumab group than in the chemotherapy group ( 44.8 % vs. 27.8 % ) , the median duration of response was longer ( not reached [ range , 1.9 + to 14.5 + months ] vs. 6.3 months [ range , 2.1 + to 12.6 + ] ) , and treatment-related adverse events of any grade were less frequent ( occurring in 73.4 % vs. 90.0 % of patients ) , as were grade 3 , 4 , or 5 treatment-related adverse events ( 26.6 % vs. 53.3 % ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with advanced NSCLC and PD-L1 expression on at least 50 % of tumor cells , pembrolizumab was associated with significantly longer progression-free and overall survival and with fewer adverse events than was platinum-based chemotherapy . ( Funded by Merck ; KEYNOTE-024 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT02142738 . ) BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer , there remains a need for effective treatments for progressive disease . We assessed the efficacy of pembrolizumab for patients with previously treated , PD-L1-positive , advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . METHODS We did this r and omised , open-label , phase 2/3 study at 202 academic medical centres in 24 countries . Patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 expression on at least 1 % of tumour cells were r and omly assigned ( 1:1:1 ) in blocks of six per stratum with an interactive voice-response system to receive pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2 ) every 3 weeks . The primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival both in the total population and in patients with PD-L1 expression on at least 50 % of tumour cells . We used a threshold for significance of p<0.00825 ( one-sided ) for the analysis of overall survival and a threshold of p<0.001 for progression-free survival . This trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT01905657 . FINDINGS Between Aug 28 , 2013 , and Feb 27 , 2015 , we enrolled 1034 patients : 345 allocated to pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , 346 allocated to pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , and 343 allocated to docetaxel . By Sept 30 , 2015 , 521 patients had died . In the total population , median overall survival was 10.4 months with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , 12.7 months with pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , and 8.5 months with docetaxel .  Overall survival was significantly longer for pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0.71 , 95 % CI 0.58 - 0.88 ; p=0.0008 ) and for pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( 0.61 , 0.49 - 0.75 ; p<0.0001 ) . Median progression-free survival was 3 
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Expression of PD‐L1 is more common in male smokers , with adenocarcinoma histology and not carriers of EGFR/ALK/ROS/KRAS mutations .