***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective . To evaluate the quality of life ( QOL ) of untreated children with newly diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , compared with asthmatic and healthy children . Methods . This prospect i ve , case-control study included a group of 120 children , 6 to 12 years of age , with newly diagnosed ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition . Subjects were matched according to age , gender , and health care area with 2 control groups , ie , 93 asthmatic children and 120 healthy children . Sociodemographic characteristics and Child Health Question naire scores were collected . Results . The QOL of children with ADHD was rated worse than that of asthmatic or healthy children for most Child Health Question naire domains . The greatest differences were found in behavior , social limitations attributable to physical problems , emotional impact on parents , and family activities . Almost every psychosocial domain was more affected in comparison with asthmatic children and both psychosocial and physical domains in comparison with healthy children . Conclusions . ADHD interferes with the daily lives of children , parents , and families even more than asthma , primarily in areas related to psychosocial functioning , although evidence of impaired physical functioning also emerged . Delays in recognition , assessment , and management of ADHD may affect negatively the QOL of those children The purpose of this study was to examine in a controlled trial the effects of atomoxetine on the management of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptoms and functional impairments at school and at home . Participants were 153 children ( age 8 to 12 years ) diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder who were r and omized to double-blind treatment with either atomoxetine  ( n = 101 ) or placebo  ( n = 52 ) . Findings revealed significant improvements both for parent and teacher ratings of behavior for children receiving atomoxetine therapy . Children also were reported to evidence a trend toward better response to active medication than to placebo for health-related quality of life as rated by parents . No significant effects were revealed for the teacher ratings of academic productivity . Data were interpreted to provide support for the efficacy of atomoxetine on the symptoms associated with ADHD . The effects of atomoxetine on other functional outcomes including academic performance and health-related outcomes are of interest , albeit less compelling for this particular investigation , than for the effects on overt symptom display To gain a complete picture of a child 's health-status , measurement of health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) is necessary . Since parents do not accurately perceive children 's HRQL , information must be obtained from the children themselves . The aim of this study was to determine the minimum age and reading skills required by children to complete competently the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Question naire ( PAQLQ ) , the Health Utilities Index  ( HUI ) , the Feeling Thermometer and the St and ard Gamble , and to evaluate the validity of each for measuring HRQL in children with asthma . Fifty two children ( age 7 - 17 yrs ) with symptomatic asthma participated in a 9 week single cohort study with HRQL and clinical asthma control assessed every 4 weeks . All children provided very reliable data for the PAQLQ and the HUI but they needed > or = grade 6 reading skills to complete the St and ard Gamble and > or = grade 2 skills for the Feeling Thermometer . In those children who were able to provide reliable data , the PAQLQ had the best discriminative and evaluative measurement properties , followed closely by the Feeling Thermometer . Measurement properties in the St and ard Gamble were weaker and although the HUI was very reliable it was not actually measuring asthma-specific HRQL . The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Question naire may be used with confidence in clinical studies and practice to provide a profile of children 's day-to-day experiences . In those children with adequate skills to complete the test reliably , the Feeling Thermometer provides a good estimate of the value that children place on their asthma health status OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in childhood and criminality in adolescence and adulthood in 89 hyperactive and 87 normal control subjects . METHOD In this prospect i ve study , adolescent follow-up intervals ranged from 13 to 21 years and adult follow-up ranged from 18 to 23 years . The official arrest records for all subjects were obtained . RESULTS Hyperactive subjects had significantly higher juvenile ( 46 % versus 11 % ) and adult ( 21 % versus 1 % ) arrest rates . Juvenile and adult incarceration rates were also significantly higher . Childhood conduct problems predicted later criminality , and serious antisocial behavior in adolescence predicted adult criminality . CONCLUSIONS Hyperactive children are at risk for both juvenile and adult criminality . The risk for becoming an adult offender is associated with conduct problems in childhood and serious antisocial behavior ( repeat offending ) in adolescence . Hyperactive children who do not have conduct problems are not at increased risk for later criminality Objective To describe the methodology and to present the baseline findings of the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe ( ADORE ) study , the primary objective of which is to describe the relationship between treatment regimen prescribed and quality of life of children with ADHD in actual practice . Methods In this 2-year prospect i ve observational study , data on diagnosis , prescribed treatment and outcomes of ADHD were collected at seven time points by paediatricians and child psychiatrists on 1,573 children recruited in 10 European countries . The data presented here from the 1,478 patients included in the analyses describe the baseline condition , initial treatment regimen prescribed and quality of life of families with children with ADHD . Results Patients had a mean age of 9.0 years ( SD 2.5 ) and 84 % were male . Physicians diagnoses were made using DSM-IV ( 43 % ) , ICD-10 ( 32 % ) and both DSM-IV and ICD-10 ( 12 % ) . Mean age of awareness of a problem was 5.1 years , suggesting an average delay of approximately 4 years between awareness and diagnosis of ADHD . Baseline ADHD rating scale scores ( physicianrated ) indicated moderate to severe ADHD . Parent-rated SDQ scores were in agreement and suggested significant levels of co-existing problems . CGI-S , CGAS and CHIPCE scores also indicated significant impairment . Patients were offered the following treatments after the initial assessment : pharmacotherapy ( 25 % ) , psychotherapy ( 19 % ) , combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy ( 25 % ) , other therapy ( 10 % ) and no treatment ( 21 % ) . Conclusion The ADORE study shows that ADHD is similarly recognised across 10 European countries and that the children are significantly impaired across a wide range of domains . In this respect , they resemble children described in previous ADHD sample BACKGROUND Our objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in a sample of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) through young adulthood using contemporaneous diagnostic and analytic techniques . METHOD We conducted a case-control , 10-year prospect i ve study of ADHD youth . At baseline , we assessed consecutively referred male , Caucasian children with ( n=140 ) and without ( n=120 ) DSM-III-R ADHD , aged 6 - 18 years , ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources to allow for generalizability of results . At the 10-year follow-up , 112 ( 80 % ) and 105 ( 88 % ) of the ADHD and control children , respectively , were reassessed ( mean age 22 years ) . We created the following categories of psychiatric disorders : Major Psychopathology ( mood disorders and psychosis ) , Anxiety Disorders , Antisocial Disorders ( conduct , oppositional-defiant , and antisocial personality disorder ) , Developmental Disorders ( elimination , language , and tics disorder ) , and Substance Dependence Disorders ( alcohol , drug , and nicotine dependence ) , as measured by blinded structured diagnostic interview . RESULTS The lifetime prevalence for all categories of psychopathology were significantly greater in ADHD young adults compared to controls , with hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of 6.1 ( 3.5 - 10.7 ) , 2.2 ( 1.5 - 3.2 ) , 5.9 ( 3.9 - 8.8 ) , 2.5 ( 1.7 - 3.6 ) , and 2.0 ( 1.3 - 3.0 ) , respectively , for the categories described above . CONCLUSIONS By their young adult years , ADHD youth were at high risk for a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes including markedly elevated rates of antisocial , addictive , mood and anxiety disorders . These prospect i ve findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life-cycle and stress the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and intervention strategies OBJECTIVE Numerous investigations have examined the efficacy of pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) in children . However , relatively few studies have addressed the impact of treatment on long-term subjective , psychosocial outcomes , such as health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) . This study examines the long-term effects of pharmacological treatment with atomoxetine on HRQL in children and adolescents with ADHD . METHODS Participants included 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents ( n = 912 ) with ADHD enrolled in a 24-month , multicenter , open-label trial of atomoxetine . Outcomes included clinician ratings of ADHD , parent ratings of ADHD , and a widely used measure of HRQL ( The Child Health Question naire ( CHQ ) ) . Treatment response rates were calculated based on a CHQ improvement of at least 1 st and ard error of measurement . RESULTS Significant improvements in HRQL were found following both acute and long-term treatment for psychosocial but not physical health . Of participants who completed treatment ( n = 312 or 34.2 % of those enrolled ) , 81 % responded to acute treatment and 78 % responded to long-term treatment . Improvements noted after acute treatment were maintained during long-term treatment with the majority of participants ( 86 % ) continuing to respond to treatment . CONCLUSIONS Atomoxetine is associated with improvements in HRQL , and the improvements are generally stable over time OBJECTIVES Health-related quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) may improve with atomoxetine treatment . However , the degree of improvement may be perceived differently by patients , parents , and physicians . The primary aim of this study was to investigate ADHD-related difficulties as perceived from these three perspectives and to compare the perspectives . The degree of perceived difficulties was taken to reflect the health-related quality of life of patients in the study . A second objective was to assess the effectiveness of atomoxetine in children with ADHD in an open-label setting . METHODS Children aged 6 - 11 years with ADHD were treated for 24 weeks with atomoxetine at a target dose of 0.5 - 1.2 mg/kg per day . ADHD-related difficulties were assessed after 8 and 24 weeks of treatment using the newly devised Global Impression of Perceived Difficulties ( GIPD ) scale . This instrument , that has not yet been psychometrically vali date d , reflects patient quality of life from the three perspectives . Agreement among the perspectives was determined using Cohen 's kappa . RESULTS A total of 262 patients was treated with atomoxetine .  The mean dose for the respective visit intervals ranged between 1.15 and 1.17 mg/kg per day . Quality of life as reflected by the degree of perceived difficulties improved over time . Change in GIPD scores was greatest within the first 2 weeks . The course of the mean GIPD total scores over time showed a similar pattern among the three different rater perspectives . However , patients perceived the degree of difficulties as significantly less compared to parents and physicians . Agreement of ratings was highest between physicians and parents . CONCLUSIONS Results from the GIPD suggest that patient quality of life improves with time on atomoxetine . The effectiveness of atomoxetine in an open-label study was very similar to the effectiveness shown in placebo-controlled trials Measurement of health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) in attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) gives a more complete picture of day-to-day functioning and treatment effects than behavioural rating alone . The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the impact of the combined diagnoses of developmental coordination disorder ( DCD ) and ADHD on HRQOL , and the effectiveness of methylpheni date ( MPH ) on HRQOL . HRQOL was established using the Dutch-Child-AZL-TNO- Quality -of-Life ( DUX-25 ) and the TNO-AZL-Child- Quality -of-Life ( TACQOL ) question naires , completed by children and parents . HRQOL of these children was compared with that of 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls . Twenty-three children ( 21 males , two females ; mean age 8 y 6 mo , [ SD 3 mo ] range 7 y-10 y 8 mo ) with ADHD/DCD entered a 4-week , open-label MPH study , after MPH-sensitivity was established , in a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . In these children 's self- and proxy reports , impact of both DCD and ADHD was reflected in lower general well-being ( self and proxy report p=0.001 ) due to lower functioning in motor ( selfp=0.026 ; proxy 0.001 ) , autonomic ( self p<0.001 ; proxy p=0.047 ) , cognitive ( self p=0.001 ; proxy p=0.01 
    Output:
    
Robust negative effects on QoL are reported by the parents of children with ADHD across a broad range of psycho-social , achievement and self evaluation domains .
Children with ADHD rate their own QoL less negatively than their parents and do not always seeing themselves as functioning less well than healthy controls .
ADHD has a comparable overall impact on QoL compared to other mental health conditions and severe physical disorders .
Increased symptom level and impairment predicts poorer QoL. The presence of comorbid conditions or psychosocial stressors helps explain these effects .
There is emerging evidence that QoL improves with effective treatment .
In conclusion , ADHD seriously compromises QoL especially when seen from a parents ’ perspective .