***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The relationship of the degree of use of each of ten types of illicit drugs with each of eight types of violent criminal offenses , is reported for an African-American , inner-city , low SES , young adult study sample ( N = 612 ) . Prospect i ve data from the time of birth was available for the statistical analyses , to provide 51 control variables on factors other than substance use which might predict to later violent behavior . Findings : Greater frequency of use of marijuana was found unexpectedly to be associated with greater likelihood to commit weapons offenses ; and this association was not found for any of the other drugs , except for alcohol . Marijuana use was also found associated with commission of Attempted Homicide/Reckless Endangerment offenses . Cocaine/crack and marijuana were the only two types of drugs the frequency of use of which was found , for this sample , to be significantly related to the frequency of being involved in the selling of drugs . These findings may not apply to a middle-class African-American sample Long-term cocaine and alcohol use is associated with neuropsychological impairments that implicate poor inhibitory mechanisms of behavioural control . This study tested acquisition and discrimination-reversal learning in a group of polydrug users ( n 20 ) with a history of cocaine and heavy alcohol use and a group of age-matched controls ( n 20 ) . A cued go/nogo task measured subjects ’ ability to learn stimulus-response associations that involved the quick activation and sudden inhibition of responses . Compared with controls , drug users displayed similar acquisition , but impaired discrimination-reversal learning of both inhibitory and activational responses . The results suggest that some drug-related neuropsychological deficits might reflect specific impairments of the ability to inhibit interference from prior learning . The findings contribute to growing evidence that suggests cocaine and alcohol use could produce broad inhibitory impairments that increase the risk for learning deficits and poor impulse control Deficits in cognitive control are implicated in cocaine dependence . Previously , combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and a stop signal task , we demonstrated altered cognitive control in cocaine-dependent individuals . However , the clinical implication s of these cross-sectional findings and , in particular , whether the changes were associated with relapse to drug use , were not clear . In a prospect i ve study , we recruited 97 treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine dependence to perform the stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and participate in follow-up assessment s for 3 months , during which time cocaine use was evaluated with timeline follow back and ascertained by urine toxicology tests . Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using general linear models as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 , with the contrast ' stop error greater than stop success trials ' to index error processing . Using voxelwise analysis with logistic and Cox regressions , we identified brain activations of error processing that predict relapse and time to relapse . In females , decreased error-related activations of the thalamus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex predicted relapse and an earlier time to relapse . In males , decreased error-related activations of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and left insula predicted relapse and an earlier time to relapse . These regional activations were vali date d with data resampling and predicted relapse with an average area under the curve of 0.849 in receiver operating characteristic analyses . These findings provide direct evidence linking deficits in cognitive control to clinical outcome in a moderate-sized cohort of cocaine-dependent individuals . These results may provide a useful basis for future studies to examine how psychosocial factors interact with cognitive control to determine drug use and to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological or behavioural treatment in remediating deficits of cognitive control in cocaine addicts Chronic and recreational use of cocaine has been shown to impair inhibitory output control ( response inhibition ) but whether input control is also affected is an open question . For the first time , this study compared the ability to perform a cued target-discrimination task that measured inhibition of return ( IOR ) , a reflexive inhibitory mechanism that delays attention from returning to a previously attended location , in adult recreational users and in a cocaine-free-matched sample controlled for age , race , gender distribution , and level of intelligence . Results show that the recreational use of cocaine eliminates IOR , suggesting that input control is strongly impaired Two experiments investigated attentional biases for smoking-related cues in smokers and nonsmokers , using the visual probe task . In Experiment 1 , when pictures were displayed for 500 ms , smokers who had made repeated quit attempts showed an attentional bias for smoking-related scenes . Experiment 2 replicated this finding and revealed that when pictures were presented for 2,000 ms , the smoker group as a whole showed vigilance for smoking-related cues , but nonsmokers did not . The findings from the 500-ms exposure condition suggest that initial orienting of attention to smoking cues was associated with repeated unsuccessful attempts at abstinence in smokers . Results are discussed with reference to incentive-sensitization theories of addiction and to component processes of selective attention , such as initial orienting versus maintenance 
    Output:
    
In 90 % of the studies review ed the presence of inhibitory control deficits was reported , verified by impaired cognitive processing and response monitoring , as well as high levels of impulsiveness , regardless of the pattern of crack and /or cocaine consumption ( recreational or chronic ) .
Former users showed high levels of impulsiveness even after long periods of abstinence .
Crack and /or cocaine users may have inhibitory control deficits , irrespective of different consumption patterns .
High levels of impulsiveness can represent a factor of vulnerability to drug use and relapse