***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Studies have suggested that selective microbial targets prevail in the fecal microbiota of infants with eczema . This study evaluated the composition of fecal microbiota of infants who developed eczema in the first 5 years of life and compared these with those of healthy controls . Findings Children who developed eczema in the first 2 years , those with eczema at 5 years of age and healthy controls were selected from the placebo arm of a birth cohort of at-risk infants participating in a r and omized double-blind trial on the protective effects of supplemental probiotics in early life on allergic outcomes . Molecular evaluation of fecal microbiota were conducted using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization-Flow Cytometry ( FISH-FC ) for fecal sample s collected . Longitudinal analysis of fecal microbiota composition at three days , one and three months and one year of life revealed higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae [ coefficient ( B ) : 1.081 , 95 % CI : 0.229 - 1.933 , adj p = 0.014 ] and Clostridium perfringens [ coefficient ( B ) : 0.521 , 95 % CI : 0.556 - 0.988 , adj p = 0.03 ] in those who developed eczema in the first 2 years life . In those with eczema at 5 years of age , a lower abundance of Bifidobacterium was observed [ coefficient ( B ) : -27.635 , 95 % CI : -50.040 - -5.231 , adj p = 0.018 ] . Conclusions The differences in infant fecal microbiota observed in eczema subjects in this study support the notion that relative abundance of selective microbial targets may contribute to the subsequent development of eczema in childhood In a double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial , 23 patients consumed 250 ml mare 's milk or placebo for 16 weeks . The aim was to examine the effects of mare 's milk on the characteristics of atopic dermatitis ( AD ) , on faecal microbiota and on clinical and immunological parameters . The intensity of AD was examined using the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index . During the mare 's milk period , the mean SCORAD value of patients ( n=23 ; 17 females , 6 males ) decreased from 30.1 to 25.3 after 12 weeks ( P<0.05 ) and to 26.7 after 16 weeks ( P<0.1 ) . In a subgroup ( n=7 ) the SCORAD index and especially the pruritus decreased by 30 % through the mare 's milk period ( P<0.01 ) . In this subgroup , the faecal bifidobacteria increased during the mare 's milk period from 4.6 % to 11.9 % of eubacteria ( P<0.05 ) . The immunological parameters , except C-reactive protein , were unchanged BACKGROUND It is debated whether a low total diversity of the gut microbiota in early childhood is more important than an altered prevalence of particular bacterial species for the increasing incidence of allergic disease . The advent of powerful , cultivation-free molecular methods makes it possible to characterize the total microbiome down to the genus level in large cohorts . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool during the first year of life in relation to atopic eczema development . METHODS Microbial diversity and composition were analyzed with barcoded 16S rDNA 454-pyrosequencing in stool sample s at 1 week , 1 month , and 12 months of age in 20 infants with IgE-associated eczema and 20 infants without any allergic manifestation until 2 years of age ( Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT01285830 ) . RESULTS Infants with IgE-associated eczema had a lower diversity of the total microbiota at 1 month ( P = .004 ) and a lower diversity of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Bacteroides at 1 month ( P = .02 and P = .01 ) and the phylum Proteobacteria at 12 months of age ( P = .02 ) . The microbiota was less uniform at 1 month than at 12 months of age , with a high interindividual variability . At 12 months , when the microbiota had stabilized , Proteobacteria , comprising gram-negative organisms , were more abundant in infants without allergic manifestation ( Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression in R [ edgeR ] test : P = .008 , q = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Low intestinal microbial diversity during the first month of life was associated with subsequent atopic eczema Gut microbiome patterns have been associated with predisposition to eczema potentially through modulation of innate immune signalling Background A modest number of prospect i ve studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and eczema in early life have yielded conflicting results . Objective To examine the relationship between the bacterial diversity of the gut and the development of eczema in early life by methods other than stool culture . Methods Fecal sample s were collected from 21 infants at 1 and 4 months of life . Nine infants were diagnosed with eczema by the age of 6 months ( cases ) and 12 infants were not ( controls ) . After conducting denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis ( DGGE ) of stool sample s , we compared the microbial diversity of cases and controls using the number of electrophoretic b and s and the Shannon index of diversity ( H ' ) as indicators . Results Control subjects had significantly greater fecal microbial diversity than children with eczema at ages 1 ( mean H ' for controls = 0.75 vs. 0.53 for cases , P = 0.01 ) and 4 months ( mean H ' for controls = 0.92 vs. 0.59 for cases , P = 0.02 ) . The increase in diversity from 1 to 4 months of age was significant in controls ( P = 0.04 ) but not in children who developed eczema by 6 months of age ( P = 0.32 ) . Conclusion Our findings suggest that reduced microbial diversity is associated with the development of eczema in early life BACKGROUND Alterations in intestinal microflora have been linked to the development of allergic disease . Recent studies suggest that healthy infant immune development may depend on the establishment of a diverse gut microbiota rather than the presence or absence of specific microbial strains . OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between diversity of gut microbiota in the early postnatal period and subsequent development of eczema and atopy in the first year of life . METHODS Fecal sample s were collected 1 wk after birth from 98 infants at high risk of allergic disease , who were followed prospect ively to age 12 months .  Fecal microbial diversity was assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism ( T-RFLP ) using restriction enzymes Sau96I and AluI , with a greater number of peaks representing greater diversity of bacterial communities . RESULTS Microbial diversity at day 7 was significantly lower in infants with eczema at age 12 months as compared to infants without eczema ( AluI mean number of peaks 13.1 vs. 15.5 , p = 0.003 , 95 % CI for difference in means -3.9 , -0.8 ; Sau96I 14.7 vs. 17.2 , p = 0.03 , 95 % CI -4.9 , -0.3 ) . No differences were observed for atopic compared to non-atopic infants , or infants with two allergic parents compared to those with one or no allergic parent . CONCLUSIONS A more diverse intestinal microbiota in the first week of life is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent eczema in infants at increased risk of allergic disease . Interventions that enhance microbial diversity in early life may provide an effective means for the prevention of eczema in high-risk infants Background Deviations in composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota in infancy have been associated with both the development and recurrence of atopic eczema . Thus , we decided to use a deep and global microarray-based method to characterize the diversity and temporal changes of the intestinal microbiota in infancy and to define specific bacterial signatures associated with eczema . Faecal microbiota at 6 and 18 months of age were analysed from 34 infants ( 15 with eczema and 19 healthy controls ) selected from a prospect i ve follow-up study based on the availability of faecal sample s. The infants were originally r and omized to receive either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or placebo . Results Children with eczema harboured a more diverse total microbiota than control subjects as assessed by the Simpson ’s reciprocal diversity index of the microarray profiles . Composition of the microbiota did not differ between study groups at age of 6 months , but was significantly different at age of 18 months as assessed by MCPP ( p=0.01 ) . At this age healthy children harboured 3 -fold greater amount of members of the Bacteroidetes ( p=0.01 ) . Microbiota of  children  suffering from  eczema  had increased abundance of the Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa , which are typically abundant in adults . Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation in early infancy was observed to have minor long-term effects on the microbiota composition . Conclusion A diverse and adult-type microbiota in early childhood is associated with eczema and it may contribute to the perpetuation of eczema Purpose To evaluate a therapeutic efficacy of probiotics mixture ( probiotics ) in the treatment of children with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis ( AD ) . Methods R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel trial with a washout period of 2 weeks and an intervention period for 6 weeks , conducted from November 2010 to October 2011 . One hundred children with mild to moderate AD ( 2 - 9 years old ) were r and omly allocated to the probiotics ( Lactobacilluss casei , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Lactobacillus plantarum , and Bifidobacterium lactis ) or placebo groups . The assessment of efficacy was based on the change in eczema area severity index ( EASI ) , visual analogue scale for pruritus ( VASP ) , fecal cell counts of each strains ( log10[cell counts/g stool ] ) , and serum cytokine levels ( Interleukin-4 [ IL-4 ] ; IL-10 ; Tumor necrosis factor alpha , [ TNF-α ] ) in weeks 0 and 6 . Results Demographics and baseline characteristics at the week 0 were not significantly different between the 2 groups . The significant increments in fecal-cell counts were observed in the probiotcs group at week 6 ( P=0.00 ) , while the cytokine levels between the 2 groups were not significantly different in week 6 ( IL-4 , P=0.50 ; IL-10 , P=0.58 ; TNF-α , P=0.82 ) . The probiotics significantly improved clinical severity after 6 weeks ' intervention of probiotics ; however , the placebo group also showed significant improvement ( EASI ; P=0.00 , VASP ; P=0.00 ) . Conclusions Our findings showed that probiotics successfully colonized in the intestine after 6 weeks ' intervention ; nevertheless , we could not find an additional therapeutic or immunomodulatory effects on the treatment of AD . Further long-term studies will be necessary to clarify the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics The aim of the present study was to provide evidence for the application of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of infantile eczema by exploring changes in the intestinal Bifidobacteria levels and the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index prior and subsequent to treatment with probiotics in infants with eczema . A total of 40 infants with eczema were r and omly divided into treatment and control groups . Prior and subsequent to the treatment , the SCORAD index was evaluated and the content of Bifidobacterium bifidum in the stool of each infant in the two groups was quantified using 16S rRNA/DNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis . After four weeks of treatment with B. bifidum triple viable capsules , the levels of B. bifidum increased sharply ( P<0.05 ) and the SCORAD index was notably reduced ( P<0.05 ) as compared with the values prior to treatment . By contrast , neither the content of B. bifidum nor the SCORAD index changed significantly in the control group after four weeks ( P>0.05 ) . Following treatment , the levels of B. bifidum in the stools of the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the stools of the control group ( P<0.05 ) , and the SCORAD index was significantly lower than that of the control group ( P<0.05 ) . In conclusion , probiotic supplementation has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of infantile eczema Goal : To evaluate cytokine stimulation with 3 strains of Lactobacillus salivarius in vitro and to assess changes in intestinal microflora and clinical improvements in adults with atopic dermatitis ( AD ) induced by the strain showing the best immunomodulatory features . Background : AD is a common skin disease in children and adults . It is characterized by chronic inflammation , eczema , and increasing intestinal permeability . Various studies have shown that patients with AD presented some modifications in the intestinal microbiota 
    Output:
    
Nearly half of the included interventional studies showed that an altered gut microbial colonization due to use of probiotics had a positive effect on the severity of AD .
The remaining studies did not show an effect of probiotics on the severity of AD despite an alteration in the gut microbial composition .