***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: We carried out a trial to evaluate the complication rate of intravesical ( LP ) versus extravesical ( Lich ) ureteroneocystostomy in recipients of renal transplantation .  Ureteric stenosis was the predominant complication in the LP technique , which was more difficult to correct . Complications by the Lich technique were urinary leaks , which were managed successfully by prolonged bladder drainage . We conclude that the Lich technique is simpler to perform and avoids the complication of ureteric stenosis , and should therefore be the procedure of choice for ureteric implantation in recipients of renal transplants AIM To compare urological infections in patients with or without stents following transplantation and to determine the effect of such infections on graft function . METHODS All 285 recipients of kidney transplantation at our centre between 2006 and 2010 were included in the study . Detailed information including stent use and transplant function was collected prospect ively and analysed retrospectively . The diagnosis of urinary tract infection was made on the basis of compatible symptoms supported by urinalysis and /or microbiological culture . Graft function , estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine at 6 mo and 12 mo , immediate graft function and infection rates were compared between those with a stent or without a stent . RESULTS Overall , 196 ( 183 during initial procedure , 13 at reoperation ) patients were stented following transplantation . The overall urine leak rate was 4.3 % ( 12/277 ) with no difference between those with or without stents - 7/183 vs 5/102 , P = 0.746 . Overall , 54 % ( 99/183 ) of stented patients developed a urological infection compared to 38.1 % ( 32/84 ) of those without stents ( P = 0.0151 ) . All 18 major urological infections occurred in those with stents . The use of stent ( Wald χ(2 ) = 5.505 , P = 0.019 ) and diabetes mellitus ( Wald χ(2 ) = 5.197 , P = 0.023 ) were found to have significant influence on urological infection rates on multivariate analysis . There were no deaths or graft losses due to infection . Stenting was associated with poorer transplant function at 12 mo . CONCLUSION Stents increase the risks of urological infections and have a detrimental effect on early to medium term renal transplant function OBJECTIVE To determine whether the change from the Leadbetter-Politano technique to a stented extravesical technique for the vesico-ureteric anastomosis in renal transplantation has altered the incidence of urological complications . PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were retrieved from a prospect i ve computerized data base and by case-note review on 248 consecutive renal transplants performed between January 1990 and June 1996 . The characteristics of the donor . recipient and organ were noted , together with the technique used for the vesicoureteric anastomosis and the occurrence of major and minor urological complications . RESULTS The Leadbetter-Politano technique was used in 140 transplants and the stented extravesical technique in 108 . There were no significant differences in the donor , recipient or organ characteristics between the groups . The stented extravesical technique was associated with a significantly lower rate of major complications ( < 2 % ) and clinical ly significant haematuria than with the Leadbetter-Politano technique . CONCLUSION Changing from the Leadbetter-Politano technique to a stented extravesical technique for the vesico-ureteric anastomosis has been a major factor in reducing the incidence of urological complications in our transplant practice OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of the routine use of double-J stents in live-donor renal transplantation at a single institute from a prospect i ve r and omized study . METHODS A total of 100 patients were prospect ively r and omized into two groups of 50 patients each . Group 1 received a routine double-J silicone ureteral stent and group 2 did not . A st and ard Lich-Gregoir ureteroneocystostomy was performed in both groups . In group 1 , the patients were scheduled for stent removal after 2 weeks . RESULTS Both groups were comparable in terms of age , sex , ischemia time , number of renal arteries , and time to diuresis . In group 1 , two grafts were lost in the early postoperative period and those patients were excluded from the final analysis . None of our patients in either group had developed a ureteral stricture at a mean follow-up of 10.8 + /- 3.6 months . In the stented group , 2 patients developed a urinary leak , but no leakage was reported in the nonstented group ( P = 0.14 ) . Although 19 patients in group 1 ( 39.6 % ) had a urinary tract infection , only 9 in group 2 ( 18 % ) showed evidence of a positive urine culture ( P = 0.02 ) . The presence of a ureteral stent  and female sex were the independent predictors of postoperative urinary tract infection on multivariate analysis . The mean serum creatinine at discharge was 1.2 + /- 0.3 mg% and 1.2 + /- 0.4 mg% in groups 1 and 2 , respectively ( P = 0.2 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that routine ureteral stent insertion has no impact on the rate of vesicoureteral leakage or obstruction in live-donor renal transplantation , whereas it is significantly associated with an increased incidence of urinary tract infection .  Stenting should be limited to patients with a pathologic and /or defunctionalized bladder Taguchi technique of ureteral implantation was used in 22 kidney transplant patients ( group T ) . Group T was compared with 25 patients who were treated using Lich-Gregoir technique ( group LG ) .  Immunosuppression , incidence of biopsy evidence d acute cellular rejection ( ACR ) , haematuria rate and ureteral complications ( stricture , reflux ) were assessed in both groups . The immunosuppression used was based on cyclosporin A ( 63.6 % ) , tacrolimus ( 27.3 % ) and sirolimus ( 8.1 % ) in T group . Cyclosporin A ( 72 % ) , tacrolimus ( 20 % ) and sirolimus ( 8 % ) were used in LG group . No induction was used . The incidence of ACR was similar in both groups – T resp . LG was 50 % resp . 52 % . Haematuria after operation was on average 4.0 days in the T group and on average 3.1 in the LG group . Ureteral complications were observed in 18.2 % of cases in T group and in 16 % of cases in LG group . No reflux was evidence d in any group . Taguchi technique is fast and very easy to do . A slightly higher incidence of ureteral complications and a longer period of postoperative haematuria were observed in T group . Taguchi technique is very easily performed with a shorter operating time . We advocate it as a method of ureteral implantation on the thin-wall urinary bladder . The results were very good in these cases Abstract The incidence of urologic complications was studied in 131 patients with cadaver renal allografts allocated r and omly to undergo either the Politano-Leadbetter or end-to-side ureteroneocystostomy .  Obstruction occurred in 6 per cent of patients with end-to-side versus 0 per cent of those with Politano-Leadbetter reconstructions ( p less than 0.05 ) . Complications of leakage , infection and graft loss were comparable in the 2 groups Background . Whether routine ureteric stenting in low-urological-risk patients reduces the risk of urological complications in kidney transplantation is not established . Methods . Eligible patients were recipients of single-organ renal transplants with normal lower urinary tracts . Patients were r and omized intraoperatively to receive either routine stenting or stenting only in the event of technical difficulties with the anastomosis . All patients underwent Lich-Gregoire ureteroneocystostomy . Results . Between June 1994 and December 1997 , 331 kidney transplants were performed at a single center , 305 patients were eligible , and 280 patients were enrolled and r and omized . Donor and recipient age , sex , donor source , whether first or subsequent grafts , ureteric length , native renal disease , and immunosuppression were similar in each group . In the no-routine-stenting group 6 of 137 patients ( 4.4 % ) received stents after r and omization for intraoperative events that in the surgeon ’s opinion required use of a stent . In an intention-to-treat analysis there was no difference between groups in the primary outcome cluster of obstruction or leak  [ routine stenting 5 of 143 ( 3.5 % ) vs. no routine stenting 9 of 137 (6.6%);P = 0.23 ] , or in either of these complications analyzed separately . All urological complications were successfully managed without major morbidity . Living donor organs and shorter ureteric length ( after trimming ) were univariate risk factors for leaks , although increasing donor age was associated with obstruction . Conclusions . Routine ureteric stenting is unnecessary in kidney transplantation in patients at low risk for urological complications . Careful surgical technique with selective stenting of problematic anastomoses yields similar results 
    Output:
    
There was no difference in the prevalence of ureteral strictures or vesicoureteral reflux between the various techniques .
Of the three most frequently used ureterovesical anastomotic techniques , the LG technique results in fewer urological complications than the PL and U techniques