***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
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    Input: Background This study tests associations between psychosocial stress at work measured by the effort-reward imbalance model in a dynamic perspective , and multiple indicators of poor mental health , in a prospect i ve design . Methods 1986 male and female employees from four Belgian enterprises were followed-up over one year within the framework of the Somstress study . Based on two consecutive measurements , an index of cumulative job stress  was constructed and its associations with five indicators of mental health were studied , excluding caseness at entry ( for depression , anxiety , somatisation , chronic fatigue and psychotropic drug consumption respectively ) . Taking into account the longitudinal design , four categories of job stress are defined : 1 ) employees free from stress at both measures , 2 )  job stress present at first measure but not at the second one , 3 )  recent onset of job stress as evidence d by second measure 4 ) workers exposed to stress at both measures . Multivariate logistic regression with appropriate adjustments was applied . Results In bivariate analysis , a clear grade d association of cumulative job stress with all five mental health indicators is observed , both in men and women . In multivariate logistic regression analysis , recent onset of stress is strongly associated with poor mental health among men ( odds ratios ranging from 1.8 to 4.6 ) , while cumulative stress shows strongest effects on mental health in women ( odds ratios ranging from 1.4 to 7.1 ) . Conclusion Cumulative experience and recent onset of job stress in terms of high effort spent and low reward received is associated with elevated risk of all five indicators of poor mental health at follow-up in a large cohort of employees Aims : To examine exposure to workplace bullying as a risk factor for  cardiovascular disease and depression in employees . Methods : Logistic regression models were related to prospect i ve data from two surveys in a cohort of 5432 hospital employees ( 601 men and 4831 women ) , aged 18–63 years . Outcomes were new reports of doctor diagnosed cardiovascular disease and depression during the two year follow up among those who were free from these diseases at baseline . Results : The prevalence of bullying was 5 % in the first survey and 6 % in the second survey . Two per cent reported bullying experiences in both surveys , an indication of prolonged bullying . After adjustment for sex , age , and income , the odds ratio of incident cardiovascular disease for victims of prolonged bullying compared to non-bullied employees was 2.3 ( 95 % CI 1.2 to 4.6 ) . A further adjustment for overweight at baseline attenuated the odds ratio to 1.6 ( 95 % CI 0.8 to 3.5 ) . The association between prolonged bullying and incident depression was significant , even after these adjustments ( odds ratio 4.2 , 95 % CI 2.0 to 8.6 ) . Conclusions : A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent depression suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems . The victims of bullying also seem to be at greater risk of cardiovascular disease , but this risk may partly be attributable to overweight Background : A study was undertaken to investigate whether job insecurity predicts incident use of antidepressant medication  and whether the association is modified by a history of prolonged unemployment . Methods : A prospect i ve follow-up study was performed in 5142 Danish employees , including 632 employees with and 4510 without a history of prolonged unemployment . Participants were drawn from a r and om 10 % sample of the Danish population . Survey data on job insecurity were linked with register data on history of unemployment and dispensing of antidepressant medication between June 2000 and December 2003 retrieved from the Danish Medicinal Product Statistics . Respondents with major depression at baseline or antidepressant use in the 5 years preceding baseline were excluded . Results : Job insecurity predicted use of antidepressants  after adjustment for sex , age , cohabitation , socioeconomic position and alcohol consumption ( OR 1.43 , 95 % CI 1.09 to 1.88 ) . The effect was attenuated after further adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms ( OR 1.15 , 95 % CI 0.87 to 1.52 ) . A history of prolonged unemployment predicted use of antidepressants in both models ( OR 1.62 , 95 % CI 1.14 to 2.30 and OR 1.49 , 95 % CI 1.04 to 2.13 , respectively ) Compared with participants with neither job insecurity nor unemployment history , the OR for the joint effect of job insecurity and history of prolonged unemployment was substantially higher ( OR 1.79 , 95 % CI 1.15 to 2.79 ) than the OR for job insecurity ( OR 1.02 ) and unemployment history ( OR 1.10 ) alone in the fully adjusted model . Conclusion : Job insecurity predicts incident use of  antidepressants among Danish employees with a history of prolonged unemployment To investigate the relation between work environmental factors and the risk of major depressive disorder ( MDD )  over 1 year , the authors conducted a population -based longitudinal study of r and omly selected employees in Alberta , Canada ( January 2008 to November 2011 ) . Participants without a current or lifetime diagnosis of MDD at baseline ( n = 2,752 ) were followed for 1 year .  MDD was assessed using the World Health Organization 's Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Auto 2.1 . The overall 1-year incidence of MDD was 3.6 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 2.8 , 4.6 ) ; it was 2.9 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 1.9 , 4.2 ) in men and 4.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 3.3 , 6.2 ) in women . The relations between work environmental factors and MDD differed by sex . In men , high job strain increased the risk of MDD in those who worked 35 - 40 hours per week ; job insecurity and family-to-work conflict were predictive of MDD . Women who worked 35 - 40 hours per week and reported job insecurity , a high effort-reward imbalance , and work-to-family conflict were at a higher risk of developing MDD . Job strain , effort-reward imbalance , job insecurity , and work-to-family conflicts are important risk factors for the onset of MDD and should be targets of primary prevention . However , these work environmental factors appear to operate differently in men and in women Purpose To investigate the effects of total workload and other work-related factors on  postpartum depression in the first 6 months after childbirth , utilizing a hybrid model of health and workforce participation . Methods We utilized data from the Maternal Postpartum Health Study collected in 2001 from a prospect i ve cohort of 817 employed women who delivered in three community hospitals in Minnesota . Interviewers collected data at enrollment and 5 weeks , 11 weeks , and 6 months after childbirth . The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measured postpartum depression . Independent variables included  total workload ( paid and unpaid work ) , job flexibility , supervisor and coworker support , available social support , job satisfaction , infant sleep problems , infant irritable temperament , and breastfeeding . Results Total average daily workload  increased from 14.4 h ( 6.8 h of paid work ; 7.1 % working at 5 weeks postpartum ) to 15.0 h ( 7.9 h of paid work ; 87 % working at 6 months postpartum ) over the 6 months . Fixed effects regression analyses showed worse depression scores were associated with higher total workload , lower job flexibility , lower social support , an infant with sleep problems , and breastfeeding . Conclusions Working mothers of reproductive years may find the study results valuable as they consider merging their work and parenting roles after childbirth . Future studies should examine the specific mechanisms through which total workload affects postpartum depressive symptoms Purpose To investigate prospect i ve associations between working conditions and depressive symptoms in Swedish men and women . Methods The study was based on SLOSH ( N = 5,985 ) , a follow-up of a representative sample of gainfully employed Swedes 16–64 years of age from the Swedish Work Environment Survey 2003 . Work dem and s , decision authority , support and conflicts at work were measured in 2003 . Depressive symptoms were recorded in 2006 by a short version of the  depression subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90 ( SCL-90 ) .  Linear regression analyses were performed . Results After adjusting for an indicator of previous depressive symptoms and covariates , conflicts with fellow workers in men were associated with depressive symptoms , whereas dem and s ( men ) , support from fellow workers ( women ) , and decision authority predicted lower scores . Conclusion The study supports the theory that decision authority , support and conflicts at work are predictive of depressive symptoms in the general Swedish working population Background The aim of this study was to examine if dissatisfaction with psychosocial  work climate predicts psychiatrically diagnosed depressive , anxiety and substance abuse disorders . Methods In Aarhus County , Denmark , 13 423 public service employees at 683 workplace units answered a question naire survey assessing psychosocial work environment . An average workplace unit score of overall satisfaction with psychosocial working conditions , rated on a scale from 0–10 with 10 being most satisfied , was computed and assigned to the individual employees at each work unit . Aggregated satisfaction scores were divided into three levels , according to the 25–75 percentiles . Data on hospitalisations and outpatient treatments for depressive , anxiety and substance abuse disorders was obtained from the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Register . HRs and 95 % CIs were computed for first onset of studied disorders , starting from the baseline survey at 1 January 2002 through to 30 April 2008 . Risk estimates were adjusted for sociodemographic variables . Results A low satisfaction with psychosocial working conditions was associated with an increased risk of any mental health disorder , HRadj 1.71 , 95 % CI 1.04 to 2.82 . The lower the satisfaction level , the higher was the risk of mental health disorders . Moreover , substance abuse disorders were more frequent among men dissatisfied with work climate , HRadj 3.53 , 95 % CI 1.55 to 8.03 . Conclusion Working in a dissatisfying psychosocial environment increases the risk of subsequent mental health disorders . R and omised , controlled intervention trials may help in resolving whether this association is causal Background The association between overtime work and depression is still unclear . This study examined the association between overtime work and the onset of a major depressive episode ( MDE ) . Methodology /Principal Findings Prospect i ve cohort study with a baseline examination of working hours , psychological morbidity ( an indicator of baseline depression ) and depression risk factors in 1991–1993 and a follow-up of major depressive episode in 1997–1999 ( mean follow-up 5.8 years ) among British civil servants ( the Whitehall II study ; 1626 men , 497 women , mean age 47 years at baseline ) . Onset of 12-month MDE was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview ( CIDI ) at follow-up . In prospect i ve analysis of participants with no psychological morbidity at baseline , the odds ratio for a subsequent major depressive episode was 2.43 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.11 to 5.30 ) times higher for those working 11 + hours a day compared to employees working 7–8 hours a day , when adjusted for socio-demographic factors at baseline . Further adjustment for chronic physical disease , smoking , alcohol use , job strain and work-related social support had little effect on this association ( odds ratio 2.52 ; 95 % confidence interval 1.12 to 5.65 ) . Conclusions / Significance Data from middle-aged civil servants suggest that working long hours of overtime may predispose to major depressive episodes Background Several prospect i ve studies have indicated increased risk of developing depressive symptoms in employees who report psychologically dem and ing and uncontrollable work ( job strain ) . There are diverging findings regarding gender differences in this relationship . The aim was to analyse whether men and women differ with regard to the prospect i ve relationship between adverse psychosocial work environment and depressive symptoms during a 2-year period . Method The Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health cohort based on representative recruitment of working men and women in Sweden was used . 2731 men and 3446 women had answered questions regarding work environment and mental health in 2008 and 2010 .  Psychological dem and s , decision authority , age and income as well as depressive symptoms in 2008 were used as predictors of depressive symptoms in 2010 . Results Women reported less decision authority at work and their dem and level developed more unfavourably than did men’s— result ing in increased job strain gap between men and women from 2008 to 2010 . The relationship between dem and and decision authority ( and job strain ) on one h and and depressive symptoms on the other h and was not statistically different in men and women . Conclusions Overall , women reported higher levels of job strain than men . In Sweden , job strain was as strongly related to depressive symptoms among men as among women Objective : Effort-reward imbalance at work is an established psychosocial risk factor but there are also newer conceptualisations , such as procedural injustice ( decisions at work lack consistency , openness and input from all affected parties ) and relational injustice ( problems in considerate and fair treatment of employees by supervisors ) . The authors examined whether procedural injustice and relational injustice are associated with  employee  health in addition to , and in combination with , effort-reward imbalance . Methods : Prospect i ve survey data from two cohorts related to public-sector employees : the 10-Town study ( n 
    Output:
    
Moderately strong evidence ( grade three out of four ) was found for job strain ( high psychological dem and s and low decision latitude ) , low decision latitude and bullying having significant impact on development of depressive symptoms .
Limited evidence ( grade two ) was shown for psychological dem and s , effort reward imbalance , low support , unfavorable social climate , lack of work justice , conflicts , limited skill discretion , job insecurity and long working hours .
There was no differential gender effect of adverse job conditions on depressive symptoms Conclusion There is substantial empirical evidence that employees , both men and women , who report lack of decision latitude , job strain and bullying , will experience increasing depressive symptoms over time .
These conditions are amenable to organizational interventions