***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of half-dose , long-acting GnRH analogue ( Diphereline ) with Suprefact in IVF/ICSI ( in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection ) cycles . Material and methods In this r and omized clinical trial performed in Royan Institute , 126 infertile women who were first time c and i date s for IVF/ICSI were enrolled . Patients were r and omly divided into two groups by using a r and om number table . In one group , 62 patients received a single half dose , 1.87 mg Diphereline , in mid-luteal phase . In the other group , 64 cases were treated with buserelin from the previous mid-luteal phase . P value less than 0.05 was considered significant . Results The mean age of patients in the Diphereline and Suprefact groups was 27.9 ±3.6 and 29.6 ±3.5 years , respectively ( p = 0.01 ) . In the Diphereline group , the mean number of used gonadotropins was 25.6 ±12.1 ampoules , while in the second group it was 25.9 ±8.5 ampoules . Numbers of retrieved and MII oocytes were significantly higher in the Diphereline group ( 12.1 ±6.3 and 9.6 ±5.5 ) in comparison to the Suprefact group ( 9.4 ±6.4 and 7.2 ±5.1 ) . Although the number of developed embryos in the Diphereline group was statistically higher than in the Suprefact group ( 6.1 ±3.9 vs. 4.7 ±3.4 , p = 0.04 ) there was no significant difference in pregnancy rate ( 37.1 % , 95 % CI [ 26.16 - 49.54 ] vs. 37.5 % , 95 % CI [ 26.67 - 49.75 ] ) . Conclusions A half-dose , long-acting GnRH agonist can be successfully used in ovarian stimulation and produces a higher number of MII oocytes and embryos . The pregnancy rates with this method are acceptable OBJECTIVE Both gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) analogs and antagonists have been used for pituitary desensitization during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( COH ) . We aim ed to determine the minimum effective daily dose of GnRH antagonist in women undergoing COH . We also compared the efficiency of a GnRH antagonist and a GnRH agonist . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer were divided into five groups : ( 1 ) cetrorelix 0.25 mg ( n = 86 ) ; ( 2 ) cetrorelix 0.2 mg ( n = 28 ) ; ( 3 ) cetrorelix 0.15 mg ( n = 30 ) ; ( 4 ) leuprolide acetate ( LA ) 0.5 mg/day ( n = 58 ) ; ( 5 ) single half-dose LA depot 1.88 mg ( n = 49 ) . Cetrorelix was administered daily from menstrual day 8 until the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration . LA or LA depot was started on day 21 of the previous menstrual cycle . RESULTS We observed lower gonadotropin ( Gn ) dosages , estradiol ( E2 ) levels and reduced risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( OHSS ) in the GnRH antagonist groups . A higher risk of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) surge was noted in cetrorelix 0.2 and 0.15 mg groups . Gn dosages (IU)/E2 levels ( pg/mL ) in each group were : ( 1 ) 1,949.4/1,191.1 ; ( 2 ) 1,869.6/1,010.8 ; ( 3 ) 1,856.7/1,023.6 ; ( 4 ) 2,184.5/1,323.6 ; and ( 5 ) 2,103.5/1,313.5 , respectively . LH/OHSS risks were : ( 1 ) 3.5%/5.8 % ; ( 2 ) 7.1%/3.6 % ; ( 3 ) 13.3%/3.3 % ; ( 4 ) 3.4%/8.6 % ; and ( 5 ) 2%/8.2 % , respectively . Number of oocytes/embryos/ grade I , II embryos were : ( 1 ) 9.4/7.9/5.8 ; ( 2 ) 7.5/4.2/3.6 ; ( 3 ) 6.3/4.1/3.1 ; ( 4 ) 12.3/8.9/6.6 ; and ( 5 ) 11.8/8.4/6.1 , respectively . There was no significant difference in terms of clinical outcomes between groups 1 , 4 and 5 , except for higher abortion rates ( AR ) in group 1 . Pregnancy rate (PR)/implantation rate ( IR ) ratios in groups 1 , 4 , and 5 were statistically higher than those in groups 2 and 3 . Chemical PR/IR/AR were : ( 1 ) 30.2%/5.9%/7 % ; ( 2 ) 21.4%/5.1%/7.1 % ; ( 3 ) 16.7%/4.1%/10 % ; ( 4 ) 32.8%/5.5%/8.6 % ; and ( 5 ) 30.6%/5.7%/8.2 % , respectively . CONCLUSION The lowest effective dosage of cetrorelix for pituitary desensitization during COH luteolysis is 0.25 mg , result ing in a comparable PR but a higher AR when compared with GnRH agonist BACKGROUND Partial pituitary desensitization using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) agonists may be sufficient in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproduction . However , the minimal effective agonist dose remains to be determined . The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a reduced daily dose of triptorelin , administered at the start of ovarian stimulation , on the results of IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection . METHODS A total of 132 patients was r and omized in two groups . Pituitary desensitization was obtained in group 1 ( 66 patients ) with a single 3.75 mg injection ( i.m . ) of triptorelin . In group 2 , 66 patients received 100 microg triptorelin daily , which was then reduced to 50 microg at the start of follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ) stimulation . RESULTS No significant differences were found in terms of pregnancy rate per transfer ( 38 % in group 1 versus 34.9 % in group 2 ) , implantation rate ( 20.2 versus 18 % ) and abortion rate ( 8.3 versus 9.1 % ) . The number of FSH ampoules used , as well as the number of days stimulation required , was significantly reduced in group 2 ( 41 + /- 26 versus 46.6 + /- 25.3 , P < 0.03 and 11 + /- 1.3 versus 11.8 + /- 1.5 , P < 0.002 respectively ) . No significant differences were seen in oestradiol concentrations and in follicle number , in the quantity of oocytes collected and fertilized , or in the number of embryos obtained or transferred . CONCLUSION A reduced dose of triptorelin is enough for pituitary suppression during ovarian stimulation but provides no significant improvement in IVF cycle outcome when compared with depot formulation . The possibility of a shorter treatment protocol requiring lower amounts of gonadotrophins should be considered in view of its economic advantage BACKGROUND Traditional doses of depot GnRH agonist may be excessive for ovarian stimulation . We compared half-dose depot triptorelin ( Group I ) with reduced-dose daily buserelin ( Group II ) in a long protocol ICSI/embryo transfer through a double-blind r and omized clinical trial . METHODS Controlled ovarian stimulation ( COS ) was started by a pretreatment with oral contraceptives for 21 days . Then , 182 patients were r and omized into two groups of 91 . Group I received 1.87 mg triptorelin depot i.m . followed by daily s.c . injections of saline . Group II ( reduced-dose protocol ) received a bolus injection of i.m . saline followed by daily s.c . injections of 0.5 mg buserelin , which was then reduced to 0.25 mg at the start of human menopausal gonadotrophin stimulation . When transvaginal ultrasound showed at least two follicles of 16 - 20 mm diameter , HCG was given and ICSI was performed 40 - 42 h later . RESULTS No significant differences were seen in the mean ( SD ) number of follicles at HCG administration , as our primary outcome [ 10.3 ( 4.4 ) in Group I versus 11.1 ( 4.2 ) in Group II , P = 0.180 , mean difference = 0.86 , 95 % confidence interval 0.39 - 2.11 ] . The other early results of COS , clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates , or early pregnancy loss were also not significantly different between the groups . Group I endured longer stimulation period [ 11.2 ( 1.8 ) days versus 10.6 ( 1.9 ) , P = 0.030 ] . CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcomes were not significantly different between Group I and Group II BACKGROUND In this prospect i ve r and omized study , we aim ed to compare the efficacy of a single depot ( 1.88 mg ) reduced dose with a daily low dose ( 0.5 mg/day ) of leuprolide for pituitary suppression as part of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( COH ) in an ICSI program . METHODS The study population consisted of 103 patients r and omized into two groups . Group 1 ( n = 52 ) consisted of patients who had daily low-dose leuprolide injections . Group 2 ( n = 51 ) consisted of patients who had the 1.88 mg single-dose leuprolide injection .  RESULTS The age of the patients , the number of metaphase II oocytes , the number and quality of embryos transferred were similar between the two groups . Although the length of gonadotrophin stimulation was significantly longer in group 2 ( P < 0.01 ) , the amount of gonadotrophins used was similar ( P = 0.34 ) .  Leuprolide levels were significantly lower in group 2 within the first 8 h after injection ( P < 0.05 ) , but no difference was observed thereafter . Although LH levels on the day of hCG ( P = 0.06 ) administration and estradiol levels on day 3 ( P < 0.01 ) were lower in group 2 , LH levels and progesterone levels 1 week after embryo transfer did not show any statistically significant difference . Clinical pregnancy rates per embryo transfer , implantation rates and first trimester abortion rates were also similar for both groups . CONCLUSIONS A single reduced depot dose ( 1.88 mg ) of leuprolide was found to be as effective as classical long multi-dose protocol for pituitary desensitization in COH for ICSI cycles In a prospect i ve , controlled , r and omized study where two different agonists were used , we compared three different long desensitization protocol s for induction of multiple follicular growth in medically assisted conception cycles . In protocol A , 30 patients were injected with buserelin twice a day for 15 days prior to ovarian stimulation until human chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) administration . In protocol B , 30 patients were injected with a single dose of long acting Triptorelin ( 3.75 mg ) 15 days before the ovarian stimulation onset . In protocol C , 30 patients were injected with the long acting Triptorelin 4 weeks before ovarian stimulation followed by daily administration of 0.1 mg of the same agonist until HCG injection . There was no difference in the ovarian response to exogenous gonadotrophin stimulation , except for the presence of premature luteinization in two patients in group B. A significantly higher number of mature oocytes was collected from patients with protocol A ; however , the fertilization and cleavage rate demonstrated no significant difference among the three groups of patients . The ongoing pregnancy rate and the implantation rate per treatment cycle were very similar in the three study groups . When the convenience , cost and side-effects for the patient are being considered , protocol B should be selected as the first choice when the agonist is utilized for the purpose of inducing pituitary desensitization before and during ovarian stimulation Objectives To compare the effects of depot and daily forms of GnRH analogs in IVF programs . Methods One hundred seventeen patients undergoing IVF , with no severe male factor , were r and omized between two treatment groups . Pituitary desensitization was obtained in group 1 ( 60 patients ) with a single IM injection of leuprorelin ( 3.75 mg ) , and in group 2 ( 57 patients ) with buserelin ( 0.3 mg SC twice daily ) . In a subgroup of 10 patients ( 
    Output:
    
We found no evidence of a significant difference between depot and daily GnRHa use for pituitary down regulation in IVF cycles using the long protocol , but substantial differences could not be ruled out .
Since depot GnRHa requires more gonadotrophins and a longer duration of use , it may increase the overall costs of IVF treatment