***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS To evaluate the long-term durability of the efficacy of alogliptin compared with glipizide in combination with metformin in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on stable-dose metformin . METHODS This multicentre , double-blind , active-controlled study r and omized 2639 patients aged 18 - 80 years to 104 weeks of treatment with metformin in addition  to alogliptin 12.5 mg once daily ( n = 880 ) , alogliptin 25 mg once daily ( n = 885 ) or glipizide 5 mg once daily , titrated to a maximum of 20 mg ( n = 874 ) . The primary endpoint was least square mean change from baseline in HbA1c level at 104 weeks . RESULTS The mean patient age was 55.4 years , the mean diabetes duration was 5.5 years and the mean baseline HbA1c was 7.6 % .  HbA1c reductions at week 104 were -0.68 % , -0.72 % and -0.59 % for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide , respectively [ both doses met the criteria for non-inferiority to glipizide ( p<0.001 ) ; alogliptin 25 mg met superiority criteria ( p=0.010 ) ] . Fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased by 0.05 and 0.18 mmol/l for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg , respectively , and increased by 0.30 mmol/l for glipizide ( p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide ) . Mean weight changes were -0.68 , -0.89 and 0.95 kg for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide , respectively ( p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide ) . Hypoglycaemia occurred in 23.2 % of patients in the glipizide group vs. 2.5 and 1.4 % of patients in the alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg groups , respectively . Pancreatitis occurred in one patient in the alogliptin 25 mg group and three in the glipizide group . CONCLUSIONS Alogliptin efficacy was sustained over 2 years in patients with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin alone Background The aim of his study was to compare the efficacy of pioglitazone with metformin on the reduction of albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and microalbuminuria treated with renin – angiotensin system inhibitors ( RAS-Is ) . Methods The open-label , r and omized trial was performed in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and microalbuminuria . On the basis of the treatment with RAS-Is , 68 patients with microalbuminuria received either pioglitazone ( 15–30 mg/day ; n = 32 ) or metformin ( 500–750 mg/day ; n = 31 ) for 52 weeks . Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ( UACR ) was measured every 12 weeks . Results After 52 weeks of treatment , the changes in the log-UACR from baseline were −8.3 % in the pioglitazone group and + 4.2 % in the metformin group ( p = 0.01 ) , with similar glycemic and blood pressure changes . Conclusion The combination of pioglitazone and RAS-Is showed therapeutic benefit in the reduction of urinary albumin excretion for type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and microalbuminuria OBJECTIVE Although initially effective , sulfonylureas are associated with poor glycemic durability , weight gain , and hypoglycemia . Dapagliflozin , a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 ( SGLT2 ) , reduces hyperglycemia by increasing urinary glucose excretion independent of insulin and may cause fewer of these adverse effects . We compared the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of dapagliflozin with the sulfonylurea glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This 52-week , double-blind , multicenter , active-controlled , noninferiority trial r and omized patients with type 2 diabetes ( baseline mean HbA1c , 7.7 % ) , who were receiving metformin monotherapy , to add-on dapagliflozin ( n = 406 ) or glipizide ( n = 408 ) up-titrated over 18 weeks , based on glycemic response and tolerability , to ≤10 or ≤20 mg/day , respectively . RESULTS The primary end point , adjusted mean HbA1c reduction  with dapagliflozin ( −0.52 % ) compared with glipizide ( −0.52 % ) , was statistically noninferior at 52 weeks . Key secondary end points :  dapagliflozin produced significant adjusted mean weight loss ( −3.2 kg ) versus weight gain ( 1.2 kg ; P < 0.0001 ) with glipizide , significantly increased the proportion of patients achieving ≥5 % body weight reduction ( 33.3 % ) versus glipizide ( 2.5 % ; P < 0.0001 ) , and significantly decreased the proportion experiencing hypoglycemia ( 3.5 % ) versus glipizide ( 40.8 % ; P < 0.0001 ) . Events suggestive of genital infections and lower urinary tract infections were reported more frequently with dapagliflozin compared with glipizide but responded to st and ard treatment and rarely led to study discontinuation . CONCLUSIONS Despite similar 52-week glycemic efficacy , dapagliflozin  reduced weight and produced less hypoglycemia than glipizide in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin . Long-term studies are required to further evaluate genital and urinary tract infections with SGLT2 inhibitors OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect on coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters and on non-conventional cardiovascular risk factors of metformin plus nateglinide or glibenclamide in naïve type 2 diabetes patients . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 248 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled and r and omly assigned to receive nateglinide or glibenclamide , and metformin for 12 months . We assessed body mass index ( BMI ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , postpr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , postpr and ial plasma insulin ( PPI ) , homeostasis model assessment index ( HOMA index ) , lipid profile with lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] , fibrinogen ( Fg ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) , tissue plasminogen activator ( t-PA ) , homocysteine ( Hcy ) , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) . RESULTS After 9 months of treatment , both tested drug combinations were similarly associated with a significant reduction in FPG  ( nateglinide , -17.2 % ; glibenclamide , -16.9 % , both p<0.05 ) compared to the baseline , while HbA1c ( -17.3 % , p<0.05 ) and PPG ( -15.2 % , p<0.05 ) significantly decreased only in the nateglinide group . After one year of treatment , compared to the baseline the nateglinide group showed a significant reduction in HbA1c ( -21 % , p<0.01 ) , FPG ( -20.7 % ) , p<0.01 , PPG ( -21.5 % , p<0.05 ) , HOMA index ( -25.4 % , p<0.05 ) ; the glibenclamide group , showed a significant reduction in HbA1c ( -11 % , p<0.05 ) , FPG ( -23.2 % , p<0.05 ) , PPG ( -11.2 % , p<0.05 ) , and HOMA index ( -23.9 % , p<0.05 ) but to a minor extent . Moreover , the HbA1c difference value from baseline observed in the nateglinide-treated group was significantly higher than that observed in the glibenclamide group . Therefore the nateglinide-treated patients showed a significant reduction in some prothrombotic parameters ( PAI-1=-19 % , Lp(a)=-31 % , and Hcy=-32.3 % , all p<0.05 ) , whereas the glibenclamide-treated patients did not . CONCLUSION Nateglinide appears to improve glycemic control as well as the levels of some prothrombotic parameters compared to glibenclamide when administered in combination with metformin Background Hypertension and type 2 diabetes are common co-morbidities . Preliminary studies suggest that thiazolidinediones reduce blood pressure ( BP ) . We therefore used ambulatory BP to quantify BP lowering at 6–12 months with rosiglitazone used in combination with metformin or sulfonylureas compared to metformin and sulfonylureas in people with type 2 diabetes . Methods Participants ( n = 759 ) in the multicentre RECORD study were studied . Those taking metformin were r and omized ( open label ) to add-on rosiglitazone or sulfonylureas , and those on sulfonylurea to add-on rosiglitazone or metformin .  Results 24-Hour ambulatory BP was measured at baseline , 6 months and 12 months . At 6 and 12 months , reductions in 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP ( sBP ) were greater with rosiglitazone versus metformin ( difference at 6 months 2.7 [ 95 % CI 0.5–4.9 ] mmHg , p = 0.015 ; 12 months 2.5 [ 95 % CI 0.2–4.8 ] mmHg , p = 0.031 ) . Corresponding changes for ambulatory diastolic BP ( dBP ) were comparable ( 6 months 2.7 [ 95 % CI 1.4–4.0 ] mmHg , p < 0.001 ; 12 months 3.1 [ 95 % CI 1.8–4.5 ] mmHg , p < 0.001 ) . Similar differences were observed for rosiglitazone versus sulfonylureas at 12 months ( sBP 2.7 [ 95 % CI 0.5–4.9 ] mmHg , p = 0.016 ; dBP 2.1 [ 95 % CI 0.7–3.4 ] mmHg , p = 0.003 ) , but differences were smaller and /or not statistically significant at 6 months ( sBP 1.5 [ 95 % CI -0.6 to 3.6 ] mmHg , p = NS ; dBP 1.3 [ 95 % CI 0.0–2.5 ] mmHg , p = 0.049 ) . Changes in BP were not accompanied by compensatory increases in heart rate , did not correlate with basal insulin sensitivity estimates and were not explained by changes in antihypertensive therapy between the various strata . Conclusion When added to metformin or a sulfonylurea , 12-month treatment with rosiglitazone  reduces ambulatory BP to a greater extent than when metformin and a sulfonylurea are combined . Trial registration NCT00379769 http:// clinical Objective To examine the prevalence of outcome reporting bias — the selection for publication of a subset of the original recorded outcome variables on the basis of the results — and its impact on Cochrane review s. Design A nine point classification system for missing outcome data in r and omised trials was developed and applied to the trials assessed in a large , unselected cohort of Cochrane systematic review s. Research ers who conducted the trials were contacted and the reason sought for the non-reporting of data . A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of outcome reporting bias on review s that included a single meta- analysis of the review primary outcome . Results More than half ( 157/283 ( 55 % ) ) the review s did not include full data for the review primary outcome of interest from all eligible trials . The median amount of review outcome data missing for any reason was 10 % , whereas 50 % or more of the potential data were missing in 70 ( 25 % ) review s. It was clear from the publications for 155 ( 6 % ) of the 2486 assessable trials that the research ers had measured and analysed the review primary outcome but did not report or only partially reported the results . For reports that did not mention the review primary outcome , our classification regarding the presence of outcome reporting bias was shown to have a sensitivity of 88 % ( 95 % CI 65 % to 100 % ) and specificity of 80 % ( 95 % CI 69 % to 90 % ) on the basis of responses from 62 trialists . A third of Cochrane review s ( 96/283 ( 34 % ) ) contained at least one trial with high suspicion of outcome reporting bias for the review primary outcome . In a sensitivity analysis undertaken for 81 review s with a single meta- analysis of the primary outcome of interest , the 
    Output:
    
Results for M+S versus metformin monotherapy were inconclusive .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS There is inconclusive evidence whether M+S combination therapy compared with metformin plus another glucose-lowering intervention results in benefit or harm for most patient-important outcomes ( mortality , SAEs , macrovascular and microvascular complications ) with the exception of hypoglycaemia ( more harm for M+S combination ) .
No RCT reported on health-related quality of life