***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: INTRODUCTION Our goal was to investigate whether ambulatory smoking cessation among patients in a cardiologic department would ( 1 ) reduce the number of smokers by at least 25 % after 12 months compared to a control group and ( 2 ) influence whether the individual patient was readmitted to hospital . We used a r and omised , controlled , prospect i ve intervention project design . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Everyone hospitalised during the project period was screened . Those who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion were r and omised for inclusion in either the intervention group or the  control group . Both groups were given the department 's smoking cessation information . In addition , the intervention group attended five ambulatory smoking cessation intervention sessions . Each patient 's smoking status was registered after 12 months . chi2-test and logistic regression analysis were used to test differences , associations and control of confounders . RESULTS In all , 3,982 patients were screened , 29.5 % of whom were smokers . The study included 105 patients : 54 in the intervention group and 51 in the control group . After 12 months , 52 % of those in the intervention group compared to 39 % in the control group had become non-smokers , which was non-significant ( p = 0,14 ) . Ischemic heart disease ( IHS ) was significantly associated with smoking cessation . After adjustment for this confounder , the result was enhanced ( p = 0,06 ) . Readmission to hospital was not affected by smoking cessation ( p = 0,73 ) . DISCUSSION Ambulatory smoking cessation intervention had no significant effect on smoking cessation on an unselected group of patients in a cardiologic hospital department . The project does indicate that ambulatory smoking cessation interventions could have an effect on patients with IHS BACKGROUND This study examined the 1-year effects of a minimal-contact smoking cessation intervention for cardiac in patients . METHODS The multicenter study included cardiac in patients who had smoked prior to hospitalization . A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used . Patients ' experimental condition depended on the hospital they were assigned to . The design was partially r and omized : 4 of the 11 hospitals selected the experimental condition themselves ( 2 experimental , 2 control ) , while the remaining 7 hospitals were r and omly assigned . The experimental group consisted of patients of 5 hospitals ( N = 388 ) . Patients of 6 other hospitals served as the control group ( N = 401 ) . The intervention included stop-smoking advice by the cardiologist , brief counseling by the nurse , the provision of self-help material s , and aftercare by the cardiologist . RESULTS Logistic regression analyses controlling for baseline differences and covariates did not show significant intervention effects on point prevalence and continuous abstinence . The study also showed that the outcomes were not significantly related to the way hospitals were assigned to the experimental condition . CONCLUSIONS While short-term effects were found , the minimal-contact intervention did not result in significant effects after 12 months , at least if patients lost to follow-up were treated as posttest smokers . Efforts should be made to improve the intervention , especially the aftercare BACKGROUND Although smoking cessation is essential for prevention of secondary cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , many smokers do not stop smoking after hospitalization . Mild depressive symptoms are common during hospitalization for CVD . We hypothesized that depressive symptoms measured during hospitalization for acute CVD would predict return to smoking after discharge from the hospital . METHODS This was a planned secondary analysis of data from a placebo-controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial of bupropion hydrochloride therapy in 245 smokers hospitalized for acute CVD . All subjects received smoking counseling in the hospital and for 12 weeks after discharge . Depressive symptoms were measured during hospitalization with the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) , and smoking cessation was biochemically vali date d at 2-week , 12-week , and 1-year follow-up . The effect of depressive symptoms on smoking cessation was assessed using multiple logistic regression and survival analyses . RESULTS Twenty-two percent of smokers had moderate to severe depressive symptoms ( BDI > or= 16 ) during hospitalization . These smokers were more likely to resume smoking by 4 weeks after discharge ( P= .007 ; incidence rate ratio , 2.40 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.48 - 3.78 ) than were smokers with lower BDI scores . Smokers with low BDI scores were more likely to remain abstinent than were those with high BDI scores at 3-month follow-up ( 37 % vs 15 % ; adjusted odds ratio , 3.02 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.28 - 7.09 ) and 1-year follow-up ( 27 % vs 10 % ; adjusted odds ratio , 3.77 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.31 - 10.82 ) . We estimate that 27 % of the effect of the BDI score on smoking cessation was mediated by nicotine withdrawal symptoms . CONCLUSIONS Moderate to severe depressive symptoms during hospitalization for acute CVD are independently associated with rapid relapse to smoking after discharge and lower rates of smoking cessation at long-term follow-up . The relationship was mediated in part by the stronger nicotine withdrawal symptoms experienced by smokers with higher depressive symptoms Background : Guidelines recommend that smoking cessation interventions are offered in all clinical setting s to all smokers willing to make a quit attempt . Since the effectiveness of routine provision of behavioural counselling and nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) to smokers admitted to hospital has not been established , a r and omised controlled trial of these interventions given together compared with counselling alone or minimal intervention was performed in hospital in patients . Methods : Medical and surgical in patients who were current smokers at the time of admission were r and omised to receive either usual care ( no additional advice at admission ) , counselling alone ( 20 minute intervention with written material s ) , or NRT plus counselling ( counselling intervention with a 6 week course of NRT ) .  Continuous and point prevalence abstinence from smoking ( vali date d by exhaled carbon monoxide < 10 ppm ) was measured at discharge from hospital and at 3 and 12 months , and self-reported reduction in cigarette consumption in smokers was assessed at 3 and 12 months . Results : 274 inpatient smokers were enrolled .  Abstinence was higher in the NRT plus counselling group ( n=91 ) than in the counselling alone ( n=91 ) or usual care ( n=92 ) groups . The difference between the groups was significant for vali date d point prevalence abstinence at discharge ( 55 % , 43 % , 37 % respectively , p=0.045 ) and at 12 months ( 17 % , 6 % , 8 % , p=0.03 ) . The respective differences in continuous vali date d abstinence at 12 months were 11 % , 4 % , 8 % ( p=0.25 ) . There was no significant difference between counselling alone and usual care , or in reduction in cigarette consumption between the treatment groups . Conclusions : NRT given with brief counselling to hospital in patients is an effective routine smoking cessation intervention Recent findings suggest that smokers who are hospitalized experience significant craving for cigarettes . Thus , nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) may be a particularly important tool for use during hospitalization . The goal of this study is to evaluate the utilization of the transdermal nicotine patch and /or nicotine gum by hospitalized smokers . The data represented in this article are from 580 smokers who participated in a study of a motivational intervention for smoking cessation that was delivered during hospitalization . The primary outcome for this analysis was use of NRT during hospitalization . The results revealed that , among the entire sample , only 7.1 % of the overall sample used NRT during hospitalization ; 6 % of the hospitalized smokers used the transdermal nicotine patch , and 1.1 % used nicotine gum .  Use of NRT  was significantly greater among patients who reported that they were doing anything to help themselves quit smoking at the time of admission ( OR=4.1 ) , those who were seriously planning to quit smoking within the next 30 days ( OR=2.36 ) , those who were nicotine dependent ( OR=2.81 ) , and those for whom a physician had ever offered to prescribe NRT (OR=1.9).The finding that there is a very low rate of NRT use during hospitalization provides important information to hospital-based care providers and smoking cessation intervention planners . Barriers to NRT use among hospitalized patients should be identified , and strategies design ed to maximize use when appropriate . TheAHCPR Guideline on Smoking Cessation recommends routine use of NRT in health care setting s. Further research is needed to determine why  NRT use was so low . In addition , these data suggest that efforts to increase  NRT use during hospitalization are needed Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer , and individuals who continue to smoke past diagnosis and treatment are at elevated risk for further disease . In a r and omized controlled trial , a state of the art provider-delivered smoking cessation intervention was compared to a usual care advice control condition . The intervention consisted of surgeon- or dentist-delivered advice to stop smoking , a contracted quit date , tailored written material s , and booster advice sessions .  Subjects were 186 patients with newly diagnosed first primary squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract who had smoked cigarettes within the past year . At r and omization , 88.2 % of subjects were current smokers . At 12-month follow-up , 70.2 % of subjects completing the trial ( n = 114 ) were continuous abstainers ; among baseline smokers alone the continuous abstinence ( CA ) rate was 64.6 % . The cotinine validation rate at 12 months was 89.6 % . Modeling techniques were utilized in order to derive expected CA rates , which included noncompleter subjects ( n = 72 ) . The CA rate expected at 1 year for the entire patient population was 64.2 % , and for smokers alone the expected CA rate was 59.4 % . Logistic regression analysis carried out on baseline smokers identified predictors of 12-month CA status . These included medical treatment , stage of change , age , nicotine dependence , and race . The intervention effect was not significant , although the sign of the effect was positive . Based on these findings , we recommend systematic brief advice to stop smoking for head and neck cancer patients , with a stepped care approach for patients less able to quit A controlled evaluation of a minimal-contact smoking cessation intervention was conducted with 213 in patients and out patients at a Veterans Administration Medical Center ( VAMC ) . The intervention had three components : Brief consultation from a health practitioner ; administration of a self-help smoking cessation manual ; and provision of an incentive to adhere to recommendations in the manual . Enrollment procedures differed from those of many other smoking-intervention trials in that , instead of enrolling only smokers who were motivated to quit , all patients who smoked and who would normally be considered eligible for a smoking-cessation intervention were included . The evaluation examined acceptability of the program to patients who smoked , overall effectiveness of the intervention , and efficacy of the intervention for specific patient demographic , social status , and health status groups . The program had a high degree of acceptance by patients who smoked , with over 60 % agreeing to participate and take home the self-help smoking-cessation manual . The program was effective in getting patients to reduce their daily smoking , and marginally effective in influencing smoking cessation , with some patient groups exhibiting higher cessation rates than others . Special problems to be considered when attempting to influence groups of smokers at high levels of psychological stress and with low levels of education and income -- factors normally associated with high rates of smoking and failure in traditional smoking-cessation programs -- are discussed in light of the results obtained BACKGROUND Cessation rates in smokers attending special clinics or their General Practitioners can be increased by transdermal nicotine ( TNS ) . This study assesses the efficacy of TNS as an adjunct to advice and support in helping patients attending hospital with smoking-related diseases to stop smoking . METHODS In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized manner , 234 in patients and out patients with smoking-related respiratory or cardiovascular disease , aged 18 - 75 years , who were willing to try to stop smoking , were advised by their hospital doctor to stop smoking . This was reinforced by repeated advice and encouragement from the Smoking Cessation Counsellor initially and at 2 , 4 , 8 and 12 weeks , supplemented by a 24 h patch in adjusted doses over that period . Those not smoking at 12 weeks were followed up at 26 and 52 weeks . Self-reported complete abstinence from 12 to 52 weeks was vali date d by expired air carbon monoxide measurement at 12 , 26 and 52 weeks . RESULTS Twenty-four ( 21 % ) of 115 TNS patients were verified as non-smokers at 12 , 26 and 52 weeks and cl aim ed continued abstinence , compared with 17 ( 14 % ) of 119 in the placebo ( P ) group ( P = 0 center dot 15 ) -5 % confidence limits for odds ratio of abstinence on TNS compared to P : 0 center dot 83 , 3 center dot 37 . Cessation was related to increasing age ( P = 0 center dot 02 ) and lower 
    Output:
    
High intensity behavioural interventions that begin during a hospital stay and include at least one month of supportive contact after discharge promote smoking cessation among hospitalised patients .
These interventions are effective regardless of the patient 's admitting diagnosis .
lnterventions of lower intensity or shorter duration have not been shown to be effective in this setting .
There is insufficient direct evidence to conclude that adding NRT or bupropion to intensive counselling increases cessation rates over what is achieved by counselling alone , but the evidence of benefit for NRT has strengthened in this up date and the point estimates are compatible with research in other setting s showing that NRT and bupropion are effective