***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract HIV infection and HIV drug therapies result in physical and psychological challenges to those living with HIV . These conditions contribute to decreased functional aerobic capacity ( FAC ) . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a combined moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on the FAC of HIV-infected individuals . Forty HIV-infected individuals were r and omized to an  exercise group  ( EX ) who completed six weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training , or to a control group ( CON ) that did not receive the exercise intervention . Twice weekly , the EX group completed 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic training followed by moderate-intensity resistance training . Prior to , and following , the intervention the FAC for each subject was determined by grade d exercise treadmill stress test ( GXT ) . At baseline testing , the mean FAC as determined by treadmill time-based estimation of maximal oxygen consumption was 25 % below age-predicted values , a level of reduction indicating the presence of functional aerobic impairment ( FAI ) . Following the intervention , the EX had a significant increase in time to fatigue and estimated VO2 max ( p<.001 ) . Further , FAI was eliminated ( 1 % above age predicted values ) during the exercise training . The EX group also experienced decreased heart rates during Stages 1 ( p=.02 ) , 2 ( p=.01 ) , 4 ( p=.05 ) and 6 ( p=.02 ) of the GXT . The CON had no significant changes during the intervention period . These data indicate that six weeks of combined moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training can improve FAC and eliminate FAI in those with HIV . Results suggest that the functional limitations common in HIV-infected individuals are due in part to detraining that is reversible through moderate exercise adherence Objective Our objective was to examine the effects of exercise training ( EXS ) on quality of life ( QoL ) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-positive ( HIV+ ) subjects with body fat redistribution ( BFR ) in Rw and a. Methods The effects of a r and omised controlled trial of EXS on QoL were measured using World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF  in HIV+ subjects with BFR r and omised to EXS ( n = 50 ; BFR + EXS ) or no exercise training ( n = 50 ; BFR + noEXS ) . Results At 6 months , scores on the psychological [ 1.3 ( 0.3 ) vs. 0.5 ( 0.1 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , independence [ 0.6 ( 0.1 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationships [ 0.6 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] and HIV HAART-specific QoL domains [ 1.4 ( 0.2 ) vs. −0.1 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Self-esteem [ 1.3 ( 0.8 ) vs. 0.1 ( 0.6 ) ; P < 0.001 ] , body image [ 1.5 ( 0.6 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] and emotional stress [ 1.6 ( 0.7 ) vs. 0.2 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] improved more in the BFR + EXS group than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Psychological [ 1.5 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.1 ( 0.3 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationship [ 0.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.4 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , and HIV HAART-specific well-being [ 1.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS female than male subjects . Conclusions Exercise training improved several components of QoL in HAART-treated HIV+ African subjects with BFR .  Exercise training is an inexpensive and efficacious strategy for improving QoL in HIV+ African subjects , which may improve HAART adherence and treatment initiatives in re source -limited areas of sub-Saharan Africa The CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omized , controlled trials . Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating experience . Objectives : To assess the effects of  antiretroviral therapy ( ART )  on bone mineral density ( BMD ) Design : R and omized comparison of continuous ART ( viral suppression group ; VS ) with intermittent ART ( drug conservation group ; DC ) Setting : Outpatient clinics in the United States , Australia , and Spain . Participants : Participants in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy ( SMART ) Body Composition sub study . Main outcome measures : Annual hip and spine BMD by dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry ( DXA ) and spine BMD by quantitative computed tomography ( qCT ) . Methods : Comparisons were by intention-to-treat analysis , using longitudinal models for change in BMD . Risk factors for BMD loss were evaluated . Results : The 214 participants ( median 44 years , 19 % female participants , 73 % on ART ; median T-scores −0.5 total hip , −0.7 spine DXA , −0.9 spine qCT ; 98 r and omized to VS and 116 to DC ) were followed for a mean 2.4 years . With continuous ART , BMD declined per year by 0.8 % ( hip ) , 0.4 % ( spine DXA ) , and 2.4 % ( spine qCT ) . BMD declined significantly less with intermittent ART . Estimated DC minus VS group differences in mean BMD change through follow-up were 1.4 % [ hip ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.6–2.3 ; P = 0.002 ] , 1.3 % ( spine DXA ; 95 % CI 0.1–2.4 , P = 0.03 ) , and 3.0 % ( spine qCT ; 95 % CI 0.8–5.2 , P = 0.007 ) . No consistent drug-specific association with BMD decline was found . In the parent study , 10 of 2753 participants in the VS group and two of 2720 in the DC group reported serious fractures ( hazard ratio 4.9 ; 95 % CI 1.1–22.5 ; P = 0.04 ) . Conclusion : Continuous ART is associated with decline in BMD and possibly more fractures relative to intermittent , CD4 cell count-guided ART Exercise/physical activity is increasingly being advocated as a positive addition to the treatment regimen of HIV-positive individuals . We investigated the effects of 10 weeks ' aerobic and resistance training on individuals with HIV-related lipodystrophy . These individuals demonstrated an improvement in exercise tolerance , body composition and blood lipid profiles . Potentially , such changes may contribute to an amelioration of some of the adverse metabolic effects associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy OBJECTIVE Body fat redistribution ( ' lipodystrophy ' ) , with gain in abdominal and trunk fat , and decline in facial and limb fat , is a newly recognized problem in patients with HIV infection that has been linked to use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors . Increased abdominal fat may predispose these patients to hypertension , diabetes , and coronary artery disease . At this time no effective treatment is available . We examined whether exercise training could reduce trunk fat in men with fat redistribution . DESIGN Open-label pilot study . METHODS Ten men with increasing abdominal girth participated in a 16 week pilot study of progressive resistance training with an aerobic component . They trained in a community health club three times per week . Total body lean and fat mass , and trunk fat mass , were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) . RESULTS After 16 weeks of exercise , strength increased for three of the four exercises tested ( leg press + 13 % [ p < 0.02 ] , leg extension + 19 % [ p < 0.03 ] , seated row + 7 % [ p < 0.13 ] , chest press + 18 % [ p < 0.0051 ) . There was a significant decline in total body fat by 1.5 kg (= 2.1 percentage points , p < 0.01 ) ; most of the decline in body fat occurred in trunk fat , which decreased by 1.1 kg ( p < 0.03 ) . Weight , lean mass ( + 1.1 + 2.6 kg , p = 0.23 ) , and bone mineral density measured by DXA did not change . No adverse effects were seen from the training . CONCLUSIONS Exercise training may reduce trunk fat mass in HIV-positive men with fat redistribution . Controls trials of this approach are warranted PURPOSE The purpose s of the present study were to assess the effects of a 12-wk laboratory based aerobic exercise program on cardiopulmonary function , CD4 cell count , and physician-assessed health status among symptomatic pre-AIDS HIV-infected individuals ( N = 28 ) and to assess the degree to which ill health was associated with exercise relapse . METHODS Responses to grade d exercise test , physician-assessed health status , and CD4 cell counts were determined at baseline and 12-wk follow-up for participants r and omly assigned to exercise or control conditions , and reasons for exercise noncompliance were recorded . RESULTS Approximately 61 % of exercise-assigned  participants complied ( > 50 % attendance ) with the exercise program , and analyses of exercise relapse data indicated that obesity and smoking status , but not exercise-associated illness , differentiated compliant from noncompliant exercisers . Compliant exercisers significantly improved peak oxygen consumption ( VO2peak ; 12 % ) , oxygen pulse ( O2pulse ; 13 % ) , tidal volume ( TV ; 8 % ) , ventilation ( VE ; 17 % ) , and leg power ( 25 % ) to a greater degree than control participants and noncompliant exercisers ( all P < 0.05 ) . Although no group differences in health status were found , a significant interaction effect indicated that noncompliant exercisers ' CD4 cells declined ( 18 % ) significantly , whereas compliant exercisers ' cell counts significantly increased ( 13 % ; P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that although aerobic exercise can improve cardiopulmonary functioning in symptomatic HIV-infected individuals with minimal health risks , attention to factors associated with exercise adherence is warranted Substantial body tissue wasting has been reported in acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) patients . The purpose of this investigation was to determine if progressive resistance exercise ( PRE ) would improve muscle function and increase body dimensions and mass in AIDS patients . The subjects were 24 male outpatient volunteers , status posttherapy for acute pneumocystis carinii pneumonia . Subjects were r and omly assigned to control ( n = 12 ) or experimental ( n = 12 ) subsets . All subjects underwent muscle function testing on 12 variables of torque , force , power , and work ; three variables of anthropometry were assessed . The experimental group engaged in PRE three times per week for six weeks . The control group did not exercise beyond their usual daily living activities . Both groups were retested at the end of six weeks . In comparison to the control group , the experimental group significantly increased in 13 of the 15 study variables . Thus , during the nonacute stage of AIDS , physiologic adaptation occurred that improved muscle function and increased body dimensions and mass BACKGROUND Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) increasingly demonstrate abnormalities in fat distribution and metabolism ; however , the effects of a home-based exercise regimen in this group have not been investigated . METHODS We conducted a 16-week r and omized intervention study of a supervised home-based progressive resistance training and aerobic exercise program in 40 HIV-infected women with increased waist-hip ratio and self-reported fat redistribution . Cross-sectional muscle area and muscle attenuation were measured by computed tomography . Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by calculated maximum oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) and strength by 1-repetition maximum . RESULTS Cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO2max ) was markedly lower at baseline ( median [ 95 % confidence interval ] , 15.4 [ 8.3 - 25.2 ] mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) than reported values for healthy female subjects ( 26 - 35 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) . Subjects r and omized to exercise had significant improvement in mean + /- SEM VO2max ( 1.5 + /- 0.8 vs -2.5 + /- 1.6 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ; P<.001 ) and endurance ( 1.0 + /- 0.3 vs -0.6 + /- 0.3 minute ; P<.001 ) . Strength increased at the knee extensors , pectoralis , knee flexors , shoulder abductors , ankle plantar flexors , and elbow flexors ( all P<.001 ) . Total muscle area ( 6 + 
    Output:
    
AE  decreases adiposity and may improve certain lipid subsets .
PRE increases body weight and limb girth .
No additional effects of combining AE and PRE are evident .