***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Currently , no single U.S. surveillance system can provide estimates of the burden of all types of health care-associated infections across acute care patient population s. We conducted a prevalence survey in 10 geographically diverse states to determine the prevalence of health care-associated infections in acute care hospitals and generate up date d estimates of the national burden of such infections . METHODS We defined health care-associated infections with the use of National Healthcare Safety Network criteria .  One-day surveys of r and omly selected in patients were performed in participating hospitals . Hospital personnel collected demographic and limited clinical data . Trained data collectors review ed medical records retrospectively to identify health care-associated infections active at the time of the survey . Survey data and 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample data , stratified according to patient age and length of hospital stay , were used to estimate the total numbers of health care-associated infections and of in patients with such infections in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2011 . RESULTS Surveys were conducted in 183 hospitals . Of 11,282 patients , 452 had 1 or more health care-associated infections  ( 4.0 % ; 95 % confidence interval , 3.7 to 4.4 ) . Of 504 such infections , the most common types were pneumonia ( 21.8 % ) , surgical-site infections ( 21.8 % ) , and gastrointestinal infections ( 17.1 % ) . Clostridium difficile was the most commonly reported pathogen ( causing 12.1 % of health care-associated infections ) . Device-associated infections ( i.e. , central -catheter-associated bloodstream infection , catheter-associated urinary tract infection , and ventilator-associated pneumonia ) , which have traditionally been the focus of programs to prevent health care-associated infections , accounted for 25.6 % of such infections . We estimated that there were 648,000 patients with 721,800 health care-associated infections in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2011 . CONCLUSIONS Results of this multistate prevalence survey of health care-associated infections indicate that public health surveillance and prevention activities should continue to address C. difficile infections . As device- and procedure-associated infections decrease , consideration should be given to exp and ing surveillance and prevention activities to include other health care-associated infections Opinion leaders are members within a social group with significant social influence over others . A guideline on urinary catheter care was introduced in three groups ( A , B , and C ) of two r and omly allocated wards . Two opinion leaders per ward were identified by nurses in groups A and B with the use of a sociometric method . For education , in-service lectures for 30 % of nurses and opinion leaders ' tutorials for all nurses were used in group A ; opinion leaders ' tutorials alone in B , and lectures alone in C. Before and after the education program , the guideline 's frequency of practice was assessed by surveying 30 % of r and omly selected nurses and by direct observation . Results of the survey were comparable for groups A and B and both groups were significantly higher ( p less than 0.05 ) than C , suggesting that informational transmission by opinion leaders was superior to that by the lecture . However , practice s by direct observation in group A were significantly better ( p less than 0.05 ) than those in B , indicating that staff compliance is best achieved by using both opinion leaders and lectures . The lecture probably endorsed the opinion leaders ' leadership , enhancing their ability to influence the staff ABSTRACT The eighth column on evidence -based behavioral medicine is a synthesis of the study of Zwarenstein et al. ( 1 ) . which examines the effects of practice -based interventions to improve interprofessional collaboration . Poor interprofessional collaboration may have deleterious effects on quality of care . The purpose of the systematic review was to investigate whether interventions aim ed at improving interprofessional collaboration affect patient satisfaction and /or the effectiveness and efficiency of care .  Five r and omized controlled trials were review ed , examining studies that differed across setting , interventions , and outcomes . Of the five studies review ed , three showed improvements in patient care , one found no effect , and one had mixed findings . Findings indicate that interventions aim ed at improving interprofessional care may improve outcomes , but interpretation of these findings is limited due to the small sample size and heterogeneity across studies review ed The infection control liaison nurse ( ICLN ) is a nurse in the ward , appointed to participate in education for infection control , and to liaise between the ward and the infection control nurse ( ICN ) . The efficacy of ICLNs was evaluated when a guideline on urinary catheter care was introduced in a 1000-bed hospital in Hong Kong . The 27 public wards were divided r and omly into a test ( 24 wards ) and control group ( three wards ) , and ICLNs were appointed in the test group by the nursing administration . For education , the ICN conducted in-service lectures for both groups , while in the test group , the ICLNs also conducted tutorials for all ward nurses . Before and after the education programme , prevalence surveys were conducted to detect incorrect practice s on urinary catheter care . Three practice s were evaluated : the securing of catheters , presence of kinking and the use of urinary bags with a drainage spigot . Before education , the percentage of incorrect practice s in the test groups was 63 % , which was comparable to the 68 % of the control group ( P = 0.40 , chi 2 = 0.71 ) . After education , the percentage of incorrect practice s in the test group ( 36 % ) was significantly lower than the 48 % in the control group ( P less than 0.05 , chi 2 = 4.25 ) . This indicates that ICLNs can indeed enhance the education programme for infection control 
    Output:
    
Viable tasks for ICLNs included surveillance and teaching activities and the implementation of prevention measures .
Ongoing teaching was superior to a single course .
Management support was pivotal for success .
Conclusion : Research on ICLNs is scarce .
The potential to decrease health care‐associated infections with the help of ICLNs has been demonstrated .