***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The renin – angiotensin system ( RAS ) is thought to have a role in carcinogenesis , and RAS inhibition may prevent tumour growth . Methods : We retrospectively investigated the impact of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEIs ) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers ( ARBs ) in 155 patients with pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine monotherapy .  Patients were divided into three groups : the ACEI/ARB group ( 27 patients receiving an ACEI or ARB for hypertension ( HT ) ) , the non-ACEI/ARB with HT group ( 25 patients receiving antihypertensive drugs other than ACEIs or ARBs ) , and the non-HT group ( 103 patients receiving no antihypertensive drugs ) . Results : Patient characteristics were not different , except for age and HT medications . Progression-free survival ( PFS ) was 8.7 months in the ACEI/ARB group , 4.5 months in the non-ACEI/ARB with HT group , and 3.6 months in the non-HT group . Overall survival ( OS ) was 15.1 months in the ACEI/ARB group , 8.9 months in the non-ACEI/ARB with HT group , and 9.5 months in the non-HT group . The use of ACEIs/ARBs was a significant prognostic factor for both PFS ( P=0.032 ) and OS ( P=0.014 ) in the multivariate analysis . Conclusions : The ACEIs/ARBs in combination with gemcitabine might improve clinical outcomes in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer . Prospect i ve trials are needed to test this hypothesis In a retrospective study we have sought to determine whether the administration of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEI ) influences the outcome of patients with multiple myeloma ( MM ) . Patients with MM who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation ( PBSCT ) ( n=168 ) were studied . Patients taking ACEI alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents during the hospital admission for PBSCT were allocated to the ACEI group ( n=25 ; 15 % ) . Patients from the non-ACEI group ( n=143 ; 85 % ) were taking other or no antihypertensive medication . Patients taking ACEI had worse overall survival ( OS ) compared to patients not taking ACEI ( 38.7 versus 73.3 months after diagnosis ; P=0.025 ) . Among patients with hypertension , both OS and progression-free survival were significantly shorter in patients taking ACEI . There were no significant differences between the studied groups in st and ard prognostic parameters for MM ( age , albumin , beta 2-microglobulin , IPI and Durie-Salmon stage , LDH , CRP , performance status ) or in engraftment . The mortality in our study has been mostly myeloma related . In conclusion , according to our findings , ACEI administered during PBSCT have adverse effect on survival of patients with MM BACKGROUND The influence of excess body weight on the risk of death from  cancer  has not been fully characterized . METHODS In a prospect ively studied population of more than 900,000 U.S. adults ( 404,576 men and 495,477 women ) who were free of cancer at enrollment in 1982 , there were 57,145 deaths from cancer during 16 years of follow-up . We examined the relation in men and women between the body-mass index in 1982 and the risk of death from all cancers and from cancers at individual sites , while controlling for other risk factors in multivariate proportional-hazards models . We calculated the proportion of all deaths from cancer that was attributable to overweight and obesity in the U.S. population on the basis of risk estimates from the current study and national estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the U.S. adult population . RESULTS The heaviest members of this cohort ( those with a body-mass index [ the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ] of at least 40 ) had death rates from all cancers combined that were 52 percent higher ( for men ) and 62 percent higher ( for women ) than the rates in men and women of normal weight . For men , the relative risk of death was 1.52 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.13 to 2.05 ) ; for women , the relative risk was 1.62 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.40 to 1.87 ) . In both men and women , body-mass index was also significantly associated with higher rates of death due to cancer of the esophagus , colon and rectum , liver , gallbladder , pancreas , and kidney ; the same was true for death due to non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma and multiple myeloma . Significant trends of increasing risk with higher body-mass-index values were observed for death from cancers of the stomach and prostate in men and for death from cancers of the breast , uterus , cervix , and ovary in women . On the basis of associations observed in this study , we estimate that current patterns of overweight and obesity in the United States could account for 14 percent of all deaths from cancer in men and 20 percent of those in women . CONCLUSIONS Increased body weight was associated with increased death rates for all cancers combined and for cancers at multiple specific sites Objective . A prior report suggested that individuals medicated with captopril showed a decreased incidence of prostate cancer . This study therefore investigated whether captopril given postoperatively had any preventive effect on biochemical recurrence for patients treated with radical prostatectomy . Material and methods . Data were prospect ively review ed for 62 men subjected to radical retropubic prostatectomy due to biopsy-confirmed , clinical ly localized prostate cancer and comparisons were made between two groups , those receiving captopril postoperatively ( 12.5 mg twice daily ; captopril group , n=32 ) and those not receiving any captopril ( control group , n=30 ) . One surgeon carried out the surgery . Results . The two groups were comparable as regards age at surgery , prostate volume , preoperative prostate-specific antigen values , pathological stage , Gleason score , organ-confined disease , occurrence of positive surgical margins and extraprostatic extension . The incidence of biochemical failure was three out of 32 patients in the captopril group and 10 out of 30 in the control group ( p=0.034 ) during a mean observational time of 29 months . Conclusions . A lower rate of biochemical recurrence was observed in men subjected to radical prostatectomy treated with captopril postoperatively than in those not receiving  captopril . These results were based on only 32 observations ; a larger study may show no evidence of an association BACKGROUND Is cancer related to hypertension and blood pressure ? Do antihypertensive drugs promote cancer ? Do antihypertensive drugs protect against cancer ? We previously analysed the frequency of  cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in elderly people who participated in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension 2 ( STOP-Hypertension-2 ) . We have also looked at the frequency of cancer in these patients . METHODS We r and omly assigned 6614 elderly patients with hypertension ( mean age 76 years , median time of follow-up 5.3 years ) to one of three treatment strategies : conventional drugs ( diuretics or b-blockers ) , calcium antagonists , or ACE inhibitors . We matched the patients to the Swedish Cancer Registry and compared our findings with expected values based on age , sex , and calendar-year-specific reference frequencies for the general Swedish population . We also compared the number of cancers between the three treatment groups . FINDINGS At baseline , 607 ( 9 % ) patients had previous malignant disease . Diagnoses were closely similar to the distribution of cancer types that might be seen in elderly patients . During follow-up , there were 625 new cases of cancer in 590 patients . The frequency of cancer did not differ significantly between the treatment strategies , including all cancers and those at individual sites . The st and ardised incidence ratios ( SIRs ) for all cancers were also close to unity : 0.92 ( 95 % CI 0.80 - 1.06 ) for conventional drugs , 0.96 ( 0.83 - 1.10 ) for calcium antagonists , and 0.99 ( 0.86 - 1.13 ) for ACE inhibitors . INTERPRETATIONS No difference in cancer risk was seen between patients r and omly assigned to conventional drugs , calcium antagonists , or ACE inhibitors . Thus , the general message to the practising physician is that more attention should be given to getting the blood pressure down than to the risk of cancer Background Modifiable behavioural risk factors — including exercise , obesity and smoking — have been causally associated with  colorectal cancer mortality . However , results have been inconsistent and undiagnosed cancers may affect baseline risk factors , distorting the temporal relationship that is observed between them . Objective To determine whether risk factors for colorectal cancers available in the Whitehall I study were predictive of colonic or rectal cancer mortality . Methods Prospect i ve cohort study over 40 years on Whitehall I men aged 40–69 on entry between 1967 and 1970 . Associations between baseline risk factors and cause-specific mortality were tested with Cox proportional hazards models . Events within the first 10 years of follow-up were excluded to minimise ‘ reverse causality . ’ Results 329 colon and 121 rectal cancer deaths occurred among 17 949 men followed up for a total of 472 523 person-years . Age and smoking were associated with increased mortality from colorectal cancers . Compared with never-smokers , current smoking was associated with age-adjusted HRs for colon and rectal cancers of 1.45 ( 95 % CI 1.03 to 2.03 ) and 1.97 ( 95 % CI 1.02 to 3.80 ) , respectively . A significant effect of current smoking on rectal cancer mortality was only apparent after events in the first 10 years of follow-up were excluded . No convincing evidence was found that body mass index , diabetes mellitus , blood pressure or physical activity were associated with colorectal cancer mortality . Conclusion Smoking significantly increases mortality from colorectal cancer  and its decreasing prevalence in the UK may partly explain falling mortality from the disease . Changes in health behaviours in response to early cancer symptoms may result in differential misclassification or ‘ reverse causality ’ unless early events are excluded . Although many individual cohort studies have not shown significant relationships between behavioural risk factors and colorectal cancer mortality , their contribution to meta-analyses remains important BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported an increased risk of cancer with calcium-channel blockers in man . Other work in animals suggests that inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme ( ACE ) protect against cancer . We aim ed to assess the risk of cancer in hypertensive patients receiving ACE inhibitors or other antihypertensive drugs .  METHODS Our retrospective cohort study was based on the records of 5207 patients who attended the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic between Jan 1 , 1980 , and Dec 31 , 1995 . The patients ' records are linked with the Registrar General Scotl and and the West of Scotl and Cancer Registry . FINDINGS Compared with the West of Scotl and controls , the relative risks of incident and fatal cancer among the 1559 patients receiving ACE inhibitors were 0.72 ( 95 % CI 0.55 - 0.92 ) and 0.65 ( 0.44 - 0.93 ) . Among the 3648 patients receiving antihypertensive drugs other than ACE inhibitors ( calcium-channel blockers 1416 , diuretics 2099 , beta-blockers 2681 ) , the corresponding relative risks were 110 ( 0.97 - 1.22 ) and 1.03 ( 0.87 - 1.20 ) . The relative risk of cancer was lowest in women on ACE inhibitors : 0.63 ( 0.41 - 0.93 ) for incident cancer ; 0.48 ( 0.23 - 0.88 ) for fatal cancer ; and 0.37 ( 0.12 - 0.87 ) for female-specific cancers . The reduced relative risk of cancer in patients on ACE inhibitors was greatest with follow-up of longer than 3 years . Calcium-channel blockers , diuretics , and beta-blockers had no apparent effect on risk of cancer . INTERPRETATION Long-term use of ACE inhibitors may protect against cancer . The status of this finding is more that of hypothesis generation than of hypothesis testing ; r and omised controlled trials are needed BACKGROUND & AIMS There are contradictory results regarding the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and cancer . We aim ed to investigate whether ACE inhibitors protect against esophageal and gastric cancer . METHODS We conducted a population -based case-control study nested within the General Practitioners ' Research Data base in the United Kingdom . All individuals in the General Practitioners ' Research Data base aged 40 - 84 years between 1994 and 2001 were followed up until detection of an esophageal or gastric cancer ( cases ) , other cancer , age of 85 years , death , or end of study period . RESULTS Among 4.34 million person-years , 909 cases of esophageal and 1023 cases of gastric cancer were identified , and 10,000 matched controls were selected at r and om . Adjustments included smoking , body mass index , concurrent medication , and gastro 
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Conclusion There is some evidence to suggest that ACEI or ARB use may be associated with improved outcomes in cancer patients .