***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Comm and hallucinations represent a special problem for the clinical management of psychosis . While compliance with both non-harmful and harmful comm and s can be problematic , sometimes in the extreme , active efforts to resist comm and s may also contribute to their malignancy . Previous research suggests Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT ) to be a useful treatment for reducing compliance with harmful comm and hallucinations . The purpose of this trial was to evaluate whether CBT augmented with acceptance-based strategies from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy could more broadly reduce the negative impact of comm and hallucinations .  Forty-three participants with problematic comm and hallucinations were r and omized to receive 15 sessions of the intervention " TORCH " ( Treatment of Resistant Comm and Hallucinations ) or the control , Befriending , then followed up for 6 months . A sub- sample of 17 participants was r and omized to a waitlist control before being allocated to TORCH or Befriending . Participants engaged equally well with both treatments . Despite TORCH participants subjectively reporting greater improvement in comm and hallucinations compared to Befriending participants , the study found no significant group differences in primary and secondary outcome measures based on blinded assessment data . Within-group analyses and comparisons between the combined treatments and waitlist suggested , however , that both treatments were beneficial with a differential pattern of outcomes observed across the two conditions Background . Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a psychological treatment approach that has a growing empirical base . Research has indicated an association between therapist-facilitated affective experience and outcome in psychodynamic therapy . Affect-phobia therapy ( APT ) , as outlined by McCullough et al. , is a psychodynamic treatment that emphasizes a strong focus on expression and experience of affect . This model has neither been evaluated for depression nor anxiety disorders in a r and omized controlled trial . While Internet-delivered psychodynamic treatments for depression and generalized anxiety disorder exist , they have not been based on APT . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to investigate the efficacy of an Internet-based , psychodynamic , guided self-help treatment based on APT for depression and anxiety disorders . Methods . One hundred participants with diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders participated in a r and omized ( 1:1 ratio ) controlled trial of an active group versus a control condition . The treatment group received a 10-week , psychodynamic , guided self-help treatment based on APT that was delivered through the Internet . The treatment consisted of eight text-based treatment modules and included therapist contact ( 9.5 min per client and week , on average ) in a secure online environment . Participants in the control group also received online therapist support and clinical monitoring of symptoms , but received no treatment modules . Outcome measures were the 9-item Patient Health Question naire Depression Scale ( PHQ-9 ) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale ( GAD-7 ) . Process measures were also included . All measures were administered weekly during the treatment period and at a 7-month follow-up . Results . Mixed models analyses using the full intention-to-treat sample revealed significant interaction effects of group and time on all outcome measures , when comparing treatment to the control group . A large between-group effect size of Cohen ’s d = 0.77 ( 95 % CI : 0.37–1.18 ) was found on the PHQ-9 and a moderately large between-group effect size d = 0.48 ( 95 % CI : 0.08–0.87 ) was found on the GAD-7 . The number of patients who recovered ( had no diagnoses of depression and anxiety , and had less than 10 on both the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 ) were at post-treatment 52 % in the treatment group and 24 % in the control group . This difference was significant , χ2(N = 100 , d f = 1 ) = 8.3 , p < .01 . From post-treatment to follow-up , treatment gains were maintained on the PHQ-9 , and significant improvements were seen on the GAD-7 . Conclusion . This study provides initial support for the efficacy of Internet-delivered psychodynamic therapy based on the affect-phobia model in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders . The results support the conclusion that psychodynamic treatment approaches may be transferred to the guided self-help format and delivered via the Internet Background Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) often present with a lifelong pattern of core symptoms that is associated with impairments of functioning in daily life . This has a substantial personal and economic impact . In clinical practice there is a high need for additional or alternative interventions for existing treatments , usually consisting of pharmacotherapy and /or psycho-education . Although previous studies show preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing ADHD symptoms and improving executive functioning , these studies have method ological limitations . This study will take account of these limitations and will examine the effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy ( MBCT ) in further detail . Methods / design A multi-centre , parallel-group , r and omised controlled trial will be conducted in N = 120 adults with ADHD . Patients will be r and omised to  MBCT in addition to treatment as usual ( TAU ) or TAU alone . Assessment s will take place at baseline and at three , six and nine months after baseline . Primary outcome measure will be severity of ADHD symptoms rated by a blinded clinician . Secondary outcome measures will be self-reported ADHD symptoms , executive functioning , mindfulness skills , self-compassion , positive mental health and general functioning . In addition , a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted . Discussion This trial will offer valuable information about the clinical and cost-effectiveness of MBCT in addition to TAU compared to TAU alone in adults swith ADHD.Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02463396 . Registered 8 June 2015 Objectives Evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of two smartphone-delivered treatments : one based on behavioural activation ( BA ) and other on mindfulness . Design Parallel r and omised controlled , open , trial . Participants were allocated using an online r and omisation tool , h and led by an independent person who was separate from the staff conducting the study . Setting General community , with recruitment nationally through mass media and advertisements . Participants 40 participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder received a BA treatment , and 41 participants received a mindfulness treatment . 9 participants were lost at the post-treatment . Intervention BA : An 8-week long behaviour programme administered via a smartphone application . Mindfulness : An 8-week long mindfulness programme , administered via a smartphone application . Main outcome measures The Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI-II ) and the nine-item Patient Health Question naire Depression Scale ( PHQ-9 ) . Results 81 participants were r and omised ( mean age 36.0 years ( SD=10.8 ) ) and analysed . Results showed no significant interaction effects of group and time on any of the outcome measures either from pretreatment to post-treatment or from pretreatment to the 6-month follow-up . Subgroup analyses showed that the BA treatment was more effective than the mindfulness treatment among participants with higher initial severity of depression from pretreatment to the 6-month follow-up ( PHQ-9 : F ( 1 , 362.1)=5.2 , p<0.05 ) . In contrast , the mindfulness treatment worked better than the BA treatment among participants with lower initial severity from pretreatment to the 6-month follow-up ( PHQ-9 : F ( 1 , 69.3)=7.7 , p<0.01 ) ; BDI-II : ( F(1 , 53.60)=6.25 , p<0.05 ) . Conclusions The two interventions did not differ significantly from one another . For participants with higher severity of depression , the treatment based on BA was superior to the treatment based on mindfulness . For participants with lower initial severity , the treatment based on mindfulness worked significantly better than the treatment based on BA . Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01463020 BACKGROUND There appears to be consensus that patients with only one or two prior depressive episodes do not benefit from treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) . AIMS To investigate whether the effect of MBCT on residual depressive symptoms is contingent on the number of previous depressive episodes ( trial number NTR1084 ) . METHOD Currently non-depressed adults with residual depressive symptoms and a history of depression ( ≤2 prior episodes : n = 71 ; ≥3 episodes : n = 59 ) were r and omised to  MBCT ( n = 64 ) or a waiting list ( control : n = 66 ) in an open-label , r and omised controlled trial . The main outcome measured was the reduction in residual depressive symptoms ( Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression , HRSD-17 ) . RESULTS Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was superior to the control condition across subgroups ( β = -0.56 , P<0.001 ) . The interaction between treatment and subgroup was not significant ( β = 0.45 , P = 0.16 ) . CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy  reduces residual depressive symptoms irrespective of the number of previous episodes of major depression Depression presents a serious condition for the individual and a major challenge to health care and society . Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy ( ICBT ) is a treatment option supported in several trials , but there is as yet a lack of effective studies of ICBT in “ real world ” primary care setting s. We examined whether ICBT differed from treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) in reducing depressive symptoms after 3 months . TAU comprised of visits to general practitioner , registered nurse , antidepressant drugs , waiting list for , or psychotherapy , or combinations of these alternatives . Patients , aged ≥ 18 years , who tentatively met criteria for mild to moderate depression at 16 primary care centers in the south-western region of Sweden were recruited and then assessed in a diagnostic interview . A total of 90 patients were r and omized to either TAU or ICBT . The ICBT treatment included interactive elements online , a workbook , a CD with mindfulness and acceptance exercises , and minimal therapist contact . The treatment period lasted for 12 weeks after which both groups were assessed . The main outcome measure was Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI-II ) . Additional measures were Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale – self rating version ( MADRS-S ) and Beck Anxiety Inventory ( BAI ) . The analyses revealed no significant difference between the two groups at post treatment , neither on BDI-II , MADRS-S , nor BAI . Twenty patients ( 56 % ) in the ICBT treatment completed all seven modules . Our findings suggest that ICBT may be successfully delivered in primary care and that the effectiveness , after 3 months , is at par with TAU Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) showed efficacy for currently depressed patients . However , most of the available studies suffer from important method ological shortcomings , including the lack of adequate control groups . The present study aims to compare MBCT with a psycho-educational control group design ed to be structurally equivalent to the MBCT program but excluding the main putative " active ingredient " of MBCT ( i.e. , mindfulness meditation practice ) for the treatment of patients with major depression ( MD ) who did not achieve remission following at least 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment . Out of 106 screened subjects , 43 were r and omized to receive MBCT or psycho-education and were prospect ively followed for 26 weeks . MD severity was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI-II ) . Measures of anxiety , mindfulness , and quality of life were also included . All assessment s were performed at baseline , 4 , 8 , 17 and 26-weeks . Both HAM-D and BDI scores , as well as quality of life and mindfulness scores , showed higher improvements , which were particularly evident over the long-term period , in the MBCT group than in the psycho-education group . Although limited by a small sample size , the results of this study suggest the superiority of MBCT over psycho-education for non-remitted MD subjects OBJECTIVES People in the late stage of bipolar disorder ( BD ) experience elevated relapse rates and poorer quality of life ( QoL ) compared with those in the early stages . Existing psychological interventions also appear less effective in this group . To address this need , we developed a new online mindfulness-based intervention targeting quality of life ( QoL ) in late stage BD . Here , we report on an open pilot trial of ORBIT ( online , recovery-focused , bipolar individual therapy ) . METHODS Inclusion criteria were : self-reported primary diagnosis of BD , six or more episodes of BD , under the care of a medical practitioner , access to the internet , proficient in English , 18 - 65 years of age . Primary outcome was change ( baseline - post-treatment ) on the Brief QoL.BD  ( Michalak and Murray , 2010 ) . Secondary outcomes were depression , anxiety , and stress measured on the DASS scales ( Lovibond and Lovibond , 1993 ) . RESULTS Twenty-six people consented to participate ( Age M=46.6 years , SD=12.9 , and 75 % female ) . Ten participants were lost to follow-up ( 38.5 % attrition ) . Statistically significant improvement in QoL was found for the completers , t(15)=2.88 , 95 % CI:.89 - 5.98 , p=.011 , ( Cohen׳s dz=.72 , partial η(2)=.36 ) , and the intent 
    Output:
    
Results support the effectiveness of web-based mindfulness interventions in reducing depression and anxiety and in enhancing quality of life and mindfulness skills , particularly in those with clinical anxiety .