***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Many patients show no or incomplete responses to current pharmacological or psychological therapies for depression . Here we explored the feasibility of a new brain self-regulation technique that integrates psychological and neurobiological approaches through neurofeedback with functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . In a proof-of-concept study , eight patients with depression learned to upregulate brain areas involved in the generation of positive emotions ( such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex ( VLPFC ) and insula ) during four neurofeedback sessions . Their clinical symptoms , as assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HDRS ) , improved significantly . A control group that underwent a training procedure with the same cognitive strategies but without neurofeedback did not improve clinical ly . R and omised blinded clinical trials are now needed to exclude possible placebo effects and to determine whether fMRI-based neurofeedback might become a useful adjunct to current therapies for depression For most people , adolescence is synonymous with emotional turmoil and it has been shown that early difficulties with emotion regulation can lead to persistent problems for some people . This suggests that intervention during development might reduce long-term negative consequences for those individuals . Recent research has highlighted the suitability of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback ( NF ) in training emotion regulation ( ER ) networks in adults . However , its usefulness in directly influencing plasticity in the maturing ER networks remains unclear . Here , we used NF to teach a group of 17 7–16 year-olds to up-regulate the bilateral insula , a key ER region . We found that all participants learned to increase activation during the up-regulation trials in comparison to the down-regulation trials . Importantly , a subsequent Granger causality analysis of Granger information flow within the wider ER network found that during up-regulation trials , bottom-up driven Granger information flow increased from the amygdala to the bilateral insula and from the left insula to the mid-cingulate cortex , supplementary motor area and the inferior parietal lobe . This was reversed during the down-regulation trials , where we observed an increase in top-down driven Granger information flow to the bilateral insula from mid-cingulate cortex , pre- central gyrus and inferior parietal lobule . This suggests that : 1 ) NF training had a differential effect on up-regulation vs down-regulation network connections , and that 2 ) our training was not only superficially concentrated on surface effects but also relevant with regards to the underlying neurocognitive bases . Together these findings highlight the feasibility of using NF in children and adolescents and its possible use for shaping key social cognitive networks during development If an individual can learn to directly control activation of localized regions within the brain , this approach might provide control over the neurophysiological mechanisms that mediate behavior and cognition and could potentially provide a different route for treating disease . Control over the endogenous pain modulatory system is a particularly important target because it could enable a unique mechanism for clinical control over pain . Here , we found that by using real-time functional MRI ( rtfMRI ) to guide training , subjects were able to learn to control activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex ( rACC ) , a region putatively involved in pain perception and regulation . When subjects deliberately induced increases or decreases in rACC fMRI activation , there was a corresponding change in the perception of pain caused by an applied noxious thermal stimulus . Control experiments demonstrated that this effect was not observed after similar training conducted without rtfMRI information , or using rtfMRI information derived from a different brain region , or sham rtfMRI information derived previously from a different subject . Chronic pain patients were also trained to control activation in rACC and reported decreases in the ongoing level of chronic pain after training . These findings show that individuals can gain voluntary control over activation in a specific brain region given appropriate training , that voluntary control over activation in rACC leads to control over pain perception , and that these effects were powerful enough to impact severe , chronic clinical pain Real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging ( rtfMRI ) is a novel technique that has allowed subjects to achieve self‐regulation of circumscribed brain regions . Despite its anticipated therapeutic benefits , there is no report on successful application of this technique in psychiatric population s. The objectives of the present study were to train schizophrenia patients to achieve volitional control of bilateral anterior insula cortex on multiple days , and to explore the effect of learned self‐regulation on face emotion recognition ( an extensively studied deficit in schizophrenia ) and on brain network connectivity . Nine patients with schizophrenia were trained to regulate the hemodynamic response in bilateral anterior insula with contingent rtfMRI neurofeedback , through a 2‐weeks training . At the end of the training stage , patients performed a face emotion recognition task to explore behavioral effects of learned self‐regulation . A learning effect in self‐regulation was found for bilateral anterior insula , which persisted through the training . Following successful self‐regulation , patients recognized disgust faces more accurately and happy faces less accurately . Improvements in disgust recognition were correlated with levels of self‐activation of right insula . RtfMRI training led to an increase in the number of the incoming and outgoing effective connections of the anterior insula . This study shows for the first time that patients with schizophrenia can learn volitional brain regulation by rtfMRI feedback training leading to changes in the perception of emotions and modulations of the brain network connectivity . These findings open the door for further studies of rtfMRI in severely ill psychiatric population s , and possible therapeutic applications . Hum Brain Mapp , 2013 . © 2011 Wiley Periodicals , OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of motivation as a possible psychological influencing variable on P300 amplitude and performance in a brain-computer interface ( BCI ) controlled by event-related potentials ( ERP ) . METHODS Participants were instructed to copy spell a sentence by attending to cells of a r and omly flashing 7 * 7 matrix . Motivation was manipulated by monetary reward . In two experimental groups participants received 25 ( N=11 ) or 50 ( N=11 ) Euro cent for each correctly selected character ; the control group ( N=11 ) was not rewarded . BCI performance was defined as the overall percentage of correctly selected characters ( correct response rate = CRR ) . RESULTS Participants performed at an average of 99 % . At electrode location Cz the P300 amplitude was positively correlated to self-rated motivation . The P300 amplitude of the most motivated participants was significantly higher than that of the least motivated participants . Highly motivated participants were able to communicate correctly faster with the ERP-BCI than less motivated participants . CONCLUSIONS Motivation modulates the P300 amplitude in an ERP-BCI . SIGNIFICANCE Motivation may contribute to variance in BCI performance and should be monitored in BCI setting Sixteen subjects naive to biofeedback learned lateralised interhemispheric control of slow cortical potentials ( SCPs ) across electrode sites F3-F4 during three sessions of visual electroencephalograph ( EEG ) biofeedback . Subjects were required to generate slow negativity shifts either towards the left or the right hemisphere in sixty pseudor and omly ordered trials per session . Group 1 ( n = 8) were told to use emotional strategies in the task ( positive emotions for left hemisphere activation , negative emotion for right hemisphere activation ) , group 2 received no guidance . Both groups received feedback in the form of an on-screen rocket-ship , initially central ly placed , which rose to indicate an increase in left hemisphere negativity ( relative to the right hemisphere ) and fell to indicate an increase in right hemisphere negativity ( relative to the left hemisphere ) . A 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 ANOVA ( group x session x block x trial ) showed no performance differences between the strategy and no strategy groups . Both groups learned to produce correct direction shifts in the final third of each session during both trial types ( P < 0.001 ) . The no strategy group showed a particularly strong within session learning effect ( P < 0.0037 ) with poor performance in the early part of the sessions , and strong shifts at the end . Subjects high on withdrawal showed stronger rightward shifts in keeping with right hemisphere involvement in behavioural withdrawal . This is the first demonstration of self regulation of interhemispheric frontal asymmetry 
    Output:
    
Several main categories emerged : Attentional variables appear to be of importance to both performance and learning , motivational factors and mood have been implicated as moderate predictors of success , while personality factors have mixed findings .
Attention , motivation , mood and other factors affect  neurofeedback success .
Attention is consistently found to be crucial for efficient  neurofeedback learning .
Mood and Motivation are moderate predictors of  neurofeedback  success .