***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The Cochrane Collaboration should be congratulated for its dedication to documenting continuing clinical trials , teaching critical appraisal , and supporting research into new methods of review ing the literature . However , Cochrane Review s can be created by untrained people who simply follow an algorithmic approach and are unaware of important method ological issues . Therefore , the objective of this article is to highlight important limitations of Cochrane Review s , including the Review Manager software1 that is required,2 the inappropriate use of a summary statistic , and finally the restriction to only r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) data . To illustrate these points , I have used a 1 % r and om sample of Cochrane Review s — that is , 16 studies numbered 1 , 101 , 201 … 1501 of 1596 of the Cochrane Data base on 3 April 2003.3–18 There are important limitations to the software required by the Cochrane Collaboration ( Review Manager ) . Most important is that Review Manager can not include ( a ) results based on survival analyses — for example , most appropriate analysis for time to next injury— and instead calculates relative risks based on simple proportions ( this leads to inappropriate estimates when patients have different lengths of follow up19 ) and ( b ) analyses adjusted for confounding — that is , multiple regression analysis . Software is available , but requires statistical expertise that would preclude the algorithmic approach . Whereas the Cochrane Collaboration could improve its software , the other two major problems are process oriented . The Cochrane Collaboration promotes wide participation , and this leads to inexperienced authors and peer review ers . For example , it is not always appropriate to pool data into one overall summary statistic,20 and , even when it is , there are different methods —that is , fixed and r and om effects models — to be used depending on the structure of the data .20,21 In the BACKGROUND The aim of this study was the evaluation , from a clinical point of view , of implants subjected to immediate functional loading ( IFL ) and to immediate non-functional loading ( INFL ) in various anatomical configurations . METHODS The study included 152 patients who had given their informed consent . A total of 646 implants were inserted . The implants were placed in 39 totally edentulous m and ibles , 14 edentulous maxillae , 23 edentulous posterior m and ibles , 16 edentulous anterior m and ibles , 16 edentulous anterior maxillae , and 15 edentulous posterior maxillae . Fifty-eight  implants were used to replace single missing teeth . In 65 cases , IFL was carried out for 422 implants . INFL was carried out in 116 cases , ( 224 implants ) . RESULTS In the IFL group 6 of 422 implants failed ( 1.4 % ) ; in the INFL group 2 of 224 implants failed ( 0.9 % ) . All the other implants appeared , from clinical and radiographic observations , to have successfully osseointegrated and have been functioning satisfactorily since insertion . All failures were observed in the first few months after implant loading . CONCLUSION Immediate functional and non-functional loading seems to be a technique that gives satisfactory results in selected cases OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospect i ve study was to evaluate the outcome of immediately provisionally restored implants in the posterior m and ible after a minimum of 60 months in function . MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four patients were treated with 40 screw-type implants replacing m and ibular molars and premolars .  Implants were provisionalized immediately after placement . Radiographic coronal bone levels , implant survival and success were evaluated 12 , 24 , 36 , 48 and 60 months after the final restoration . RESULTS Measurements of the mean marginal bone levels around immediately loaded implants after 12 months showed a significant bone loss ( P<0.001 ) within the first year after the final restoration . Measurements of coronal bone levels after 24 , 36 , 48 and 60 months , respectively , showed no further significant increase of bone resorption . Two implants were lost within the first year after the final restoration , result ing in an overall survival rate of 95 % ; a total of three implants were recorded as failures ( two implant losses and one excessive bone resorption above 50 % ) , result ing in an overall success rate of 92.5 after an implant observation period of up to 8 years . CONCLUSION The present data revealed results comparable to conventionally loaded implants . Careful patient selection in combination with high primary stability seem to be key factors for immediately loaded implants . Larger long-term r and omized clinical trials are needed to confirm the final evidence of this protocol as the st and ard treatment concept for the partially edentulous m and ible PURPOSE To evaluate whether immediate non-occlusal loading of  single zirconia implants  could reduce early failures when compared to immediate occlusal loading . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty partially edentulous patients who received one single zirconia implant ( Z-Systems ) at least 10 mm long and 3.25 mm wide inserted with a torque of at least 35 Ncm were r and omised to immediate occlusal or non-occlusal loading groups . All patients received provisional acrylic crowns the same day of implant placement . Provisional crowns were replaced after 4 to 5 months by definitive full ceramic crowns . Outcome measures were implant success , any complications and peri-implant marginal bone levels . RESULTS One year after loading , no patients had dropped out . Five implants ( 12.5 % ) failed early : three occlusally loaded and two non-occlusally loaded . Three complications occurred , all after delivery of the definitive crowns : one crown fractured ( occlusal loading ) , one had to be remade after debridement because of hyperplastic tissues ( occlusal loading ) , and one crown decemented ( nonocclusal loading ) . These differences were not statistically significant . Both groups gradually lost periimplant bone in a highly statistically significant way . One year after loading , patients subjected to non-occlusal loading lost an average of 0.7 mm of peri-implant bone versus 0.9 mm in the occlusal group . This difference in bone loss between groups was not statistically significant . There was an association between immediate post-extractive implants and implant failures ( P=0.01 ) . Four of the 10 immediate post-extractive implants ( 40 % ) failed versus one out of 30 delayed implants ( 3 % ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not provide a conclusive answer to whether immediate non-occlusal loading may decrease implant failures . Immediately loaded zirconia implants placed in post-extractive sites had high failure rates OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the survival rate , the bone loss and soft-tissue healing patterns of immediately loaded and immediately restored implants in cases of partial posterior m and ibular edentulism . MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty patients with partial posterior m and ibular edentulism were r and omly selected for two treatments : 25 were included in the immediate loading group ( test ) and 25 in the immediate restoration group ( control ) . All implants were placed in healed sites with a torque of > 25 N cm . The temporary prosthesis of the immediate restoration group was placed so as to avoid occlusal contact in centric and lateral excursions . Both groups received fully occluding final restorations 6 months after surgery . Mean marginal bone loss was assessed at 6- , 12- , 24- and 36-month follow-up examinations by a blinded examiner . RESULTS A total of 100 implants were placed in the period between February 2004 and October 2006 , of which 42 ( 42 % ) were for men and 58 ( 58 % ) for women . Five and 7 weeks after surgery , mobility of one implant was assessed in one ( 4 % ) patient in the test group and one ( 4 % ) patient in the control group , respectively . At the 36-month follow-up , the accumulated mean marginal bone loss was 0.987 mm ( SD=0.375 ) for the immediate restoration group ( n=48 ) and 0.947 mm ( SD=0.323 ) for the immediate loading group ( n=48 ) . There was no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05 ) for the tested outcome measures between the two procedures . CONCLUSIONS This study was unable to detect any statistically significant difference in the survival rate , bone loss and soft tissue healing patterns between the immediately loaded and the immediately restored implants in cases of partial posterior m and ibular edentulism . The immediate temporary rehabilitation of the partially edentulous posterior m and ible is a predictable procedure using both procedures BACKGROUND During the last decade , high success rates have been reported for implants placed with immediate loading procedures , especially when bone quality and quantity provide good implant stability . In many of these studies , straight-walled implants with moderately rough surfaces were employed . Tapered implants are becoming increasingly more popular due to st and ardized drilling protocol s and reports of high initial primary stability . PURPOSE The aim of the present prospect i ve , single center clinical study was to evaluate surface topographical analysis and the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the NanoTite ™ ( BIOMET 3i , Palm Beach Gardens , FL , USA ) Tapered Implant when used for immediate loading of fixed prostheses and single-tooth restorations . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-two patients who needed implant treatment and met admission criteria agreed to participate in the study and were consecutively enrolled . Surgical implant placement requirements consisted of a final torque of a least 30 Ncm prior to final seating and an implant stability quotient above 55 . A total of 139 NanoTite Tapered implants ( 112 maxillary and 27 m and ibular ) were placed by one investigator , and the majority of these implants ( n = 77/55 % ) were placed in posterior regions , and in soft bone ( n = 90/65 % ) . A total of 57 prosthetic constructions were evaluated consisting of 20 single-tooth restorations , 30 fixed partial dentures , and 7 complete , fixed maxillary restorations . Radiographs were taken at baseline and at 12 months of follow-up . RESULTS Of the 139 study implants , one implant failure was declared . The overall cumulative survival rate at 1 year is 99.4 % . Mean marginal bone resorption is 1.01 mm ( SD 0.85 ) during the first year of function . CONCLUSION Although limited to the short follow-up , immediate loading of NanoTite Tapered implants seems to be a viable option in implant rehabilitation , when insertion torque of at least 30 Ncm is achieved . Further studies are needed to authenticate the finding of this study While immediate loading in the edentulous m and ible is a well-documented procedure , there are limited scientific data on immediate loading in the partially edentulous m and ible . Two-year success rates of immediate loading and conventional delayed loading of dental implants in partially dentate m and ibles were compared . Patients were r and omized into three groups : group A ( n = 40 ) , immediate provisionalization with nonocclusal loading ; group B ( n = 40 ) , immediate provisionalization with occlusal loading ; and group C ( n = 37 ) , delayed loading with single-stage surgery .  Baseline and 2-year measurements included implant stability quotient , insertion torque , and peri-implant bone crest radiography .  Two hundred nine implants were immediately loaded in 80 patients . The 2-year success rates were 93.3 % for group B and 100 % for groups A and C. Immediate provisionalization provided success rates similar to those for delayed loading only when not loaded in occlusion BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of dental implants  in periodontally susceptible patients using immediate loading/restoration ( ILR ) protocol s and the factors that modulate this response . METHODS Systemically healthy patients who were treated previously for chronic periodontitis and who required implant therapy were recruited . Following data collection , " surgical templates " and provisional fixed restorations were fabricated . Transgingival implants were inserted , and surgical measurements were performed . After abutment connection , the crown/bridge was relined and cemented . Patients were monitored for 12 months , at which time final measurements were performed . RESULTS Twenty patients ( 49 implants ) completed this study ; five implants failed and were removed ( 90 % survival rate ) . All implants were removed during the first 6 months . At 12 months , the mean implants ' probing depth was 2.87 + /- 0.9 mm . The mean electronic mobility testing device value ( -1.3 + /- 0.7 ) was slightly higher than at baseline ( -3.53 + /- 10.7 ) . Radiographic bone loss ranged between -1.24 and 2.77 mm ( mean + /- SD : 0.91 + /- 0.2 mm ) . All of the implants ( 16 ) that were inserted in the premolar region were successful , whereas three of nine implants in the molar region and two of 24 implants in the canine/incisor region failed ( P = 0.0278 ) . Survival in the immediately loaded group ( 83 % ) was slightly lower than in the immediately restored group ( 96 % ) ; however , these differences did not reach statistical significance . None of the other variables ( smoking , arch , stability , implant length and diameter , and bone width ) affected the outcome of this procedure . CONCLUSIONS ILR protocol s are predictable alternatives in periodontally susceptible patients . Results in the molar regions suggested that careful consideration should be given to implants placed in these sites . Long-term success in these patients has not been addressed PURPOSE The 
    Output:
    
The results of this study suggest that the differences in occlusal loading between INFL and IFL might not affect the survival of these dental implants and that there is no apparent significant effect on the marginal bone loss .