***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate predictors of visual outcomes and microbial profile in endophthalmitis . PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospect i ve , interventional case series at a tertiary eye care center . Of the 207 patients included , 83 had post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis ( PCE ) , 84 had post-traumatic endophthalmitis ( PTE ) , and 16 had endogenous endophthalmitis . Vitreous sample s were evaluated for microbial profile , and all patients received similar empirical antibiotic therapy . Main outcome measures were good visual acuity , defined as better than 20/400 , and microbial profile with drug resistance . RESULTS Final visual acuity better than 20/400 was seen in 88 % patients previously treated with intravitreal antibiotics ( P < .001 ) , 89 % with presenting vision of less than 3.3 LogMAR units ( P < .001 ) , 61 % without retinal detachment ( RD ) ( P < .001 ) , 58 % without retained intraocular foreign body ( RIOFB ) ( P = .007 ) , 88 % without extensive media haze ( P = .007 ) , 71 % of culture-negative patients ( P = .007 ) , and 65 % with gram-positive bacteria ( P = .03 ) . On multivariate analysis , presenting visual acuity of less than 3.3 LogMAR units was found to have the highest adjusted odds ratio , 26.28 ( 95 % CI , 9.13 - 75.6 ) , for better visual outcome . Culture positivity was nearly 37 % . Gram-positive bacteria were the most common in both PCE ( 90 % ) and PTE ( 55 % ) groups , whereas hyphae form fungus was the most common organism grown in endogenous endophthalmitis ( 50 % ) ( P < .001 ) . In patients without extensive media haze , hyphae form fungus was the most common grown organism ( 42 % ) ( P = .03 ) . PTE was predominant ( 60 % ) in the patients with antibiotic resistance . CONCLUSIONS Presenting visual acuity better than h and motions close to face is the single most common indicator of good visual prognoses . Fungal infections are associated with RD , RIOFB , trauma , and absence of extensive media haze . Microbial resistance may be an important concern in PTE patients . [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2016;47:991 - 998 . ] Purpose : The effectiveness of an intraocular injection of combined gentamicin and clindamycin in the prevention of  acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis  following penetrating ocular injuries was evaluated in a prospect i ve , double-masked , r and omized pilot study . Methods : Sixty eyes of 60 patients with penetrating ocular injuries were treated at a tertiary care hospital . Following primary repair , the eyes were r and omized in two groups . Group 1 , the antibiotic injection group ( cases ) , was given an intracameral or intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL antibiotic ( 40 μg gentamicin and 45 μg clindamycin ) . Group 2 ( balanced saline solution [ BSS ] injection group [ controls ] ) received intracameral or intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL BSS . All patients received st and ard prophylactic antibiotic therapy ( systemic , subconjunctival , and topical ) . Result : Although the overall incidence of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis was 6.6 % ( 4 eyes ) , the results of three cultures were negative . All endophthalmitis cases occurred in the BSS injection group ; however , there was no statistically significant difference between case and control groups ( p = 0.11 ) . The incidence rate for those with retained intraocular foreign bodies was 13.3 % and for those without foreign bodies was 4.4 % . No retinal toxicity was detected . Conclusion : Intraocular injection of gentamicin and clindamycin in addition to the other methods of prophylaxis may be an effective modality in the prevention of posttraumatic endophthalmitis . Early results suggest that these antibiotics may have a role as adjunct therapy to primary repair of injured globes without significant side effects at the dosage used PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in reducing the incidence of endophthalmitis after trauma . METHODS This was a prospect i ve , r and omised , case control study of 70 consecutive patients with open globe injury . The patients were prospect ively r and omised into group I ( 32 eyes ) and group II ( 38 eyes ) . Group I patients were given prophylactic intravitreal injection of vancomycin 1 mg and ceftazidime 2.25 mg at the conclusion of primary repair . Group II patients were not given prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics . All the patients received intravenous ciprofloxacin . RESULTS The incidence of endophthalmitis was higher in group II ( 7 of 38 eyes ; 18.42 % ) compared to group I ( 2 of 32 eyes ; 6.25 % ) . Both the patients who developed endophthalmitis despite prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in group I had an initially undetected intraocular foreign body ( eyelash ) in the vitreous cavity . CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic intravitreal broad spectrum antibiotic injection decreases the risk of post-traumatic endophthalmitis OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of intraocular gentamicin sulfate and clindamycin in the prevention of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis following penetrating eye injuries . METHOD We conducted a multicenter , r and omized , double-masked controlled trial of 346 eyes with penetrating eye injury . Following primary repair , eyes were r and omized to intracameral or intravitreal injection of 40 microg of gentamicin sulfate and 45 microg of clindamycin ( cases ) vs balanced salt solution ( controls ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Occurrence of endophthalmitis within 2 weeks . RESULTS Endophthalmitis occurred in 8 ( 2.3 % ) of 167 eyes in the control group and only in 1 ( 0.3 % ) of 179 eyes in the case group ( P = .04 ; odds ratio , 8.93 [ 95 % confidence interval , 1.11 - 71.43 ] ) . In eyes with an intraocular foreign body , endophthalmitis developed in 7 of 25 control eyes and in none of 27 eyes receiving antibiotics . However , in eyes without an intraocular foreign body , endophthalmitis developed in 1 of 142 eyes and 1 of 152 eyes in the 2 groups , respectively ( P value for interaction = .04 ) . Intravitreal injection was superior to intracameral injection in preventing endophthalmitis ( P value for interaction = .01 ) . Vitreous culture results were positive in 6 ( 67 % ) of 9 eyes with endophthalmitis . CONCLUSION Intraocular gentamicin and clindamycin are effective in the prevention of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis in eyes with retained intraocular foreign body . APPLICATION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Prophylaxis of traumatic endophthalmitis . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00398658 PURPOSE To assess the clinical effect of pars plana vitrectomy ( PPV ) with intravitreous antibiotic drugs or silicone oil endotamponade in post-traumatic endophthalmitis on eyes without detachment of the retina . METHODS Thirty cases of eyes with penetrating injury associated with endophthalmitis without retina detachment had been treated with  PPV plus intravitreous antibiotic drugs or silicone oil tamponade . All the patients in the study received intravenous , subconjunctival and topical medications antibiotics . RESULTS All the patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months . Postoperative intraocular infection of 30 eyes ( 30 patients ) were controlled . The best-corrected visual acuity was significantly improved in both groups postoperatively ( P < 0.05 ) . The rate of postoperative retinal detachment in the PPV combined with intravitreal antibiotics group was 21.1 % ( 4/19 ) vs. 9 % (1/11)in the PPV combined with silicone oil There was no significant difference in postoperative endotamponade group . There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between two groups . CONCLUSIONS PPV combined with silicone oil tamponade may have beneficial effect on the surgical treatment of traumatic bacterial endophthalmitis associated without retinal detachment , but the surgery may be used in some cases which have bad retinal condition or uncontrollable inflammation PURPOSE We studied events leading to the development of posttraumatic endophthalmitis by examining the significance of 15 factors on microbial contamination of injured eyes . METHODS A prospect i ve study was done of 30 ruptured globes in patients admitted to an urban medical center . Cultures were taken from the conjunctiva before and after preoperative disinfection and from the anterior chamber at the beginning and end of wound repair . Twenty-five of 30 patients received a three-day regimen of intravenous antibiotics that were begun before surgery . RESULTS Anterior chamber sample s grew microorganisms in ten ( 33 % ) of 30 eyes , with positive cultures recovered from specimens taken at the beginning of wound repair in eight eyes and at the end of wound repair in six eyes . Contamination with indigenous flora may have occurred at the time of injury in one eye and during repair in another eye . Microbes recovered included Staphylococcus , Corynebacterium , and Aspergillus species . No patient developed endophthalmitis . Of the 15 factors studied , only intravenous antibiotics significantly decreased the incidence of positive anterior chamber cultures in eyes treated before wound repair compared with eyes not receiving such therapy ( P = .002 ) . CONCLUSIONS Despite the frequency of anterior chamber microbial contamination during injury or repair of the wound , with our treatment protocol and the presence of physiologic mechanisms to reduce intraocular microbes , no eyes developed clinical endophthalmitis . With our limited sample size only intravenous antibiotic therapy was found significantly to reduce anterior chamber microorganisms at the time of surgical repair , supporting their prophylactic use against the development of posttraumatic endophthalmitis PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for the treatment of infectious endophthalmitis . METHODS 35 cases of endophthalmitis secondary to phacoemulsification ( 20 patients ) , trabeculectomy ( 8 patients ) , perforating trauma ( 2 patients ) , trauma ( 2 patients ) , corneal transplantation ( 1 patient ) , vitrectomy ( 1 patient ) and corneal ulceration ( 1 patient ) were retrospectively studied . Patients were separated into two groups : Group 1 ( n=24 ) : intravitreal antibiotic injection , associated with topical and oral antibiotics ; Group 2 ( n=11 ) : vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injection and silicone oil injection . The follow-up ranged from 1 to 48 months ( mean of 16 months ) . RESULTS From 24 patients in group 1 , 11 patients ( 45.83 % ) , had infection controlled with intravitreal antibiotic injection only ; 13 patients ( 54.15 % ) regressed to uncontrolled endophthalmitis , in which two patients ( 8.33 % ) were su bmi tted to evisceration and one patient ( 4.16 % ) had corneal melting . The remaining 10 patients ( 41.66 % ) with uncontrolled endophthalmitis were su bmi tted to pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection . Six patients ( 25 % ) from Group I had retinal detachment during the first month of follow-up and also required pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection . In Group 2 patients ( n=11 ) , all of them had controlled infection at the first procedure . In one case ( 9.09 % ) , a severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy induced loss of vision . CONCLUSION These results suggest that silicone oil tamponade might be beneficial in the treatment strategy of infectious endophthalmitis Purpose : To compare the use of systemic oral and intravenous antibiotics as a prophylactic measure to prevent endophthalmitis in patients with open globe injuries . Methods : This prospect i ve study was conducted on 1,255 consecutive patients with open globe injuries due to sharp or blunt trauma in a hospital setting in Tehran , Iran from January , 2011 to May , 2013 . The patients were r and omly divided into two groups and either received intravenous or oral systemic antibiotics as a measure to prevent endophthalmitis . The patients who developed endophthalmitis were followed for 1 year . Results : In the first group , 12 patients ( 1.8 % ) developed 
    Output:
    
Intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics  reduce the risk of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries ; although , there was no improvement in the visual acuity .