***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Several cognitive changes characterize normal aging ; one change regards inhibitory processing and includes both conflict monitoring and response suppression . We attempted to segregate these two aspects within a Go/No-go task , investigating three age categories .  Accuracy , response times and event-related potentials ( ERPs ) were recorded . The ERP data were analyzed , and the Go and No-go trials were separated ; in addition , the trials were organized in repeat trials ( in which the subjects repeated the action delivered in the previous trial ) and switch trials ( in which the subjects produced a response opposite to the previous response ) . We assumed that the switch trials conveyed more conflict than the repeat trials . In general , the behavioral data and slower P3 latencies confirmed the well-known age-related speed/accuracy trade-off . The novel analyses of the repeat vs. switch trials indicated that the age-related P3 slowing was significant only for the high conflict condition ; the switch-P3 amplitude increased only in the two older groups . The ‘ aging switch effect ’ on the P3 component suggests a failure in the conflict conditions and likely contributes to a generalized dysfunction . The absence of either a switch effect in the young group and the P3 slowing in middle-aged group indicate that switching was not particularly dem and ing for these participants . The N2 component was less sensitive to the repeat/switch manipulation ; however , the subtractive waves also enhanced the age effects in this earlier time window . The topographic maps showed other notable age effects : the frontal No-go N2 was nearly undetectable in the elderly ; in the identical time window , a large activity in the posterior and prefrontal scalp regions was observed . Moreover , the prefrontal activity showed a negative correlation with false alarms . These results suggest that the frontal involvement during action suppression becomes progressively dysfunctional with aging , and additional activity was required to reach a good level of accuracy Nicotine administration facilitates and nicotine deprivation reduces cognitive control in smokers . Importantly , nicotine effects on cognition may reinforce smoking behavior , especially among individuals who have cognitive deficits . The target P300 ( P3b ) and distracter P300 ( P3a ) are well-vali date d electrocortical markers of attention- and memory-related cognitive control processes . Nicotine deprivation has been shown to reduce P3b/P3a amplitudes . The current study sought to examine the direct effects of nicotine on P3b/P3a amplitudes among nonsmokers . It was hypothesized that nicotine would increase P3b and P3a amplitudes , and that individuals lower on trait cognitive control would show greater nicotine-induced increases . 78 nonsmokers attended two separate experimental sessions , during which they performed the P3b/P3a evoking 3-stimulus oddball task following nicotine ( 7-mg ) or placebo patch administration . Nicotine did not enhance P3b or P3a amplitudes , nor did trait cognitive control moderate the influence of nicotine on these indices . Nicotine-induced changes in P3 amplitudes may be limited to nicotine deprivation and /or nonsmokers may be fundamentally different with respect to the influence of nicotine on P3b/P3a indices of cognitive control . Directions for future research that may further examine the effects of nicotine on P3b/P3a independent of withdrawal reversal are discussed Arachidonic acid ( ARA ) is an n-6 PUFA and is thought to have an important role in various physiological and psychological functions . Recently , supplementation with ARA-enriched TAG was shown to improve age-related decreases in cognitive function in healthy elderly men . To investigate the influence of baseline serum ARA status on cognitive function and its improvement , we analyzed cognitive function stratified by serum ARA level . The stratified analysis was also conducted for the effects of ARA-enriched TAG supplementation on cognitive improvement . Cognitive function was evaluated by measuring event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , including P300 latency and amplitude . When participants were stratified by baseline serum ARA level , P300 latency was significantly longer and P300 amplitude was generally lower in the low-ARA group than in the high-ARA group . No significant difference in P300 components was observed when participants were stratified by serum levels of any other fatty acid . ARA-enriched TAG supplementation significantly shortened P300 latency and increased P300 amplitude in the low-ARA group , although no significant differences were observed in the high-ARA group . These findings suggest that lower serum ARA levels were associated with  cognitive function in elderly men and that ARA-enriched TAG supplementation is more effective in improving cognitive function in healthy elderly men with low serum ARA levels than in those with high serum ARA levels After Alzheimer ’s disease ( AD ) , vascular dementia ( VaD ) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly . Abnormalities in neurotransmitter pathways are common pathogenic mechanisms shared by AD and VaD. For one month we studied the effects of donepezil , an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ( 5 mg daily ) , on the cognitive system using P300 auditory event-related potentials ( P300 ) and  neuropsychological tests  in 10 patients affected by probable VaD according to the NINDS-AIREN criteria . Our data showed a significant improvement of neuropsychological items and P300 latency after one month of donepezil treatment . In conclusion both P300 and neuropsychological tests are indicated in patients with VaD to confirm the efficacy of donepezil treatment during follow-up UNLABELLED Auditory cortical disorders in the elderly can be assessed by the P300 .  The lack of contemporary reference values of P300 latency in healthy elderly motivated this study . AIM To estimate the effect of age on P300 latency in a group of elderly . METHODS We studied 62 elderly patients with pure tone thresholds up to 40 dB HL at the frequencies of 1000 and 2000 Hz , divided into groups according to age ( 60 - 64 , 65 - 69 and 70 - 74 years ) . Were assessed by the  P300 latency  in response to the rare stimulus of 2000 Hz and 1000 Hz frequencies , both in the intensity of 80 dB HL . STUDY DESIGN clinical , cross-sectional observational individual compared prospect i ve . RESULTS The latency in Group 60 was 337.26 ms ( SD 11.31 ) in Group 65 was 351.86 ms ( SD 29.05 ) and in Group 70 it was 370.19 ms ( SD 23.40 ) . The linear regression of the values of P300 latency showed an increase of 2.85 ms per year of age . The statistical analysis showed that the results were significant . CONCLUSION The P300 latency increases with age at a rate of 2.85 ms per year between the ages of 60 and 74 years The purpose of this study was to determine if perospirone , a second generation antipsychotic drug and partial agonist at serotonin-5-HT(1A ) receptors , enhances electrophysiological activity , such as event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , in frontal brain regions , as well as cognitive function in subjects with schizophrenia . P300 current source images were obtained by means of st and ardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography ( sLORETA ) before and after treatment with perospirone for 6 months . Perospirone significantly increased P300 current source density in the left superior frontal gyrus , and improved positive symptoms and performance on the script tasks , a measure of verbal social cognition , while verbal learning memory tended to be improved . There was a significant correlation between the changes in P300 amplitude on the left frontal lead and those in social cognition . These results suggest the changes in three-dimensional distribution of cortical activity , as demonstrated by sLORETA , may mediate some of the actions of antipsychotic drugs . The distinct cognition-enhancing profile of perospirone in patients with schizophrenia may be related to its actions on 5-HT(1A ) receptors 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Although there is consensus in the literature that P300 latency is significantly longer in elderly with psychiatric disorders compared to healthy elderly , it was not possible to conclude P300 associations with gender , education and other cognitive tests