***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Given the evidence that reasoning biases contribute to delusional persistence and change , several research groups have made systematic efforts to modify them . The current experiment tested the hypothesis that targeting reasoning biases would result in change in delusions . Methods : One hundred and one participants with current delusions and schizophrenia spectrum psychosis were r and omly allocated to a brief computerized reasoning training intervention or to a control condition involving computer-based activities of similar duration . The primary hypotheses tested were that the reasoning training intervention , would improve ( 1 ) data gathering and belief flexibility and ( 2 ) delusional thinking , specifically paranoia . We then tested whether the changes in paranoia were mediated by changes in data gathering and flexibility , and whether working memory and negative symptoms moderated any intervention effects . Results : On an intention-to-treat analysis , there were significant improvements in state paranoia and reasoning in the experimental compared with the control condition . There was evidence that changes in reasoning mediated changes in paranoia , although this effect fell just outside the conventional level of significance after adjustment for baseline confounders . Working memory and negative symptoms significantly moderated the effects of the intervention on reasoning . Conclusion : The study demonstrated the effectiveness of a brief reasoning intervention in improving both reasoning processes and paranoia . It thereby provides proof-of-concept evidence that reasoning is a promising intermediary target in interventions to ameliorate delusions , and thus supports the value of developing this approach as a longer therapeutic intervention The present study aim ed to investigate whether a brief reasoning training module changes the “ jumping to conclusions ” data gathering bias in people with delusions . A secondary aim was to examine whether improvements in reasoning would lead to greater flexibility in thinking about delusions . It was found that people with delusions and a diagnosis of schizophrenia ( n = 34 ) requested less information on a reasoning task compared with a non clinical control group ( n = 34 ) . The clinical group was then r and omly allocated to a session of reasoning training or to an attention control condition . Following training , participants showed a significant increase in data gathering , and a small number reported more flexibility and less conviction in their delusions , although this finding was not significant . The presence at baseline of an extreme reasoning bias moderated the effect of training . The study provides further confirmation of the jumping to conclusions bias and shows that data gathering can be improved , though the severest form of the bias is resistant to change . It is recommended that lengthier , delusion-related reasoning packages be developed and evaluated BACKGROUND A consistent body of studies suggests that schizophrenia patients are extremely hasty when making decisions , and generally opt for the strongest response alternative . This pattern of results is primarily based on studies conducted with the beads task , which requires participants to determine from which of two possible jars a series of beads has been drawn . We have recently proposed a liberal acceptance ( LA ) bias to account for decision-making biases in schizophrenia , which cl aims that under heightened ambiguity the jump to conclusions ( JTC ) bias is abolished in schizophrenia . METHODS A total of 37 schizophrenia patients were compared with 37 healthy controls on different versions of the beads paradigm . For the first task , participants were required to rate the probability that a bead was being drawn from one of two jars , and had to evaluate after each bead whether the amount of presented information would justify a decision . The second task was a classical draws to decision experiment with two jars . The third task confronted participants with four possible jars . If JTC was ubiquitous in schizophrenia hasty convergence on one alternative would be predicted for all three tasks . In contrast , the LA account predicts an abolishment of the JTC effect in the final task . RESULTS Tasks 1 and 2 provide further evidence for the well-replicated JTC pattern in schizophrenia patients . In accordance with the LA hypothesis , no group differences were detected for task 3 . DISCUSSION The present results confirm that JTC is not ubiquitous in schizophrenia : in line with the LA account a JTC bias in schizophrenia occurred under low but not high ambiguity . LA may partly explain the emergence of fixed , false beliefs People with delusions have been shown to have both generalized ( Huq , Garety & Hemsley , 1988 ) and content-specific biases in reasoning ( Bentall , 1994 ) . Our concern here was whether the hastiness that has been found when people with delusions reason on relatively abstract tasks would be present on a more realistic task . A second concern was whether reasoning with salient or emotional material would increase the hastiness bias in people with delusions . Two versions of a probabilistic reasoning task were used to study the data gathering of people with delusions . The first version employed realistic but emotionally neutral material . People with delusions  requested less evidence before making a decision than psychiatric and normal comparison groups . Therefore , the hastiness found previously with abstract material s was seen to generalize to a more realistic task . In the second version participants were required to reason with material that had an emotional content and may have been regarded as being personally meaningful . In this condition all groups reduced the amount of evidence requested before making a decision Biases in cognition such as Jumping to Conclusions ( JTC ) and Verbal Self-Monitoring ( VSM ) are thought to underlie the formation of psychotic symptoms . This prospect i ve study in people with an At Risk Mental State ( ARMS ) for psychosis examined how these cognitive biases changed over time , and predicted clinical and functional outcomes .  Twenty-three participants were assessed at clinical presentation and a mean of 31 months later .  Performance on a  JTC and VSM tasks  were measured at both time points . Relationships to symptom severity , level of function and the incidence of psychotic disorder were then examined . The levels of symptoms , function and VSM all improved over time , while JTC was stable . Five participants ( 22 % ) developed a psychotic disorder during the follow-up period , but the risk of transition was not related to performance on either task at baseline , or to longitudinal changes in task performance . JTC performance correlated with symptom severity at baseline and follow-up . Similarly , performance on the two tasks was not related to the level of functioning at follow-up . Thus , while the ARMS is associated with both VSM and JTC biases , neither predict the onset of psychosis or the overall functional outcome 
    Output:
    
Hence , nonaffective psychosis is characterized by a hasty decision-making style , which is linked to an increased probability of delusions