***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Research on psychological restoration and restorative environments is a needed complement to work on stress and environmental stressors . Two laboratory experiments tested the utility of two restorative environments theories , one concerned with directed attention capacity renewal and the other with stress reduction and associated changes in emotion . Various strategies were employed to distinguish restorative effects from other effects , to limit the role of arousal reduction in attentional restoration , and to begin mapping the time course for the emergence of outcomes . Both experiments tested for differential emotional and performance effects as a function of photographic environmental simulation ( natural or urban environment ) . Across the experiments the natural environment simulation engendered generally more positive  emotional self-reports . That consistent performance effects were not found in either study suggests that attentional restoration as reflected in performance is a more time-intensive process Objective : In the general population , attention is reliably enhanced after exposure to certain physical environments , particularly natural environments . This study examined the impacts of environments on attention in children with ADHD . Method : In this within subjects design , each participant experienced each of three treatments ( environments ) in single blind controlled trials . Seventeen children 7 to12 years old professionally diagnosed with ADHD experienced each of three environments — a city park and two other well-kept urban setting s — via individually guided 20-minute walks . Environments were experienced 1 week apart , with r and omized assignment to treatment order . After each walk , concentration was measured using Digit Span Backwards . Results : Children with ADHD  concentrated better after the walk in the park than after the downtown walk ( p = .0229 ) or the neighborhood walk ( p = .0072 ) . Effect sizes were substantial ( Cohen 's d = .52 and .77 , respectively ) and comparable to those reported for recent formulations of methylpheni date . Conclusion : Twenty minutes in a park setting was sufficient to elevate attention performance relative to the same amount of time in other setting s. These findings indicate that environments can enhance attention not only in the general population but also in ADHD population s. “ Doses of nature ” might serve as a safe , inexpensive , widely accessible new tool in the tool kit for managing ADHD symptoms . ( J. of Att . Dis . 2009 ; 12(5 ) 402 - 409 The purpose of this quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study was to test whether regularly spending time in the natural environment would improve concentration for women in the third trimester of pregnancy , a time when women rely on their ability to concentrate in order to prepare for birth and parenting . Several measures requiring concentration were administered before an intervention that included spending 120 minutes each week in restorative activities involving nature . When posttest measures were collected , women in the intervention group had significantly fewer errors compared to the control group . Other measures did not reveal significant differences . These results suggest that encouraging women to spend time in activities that involve nature and design ing health care environments to incorporate nature may help pregnant women improve their ability to concentrate and reduce errors at a time when they have many dem and s on their time and attention Alerting , orienting , and executive control are widely thought to be relatively independent aspects of attention that are linked to separable brain regions . However , neuroimaging studies have yet to examine evidence for the anatomical separability of these three aspects of attention in the same subjects performing the same task . The  attention network test ( ANT ) examines the effects of cues and targets within a single reaction time task to provide a means of exploring the efficiency of the alerting , orienting , and executive control networks involved in attention . It also provides an opportunity to examine the brain activity of these three networks as they operate in a single integrated task . We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to explore the brain areas involved in the three attention systems targeted by the ANT . The alerting contrast showed strong thalamic involvement and activation of anterior and posterior cortical sites . As expected , the orienting contrast activated parietal sites and frontal eye fields . The executive control network contrast showed activation of the anterior cingulate along with several other brain areas . With some exceptions , activation patterns of these three networks within this single task are consistent with previous fMRI studies that have been studied in separate tasks . Overall , the fMRI results suggest that the functional contrasts within this single task differentially activate three separable anatomical networks related to the components of attention Earlier research indicated that attentional fatigue with reduced capacity to direct attention in women treated for breast cancer may be ameliorated by a theoretically based intervention involving regular exposure to the natural environment . This study tested the efficacy of a natural environment intervention aim ed at restoring attention in 157 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer . Capacity to direct attention was assessed with a brief battery of objective measures at two time points : approximately 17 days before surgery ( time 1 ) and 19 days after surgery ( time 2 ) . A r and omly assigned intervention protocol was initiated after the first assessment and before any treatment . The intervention comprised a home-based program involving 120 minutes of exposure to the natural environment per week . The intervention group ( n = 83 ) showed greater recovery of capacity to direct attention from the pretreatment ( time 1 ) to the preadjuvant therapy period ( time 2 ) , as compared with the nonintervention group ( n = 74 ) . A significant effect of the natural environment intervention was observed even after control was used for the effects of age , education , attention scores at time 1 , other health problems , symptom distress , and extent of surgery . The findings suggest therapeutic benefits for capacity to direct attention from early intervention aim ed at restoring attention in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer The CONSORT statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omised controlled trials . Kenneth Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating experience . To encourage dissemination of the CONSORT 2010 Statement , this article is freely accessible on bmj.com and will also be published in the Lancet , Obstetrics and Gynecology , PLoS Medicine , Annals of Internal Medicine , Open Medicine , Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , BMC Medicine , and Trials 
    Output:
    
There is uncertainty regarding which aspects of attention may be affected by exposure to natural environments