***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and sulfonylurea . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with HbA1c of 7.0 % ( 53 mmol/mol ) to 10.5 % ( 91 mmol/mol ) receiving sulfonylurea and metformin  were r and omized to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg/day ( n = 109 ) or placebo ( n = 109 ) for 24 weeks . RESULTS HbA1c ( baseline : dapagliflozin 8.08 % [ 65 mmol/mol ] ; placebo 8.24 % [ 67 mmol/mol ] ) and fasting plasma glucose ( baseline : dapagliflozin 167.4 mg/dL [ 9.29 mmol/L ] ; placebo 180.5 mg/dL [ 10.02 mmol/L ] ) significantly improved from baseline with dapagliflozin ( placebo-subtracted change –0.69 % [ –7.5 mmol/mol ] , P < 0.0001 ; –33.5 mg/dL [ –1.86 mmol/L ] , P < 0.0001 , respectively ) . More patients achieved a therapeutic glycemic response ( HbA1c < 7.0 % [ 53 mmol/mol ] ) with dapagliflozin ( 31.8 % ) versus placebo ( 11.1 % ) ( P < 0.0001 ) . Body weight and systolic blood pressure were significantly reduced from baseline over 24 and 8 weeks , respectively , with dapagliflozin ( placebo-subtracted change –2.1 kg , P < 0.0001 ; –3.8 mmHg , P = 0.0250 ) . Patients receiving dapagliflozin showed placebo-subtracted increases in total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol ( 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.0091 ; 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.0030 ; 2.2 mg/dL , P = 0.0172 , respectively ) with no change in LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio ( 0.1 ; P = 0.2008 ) or triglycerides ( –16.5 mg/dL ; P = 0.1755 ) . Adverse events occurred in 48.6 % of patients receiving dapagliflozin and 51.4 % receiving placebo . Significantly more patients with dapagliflozin compared with placebo experienced hypoglycemia ( 12.8 vs. 3.7 % ; P = 0.024 ) and genital infections ( 5.5 vs. 0 % ; P = 0.029 ) . Events of urinary tract infection were reported by 6.4 % of patients in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin was well tolerated and effective over 24 weeks as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea . Adverse effects included hypoglycemia and genital infections OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg s.c . with exenatide extended release ( ER ) 2.0 mg s.c . in subjects with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this phase 3a , open-label , parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial , 813 subjects with type 2 diabetes taking oral antidiabetic drugs  were r and omized ( 1:1 ) to semaglutide 1.0 mg or exenatide ER 2.0 mg for 56 weeks . The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 56 . RESULTS Mean HbA1c ( 8.3 % [ 67.7 mmol/mol ] at baseline ) was reduced by 1.5 % ( 16.8 mmol/mol ) with semaglutide and 0.9 % ( 10.0 mmol/mol ) with exenatide ER ( estimated treatment difference vs. exenatide ER [ ETD ] –0.62 % [ 95 % CI –0.80 , –0.44 ] [ –6.78 mmol/mol ( 95 % CI –8.70 , –4.86 ) ] ; P < 0.0001 for noninferiority and superiority ) . Mean body weight ( 95.8 kg at baseline ) was reduced by 5.6 kg with semaglutide and 1.9 kg with exenatide ER ( ETD –3.78 kg [ 95 % CI –4.58 , –2.98 ] ; P < 0.0001 ) . Significantly more subjects treated with semaglutide ( 67 % ) achieved HbA1c < 7.0 % ( < 53 mmol/mol ) versus those taking exenatide ER ( 40 % ) . Both treatments had similar safety profiles , but gastrointestinal adverse events were more common in semaglutide-treated subjects ( 41.8 % ) than in exenatide ER – treated subjects ( 33.3 % ) ; injection-site reactions were more frequent with exenatide ER ( 22.0 % ) than with semaglutide ( 1.2 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Semaglutide 1.0 mg was superior to exenatide ER 2.0 mg in improving glycemic control and reducing body weight after 56 weeks of treatment ; the drugs had comparable safety profiles . These results indicate that semaglutide treatment is highly effective for subjects with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combinations of empagliflozin/linagliptin as second-line therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects were r and omized to a combination of empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg ( n = 137 ) , empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg ( n = 136 ) , empagliflozin 25 mg ( n = 141 ) , empagliflozin 10 mg ( n = 140 ) , or linagliptin 5 mg ( n = 132 ) as add-on to metformin for 52 weeks . The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24 . RESULTS At week 24 , reductions in HbA1c ( mean baseline 7.90–8.02 % [ 62.8–64.1 mmol/mol ] ) with empagliflozin/linagliptin were superior to those with empagliflozin or linagliptin alone as add-on to metformin ; adjusted mean ( SE ) changes from baseline were −1.19 % ( 0.06 ) ( −13.1 mmol/mol [ 0.7 ] ) with empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg , −1.08 % ( 0.06 ) ( −11.8 mmol/mol [ 0.7 ] ) with empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg , −0.62 % ( 0.06 ) ( −6.8 mmol/mol [ 0.7 ] ) with empagliflozin 25 mg , −0.66 % ( 0.06 ) ( −7.2 mmol/mol [ 0.7 ] ) with empagliflozin 10 mg , and −0.70 % ( 0.06 ) ( −7.6 mmol/mol [ 0.7 ] ) with linagliptin 5 mg ( P < 0.001 for all comparisons ) . In these groups , respectively , 61.8 , 57.8 , 32.6 , 28.0 , and 36.1 % of subjects with baseline HbA1c ≥7 % ( ≥53 mmol/mol ) had HbA1c < 7 % ( < 53 mmol/mol ) at week 24 . Efficacy was maintained at week 52 . The proportion of subjects with adverse events ( AEs ) over 52 weeks was similar across treatment arms ( 68.6–73.0 % ) , with no hypoglycemic AEs requiring assistance . CONCLUSIONS Combinations of empagliflozin/linagliptin as second-line therapy for 52 weeks significantly reduced HbA1c compared with the individual components and were well tolerated CONTEXT Dapagliflozin , a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 ( SGLT2 ) inhibitor , reduces hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) by increasing urinary glucose excretion , and weight loss is a consistent associated finding . OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to confirm weight loss with dapagliflozin and establish through body composition measurements whether weight loss is accounted for by changes in fat or fluid components . DESIGN AND SETTING This was a 24-wk , international , multicenter , r and omized , parallel-group , double-blind , placebo-controlled study with ongoing 78-wk site- and patient-blinded extension period at 40 sites in five countries . PATIENTS Included were 182 patients with T2DM ( mean values : women 63.3 and men 58.6 yr of age ; hemoglobin A1c 7.17 % , body mass index 31.9 kg/m2 , and body weight 91.5 kg ) inadequately controlled on metformin . INTERVENTION Dapagliflozin 10 mg/d or placebo was added to open-label metformin for 24 wk . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary endpoint was total body weight ( TBW ) change from baseline at wk 24 . Key secondary endpoints were waist circumference and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry total-body fat mass ( FM ) changes from baseline at wk 24 , and patient proportion achieving body weight reduction of at least 5 % at wk 24 . In a subset of patients , magnetic resonance assessment of visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) and sc adipose tissue ( SAT ) volume and hepatic lipid content were also evaluated . RESULTS At wk 24 , placebo-corrected changes with dapagliflozin were as follows : TBW , -2.08 kg [ 95 % confidence interval (CI)=-2.84 to -1.31 ; P<0.0001 ] ; waist circumference , -1.52 cm ( 95 % CI=-2.74 to -0.31 ; P=0.0143 ) ; FM , -1.48 kg ( 95 % CI=-2.22 to -0.74 ; P=0.0001 ) ; proportion of patients achieving weight reduction of at least 5 % , + 26.2 % ( 95 % CI=15.5 to 36.7 ; P<0.0001 ) ; VAT , -258.4 cm3 ( 95 % CI=-448.1 to -68.6 ; nominal P=0.0084 ) ; SAT , -184.9 cm3 ( 95 % CI=-359.7 to -10.1 ; nominal P=0.0385 ) . In the dapagliflozin vs. placebo groups , respectively , serious adverse events were reported in 6.6 vs. 1.1 % ; events suggestive of vulvovaginitis , balanitis , and related genital infection in 3.3 vs. 0 % ; and lower urinary tract infections in 6.6 vs. 2.2 % . CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin reduces TBW , predominantly by reducing FM , VAT and SAT in T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin OBJECTIVES : This study examined cross-sectional and prospect i ve relationships between macronutrient intake , behaviors intended to limit fat intake , physical activity and body weight . DESIGN : The overall goal was to identify diet and exercise behaviors that predict and /or accompany weight gain or loss over time . Specific questions addressed included : ( a ) are habitual levels of diet or exercise predictive of weight change ; ( b ) are habitual diet and exercise levels associated cross-sectionally with body weight ; and ( c ) are changes in diet and exercise associated with changes in body weight over time ? PARTICIPANTS : Subjects were a sample of community volunteers ( n=826 women , n=218 men ) taking part in a weight gain prevention project over a 3-year period . MEASURES : Body weight was measured at baseline and annually over the study period . Self-report measures of diet and exercise behavior  were also measured annually . RESULTS : Among both men and women , the most consistent results were the positive association between dietary fat intake and weight gain and an inverse association between frequency of physical activity and weight gain . Individuals who weighed more both ate more and exercised less than those who weighed less . Individuals who increased their physical activity level and decreased their food intake over time were protected from weight gain compared to those who did not . Frequency of high-intensity physical activity was particularly important for both men and women . Additionally , women who consistently engaged in higher levels of moderate physical activity gained 
    Output:
    
Once-weekly semaglutide was not statistically differentiable than all SGLT-2is in reducing systolic blood pressure .
NMA was not feasible for postpr and ial blood glucose and safety outcomes .
Once-weekly semaglutide demonstrated statistically significant and clinical ly meaningful reductions in HbA1c and body weight in T2D patients inadequately controlled with 1 - 2 OADs compared to all SGLT-2is licensed in Europe and North America