***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Adolescence represents a critical period for the development of overweight that tracks into adulthood . This risk is significantly heightened for adolescents that become pregnant , many of whom experience postpartum weight retention . The aim of this study was to evaluate Balance Adolescent Lifestyle Activities and Nutrition Choices for Energy ( BALANCE ) , a multicomponent obesity prevention intervention targeting postpartum adolescents participating in a national home visiting child development-parent education program . Methods A group r and omized , nested cohort design was used with 1325 adolescents , 694 intervention and 490 control , ( mean age = 17.8 years , 52 % underrepresented minorities ) located across 30 states .  Participatory methods were used to integrate lifestyle behavior change strategies within st and ard parent education practice . Content targeted replacement of high-risk obesogenic patterns ( e.g. sweetened drink and high fat snack consumption , sedentary activity ) with positive behaviors ( e.g. water intake , fruit and vegetables , increased walking ) . Parent educators delivered BALANCE through home visits , school based classroom-group meetings , and website activities . Control adolescents received st and ard child development information . Phase I included baseline to posttest ( 12 months ) ; Phase II included baseline to follow-up ( 24 months ) . Results When compared to the control group , BALANCE adolescents who were ≥12 weeks postpartum were 89 % more likely ( p = 0.02 ) to maintain a normal BMI or improve an overweight/obese BMI by 12 months ; this change was not sustained at 24 months . When compared to the control group , BALANCE adolescents significantly improved fruit and vegetable intake ( p = .03 ) . In stratified analyses , water intake improved among younger BALANCE teens ( p = .001 ) and overweight/obese BALANCE teens ( p = .05 ) when compared to control counterparts . There were no significant differences between groups in sweetened drink and snack consumption or walking . Conclusion Prevention of postpartum weight retention yields immediate health benefits for the adolescent mother and may prevent the early development or progression of maternal obesity , which contributes to the intergenerational transmission of obesity to her offspring . Implementing BALANCE through a national home visiting organization may hold promise for promoting positive lifestyle behaviors associated with interruption of the progression of maternal obesity . Trial registration Clinical Trails.gov NCT01617486 Background Postnatal women ( < 12 months postpartum ) are at increased risk of physical inactivity . Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a theory-based physical activity ( PA ) intervention delivered to postnatal women primarily via mobile telephone short message service ( SMS ) . Methods Eighty-eight women were r and omized to the intervention ( n = 45 ) or minimal contact control ( n = 43 ) condition . The 12-week intervention consisted of a face-to-face PA goal - setting consultation , a goal - setting magnet , three to five personally tailored SMS/week and a nominated support person who received two SMS per week . SMS content targeted constructs of social cognitive theory . Frequency ( days/week ) and duration ( min/week ) of PA participation and walking for exercise  were assessed via self-report at baseline , 6 and 13 weeks . Results Intervention participants increased PA frequency by 1.82 days/week ( SE ± 0.18 ) by 13 weeks ( F(2,85 ) = 4.46 , p = 0.038 ) and walking for exercise frequency by 1.08 days/week ( SE ± 0.24 ) by 13 weeks ( F(2,85 ) = 5.38 , p = 0.02 ) . Positive trends were observed for duration ( min/week ) of PA and walking for exercise . Conclusions Intervention exposure result ed in increased frequency of PA and walking for exercise in postnatal women We recently reported that a 12-week diet intervention among postpartum women produced a weight loss of 12 % after 1 year , compared to 5 % in controls . Here , we present 2-year results after 1 year of unsupervised follow-up . In total , 110 women with a self-reported body mass index of ≥27 kg/m2 at 6 - 15-week postpartum were r and omized to diet group ( D-group ) or control group ( C-group ) . D-group received a 12-week diet intervention by a dietitian followed by monthly e-mails up to the 1-year follow-up . C-group received a brochure on healthy eating . No contact was provided from 1 to 2 years to either group . Eighty-nine women ( 81 % ) completed the 2-year follow-up . Median ( 1st ; 3rd quartile ) weight change from 0 to 2 years was -6.9 ( -11.0 ; -2.2 ) kg in D-group and -4.3 ( -8.7 ; -0.2 ) kg in C-group . There was no group by time interaction at 2 years ( p = .082 ) ; however , when women with a new pregnancy between 1 and 2 years were excluded , the interaction became significant ( -8.2 vs. -4.6 kg , p = .038 ) . From 1 to 2 years , women in D- and C-group gained 2.5 ± 5.0 kg and 1.1 ± 4.4 kg , respectively ( p = .186 ) . Women who gained weight from 1 to 2 years reported a decrease in self-weighing frequency compared to women who maintained or lost weight ( p = .008 ) . Both groups achieved clinical ly relevant 2-year weight loss , but the significant between-group-difference observed at 1 year was not maintained at 2 years in the main analysis . However , when women with a new pregnancy between 1 and 2 years were excluded , a significant weight loss effect was observed also at 2 years BACKGROUND Limiting postpartum weight retention is important for preventing adult obesity , but the effect of weight loss on lactation has not been studied adequately . OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether weight loss by dieting , with or without aerobic exercise , adversely affects lactation performance . DESIGN At 12+/-4 wk postpartum , exclusively breast-feeding women were r and omly assigned for 11 d to a diet group ( 35 % energy deficit ; n = 22 ) , a diet plus exercise group ( 35 % net energy deficit ; n = 22 ) , or a control group ( n = 23 ) . Milk volume , composition , and energy output ; maternal weight , body composition , and plasma prolactin concentration ; and infant weight were measured before and after the intervention . RESULTS Weight loss averaged 1.9 , 1.6 , and 0.2 kg in the diet , diet + exercise , and control groups , respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) and was composed of 67 % fat in the diet group and nearly 100 % fat in the diet + exercise group . Change in milk volume , composition , and energy output and infant weight did not differ significantly among groups . However , there was a significant interaction between group and baseline percentage body fat : in the diet group only , milk energy output increased in fatter women and decreased in leaner women . The plasma prolactin concentration was higher in the diet and diet + exercise groups than in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Short-term weight loss ( approximately 1 kg/wk ) through a combination of dieting and aerobic exercise appears safe for breast-feeding mothers and is preferable to weight loss achieved primarily by dieting because the latter reduces maternal lean body mass . Longer-term studies are needed to confirm these findings BACKGROUND Reproduction has been identified as an important factor for long-term  weight gain among women . A previous efficacy trial has successfully produced postpartum weight loss ; however , the effectiveness of this intervention needs to be established . OBJECTIVE This study was design ed to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of a diet behavior modification treatment to produce weight loss in postpartum women within the primary health care setting in Sweden . DESIGN During 2011 - 2014 , 110 women with a self-reported body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) of ≥27 at 6 - 15 wk postpartum were r and omly assigned to the diet behavior modification group ( D group ) or the control group ( C group ) . Women r and omly assigned to the D group ( n = 54 ) received a structured 12-wk diet behavior modification treatment by a dietitian and were instructed to gradually implement a diet plan based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and to self-weigh ≥3 times/wk . Women r and omly assigned to the C group ( n = 56 ) were given a brochure on healthy eating . The primary outcome was change in body weight after 12 wk and 1 y. The retention rate was 91 % and 85 % at 12 wk and 1 y , respectively . RESULTS At baseline , women had a median ( 1st , 3rd quartile ) BMI of 31.0 ( 28.8 , 33.6 ) , and 84 % were breastfeeding . After 12 wk , median weight change in the D group was -6.1 kg ( -8.4 , -3.2 kg ) compared with -1.6 kg ( -3.5 , -0.4 kg ) in the C group ( P < 0.001 ) . The difference was maintained at the 1-y follow-up for the D group , -10.0 kg ( -11.7 , -5.9 kg ) compared with -4.3 kg ( -10.2 , -1.0 kg ) in the C group ( P = 0.004 ) . In addition , the D group reduced BMI , waist circumference , hip circumference , and body fat percentage more than did the C group at both 12 wk and 1 y ( all P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION A low-intensity diet treatment delivered by a dietitian within the primary health care setting can produce clinical ly relevant and sustainable weight loss in postpartum women with overweight and obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01949558 Background Weight gain during the childbearing years and failure to lose pregnancy weight after birth contribute to the development of obesity in postpartum Latinas . Methods Madres para la Salud [ Mothers for Health ] was a 12-month , r and omized controlled trial exploring a social support intervention with moderate-intensity physical activity ( PA ) seeking to effect changes in body fat , fat tissue inflammation , and depression symptoms in sedentary postpartum Latinas . This report describes the efficacy of the Madres intervention . Results The results show that while social support increased during the active intervention delivery , it declined to pre-intervention levels by the end of the intervention . There were significant achievements in aerobic and total steps across the 12 months of the intervention , and declines in body adiposity assessed with bioelectric impedance . Conclusions Social support from family and friends mediated increases in aerobic PA result ing in decrease in percent body fat . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01908959 OBJECTIVES : ( 1 ) To describe the relative importance of gestational weight gain , postpartum exercise , food intake and breastfeeding to weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum ; and ( 2 ) to identify subgroups of women at greatest risk for major weight gain surrounding childbearing . DESIGN : A prospect i ve cohort study of women who registered for obstetrical care in a hospital and primary care clinic system serving a 10 county area of upstate New York . SUBJECTS : A total of 540 healthy adult women who gave birth to full-term singleton infants . MEASUREMENTS : Sociodemographic characteristics , exercise , food-related behaviors and breastfeeding were assessed using the medical record and a mailed question naire .  Body weight was measured at prenatal visits and 1 y postpartum . Weight retained and major weight gain ( 4.55 kg ) at 1 y postpartum were the main outcomes . ANALYSIS : Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted . RESULTS : Women were on average 1.51±5.95 kg heavier at 1 y postpartum than they were in early pregnancy . Nearly 25 % of women experienced a major weight gain of 4.55 kg or more at 1 y postpartum . Gestational weight gain , exercise frequency , change in food intake and breastfeeding were each significantly related to postpartum weight retention . With the exception of breastfeeding , all of these factors were also associated with major weight gain .  Women under 20 y or over 40 y at delivery , and single women retained significantly more weight .  Lower income women with gestational weight gains above the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) range retained 3.73 kg more than lower income women who gained within the range . They were also 4.7 times more likely to experience major weight gain with childbearing . The impact of exceeding the IOM gestational weight gain guidelines was three times greater in lower income women than it was in higher income women . CONCLUSION : Gestational weight gain , postpartum exercise frequency , and food intake are significantly associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum and major weight gain with childbearing . Lower income women who gain more weight in pregnancy than the IOM recommends are at high risk for major weight gain with childbearing Background Combined lifestyle interventions ( CLIs ) have been advocated as an effective instrument in efforts to reduce overweight and obesity . The odds of maintaining higher levels of  physical activity ( PA ) and healthier dietary behaviour improve when people are more intrinsically motivated to change their behaviour . To promote the shift towards more autonomous types of motivation , facilitator led CLIs have been developed including lifestyle coaching as key element . The present study examined the shift in types of motiv 
    Output:
    
No individual strategy was significantly associated with weight or physical activity outcomes .
Behavioural strategies relating to self-regulation are associated with greater reduction in energy intake