***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To study the association between adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern ( MDP ) and risk of developing type 2 diabetes , across European countries . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We established a case-cohort study including 11,994 incident type 2 diabetic case subjects and a stratified subcohort of 15,798 participants selected from a total cohort of 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up , from eight European cohorts participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study . The  relative Mediterranean diet score ( rMED ) ( score range 0–18 ) was used to assess adherence to MDP on the basis of reported consumption of nine dietary components characteristic of the Mediterranean diet . Cox proportional hazards regression , modified for the case-cohort design , was used to estimate the association between rMED and risk of type 2 diabetes , adjusting for confounders . RESULTS The multiple adjusted hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes among individuals with medium ( rMED 7–10 points ) and high adherence to MDP ( rMED 11–18 points ) were 0.93 ( 95 % CI 0.86–1.01 ) and 0.88 ( 0.79–0.97 ) , respectively , compared with individuals with low adherence to MDP ( 0–6 points ) ( P for trend 0.013 ) . The association between rMED and type 2 diabetes was attenuated in people < 50 years of age , in obese participants , and when the alcohol , meat , and olive oil components were excluded from the score . CONCLUSIONS In this large prospect i ve study , adherence to the MDP , as defined by rMED , was associated with a small reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes  in this European population BACKGROUND Adherence to a Mediterranean diet may improve longevity , but relevant data are limited . METHODS We conducted a population -based , prospect i ve investigation involving 22,043 adults in Greece who completed an extensive , vali date d , food-frequency question naire at base line .  Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet was assessed by a 10-point Mediterranean-diet scale that incorporated the salient characteristics of this diet ( range of scores , 0 to 9 , with higher scores indicating greater adherence ) . We used proportional-hazards regression to assess the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and total mortality , as well as mortality due to coronary heart disease and mortality due to cancer , with adjustment for age , sex , body-mass index , physical-activity level , and other potential confounders . RESULTS During a median of 44 months of follow-up , there were 275 deaths . A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in total mortality ( adjusted hazard ratio for death associated with a two-point increment in the Mediterranean-diet score , 0.75 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.64 to 0.87 ] ) . An inverse association with greater adherence to this diet was evident for both death due to coronary heart disease ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.67 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.47 to 0.94 ] ) and death due to cancer ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.76 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.59 to 0.98 ] ) . Associations between individual food groups contributing to the Mediterranean-diet score and total mortality were generally not significant . CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in total mortality Objective : Vasomotor symptoms (VMS)(hot flashes , night sweats ) are associated with natural or surgically or chemotherapy-induced menopause , the latter occurring frequently in women treated for breast cancer . To manage VMS , some women seek alternatives to menopausal hormone therapy , such as supplements or modified food choices . The objective of the present analyses was to assess associations of VMS occurrence and change in severity of VMS over 12 months with dietary intakes of fiber , fat , and selected soy-containing foods , and use of phytoestrogen or vitamin E supplements in women with recent early stage breast cancer , adjusting for covariates . Design : Using multivariate logistic regression , data were analyzed from 2,198 women with early-stage breast cancer who enrolled 2 to 48 months after diagnosis in the Women 's Healthy Eating and Living r and omized , controlled trial of a high-vegetable , high-fiber , reduced-fat diet .  Results : Being peri- or postmenopausal , using tamoxifen , having low social support or depressive symptoms , and using vitamin E or phytoestrogen supplements were significantly associated cross-sectionally with reporting moderate/severe VMS at enrollment . Increased symptom severity after 12 months was significantly associated with higher body mass index , tamoxifen use , and smoking . Decreased symptom severity at 12 months was significantly associated with high dietary fiber intake ; no decrease was observed in women who were peri- or postmenopausal , using tamoxifen , or had low fat intake or low social support . Conclusions High dietary fiber intakes , premenopausal , and high social support were related to decreased severity of VMS 1 year after study enrollment in women recently treated for breast cancer Aims /hypothesisThe role of diet in the prevention of diabetes remains uncertain . The aim of this study was to investigate two different dietary aspects , i.e. adherence to the Mediterranean diet and glycaemic load ( GL ) , in relation to diabetes occurrence . Methods We analysed data from the Greek cohort of the population -based European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) . From a total of 22,295 participants , actively followed for a median of 11.34 years , 2,330 cases of incident type 2 diabetes were recorded . All participants completed a vali date d , interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency question naire at enrolment . From this information , we calculated a ten point Mediterranean diet score ( MDS ) , reflecting adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet , as well as the dietary GL . We estimated HRs and the corresponding 95 % CIs of diabetes using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders . Results A higher MDS was inversely associated with diabetes risk ( HR 0.88 [ 95 % CI 0.78 , 0.99 ] for MDS ≥6 vs MDS ≤3 ) . GL was positively associated with diabetes ( HR 1.21 [ 95 % CI 1.05 , 1.40 ] for the highest vs the lowest GL quartile ) . A significant protection of about 20 % was found for a diet with a high MDS and a low GL . Conclusions /interpretationA low GL diet that also adequately adheres to the principles of the traditional Mediterranean diet may reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes Background Despite convincing evidence in the Mediterranean region , the cardiovascular benefit of the Mediterranean diet is not well established in non-Mediterranean countries and the optimal criteria for defining adherence are unclear . The population attributable fraction ( PAF ) of adherence to this diet is also unknown . Methods In the UK-based EPIC-Norfolk prospect i ve cohort , we evaluated habitual diets assessed at baseline ( 1993–1997 ) and during follow-up ( 1998–2000 ) using food-frequency question naires  ( n = 23,902 ) . We estimated a Mediterranean diet score ( MDS ) using cut-points projected from the Mediterranean dietary pyramid , and also three other pre-existing MDSs . Using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with repeated measures of MDS and covariates , we examined prospect i ve associations between each MDS with incident cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) by 2009 and mortality by 2013 , and estimated PAF for each outcome attributable to low MDS . Results We observed 7606 incident CVD events ( 2818/100,000 person-years ) and 1714 CVD deaths ( 448/100,000 ) . The MDS based on the Mediterranean dietary pyramid was significantly associated with lower incidence of the cardiovascular outcomes , with hazard ratios ( 95 % confidence intervals ) of 0.95 ( 0.92–0.97 ) per one st and ard deviation for incident CVD and 0.91 ( 0.87–0.96 ) for CVD mortality . Associations were similar for composite incident ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality . Other pre-existing MDSs showed similar , but more modest associations . PAF due to low dietary pyramid based MDS ( < 95th percentile ) was 3.9 % ( 1.3–6.5 % ) for total incident CVD and 12.5 % ( 4.5–20.6 % ) for CVD mortality . Conclusions Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower CVD incidence and mortality  in the UK . This diet has an important population health impact for the prevention of CVD Purpose To prospect ively evaluate the association of the Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay ( MIND ) diet and the Mediterranean diet ( and their components ) , and depression risk . Methods We followed-up ( median 10.4 years ) 15,980 adults initially free of depression at baseline or in the first 2 years of follow-up .  Food consumption  was measured at baseline through a vali date d food-frequency question naire , and was used to compute adherence to the MIND and the Mediterranean diets . Relationships between these two diets and incident depression were assessed through Cox regression models . Results We identified 666 cases of incident depression . Comparing the highest versus the lowest quartiles of adherence , we found no association of the MIND diet and incident depression . This relation was statistically significant for the Mediterranean diet { hazard ratio ( HR ) 0.75 , [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.61 , 0.94 ] ; p < 0.01 } , although with departure from linearity . A reduced depression risk was associated with higher consumption of both fruits and nuts [ HR 0.82 ( 95 % CI 0.69 , 0.96 ) ; p = 0.02 ] , moderate nuts consumption [ HR 0.77 ( 95 % CI 0.64 , 0.93 ) ; p = 0.01 ] , and avoidance of fast/fried food [ HR 0.63 ( 95 % CI 0.41 , 0.96 ) ; p = 0.03 ] . Conclusions The Mediterranean diet was associated with reduced depression risk , but we found no evidence of such an association for the MIND diet BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary patterns are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . We aim ed to examine associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index ( DII ) and the Mediterranean Diet Score ( MDS ) with total , cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and coronary heart disease ( CHD ) mortality in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study ; and compare the strengths of the associations . METHODS AND RESULTS In our prospect i ve cohort study of 41,513 men and women aged 40 - 69 years , a food frequency question naire was completed at baseline and mortality data were obtained via linkage with local and national registries over an average of 19 years follow up . At baseline , question naires were completed and  physical measures  and  blood sample s taken . Cox proportional hazards models , adjusting for age , alcohol consumption , sex , region of origin , personal history of CVD or diabetes and family history of CVD , were used to assess associations between dietary scores and mortality . More Mediterranean or less inflammatory diets were associated with lower total , CVD and CHD mortality . The hazard ratio for total mortality comparing the highest and lowest quintiles was 1.16 ( 95%CI : 1.08 - 1.24 ) for DII ; and 0.86 ( 95%CI : 0.80 - 0.93 ) comparing the highest and lowest three categories of MDS . Using the Bayesian information criterion , there was no evidence that the DII score was more strongly associated with total and CVD mortality than was the MDS . CONCLUSIONS The MDI and the DII show similar associations with total and cardiovascular mortality , consistent with the consensus that plant-based diets are beneficial for health BACKGROUND Several studies have shown associations between Parkinson Disease ( PD ) risk and individual foods and nutrients with inconsistent results . OBJECTIVE We examined associations between dietary patterns and risk of PD in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study ( 1986 - 2002 ) and the Nurses ' Health Study ( 1984 - 2000 ) . DESIGN We included 49 692 men and 81 676 women free of PD at baseline and used principal components analysis to identify major dietary patterns and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index ( AHEI ) and the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score ( aMed ) to assess diet quality . Relative risks ( RRs ) were computed by using Cox proportional hazards models within each cohort and were pooled by using a r and om-effects model . RESULT 
    Output:
    
Cardiovascular disease was the condition with most information .
The MedDiet showed a general preventive effect , which was reproduced to varying degrees for certain intermediate cardiovascular outcomes such as blood pressure , lipids , obesity , metabolic syndrome and diabetes .
Benefits were also found for several types of cancer , brain function ( including cognition , mood and to a lesser extent Parkinson 's disease ) and mortality .
In conclusion , the MedDiet shows a favourable impact on health .
General adoption of a MedDiet is concordant with current policies promoting healthy and sustainable nutrition worldwide .