***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Lix and rão , ME , Damas , F , Chacon-Mikahil , MPT , Cavaglieri , CR , Ugrinowitsch , C , Bottaro , M , Vechin , FC , Conceição , MS , Berton , R , and Libardi , CA . Time course of resistance training – induced muscle hypertrophy in the elderly . J Strength Cond Res 30(1 ) : 159–163 , 2016—Extended periods of resistance training ( RT ) induce muscle hypertrophy . Nevertheless , to date , no study has investigated the time window necessary to observe significant changes in muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) in older adults . Therefore , this study investigated the time course of muscle hypertrophy after 10 weeks ( 20 sessions ) of RT in the elderly . Fourteen healthy older subjects were r and omly allocated in either the RT ( n : 6 ) or control group ( n : 8) . The RT was composed of 4 sets × 10 repetitions ( 70–80 % 1 repetition maximum [ 1RM ] ) in a leg press machine . The time course of vastus lateralis muscle hypertrophy ( CSA ) was assessed on a weekly basis by mode-B ultrasonography . Leg press muscle strength was assessed by dynamic 1RM test . Our results demonstrated that the RT group increased leg press 1RM by 42 % ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks of training . Significant increases in vastus lateralis muscle CSA were observed only after 18 sessions of training ( 9 weeks ; p ⩽ 0.05 ; 7.1 % ) . In conclusion , our training protocol promoted muscle mass accrual in older subjects , and this was only observable after 18 sessions of RT ( 9 weeks ) OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of session intensity ( number of slip exposures ) and frequency on the retention of acquired adaptation for prevention of backward balance loss after repeated-slip training . DESIGN A 4-group , r and omized , and controlled study . SETTING Biomechanics research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Healthy young subjects ( N=46 ; 21 men ) . INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four subjects experienced a high-intensity session of 24 repeated right-side slips ; 12 received additional single-slip sessions at a frequency of 1 week , 2 weeks , and 1 month , whereas the rest got no ancillary training . Another 24 subjects received a low-intensity initial session of a single slip ; 12 received the same high-frequency ancillary training , whereas the rest got none . All groups were retested with a single slip 4 months after the first session . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The incidence of backward balance loss , gait stability , and limb support . RESULTS The high-intensity groups , irrespective of ancillary training , displayed similar improvements in all 3 outcome measures . Remarkably , the low-intensity group receiving ancillary training also significantly improved in all measures , with retention comparable to that observed in the other 2 groups . A single-slip exposure without ancillary sessions was insufficient to yield a longer-term effect . CONCLUSIONS Frequent ancillary sessions may be unnecessary for slip-related fall prevention up to 4 months if the initial session intensity is sufficient . Furthermore , the minimum of a single slip may be as effective if the subject is exposed to frequent ancillary sessions Based on finding a strong association between number of impairments and risk of falling in earlier studies , Yale FICSIT investigators are conducting an intervention trial comparing the effectiveness of usual care plus social visits ( SV ) and a targeted risk abatement intervention ( TI ) strategy in reducing falls among at risk community elderly persons . Subjects include members of a participating HMO who are > or = 70 years of age , cognitively intact , not terminally ill , not too physically active , and possess at least one fall risk factor . The targeted risk factors include postural hypotension ; sedative use ; at least four targeted medications ; upper and lower extremity strength and range of motion impairments ; foot problems ; and balance , gait , and transfer dysfunctions . The interventions include medication adjustments , behavioral change recommendations , education and training , and home-based exercise regimens targeting the identified risk factors . The interventions are carried out by the study nurse practitioner and physical therapist in TI subjects ' homes . The SV subjects receive a comparable number of home visits as the TI subjects during which a structured life review is performed by social work students . The primary outcome is occurrence of falls during the 12-month followup . Secondary outcomes include change in mobility performance and fall-related efficacy Abstract Background Both exercise and vitamin D are recommended means to prevent falls among older adults , but their combined effects on fall-induced injuries are scarcely studied . Methods A 2-year follow-up of a previous 2-year r and omized controlled trial with vitamin D and exercise ( Ex ) of 409 older home-dwelling women using a factorial 2 × 2 design ( D−Ex− , D+Ex− , D−Ex+ , D+Ex+ ) . Besides monthly fall diaries , femoral neck bone mineral density ( fn-BMD ) , and physical functioning were assessed at 1 and 2 years after the intervention . Results After the intervention , S-25OHD concentrations declined to baseline levels in both supplement groups . The groups did not differ for change in fn-BMD or physical functioning , except for leg extensor muscle strength , which remained about 10 % greater in the exercise groups compared with the reference group ( D−Ex− ) . There were no between-group differences in the rate of all falls , but medically attended injurious falls reduced in D+Ex− and D−Ex+ groups compared with D−Ex−. However , all former treatment groups had less medically attended injured fallers , HRs ( 95 % CI ) being 0.62 ( 0.39–1.00 ) for D+Ex− , 0.46 ( 0.28–0.76 ) for D−Ex+ , and 0.55 ( 0.34–0.88 ) for D+Ex+ , compared with D−Ex−. Conclusions Exercise-induced benefits in physical functioning partly remained 2 years after cessation of supervised training . Although there was no difference in the rate of all falls , former exercise groups continued to have lower rate of medically attended injured fallers compared with referents even 2 years after the intervention . Vitamin D without exercise was associated with less injurious falls with no difference in physical functioning OBJECTIVES To primarily ascertain the effect of the Otago Exercise Program ( OEP ) on physiological falls risk , functional mobility , and executive functioning after 6 months in older adults with a recent history of falls and to ascertain the effect of the OEP on falls during a 1-year follow-up period . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Dedicated falls clinics . PARTICIPANTS Seventy-four adults aged 70 and older who presented to a healthcare professional after a fall . INTERVENTION The OEP , a home-based program that consists of resistance training and balance training exercises . MEASUREMENTS Physiological falls risk was assessed using the Physiological Profile Assessment . Functional mobility was assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test . Three central executive functions were assessed : set shifting , using the Trail Making Test Part B ; updating , using the verbal digits backward test ; and response inhibition , using the Stroop Color-Word Test . Falls were prospect ively monitored using daily calendars . RESULTS At 6 months , there was no significant between-group difference in physiological falls risk or functional mobility ( P > or= .33 ) . There was a significant between-group difference in response inhibition ( P=.05 ) . A falls histogram revealed two outliers . With these cases removed , using negative binomial regression , the unadjusted incidence rate ratio of falls in the OEP group compared with the control group was 0.56 . The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.47 . CONCLUSION The OEP may reduce falls by improving cognitive performance OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term effects of a multifactorial fall prevention programme on the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment . STUDY DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Five hundred and ninety-one community-dwelling elderly people ( > or = 65 years ) living in the town of Pori , Finl and with at least one fall during the previous 12 months were r and omized into an intervention group ( n=293 ) and a control group ( n=298 ) . Subjects in the intervention group participated in a multifactorial 12-month fall prevention programme . This study evaluated the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment during the 3-year follow-up period . RESULTS The intervention did not significantly reduce the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment during the 3-year follow-up period [ incidence rate ratio ( IRR ) for the intervention group compared with the control group 0.87 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.63 - 1.21 ] . The number of falls requiring medical treatment was lower in the intervention group ( n=32 ) compared with the control group ( n=50 ) ( IRR 0.65 , 95%CI 0.40 - 1.07 ) during the second year of follow-up , but this was not found during the first year ( 48 and 48 falls , respectively ; IRR 1.04 , 95%CI 0.64 - 1.69 ) or the third year ( 44 and 48 falls , respectively ; IRR 0.94 , 95%CI 0.58 - 1.53 ) of follow-up . CONCLUSIONS The multifactorial fall prevention programme did not decrease the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment of fall-prone elderly people during the 3-year follow-up period . However , some positive effect was found during the second year of follow-up ( immediately after the 12-month intervention ) BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence of falls according to socio-demographic and health factors , and to determine their physical , psychological and social consequences . SUBJETS AND METHOD : Population -based prospect i ve study , which included a representative cohort of 448 elderly community-dwellers , aged 65 or more living in the city of Mataró ( Spain ) . We made a baseline evaluation , which was repeated after a one-year follow up , consisting of a st and ardized question naire on socio-demographic characteristics , physical activity , tests of physical and cognitive function , history of falls during the previous year , the Falls Efficacy Scale , and associated chronic conditions .  Follow-up interviews at intervals of one month over 12 months , consisting of a st and ardized question naire aim ed at detecting and describing any fall occurred during the previous month . RESULTS 25.1 % ( 95 % CI , 18.8 - 31.4 ) of males and 37.0 % ( 95 % CI , 31.2 - 42.8 ) of females fell . Multiple falls were observed in 3.8 % of men and 10.9 % of women . 203  falls  were reported , providing a crude incidence rate of 30.9 falls per 100 men-years ( 95 % CI , 23.3 - 41.0 ) and 56.5 falls per 100 women-years ( 95 % CI , 46.5 - 68.8 ) . A positive association with falls was found with age , reduced physical and cognitive function , associated chronic conditions and previous falls . 71.1 % of falls had physical consequences , with 7.7 % of fractures , and 21.7 % needed medical aid . 64.4 % of fallers feared of falling again . CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a pattern of high incidence of falls among the elderly living in the Spanish non-institutionalized community . Our data confirm that adverse consequences derived from the falls are frequent and often severe , which makes falls one of the major problems of elderly people Summary This study showed that about a half of the exercise-induced  gain in dynamic balance and bone strength was maintained one year after cessation of the supervised high-intensity training  of home-dwelling elderly women . However , to maintain exercise-induced gains in lower limb muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary . Introduction Maintenance of exercise-induced benefits in physical functioning and bone structure was assessed one year after cessation of 12-month r and omized controlled exercise intervention . Methods Originally 149 healthy women 70–78 years of age participated in the 12-month exercise RCT and 120 ( 81 % ) of them completed the follow-up study .  Self-rated physical functioning , dynamic balance , leg extensor force , and bone structure were assessed . Results During the intervention , exercise  increased dynamic balance by 7 % in the combination resistance and balance-jumping training group ( COMB ) . At the follow-up , a 4 % ( 95 % CI : 1–8 % ) gain compared with the controls was still seen , while the exercise-induced isometric leg extension force and self-rated physical functioning benefits had disappeared . During the intervention , at least twice a week trained COMB subjects obtained a significant 2 % benefit in tibial shaft bone strength index compared to the controls . A half of this benefit seemed to be maintained at the follow-up . Conclusions Exercise-induced  benefits in dynamic balance and rigidity in the tibial shaft may partly be maintained one year after cessation of a supervised 12-month multi-component training in initially healthy elderly women . However , to maintain the achieved gains in muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary Background : Falls in the elderly are a major health problem . Although exercise programs have been shown to reduce the risk of falls , the optimal exercise components , as well as the working mechanisms that underlie the effectiveness of these programs , have not yet been established . Objective : To test whether the Nijmegen Falls Prevention Program was effective in reducing falls and improving st and ing balance , balance confidence , and obstacle avoidance performance in community-dwelling elderly people . Method 
    Output:
    
Interventions that applied posture-challenging exercises showed the highest effects .
Conclusions The present review and meta- analysis provide evidence that physical exercise interventions have the potential to significantly reduce fall rate and risk in healthy older adults .