***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine if a sugarless mint containing CaviStat ( an arginine bicarbonate calcium carbonate complex ) is capable of preventing the development of dental caries in the primary molars and first permanent molars of 10 1/2- to 11-year-old Venezuelan children . METHODS Two-hundred children were entered into this one-year study who showed the following : ( i ) age between 10 1/2 and 11 years ; ( ii ) first and second primary molars still present ; ( iii ) sound primary molars or early caries lesions in any of these teeth ; and ( iv ) at least some caries in the primary or permanent teeth as evidence of caries activity . Out of the 200 children initially selected , 195 finished and provided complete data . Children entered into the study were examined and then r and omly divided into two groups ( A and B ) , with distribution performed on the basis of the DMFS levels of the first permanent molars . All subjects were examined visually by a single examiner using good artificial light , mirror , and probe . Group A received a sugarless confection containing CaviStat ( BasicMints ) ; Group B received a sugarless mint control that contained all ingredients except for the CaviStat . Packaging and appearance of both types of mints were identical , except for their A and B design ations . RESULTS Mean differences in DMFS , defs , and DMFS + defs scores between Groups A and B were determined . In the first permanent molars and some early erupting premolars and second molars , the data showed 75.6 % fewer caries in Group A than in Group B children after six months , and 50.7 % fewer after 12 months . Corresponding defs scores showed reduced development of dental caries in deciduous molars of 76.7 % after six months and 131.3 % after 12 months . Combined DMFS and defs scores showed 76.2 and 74.8 % fewer caries lesions at six and 12 months , respectively . As exfoliation of primary molars occurred during the study period ( approximately equal in the two groups ) , a proportion correction was made to allow for caries score reductions due to lesions lost because of such exfoliation . When this was done , the results at the end of the study still showed larger caries reductions in Group A than in the Group B subjects , and statistical analyses showed these differences were still highly significant ( p < 0.001 ) . Noncavitated caries lesions in the first permanent molars were also determined . These showed once again less caries development in Group A than in Group B subjects , and did so at both six and twelve months ( 57.0 and 52.4 % , respectively ) . Levels of statistical significance at these times were p = 0.013 and 0.005 . CONCLUSION It was evident from this clinical trial that mint confections containing CaviStat are able to inhibit both caries onset and caries progression . As a result , one can conclude that CaviStat mint confection technology is a simple and economical means for reducing substantially one of the most prevalent diseases in these children Objective : We aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of oral hygiene instruction , fluoride varnish and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate ( CPP-ACP ) for remineralizing white spot lesions ( WSL ) , and the effect of these on the dmft index in primary teeth . Subjects and Methods : In this 1-year , r and omized clinical trial , 140 children aged 12 - 36 months with WSL in the anterior maxillary teeth were selected and r and omly divided into 4 groups of 35 children each . Group 1 ( control ) received no preventive intervention . In group 2 , there was oral hygiene and dietary counseling . In group 3 , there was oral hygiene and the application of fluoride varnish at 4 , 8 and 12 months after baseline . In group 4 , there was oral hygiene and tooth mousse was applied by the parents twice a day over a 12-month period . At baseline and 4 , 8 and 12 months after the intervention , the size of WSL in millimeters and the dmft index were recorded . One hundred and twenty-two children completed the study . Data were analyzed using the repeated- measures ANOVA test . Results : In group 1 , the mean percent WSL area and dmft index values had increased significantly at 12 months after baseline ( p < 0.001 ) . The interventions led to significant decreases in the size of the WSL ; the greatest reduction was in group 4 ( 63 % ) followed by group 3 ( 51 % ) and group 2 ( 10 % ) after 12 months . The smallest increase in the dmft index was in group 4 ( 0.17 ) , followed by groups 3 ( 0.3 ) and 2 ( 0.42 ) . However , there were no significant differences between the groups ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Oral hygiene along with four fluoride varnish applications or constant CPP-ACP during the 12- month period reduced the size of WSL in the anterior primary teeth and caused a small increase in dmft index values PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare twice daily tooth-brushing using 0.304 percent fluoride toothpaste alone with : ( 1 ) twice daily tooth-brushing plus once daily 10 % casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate ( CPP-ACP ) paste ; and ( 2 ) twice daily tooth-brushing plus once daily 0.12 % chlorhexidine gel ( CHX ) for reducing  early childhood caries ( ECC ) and mutans streptococci ( MS ) colonization . METHODS Subjects ( n=622 ) recruited at birth were r and omized to receive either CPP-ACP or CHX or no product ( study control [ SC ] ) . All children were examined at 6 , 12 , and 18 months old in their homes , and at 24 months old in a community dental clinic . RESULTS At 24 months old , the caries incidence was 1 % ( 2/163 ) in CPP-ACP , 2 % ( 4/180 ) in CHX , and 2 % ( 3/188 ) in SC groups . In children who were previously MS colonized at 12 and 18 months old , 0 % ( 0/11 ) and 5 % ( 3/63 ) , respectively , of the CPP-ACP group remained MS-positive versus 22 % ( 2/9 ) and 72 % ( 18/25 ) in CHX and 16 % ( 4/25 ) and 50 % ( 7/14 ) in SC groups ( P<.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to justify the daily use of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate or chlorhexidine gel to control early childhood caries OBJECTIVES . This r and omised , controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 0.12 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) gel and 304 % fluoride toothpaste to prevent  early childhood caries ( ECC ) in a birth cohort by 24 months . METHODS . The participants were r and omised to receive either ( i ) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste and once daily 0.12 % CHX gel ( n = 110 ) or ( ii ) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste only ( study controls ) ( n = 89 ) . The primary outcome measured was caries incidence and the secondary outcome was percentage of children with mutans streptococci ( MS ) .  All mothers were contacted by telephone at 6 , 12 , and 18 months . At 24 months , all children were examined at a community dental clinic . RESULTS . At 24 months , the caries prevalence was 5 % ( 3/61 ) in the CHX and 7 % ( 4/58 ) in the controls ( P = 0.7 ) . There were no differences in percentages of MS-positive children between the CHX and control groups ( 54%vs 53 % ) . Only 20 % applied the CHX gel once daily and 80 % less than once daily . CONCLUSIONS . Toothbrushing using 304 % fluoride toothpaste with or without the application of chlorhexidine gel ( 0.12 % ) reduces ECC from 23 % found in the general community to 5 - 7 % . The lack of effect with chlorhexidine is likely to be due to low compliance All field studies have unequivocally reported significant reductions in dental caries occurrence associated with the use of chewing gum containing xylitol . No other xylitol products besides chewing gum have so far been tested in field trials . A 5-year follow-up study with 2- or 3-year xylitol consumption periods began in Estonia in 1994 with 740 10-year-old children in 12 schools at baseline examinations . For the study , 3 clusters each including 3 - 5 schools were formed on the basis of baseline caries experience . The products were used under the supervision of the teachers 3 times per day during school days but not during weekends or during the 3-month summer holiday . The daily dose of xylitol was 5 g in all groups . The children were examined every year in September by two experienced clinicians . Dental caries was recorded according to WHO criteria . After 3 years , all xylitol groups showed a highly significant 35%-60 % reduction in caries incident , compared with the corresponding control groups . The differences between c and ies , between c and ies and chewing gum , and between 2- and 3-year users in the xylitol groups were non- systematic , indicating no trends between the groups . The results suggest that not only xylitol chewing gum but also xylitol c and ies are effective in caries prevention , and that a school-based delivery system seems to offer a practical way to distribute and control the use of the xylitol products OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the caries prevention efficacy of chlorhexidine-thymol ( CHX-T ) varnish on newly erupted permanent first molars . METHODS Fifty-seven six- to eight-year-old school children were included in a program of sequential CHX-T varnish application .  For inclusion , they had to have at least two homologous , newly erupted first permanent molars with visually sound occlusal surfaces . A clinical examination was used to determine the molar eruption stage , biofilm presence , and whole caries status . There were 99 pairs of molars in the study population . A split-mouth design was used where each child r and omly had one first molar treated with six applications of CHX-T varnish , and the other with a placebo varnish , every 15 days for 75 days . The children were then revaluated for caries one year following the conclusion of treatment . RESULTS Fourteen pairs of teeth presented incipient enamel caries lesions in both molars ( one CHX-T and one placebo varnish ) , four developed lesions in the placebo-treated molars only , and eight developed lesions in CHX-T varnish-treated molar only . No significant statistical differences were found between the two groups with regard to caries increment ( p = 0.20 ) . CONCLUSION Six applications of CHX-T varnish had no protective effect against caries development Objective . The aim was to investigate the effect of high and low amounts of xylitol on the interdental plaque-pH , directly and after sucrose challenge , in schoolchildren with habitual consumption . Material and methods . The study group consisted of 11 healthy children ( 10–15 years ) with low caries risk and the experiment had a single-blind crossover ( Latin square ) design . After a 2-week run-in period with a daily 4.0 g xylitol intake , the children were subjected to single-dose exposures of chewing gums with ( i ) paraffin ( CTR ; no xylitol ) , ( ii ) low-dose xylitol ( LX ; 2.0 g xylitol ) , and ( iii ) high-dose xylitol ( HX ; 6.0 g xylitol ) in a r and omized order separated by a washout period of 1 week . Sample s of chewing-stimulated whole saliva were collected prior to and after the experimental period for determination of bacterial counts . The outcome measures were in situ plaque-pH ( micro-touch method ) and area under the pH curve ( AUC ) . Results . The AUC was significantly greater ( p<0.05 ) in the HX group compared to the LX and control groups during the first 5 min after chewing . After a 10 % sucrose rinse , the interdental plaque-pH dropped in all groups but the HX regimen displayed significantly less reduction 0–5 min after chewing ( p<0.05 ) . No significant alterations of the total viable counts or mutans streptococci levels in saliva were disclosed during the 4-week experimental period . Conclusions . The present results suggested that a high single dose of xylitol had a short and limited beneficial effect on interdental plaque-pH in habitual xylitol consumers , while a low single dose , resembling normal chewing gum use , did not differ from the control The aim was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine gel treatment on the incidence of approximal caries in preschool children . One hundred and seventeen 4-year-olds , divided into two groups , participated : ( 1 ) chlorhexidine gel group ( n = 59 ) , and ( 2 ) placebo gel group ( n = 58 ) . Group 1 was treated 4 times a year with a 1 % chlorhexdine gel and group 2 with a placebo gel . Approximately 0.7 ml of gel was applied interdentally by means of a flat dental floss . A control group ( group 3 ) , which did not receive any flossing or 
    Output:
    
There is evidence that the use of certain doses of xylitol may be effective in arresting dental caries in primary dentition .
Chlorhexidine and CPP-ACP may be more effective than a placebo in managing caries in primary dentition , but their effectiveness is borderline when compared with fluoride .
Arginine-containing mint confection and 0.3 % triclosan varnish were found to reduce caries development in primary teeth but the evidence was at high risk of bias .