***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined the effects of the  Iowa Strengthening Families Program ( ISFP ) and the Preparing for the Drug-Free Years program ( PDFY ) on young adolescent transitions from nonuse of substances to initiation and progression of substance use . Analyses incorporated 3 waves of data collected over a 2.5-year period from 329 rural young adolescents . Outcomes were analyzed by using log-linear models that incorporated substance use status frequencies derived from latent transition analyses . Effects on delayed substance use initiation were shown for both the ISFP and the PDFY at a 2-year follow-up . Also at this follow-up , the PDFY showed effects on delayed progression of use among those previously reporting initiation OBJECTIVE Disruptive behavior disorder ( DBD ) is a well-known risk factor for substance abuse and delinquent behavior in adolescence . Therefore , the long-term preventive effects of treatment of DBD in middle childhood on beginning substance use and delinquency in early adolescence were investigated . METHOD Children with DBD ( 8 - 13 years old ) had been r and omly assigned to manualized behavior therapy ( Utrecht Coping Power Program ; UCPP )  or to care as usual ( CU ) in the Netherl and s. Five years ( 2003 - 2005 ) after the start of treatment ( 1996 - 1999 ) , substance use and delinquency were monitored in 61 of the initial 77 adolescents and compared with a matched healthy control group by means of self-report question naires . One-factor analyses of variance and Pearson 's chi2 analyses were performed . RESULTS Differences in substance use were revealed in favor of the UCPP , with more adolescents in the CU group smoking cigarettes in the last month ( UCPP 17 % , CU 42 % ; chi2 = 4.7 ; p < .03 ) and more adolescents in the CU group having ever used marijuana ( UCPP 13 % , CU 35 % ; chi2 = 4.0 ; p < .045 ) . Moreover , in this respect , the UCPP fit in the range of the matched healthy control group . Both treatment groups were comparable to the matched healthy control group in delinquent behavior . CONCLUSIONS Manualized behavior therapy for DBD in middle childhood seems to be more powerful than CU in reducing substance use in early adolescence . Both treatment conditions show a beneficial long-term preventive effect on delinquency OBJECTIVE To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) alone or with " boosters " could enhance ( either broaden or sustain or both ) the effect of a small group , face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . METHODS A longitudinal , r and omized , community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income , community-based , in-town setting s. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied . After completion of baseline measures , youths were r and omized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone ( FOK only ) , a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention ( FOK plus ImPACT ) , or both of the above plus boosters ( FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters ) .  Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention . RESULTS At 6 months ' follow-up , youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse , sex without a condom , alcohol use , and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of " risky sexual behavior " compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only . At 12 months after intervention , rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths . With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months , 2 risk behaviors -- use of crack/cocaine and drug selling -- were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters . The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS The results of this r and omized , controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only . At the same time , the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention BACKGROUND Although numerous interventions have been demonstrated to reduce targeted adolescent risk behaviors for brief periods , sustained behavior changes covering multiple risk behaviors have been elusive . OBJECTIVE To determine whether a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) with and without boosters can further reduce adolescent truancy , substance abuse , and sexual risk behaviors and can alter related perceptions 24 months after intervention among youth who have all received an adolescent risk-reduction intervention ,  Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , 3-celled longitudinal trial . SETTING Thirty-five low-income , urban community sites . PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred seventeen African American youth aged 13 to 16 at baseline . Intervention All youth participated in FOK , an 8-session , theory-based , small group , face-to-face risk-reduction intervention , 496 youth and parents received the  1-session ImPACT intervention ( a videotape and discussion ) , 238 of the ImPACT youth also received four 90-minute FOK boosters delivered in small groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses at baseline and 24 months after intervention to a question naire assessing risk and protective behaviors and perceptions . Analyses used General Linear Modeling , intraclass correlation coefficient , analysis of covariance , and multiple comparisons with least significant difference test adjustment . RESULTS After adjusting for the intraclass correlation coefficient , 6 of 16 risk behaviors were significantly reduced ( P < or = .05 ) among youth receiving ImPACT compared with youth who only received FOK ( respectively , mean number of days suspended , 0.65 vs 1.17 ; carry a bat as a weapon , 4.1 % vs 9.6 % ; smoked cigarettes , 12.5 % vs 22.7 % ; used marijuana , 18.3 % vs 26.8 % ; used other illicit drugs , 1.4 % vs 5.6 % ; and , asked sexual partner if condom always used , 77.9 % vs 64.9 % ) . Four of the 7 theory-based subscales reflected significant protective changes among youth who received ImPACT . ImPACT did not produce any significant adverse effects on behaviors or perceptions . CONCLUSION A parent monitoring intervention can significantly broaden and sustain protection beyond that conferred through an adolescent risk-reduction intervention This study used Complier Average Causal Effect analysis ( CACE ; see G. Imbens & D. Rubin , 1997 ) to examine the impact of an adaptive approach to family intervention in the public schools on rates of substance use and antisocial behavior among students ages 11 - 17 . Students were r and omly assigned to a family-centered intervention ( N = 998 ) in 6th grade and offered a multilevel intervention that included ( a ) a universal classroom-based intervention , ( b ) the Family Check-Up ( selected ; T. J. Dishion & K. Kavanagh , 2003 ) , and ( c ) family management treatment ( indicated ) . All services were voluntary , and approximately 25 % of the families engaged in the selected and indicated levels . Participation in the Family Check-Up was predicted by 6th- grade teacher ratings of risk , youth reports of family conflict , and the absence of biological fathers from the youths ' primary home . Relative to r and omized matched controls , adolescents whose parents engaged in the Family Check-Up exhibited less growth in alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana use and problem behavior during ages 11 through 17 , along with decreased risk for substance use diagnoses and police records of arrests by age 18 Background / Objectives : The Family Check-Up ( FCU ) is a selected intervention model that can be delivered in context s such as schools that serve at-risk children and families . It is grounded in developmental theory and targets salient risk factors for the development of later problem behavior such as substance use , family management deficits , deviant peer affiliations , and problem behavior at school . Methods : The FCU model has been implemented in schools across several r and omized trials . The model includes the development of a family re source center in the schools and interventions that target youth at risk for problem behavior and substance use . Results : Twenty years of research associated with the FCU have produced outcomes that show that the model is effective for enhancing family management skills , reducing risk behavior , and reducing the long-term risk for substance use in adolescence . Conclusions and Scientific Significance : Implication s for public policy and the delivery of interventions to prevent substance use in public schools and communities are discussed Project Northl and was a r and omized community trial to prevent or delay alcohol use among adolescents . Students in the intervention communities were exposed to a multi-component prevention program in early adolescence and high school . This paper examines the impact of Project Northl and on the trajectories of four scales of the adolescent form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI-A ) .  Students in the intervention communities demonstrated lower rates of growth of family problems and alcohol/drug use proneness than students in the delayed-program control communities . The results were more robust for baseline non-drinkers . Editors ’ Strategic Implication s : This experimental study extends the scope of the impact of Project Northl and , already recognized as a model substance abuse prevention program by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . The results suggest that focused prevention programs have the potential to impact young adolescents ’ lives more broadly . Replication and further examination of the mechanisms by which risk factors and outcomes are modified is necessary , but school administrators and public health officials could learn from this promising program and evaluation This study evaluated the substance initiation effects of an intervention combining family and school-based competency-training intervention components . Thirty-six rural schools were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions : ( a ) the classroom-based Life Skills Training ( LST ) and the Strengthening Families Program : For Parents and Children 10 - 14  , ( b ) LST only , or ( c ) a control condition . Outcomes were examined 1 year after the intervention posttest , using a substance initiation index ( SII ) measuring lifetime use of alcohol , cigarettes , and marijuana and by rates of each individual substance . Planned intervention-control contrasts showed significant effects for both the combined and LST-only interventions on the SII and on marijuana initiation . Relative reduction rates for alcohol initiation were 30.0 % for the combined intervention and 4.1 % for LST only HYPOTHESIS Having a parent with the human immunodeficiency virus has a significant negative impact on an adolescent child 's adjustment . OBJECTIVE To assess the adjustment of adolescent children to having a parent with the human immunodeficiency virus over 6 years , following the delivery of a coping skills intervention . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with repeated evaluations that was analyzed with an intention-to-treat analysis . A skill-based intervention was delivered in 3 modules over 24 sessions , with the third module being delivered only if parents died . SETTING AND PATIENTS A representative sample of parents with the human immunodeficiency virus ( n = 307 ) and their adolescent children ( n = 423 ) was recruited from the Division of AIDS Services in New York City ; 51.5 % ( n = 158 ) of the parents died . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Employment and school enrollment , receiving public welfare support , early parenthood , mental health symptoms , and the quality of romantic relationships . RESULTS Over 6 years , significantly more adolescents in the intervention condition than the control condition were employed or in school ( 82.58 % vs 68.94 % ) , were less likely to receive public welfare payments ( 25.66 % vs 36.65 % ) , were less likely to have psychosomatic symptoms ( mean , 0.24 vs 0.31 ) , were more likely to report better problem-solving and conflict resolution skills in their romantic relationships ( mean score , 4.38 vs 4.20 ) , expected to have a partner with a good job ( mean , 4.57 vs 4.19 ) , and expected to be married when parenting ( mean , 3.05 vs 2.40 ) . With marginal significance , the percentage of parents in the intervention condition ( 34.6 % ) was less than in the control condition ( 44.1 % ) . CONCLUSION Physicians must consider the psychosocial consequences of illness-related challenges on children and provide interventions This study examines the effects of 2 brief family-focused interventions on the trajectories of substance initiation over a period of 6 years following a baseline assessment . The 2 interventions , design ed for general- population families of adolescents , were the  7-session Iowa Strengthening Families Program ( ISFP )  ( Molgaard & Spoth , 2001 ) and the  5-session Preparing for the Drug Free Years Program ( PDFY ) ( Catalano , Kosterman , Haggerty , Hawkins , & Spoth , 1999 ) . Thirty-three rural public schools were r and omly assigned to the  ISFP  , the PDFY , or a minimal-contact control condition . The authors evaluated the curvilinear growth observed in school-level measures of initiation using a logistic growth curve analysis . 
    Output:
    
Among high-risk groups , there is no clear evidence for the effectiveness of family interventions in preventing and reducing illicit drug use and drug disorders .
The three small RCTs among substance-(ab)using adolescents gave some indication that programs might reduce the frequency of illicit drug use .
Family interventions targeting parent – child dyads are likely to be effective in preventing and reducing adolescent marijuana use in general population s , but no evidence for other illicit drug use was found .