***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Anti-fat sentiment is increasing , is prevalent in health professionals , and has health and social consequences . There is no evidence for effective obesity prejudice reduction techniques in health professionals . The present experiment sought to reduce implicit and explicit anti-fat prejudice in preservice health students . Health promotion/public health bachelor degree program students ( n = 159 ) were r and omized to one of three tutorial conditions . One condition presented an obesity curriculum on the controllable reasons for obesity ( i.e. , diet/exercise ) . A prejudice reduction condition presented evidence on the uncontrollable reasons for obesity ( i.e. , genes/environment ) ; whereas a neutral ( control ) curriculum focused on alcohol use in young people . Measures of implicit and explicit anti-fat prejudice , beliefs about obese people , and dieting , were taken at baseline and postintervention . Repeated measures analyses showed decreases in two forms of implicit anti-fat prejudice ( decreases of 27 and 12 % ) in the genes/environment condition relative to other conditions . The diet/exercise condition showed a 27 % increase in one measure of implicit anti-fat prejudice . Reductions in explicit anti-fat prejudice were also seen in the genes/environment condition ( P = 0.006 ) . No significant changes in beliefs about obese people or dieting control beliefs were found across conditions . The present results show that anti-fat prejudice can be reduced or exacerbated depending on the causal information provided about obesity . The present results have implication s for the training of health professionals , especially given their widespread negativity toward overweight and obesity Background : Weight bias is an important clinical issue that the educators of tomorrow 's healthcare professionals can not afford to ignore . This study , therefore , aim ed to pilot a r and omized controlled trial of the effects of educational films design ed to reduce weight stigmatization toward obese patients on trainee dietitians ' and doctors ' attitudes . Methods : A pre-post experimental design with a 6-week follow-up , which consisted of an  intervention group ( n = 22 ) and a  control group ( n = 21 ) , was conducted to assess the efficacy of brief anti-stigma films in reducing weight bias , and to test whether future , larger-scale studies among trainee healthcare professionals are feasible . Results : Participants at baseline  demonstrated weight bias , on both implicit and explicit attitude measures , as well as strong beliefs that obesity is under a person 's control . The intervention films significantly improved explicit attitudes and beliefs toward obese people , and participant evaluation was very positive . The intervention did not significantly improve implicit anti-fat bias . Conclusion : The current study suggests both that it is possible to conduct a substantive trial of the effects of educational films design ed to reduce weight stigma on a larger cohort of trainee healthcare professionals , and that brief educational interventions may be effective in reducing stigmatizing attitudes in this population Background Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour . Emotional mechanisms are thought to be involved in mediating implicit “ outgroup ” bias but there is little evidence concerning the underlying neurobiology . The aim of the present study was to examine the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the generation of implicit racial attitudes . Methods Healthy volunteers ( n = 36 ) of white ethnic origin , received a single oral dose of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist , propranolol ( 40 mg ) , in a r and omised , double-blind , parallel group , placebo-controlled , design . Participants completed an explicit measure of prejudice and the racial implicit association test ( IAT ) , 1–2 h after propranolol administration . Results Relative to placebo , propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias , without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice . Propranolol did not affect subjective mood . Conclusions Our results indicate that β-adrenoceptors play a role in the expression of implicit racial attitudes suggesting that noradrenaline-related emotional mechanisms may mediate negative racial bias . Our findings may also have practical importance given that propranolol is a widely used drug . However , further studies will be needed to examine whether a similar effect can be demonstrated in the course of clinical treatment An implicit association test ( IAT ) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute . The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task ( 2-choice task ( e.g. , flower vs. insect names ) , and the attribute in a 2nd task ( e.g. , pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute ) . When instructions oblige highly associated categories ( e.g. , flower + pleasant ) to share a response key , performance is faster than when less associated categories ( e.g. , insect & pleasant ) share a key . This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute . In 3 experiments , the IAT was sensitive to ( a ) near-universal evaluative differences ( e.g. , flower vs. insect ) , ( b ) expected individual differences in evaluative associations ( Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects ) , and ( c ) consciously disavowed evaluative differences ( Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects ) A growing body of research indicates that the activation of negative stereotypes can impede cognitive performance in adults , whereas positive stereotypes can facilitate cognitive performance . In two studies , we examined the effects of positive and negative stereotypes on the cognitive performance of children in three age groups : lower elementary school , upper elementary school , and middle school . Very young children in the lower elementary grade s ( kindergarten- grade 2 ) and older children in the middle school grade s ( grade s 6–8 ) showed shifts in performance associated with the activation of positive and negative stereotypes ; these shifts were consistent with patterns previously reported for adults . The subtle activation of negative stereotypes significantly impeded performance , whereas the subtle activation of positive stereotypes significantly facilitated performance . Markedly different effects were found for children in the upper elementary grade s ( grade s 3–5 ) . These results suggest that the development of stereotype susceptibility is a critical domain for underst and ing the connection between stereotypes and individual behavior Background : The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of a multi-component intervention to reduce kinesiology pre-professionals ’ implicit and explicit bias . Method : A pre-post experimental design , which consisted of an  experimental group ( n = 42 ) and a control group ( n = 36 ) , was conducted to assess the efficacy of the intervention using both implicit and explicit obesity bias measures . Results : On the pre-test , participants did not display overall explicit bias on the Anti-Fat Attitudes Test ( AFAT ) but had strong implicit bias and bias on the lazy/motivated semantic differential scale . Participation in the intervention reduced explicit bias on the AFAT social character disparagement and weight control/blame subscales but not implicit bias . Conclusion : Implicit bias remains difficult to change and appears to be deep-seated in individuals ’ minds . Future interventions may need methods to make sure all participants process and connect emotionally to all information This study investigated how automatically activated racial attitudes are affected by relatively long-term interracial relationships . A natural field experiment was conducted in a college dormitory system . Participants were White freshmen who had been r and omly assigned to either a White or an African American roommate . Students participated in two sessions during the first 2 and last 2 weeks of their first quarter on campus . During these sessions , they answered questions about their satisfaction and involvement with their roommates and completed an inventory of intergroup anxiety and an implicit measure of racial attitudes . Participants in interracial rooms reported less satisfaction and less involvement with their roommates than did participants in same-race rooms . However , automatically activated racial attitudes and intergroup anxiety improved over time among students in interracial rooms , but not among students in same-race rooms . Thus , the results suggest that interracial roommate relationships , although generally less satisfying and involving than same-race roommate relationships , do produce benefits 
    Output:
    
Some techniques , such as engaging with others ’ perspective , appear unfruitful , at least in short term implicit bias reduction , while other techniques , such as exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars , are more promising .