***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It is possible that dietary nitrate ( NO3− ) supplementation may improve both physical and cognitive performance via its influence on blood flow and cellular energetics . Purpose To investigate the effects of dietary NO3− supplementation on exercise performance and cognitive function during a prolonged intermittent sprint test ( IST ) protocol , which was design ed to reflect typical work patterns during team sports . Methods In a double-blind r and omised crossover study , 16 male team-sport players received NO3−-rich ( BR ; 140 mL day−1 ; 12.8 mmol of NO3− ) , and NO3−-depleted ( PL ; 140 mL day−1 ; 0.08 mmol NO3− ) beetroot juice for 7 days . On day 7 of supplementation , subjects completed the IST ( two 40-min “ halves ” of repeated 2-min blocks consisting of a 6-s “ all-out ” sprint , 100-s active recovery and 20 s of rest ) , on a cycle ergometer during which cognitive tasks were simultaneously performed . Results Total work done during the sprints of the IST was greater in BR ( 123 ± 19 kJ ) compared to PL ( 119 ± 17 kJ ; P < 0.05 ) . Reaction time of response to the cognitive tasks in the second half of the IST was improved in BR compared to PL ( BR first half : 820 ± 96 vs. second half : 817 ± 86 ms ; PL first half : 824 ± 114 vs. second half : 847 ± 118 ms ; P < 0.05 ) . There was no difference in response accuracy . Conclusions These findings suggest that dietary NO3−  enhances repeated sprint performance and may attenuate the decline in cognitive function ( and specifically reaction time ) that may occur during prolonged intermittent exercise The influence of dietary nitrate ( NO3- ) supplementation on indices of maximal sprint and intermittent exercise performance is unclear . PURPOSE To investigate the effects of NO3- supplementation on sprint running performance , and cognitive function and exercise performance during the sport-specific Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 test ( IR1 ) . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , crossover study , 36 male team-sport players received NO3 - -rich ( BR ; 70 mL·day-1 ; 6.4 mmol of NO3- ) , and NO3 - -depleted ( PL ; 70 mL·day-1 ; 0.04 mmol NO3- ) beetroot juice for 5 days . On day 5 of supplementation , subjects completed a series of maximal 20-m sprints followed by the Yo-Yo IR1 . Cognitive tasks were completed prior to , during and immediately following the Yo-Yo IR1 . RESULTS BR improved sprint split times relative to PL at 20 m ( 1.2 % ; BR 3.98 ± 0.18 vs. PL 4.03 ± 0.19 s ; P < 0.05 ) , 10 m ( 1.6 % ; BR 2.53 ± 0.12 vs. PL 2.57 ± 0.19 s ; P < 0.05 ) and 5 m ( 2.3 % ; BR 1.73 ± 0.09 vs. PL 1.77 ± 0.09 s ; P < 0.05 ) . The distance covered in the Yo-Yo IR1 test improved by 3.9 % ( BR 1422 ± 502 vs. PL 1369 ± 505 m ; P < 0.05 ) . The reaction time to the cognitive tasks was shorter in BR ( 615 ± 98 ms ) than PL ( 645 ± 120 ms ; P < 0.05 ) at rest but not during the Yo-Yo IR1 . There was no difference in response accuracy . CONCLUSIONS Dietary NO3- supplementation enhances maximal sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance in competitive team sport players . Our findings suggest that NO3- supplementation has the potential to improve performance in single-sprint or multiple-sprint ( team ) sports BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate is receiving increased attention due to its reported ergogenic and cardioprotective properties . The extent to which ingestion of various nitrate-rich vegetables increases postpr and ial plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lowers blood pressure is currently unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the impact of ingesting different nitrate-rich vegetables on subsequent plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and resting blood pressure in healthy normotensive individuals . METHODS With the use of a semir and omized crossover design , 11 men and 7 women [ mean ± SEM age : 28 ± 1 y ; mean ± SEM body mass index ( BMI , in kg/m(2 ) ) : 23 ± 1 ; exercise : 1 - 10 h/wk ] ingested 4 different beverages , each containing 800 mg ( ∼12.9 mmol ) nitrate : sodium nitrate ( NaNO3 ) , concentrated beetroot juice , a rocket salad beverage , and a spinach beverage . Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and blood pressure were determined before and up to 300 min after beverage ingestion . Data were analyzed using repeated- measures ANOVA . RESULTS Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations increased after ingestion of all 4 beverages ( P < 0.001 ) . Peak plasma nitrate concentrations were similar for all treatments ( all values presented as means ± SEMs : NaNO3 : 583 ± 29 μmol/L ; beetroot juice : 597 ± 23 μmol/L ; rocket salad beverage : 584 ± 24 μmol/L ; spinach beverage : 584 ± 23 μmol/L ) . Peak plasma nitrite concentrations were different between treatments ( NaNO3 : 580 ± 58 nmol/L ; beetroot juice : 557 ± 57 nmol/L ; rocket salad beverage : 643 ± 63 nmol/L ; spinach beverage : 980 ± 160 nmol/L ; P = 0.016 ) . When compared with baseline , systolic blood pressure declined 150 min after ingestion of beetroot juice ( from 118 ± 2 to 113 ± 2 mm Hg ; P < 0.001 ) and rocket salad beverage ( from 122 ± 3 to 116 ± 2 mm Hg ; P = 0.007 ) and 300 min after ingestion of spinach beverage ( from 118 ± 2 to 111 ± 3 mm Hg ; P < 0.001 ) , but did not change with NaNO3 Diastolic blood pressure declined 150 min after ingestion of all beverages ( P < 0.05 ) and remained lower at 300 min after ingestion of rocket salad ( P = 0.045 ) and spinach ( P = 0.001 ) beverages . CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of nitrate-rich beetroot juice , rocket salad beverage , and spinach beverage effectively increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lowers blood pressure to a greater extent than sodium nitrate . These findings show that nitrate-rich vegetables can be used as dietary nitrate supplements . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02271633 Dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to reduce the oxygen ( O2 ) cost of exercise and enhance  exercise tolerance in healthy individuals . This study assessed whether similar effects could be observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover study , 48 participants with T2DM supplemented their diet for 4 days with either nitrate-rich beetroot juice ( 70ml/day , 6.43mmol nitrate/day ) or nitrate-depleted beetroot juice as placebo ( 70ml/day , 0.07mmol nitrate/day ) . After each intervention period , resting plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured subsequent to participants completing moderate-paced walking . Pulmonary gas exchange was measured to assess the O2 cost of walking . After a rest period , participants performed the 6-min walk test ( 6MWT ) . Relative to placebo , beetroot juice result ed in a significant increase in plasma nitrate ( placebo , 57±66 vs beetroot , 319±110µM ; P < 0.001 ) and plasma nitrite concentration ( placebo , 680±256 vs beetroot , 1065±607nM ; P < 0.001 ) . There were no differences between placebo juice and beetroot juice for the O2 cost of walking ( 946±221 vs 939±223ml/min , respectively ; P = 0.59 ) and distance covered in the 6MWT ( 550±83 vs 554±90 m , respectively ; P = 0.17 ) . Nitrate supplementation did not affect the O2 cost of moderate-paced walking or improve performance in the 6MWT . These findings indicate that dietary nitrate supplementation does not modulate the response to exercise in individuals with T2DM The matching of oxygen supply to neural dem and ( i.e. , neurovascular coupling ( NVC ) ) is an important determinant of cognitive performance . The impact of hypoxia on NVC remains poorly characterized . NVC is partially modulated by nitric oxide ( NO ) , which may initially decrease in hypoxia . This study investigated the effect of acute NO-donor ( nitrate ) supplementation on NVC and cognitive function in hypoxia . Twenty healthy men participated in this r and omized , double-blind , crossover design study . Following normoxic cognitive/NVC testing , participants consumed either nitrate ( NIT ) or a NIT-depleted placebo ( PLA ) . Participants then underwent 120 min of hypoxia ( 11.6 % ± 0.1 % O2 ) and all cognitive/NVC testing was repeated . NVC was assessed as change in middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) blood flow during a cognitive task ( incongruent Stroop ) using transcranial Doppler . Additional computerized cognitive testing was conducted separately to assess memory , executive function , attention , sensorimotor , and social cognition domains . Salivary nitrite significantly increased following supplementation in hypoxia for NIT ( + 2.6 ± 1.0 arbitrary units ( AU ) ) compared with PLA ( + 0.2 ± 0.3 AU ; p < 0.05 ) . Memory performance ( -6 ± 13 correct ) significantly decreased ( p < 0.05 ) in hypoxia while all other cognitive domains were unchanged in hypoxia for both PLA and NIT conditions ( p > 0.05 ) . MCA flow increased during Stroop similarly in normoxia ( PLA + 5 ± 6 cm·s(-1 ) , NIT + 7 ± 7 cm·s(-1 ) ) and hypoxia ( PLA + 5 ± 9 cm·s(-1 ) , NIT + 6 ± 7 cm·s(-1 ) ) ( p < 0.05 ) and this increase was not altered by PLA or NIT ( p > 0.05 ) . In conclusion , acute hypoxia result ed in significant reductions in memory concomitant with preservation of executive function , attention , and sensorimotor function . Hypoxia had no effect on NVC . Acute NIT supplementation had no effect on NVC or cognitive performance in hypoxia BACKGROUND Aging and obesity are associated with raised oxidative stress and a reduction of nitric oxide ( NO ) bioavailability , with subsequent decline in insulin sensitivity and endothelial function . Inorganic nitrate is converted into NO via a 2-step reduction process and may be an effective nutritional intervention to modify vascular and metabolic functions . OBJECTIVES This study tested whether inorganic nitrate supplementation improved glucose disposal and attenuated the acute effects of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress , inflammation , and vascular function in young and old obese participants . METHODS Ten young ( aged 18 - 44 y ) and 10 old ( aged 55 - 70 y ) obese participants consumed 75 g glucose followed by either potassium nitrate ( 7 mg/kg body weight ) or potassium chloride ( placebo ) in a r and omized , double-blind crossover design . Resting blood pressure ( BP ) , endothelial function , and blood biomarkers were measured for 3 h postintervention . Biomarkers included plasma nitrate/nitrite ( NOx ) , glucose , insulin , cyclic GMP , interleukin 6 , 3-nitrotyrosine , E- and P-selectins , intercellular adhesion molecule 3 ( ICAM-3 ) , and thrombomodulin , as well as superoxide in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) . RESULTS Inorganic nitrate supplementation did not affect plasma glucose ( P = 0.18 ) or insulin ( P = 0.26 ) responses . The increase in plasma NOx concentrations 3 h after the administration of inorganic nitrate was significantly higher in 
    Output:
    
Nitrate and nitrite supplementation did not modify CBF or CF .