***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Women who exchange sex for money or other goods , that is , female sex workers , are at increased risk of experiencing physical and sexual violence from both paying and intimate partners . Exposure to violence can be exacerbated by alcohol use and HIV/STI risk . The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of a HIV/STI risk reduction and enhanced HIV/STI risk reduction intervention at decreasing paying and intimate partner violence against Mongolian women who exchange sex and engage in harmful alcohol use . Women are recruited and r and omized to either ( a ) four sessions of a relationship-based HIV/STI risk reduction intervention ( n = 49 ) , ( b ) the same HIV/STI risk reduction intervention plus two additional motivational interviewing sessions ( n = 58 ) , or ( c ) a four session control condition focused on wellness promotion ( n = 59 ) . All the respondents complete assessment s at baseline ( preintervention ) as well as at immediate posttest , 3 and 6 months postintervention . A multilevel logistic model finds that women who participated in the HIV/STI risk reduction group ( OR = 0.14 , p < .00 ) , HIV/STI risk reduction and motivational interview group ( OR = 0.46 , p = .02 ) , and wellness ( OR = 0.20 , p < .00 ) group reduced their exposure to physical and sexual violence in the past 90 days . No significant differences in effects are observed between conditions . This study demonstrates the efficacy of a  relationship-based HIV/STI risk reduction intervention , a relationship-based HIV/STI risk reduction intervention combined with motivational interviewing , and a wellness promotion intervention in reducing intimate and paying partner violence against women who exchange sex in Mongolia . The findings have significant implication s for the impact of minimal intervention and the potential role of peer networks and social support in reducing women ’s experiences of violence in re source poor setting AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the intervention effects of intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents with suicidal risk ( IPT-A-IN ) by comparison with treatment as usual ( TAU ) at schools . METHODS A total of 347 students from one-fifth of the classes of a high school in southern Taiwan completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II , the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation , the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Hopelessness Scale for screening for suicidal risk . Of them , 73 depressed students who had suicidal risk on screening were r and omly assigned to the IPT-A-IN or TAU group . Analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) was performed to examine the effect of IPT-A-IN on reducing the severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness . RESULTS Using the pre-intervention scores as covariates , the IPT-A-IN group had lower post-intervention severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness than the TAU group . CONCLUSION Intensive school-based IPT-A-IN is effective in reducing the severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness in depressed adolescents with suicidal risk Background Violence against female sex workers ( FSWs ) can impede HIV prevention efforts and contravenes their human rights . We developed a multi-layered violence intervention targeting policy makers , secondary stakeholders ( police , lawyers , media ) , and primary stakeholders ( FSWs ) , as part of wider HIV prevention programming involving > 60,000 FSWs in Karnataka state . This study examined if violence against FSWs is associated with reduced condom use and increased STI/HIV risk , and if addressing violence against FSWs within a large-scale HIV prevention program can reduce levels of violence against them . Methods FSWs were r and omly selected to participate in polling booth surveys ( PBS 2006 - 2008 ; short behavioural question naires administered anonymously ) and integrated behavioural-biological assessment s ( IBBAs 2005 - 2009 ; administered face-to-face ) . Results 3,852 FSWs participated in the IBBAs and 7,638 FSWs participated in the PBS . Overall , 11.0 % of FSWs in the IBBAs and 26.4 % of FSWs in the PBS reported being beaten or raped in the past year . FSWs who reported violence in the past year were significantly less likely to report condom use with clients ( zero unprotected sex acts in previous month , 55.4 % vs. 75.5 % , adjusted odds ratio ( AOR ) 0.4 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.3 to 0.5 , p < 0.001 ) ; to have accessed the HIV intervention program ( ever contacted by peer educator , 84.9 % vs. 89.6 % , AOR 0.7 , 95 % CI 0.4 to 1.0 , p = 0.04 ) ; or to have ever visited the project sexual health clinic ( 59.0 % vs. 68.1 % , AOR 0.7 , 95 % CI 0.6 to 1.0 , p = 0.02 ) ; and were significantly more likely to be infected with gonorrhea ( 5.0 % vs. 2.6 % , AOR 1.9 , 95 % CI 1.1 to 3.3 , p = 0.02 ) . By the follow-up surveys , significant reductions were seen in the proportions of FSWs reporting violence compared with baseline ( IBBA 13.0 % vs. 9.0 % , AOR 0.7 , 95 % CI 0.5 to 0.9 p = 0.01 ; PBS 27.3 % vs. 18.9 % , crude OR 0.5 , 95 % CI 0.4 to 0.5 , p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions This program demonstrates that a structural approach to addressing violence can be effectively delivered at scale . Addressing violence against FSWs is important for the success of HIV prevention programs , and for protecting their basic human rights Background There is an urgent need for effective , affordable interventions to prevent child mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries . Aims To determine the effects of a universal pre-school-based intervention on child conduct problems and social skills at school and at home . Method In a cluster r and omised design , 24 community pre-schools in inner-city areas of Kingston , Jamaica , were r and omly assigned to receive the Incredible Years Teacher Training intervention ( n = 12 ) or to a control group ( n = 12 ) . Three children from each class with the highest levels of teacher-reported conduct problems were selected for evaluation , giving 225 children aged 3–6 years . The primary outcome was observed child behaviour at school . Secondary outcomes were child behaviour by parent and teacher report , child attendance and parents ’ attitude to school . The study is registered as IS RCT N35476268 . Results Children in intervention schools showed significantly reduced conduct problems ( effect size ( ES ) = 0.42 ) and increased friendship skills ( ES = 0.74 ) through observation , significant reductions to teacher-reported ( ES = 0.47 ) and parent-reported ( ES = 0.22 ) behaviour difficulties and increases in teacher-reported social skills ( ES = 0.59 ) and child attendance ( ES = 0.30 ) . Benefits to parents ’ attitude to school were not significant . Conclusions A low-cost , school-based intervention in a middle-income country substantially reduces child conduct problems and increases child social skills at home and at school Objective To assess the impact of the Women 's Health CoOp ( WHC ) on drug abstinence among vulnerable women having HIV counselling and testing ( HCT ) . Design R and omised trial conducted with multiple follow-ups . Setting 15 communities in Cape Town , South Africa . Participants 720 drug-using women aged 18–33 , r and omised to an intervention ( 360 ) or one of two control arms ( 181 and 179 ) with 91.9 % retained at follow-up . Interventions The WHC brief peer-facilitated intervention consisted of four modules ( two sessions ) , 2 h addressing knowledge and skills to reduce drug use , sex risk and violence ; and included role-playing and rehearsal , an equal attention nutrition intervention , and an HCT-only control . Primary outcome measures Biologically confirmed drug abstinence measured at 12-month follow-up , sober at last sex act , condom use with main and casual sex partners , and intimate partner violence . Results At the 12-month endpoint , 26.9 % ( n=83/309 ) of the women in the WHC arm were abstinent from drugs , compared with 16.9 % ( n=27/160 ) in the Nutrition arm and 20 % ( n=31/155 ) in the HCT-only control arm . In the r and om effects model , this translated to an effect size on the log odds scale with an OR of 1.54 ( 95 % CI 1.07 to 2.22 ) comparing the WHC arm with the combined control arms . Other 12-month comparison measures between arms were non-significant for sex risk and victimisation outcomes . At 6-month follow-up , women in the WHC arm ( 65.9 % , 197/299 ) were more likely to be sober at the last sex act ( OR1.32 ( 95 % CI 1.02 to 1.84 ) ) than women in the Nutrition arm ( 54.3 % , n=82/152 ) . Conclusions This is the first trial among drug-using women in South Africa showing that a brief intervention added to HCT results in greater abstinence from drug use at 12 months and a larger percentage of sexual activity not under the influence of substances . Trial registration number NCT00729391 Clinical OBJECTIVE : An estimated 178 million children younger than 5 years in developing countries experience linear growth retardation and are unlikely to attain their developmental potential . We aim ed to evaluate adult benefits from early childhood stimulation and /or nutritional supplementation in growth-retarded children . METHODS : In Kingston , Jamaica , 129 growth-retarded children aged 9 to 24 months took part in a 2-year trial of nutritional supplementation ( 1 kg milk-based formula per week ) and /or psychosocial stimulation ( weekly play sessions to improve mother-child interaction ) . We assessed  IQ , educational attainment , and behavior at 22 years old in 105 participants . We used multivariate regressions , weighted to adjust for loss to follow-up , to determine treatment benefits . RESULTS : We found no significant benefits from supplementation . Participants who received stimulation reported less involvement in fights ( odds ratio : 0.36 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.12–1.06 ] ) and in serious violent behavior ( odds ratio : 0.33 [ 95 % CI : 0.11–0.93 ] ) than did participants with no stimulation . They also had higher adult IQ ( coefficient : 6.3 [ 95 % CI : 2.2–10.4 ] ) , higher educational attainment ( achievement , grade level attained , and secondary examinations ) , better general knowledge , and fewer symptoms of depression and social inhibition . CONCLUSIONS : Early psychosocial intervention had wide-ranging benefits in adulthood that are likely to facilitate functioning in everyday life . The reductions in violent behavior are extremely important given the high levels of violence in many developing countries . The study provides critical evidence that early intervention can lead to gains in adult functioning Objective To assess the impact of Stepping Stones , a HIV prevention programme , on incidence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 ( HSV-2 ) and sexual behaviour . Design Cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting 70 villages ( clusters ) in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa . Participants 1360 men and 1416 women aged 15 - 26 years , who were mostly attending schools . Intervention Stepping Stones , a 50 hour programme , aims to improve sexual health by using participatory learning approaches to build knowledge , risk awareness , and communication skills and to stimulate critical reflection . Villages were r and omised to receive either this or a three hour intervention on HIV and safer sex . Interviewers administered question naires at baseline and 12 and 24 months and blood was tested for HIV and HSV-2 . Main outcome measures Primary outcome measure : incidence of HIV . Other outcomes : incidence of HSV-2 , unwanted pregnancy , reported sexual practice s , depression , and substance misuse . Results There was no evidence that Stepping Stones lowered the incidence of HIV ( adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.95 , 95 % confidence interval 0.67 to 1.35 ) . The programme was associated with a reduction of about 33 % in the incidence of HSV-2 ( 0.67 , 0.46 to 0.97 ; P=0.036)—that is , Stepping Stones reduced the number of new HSV-2 infections over a two year period by 34.9 ( 1.6 to 68.2 ) per 1000 people exposed . Stepping Stones significantly improved a number of reported risk behaviours in men , with a lower proportion of men reporting perpetration of intimate partner violence across two years of follow-up and less transactional sex and problem drinking at 12 months . In women desired behaviour changes were not reported and those in the Stepping Stones programme reported more transactional sex at 12 months . Conclusion Stepping Stones did not reduce incidence of HIV but had an impact on several risk factors for HIV — notably , HSV-2 and perpetration of intimate partner violence . Trial Registration Clinical Trials NCT00332878 OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether primary health care setting s can be used 
    Output:
    
Evaluation studies successfully established in LMIC had often capitalized on other major regional priorities ( e.g. HIV ) .