***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus , a transient impairment of gastrointestinal motility , is a common cause of delay in return to normal bowel function after abdominal surgery .  Colectomy surgery patients who develop postoperative ileus could have greater health care re source utilization , including prolonged hospitalization , compared with those who do not develop postoperative ileus . Very few studies have assessed the impact of postoperative ileus on re source utilization and costs using retrospective analysis of administrative data bases . OBJECTIVE To assess health care utilization and costs in  colectomy surgery patients who developed postoperative ileus versus those who did not . METHODS A retrospective cohort study design was used . Adult patients with a principal procedure code for colectomy ( ICD-9-CM procedure codes 45.71 - 45.79 ) , discharged between January 1 , 2004 , and December 31 , 2004 , were identified from the Premier Perspective data base of inpatient records from more than 500 hospitals in the United States . The colectomy patients were further classified for the presence of postoperative ileus , identified by the presence , in any diagnosis field on the administrative patient records , of a code for paralytic ileus ( ICD-9-CM code 560.1 ) and /or digestive system complications ( ICD-9-CM code 997.4 ) during the inpatient stay . Code 997.4 was used to account for cases in which postoperative ileus would be reported as a complication of anastomosis , as could be the case in colectomy surgeries . Hospital length of stay ( LOS ) and hospitalization costs were compared using t-tests . Multivariate analyses were performed with log-transformed LOS and log-transformed cost as the dependent variables . Patient demographics , mortality risk , disease severity , admission source , payment type ( retrospective/ prospect i ve ) , and hospital characteristics were used as covariates . RESULTS A total of 17,876 patients with primary procedure code for colectomy were identified , of whom 3115 ( 17.4 % ) patients were classified for presence of postoperative ileus ( including paralytic ileus only [ n=1216 ; 6.8 % ] , digestive system complications only [ n=383 ; 2.1 % ] , or both [ n=1516 ; 8.5 % ] ) . A majority of the colectomy patients with and without postoperative ileus , respectively , were male ( 54.1 % vs. 50.3 % , P < 0.001 ) , Caucasian ( 70.5 % vs. 69.3 % , P = 0.170 ) , and aged 51 - 64 years ( 51.1 % vs. 49.7 % , P = 0.143 ) . The mean [ SD ] hospital LOS was significantly longer in patients with postoperative ileus ( 13.8 [ 13.3 ] days ) compared with patients without postoperative ileus ( 8.9 [ 9.5 ] days ; P < 0.001 ) . Presence of postoperative ileus was found to be a significant predictor of LOS ( P < 0.001 ) in the regression model , controlling for covariates . Female gender ( P = 0.002 ) , greater severity level ( P < 0.001 ) , and hospital bed size of more than 500 ( P = 0.013 ) were other significant predictors of hospital LOS . Presence of postoperative ileus was found to be a significant predictor of hospitalization costs ( P < 0.001 ) , controlling for covariates . CONCLUSION  Postoperative ileus in  colectomy patients is a significant predictor of hospital re source utilization BACKGROUND It is unclear if ingestion of coffee affects colonic function and if this effect is due to its caffeine content . We investigated the effects of coffee on colonic motor activity in healthy humans . METHODS We performed ambulatory colonic manometry by placing a six-sensor solid-state probe up to the mid-transverse colon in 12 healthy subjects . The following day , over a 10 h period , subjects received four stimuli : 240 ml of three drinks at 45 degrees C in r and om order : black Colombian coffee ( 150 mg caffeine ) , decaffeinated coffee or water and 1000 kcal meal . We analyzed the effects of each stimulant on colonic motor responses . RESULTS Caffeinated coffee , decaffeinated coffee and meal induced more activity in the colon with a greater area under the curve of pressure waves ( P < 0.01 ) and a greater number of propagated contractions ( P < 0.05 ) when compared with water . Caffeinated coffee , decaffeinated coffee and meal induced greater ( P < 0.05 ) motor activity in the transverse/descending colon when compared with the rectosigmoid colon . The effects of decaffeinated coffee on colonic motility were not significantly different from those of water or caffeinated coffee and were lower ( P < 0.05 ) than that of a meal . CONCLUSION Caffeinated coffee stimulates colonic motor activity . Its magnitude is similar to a meal , 60 % stronger than water and 23 % stronger than decaffeinated coffee Objective Coffee and cigarette use is believed to induce bowel movements , although the literature is controversial and precise measurements of rectal tone and sensitivity with a barostat have never been performed . The aim of this study was to assess the effects of coffee and nicotine on rectal tone , compliance and sensitivity . Material and methods Sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited for the coffee ( n=8 ) and nicotine ( n=8 ) experiments . The experiments were r and omly performed in a placebo-controlled crossover design on separate days . In the coffee experiment , 280 ml strong coffee or warm water was drunk and in the nicotine experiment , nicotine ( 2 mg ) or placebo was given sublingually . A rectal barostat procedure was carried out . A flaccid bag , mounted on a catheter , was inserted in the rectum . Continuous pressure distension was exerted to register basal visceral sensitivity and compliance . After rectal adaptation , the stimulus was given . Rectal tone was measured for 1 h , after which continuous pressure distension was repeated . Results Rectal tone increased by 45 % 30 min after coffee intake ( p=0.031 ) and by 30 % after water intake ( p=0.032 ) , but the effects of coffee and water were not significantly different . Rectal tone did not change significantly after administration of nicotine ( 7 % ) or placebo ( 10 % ) . There was no difference in compliance and visceral sensitivity between coffee and water or nicotine and placebo . Conclusions Both coffee and warm water have an effect on defecation by increasing rectal tone , but nicotine ( 2 mg ) did not affect rectal tone .  Coffee and nicotine did not influence sensitivity or compliance BACKGROUND : Paralytic ileus that develops after elective surgery is a common and uncomfortable complication and is considered inevitable after an intraperitoneal operation . OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether coffee consumption accelerates the recovery of bowel function after complete staging surgery of gynecologic cancers . STUDY DESIGN : In this r and omized controlled trial , 114 patients were allocated preoperatively to either postoperative coffee consumption with 3 times daily ( n=58 ) or routine postoperative care without coffee consumption ( n=56 ) .  Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy with systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy  were performed on all patients as part of complete staging surgery for endometrial , ovarian , cervical , or tubal cancer . The primary outcome measure was the time to the first passage of flatus after surgery . Secondary outcomes were the time to first defecation , time to first bowel movement , and time to tolerance of a solid diet . RESULTS : The mean time to flatus ( 30.2±8.0 vs 40.2±12.1 hours ; P<.001 ) , mean time to defecation ( 43.1±9.4 vs 58.5±17.0 hours ; P<.001 ) , and mean time to the ability to tolerate food ( 3.4±1.2 vs 4.7±1.6 days ; P<.001 ) were reduced significantly in patients who consumed coffee compared with control subjects . Mild ileus symptoms were observed in 17 patients ( 30.4 % ) in the control group compared with 6 patients ( 10.3 % ) in the coffee group ( P=.01 ) . Coffee consumption was well‐tolerated and well‐accepted by patients , and no intervention‐related side‐effects were observed . CONCLUSION : Coffee consumption after total abdominal hysterectomy and systematic paraaortic lymphadenectomy expedites the time to bowel motility and the ability to tolerate food . This simple , cheap , and well‐tolerated treatment should be added as an adjunct to the postoperative care of gynecologic oncology patients BACKGROUND Controversy still exists about the long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee consumption in hypertension . METHODS The predictive capacity of coffee use for cardiovascular events ( CVEs ) was investigated in 1204 participants from the HARVEST , a prospect i ve cohort study of non-diabetic subjects aged 18 - 45years , screened for stage 1 hypertension . Subjects were grouped into three categories of coffee drinking , non-drinkers ( none ) , moderate drinkers ( 1 to 3cups/day ) and heavy drinkers ( 4or more cups/day ) . Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were developed adjusting for possible confounding variables and risk factors . RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.6years , CVEs were developed by 60 participants . CVEs were more common among coffee drinkers than abstainers ( abstainers , 2.2 % ; moderate drinkers , 7.0 % ; heavy drinkers , 14.0 % ; p for trend=0.0003 ) . In a multivariable Cox regression model , coffee use was a significant predictor of CVE in both coffee categories , with a hazard ratio of 2.8 ( 95 % CI , 1.0 - 7.9 ) in moderate coffee drinkers and of 4.5 ( 1.4 - 14.2 ) in heavy drinkers compared to abstainers . After inclusion of change in body weight ( p = ns ) , incident hypertension ( p=0.027 ) and presence of diabetes/prediabetes ( p = ns ) at follow-up end , the association with CVE was attenuated but remained significant in heavy coffee drinkers ( HR , 95 % CI , 3.4 , 1.04 - 11.3 ) . CONCLUSIONS These data show that coffee consumption increases the risk of CVE in a linear fashion in hypertension . This association may be explained in part by the association between coffee and development of hypertension . Hypertensive patients should be discouraged from drinking coffee BACKGROUND : Postoperative ileus is common problem after colorectal surgery . A positive effect of coffee to bowel movement has been described . It is still unclear whether coffee decreases the risk of postoperative ileus . OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to determine whether consuming a 100-mL cup of coffee is effective in preventing or reducing postoperative ileus . DESIGN : This was a prospect i ve , single-center , r and omized controlled study . SETTING S : The study was conducted at a university teaching hospital . PATIENTS : All of the patients who were scheduled for elective laparoscopic left-sided colectomy at our hospital after the detection of malignant disease in a preoperative biopsy between January 2013 and December 2014 entered the study . The patients were assigned r and omly before surgery to receive coffee with caffeine ( first group ) , coffee without caffeine ( second group ) , or water ( third group ) after the procedure ( 100 mL 3 times daily ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : The primary end point was time to first bowel movement ; secondary end points were time to first flatus and time to tolerance of solid food . RESULTS : A total of 105 patients were r and omly assigned , 35 to each group . Fifteen patients were excluded . Patient demographic characteristics were similar in the groups . The time until the first bowel movement ( measured in days ) was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) shorter in the decaffeinated coffee group ( 3.00 ± 1.50 ) versus the coffee with caffeine ( 3.75 ± 1.53 ) and water groups ( 4.14 ± 1.14 ) . The time until tolerance of solid food was significantly shorter in decaffeinated group versus coffee with caffeine and water groups ( 1.85 versus 2.60 and 2.80 ; p < 0.05 ) . Time until the first flatus ( 1.47 versus 1.57 and 1.77 for decaffeinated coffee versus coffee with caffeine and water ; p > 0.05 ) did not show statistical significance . Postoperative hospital stay was similar in all 3 of the groups . LIMITATIONS : This is a single-center study with a relatively small sample size . CONCLUSIONS : Coffee consumption after colectomy was safe and in the decaffeinated group associated with a reduced time to first bowel action . Caffeine is not a main ingredient affecting the length of postoperative ileus 
    Output:
    
None of the included studies reported adverse events associated with coffee consumption .
Postoperative coffee consumption is effective and safe for enhancing the recovery of gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery