***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract BACKGROUND : This study evaluated the efficacy of bupropion for relapse prevention in smokers with and without a past history of major depressive disorder . Changes in depressive symptoms were also examined . DESIGN : Data were gathered prospect ively from a r and omized , double-blind relapse prevention trial of bupropion conducted at five study sites . A total of 784 smokers ( 54 % female , 97 % white ) were enrolled . Using the Structured Clinical Interview for Depression , 17 % of the subjects reported a past history of major depressive disorder at baseline . All subjects received open-label bupropion SR ( 300 mg/d ) for 7 weeks . Subjects abstinent from smoking at the end of 7 weeks ( N=429 ) were r and omized to bupropion SR ( 300 mg/d ) or placebo for the remainder of the year and followed for 1 year off medication . The primary outcome measures were median time to relapse to smoking and the 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence rate . Self-reported abstinence from smoking was verified by expired air carbon monoxide . The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depressive symptoms at baseline and at weeks 8 and 12 . RESULTS : Median time to relapse did not differ by past history of major depressive disorder . Bupropion was associated with higher point-prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of medication compared to placebo ( P=.007 ) , independent of a past history of major depressive disorder . Moreover , change in depressive symptoms during the double-blind phase did not differ for those with and without a past history of major depressive disorder . CONCLUSIONS : Extended use of bupropion for relapse prevention is effective for smokers with and without a history of major depression Subjects ( N = 139 ) were assigned to intensive behavioral or to low-contact smoking treatment and to 2-mg nicotine gum or to placebo gum in a 2 X 2 factorial design . The 2-mg gum produced higher abstinence rates than did the placebo . Subjects receiving the low-contact condition plus the 2-mg nicotine gum had excellent abstinence rates at both 26 weeks ( 56 % abstainers ) and 52 weeks ( 50 % abstainers ) . Smokers who scored at the median on a measure of physical dependence to nicotine were more likely to benefit by nicotine gum treatment than subjects who scored either higher or lower , but this relation was nonsignificant . The results of this study are compared with an earlier nonblind trial BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the nicotine patch in smoking cessation when combined with self-help material s , three brief visits , and telephone counseling . METHODS One hundred fifty-nine healthy volunteers who smoked at least one pack of cigarettes per day and desired to quit smoking were enrolled in a double-blind trial with 6-week treatment and 6-month follow-up periods . After review of self-help material s , subjects were r and omly assigned to regimens of nicotine or placebo patches . Subjects wore two patches per day for 4 weeks ( 25 mg of nicotine per 24 hours ) , then one patch per day for 2 weeks . Return visits were at the ends of weeks 4 and 6 . Telephone counseling was given during weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 . Abstinence at 6 weeks was defined as zero cigarettes smoked for the previous 28 days , verified by exhaled carbon monoxide less than 8 ppm at 4 weeks and 6 weeks . Abstinence at 3 and 6 months was defined as self-report of zero cigarettes since the previous contact , verified by carbon monoxide value at 6 months . RESULTS Abstinence rates at 6 weeks , 3 months , and 6 months were 29.5 % , 21.8 % , and 20.5 % in the active group , and 8.8 % , 3.8 % , and 2.5 % in the placebo group ( P < or = .001 for each comparison ) , respectively . Skin irritation was the main side effect , causing 1.3 % to drop out . CONCLUSION The nicotine patch is efficacious in smoking cessation over a 6-month period , when combined with only self-help material s , three brief visits , and telephone counseling The authors present results of a r and omized clinical trial of the efficacy of extended treatment with bupropion SR in producing longer term cigarette smoking cessation .  Adult smokers ( N = 362 ) received  open-label treatment  ( 11 weeks ) that combined relapse prevention training , bupropion SR , and nicotine patch followed by extended treatment ( 14 weeks ) with bupropion SR or matching placebo .  Abstinence percentages were relatively high ( week 11 : 52 % ; week 25 : bupropion , 42 % ; placebo , 38 % ; week 52 : bupropion , 33 % ; placebo , 34 % ) , but bupropion SR did not surpass placebo .  Gender and baseline craving level were identified as significant , independent moderators of treatment response . Men were more likely to abstain than women ( week 11 : 59 % vs. 43 % , p = .001 ; week 25 : 48 % vs. 31 % , p = .001 ; week 52 : 39 % vs. 27 % , p = .01 ) . Because most smokers suffer relapse with any current cessation treatment , the comparatively high abstinence percentages achieved in this trial are of interest PURPOSE AND METHODS Cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) constitutes the basis of smoking cessation programs . Quitting rates are usually increased by the concomitant use of CBT and pharmacotherapy . There are studies showing the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline compared to placebo , but there is just one published comparison between these drugs , unfortunately with low power to detect significant differences . This study was design ed to compare the efficacy of bupropion , nortriptyline and placebo in a group of smokers who also received intensive counseling therapy .  We conducted a double blind , double-dummy , placebo-controlled trial for smoking cessation that lasted 9 weeks . Patients were r and omized to receive nortriptyline 75 mg/day ( 52 subjects ) , bupropion 300 mg/day ( 53 subjects ) or placebo ( 51 subjects ) . All smokers also received the same intensive cognitive behavior therapy . The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 10 . Intensive counseling was provided at baseline , weekly during treatment , and at 10 , 13 , 16 , 20 and 26 weeks . Abstinence was defined as continuous when the subject was not smoking since the target-quitting day ( self-report ) and had an expired carbon monoxide concentration of 10 ppm or less . RESULTS The sustained abstinence rates at 6 months were 21.6 % in the placebo group , 30.8 % in the nortriptyline group ( p = 0.40 ) , and 41.5 % in the bupropion group ( p = 0.05 ) . The odds ratio was not statistically different for smokers using nortriptyline or bupropion ( OR 1.60 ; 95 % CI 0.66 - 3.86 ; p = 0.35 ) . The most common adverse events were dry mouth and drowsiness in the nortriptyline group and dry mouth and insomnia in the bupropion group . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CBT + bupropion result ed in a better 6-month rate of smoking cessation compared to CBT+nortriptyline or CBT + placebo .  Abstinence rate in the nortriptyline group was not statistically different from patients in the bupropion or placebo group Background — Smoking cessation is a key component of secondary cardiovascular disease prevention . Varenicline , a partial & agr;4&bgr;2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist , is effective for smoking cessation in healthy smokers , but its efficacy and safety in smokers with cardiovascular disease are unknown . Methods and Results — A multicenter , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of varenicline with placebo for smoking cessation in 714 smokers with stable cardiovascular disease . Participants received varenicline ( 1 mg twice daily ) or placebo , along with smoking-cessation counseling , for 12 weeks . Follow-up lasted 52 weeks . The primary end point was carbon monoxide – confirmed continuous abstinence rate for weeks 9 through 12 ( last 4 weeks of treatment ) . The continuous abstinence rate was higher for varenicline than placebo during weeks 9 through 12 ( 47.0 % versus 13.9 % ; odds ratio , 6.11 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 4.18 to 8.93 ) and weeks 9 through 52 ( 19.2 % versus 7.2 % ; odds ratio , 3.14 ; 95 % CI , 1.93 to 5.11 ) . The varenicline and placebo groups did not differ significantly in cardiovascular mortality ( 0.3 % versus 0.6 % ; difference , −0.3 % ; 95 % CI , −1.3 to 0.7 ) , all-cause mortality ( 0.6 % versus 1.4 % ; difference , −0.8 % ; 95 % CI , −2.3 to 0.6 ) , cardiovascular events ( 7.1 % versus 5.7 % ; difference , 1.4 % ; 95 % CI , −2.3 to 5.0 ) , or serious adverse events ( 6.5 % and 6.0 % ; difference , 0.5 % ; 95 % CI , −3.1 to 4.1 ) . As a result of adverse events , 9.6 % of varenicline and 4.3 % of placebo participants discontinued study drug . Conclusions — Varenicline is effective for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease . It was well tolerated and did not increase cardiovascular events or mortality ; however , trial size and duration limit definitive conclusions about safety . Clinical Trial Registration Information— URL : http://www . clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00282984 . Unique identifier : NCT00282984 The use of nicotine chewing gum combined with psychological support improves the success rate in stopping smoking . We studied the safety and efficacy of a transdermal nicotine patch in stopping smoking . We conducted a double-blind r and omized study comparing the effect of a 16-hour nicotine patch ( 15 + /- 3.5 mg of nicotine in 16 hours ) with those of a placebo patch . Of the 289 smokers ( 207 women and 82 men ) enrolled in the study , 145 were treated with nicotine patches and 144 with placebo patches for 16 weeks . The rates of sustained abstinence were significantly better with active treatment than with the placebo : 53 , 41 , 24 and 17 % of those in the nicotine-patch group were abstinent after 6 , 12 , 26 , and 52 weeks , respectively , as compared with 17 , 10 , 5 and 4 % of those in the placebo-patch group ( p less than 0.0001 ) . Only two subjects with the nicotine patch and one with the placebo patch withdrew from the study because of side effects . The nicotine skin patch proved to be safe and effective , as demonstrated by a higher rate of abstinence than with the placebo BACKGROUND Currently available smoking cessation therapies have limited success rates . Varenicline tartrate is a novel , selective nicotinic receptor partial agonist developed specifically for smoking cessation . This study evaluated the efficacy , tolerability , and safety of 3 varenicline doses for smoking cessation . Bupropion hydrochloride was included as an active control . METHODS A phase 2 , multicenter , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of healthy smokers ( 18 - 65 years old ) . Subjects were r and omized to varenicline tartrate , 0.3 mg once daily ( n = 128 ) , 1.0 mg once daily ( n = 128 ) , or 1.0 mg twice daily ( n = 127 ) , for 6 weeks plus placebo for 1 week ; to 150-mg sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride twice daily ( n = 128 ) for 7 weeks ; or to placebo ( n = 127 ) for 7 weeks . RESULTS During the treatment phase , the continuous quit rates for any 4 weeks were significantly higher for varenicline tartrate , 1.0 mg twice daily ( 48.0 % ; P<.001 ) and 1.0 mg once daily ( 37.3 % ; P<.001 ) , than for placebo ( 17.1 % ) . The  bupropion  rate was 33.3 % ( P = .002 vs placebo ) . The carbon monoxide-confirmed continuous quit rates from week 4 to week 52 were significantly higher in the varenicline tartrate , 1.0 mg twice daily , group compared with the placebo group ( 14.4 % vs 4.9 % ; P = .002 
    Output:
    
No pharmacological intervention significantly affected smoking cessation rates .
Weight management education only , is not effective and may reduce abstinence .
Personalised weight management support may be effective and not reduce abstinence , but there are too few data to be sure .
CBT to accept WG did not limit PCWG and may not promote abstinence in the long term .
Exercise interventions significantly reduced weight in the long term , but not the short term .
Bupropion , fluoxetine , NRT and varenicline reduce PCWG while using the medication .
Although this effect was not maintained one year after stopping smoking , the evidence is insufficient to exclude a modest long-term effect .