***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose / Objectives : To test combining a group intervention to build self‐efficacy for using compensatory strategies and lifestyle adjustments with brain‐training practice to improve cognition . Design : A quasiexperimental design . Setting : Texas Oncology , a community oncology practice in Austin . Sample : 20 women aged 35‐65 years , who had finished chemotherapy at least three months before the study , were within five years of completing all treatment , and had self‐reported cognitive concerns . Methods : Six group sessions to build self‐efficacy for using compensatory strategies , along with other health behaviors that affect cognitive performance , were combined with practice on a computer‐based training program .  Female breast cancer survivors were recruited through flyers , mailings , and personal contacts . Main Research Variables : Cognitive performance , cognitive concerns , cognitive/memory strategies , fatigue , emotional distress , sleep disorders , and quality of life . Findings : Participants reported that the intervention was useful in building cognitive abilities . Although scores on performance tests did not increase , ratings of cognitive concerns , fatigue , emotional distress , and sleep disturbance decreased significantly . Use of cognitive/memory strategies increased significantly . Conclusions : This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of combining a group intervention with brain‐training practice . A larger r and omized trial would afford a more rigorous test of efficacy . Implication s for Nursing : A growing body of evidence regarding potential interventions to address survivors ’ cognitive problems exists . Nurses should counsel breast cancer survivors about fatigue , sleep deprivation , and emotional distress , as well as the effects of cancer treatment on cognition OBJECTIVE Cognitive dysfunction associated with cancer is frequently reported and can reduce quality of life . This study evaluated a Web-based cognitive rehabilitation therapy program ( eReCog ) in cancer survivors compared with a waitlist control group . METHODS Adult cancer survivors with self-reported cognitive symptoms who had completed primary treatment at least 6 months prior were recruited . Participants completed telephone screening and were r and omly allocated to the 4-week online intervention or waitlist . Primary outcome was perceived cognitive impairment assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function version 3 . Secondary outcomes were additional measures of subjective cognitive functioning , objective cognitive functioning , and psychosocial variables . RESULTS Seventy-six women were allocated to the intervention ( n = 40 ) or waitlist ( n = 36 ) . A significant interaction was found on the instrumental activities of daily living measure of self-reported prospect i ve memory whereby the intervention group reported a greater reduction in prospect i ve memory failures than the waitlist group . Interaction trends were noted on perceived cognitive impairments ( P = .089 ) and executive functioning ( P = .074 ) . No significant interactions were observed on other measures of objective cognitive functioning or psychosocial variables . CONCLUSIONS The Web-based intervention shows promise for improving self-reported cognitive functioning in adult cancer survivors . Further research is warranted to better underst and the mechanisms by which the intervention might contribute to improved self-reported cognition The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and satisfaction/acceptability of training in memory or speed of processing versus wait-list control for improving cognitive function in breast cancer survivors . 82 breast cancer survivors completed a three-group r and omized , controlled trial . Primary outcomes were objective neuropsychological tests of memory and speed of processing . Secondary outcomes were perceived cognitive functioning , symptom distress ( mood disturbance , anxiety , and fatigue ) , quality of life , and intervention satisfaction/acceptability . Data were collected at baseline , post-intervention , and 2-month follow-up . Using repeated- measures mixed-linear ANCOVA models , each intervention was compared to wait-list control while adjusting for age , education , and baseline measures . The effect sizes for differences in means and the reliable improvement percentage were reported . The results show that domain-specific effects were seen for both interventions : memory training improved memory performance at 2-month follow-up ( p = 0.036 , d = 0.59 ) ; speed of processing training improved processing speed post-intervention ( p = 0.040 , d = 0.55 ) and 2-month follow-up ( p = 0.016 ; d = 0.67 ) . Transfer effects to non-trained domains were seen for speed of processing training with improved memory post-intervention ( p = 0.007 , d = 0.75 ) and 2-month follow-up ( p = 0.004 , d = 0.82 ) . Both interventions were associated with improvements in perceived cognitive functioning , symptom distress , and quality of life . Ratings of satisfaction/acceptability were high for both interventions . It was concluded that while both interventions appeared promising , speed of processing training result ed in immediate and durable improvements in objective measures of processing speed and verbal memory . Speed of processing training may have broader benefits in this clinical population Background As cure rates for breast cancer improve , there is increasing evidence that late effects of treatment- and impaired fertility in particular-are emerging as important concerns among young breast cancer survivors . Older reports have evaluated the occurrence of amenorrhea after treatment , but few data have been reported about the incidence of biochemical evidence for impaired ovarian function in patients who do not become overtly menopausal . Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating  anti-Müllerian hormone ( amh )  in  premenopausal chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors and control patients .  R and om serum levels of  amh  and other relevant clinical data were collected for 100 premenopausal chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors and 76 control subjects . Subgroup analyses were performed for women with regular menstrual cycles at the time of amh testing . Results After adjustment for age , amh was significantly lower in the overall group of patients receiving chemotherapy ( p = 0.002 ) and in the subgroup reporting normal cycles ( p = 0.03 ) . Cyclophosphamide produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in amh ( p < 0.001 ) ; trastuzumab was associated with increased amh in survivors with normal cycles . Overall , serum amh in survivors was roughly equivalent to that measured in control patients 12 years older . Conclusions Young breast cancer survivors often experience significant impairment of ovarian function despite having normal menstrual cycles after treatment . Those results have important implication s for patient counselling and the timing of possible referral to a fertility specialist Abstract Background Cognitive complaints are common amongst breast cancer survivors , and no st and ard treatment exists . The present study evaluates whether web‐based cognitive training can alleviate subjectively reported and objective ly assessed cognitive complaints in a sample of breast cancer survivors . The primary and secondary outcomes were an objective measure of working memory and a measure of perceived cognitive functioning . Additional outcomes were neuropsychological tests of memory , executive function , working memory and question naire‐based assessment of anxiety , depression and somatization . Methods A total of 157 female breast cancer survivors were recruited from an existing cohort and through announcements in open access cancer‐related Internet fora and r and omly allocated to either web‐based cognitive training ( eCogT ) with telephone support ( n = 94 ) or a waitlist control ( WLC ) condition ( n = 63 ) . eCogT encompassed 30 training sessions over 6 weeks . Neuropsychological assessment s were undertaken over the telephone , and question naire data was collected online . Data was collected at baseline , post‐intervention and at 5‐month follow‐up . Results Mixed linear models revealed no statistically significant change in primary or secondary outcome at follow‐up in either group . Statistically significant improvements ( p 0.040–0.043 ) were found in the eCogT group for verbal learning and on a working memory test . Conclusions Web‐based cognitive training did not result in improvements of the primary or secondary outcome . Improved performance was observed on verbal learning and working memory . These effects were observed at 5‐month follow‐up , indicating long‐term effects of training . The intervention may be applied in a clinical setting at low cost and without risk of adverse effects . © 2016 The Authors Psycho‐Oncology Published by John Wiley & Sons Studies suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer ( BC ) is associated with cognitive impairment related to attention , memory , and visuospatial functioning . However , other studies have failed to confirm that relationship . We report one of the first longitudinal , controlled studies of cognitive effects of chemotherapy in older post-menopausal women . Sixty-one post-menopausal women with non-metastatic BC were administered neuropsychological tests before adjuvant therapy ( Time1 ) , six months after treatment ( Time2 ) , and at a final 6-month follow-up ( Time3 ) . Thirty women were treated with chemotherapy ; thirty-one women who received no chemotherapy were controls .  Cognitive domains measured included motor , language , attention/concentration/working memory , visuospatial , and memory ( verbal and visual ) . Time-by-treatment interaction was significant in the motor domain ( P = 0.007 ) with poorer performance in women treated with chemotherapy . For the other domains , scores did not significantly vary over time by group . In post-menopausal women , chemotherapy was not associated with changes in cognitive function in areas reported by BC survivors : attention , memory , and information processing . Motor slowing in women treated with chemotherapy could be secondary to peripheral neuropathy rather than an indication of more general declines in cognitive processing . Future studies should control for the independent effects of slowed motor functioning when looking to study possible chemotherapy related cognitive processing deficits OBJECTIVES Changes in cognitive function have been identified in and reported by many cancer survivors . These changes have the potential to impact patient quality of life and functional ability . This prospect i ve longitudinal study was design ed to quantify the incidence of change in cognitive function in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer patients throughout and following primary chemotherapy . METHODS Eligible patients had newly diagnosed , untreated ovarian cancer and had planned to receive chemotherapy . Web-based and patient reported cognitive assessment s and quality of life question naires were conducted prior to chemotherapy , prior to cycle four , after cycle six , and six months after completion of primary therapy . RESULTS Two-hundred-thirty-one evaluable patients entered this study between May 2010 and October 2011 . At the cycle 4 time point , 25.2 % ( 55/218 ) of patients exhibited cognitive impairment in at least one domain . At the post-cycle 6 and 6-month follow up time points , 21.1 % ( 44/208 ) and 17.8 % ( 30/169 ) of patients , respectively , demonstrated impairment in at least one domain of cognitive function . There were statistically significant , but clinical ly small , improvements in processing speed ( p<0.001 ) and attention ( p<0.001 ) but not in motor response time ( p=0.066 ) , from baseline through the six-month follow up time period . CONCLUSIONS This was a large , prospect i ve study design ed to measure cognitive function in ovarian cancer . A subset of patients had evidence of cognitive decline from baseline during chemotherapy treatment in this study as measured by the web-based assessment ; however , changes were generally limited to no more than one domain BACKGROUND A majority of breast cancer ( BC ) survivors , particularly those treated with chemotherapy , experience long-term cognitive deficits that significantly reduce quality of life . Among the cognitive domains most commonly affected include executive functions ( EF ) , such as working memory , cognitive flexibility , multitasking , planning , and attention . Previous studies in other population s have shown that cognitive training , a behavioral method for treating cognitive deficits , can result in significant improvements in a number of cognitive skills , including EF . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this study , we conducted a r and omized controlled trial to investigate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a novel , online EF training program in long-term BC survivors . A total of 41 BC survivors ( 21 active , 20 wait list ) completed the 48 session training program over 12 weeks . The participants were , on average , 6 years after therapy . RESULTS Cognitive training led to significant improvements in cognitive flexibility , verbal fluency and processing speed , with marginally significant downstream improvements in verbal memory as assessed via st and ardized measures . Self-ratings of EF skills , including planning , organizing , and task monitoring , also were improved in the active group compared with the wait list group . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that EF skills may be improved even in long-term survivors by using a computerized , home-based intervention program . These improvements may potentially include subjective EF skills , which suggest a transfer of the training program to real-world behaviors Purpose Cognitive impairment is reported frequently by cancer survivors . There are no proven treatments . We evaluated a cognitive rehabilitation program ( Insight ) and compared it with st and ard care in cancer survivors self-reporting cognitive symptoms .  Patients and Methods We recruited adult cancer survivors with a primary malignancy ( excluding central nervous system malignancies ) who had completed three or more cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy in the previous 6 to 60 months and reported persistent cognitive symptoms . All participants received a 30-minute telephone consultation and were then r and omly assigned to the 15-week , home-based intervention or to st and ard care . Primary outcome was self-reported cognitive function ( Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Cognitive Function [ FACT-COG ] perceived cognitive impairment [ PCI ] subscale ) : difference between groups after intervention ( T2 ) and 6 months later ( T3 ) . Results A total of 242 participants were r and omly assigned : median age , 53 years ; 95 % female . The primary outcome of difference in FACT-COG PCI was significant , with less PCI in the intervention group at T2 ( P < .00 
    Output:
    
Computerized interventions for CSs with cognitive decline were effective for executive function , memory , working memory , and speed of thought in the domain of objective cognitive function .
Some subjective cognitive functions also showed significant improvement .
Computerized cognitive interventions have a positive impact on objective , subjective , and psychological aspects of cognitive problems .