***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A dietary protein intake higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance during an energy deficit helps to preserve lean body mass ( LBM ) , particularly when combined with exercise . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a proof-of-principle trial to test whether manipulation of dietary protein intake during a marked energy deficit in addition to intense exercise training would affect changes in body composition . DESIGN We used a single-blind , r and omized , parallel-group prospect i ve trial . During a 4-wk period , we provided hypoenergetic ( ~40 % reduction compared with requirements ) diets providing 33 ± 1 kcal/kg LBM to young men who were r and omly assigned ( n = 20/group ) to consume either a lower-protein ( 1.2 g · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) ) control diet ( CON ) or a higher-protein ( 2.4 g · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) ) diet ( PRO ) . All subjects performed resistance exercise training combined with high-intensity interval training for 6 d/wk . A 4-compartment model assessment of body composition was made pre- and postintervention . RESULTS As a result of the intervention , LBM increased ( P < 0.05 ) in the PRO group ( 1.2 ± 1.0 kg ) and to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the CON group ( 0.1 ± 1.0 kg ) . The PRO group had a greater loss of fat mass than did the CON group ( PRO : -4.8 ± 1.6 kg ; CON : -3.5 ± 1.4 kg ; P < 0.05 ) . All measures of exercise performance improved similarly in the PRO and CON groups as a result of the intervention with no effect of protein supplementation . Changes in serum cortisol during the intervention were associated with changes in body fat ( r = 0.39 , P = 0.01 ) and LBM ( r = -0.34 , P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that , during a marked energy deficit , consumption of a diet containing 2.4 g protein · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) was more effective than consumption of a diet containing 1.2 g protein · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) in promoting increases in LBM and losses of fat mass when combined with a high volume of resistance and anaerobic exercise . Changes in serum cortisol were associated with changes in body fat and LBM , but did not explain much variance in either measure . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01776359 Abstract Increased protein intake versus maltodextrin intake for 4 weeks lowers blood pressure . Concerns exist that high‐protein diets reduce renal function . Effects of acute and 4‐week protein intake versus maltodextrin intake on renal acid load , glomerular filtration rate and related parameters were compared in this study . Seventy‐nine overweight individuals with untreated elevated blood pressure and normal kidney function were r and omized to consume a mix of protein isolates ( 60 g/day ) or maltodextrin ( 60 g/day ) for 4 weeks in energy balance . Twenty‐four‐hour urinary potential renal acid load ( uPRAL ) was compared between groups . A subgroup ( maltodextrin N = 27 , protein mix N = 25 ) participated in extra test days investigating fasting levels and postpr and ial effects of meals supplemented with a moderate protein‐ or maltodextrin‐load on glomerular filtration rate , effective renal plasma flow , plasma renin , aldosterone , pH , and bicarbonate . uPRAL was significantly higher in the protein group after 4 weeks ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Postpr and ial filtration fraction decreased further after the protein‐supplemented breakfast than after the maltodextrin‐supplemented breakfast after 4 weeks of supplementation ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Fasting and postpr and ial levels of glomerular filtration rate , effective renal plasma flow , renin , aldosterone , angiotensin‐converting enzyme , pH and bicarbonate did not differ between groups . In conclusion , 4 weeks on an increased protein diet ( 25 % of energy intake ) increased renal acid load , but did not affect renal function . Postpr and ial changes , except for filtration fraction , also did not differ between groups . These data suggest that a moderate increase in protein intake by consumption of a protein mix for 4 weeks causes no ( undesirable ) effects on kidney function in overweight and obese individuals with normal kidney function Although popular and effective for weight loss , low-carbohydrate , high-protein , high-fat ( Atkins ) diets have been associated with adverse changes in blood and renal biomarkers . High-protein diets low in fat may represent an equally appealing diet plan but promote a more healthful weight loss .  Healthy adults ( n = 20 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 low-fat ( < 30 % energy ) , energy-restricted groups : high-protein ( 30 % energy ) or high-carbohydrate ( 60 % energy ) ; 24-h intakes were strictly controlled during the 6-wk trial . One subject from each group did not complete the trial due to out-of-state travel ; two subjects in the high-carbohydrate group withdrew from the trial due to extreme hunger . Body composition and metabolic indices were assessed pre- and post-trial . Both diets were equally effective at reducing body weight ( -6 % , P < 0.05 ) and fat mass ( -9 to -11 % , P < 0.05 ) ; however , subjects consuming the high-protein diet reported more satisfaction and less hunger in mo 1 of the trial . Both diets significantly lowered total cholesterol ( -10 to -12 % ) , insulin ( -25 % ) , and uric acid ( -22 to -30 % ) concentrations in blood from fasting subjects . Urinary calcium excretion increased 42 % in subjects consuming the high-protein diet , mirroring the 50 % increase in dietary calcium with consumption of this diet ; thus , apparent calcium balance was not adversely affected . Creatinine clearance was not altered by diet treatments , and nitrogen balance was more positive in subjects consuming the high-protein diet vs. the high-carbohydrate diet ( 3.9 + /- 1.4 and 0.7 + /- 1.7 g N/d , respectively , P < 0.05 ) . Thus , low-fat , energy-restricted diets of varying protein content ( 15 or 30 % energy ) promoted healthful weight loss , but diet satisfaction was greater in those consuming the high-protein diet BACKGROUND Acute consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes a greater positive protein balance than does soy protein . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine the long-term consequences of milk or soy protein or equivalent energy consumption on training-induced lean mass accretion . DESIGN We recruited 56 healthy young men who trained 5 d/wk for 12 wk on a rotating split-body resistance exercise program in a parallel 3-group longitudinal design . Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume drinks immediately and again 1 h after exercise : fat-free milk ( Milk ; n = 18 ) ; fat-free soy protein ( Soy ; n = 19 ) that was isoenergetic , isonitrogenous , and macronutrient ratio matched to Milk ; or maltodextrin that was isoenergetic with Milk and Soy ( control group ; n = 19 ) . RESULTS Muscle fiber size , maximal strength , and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) were measured before and after training . No between-group differences were seen in strength . Type II muscle fiber area increased in all groups with training , but with greater increases in the Milk group than in both the Soy and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Type I muscle fiber area increased after training only in the Milk and Soy groups , with the increase in the Milk group being greater than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . DXA-measured fat- and bone-free mass increased in all groups , with a greater increase in the Milk group than in both the Soy and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that chronic postexercise consumption of milk promotes greater hypertrophy during the early stages of resistance training in novice weightlifters when compared with isoenergetic soy or carbohydrate consumption BACKGROUND The metabolic effects of diets high in vegetable protein have not been assessed despite much recent interest in the effect of soy proteins in reducing serum cholesterol . OBJECTIVE We assessed the metabolic effects of diets high in vegetable protein ( specifically , wheat gluten ) on serum lipids , uric acid concentrations , and renal function . DESIGN Twenty hyperlipidemic men and women consumed isoenergetic test ( high-protein ) and control metabolic diets for 1 mo in a r and omized crossover design . In the high-protein diet , 11 % of the total dietary energy from starch in the control bread was replaced by vegetable protein ( wheat gluten ) , result ing in 27 % of total energy from protein compared with 16 % in the control diet . In other respects , the 2 diets were identical . RESULTS Compared with the control , the high-protein diet result ed in lower serum concentrations of triacylglycerol ( by 19.2 + /- 5.6 % ; P = 0.003 ) , uric acid ( by 12.7 + /- 2.0 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and creatinine ( by 2.5 + /- 1.1 % ; P = 0.035 ) and higher serum concentrations of urea ( by 42.2 + /- 5.8 % ; P < 0.001 ) and a higher 24-h urinary urea output ( by 99.2 + /- 17.2 % ; P < 0.001 ) . No significant differences were detected in total or HDL cholesterol or in the renal clearance of creatinine . LDL oxidation , assessed as the ratio of conjugated dienes to LDL cholesterol in the LDL fraction , was lower with the high-protein diet ( by 10.6 + /- 3.6 % ; P = 0.009 ) . CONCLUSIONS High intakes of vegetable protein from gluten may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk by reducing oxidized LDL , serum triacylglycerol , and uric acid . Further studies are required to assess the longer-term effects on renal function BACKGROUND When substituted for carbohydrate in an energy-reduced diet , dietary protein enhances fat loss in women . It is unknown whether the effect is due to increased protein or reduced carbohydrate . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of 2 isocaloric diets that differed in protein and fat content on weight loss , lipids , appetite regulation , and energy expenditure after test meals . DESIGN This was a parallel , r and omized study in which subjects received either a low-fat , high-protein ( LF-HP ) diet ( 29 + /- 1 % fat , 34 + /- 0.8 % protein ) or a high-fat , st and ard-protein ( HF-SP ) diet ( 45 + /- 0.6 % fat , 18 + /- 0.3 % protein ) during 12 wk of energy restriction ( 6 + /- 0.1 MJ/d ) and 4 wk of energy balance ( 7.4 + /- 0.3 MJ/d ) . Fifty-seven overweight and obese [ mean body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) : 33.8 + /- 0.9 ] volunteers with insulin concentrations > 12 mU/L completed the study . RESULTS Weight loss ( LF-HP group , 9.7 + /- 1.1 kg ; HF-SP group , 10.2 + /- 1.4 kg ; P = 0.78 ) and fat loss were not significantly different between diet groups even though the subjects desired less to eat after the LF-HP meal ( P = 0.02 ) . The decrease in resting energy expenditure was not significantly different between diet groups ( LF-HP , -342 + /- 185 kJ/d ; HF-SP , -349 + /- 220 kJ/d ) . The decrease in the thermic effect of feeding with weight loss was smaller in the LF-HP group than in the HF-SP group ( -0.3 + /- 1.0 % compared with -3.6 + /- 0.7 % ; P = 0.014 ) . Glucose and insulin responses to test meals improved after weight loss ( P < 0.001 ) with no significant diet effect . Bone turnover , inflammation , and calcium excretion did not change significantly . CONCLUSION The magnitude of weight loss and the improvements in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors did not differ significantly between the 2 diets , and neither diet had any detrimental effects on bone turnover or renal function Calcium balance is decreased by an increased intake of purified proteins , although the effects of common dietary sources of protein ( like meat ) on calcium economy remain controversial . We compared the effects of several weeks of controlled high and low meat diets on body calcium retention , using sensitive radiotracer and whole body scintillation counting methodology . Healthy postmenopausal women ( n = 15 ) consumed diets with similar calcium content ( approximately 600 mg ) , but either low or high in meat ( 12 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Postintervention GFR comparisons indicate that HP diets result in higher GFRs ; however , when changes in GFR were compared , dietary protein had no effect .
Our analysis indicates that HP intakes do not adversely influence kidney function on GFR in healthy adults