***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death . There is a dearth of prospect i ve data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages , including soft drinks , fruit juice , whole milk , and skim and low-fat milk , and changes in waist circumference ( WC ) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , population -based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25 - 74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009 . We measured weight , height , and WC , and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) with the use of vali date d question naires . We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models . RESULTS A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC ( P = 0.018 ) after 10 y of follow-up . Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.3 , 2.4 ) and 1.1 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.03 , 2.2 ) decrease in WC , respectively . Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption . Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated ( P = 0.029 ) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity .  CONCLUSION Adults ' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of sugary drink consumption and its substitution with alternative beverages with body weight gain  among young children predisposed to future weight gain . Secondary analysis of the Healthy Start Study , a 1·5-year r and omised controlled trial design ed to prevent overweight among Danish children aged 2 - 6 years ( n 366 ) , was carried out . Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of beverage consumption with change in body weight ( Δweight ) or BMI ( Δ BMI ) z-score . Substitution models were used to extrapolate the influence of replacing sugary drinks with alternative beverages ( water , milk and diet drinks ) on Δweight or Δ BMI z-score .  Sugary drink intake at baseline and substitution of sugary drinks with milk were associated with both Δweight and Δ BMI z-score . Every 100 g/d increase in sugary drink intake was associated with 0·10 kg and 0·06 unit increases in body weight ( P=0·048 ) and BMI z-score ( P=0·04 ) , respectively . Substitution of 100 g/d sugary drinks with 100 g/d milk was inversely associated with Δweight ( β=-0·16 kg ; P=0·045 ) and Δ BMI z-score ( β=-0·07 units ; P=0·04 ) . The results of this study suggest that sugary drink consumption was associated with body weight gain  among young children with high predisposition for future overweight . In line with the current recommendations , sugary drinks , whether high in added or natural sugar , should be discouraged to help prevent childhood obesity . Milk may be a good alternative to sugary drinks with regard to weight management among young obesity-predisposed children BACKGROUND Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with overweight in observational studies . A possible explanation is that liquid sugars do not satiate and that their intake is not compensated by reduced caloric intake from other foods . However , evidence from intervention studies for this hypothesis is inconclusive because previous studies were not blinded . Hence results may have been influenced by expectations and behavioral cues rather than by physiological mechanisms . METHODS We design ed the Double-blind , R and omized INtervention study in Kids ( DRINK ) to examine the effect on body weight of covertly replacing sugar-sweetened by sugar-free beverages .  Children were only eligible if they habitually drank sugar-sweetened beverages . We recruited 642 healthy children ( mean age 8.2 , range 4.8 - 11.9 ) . We design ed , tested and produced custom-made beverages containing 10 % sugar and sugar-free beverages with the same sweet taste and look . Children receive one 250 mL can of study beverage daily for 18 months . We perform body measurements at 0 , 6 , 12 and 18 months . The primary outcome is the z-score of BMI for age . The maximum predicted difference in this score between groups is 0.72 , which corresponds with a difference in body weight of 2.3 kg . DISCUSSION The double-blind design eliminates behavioral factors that affect body weight . If children gain less body fat when drinking sugar-free than when drinking sugar-sweetened beverages that would show that liquid sugar indeed bypasses biological satiation mechanisms . It would also suggest that a reduction in liquid sugars could decrease body fat more effectively than reduction of other calorie sources OBJECTIVE Preschoolers ( ages 2 - 5 years ) have been significantly underrepresented in the obesity treatment outcome literature , despite estimates that 12.1 % are already obese . As such , little is known about the most important intervention targets for weight management within this age group . The aims of this study were ( a ) to examine lifestyle behavior changes for 30 obese preschoolers participating in a weight-control intervention and ( b ) to explore which lifestyle behavior changes predicted changes in body mass index ( BMI ) z score . METHOD Preschooler height , weight , diet ( three 24-hr recalls ) ,  physical activity ( accelerometry )  , and  television use  ( parent report ) were measured at baseline and posttreatment ( 6 months ) . A linear regression was conducted to examine pre- to posttreatment changes in diet ( i.e. , intake of calories , sugar-sweetened beverages , fruits and vegetables , and sweet and salty snacks ) and  activity  ( i.e. , moderate-to-vigorous activity and television use ) behaviors on changes in BMI z score . RESULTS Despite significant reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage intake and television use , and increases in fruit and vegetable intake , only reductions in absolute caloric intake significantly predicted reductions in BMI z score . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that attaining healthy caloric goals may be the most important component of weight-control interventions for preschoolers . Future research using innovative method ologies , such as the Multiphase Optimization Strategy , may be helpful to prospect ively identifying the lifestyle behavior changes that are most effective in helping families to achieve healthy weight outcomes for preschoolers and thereby improve intervention efficiency and decrease treatment burden for families Objective . To prospect ively identify behavioral risk factors for childhood overweight and to assess their relevance in high risk sub groups ( children of mothers with overweight or low education ) . Methods . In the PIAMA birth cohort ( n = 3963 ) , question naire data  were obtained at ages 5  and 7 on “ screen time ” , walking or cycling to school , playing outside , sports club membership , fast food consumption , snack consumption and soft drink consumption . Weight and height were measured at age 8 years . Results . Screen time , but none of the other hypothesized behavioral factors , was associated with overweight ( aOR 1.4 ( CI : 1.2–1.6 ) ) . The adjusted population attributable risk fraction for screen time > 1 hr/day was 10 % in the high risk and 17 % in the low risk sub groups . Conclusion . Reduction of screen time to < 1 hr/day could result in a reduction of overweight prevalence in the order of 2 percentage points in both high and low risks sub groups OBJECTIVE We examined whether drinking water per se is associated with drinking less of other beverages and whether changes in BMI are associated with the intake of water and other beverages . DESIGN Secondary analysis of a r and omized trial of fourth grade rs followed over 1 year . SETTING Public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . SUBJECTS Participants were 1134 students aged 10 - 11 years . RESULTS At baseline , a higher frequency of water consumption was associated with a greater daily intake of fruit juice  ( P = 0.02 ) and a higher daily frequency of milk ( P = 0.005 ) . In the intervention group , the baseline frequency of water consumption  was negatively associated with weight change over 1 year but without statistical significance ( coefficient = -0.08 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI -0.37 , 0.24 kg/m2 ) , whereas fruit juice intake frequency was positively associated with weight change : each increase in fruit juice intake of 1 glass/d was associated with a BMI increase of 0.16 ( 95 % CI 0.02 , 0.30 ) kg/m2 . CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a protective effect of water consumption on BMI , but confirm consumption of juice drinks as a risk factor for BMI gain .  Students who reported high water consumption also reported high intake of other beverages ; therefore , the promotion of water consumption per se would not prevent excessive weight gain BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : Although sugar-sweetened beverage ( SSB ) consumption has been tightly linked to weight status among older children , the data regarding these relationships in children aged 2 to 5 years have been mixed . Our objective was to evaluate longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between SSB consumption and weight status among children aged 2 to 5 years . METHODS : We assessed SSB consumption and BMI z scores among 9600 children followed in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey — Birth Cohort , using linear and logistic regression and adjusting for race/ethnicity , socioeconomic status , mother ’s BMI , and television viewing . RESULTS : Higher rates of SSB consumption were associated with higher BMI z scores among children age 4 ( P < .05 ) and 5 ( P < .001 ) but not yet at 2 years . Children aged 5 years who drank SSB regularly ( compared with infrequent/nondrinkers ) had a higher odds ratio for being obese ( 1.43 , confidence interval 1.10–1.85 , P < .01 ) . In prospect i ve analysis , children drinking SSB at 2 years ( compared with infrequent/nondrinkers ) had a greater subsequent increase in BMI z score over the ensuing 2 years ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Similar to what is seen among older children , children aged 2 to 5 years drinking SSB demonstrate both prospect i ve and cross-sectional correlations with higher BMI z score . Pediatricians and parents should discourage SSB consumption to help avoid potential unhealthy weight gain in young children . From a public health st and point , strong consideration should be made toward policy changes leading to decreases in SSB consumption among children Beverage consumption has been implicated in weight gain , but questions remain about the veracity of the association , whether the relationship is causal and what property of beverages is responsible . It was hypothesized that food form is the most salient attribute . Thus , a r and omized controlled trial of food form was conducted . Energy-matched beverage or solid forms of fruits and vegetables were provided to 34 , lean or overweight/obese adults for two 8-week periods with a 3-week washout interspersed . Dietary compensation was incomplete ( beverage 53 % ; solid 78 % ) and body weight increased after the beverage ( 1.95 ± 0.33 kg ) ( 77 % fat mass ) and solid ( 1.36 ± 0.30 kg ) ( 85 % fat mass ) treatments ( both P < 0.0005 ) . Differences between food forms were not significant . The lean group had the highest dietary compensation ( 119 % ) and no significant weight change ( 0.84 ± 0.53 kg ) after consuming the solid fruits and vegetables whereas the overweight/obese group had lower compensation and significant weight gain during the solid arm ( 46 % , 1.77 ± 0.32 kg , P < 0.0001 ) . In contrast , incomplete dietary compensation and weight gain occurred in both the lean ( 43 % , 1.61 ± 0.44 kg , P = 0.003 ) and overweight/obese ( 61 % , 2.22 ± 0.47 kg , P < 0.0005 ) groups during the beverage arm . Secondary analyses revealed the obese group gained more weight than the lean and overweight groups during the beverage intervention ( P = 0.024 ) . These data demonstrate energy consumed as beverages may be especially problematic for weight gain . They also indicate that advice to increase fruit and vegetable consumption should emphasize total energy intake because the additional energy contributed may promote weight gain , especially among overweight and obese individuals BACKGROUND : Beverages are contributing an increased proportion of energy to the diet . Because they elicit a weak compensatory dietary response , they may increase risk of positive energy balance . OBJECTIVES : This study aim ed to document the differential effects of matched liquid and solid carbohydrate loads on diet and body weight . DESIGN : In a cross-over design , seven males and eight females consumed dietary carbohydrate loads of 1880 kJ/day as a liquid ( soda ) or solid ( jelly beans ) during two 4 week periods separated by a 4 week washout . Subjects were permitted to consume the loads however they chose . In addition to baseline measurements , 
    Output:
    
Though the results of these studies were mixed , the majority demonstrated a statistically significant positive association between SCB consumption in children under age 12 and total adiposity and central adiposity .
In contrast , most studies that assessed 100 percent fruit juice consumption only with either total adiposity or central adiposity did not support an association .
Our results support a statistically significant positive association between SCBs and total and central adiposity  among children under age 12 .
This association is most consistent for total adiposity among children < 5 .