***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that a single dose of nebulized furosemide improves tidal volume and pulmonary compliance for up to a 2-hour study period . This study is undertaken in order to find out ( a ) whether increasing the dose of nebulized furosemide from 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight will further improve the pulmonary mechanics in premature infants with evolving chronic lung disease and ( b ) whether the effects of a single dose of nebulized furosemide last beyond 2 hours . STUDY DESIGN The effect of nebulized furosemide on pulmonary mechanics was studied at a mean postnatal age of 24 days ( range 14 to 50 days ) in 13 premature infants , 24 to 28 weeks ' gestational age , who had been dependent on mechanical ventilation since birth .  Furosemide was administered by nebulization at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg of body weight , in r and om order , on two separate days 24 hours apart . Pulmonary function studies were performed before and 2 , 4 , and 6 hours after the nebulization . Urine was collected for 6 hours immediately before and for 6 hours after the nebulization . RESULTS Furosemide by nebulization at 1 and 2 mg/kg of body weight result ed in significant improvement in tidal volume and compliance . There was no difference in the magnitude of response between the two doses . Neither 1 nor 2 mg/kg of body weight of nebulized furosemide had any effect on airway resistance . The improvement was maximum for up to 4 hours and lasted for up to 6 hours after the nebulization and was not associated with diuresis or increased excretion of urinary electrolytes . CONCLUSION A single dose of nebulized furosemide improves pulmonary function for up to 6 hours after its administration . Increasing the dose from 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight results in no further improvement in the pulmonary function . The pulmonary effects of nebulized furosemide are independent of its diuretic action Objective : Recent studies have suggested direct pulmonary effects of furosemide in asthmatics and infants with bronchopulmo- nary dysplasia . We tested the hypothesis that intratracheally administered furosemide also increases respiratory compliance in children after cardiac surgery , and investigated whether furosemide has a topical and /or systemic action . Study design : Prospect i ve study with intra-individual control . In twelve infants and toddlers ( age : 10 ± 8 months , weight : 6.9 ± 3 kg ) mechanically ventilated for compromised lung mechanics after cardiac surgery ,  0.5 mg/kg furosemide was intratracheally administered to the lungs  . Lung mechanics were serially assessed using a computerised system ( Sensormedics 2600 ) during a 2 h control and 2 h intervention period . Urine output was measured by an indwelling bladder catheter and levels of furosemide  were determined in blood and tracheal aspirates . Results : Static compliance improved within 30 min in all patients , reached a maximum of 44 ( 20–85 ) % above baseline and remained improved throughout the study ( p < 0.05 ) . An immediate , short and significant diuretic effect of intratracheally applied furosemide was observed . Furosemide levels 1 h after intervention were 795 ng/ml in the blood and 431 μg/ml ( i. e. 1000-fold higher ) in the tracheal aspirate . Changes in compliance were correlated only to urine output values over the 2 h ( r = 0.82 , p = 0.044 , n = 9 ) after furosemide administration . Conclusion : We conclude that intratracheally applied furosemide  improves static compliance in infants and toddlers with compromised lung mechanics after cardiac surgery . We demonstrated that furosemide is absorbed from the lung and has a systemic effect within 15 min after its intratracheal instillation We investigated the assumption that the efficacy of inhaled diuretics in asthma is dependent upon inhibition of the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter . We compared the protective effect of acetazolamide , a diuretic without significant effect on the loop cotransporter , with the protection provided by inhaled furosemide in a cold , dry air hyperventilation model of asthma . Seven asthmatic subjects underwent a baseline bronchial challenge and then received a nebulized dose of 80 mg of furosemide or 500 mg of acetazolamide or saline placebo in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover design . Repeat challenges were performed immediately and at 2 and 4 h postnebulization . Acetazolamide caused a 47.2 % increase in the amount of cold , dry air required to reduce the FEV1 , by 20 % ( expressed in terms of respiratory heat loss as PD20RHL ) , from 0.79 multiplied or divided by ( x/divided by ) 1.13 kcal/min ( geometric mean x/divided by geometric SEM ) at baseline to 1.17 x/divided by 1.09 kcal/min postnebulization ( p < 0.025 ) . Furosemide increased the geometric mean PD20RHL by 53.9 % , from 0.86 x/divided by 1.12 kcal/min to 1.33 x/divided by 1.12 kcal/min ( p < 0.001 ) . There was no significant change after placebo inhalation ( 0.81 x/divided by 1.15 kcal/min versus 0.87 x/divided by 1.10 kcal/min , NS ) . Airway responsiveness had returned to baseline by 2 h postnebulization on all 3 days . Furosemide also caused bronchodilatation , producing a 14.1 % rise in the mean FEV1 ( p < 0.005 versus prenebulization ) , whereas neither acetazolamide nor placebo altered airway tone significantly . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The efficacy of a bovine surfactant preparation ( SF-RI 1 ) to increase survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( BPD ) was studied in very premature infants in a multicenter , r and omized sequential trial . Thirty-four infants were r and omized to surfactant treatment , whereas 35 infants served as controls . As part of the study , pharmacotherapy with antibiotics , sedatives , catecholamines , diuretics , methylxanthines , mucolytics , muscle relaxants , digoxin , and indomethacin was registered during week 1 and weeks 2 - 4 . As to the endpoint of the study a significantly increased survival rate without BPD was observed in surfactant-treated infants ( 76 % ) compared to controls ( 40 % ) . Significant differences concerning drug utilization were found through week 1 with increased use of methylxanthines in surfactant-treated infants , which persisted during weeks 2 - 4 as well as a reduced incidence of diuretic therapy  in surfactant-treated infants during weeks 2 - 4 . These differences may be attributed to the shorter interval of mechanical ventilation in surfactant-treated infants ( 11 days ) compared to controls ( 27 days ) , and to the above mentioned increased survival rate without BPD We investigated the effects of 10 mg aerosolized furosemide on clinical score in 28 acutely wheezing infants ( Part A ) and in a second group of 20 intermittently wheezing babies on airway resistance and functional residual capacity during a symptomfree period ( Part B ) , using a double-blind , placebo-controlled design . In both parts of the study no therapeutic effects were observed during and following aerosol inhalation of 10 mg furosemide BACKGROUND : Inhaled frusemide protects subjects with asthma against a wide range of bronchoconstrictor challenges , including allergen , exercise and inhaled sodium metabisulphite . An investigation was design ed to determine whether this protection is related to the production of inhibitory prostagl and ins , such as prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) , by study ing the effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin on the protection afforded by inhaled frusemide against exercise induced asthma . METHODS : In a double blind crossover study 10 subjects with mild asthma were pretreated with indomethacin ( 50 mg thrice daily ) or placebo capsules for three days ; they then inhaled frusemide ( 40 mg ) or placebo 10 minutes before an exercise test previously shown to cause a 20 - 30 % fall in forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) . RESULTS : After inhalation of placebo exercise caused a similar maximum fall in FEV1 whether pretreatment was with placebo ( 26 % ) or indomethacin ( 25.2 % ) . After inhalation of frusemide the maximum fall in FEV1 was reduced to 14.3 % after placebo pretreatment and to 21.8 % after indomethacin pretreatment ; the difference between placebo and indomethacin pretreatment was significant ( mean difference 7.5 % , 95 % limits 0.6 % , 14.4 % ) . The inhibitory effect of frusemide on the response to exercise , assessed as change in FEV1 over 30 minutes , was significantly greater with placebo ( 62 % ) than indomethacin ( 13 % ) pretreatment . CONCLUSION : These findings support a role for inhibitory prostanoids , such as PGE2 , in the beneficial effects of frusemide as a protection against exercise induced asthma To investigate whether aerosolized furosemide would improve pulmonary function in premature infants with chronic lung disease , we enrolled eight preterm ventilator‐dependent infants in a cross‐over , double‐blind . placebo‐controlled trial . Either aerosolized furosemide ( 2mg/kg ) or placebo ( 0.9 % saline ) was administered , and serial pulmonary function tests were performed before and at 1 and 2h after each inhalation . After furosemide inhalation , static respiratory compliance increased significantly by 24.3 % and 23.2 % as percentage change from the baseline value at 1 and 2h ( p= 0.014 and 0.022 , respectively ) . Also , tidal volume increased significantly by 33.8 % and 28.7 % at 1 and 2h , respectively ( p= 0.004 and 0.009 ) . In contrast , no changes were observed in them after placebo inhalation . Total respiratory resistance was unchanged after both furosemide and placebo inhalation . There were no differences in urine volume in two groups . These data suggested that aerosolized furosemide  improved pulmonary function in infants with chronic lung disease without excessive diuresis BACKGROUND : Inhaled frusemide inhibits airway narrowing and causes a transient increase in forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) during hypertonic saline challenge . This inhibitory effect could be secondary to prostagl and in release during challenge . The involvement of prostagl and ins in the inhibitory action of frusemide during challenge with 4.5 % NaCl was investigated by premedicating with indomethacin , a prostagl and in synthetase inhibitor . METHODS : Fourteen asthmatic subjects ( eight women ) aged 26.6 ( range 18 - 56 ) years participated in a double blind , placebo controlled , crossover study . The subjects attended five times and inhaled 4.5 % NaCl for 0.5 , 0.75 , 1 , 1.5 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 8 , and 8 minutes , or part thereof , or until a provocative dose causing a 20 % fall in FEV1 ( PD20 FEV1 ) was recorded . Indomethacin ( 100 mg/day ) or placebo were taken three days before all visits , except control day . The FEV1 was measured and frusemide ( 38.0 ( 6.4 ) mg , pH = 9 ) or vehicle ( 0.9 % NaCl , pH = 9 ) were inhaled 10 minutes before the challenge . Bronchodilation was calculated as the percentage rise in FEV1 from the prechallenge FEV1 to the highest FEV1 recorded during the challenge . RESULTS : Frusemide caused a fold increase in PD20 FEV1 compared with the vehicle which was similar in the presence of both indomethacin and placebo ( 3.7 ( 95 % CI 2.0 to 7.3 ) versus 3.3 ( 2.0 to 5.4 ) ) . Frusemide , but not vehicle , also caused a transient percentage rise in FEV1 during challenge with 4.5 % NaCl which was not blocked by indomethacin ( 3.6 % ( 1.2 to 6.0 ) ) or placebo ( 3.1 % ( 1.0 to 5.2 ) ) . CONCLUSIONS : Inhaled frusemide inhibited airway narrowing and caused a transient increase in FEV1 during challenge with 4.5 % NaCl . These effects were not blocked by indomethacin , which suggests that the inhibitory action of frusemide is not secondary to prostagl and in release To evaluate the effect of inhaled diuretics , furosemide and amiloride , on cough induced by acid inhalation challenge in asthmatic children , a double 
    Output:
    
Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review or the potential complications of diuretic therapy .
Among preterm infants < 3 weeks of age developing CLD , not enough information is available to assess the effect of aerosolized furosemide on outcome or lung function .
Among infants > 3 weeks with CLD , a single aerosolized dose of 1 mg/kg of furosemide may transiently improve pulmonary mechanics .