***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Eleven r and omly hydrated patients with metastatic malignancies received iv bolus chemotherapy .  Serial observations of plasma antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , serum osmolality , blood pressure , and presence of nausea or emesis were made over the next 3 - 4 hours . Group 1 ( four patients ) had no nausea or emesis and no change in ADH , osmolality , or mean blood pressure . Group 2 ( seven patients ) had nausea and emesis following chemotherapy , with an increase in mean ADH from a baseline level of 5.53 pg/ml to a peak after emesis of 33.83 pg/ml . Group 2 had no significant increase in osmolality or decrease in mean blood pressure before emesis . ADH levels increased 0 - 40 minutes before emesis and peaked 28 - 115 minutes ( mean , 66 ) after emesis . Emesis caused by chemotherapy agents is associated with rapid , significant increases in plasma ADH levels , independent of changes in osmolality or blood pressure The NeuroScope is a new device which produces a continuous real-time index of cardiac parasympathetic activity ( the CIPA ) and accurately measures RR intervals . The reproducibility of the CIPA has not yet been assessed . This study was design ed to assess the reproducibility of a 5 minute recording of the CIPA using the NeuroScope and compare it with that of conventional heart rate variability ( HRV ) measures . 50 subjects ( 31 male , 19 female ) aged 21 - 77 years were recruited . 11 of these were apparently healthy and 39 were patients with a variety of cardiological problems . Two 5 minute recordings of CIPA and RR intervals for each subject were made with a 2 - 3 minute break between recordings . The limits of agreement for the CIPA were such that the second estimate was between 72 and 140 % of the first estimate , 95 % of the time . The limits of agreement for other indices of HRV , namely SDNN , rMSSD , In low-frequency HRV and In high-frequency HRV , were 61 - 157 % , 68 - 153 % , 77 - 131 % and 76 - 133 % . The short-term reproducibility of a 5 minute recording of CIPA is moderate and better than simple time-domain but not frequency-domain measures of HRV Background Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) in cancer patients are common symptoms most feared by patients . The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of CINV associated to moderate/highly emetogenous chemotherapy regimens on patients ’ quality of life ( QoL ) . Patients and methods Open , multicenter , prospect i ve observational study was performed . Each patient filled out a patient diary for each cycle from the day before chemotherapy and for the next 5 days that included the  number of emetic episodes , the intensity of nausea , and QoL evaluation ( functional living index-emesis question naire ) . Results Data from 202 consecutive patients from nine university hospitals were collected , but only data from 160 were analyzed ( 79.2 % ) . Most of the participants ( 70 % ) were women with a mean age of 50 years ( SD 1.2 years ) . The most frequent cancer site was breast ( 44 % ) followed by lung ( 16 % ) and 76.3 % were receiving highly emetogenous chemotherapy . Despite the use of antiemetic prophylaxis , patients experienced significant nausea and vomiting during 31 % ( 3.2 % during acute , 15.0 % during delayed phase , and 13.2 % during both phases ) and 45.1 % ( 5.1 % only during the acute phase , 23.5 % only during the delayed phase and 16.5 % during both phases ) of the cycles , respectively , having 44.5 % ( nausea ) and 39.3 % ( emesis ) of the cycles an impact on patients ’ QoL. Conclusions The results of the study confirm the detrimental effect of CINV on patients ’ QoL despite the use of antiemetic prophylaxis ( 5HT3 receptor antagonist , steroids , and dopamine receptor antagonists ) . It is m and atory to intensify the detection of CINV in order to improve the management of these important , albeit frequent , side effects of cancer treatments To investigate the role of the circadian pacemaker in autonomic modulation of base rate cardiac activity , 29 healthy subjects participated in a constant routine protocol . They were r and omly divided into two groups in order to manipulate prior wakefulness . Group 1 started at 0900 hours immediately after a monitored sleep period , while group 2 started 12 h later .  Measures of interbeat intervals ( IBIs ) , respiratory sinus arrythmia ( RSA , an estimate of parasympathetic activity ) , pre-ejection period ( PEP , an estimate of sympathetic activity ) , and core body temperature ( CBT ) were recorded continuously . Multilevel regression analyses ( across-subjects ) revealed significant 24- and /or 12-h sinusoidal circadian variation for CBT , IBI , and RSA , but not for PEP . Subject-specific 24 + 12 h sinusoidal fits demonstrated a convergence of phase distribution for IBI and RSA of group 1 similar to CBT , while PEP showed a relatively large ( i.e. r and om ) distribution of phase . In group 2 , all cardiac measures showed large distributions of phase . Unexpected results in the cardiac measures were found in group 2 , probably caused by group differences in prior activation . Also , effects of sleep deprivation were observed for IBI and RSA in group 2 . Consequently , all cardiac measures revealed significant sinusoidal × group interactions , a result not shown in CBT . These findings were interpreted as an indication for circadian endogenous parasympathetic modulation of cardiac activity that is mainly confounded by prior wakefulness that extends 24 h , while the sympathetic modulation is relatively uncoupled from the endogenous circadian drive and mainly influenced by prior activation INTRODUCTION Anecdotal reports from aviators indicate that controlled breathing is used as a countermeasure for  motion sickness .  We report a trial on the effectiveness of focused , regular breathing on motion sickness . METHODS Experiment 1 compared the effects of controlled breathing vs. a counting task on subjective ratings of motion sickness and associated symptoms ( n = 12 ) . Experiment 2 investigated the effects of attention  ( n = 12 ) on these measures by comparing the counting task with no task . Motion sickness was induced by whole body pitch oscillations ( 0.2 Hz , + /- 20 degrees peak amplitude ) while subjects viewed a video image of the environment oscillating in 180 degrees counter phase . Subjects performed controlled breathing , counting , or no task from the onset of mild nausea to an endpoint of moderate nausea or 30 min motion exposure , whichever came first . RESULTS Experiment 1 : The mean time to reach motion endpoint was significantly longer ( p = 0.01 ) for controlled breathing ( 21.3 min ) than for counting ( 15.1 min ) . Controlled breathing also prolonged the time tolerated with nausea and reduced the recovery time after motion cessation . Experiment 2 : The counting task had no effect on baseline motion sickness susceptibility . CONCLUSION Controlled breathing may be effective for controlling nausea Chemotherapy-induced nausea has been associated with a time-related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity . We tested the hypothesis that a time-related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity would also be associated with nausea and other motion sickness symptoms during illusory self-motion ( vection ) .  Fifty-nine participants ( aged 18 - 34 years : 25 male ) were exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum to induce vection .  Symptoms of motion sickness and an estimate of cardiac parasympathetic activity ( respiratory sinus arrhythmia ; RSA ) were obtained at baseline and throughout a drum-rotation period . As expected , motion sickness symptoms increased and RSA decreased over time during drum rotation . Moreover , greater decreases in RSA over time correlated with greater motion sickness severity . These results suggest that a time-related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity may be an important correlate of nausea and motion sickness across different evocative context OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the gastric myoelectrical and emotional responses provoked by two psychophysiological stimuli known to cause in one case increased sympathetic nervous system activity and in the other increased parasympathetic nervous system activity . METHODS  Electrogastrograms ( EGGs ) were recorded , and  interbeat intervals ( IBIs ) were obtained from electrocardiographic recordings from 20 subjects during baseline and in response to a shock avoidance task ( shock stimulus ) and forehead cooling ( dive stimulus ) . After each experimental period , subjects reported their emotional experience by rating descriptors ranging from serenity to excitement . RESULTS During the shock stimulus , IBIs decreased significantly ( p < .05 ) , gastric tachyarrhythmias increased ( p < .05 ) , and emotional arousal increased , as indexed by reports of increased interest , excitement , and activation . In contrast , during the dive stimulus , IBIs increased ( p < .05 ) , but there were no associated changes in gastric myoelectrical activity or emotional arousal . CONCLUSIONS Acute stress can evoke arousal and dysrhythmic gastric myoelectrical activity , and these acute changes , which occur in healthy individuals , may provide insight into functional gastrointestinal disorders Motion sickness symptoms affect approximately 50 % of the crew during space travel and are commonly treated with intramuscular injections of promethazine . The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of three treatments for motion sickness : intramuscular injections ( i.m . ) of promethazine , a physiological training method ( autogenic-feedback training exercise [ AFTE ] ) , and a no-treatment control . An earlier study tested the effects of promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor performance and motion sickness tolerance in a rotating chair . For the present paper , motion sickness tolerance , symptom reports , and physiological responses of these subjects were compared to matched subjects selected from an existing data base who received either AFTE or no treatment . Three groups of 11 men , between the ages of 33 and 40 years , were matched on the number of rotations tolerated during their initial rotating-chair motion sickness test . The motion sickness test procedures and the 7-day interval between tests were the same for all subjects . The drug group was tested under four treatment conditions : baseline ( no injections ) , a 25 mg dose of promethazine , a 50 mg dose of promethazine , and a placebo of sterile saline . AFTE subjects were given four 30-minute AFTE sessions before their second , third , and fourth motion sickness tests ( 6 hours total ) . The no-treatment control subjects were only given the four rotating-chair tests . Motion sickness tolerance was significantly increased after 4 hours of AFTE when compared to either 25 mg ( p < 0.00003 ) or 50 mg ( p < 0.00001 ) of promethazine . The control and promethazine groups did not differ . AFTE subjects reported fewer or no symptoms at higher rotational velocities than subjects in the control or promethazine groups . The primary physiological effect of promethazine was an inhibition of skin conductance level . The AFTE group showed significantly less heart rate and skin conductance variability during motion sickness tests administered after training & NA ; This study examined whether breathing rate affected self‐reported pain and emotion following thermal pain stimuli in women with fibromyalgia syndrome ( FM : n = 27 ) or age‐matched healthy control women ( HC : n = 25 ) . FM and HC were exposed to low and moderate thermal pain pulses during paced breathing at their normal rate and one‐half their normal rate . Thermal pain pulses were presented in four blocks of four trials . Each block included exposure to both mild and moderate pain trials , and periods of both normal and slow paced breathing .  Pain intensity and unpleasantness were recorded immediately following each pain trial , and positive and negative affect were assessed at the end of each block of trials . Compared to normal breathing , slow breathing reduced ratings of pain intensity and unpleasantness , particularly for moderately versus mildly painful thermal stimuli . The effects of slow breathing on pain ratings were less reliable for FM patients than for HCs . Slow versus normal breathing decreased negative affect ratings following thermal pain pulses for both groups , and increased positive affect reports , but only for healthy controls with high trait negative affect . Participants who reported higher levels of trait positive affect  prior to the experiment showed greater decreases in negative affect as a result of slow versus normal breathing . These experimental findings provide support for prior reports on the benefits of yogic breathing and mindful Zen meditation for pain and depressed affect . However , chronic pain patients may require more guidance to obtain therapeutic benefit from reduced breathing rates 
    Output:
    
These data suggest that baseline PNS parameters do not provide a useful measure of predicting the probability of developing visually induced motion sickness .
However , a fall in PNS tone , as indicated by cardiac activity , is characteristic in sensitive individuals .