***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: SCOPE Early perturbations in vascular health can be detected by imposing subjects to a  high fat ( HF ) challenge and measure response capacity . Subtle responses can be determined by assessment of whole-genome transcriptional changes . We aim ed to magnify differences in health by comparing gene-expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward a high MUFA or saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) challenge between subjects with different cardiovascular disease risk profiles and to identify fatty acid specific gene-expression pathways . METHODS AND RESULTS In a cross-over study , 17 lean and 15 obese men ( 50 - 70 years ) received two 95 g fat shakes , high in SFAs or MUFAs . Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene-expression profiles were assessed fasted and 4-h postpr and ially . Comparisons were made between groups and shakes . During fasting , 294 genes were significantly differently expressed between lean and obese . The challenge increased differences to 607 genes after SFA and 2516 genes after MUFA . In both groups , SFA decreased expression of cholesterol bio synthesis and uptake genes and increased cholesterol efflux genes . MUFA increased inflammatory genes and PPAR-α targets involved in β-oxidation . CONCLUSION Based upon gene-expression changes , we conclude that an HF challenge magnifies differences in health , especially after MUFA . Our findings also demonstrate how SFAs and MUFAs exert distinct effects on lipid h and ling pathways in immune cells BACKGROUND : Previous mouse studies suggest that decreasing dietary fat content can slow prostate cancer ( PCa ) growth . To our knowledge , no study has yet compared the effect of multiple different fats on PCa progression . We sought to systematic ally compare the effect of fish oil , olive oil , corn oil and animal fat on PCa progression . METHODS : A total of 96 male severe combined immunodeficient mice were injected with LAPC-4 human PCa cells .  Two weeks following injection , mice were r and omized to a Western diet based on fish oil , olive oil , corn oil or animal fat ( 35 % kilocalories from fat ) . Animals were euthanized when tumor volumes reached 1000 mm3 . Serum was collected at death and assayed for PSA , insulin , insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) , IGF-1-binding protein-3 and prostagl and in E-2 ( PGE-2 ) levels . Tumors were also assayed for PGE-2 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels , and global gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays . RESULTS : Mice weights and tumor volumes were equivalent across groups at r and omization . Overall , fish oil consumption was associated with improved survival relative to other dietary groups ( P=0.014 ) . On gene expression analyses , the fish oil group had decreased signal in pathways related to mitochondrial physiology and insulin synthesis /secretion . CONCLUSIONS : In this xenograft model , we found that consuming a diet in which fish oil was the only fat source slowed tumor growth and improved survival compared with that in mice consuming diets composed of olive oil , corn oil or animal fat . Although prior studies showed that the amount of fat is important for PCa growth , this study suggests that the type of dietary fat consumed may also be important IMPORTANCE Breast cancer is the leading cause of female cancer burden , and its incidence has increased by more than 20 % worldwide since 2008 . Some observational studies have suggested that the Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of  breast cancer .  OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of 2 interventions with Mediterranean diet vs the advice to follow a low-fat diet ( control ) on breast cancer incidence . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS The PREDIMED study is a 1:1:1 r and omized , single-blind , controlled field trial conducted at primary health care centers in Spain . From 2003 to 2009 , 4282 women aged 60 to 80 years and at high cardiovascular disease risk were recruited after invitation by their primary care physicians . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omly allocated to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil , a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts , or a control diet ( advice to reduce dietary fat ) . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Breast cancer incidence was a prespecified secondary outcome of the trial for women without a prior history of breast cancer ( n = 4152 ) . RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.8 years , we identified 35 confirmed incident cases of breast cancer . Observed rates ( per 1000 person-years ) were 1.1 for the Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil group , 1.8 for the Mediterranean diet with nuts group , and 2.9 for the control group . The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios vs the control group were 0.32 ( 95 % CI , 0.13 - 0.79 ) for the Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil group and 0.59 ( 95 % CI , 0.26 - 1.35 ) for the Mediterranean diet with nuts group . In analyses with yearly cumulative up date d dietary exposures , the hazard ratio for each additional 5 % of calories from extra-virgin olive oil was 0.72 ( 95 % CI , 0.57 - 0.90 ) . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is the first r and omized trial finding an effect of a long-term dietary intervention on breast cancer incidence . Our results suggest a beneficial effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil in the primary prevention of breast cancer . These results come from a secondary analysis of a previous trial and are based on few incident cases and , therefore , need to be confirmed in longer-term and larger studies . TRIAL REGISTRATION IS RCT N.org Identifier : IS RCT N35739639 Olive  oil consumption is protective against risk factors for  cardiovascular and cancer diseases . A nutrigenomic approach was performed to assess whether changes in gene expression could occur in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after oli ve oil ingestion at postpr and ial state . Six healthy male volunteers ingested , at fasting state , 50 ml of olive oil . Prior to intervention a 1-week washout period with a controlled diet and sunflower oil as the only source of fat was followed . During the 3 days before and on the intervention day , a very low-phenolic compound diet was followed . At baseline ( 0 h ) and at post-ingestion ( 6 h ) , total RNA was isolated and gene expression ( 29,082 genes ) was evaluated by microarray . From microarray data , nutrient-gene interactions were observed in genes related to metabolism , cellular processes , cancer , and atherosclerosis ( e.g. USP48 by 2.16 ; OGT by 1.68-fold change ) and associated processes such as inflammation ( e.g. AKAP13 by 2.30 ; IL-10 by 1.66-fold change ) and DNA damage ( e.g. DCLRE1C by 1.47 ; POLK by 1.44- fold change ) . When results obtained by microarray were verified by qRT-PCR in nine genes , full concordance was achieved only in the case of up-regulated genes . Changes were observed at a real-life dose of olive oil , as it is daily consumed in some Mediterranean areas . Our results support the hypothesis that postpr and ial protective changes related to olive oil consumption could be mediated through gene expression changes BACKGROUND Nutrients can exert healthy effects through nutrigenomic modulation . Data are scarce concerning the in vivo effect of a sustained traditional Mediterranean diet ( TMD ) pattern on the whole transcriptomic response . OBJECTIVE We explored the overall nutrigenomic effect associated with a TMD . DESIGN We focused on biological pathways related to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in a sub sample ( n = 34 ) of the Prevención Con Dieta Mediterránea ( PREDIMED ) study , which was a large , parallel-group , multicenter , r and omized controlled trial that aim ed to assess the effects of TMD on the primary prevention of CVD in individuals with high cardiovascular risk . Participants were r and omly assigned to a low-fat diet control group or TMD intervention groups [ traditional Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil ( TMD+VOO ) or traditional Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts ( TMD+Nuts ) ] in equal proportions . Three-month changes in whole genome peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assessed by using whole transcriptome microarray analyses . RESULTS A functional annotation analysis was performed on 241 selected responder genes after the TMD+VOO ( 139 upregulated and 102 downregulated genes ) , 312 selected responder genes after the TMD+Nuts ( 165 upregulated and 147 downregulated genes ) , and 145 selected responder genes after the low-fat ( 100 upregulated and 45 downregulated genes ) diets . Of 18 cardiovascular canonical pathway analyses , 12 pathways were differentially expressed , and 43 % of pathways were modulated by both TMDs ; the most prevalent pathways were related to atherosclerosis and hypertension . After simultaneous testing adjustment , 9 pathways were modulated by the TMD+VOO diet , and 4 pathways were modulated by the TMD+Nuts diet . CONCLUSION One of the mechanisms by which TMD , particularly if supplemented with virgin olive oil , can exert health benefits is through changes in the transcriptomic response of genes related to cardiovascular risk . This trial was registered at the London-based Current Controlled Trials register as IS RCT N35739639 The Mediterranean ( MED ) diet is often considered health-promoting due to its high content of MUFA and polyphenols . These bioactive compounds can affect gene expression and accordingly may regulate pathways and proteins related to cardiovascular disease prevention . This study aim ed to identify the effects of a MED-type diet , and the replacement of SFA with MUFA in a Western-type diet , on peripheral blood mononuclear cell ( P BMC ) gene expression and plasma proteins .  Abdominally overweight men and women ( waist : women ≥80 cm , men ≥94 cm ) were allocated to an 8-wk , completely controlled SFA diet ( 19 % daily energy as SFA ) , a MUFA diet ( 20 % daily energy MUFA ) , or a MED diet ( 21 % daily energy  MUFA ) . Concentrations of 124 plasma proteins and P BMC whole-genome transcriptional profiles were assessed . Consumption of the MUFA and MED diets , compared with the SFA diet , decreased the expression of oxidative phosphorylation ( OXPHOS ) genes , plasma connective tissue growth factor , and apoB concentrations . Compared with the MED and SFA diets , the MUFA diet changed the expression of genes involved in B-cell receptor signaling and endocytosis signaling . Participants who consumed the MED diet had lower concentrations of proinflammatory proteins at 8 wk compared with baseline . We hypothesize that replacement of SFA with MUFA may improve health , thereby reducing metabolic stress and OXPHOS activity in P BMC . The MED diet may have additional antiatherogenic effects by lowering proinflammatory plasma proteins 
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In this regard , monounsaturated fatty acid-rich diets prevented the expression of inflammatory genes in different tissues , an action also observed after the administration of olive oil phenolic compounds .
Among these , tyrosol , hydroxytyrosol , and secoiridoids have been found to be particularly effective in cell cycle expression .
Less explored terpenes , such as oleanolic acid , are important modulators of circadian clock genes .
The wide range of studied tissues and organisms indicate that response to these compounds is universal and poses an important level of complexity considering the different genes expressed in each tissue and the number of different tissues in an organism