***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of annual topical application of silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) solution , semi-annual topical application of SDF solution , and annual application of a flowable high fluoride-releasing glass ionomer in arresting active dentine caries in primary teeth . METHODS A total of 212 children , aged 3 - 4 years , were r and omly allocated to one of three groups for treatment of carious dentine cavities in their primary teeth :  Gp1-annual application of SDF , Gp2-semi-annual application of SDF , and Gp3-annual application of glass ionomer . Follow-up examinations were carried out every six months to assess whether the treated caries lesions had become arrested . RESULTS After 24 months , 181 ( 85 % ) children remained in the study . The caries arrest rates were 79 % , 91 % and 82 % for Gp1 , Gp2 and Gp3 , respectively ( p=0.007 ) . In the logistic regression model using GEE to adjust for clustering effect , higher caries arrest rates were found in lesions treated in Gp2 ( OR=2.98 , p=0.007 ) , those in anterior teeth ( OR=5.55 , p<0.001 ) , and those in buccal/lingual smooth surfaces ( OR=15.6 , p=0.004 ) . CONCLUSION Annual application of either SDF solution or high fluoride-releasing glass ionomer can arrest active dentine caries . Increasing the frequency of application to every 6 months can increase the caries arrest rate of SDF application . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Arrest of active dentine caries in primary teeth by topical application of SDF solution can be enhanced by increasing the frequency of application from annually to every 6 months , whereas annual paint-on of a flowable glass ionomer can also arrest active dentine caries and may provide a more aesthetic outcome Background Early childhood caries discloses a distinct clinical pattern , and the teeth most often involved are the maxillary central incisors , lateral incisors , and the maxillary and man-dibular first molars . The maxillary incisors are most severely affected , with deep carious lesions usually involving the pulp . Teeth that have been endodontically treated often have little coronal tooth tissue remaining and as such require a post to retain the core and restoration .This study evaluated and compared the efficacy of EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post with ParaPost Taper Lux in primary maxillary anterior teeth . Aim An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate and compare the longevity and failures of two fiber post systems in primary maxillary anterior teeth . Material s and methods A total of 60 severely mutilated primary maxillary anterior teeth from children aged 3 to 5 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria . These teeth were treated endodontically and were r and omly assigned into two groups with 30 sample s in each group , group I : EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post , group II : ParaPost Taper Lux post . The evaluation of dislodgment of posts , secondary caries , root fracture , and post fracture was carried out clinical ly and radiographically during every follow-up at 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months interval . Results Statistical tests ( Chi-square test , Fisher ’s exact probability test ) suggested that dislodgment of the posts was significant between the two groups at 6 , 9 , and 12 months follow-ups . But within the group during subsequent follow-up intervals , dislodgment of posts as a mode of failure was not statistically significant . However , clinical ly failures were seen in both the study groups . Conclusion Fiber post system has proved to be successful clinical ly in both primary and permanent teeth due to the mono-block effect with luting agent , post system , core material , and bonding to dentin . Thus , today the EverStick glass fiber post system provides a novel way of fabricating cost-effective and less time-consuming custom-made post in treating mutilated maxillary anteriors . How to cite this article Sawant A , Chunawalla Y , Morawala A , Kanchan NS , Jain K , Talathi R. Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions : A 12-month Clinical Study . Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):126 - 130 OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of three applications of silver diammine fluoride ( SDF ) solution at yearly interval and three applications of SDF solution or sodium fluoride ( NaF ) varnish at weekly interval at baseline in arresting active caries  in the primary teeth of preschool children . METHODS Children aged 3 - 4 years ( n = 371 ) who had at least one active caries lesion ( ICDAS codes 3 - 6 ) in their primary teeth were r and omly allocated into three groups : Group 1 - annual application of 30 % SDF solution ; Group 2 - three applications of 30 % SDF at weekly intervals ; and Group 3 - three applications of 5 % NaF varnish at weekly intervals . Follow-up examinations were performed every 6 mo nths by the same masked examiner . RESULTS After 30 months , 309 ( 83 % ) children with 1877 caries lesions remained in the study . For cavitated lesions ( ICDAS code 5 or 6 ) , the caries arrest rate of Group 1 ( 48 % ) was significantly higher than those of Group 2 ( 33 % ) and Group 3 ( 34 % ) , ( p < 0.001 ) . Results of multi-level survival analysis showed that the arrest times of cavitated lesions in both SDF groups ( Groups 1 and 2 ) were significantly shorter than that of the NaF varnish group . For moderate caries lesions without visible dentine ( ICDAS code 3 or 4 ) , the caries arrest rates were 45 % , 44 % and 51 % in Groups 1 , 2 and 3 , respectively ( p > 0.05 ) . Presence of plaque on caries lesion , tooth type and tooth surface type had an influence on caries arrest . CONCLUSION Over a 30-month period , annual applications of SDF solution is more effective than three weekly applications of NaF varnish or SDF solution at baseline in arresting active cavitated dentine caries lesions in primary teeth . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE As annual application of SDF solution was found to be more effective than 3 weekly applications of NaF varnish or SDF solution at baseline in arresting active cavitated dentine caries lesions , the former application protocol is preferred for young children who are available for regular caries arrest treatment Objective : We aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of oral hygiene instruction , fluoride varnish and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate ( CPP-ACP ) for remineralizing white spot lesions ( WSL ) , and the effect of these on the dmft index in primary teeth . Subjects and Methods : In this 1-year , r and omized clinical trial , 140 children aged 12 - 36 months with WSL in the anterior maxillary teeth were selected and r and omly divided into 4 groups of 35 children each . Group 1 ( control ) received no preventive intervention . In group 2 , there was oral hygiene and dietary counseling . In group 3 , there was oral hygiene and the application of fluoride varnish at 4 , 8 and 12 months after baseline . In group 4 , there was oral hygiene and tooth mousse was applied by the parents twice a day over a 12-month period . At baseline and 4 , 8 and 12 months after the intervention , the size of WSL in millimeters and the dmft index were recorded . One hundred and twenty-two children completed the study . Data were analyzed using the repeated- measures ANOVA test . Results : In group 1 , the mean percent WSL area and dmft index values had increased significantly at 12 months after baseline ( p < 0.001 ) . The interventions led to significant decreases in the size of the WSL ; the greatest reduction was in group 4 ( 63 % ) followed by group 3 ( 51 % ) and group 2 ( 10 % ) after 12 months . The smallest increase in the dmft index was in group 4 ( 0.17 ) , followed by groups 3 ( 0.3 ) and 2 ( 0.42 ) . However , there were no significant differences between the groups ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Oral hygiene along with four fluoride varnish applications or constant CPP-ACP during the 12- month period reduced the size of WSL in the anterior primary teeth and caused a small increase in dmft index values Untreated dental caries in Chinese pre-school children is common . This prospect i ve controlled clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of topical fluoride applications in arresting dentin caries .  Three hundred seventy-five children , aged 3 - 5 years , with carious upper anterior teeth were divided into five groups . Children in the first and second groups received annual applications of silver diamine fluoride solution ( 44,800 ppm F ) . Sodium fluoride varnish ( 22,600 ppm F ) was applied every three months to the lesions of children in the third and fourth groups . For children in the first and third groups , soft carious tissues were removed prior to fluoride application . The fifth group was the control .  Three hundred eight children were followed for 30 months . The respective mean numbers of arrested carious tooth surfaces in the five groups were 2.5 , 2.8 , 1.5 , 1.5 , and 1.3 ( p < 0.001 ) . Silver diamine fluoride was found to be effective in arresting dentin caries in primary anterior teeth in pre-school children BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish on enamel caries progression in the primary dentition . METHODS One hundred forty-two children in Head Start schools ( 3 to 5 years old ) were r and omized into the varnish and control groups . Children in the varnish group received fluoride varnish ( Duraphat , Colgate-Palmolive Co. ) at baseline and after four months , and children in the control group received no professional fluoride applications . Two calibrated examiners performed the examinations at baseline and at nine months . RESULTS At nine months , the authors found that in the control group , 37.8 percent of active enamel lesions on occlusal , buccal and lingual surfaces became inactive , 3.6 percent progressed and 36.9 percent did not change . In the varnish group , 81.2 percent became inactive , 2.4 percent progressed and 8.2 percent did not change . The difference between the groups was statistically significant ( P < .0001 ) . The mean decayed surfaces , or ds , value in the varnish group was significantly lower after nine months than it was at baseline ( P < .0001 ) . When enamel lesions were included in the data analysis ( along with dentinal lesions ) , the decayed with initial enamel lesions , missing and filled surfaces , or dEmfs , values ; decayed with initial enamel lesions , missing and filled teeth , or dEmft , values ; and decayed surfaces with initial enamel lesions , or dEs , values were significantly lower in the varnish group after nine months than they were at baseline ( P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that fluoride varnish applications may be an effective measure in reversing active pit- and -fissure enamel lesions in the primary dentition . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Fluoride varnishes are safe , easy to apply and well-accepted by patients . This study shows that fluoride varnish may offer an efficient , nonsurgical alternative for the treatment of decay in children A pragmatic r and omised controlled trial comparing a minimally invasive approach based on atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) procedures ( test ) was tested against the st and ard-care approach ( control ) to treat early childhood caries ( ECC ) in a primary -care setting in Perth , W.A. , Australia . Parent/child dyads with ECC were allocated to the test or control group using stratified block r and omisation . Children were examined at baseline and follow-up by two calibrated examiners blinded to group allocation status . Dental therapists trained in ART provided treatment to the test group and dentists treated the control group . Restoration quality was evaluated at follow-up using the ART criteria . Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis ; test of proportions , Wilcoxon rank test and logistic regression , controlling for clustering of teeth , were used . Two hundred and fifty-four children were r and omised ( test = 127 and control = 127 ) . There was no statistically significant difference in age , sex and baseline caries experience between the test and control groups . At follow-up ( mean interval 11.4 months , SD 3.1 ) , 220 children were examined ( test = 115 and control = 105 ) and 597 teeth ( test = 417 and control = 180 ) were evaluated for restoration quality , of which 16.8 % ( test ) and 6.7 % ( control ) were judged to have failed ( required replacement ; p < 0.01 ) . Intention-to-treat , multiple logistic regression found multisurface restorations ( OR = 10.4 ) had significantly higher odds of failure , while referral for specialist paediatric care had significantly lower odds of restoration failure ( OR = 0.2 ) . The ART-based approach enabled more children and teeth to be treated , and multisurface restoration and treatment in a primary -care setting had higher odds of restoration failure AIM This r and omised clinical trial ( RCT ) compared the clinical outcomes of three aesthetic full-coronal restorations ( composite strip 
    Output:
    
For RA in carious anterior upper primary teeth , a low level of evidence was found for higher failure rates of glass ionomer cement and composite fillings than composite strip crowns even if placed under general anaesthesia and especially compared to other crowns ( stainless steel and zirconia ) .