***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE By means of a r and omized double-blind study , the effect of providing taped initial consultations on cancer patients '  satisfaction , recall , and quality of life was investigated . PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive cancer patients referred to either the gynecology or medical oncology outpatient clinic were eligible .  Initial consultations were audiotaped . Patients were either provided with the tape ( experimental group ) or not ( control group ) . Baseline variables included sociodemographics , preferences for information , coping styles , and clinical characteristics . Follow-up ( after 1 week and 3 months ) variables included attitudes toward the intervention , satisfaction , recall , and quality of life . Assessment s took place through mailed question naires and telephone interviews . RESULTS Two hundred one patients were included ( response , 71 % ) , 105 in the experimental group and 96 in the control group . Most patients ( 75 % ) listened to the tape , the majority of which ( 73 % ) listened with others . Almost all patients , both in the experimental group ( 96 % ) and control group ( 98 % ) were positive about the intervention . Expectations were confirmed ; patients provided with the tape were more satisfied ( P < .05 ) and recalled more information ( P < .01 ) than patients without the tape . The intervention did not have an effect on quality of life . An interaction effect was found between the intervention and patients ' age on satisfaction with the taped consultation ( P < .01 ) and recall of diagnostic information ( P < .01 ) ; access to tapes seems more helpful in enhancing satisfaction in younger patients and recall of diagnostic information in older patients . CONCLUSION Cancer patients and their families value the taped initial consultation . This intervention enhances their satisfaction and improves their recall of information . Tapes seem more helpful in enhancing satisfaction in younger patients and recall of diagnostic information in older patients OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of an information booklet on HIV clinical trials , Clinical Trials in HIV and AIDS : Information For People Who Are Thinking About Joining a Trial , in addition to the st and ard trial information ( SI ) on patients ' knowledge ; underst and ing and attitudes about clinical trials ; and to investigate patients ' motivations and reasons for enrolling or not enrolling in a clinical trial . METHODS Fifty HIV-1 positive patients who attended the HIV clinic at a west London hospital were r and omized to receive either SI alone ( n = 27 ) or SI and a 16 page information booklet explaining the principles and procedures of HIV clinical trials ( n = 23 ) . A self-administered question naire was used at baseline to assess past experience and attitudes to clinical trials ( 10 questions ) , knowledge and underst and ing of HIV treatments ( 8 questions ) and clinical trials ( 11 questions ) . At 2 - 6 months after r and omization , a second interviewer-administered question naire addressed the patient 's assessment of the usefulness and comprehensiveness of the information provided by the SI and information booklet , whether or not the patient had enrolled in a clinical trial and reasons for enrolling/not enrolling , knowledge of specific aspects of the trial protocol the patient was eligible to join ( 13 questions ) and general knowledge of clinical trial procedures ( repeat of 11 baseline questions ) . Changes in the attitudes and scores on knowledge and underst and ing of clinical trials were compared for the two groups . RESULTS In both groups , patient knowledge of clinical trial procedures improved significantly over the study period . The median score increased from 30 at baseline to 35/44 at follow-up ( SI only ) vs. 24 - 31/44 ( SI plus booklet ) , but this did not differ significantly between the two groups . However , knowledge of the specific trial protocol was poor [ median score 13/25 , interquartile range ( IQR ) 8 - 14 ] , and there was no difference in the scores for the two groups . The prime motivations for joining a clinical trial were to benefit personal health and to gain access to new treatments . Potential side-effects were the main concern of prospect i ve trial participants . CONCLUSIONS This small trial shows that , while the patients ' general knowledge and underst and ing of clinical trials improved over time , this was not improved by the information booklet and re collection of the details of the relevant trial protocol remained poor Active participation in the medical consultation has been demonstrated to benefit aspects of patients ’ subsequent psychological well-being . We investigated two interventions promoting patient question -asking behaviour . The first was a question prompt sheet provided before the consultation , which was endorsed and worked through by the clinician . The second was a face to face coaching session exploring the benefits of , and barriers to , question -asking , followed by coaching in question -asking behaviour employing rehearsal techniques .  Sixty patients with heterogeneous cancers , seeing two medical oncologists for the first time , were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : two intervention groups and one control group .  Sociodemographic variables and anxiety were assessed prior to the intervention which preceded the consultation . The consultations were audiotaped and subsequently analysed for question -asking behaviour . Anxiety was assessed again immediately following the consultation . Question naires to assess patient satisfaction , anxiety and psychological adjustment were sent by mail 2 weeks following the consultation . Presentation and discussion of the prompt sheet significantly increased the total number of questions asked and the number of questions asked regarding tests and treatment . Coaching did not add significantly to the effects of the prompt sheet . Psychological outcomes were not different among the groups . We conclude that a question prompt sheet addressed by the doctor is a simple , inexpensive and effective means of promoting patient question asking in the cancer consultation Patient participation in medical consultations has been demonstrated to benefit their subsequent psychological well being . Question asking is one way in which patients can be active . We investigated 2 means of promoting cancer patient  question asking . One was the provision of a question prompt sheet to patients prior to their initial consultation with their oncologist .  The second was the active endorsement and systematic review of the question prompt sheet by their oncologist . 318 patients with heterogeneous cancers , seeing one of 5 medical and 4 radiation oncologists for the first time , were r and omised to either receive or not receive a question prompt sheet . Doctors were r and omised to either proactively address or passively respond to the question prompt sheet in the subsequent consultation . Anxiety was assessed prior to the consultation . Consultations were audiotaped and content analysed . Anxiety was assessed again immediately following the consultation . Within the next 10 days patients completed question naires assessing information needs , anxiety and satisfaction and were given a structured telephone interview assessing information recall . Patients provided with a question prompt sheet asked more questions about prognosis compared with controls and oncologists gave significantly more prognostic information to these patients . Provision of the question prompt sheet prolonged consultations and increased patient anxiety ; however , when oncologists specifically addressed the prompt sheet , anxiety levels were significantly reduced , consultation duration was decreased and recall was significantly improved . A patient question prompt sheet , used proactively by the doctor , is a powerful addition to the oncology consultation . © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign PURPOSE Women with breast cancer were provided with an audiotape of their primary adjuvant treatment consultation , and the following patient outcomes were measured at 12 weeks postconsultation : perceived degree of information provision , audiotape satisfaction and use , communication satisfaction with oncologist , mood state , and cancer-specific quality of life . PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants included 628 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 40 oncologists from six cancer centers in Canada . The patients were block r and omized to one of four consultation groups : st and ard care control , not audiotaped ; audiotaped , no audiotape given ; audiotaped , patient given audiotape ; and audiotaped , patient offered choice of receiving audiotape or not . RESULTS Patients receiving the consultation audiotape had significantly better recall of having discussed side effects of treatment than patients who did not receive the audiotape . Audiotape benefit was not significantly related to patient satisfaction with communication , mood state , or quality of life at 12 weeks postconsultation , and was not significantly affected by choice of receiving the audiotape . Patients rated the audiotape intervention positively , with an average score of 83.9 of 100 . CONCLUSION Audiotape provision benefits patients by facilitating their perception of being informed about treatment side effects , but does not significantly influence patient satisfaction with communication , mood state , or quality of life PURPOSE Studies of  tape recordings of cancer consultations have produced conflicting results . At the same time , audiotapes containing general information about cancer are poorly evaluated and are distributed to patients in an ad hoc manner . We compared the effects of both interventions on patient satisfaction , psychologic adjustment , and recall of information following their first consultation with a medical oncologist . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients ( n = 142 ) were r and omized to receive ( 1 ) an audiotape of their consultation , ( 2 ) an audiotape describing cancer in general terms  , or ( 3 ) no tape .  Recall of information was assessed in a structured interview 4 to 20 days after the consultation . RESULTS Satisfaction with the consultation increased linearly from no tape to general tape to consultation tape . Satisfaction with the tape itself was higher in patients who received the consultation tape ( satisfaction score , 61 % ) compared with those who received the general tape ( 43 % ) . Average recall for all groups was 6.4 of the 25 items of information presented , and 2.4 of the six points identified as particularly important by the oncologist . The consultation tape did not improve recall over the no tape control , but the general tape caused a decrease of almost two items in total recall . Spontaneous ( ie , unprompted ) recall was significantly poorer with the general information tape . Psychologic adjustment to cancer was unaffected . CONCLUSION We conclude that individual audiotapes have a limited potential to increase recall of information from the oncology consultation . General information tapes about cancer appear to inhibit recall actively Abstract OBJECTIVE : To assess the effect of video and pamphlet interventions on patient prostate cancer ( CaP )  screening knowledge , decision-making participation , preferences , and behaviors . DESIGN : R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING : Four midwestern Veterans Affairs medical facilities . PATIENTS / PARTICIPANTS : One thous and , one hundred fifty-two male veterans age 50 and older with primary care appointments at participating facilities were r and omized and 893 completed follow-up . INTERVENTIONS : Patients were r and omized to mailed pamphlet , mailed video , or usual care/control . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Outcomes assessed by phone survey 2 weeks postintervention included a 10-item knowledge index ; correct responses to questions on CaP natural history , treatment efficacy , the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) ’s predictive value , and expert disagreement about the PSA ; whether screening was discussed with provider ; screening preferences ; and PSA testing rates . Mean knowledge index scores were higher for video ( 7.44 ; P=.001 ) and pamphlet ( 7.26 ; P=.03 ) subjects versus controls ( 6.90 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects reported significantly higher percentages of correct responses relative to controls to questions on CaP natural history ( 63 % , 63 % , and 54 % , respectively ) ; treatment efficacy ( 19 % , 20 % , and 5 % ) , and expert disagreement ( 28 % , 19 % , and 8 % ) , but not PSA accuracy ( 28 % , 22 % , and 22 % ) . Pamphlet subjects were more likely than controls to discuss screening with their provider ( 41 % vs 32 % ; P=.03 ) but video subjects were not ( 35 % ; P=.33 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects were less likely to intend to have a PSA , relative to controls ( 63 % , 65 % , and 74 % , respectively ) . PSA testing rates did not differ significantly across groups . CONCLUSIONS : Mailed interventions enhance patient knowledge and self-reported participation in decision making , and alter screening preferences . The pamphlet and video interventions evaluated are comparable in effectiveness . The lower-cost pamphlet approach is an attractive option for clinics with limited re sources Open or uncontrolled studies have suggested that providing cancer patients with audiotapes of their clinical interviews can improve information recall and reduce psychological distress . We tested these hypotheses in a ' clinician-blind ' , prospect i ve , r and omised controlled trial . A total of 117 patients newly referred to a medical oncology clinic who were to be given ' bad news ' had their consultations  audiotaped . Blind to the clinician , patients were r and omly allocated to receive a copy of the tape to play at home or not ( control group ) . At 6 months follow-up , tape group patients reported positive attitudes to the audiotape and were shown to recall significantly more information about their illness than did controls . Overall improvement in psychological distress at 1 and 6 months follow-up , as measured with the 30-item General Health Question naire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was no different in the two groups . However , a second-order interaction suggested that poor-prognosis patients were disadvantaged specifically by access to the audiotape , with less improvement in psychological distress at 6 months follow-up than non-tape controls . Patient access to audiotapes of clinical interviews promotes factual retention but does not reliably reduce psychological distress and may be actively unhelpful in some subgroups of patients Summary A range of measures have been proposed to enhance the provision of information to cancer patients and r and omized controlled trials have demonstrated their impact on patient satisfaction and recall . The current study explored the practice and views of oncologists , surgeons and general practitioners ( GPs ) with regards to providing patients with consultation audiotapes and summary letters . In stage 1 , 28 semi-structured interviews with doctors were conducted to provide qualitative data on which to base a question naire . In stage 2 , 113 medical oncologists , 43 radiation oncologists , 55 surgeons and 108 GPs completed question na 
    Output:
    
The results indicate that an audiotape of the patients ' own consultation has added value upon oral information only .
However , providing patients with a general audiotape does not improve recall of information and might even inhibit patients ' recall .
Furthermore , there is scientific evidence , although limited , that the use of a question prompt sheet ( QPS ) has a positive effect on recall of information , provided that the physician actively endorses this sheet .
No evidence was found for an effect of providing patients with a  summary letter of the consultation on recall , although research on this subject is scarce .
In conclusion , the review suggests that interventions that are tailored to the individual cancer patient , such as an audiotape of the consultation or a QPS , are most effective .