***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Humans are able to use nonverbal behavior to make fast , reliable judgments of both emotional states and personality traits . Whereas a sizeable body of research has identified neural structures critical for emotion recognition , the neural substrates of personality trait attribution have not been explored in detail . In the present study , we investigated the neural systems involved in emotion and personality trait judgments . We used a type of visual stimulus that is known to convey both emotion and personality information , namely , point-light walkers . We compared the  emotion and personality trait judgments made by subjects with brain damage to those made by neurologically normal subjects and then conducted a lesion overlap analysis to identify neural regions critical for these two tasks . Impairments on the two tasks dissociated : Some subjects were impaired at emotion recognition , but judged personality normally ; other subjects were impaired on the personality task , but normal at emotion recognition . Moreover , these dissociations in performance were associated with damage to specific neural regions : Right somatosensory cortices were a primary focus of lesion overlap in subjects impaired on the emotion task , whereas left frontal opercular cortices were a primary focus of lesion overlap in subjects impaired on the personality task . These findings suggest that attributions of emotional states and personality traits are accomplished by partially dissociable neural systems The psychometric properties of 4 paradigms adapted from the social neuroscience literature were evaluated to determine their suitability for use in clinical trials of schizophrenia . This 2-site study ( University of California , Los Angeles and University of North Carolina ) included 173 clinical ly stable schizophrenia out patients and 88 healthy controls . The social cognition battery was administered twice to the schizophrenia group ( baseline , 4-week retest ) and once to the control group . The 4 paradigms included 2 that assess perception of nonverbal social and action cues ( basic biological motion and emotion in biological motion ) and 2 that involve higher level inferences about self and others ' mental states ( self-referential memory and empathic accuracy ) . Each paradigm was evaluated on ( 1 ) patient vs healthy control group differences , ( 2 ) test-retest reliability , ( 3 ) utility as a repeated measure , and ( 4 ) tolerability . Of the 4 paradigms , empathic accuracy demonstrated the strongest characteristics , including large between-group differences , adequate test-retest reliability ( .72 ) , negligible practice effects , and good tolerability ratings . The other paradigms showed weaker psychometric characteristics in their current forms . These findings highlight challenges in adapting social neuroscience paradigms for use in clinical trials Previous research has shown that motion processing is significantly impaired in both autistic and schizophrenic patients . One specific area of motion perception that is affected by both disorders is the processing of biological motion . Stimuli that are often used to investigate biological motion perception are point-light walkers ( PLW ) , for which point-lights are attached to the joints of a moving person , which alone are enough to perceive the human figure . PLWs are useful stimuli to investigate biological motion perception , because they contain the local motion information of each dot , and in addition , by grouping the local elements of the walkers into a global form , they have a high-level interpretation of a moving person ( normal walker ) . By scrambling the positions of the points on the screen , the local motion of each dot is preserved while obscuring the underlying form ( scrambled walker ) . Similarly , by r and omizing the position of the dots along the underlying skeleton each frame of the moving sequence , the local image motion is lost , whereas the global form of the walker is preserved ( r and om-position walker ) . Also inverting the walker in a way that it appears to be walking on the ceiling can obscure the global form of the walker ( inverted walker ) . Using these four kinds of walkers , it is possible to investigate the relative contribution of form and motion information to biological motion perception using one single paradigm . We have successfully used these walkers before to investigate biological motion perception in ageing . Here , we tested differences in biological motion processing in healthy young people with different schizotypic ( N=38 ) and autistic traits ( N=35 ) . We asked participants to perform a biological motion direction discrimination task for normal , inverted , scrambled and r and om-position walkers . In addition , they had to complete question naires on autistic and schizotypic traits . Using both reaction time and accuracy measures we found differences for processing local motion and global form information between participants with high or low scores on both question naires People with schizophrenia ( SCZ ) are impaired in several domains of visual processing , including the discrimination and detection of biological motion . However , the mechanisms underlying SCZ-related biological motion processing deficits are unknown . Moreover , whether these impairments are specific to biological motion or represent a more widespread visual motion processing deficit is unclear . In the current study , three experiments were conducted to investigate the contribution of global coherent motion processing to biological motion perception among patients with SCZ . In Experiments 1 and 2 , participants with SCZ ( n = 33 ) and healthy controls ( n = 33 ) were asked to discriminate the direction of motion from upright and inverted point-light walkers in the presence and absence of a noise mask . Additionally , participants discriminated the direction of non-biological global coherent motion . In Experiment 3 , participants discriminated the direction of motion from upright scrambled walkers ( which contained only local motion information ) and upright r and om position walkers ( which contained only global form information ) . Consistent with previous research , results from Experiment 1 and 2 showed that people with SCZ exhibited deficits in the direction discrimination of point-light walkers ; however , this impairment was accounted for by decreased performance in the coherent motion control task . Furthermore , results from Experiment 3 demonstrated similar performance in the discrimination of scrambled and r and om position point-light walkers BACKGROUND Motion perception deficits have been suggested to be an important feature of schizophrenia but the behavioral consequences of such deficits are unknown . Biological motion refers to the movements generated by living beings . The human visual system rapidly and effortlessly detects and extracts socially relevant information from biological motion . A deficit in biological motion perception may have significant consequences for detecting and interpreting social information . METHODS Schizophrenia patients and matched healthy controls were tested on two visual tasks : recognition of human activity portrayed in point-light animations ( biological motion task ) and a perceptual control task involving detection of a grouped figure against the background noise ( global-form task ) . Both tasks required detection of a global form against background noise but only the biological motion task required the extraction of motion-related information . RESULTS Schizophrenia patients performed as well as the controls in the global-form task , but were significantly impaired on the biological motion task . In addition , deficits in biological motion perception correlated with impaired social functioning as measured by the Zigler social competence scale [ Zigler , E. , Levine , J. ( 1981 ) . Premorbid competence in schizophrenia : what is being measured ? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 49 , 96 - 105 . ] . CONCLUSION The deficit in biological motion processing , which may be related to the previously documented deficit in global motion processing , could contribute to abnormal social functioning in schizophrenia Obsessive‐compulsive disorder ( OCD ) is associated with a variety of well‐documented cognitive deficits such as deficits in memory and executive functioning , but little is known about basic perceptual concomitants of OCD . This study investigated global , configural processing in OCD using dynamic ( moving ) and static stimuli with minimal dem and s on cognitive function . Twenty OCD patients and 16 age‐ and education‐matched healthy control subjects were tested on four perceptual tasks : two motion tasks involved detection and discrimination of human activity portrayed by point‐light animations ( “ biological ” motion ) . The other two tasks involved detection of coherent , translational motion defined by r and om‐dot cinematograms and detection of static global shape defined by spatially distributed contours . OCD patients exhibited impaired performance on biological motion tasks ; in contrast , their performance on tasks of coherent motion detection and global form perception were comparable to those of healthy controls . These results indicate that OCD patients have a specific deficit in perceiving biological motion signals , whereas their perception of non‐biological coherent motion and static global shape is intact . Because efficient social interactions depend on accurate and rapid perception of subtle socially relevant cues , deficits in biological motion perception may compromise social functioning in people with OCD . Depression and Anxiety 0:1–11 , 2007 . Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss , Dysregulation of the Mirror Neuron System ( MNS ) in schizophrenia ( SCZ ) may underlie the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of social dysfunction associated with that disorder . In healthy subjects  intranasal ( IN ) oxytocin ( OT ) improves neural processing in the MNS and is associated with improved social cognition . OT 's brain effects can be measured through its modulation of the MNS by suppressing EEG mu-b and electrical activity ( 8 - 13Hz ) in response to motion perception . Although IN OT 's effects on social cognition have been tested in SCZ , OT 's impact on the MNS has not been evaluated to date . Therefore , we design ed a study to investigate the effects of two different OT doses on biological motion-induced mu suppression in SCZ and healthy subjects .  EEG recordings  were taken after each subject received a single IN administration of placebo , OT-24IU and OT-48IU in r and omized order in a double-blind crossover design . The results provide support for  OT 's  regulation of the MNS in both healthy and SCZ subjects , with the optimal dose dependent on diagnostic group and sex of subject . A statistically significant response was seen in SCZ males only , indicating a heightened sensitivity to those effects , although sex hormone related effects can not be ruled out . In general , OT appears to have positive effects on neural circuitry that supports social cognition and socially adaptive behaviors 
    Output:
    
The findings from our meta- analysis highlight abnormalities in general and specific domains of biological motion perception in schizophrenia patients as compared with healthy controls