***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study evaluated differences in sitting habits in the classroom between the project " Moving school " and a traditional school in 8-year-old children . Twenty-two children , since 1.5 years involved in the project were compared to 25 children in a traditional school . Making use of the Portable Ergonomic Observation ( PEO ) method , it was observed that children from a traditional school spend an average of 97 % of the lesson time sitting statically , from which one-third with the trunk bend over 45 degrees . In the " Moving school " this posture was replaced by  dynamic sitting ( 53 % ) , st and ing ( 31 % ) and walking around ( 10 % ) , while trunk flexion over 45 degrees was nearly not observed . Children from the " Moving school " also showed significantly less neck and trunk rotation . Additionally , accelerometric data showed significantly more physical activity in lessons of the " Moving school " . Rates of self-reported back or neck pain did not differ significantly between both study groups . Results show that sitting habits are more favourable in a " Moving school " . Further research is needed to study the impact of implementing " Moving school " concepts in traditional schools on sitting habits OBJECTIVE To study the relation between neck pain and work related neck flexion , neck rotation , and sitting . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study was performed with a follow up of 3 years among 1334 workers from 34 companies . Work related physical load was assessed by analysing objective ly measured exposure data ( video recordings ) of neck flexion , neck rotation , and sitting posture .  Neck pain was assessed by a question naire . Adjustments were made for various physical factors that were related or not related to work , psychosocial factors , and individual characteristics . RESULTS A significant positive relation was found between the percentage of the working time in a  sitting position  and neck pain , implying an increased risk of neck pain for workers who were sitting for more than 95 % of the working time ( crude relative risk ( RR ) 2.01 , 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 1.04 to 3.88 ; adjusted RR 2.34 , 95 % CI 1.05 to 5.21 ) . A trend for a positive relation between neck flexion and neck pain was found , suggesting an increased risk of neck pain for people working with the neck at a minimum of 20 ° of flexion for more than 70 % of the working time ( crude RR 2.01 , 95 % CI 0.98 to 4.11 ; adjusted RR 1.63 , 95 % CI 0.70 to 3.82 ) . No clear relation was found between neck rotation and neck pain . CONCLUSION Sitting at work for more than 95 % of the working time seems to be a risk factor for neck pain and there is a trend for a positive relation between neck flexion and neck pain . No clear relation was found between neck rotation and neck pain & NA ; Little is known about the epidemiology of  widespread pain ( WSP ) in children and adolescents . This study aims to estimate the new‐onset and prognosis of WSP  in schoolchildren and investigate factors predicting its development . A prospect i ve study was conducted among 1756 schoolchildren ( age 10–12 years ) in Southern Finl and . At baseline , information was collected on WSP , regional musculoskeletal pain symptoms , depressiveness , fatigue , sleep problems , physical activity and joint hypermobility . These children were contacted again 1 year and 4 years later to determine the outcome and the new‐onset of WSP . A total of 1282 children ( 73 % ) of the baseline study population were found at both follow‐ups . Of the children who had WSP at baseline , 31 % and 30 % reported persistence/recurrence of symptoms at 1‐ and 4‐year follow‐up , respectively . However , only 10 % of these children reported WSP at both 1 and 4 years . Of the children who were free of WSP at baseline , 18 % reported new‐onset WSP at 1‐year follow‐up and 3 % reported these symptoms at both follow‐up times . The independent baseline risk factors of WSP were older age ( OR 1.3 95 % CI 1.0–1.8 ) , female gender ( OR 1.4 , 1.1–1.9 ) , depressiveness ( OR 1.5 , 1.1–2.2 ) and regional back pain symptoms ( Neck pain : OR 1.7 , 1.1–2.4 ; Upper back pain : OR 2.1 , 1.1–4.1 ; Lower back pain : OR 3.0 , 1.6–5.7 ) . Both psychological factors and somatic pain symptoms predict future development of WSP in adolescents & NA ; The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess changes with age regarding prevalence of pain and perceived health in a student population , as well as change over time at grade level . Pain included frequency of headache , abdominal , and musculoskeletal pain and perceived health included problems sleeping and /or if they often felt tired , lonely , and sad . If gender , age ( grade level ) , stress , physically activity were related to pain and health complaints were tested with multivariate logistic regression analysis . The students ( n = 1908 ) came from r and omly selected schools throughout Sweden and attended grade s 3 , 6 and 9 ( ages 9 , 12 and 15 at the onset of the year ) in 2001 . Three years later , 67 % ( n = 1276 ) of the same students answered a question naire that was constructed for the purpose of the studies . The responses given by the same students showed that girls ’ complaints of pain and perceived health increased with age and boys decreased . Over half ( 56 % ) of the girls and two‐thirds ( 67 % ) of the boys reported no frequent complaints either year . At grade level most variables were rated the same as three years earlier by the same age group . Stress was significantly related to pain and health complaints for girls and the risk of complaints , as calculated with odds ratio , was most evident for students who were characterized as being physically inactive in 2001 and remained inactive three years later . Jointly , significant predictors , such as stress , being physically inactive , gender and grade level , explained 8–20 % of the frequent complaints Study Design . This is a 3-year prospect i ve study of juvenile low back pain ( LBP ) . Objectives . To investigate persistence and change in LBP . Summary of Background Data . Earlier episodes of LBP are a strong risk factor for LBP in adults , while the persistence of LBP through adolescence is not known . Methods . The material comprised all pupils in eighth and ninth grade s ( N = 105 , mean age 14.7 years ) , living within two geographic areas in Eastern Norway in January 1997 . The analyses included 88 adolescents at baseline , and 85 at follow-up . The question naire , which identified LBP as pain or ache in the low back during the preceding year , was answered at baseline in the classroom and at follow-up by post . Results . LBP was reported by 58 % at baseline and by 39 % at follow-up , and LBP provoked by manual work by 40 % at baseline and 26 % at follow-up . Thirty-one percent reported LBP at both occasions . LBP more than 7 days was reported by 32 % at baseline , by 26 % at follow-up , and by 18 % at both occasions . Twenty-two percent of those reporting LBP at baseline rejected ever LBP at follow-up . Baseline reports of LBP predicted corresponding reports of LBP at follow-up : Odds ratio was 4.7 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.7–12.7 ) for LBP generally , 9.1 ( 3.0–27.2 ) for LBP more than 7 days , 9.2 ( 2.9–28.8 ) for LBP provoked by manual work , and 3.8 ( 1.3–11.3 ) for LBP provoked by sitting at school . Conclusion . The findings indicate a persistent , but changeable , trend in LBP from midadolescence until late adolescence . The consistency and the high rates of reports of LBP provoked by manual work and sitting imply needs for more research on the persistence of LBP , and on relevant interventions during school age BACKGROUND School workstations are often inappropriate in not offering an optimal sitting posture . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of individually adjustable saddle-type chairs with wheels and desks with comfort curve and arm support on schoolchildren 's working postures compared to conventional workstations . METHODS Ninety-seven participants aged 12 - 16 years were followed for 1 year , 47 at an intervention school and 50 at a control school .  Anthropometrics and workstation dimensions were measured and working postures analyzed for a part of each group ( n = 21 , both groups ) by means of video recording at baseline , before new workstations were introduced , and during follow-up . RESULTS There was a significant increase in upright back ( p= .012 ) and neck ( p= .019 ) postures in the intervention group compared to controls during follow-up . The saddle-type chairs allowed significantly greater trunk-thigh angles ( p < .001 ) among participants than conventional chairs . CONCLUSIONS In schoolchildren , using individually adjustable saddle-type chairs and desks with comfort curve , a better match between workstations and anthropometric dimensions and improved working postures are obtained than using conventional workstations Study Design . A longitudinal study . Objectives . To estimate the prevalence and incidence of neck and shoulder pain in young adults and to identify the associated and predictive factors of neck and shoulder pain based on 7-year follow-up . Summary of Background Data . Several work-related , psychosocial , and sociodemographic factors have been verified as being related to neck and shoulder pain in adult population s , but far fewer longitudinal studies concerning the topic have been carried out in young population s. Methods . A r and om sample of 826 high school students was investigated when they were 15 to 18 years old and again at 22 to 25 years of age . Altogether , 394 ( 48 % ) patients participated in both surveys . The outcome variable was weekly neck and shoulder pain during the past 6 months in adulthood , and the explanatory variables included some sociodemographic factors , leisure time activities , self-assessed physical condition , psychosomatic stress symptoms , and symptoms of fatigue and sleep difficulties . Results . In 7 years , the prevalence of weekly neck and shoulder pain increased from 17 % to 28 % . Among those who were asymptomatic at baseline , 6-month incidence of occasional or weekly neck and shoulder pain was 59 % 7 years later . In an adjusted model , psychosomatic symptoms remained an associated factor for prevalent neck and shoulder pain 7 years later for both females and males . In females , neck and shoulder pain in adolescence was associated with prevalent neck and shoulder pain in adulthood , and sports loading dynamically in the upper extremities was an associated factor for a low prevalence of neck and shoulder pain 7 years later . In separate analyses of incident neck and shoulder pain , psychosomatic stress symptoms predicted neck and shoulder pain in adulthood . Conclusions . In young adults , the incidence of neck and shoulder pain is high , and the associated factors ofneck and shoulder pain are already multifactorial in a young population Prolonged sitting and psychosocial factors have been associated with musculoskeletal symptoms among adolescents . However , the impact of prolonged static sitting on musculoskeletal pain among South African high school students is uncertain . A prospect i ve observational study was performed to determine whether sitting postural alignment and psychosocial factors contribute to the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain ( UQMP ) in grade ten high school students working on desktop computers . The sitting postural alignment , depression , anxiety and computer use of 104 asymptomatic students were measured at baseline . At three and six months post baseline , the prevalence of UQMP was determined . Twenty-seven students developed UQMP due to seated or computer-related activities . An extreme cervical angle ( < 34.75 degrees or > 43.95 degrees ; OR 2.8 ; 95 % CI : 1.1 - 7.3 ) and a combination of extreme cervical and thoracic angles ( < 63.1 degrees or > 71.1 degrees ; OR 2.2 ; 95 % CI : 1.1 - 5.6 ) were significant postural risk factors for the development of UQMP . Boys with any extreme angle were more likely to suffer pain compared with boys with all middle range angles ( OR 4.9 ; 95 % CI : 1.0 - 24.5 ) . No similar effect was found for girls . There was no strong relationship between depression , anxiety , computer exposure and UQMP among South African high school students 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION There is unequivocal evidence that sitting and UQMP are related in children and adolescents .