***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Wilms tumor gene ( WT1 ) protein is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy . We aim ed to investigate the feasibility of a combination therapy consisting of gemcitabine and WT1 peptide – based vaccine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and to make initial assessment s of its clinical efficacy and immunologic response . Thirty-two HLA-A*24:02 + patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were enrolled . Patients received HLA-A*24:02-restricted , modified 9-mer WT1 peptide ( 3 mg/body ) emulsified with Montanide ISA51 adjuvant ( WT1 vaccine ) intradermally biweekly and gemcitabine ( 1000 mg/m2 ) on days 1 , 8 , and 15 of a 28-day cycle . This combination therapy was well tolerated . The frequencies of grade 3–4 adverse events for this combination therapy were similar to those for gemcitabine alone . Objective response rate was 20.0 % ( 6/30 evaluable patients ) . Median survival time and 1-year survival rate were 8.1 months and 29 % , respectively . The association between longer survival and positive delayed-type hypersensitivity to WT1 peptide was statistically significant , and longer survivors featured a higher frequency of memory-phenotype WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes both before and after treatment . WT1 vaccine in combination with gemcitabine was well tolerated for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer .  Delayed-type hypersensitivity-positivity to WT1 peptide and a higher frequency of memory-phenotype WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes could be useful prognostic markers for survival in the combination therapy with gemcitabine and WT1 vaccine . Further clinical investigation is warranted to determine the effectiveness of this combination therapy Background Advanced pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis , and the current st and ard of care ( gemcitabine based chemotherapy ) provides a small survival advantage . However the drawback is the accompanying systemic toxicity , which targeted treatments may overcome . This study aim ed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of KAb201 , an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody , labelled with I131 in pancreatic cancer ( IS RCT N 16857581 ) . Methods Patients with histological/cytological proven inoperable adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas were r and omised to receive KAb 201 via either the intra-arterial or intravenous delivery route . The dose limiting toxicities within each group were determined . Patients were assessed for safety and efficacy and followed up until death . Results Between February 2003 and July 2005 , 25 patients were enrolled . Nineteen patients were r and omised , 9 to the intravenous and 10 to the intra-arterial arms . In the intra-arterial arm , dose limiting toxicity was seen in 2/6 ( 33 % ) patients at 50 mCi whereas in the intravenous arm , dose limiting toxicity was noted in 1/6 patients at 50 mCi , but did not occur at 75 mCi (0/3).The overall response rate was 6 % ( 1/18 ) . Median overall survival was 5.2 months ( 95 % confidence interval = 3.3 to 9 months ) , with no significant difference between the intravenous and intra-arterial arms ( log rank test p = 0.79 ) . One patient was still alive at the time of this analysis . Conclusion Dose limiting toxicity for KAb201 with I131 by the intra-arterial route was 50 mCi , while dose limiting toxicity was not reached in the intravenous arm Genetically modified lymphoblastoid cell lines ( LCL ) have been shown to be an attractive alternative source of antigen-presenting cells for cancer vaccination in vitro . We tested their application in patients with pancreatic cancer in a phase I clinical trial . As a model tumor antigen , we selected the point-mutated ( codon 12 ) Ki-Ras p21 oncogene ( muRas ) frequently ( ∼85 % ) present in pancreatic adenocarcinoma . Autologous LCLs were established in vitro by spontaneous outgrowth from peripheral blood lymphocytes of seven pancreatic carcinoma patients and were genetically modified with an episomal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based expression vector to express muRas ( muRas-LCL ) . Weekly vaccinations with subcutaneous injection of 5 × 10(6 ) muRas-LCL were done . In six of seven patients , therapeutic vaccination elicited a T-cell response with an increase in the frequency of muRas-specific precursor cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and positive delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions at the injection site . Besides local reactions and flu-like symptoms , there were no signs of toxicity and no acute EBV infection , onset of EBV-associated lymphoma , or other severe complications . A clinical response ( stable disease ) was observed for a short time period ( 2 - 4 months ) in four of seven patients ( 57 % ) , mostly in earlier tumor stages . Our results indicate that LCL presenting genetically modified antigen represent a valuable and easily available tool for in vivo autologous tumor vaccination . LCL can be transfected with any known tumor antigen and therefore should be further clinical ly investigated Background Dendritic cell (DC)-based and cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK)-based therapy can induce specific antitumor T-cell responses . This clinical pilot study examined the safety , the feasibility , and the outcome of tumor-specific immunotherapy for patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma . Methods Alpha-Gal epitopes were synthesis ed on pancreatic carcinoma cell membranes with α1,3-galactosyltransferase in vitro . Subsequently , the addition of natural human anti-Gal IgG to the processed membranes result ed in opsonization and effective phagocytosis by DCs , which were co-cultured with newly differentiated CIKs from bone marrow stem cells to generate tumor-specific immune responders ex vivo . Fourteen patients with inoperable stage III/IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study ; the treatment procedure consisted of injections of DCs and CIKs . Results Clinical observation showed that the procedure was safe and lacked serious side effects . Tests showed that 12 patients had strong positive delayed-type IV hypersensitivity to the autologous cancer cell lysate ; robust systemic cytotoxicity elicited by interferon (IFN)γ expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells ; and significant increases in CD3+CD8 + , CD3+CD45RO+ , and CD3+CD56 + cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes after 3 injections . During the follow up , the percentages of CD3+CD8 + , CD3+CD45RO+ , and CD3+CD56 + cells returned to the normal range at 6 to 9 months after the third injection and IFNγ expression in the cells stayed at the higher level from the third injection to 24 months after the treatment . Conclusions This new tumor-specific immunotherapy is safe , feasible , and has great potential for pancreatic carcinoma treatment We evaluated the safety of , and clinical and immune responses to  personalized peptide vaccination with gemcitabine ( GEM ) as the first line therapy in patients with non-resectable pancreatic cancer . Pre-vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) and plasma were prepared to examine cellular and humoral responses to 14 and 16 peptides in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24 + or -A2 + patients , respectively . Only the reactive peptides ( maximum of 4 ) were administered weekly at 3 mg/peptide . GEM was administered at 1000 mg/m(2 ) per week for 3 weeks , followed by 1 week of rest . Twenty-one patients with untreated and non-resectable pancreatic cancer were enrolled . The combination therapy was generally well tolerated . Boosting of cellular and humoral responses to the vaccinated peptides was observed in the post-vaccination ( eighth ) P BMC s and plasma from 14 of 18 and 13 of 18 patients tested , respectively . The best clinical responses were 7 cases of partial response , 9 cases of stable disease , and 5 cases of progressive disease . Median survival time of all 21 patients was 9.0 months ( 95 % CI , 6 - 15.5 months ) with a one year survival rate of 38 % . Immune boosting in both cellular and humoral responses was well correlated with overall survival with a hazard ratio of 0.2 ( 95 % CI , 0.06 - 0.73 ; log-rank p=0.0239 ) . These results suggest a potential clinical benefit of this combination therapy for non-resectable pancreatic cancer patients as the first line therapy . Further exploration of this approach is warranted Background We previously developed an immunotherapy treatment utilizing a cancer vaccine reagent KIF20A-66 in order to treat pancreatic cancer .  KIF20A-66 is HLA-A24-restricted epitope peptide derived from KIF20A , a member of kinesin super family protein 20A that is significantly transactivated in pancreatic cancer . In this report , we further demonstrated non-r and omized , open-label , single centered phase I/II clinical trial of immunotherapy using the KIF20A-66 peptide for the patients with advanced pancreatic cancer . Methods Vaccination was performed to the patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer , in whom gemcitabine-based therapy had failed . In phase I study , KIF20A-66 peptide was subcutaneously injected weekly in a dose-escalation manner ( doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/body , 6 patients /1 cohort ) . After safety was assessed , phase II study was conducted using 3.0 mg of KIF20A-66 peptide . Results KIF20A-66 peptide vaccination was well tolerated in the doses we examined and tumor responses after 1 month of the treatment were evaluated . Among 29 patients who completed one course of the treatment at least , stable disease ( SD ) was found in 21 cases , while progressive disease ( PD ) was found in 8 cases , indicating that the disease control rate was 72 % . Objective tumor shrinkage was observed in 8 cases , including 1 case of complete response ( CR ) . The median survival time ( MST ) and progression free survival time ( PFS ) were 142 days and 56 days , respectively . These results clearly demonstrate that overall survival of the patients was significantly prolonged , compared to the historical controls of 9 cases with unmatched HLA in the same hospital ( MST : 83 days ) , as well as 81 cases in our and other hospitals ( MST : 63 days ) . Conclusion The patients vaccinated with KIF20A-66 peptide had better prognosis than the control group with best supportive care ( BSC ) . Thus , we concluded that KIF20A-66 vaccination is significantly effective as an immunotherapy against advanced pancreatic cancer . KIF20A-66 peptide was well tolerable in the dose of either 1.0 mg or 3.0 mg/body , and effectively induced peptide-specific response of cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CTL ) . Further clinical study using this peptide is a promising approach for advanced pancreatic cancer to achieve high potential benefit for better prognosis . Clinical trial registration UMIN-CTR , number Purpose : We performed a phase I trial to investigate the safety , clinical responses , and Wilms ' tumor 1 (WT1)-specific immune responses following treatment with dendritic cells ( DC ) pulsed with a mixture of three types of WT1 peptides , including both MHC class I and II – restricted epitopes , in combination with chemotherapy . Experimental Design : Ten stage IV patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( PDA ) and 1 patient with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ( ICC ) who were HLA-positive for A*02:01 , A*02:06 , A*24:02 , DRB1 * 04:05 , DRB1 * 08:03 , DRB1 * 15:01 , DRB1 * 15:02 , DPB1 * 05:01 , or DPB1 * 09:01 were enrolled . The patients received one course of gemcitabine followed by biweekly intradermal vaccinations with mature DCs pulsed with MHC class I ( DC/WT1-I ; 2 PDA and 1 ICC ) , II ( DC/WT1-II ; 1 PDA ) , or I/II – restricted WT1 peptides ( DC/WT1-I/II ; 7 PDA ) , and gemcitabine . Results : The combination therapy was well tolerated . WT1-specific IFNγ-producing CD4 + T cells were significantly increased following treatment with DC/WT1-I/II . WT1 peptide-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) was detected in 4 of the 7 patients with PDA vaccinated with DC/WT1-I/II and in 0 of the 3 patients with PDA vaccinated with DC/WT1-I or DC/WT1-II . The WT1-specific DTH-positive patients showed significantly improved overall survival ( OS ) and progression 
    Output:
    
We found that significantly improved OS was noted for PC patients utilizing specific immunotherapy and an improved immune response was also observed .
In conclusion , specific immunotherapy was superior in prolonging the survival time and enhancing immunological responses in PC patients