***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS To evaluate the prevalence , associated risk factors and the impact on health related quality of life ( HRQoL ) of overactive bladder ( OAB ) among men and women aged ≥18 years in China , using the 2002 International Continence Society ( ICS ) definition . METHODS The population -based , cross-sectional field survey was conducted between June 2009 and February 2010 in China using question naires regarding demographics , the prevalence and the HRQoL. A stratified r and om sample of men and women aged ≥18 years residing in China who were representative of the general population s was selected for demographic question naires first . The individuals meeting the diagnostic criteria of OAB ( urgency occurring once a week or more ) were further interviewed through King 's health question naire ( KHQ ) to estimate the impact of OAB on HRQoL. Data were stratified by city , age cohort , and gender . RESULTS A total of 21,513 individuals were contacted to participate in the survey , and 14,844 individuals ( 7,614 men , 7,230 women ) with complete data were included in this study .  The prevalence of OAB was 6.0 % , OAB(dry ) 4.2 % , and OAB(wet ) 1.8 % . The prevalence varied slightly among six geographical regions of China . Nocturia was the most common OAB symptom besides urgency . Advanced age , higher BMI , lower education level , manual worker , alcohol consumption , and married were associated risk factors for OAB in men . Advanced age , lower education level , manual worker , alcohol consumption , married , menopause , more parities and vaginal delivery were potential risk factors for OAB in women . The symptoms of OAB had a detrimental effect on HRQoL , especially on Coping Measures , Sleep/Energy , General Health Perceptions , and Severity of Urinary Problems . CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of OAB in China is lower than that of most previous reports . Many known risk factors are associated with OAB . The symptoms of OAB have a detrimental effect on HRQoL. Efforts need to be made to improve public and professional education about the problems of OAB and decrease the unnecessary burden of this condition Study Type – Symptom prevalence ( prospect i ve cohort BACKGROUND Inside-out transobturator tape ( tension-free vaginal tape-obturator [ TVT-O ] ) is currently one of the most effective and popular procedures for the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . However , data reporting long-term outcomes are lacking . OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of TVT-O 10 yr after implantation for the treatment of female pure SUI . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A multicenter , prospect i ve study was conducted in five tertiary referral centers in three countries . All consecutive women with urodynamically proven pure SUI treated by TVT-O were included . Patients with mixed incontinence and /or anatomic evidence of pelvic organ prolapse were excluded . INTERVENTION TVT-O implantation . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data regarding subjective outcomes ( International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire-Short Form , Patient Global Impression of Improvement , and patient satisfaction scores ) , objective cure ( stress test ) rates , and adverse events were collected during follow-up . Univariable analysis was performed to investigate outcomes . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS One hundred sixty-eight women had TVT-O implantation .  At 10-yr follow-up , 160 patients ( 95 % ) were available for the evaluation . We did not find any significant change of the surgical outcomes during this time . At 10 yr after surgery , 155 of 160 patients ( 97 % ) declared themselves cured ( p=0.7 ) . Similarly , at 10-yr evaluation , 148 of 160 patients ( 92 % ) were objective ly cured . No significant deterioration of objective cure rates was observed over time ( p=0.4 ) . The history of failure of previous anti-incontinence procedures ( hazard ratio : 5.34 ; 95 % CI , 2.61 - 11.9 ; p=0.009 ) was the only predictor of recurrence of SUI . The onset of de novo overactive bladder was reported by 23 of 160 patients ( 14 % ) at 10-yr follow-up . No other late complications were reported . CONCLUSIONS The 10-yr results of this study showed that TVT-O is a highly effective and safe option for the treatment of SUI . PATIENT SUMMARY At long-term follow up , tension-free vaginal tape-obturator is highly effective and safe for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence BACKGROUND No studies have been published comparing the U- and H-type methods of the TVT SECUR ( TVT-S ) procedure . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of the two types of TVT-S for female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Women with urodynamic SUI were enrolled in this 12-mo multicenter r and omized study . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly allocated to either the U- or H-type method of TVT-S. MEASUREMENTS Pre- and postoperative evaluations included a st and ing stress test , the S and vik question naire , the Incontinence Quality of Life ( I-QOL ) question naire , and the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ( ICIQ-FLUTS ) . Patients ' satisfaction and complications were evaluated . Objective and subjective cures were defined as no leakage on the stress test and responses on the S and vik question naire , respectively . We compared the surgical outcomes between the two methods . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Of 285 women , 144 had the U-type method and 141 had the H-type method .  Objective cure rates were 87.5 % for the U-type method and 80.1 % for the H-type method ( p=0.091 ) . Subjective cure rates were 77.1 % for the U-type method and 75.7 % for the H-type method ( p=0.786 ) . Improvement in I-QOL and domain scores of the ICIQ-FLUTS ( filling and incontinence sum , QOL score ) , and patients ' satisfaction favored the U-type method . There were three cases of intraoperative vaginal wall perforation , one case of increased bleeding , and three cases of temporary postoperative retention . A power calculation was not performed , and some baseline characteristics were not balanced between the two methods . CONCLUSIONS Both methods of TVT-S provided comparable cure rates for female SUI . However , QOL and treatment satisfaction favored the U-type method . TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol of this study was not registered OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and complications associated with use of the TVT SECUR System device with placement of the tape in either a " hammock " or " U " position for management of stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . METHODS A prospect i ve study of patients with SUI allocated into one of two groups : " hammock " or " U " tape placement .  Preoperative urodynamic results were compared with results at the 6-month and 1-year follow up . Outcome measures were objective cough test assessment and subjective patient responses to a question naire at follow up . RESULTS Of 82 patients included in the study , 43 comprised the " hammock " group and 39 comprised the " U " group . The objective cure rate at 1-year follow up was 62.8 % ( n=27 ) in the " hammock " group and 71.8 % ( n=28 ) in the " U " group . At 1-year follow up , the subjective cure , improvement , and failure rates for the " hammock " group were 60.5 % , 13.9 % , and 25.7 % respectively , and 69.2 % , 12.8 % , and 17.9 % respectively , for the " U " group . CONCLUSION The efficacy of the TVT SECUR System was lower ( < 72 % ) than the cure rates reported for other TVT procedures ; further studies are required Introduction and hypothesisThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the tension-free vaginal tape obturator ( TVT-O ) and single-incision tension-free vaginal tape ( Ajust ™ ) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in a r and omized two-arm study with a 1-year follow-up . Methods This single-centre r and omized trial compared the objective and subjective cure rates of TVT-O and Ajust using objective criteria ( cough test ) and subjective criteria ( International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire short form , ICIQ-UI SF ) . The objective cure rate was defined as the number of patients with a negative cough stress test . Subjective cure was defined as no stress leakage of urine after surgery based on the ICIQ-UI SF . The primary outcome was to establish differences in objective and subjective cure rates between the TVT-O and Ajust groups . We also compared postoperative pain profiles using a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) , improvement in quality of life using the ICIQ- UI SF and the Incontinence Quality of Life question naire , and overall satisfaction with the surgical procedure using a VAS and a five-item Likert scale . Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years , signed informed consent , and urodynamic stress urinary incontinence . Following a power calculation , 50 patients were enrolled into each group  ( Ajust and TVT-O ) . Results The mean follow-up after surgery was 445 days ( SD 157.6 days ) in the TVT-O group and 451.8 days ( SD 127.6 days ) in the Ajust group ( p = 76.6 % ) . At 1 year , 47 patients were evaluated in the TVT-O group and 49 in the  Ajust  group . No differences in subjective cure rates or objective cure rates were observed . In the Ajust and TVT-O groups , the rates for no subjective stress leakage were 89.8 % and 91.5 % , respectively ( p = 1.0 , OR 1.22 , 95 % CI 0.24 – 6.58 ) , and the rates for a negative stress test were 89.8 % and 87.2 % , respectively ( p = 0.76 , OR 0.77 , 95 % CI 0.17 – 3.32 ) . In the Ajust group two patients reported de novo pain during sexual intercourse . Conclusions After a 1-year-follow-up , no significant differences were found with regard to subjective and objective outcomes between the single-incision tape Ajust and Background : Food and Drug Administration announcements have highlighted the st and ard rate of mesh-related complications . We aim ed to report the short-term results and complications of tension-free polypropylene mesh ( PROSIMA ™ ) surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse ( POP ) using the st and ard category ( C ) , timing ( T ) , and site ( S ) classification system . Methods : A prospect i ve cohort study of 48 patients who underwent PROSIMA ™ mesh kit-related surgical repairs were followed for two years at Peking Union Medical College Hospital . Recurrence was defined as symptomatic POP quantification ( POP-Q ) Stage II or higher ( leading edge ≥ −1 cm ) . The Patient Global Impression of Change Question naire , the Chinese version of the Pelvic Floor Impact Question naire short-form-7 and POP/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Question naire short-form-12 were used to evaluate the self-perception and sexual function of each patient . Mesh-related complications conformed to the International Urogynecological Association/International Continence Society joint terminology . The paired- sample t-test , one-way analysis of variance , Fisher 's exact test , Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were used to analyze data . Results : All patients were followed up for ≥12 months ; 30 ( 62.5 % ) patients completed the 24 months study . We observed a 93.8 % ( 45/48 ) positive anatomical outcome rate at 12 months and 90.0 % ( 27/30 ) at 24 months . Recurrence most frequently involved the anterior compartment ( P < 0.05 ) . Pelvic symptoms improved significantly from baseline ( P < 0.05 ) , although the patients ’ impressions of change and sexual function were not satisfying . Vaginal complication was the main complication observed ( 35.4 % , 17/48 ) . The survival analysis did not identify any relationship between vaginal complication and anatomical recurrent prolapse ( POP-Q ≥ Stage II ) ( P = 0.653 ) . Conclusions : Tension-free polypropylene mesh (PROSIMA ™ )-related surgical repair of POP has better short-term anatomical outcomes at the apical and posterior compartments , but a low patient satisfaction rate . The mesh complications were not the definitive cause of recurrence Introduction and hypothesis Data on Altis ® ( Coloplast ) , a new adjustable single-incision sling ( SIS ) procedure for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) , are scarce . Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and complication rates of this procedure . Methods In this prospect i ve observational study , a total of 52 women with SUI were implanted with an Altis ® sling in an ambulatory setting . Before and after intervention ( 3 , 6 , and 12 months ) , women completed the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire Short Form ( 
    Output:
    
There is not enough evidence to support differences in the effects of the different types of sling with regard to this particular postoperative complication