***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Residential treatment for substance use disorders ( SUD ) provides opportunity for smoking intervention . A r and omized controlled trial compared : ( 1 ) motivational interviewing ( MI ) to brief advice ( BA ) , ( 2 ) in one session or with two booster sessions , for 165 alcoholics in SUD treatment . All received nicotine replacement ( NRT ) . MI and BA produced equivalent confirmed abstinence , averaging 10 % at 1 month , and 2 % at 3 , 6 and 12 months . However , patients with more drug use pretreatment ( > 22 days in 6 months ) given BA had more abstinence at 12 months ( 7 % ) than patients in MI or with less drug use ( all 0 % ) . Boosters produced 16 - 31 % fewer cigarettes per day after BA than MI . Substance use was unaffected by treatment condition or smoking cessation . Motivation to quit was higher after BA than MI . Thus , BA plus NRT may be a cost-effective way to reduce smoking for alcoholics with comorbid substance use who are not seeking smoking cessation BACKGROUND Motivational interviewing ( MI ) is widely used for adolescent smoking cessation but empirical support for this approach is mixed . METHODS Adolescent cigarette smokers 14 - 18 years old ( N=162 ) were recruited from medical , school , and community setting s and r and omly assigned to enhanced MI or brief advice ( BA ) for smoking cessation . MI comprised an in-person individual session , a telephone booster session one week later , and a brief telephone-based parent intervention . BA consisted of st and ardized brief advice to quit smoking . Assessment s occurred at baseline , post-treatment and at 1- , 3- , and 6-month follow ups . RESULTS Biochemically-confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates were low ( e.g. , 4.5 % for MI ; 1.4 % for BA at 1 month ) and did not differ significantly by group at any follow up . Only those in MI reported significant decreases in cigarettes smoked per day ( CPD ) from baseline to 1 month . At 3 and 6 months , smokers in both groups reported significantly reduced CPD with no differences between groups . MI reduced perceived norms regarding peer and adult smoking rates , while BA had no effect on normative perceptions . No group differences emerged for self-reported motivation or self-efficacy to quit smoking . CONCLUSIONS Findings support the efficacy of MI for addressing normative misperceptions regarding peer and adult smoking and for modestly reducing CPD in the short-term ; however , these effects did not translate to greater smoking abstinence . MI may have more promise as a prelude to more intensive smoking intervention with adolescents than as a st and -alone intervention INTRODUCTION The efficacy of contingency-management ( CM ) and motivational enhancement therapy ( MET ) for college student smoking cessation was examined . METHODS Nontreatment-seeking daily smokers ( N = 110 ) were r and omly assigned to 3 weeks of CM versus noncontingent reinforcement ( NR ) and to three individual sessions of MET versus a relaxation control in a 2 x 2 experimental design . Expired carbon monoxide ( CO ) sample s were collected twice daily for 3 weeks . Participants earned 5 US dollars for providing each sample ; additionally , those r and omized to CM earned escalating monetary rewards based on CO reductions ( Week 1 ) and smoking abstinence ( Weeks 2 - 3 ) . RESULTS Compared with NR , CM result ed in significantly lower CO levels and greater total and consecutive abstinence during the intervention . Those in the CM and MET groups reported greater interest in quitting smoking posttreatment , but rates of confirmed abstinence at follow-up were very low ( 4 % at 6-month follow-up ) and did not differ by group . DISCUSSION Findings support the short-term efficacy of CM for reducing smoking among college students . Future research should explore enhancements to CM in this population , including a longer intervention period and the recruitment of smokers who are motivated to quit ABSTRACT Background : Tobacco use is higher among homeless individuals than the general population . Homeless individuals are also more likely to have symptoms of depression . Depression symptoms may add to the burden of homelessness by increasing psychological distress and serve as a barrier to quitting smoking . Objectives : The primary goal of this study is to assess the impact of depression symptoms on psychological distress in homeless smokers . The effect of depression symptoms on abstinence and the effect of Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) on cessation among smokers is also explored . Methods : Homeless smokers ( N = 430 ) enrolled in a smoking cessation study were r and omized to Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) or st and ard care ( SC ) . Participants received nicotine replacement therapy and were followed for 26 weeks . Participants were categorized into a depression symptoms ( DS ) group or control group using the Patient Health Question naire-9 . Between group differences of perceived stress , hopelessness , confidence , craving and abstinence were assessed at weeks 8 and 26 . The interaction between depression symptoms ( levels : DS and control ) and the intervention ( levels : MI and SC ) was also assessed . Results : Homeless smokers in the DS group reported higher levels of hopelessness , perceived stress , and craving . There was no effect of DS status on abstinence at week 8 or week 26 . There was no significant interaction between depression symptoms ( DS vs. Control ) and the intervention ( MI vs. SC ) . Conclusion : Despite reporting greater psychological distress , homeless smokers with depression symptoms in this sample had abstinence levels similar to the control group . Future research should explore protective factors among depressed smokers OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for male workers in the construction industry at risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . METHODS In a r and omized controlled trial performed in the Netherl and s between 2007 and 2009 , usual care was compared to 6 months of individual counseling using motivational interviewing techniques , delivered face to face and by telephone . Participants aim ed at improving energy balance-related behavior or smoking cessation . Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the effects . RESULTS Body weight had significantly decreased at 6 ( β=-1.9 , 95 % CI -2.6 ; -1.2 ) and 12 months ( β=-1.8 , 95%CI -2.8 ; -1.1 ) . The intervention effects were also significant for diastolic blood pressure at 6 months ( β=-1.7 , 95 % CI -3.3 ; -0.1 ) . Among participants who had aim ed at energy balance , the intervention had a significant favorable effect on body weight at 6 ( β=-2.1 , 95 % CI -2.9 ; -1.3 ) and 12 months ( β=-2.2 , 95 % CI -3.1 ; -1.3 ) and at HDL cholesterol ( β=0.05 , 95 % CI 0.01 ; 0.10 ) and HbA1c ( β=-0.06 , 95%CI -0.12 ; -0.001 ) at 12 months , although there was no intervention effect on these variables over time . CONCLUSION Individual-based counseling result ed in significant beneficial long-term effects on body weight . This is an important finding for occupational health , considering the rising prevalence of obesity and CVD INTRODUCTION Smokers with serious mental illness ( SMI ) have a high smoking prevalence and a low quit rate . Motivational interviewing ( MI ) is an empirically supported approach for addressing substance use disorders and may motivate smokers with SMI to quit . METHODS We r and omized smokers ( N = 98 ) with SMI to receive a single 45-minute session of ( 1 ) MI with personalized feedback or ( 2 ) interactive education . We hypothesized that participants receiving the MI intervention would be more likely to follow-up on a referral for tobacco dependence  treatment , to make a quit attempt , and to quit smoking than those receiving the interactive educational intervention . RESULTS Smokers receiving an MI intervention were significantly more likely to make a quit attempt by the 1-month follow-up ( 34.7 % vs. 14.3 % ; OR = 4.39 [ 95 % CI = 1.44 to 13.34 ] , P = .009 ) ; however , these quit attempts did not translate into abstinence . In addition , 32.7 % of those receiving MI followed-up on a referral for tobacco dependence treatment ( vs. 20.4 % receiving interactive education ; OR = 2.02 [ 95 % CI = 0.76 to 3.55 ] , P = .157 ) . MI Treatment Integrity Code ratings indicated that the interventions were easily distinguishable from each other and that MI was delivered with proficiency . Despite the intervention 's brevity , participants reported high levels of therapeutic alliance with their therapist . CONCLUSIONS A brief adaptation of MI with personalized feedback appears to be a promising approach for increasing quit attempts in smokers with SMI , but future research is required to determine how to best help smokers with SMI to attain sustained abstinence Background Intensive lifestyle interventions in well-controlled setting s are effective in lowering the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) and cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) , but there are still no effective lifestyle interventions for everyday practice . In the Hoorn Prevention Study we aim ed to assess the effectiveness of a primary care based lifestyle intervention to reduce the estimated risk of developing T2DM and for CVD mortality , and to motivate changes in lifestyle behaviors . Methods The Hoorn Prevention Study is a parallel group r and omized controlled trial , implemented in the region of West-Friesl and , the Netherl and s. 622 adults with ≥10 % estimated risk of T2DM and /or CVD mortality were r and omly assigned and monitored over a period of 12 months . The intervention group ( n=314 ) received a theory-based lifestyle intervention based on an innovative combination of motivational interviewing and problem solving treatment , provided by trained practice nurses in 12 general practice s. The control group ( n=308 ) received existing health brochures . Primary outcomes was the estimated diabetes risk according to the formula of the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ( ARIC ) Study , and the estimated risk for CVD mortality according to the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation ( SCORE ) formula . Secondary outcomes included lifestyle behavior ( diet , physical activity and smoking ) . The research assistants , the principal investigator and the general practitioners were blinded to group assignment . Linear and logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the between-group differences in each outcome measure , adjusted for baseline values . Results 536 ( 86.2 % ) of the 622 participants ( age 43.5 years ) completed the 6-month follow-up , and 502 ( 81.2 % ) completed the 12-month follow-up . The mean baseline T2DM risk was 18.9 % ( SD 8.2 ) and the mean CVD mortality risk was 3.8 % ( SD 3.0 ) . The intervention group participated in a median of 2 sessions . Intention-to-treat analyses showed no significant differences in outcomes between the two groups at 6 or 12-months follow-up . Conclusions The lifestyle intervention was not more effective than health brochures in reducing risk scores for T2DM and CVD or improving lifestyle behavior in an at-risk population .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials : IS RCT INTRODUCTION Concerns about retention are a major barrier to conducting studies enrolling homeless individuals . Since smoking is a major problem in homeless communities and research on effective methods of promoting smoking cessation is needed , we describe strategies used to increase  retention  and participant characteristics associated with retention in smoking cessation study enrolling homeless adults . METHODS The parent study was a 2-group r and omized controlled trial with 26-week follow-up enrolling 430 homeless smokers from emergency shelters and transitional housing units in Minneapolis/Saint Paul , MN , USA . Multiple strategies were used to increase retention , including conducting visits at convenient locations for participants , collecting several forms of contact information from participants , using a schedule that was flexible and included frequent low-intensity visits , and providing incentives . Participant demographics as well as characteristics related to tobacco and drug use and health status were analyzed for associations with retention using univariate and multivariate analysis . RESULTS Overall retention was 75 % at 26 weeks . Factors associated with increased retention included greater age ; having healthcare coverage ; history of multiple homeless episodes , lower stress level ; and higher PHQ-9 ( Patient Health Question naire-9 ) score . A history of excessive drinking and drug use were associated with decreased retention . CONCLUSIONS It is possible to successfully retain homeless individuals in a smoking cessation study if the study is design ed with participants ' needs in mind BACKGROUND Smoking reduction has been introduced as an alternative to smokers unable or unwilling to quit but has never been implemented in a population -based intervention . METHODS Two thous and four hundred eight daily smokers in all motivational stages were included in a r and omised population -based intervention study , in Copenhagen , Denmark . Smokers , unwilling or unable to quit , were encouraged to reduce their tobacco consumption . Furthermore , smokers in the high-intensity intervention 
    Output:
    
Single-session treatments might increase the likelihood of quitting over multiple sessions , but both regimens produced positive outcomes .
Evidence is unclear at present on the optimal number of follow-up calls .
Motivational interviewing may assist people to quit smoking .