***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We evaluated the effect of an herbal tea preparation on  infantile colic  in a prospect i ve double-blind study . The use of tea eliminated the colic in 19 ( 57 % ) of 33 infants , whereas placebo was helpful in only 9 ( 26 % ) of 35 ( p < 0.01 ) . The mean colic score was significantly improved in tea-treated infants . No significant differences were noted between groups regarding number of night wakings Objective : Massage therapy has been consistently shown to increase weight gain in preterm infants . The mechanism of this presumed improved metabolic efficiency is unknown . We conducted the following trial to test the hypothesis that massage therapy reduces energy expenditure in growing healthy preterm infants . Study Design : A prospect i ve , r and omized , cross-over design study was conducted in 10 healthy , appropriate weights for gestational age , gavage fed preterm infants . Each infant was studied twice : after a period of either 5 days of massage therapy , or after a period of 5 days without massage therapy . Infants were r and omized to 5 days of massage followed by 5 days of no massage ( n = 5 ) or the opposite sequence ( n = 5 ) . During the massage therapy period , massage was provided daily for three 15 minute periods at the beginning of each 3 hour period every morning . Metabolic measurements were performed by indirect calorimetry , using the Deltatrac II Metabolic cart . Results : Energy expenditure was significantly lower in infants after the 5 day massage therapy period ( 59.6 ± 3.6 Kcal/Kg/ 24 hours ) than after the period without ( 63.1 ± 5.4 Kcal/Kg/ 24 hours ) ( p = 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Energy expenditure is significantly lowered by 5 days of massage therapy in metabolically and thermally stable preterm infants . This decrease in energy expenditure may be in part responsible for the enhanced growth caused by massage therapy ABSTRACT . We assessed the effectiveness of an odor ( familiar or unfamiliar ) in soothing healthy full-term newborns undergoing a routine heel stick . Forty-four breast-fed newborns were r and omly assigned to one of four groups : Before the heel stick , Group 1 was naturally familiarized with their mother 's milk odor , Group 2 was familiarized with a vanilla smell , and Groups 3 and 4 did not received any familiarization . During and after the heel stick , Group 1 was presented with their mother 's milk odor , Group 2 was presented with the familiar vanilla , Group 3 was presented with an unfamiliar odor , and Group 4 was a control group .  Infants ' crying , grimacing , and head movements were analyzed before , during , and after the heel stick . Results show that infants who smelled a familiar odor ( their mother 's milk or vanilla ) cried and grimaced significantly less during the recovery phase compared with the heel stick phase . Infants who were presented with an unfamiliar odor or no odor showed no significant changes during recovery . Moreover , infants who smelled their mother 's milk exhibited significantly less motor agitation during the heel stick compared with the other groups . These findings indicate that smelling a familiar odor reduces agitation during the heel stick and diminishes distress after the procedure Oil massage of newborns has been practised for generations in the Indian sub-continent ; however , oils may vary from potentially beneficial , e.g. sunflower seed oil , to potentially toxic , e.g. mustard oil . The study was carried out to gain insights into oil-massage practice s and acceptability of skin barrier-enhancing emollients in young , preterm Bangladeshi neonates . Preterm infants of <33 weeks gestational age were r and omized to high-linoleate sunflower seed oil , Aquaphor Original Emollient Ointment ™ , or the comparison group ( usual care ) . A survey was administered at admission to assess routine skin-care practice s prior to admission and at discharge to assess acceptability of emollient therapy during hospitalization . Oil massage was given to 83 ( 21 % ) of 405 babies before hospital admission , 86 % ( 71/83 ) of whom were delivered at home . Application of oil , most commonly mustard oil ( 88 % , 73/83 ) , was started within one hour of birth in 51 cases ( 61 % ) and was applied all over the body ( 89 % , 74/83 ) one to six ( mean 2.2 ) times before admission . Of infants who received emollient therapy in the hospital , 42 % ( n=32 ) of mothers reported that the emollient applied in the hospital was better than that available at home , and only 29 % would use the same oil ( i.e. mustard oil ) in the future as used previously at home . No problems result ed from use of emollient in the hospital . Topical therapy with sunflower seed oil or Aquaphor was perceived by many families to be superior to mustard oil . If caregivers and health professionals can be motivated to use inexpensive , available emollients , such as sunflower seed oil that are beneficial , emollient therapy could have substantial public-health benefit Objective . Methylxanthines and doxapram are currently used to treat apnea of prematurity but are not fully effective and often present undesirable side effects . The present study examines whether exposure to an odor known to modulate the infant 's respiratory rate could reduce the frequency of apneic spells . Method . Fourteen preterm newborns born at 24 to 28 gestational weeks presenting recurrent apnea despite caffeine and doxapram therapy  were exposed to a pleasant odor diffused during 24 hours in the incubator . Efficiency of the olfactory treatment was judged by comparing frequency and severity of apneas occurring during the day of odorization with that observed the day before ( baseline ) and the day after ( posttreatment control ) . Apnea was defined as any complete cessation of breathing movements for > 20 seconds , or less if associated with hypoxia or bradycardia . Results . Concerning all types of apneas , a diminution of 36 % was observed and seen in 12 of 14 infants . Apneas without bradycardia were reduced ( 44 % ) during the day with odorization , and this diminution affected all the infants . The frequency of apnea with moderate bradycardia ( heart rate between 70 and 90 beats per minute ) was maintained while the frequency of apnea associated with severe bradycardia ( heart rate < 70 beats per minute ) decreased strongly ( 45 % ) and affected all the infants . No side effects were observed . Conclusion . The introduction of a pleasant odor in the incubator is of therapeutic value in the treatment of apneas unresponsive to caffeine and doxapram BACKGROUND Echinacea products are among the most popular phytomedicines on the North American market . Since at least half of all pregnancies are unplanned , many women inadvertently use echinacea in their first trimester . Presently , there is a paucity of information regarding the gestational safety of this herb . The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of echinacea in pregnancy when used for upper respiratory tract ailments . PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of women who were prospect ively followed up after contacting the Motherisk Program  regarding the gestational use of echinacea . This cohort was disease-matched to women exposed to nonteratogenic agents by maternal age , alcohol , and cigarette use . Rates of major and minor malformations between the groups were compared . RESULTS A total of 206 women were enrolled in the study group after using echinacea products during pregnancy ; 112 women used the herb in the first trimester . There were a total of 195 live births  , including 3 sets of twins , 13 spontaneous abortions , and 1 therapeutic abortion . Six major malformations were reported , including 1 chromosomal abnormality , and 4 of these malformations occurred with echinacea exposure in the first trimester . In the control group , there were 206 women with 198 live births , 7 spontaneous abortions , and 1 therapeutic abortion . Seven major malformations were reported . There were no statistical differences between the study and control groups for any of the end points analyzed . CONCLUSIONS This first prospect i ve study suggests that gestational use of echinacea during organogenesis is not associated with an increased risk for major malformations We assessed the effects of a familiar odor during routine blood draws in healthy preterm newborns . Infants were observed as they were undergoing either a capillary puncture on the heel ( heelstick ) or a venous puncture on the h and . During the procedure , one third of the infants were presented with an odor they had been familiarized with prior to the procedure , one third of the infants were presented with an odor , they had not been previously exposed to , and one third were presented with no odor . Heelsticks elicited more behavioral distress than venipunctures . Infants who were presented with a familiar odor during venipuncture showed no significant increase in crying and grimacing during the procedure compared to baseline levels . By comparison , infants presented with an unfamiliar odor or with no odor either during the heelstick or the venipuncture had a significant increase in crying and grimacing . When the pain was milder , i.e. , during a venipuncture , and a familiar odor was presented , infants showed little to no crying . These results are consistent with a body of evidence on early memory and olfactory competence in fetuses and newborns Acute bronchitis , although mostly caused by viral infections , is commonly treated with antibiotics . As antibiotics should only be prescribed upon strict indication , treatment options like a liquid herbal drug preparation from the roots of Pelargonium sidoides ( EPs 7630 ) gain more and more interest . To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with EPs 7630 in patients with acute bronchitis , a multi-centre , prospect i ve , open observational study was conducted in 440 study sites located in Germany . A total of 2099 patients aged 0 - 93 years with productive cough for less than six days without indication for treatment with antibiotics  were given EPs 7630-solution in an age-dependent dosage for 14 days . The primary outcome criterion was the mean change of the Bronchitis Severity Score ( BSS : cough , sputum , rales/rhonchi , chest pain at cough , dyspnoea ) from baseline to patient 's individual last observation . During treatment , the mean BSS of all patients decreased from 7.1+/-2.9 points at baseline to 1.0+/-1.9 points at patients ' individual last visit . Subgroup analysis for children showed a decrease of mean BSS from 6.3+/-2.8 points to 0.9+/-1.8 points and analysis of children younger than three years showed a decrease of mean BSS from 5.2+/-2.5 points to 1.2+/-2.1 points . Adverse events occurred in 26/2099 ( 1.2 % ) patients . Serious adverse events were not reported . In conclusion , EPs 7630 is an effective and well tolerated treatment of acute bronchitis in adults , children and infants outside the strict indication for antibiotic treatment An open post-marketing surveillance study was conducted to examine the treatment effect and safety of EPs 7630-solution in the treatment of acute bronchitis in children . This study included a total of 742 children ( aged between 0 and 12 years ) with acute bronchitis ( 83.4 % ) or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis ( 14.3 % ) , who were treated with different doses of the herbal drug for up to 14 days . Five bronchitis specific symptoms ( BSS ) were summed up to give an overall measure of disease severity . Non-specific disease symptoms ( loss of appetite , diarrhoea , headache , vomiting , and fever ) were also recorded , together with adverse events and overall ratings of efficacy and tolerability . The overall BSS score decreased during treatment from 6.0+/-3.0 points at baseline to 2.7+/-2.5 points after 7 days and to 1.4+/-2.1 points after 14 days . Remission or improvement in at least 80 % of patients was recorded for all the individual component symptoms . The proportion of patients suffering from non-specific symptoms also substantially improved during treatment . For example , loss of appetite was present in 65.8 % of patients at study begin , but only in 27.6 % at the time point of last observation visit . In 88.3 % of cases , the responsible physician rated the treatment as successful . Adverse events were minor and transitory . In conclusion , EPs 7630-solution was shown to be a safe and an effective treatment option for acute bronchitis or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in children OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the presence and absence of  acupuncture ear points  in healthy neonates . DESIGN This was a prospect i ve observational study performed at a university teaching hospital . SUBJECTS The subjects were healthy neonates . We compared male and female neonates , right and left lobe , term and preterm deliveries , and cesarean sections versus vaginal deliveries . Examinations took place on the fifth day after delivery and were performed by a neuronal pen ( SVESA 1070 , SVESA GmbH , Munich , Germany ) . An integrated optical signal detected the ear points that were assigned to the Chinese ear map . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES This study looked at the presence and absence of acupuncture ear points  in neonates . RESULTS There were 27 male neonates and 23 female neonates . In 66 % of neonates , no points at all were found . We detected 0 - 4 points on the right lobe and 0 - 2 points 
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Most promising was the study situation in aromatherapy .
This review shows that there is no such evidence yet