***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Blockade of programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) , an inhibitory receptor expressed by T cells , can overcome immune resistance . We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of BMS-936558 , an antibody that specifically blocks PD-1 . METHODS We enrolled patients with advanced melanoma , non-small-cell lung cancer , castration-resistant prostate cancer , or renal-cell or colorectal cancer to receive anti-PD-1 antibody at a dose of 0.1 to 10.0 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks . Response was assessed after each 8-week treatment cycle . Patients received up to 12 cycles until disease progression or a complete response occurred . RESULTS A total of 296 patients received treatment through February 24 , 2012 .  Grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events occurred in 14 % of patients ; there were three deaths from pulmonary toxicity . No maximum tolerated dose was defined . Adverse events consistent with immune-related causes were observed . Among 236 patients in whom response could be evaluated , objective responses ( complete or partial responses ) were observed in those with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer .  Cumulative response rates ( all doses ) were 18 % among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ( 14 of 76 patients ) , 28 % among patients with melanoma ( 26 of 94 patients ) , and 27 % among patients with renal-cell cancer ( 9 of 33 patients ) . Responses were durable ; 20 of 31 responses lasted 1 year or more in patients with 1 year or more of follow-up . To assess the role of intratumoral PD-1 lig and ( PD-L1 ) expression in the modulation of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway , immunohistochemical analysis was performed on pretreatment tumor specimens obtained from 42 patients . Of 17 patients with PD-L1-negative tumors , none had an objective response ; 9 of 25 patients ( 36 % ) with PD-L1-positive tumors had an objective response ( P=0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1 antibody produced objective responses in approximately one in four to one in five patients with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer ; the adverse-event profile does not appear to preclude its use . Preliminary data suggest a relationship between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00730639 . ) BACKGROUND Atezolizumab is a humanised antiprogrammed death-lig and 1 ( PD-L1 ) monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-L1 and programmed death-1 ( PD-1 ) and PD-L1 and B7 - 1 interactions , reinvigorating anticancer immunity . We assessed its efficacy and safety versus docetaxel in previously treated patients with non-small-cell lung cancer . METHODS We did a r and omised , open-label , phase 3 trial ( OAK ) in 194 academic or community oncology centres in 31 countries . We enrolled patients who had squamous or non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer , were 18 years or older , had measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors , and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 . Patients had received one to two previous cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens ( one or more platinum based combination therapies ) for stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer . Patients with a history of autoimmune disease and those who had received previous treatments with docetaxel , CD137 agonists , anti-CTLA4 , or therapies targeting the PD-L1 and PD-1 pathway were excluded . Patients were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) to intravenously receive either atezolizumab 1200 mg or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks by permuted block r and omisation ( block size of eight ) via an interactive voice or web response system . Co primary endpoints were overall survival in the intention-to-treat ( ITT ) and PD-L1-expression population TC1/2/3 or IC1/2/3 ( ≥1 % PD-L1 on tumour cells or tumour-infiltrating immune cells ) . The primary efficacy analysis was done in the first 850 of 1225 enrolled patients . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT02008227 . FINDINGS Between March 11 , 2014 , and April 29 , 2015 , 1225 patients were recruited . In the primary population , 425 patients were r and omly assigned to receive atezolizumab and 425 patients were assigned to  receive  docetaxel  .  Overall survival was significantly longer with atezolizumab in the ITT and PD-L1-expression population s. In the ITT population , overall survival was improved with atezolizumab compared with docetaxel ( median overall survival was 13·8 months [ 95 % CI 11·8 - 15·7 ] vs 9·6 months [ 8·6 - 11·2 ] ; hazard ratio [ HR ] 0·73 [ 95 % CI 0·62 - 0·87 ] , p=0·0003 ) . Overall survival in the TC1/2/3 or IC1/2/3 population was improved with atezolizumab ( n=241 ) compared with docetaxel ( n=222 ; median overall survival was 15·7 months [ 95 % CI 12·6 - 18·0 ] with atezolizumab vs 10·3 months [ 8·8 - 12·0 ] with docetaxel ; HR 0·74 [ 95 % CI 0·58 - 0·93 ] ; p=0·0102 ) . Patients in the PD-L1 low or undetectable subgroup ( TC0 and IC0 ) also had improved survival with atezolizumab ( median overall survival 12·6 months vs 8·9 months ; HR 0·75 [ 95 % CI 0·59 - 0·96 ] ) . Overall survival improvement was similar in patients with squamous ( HR 0·73 [ 95 % CI 0·54 - 0·98 ] ; n=112 in the atezolizumab group and n=110 in the docetaxel group ) or non-squamous ( 0·73 [ 0·60 - 0·89 ] ; n=313 and n=315 ) histology . Fewer patients had treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events with atezolizumab ( 90 [ 15 % ] of 609 patients ) versus docetaxel ( 247 [ 43 % ] of 578 patients ) . One treatment-related death from a respiratory tract infection was reported in the docetaxel group . INTERPRETATION To our knowledge , OAK is the first r and omised phase 3 study to report results of a PD-L1-targeted therapy , with atezolizumab treatment result ing in a clinical ly relevant improvement of overall survival versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer , regardless of PD-L1 expression or histology , with a favourable safety profile . FUNDING F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Genentech , Purpose Until recently , limited options existed for patients with advanced melanoma who experienced disease progression while receiving treatment with ipilimumab .  Here , we report the co primary overall survival ( OS ) end point of CheckMate 037 , which has previously shown that nivolumab result ed in more patients achieving an objective response compared with chemotherapy regimens in ipilimumab-refractory patients with advanced melanoma . Patients and Methods Patients were stratified by programmed death-lig and 1 expression , BRAF status , and best prior cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 therapy response , then r and omly assigned 2:1 to nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks or investigator 's choice chemotherapy ( ICC ; dacarbazine 1,000 mg/m2 every 3 weeks or carboplatin area under the curve 6 plus paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 every 3 weeks ) . Patients were treated until they experienced progression or unacceptable toxicity , with follow-up of approximately 2 years . Results Two hundred seventy-two patients were r and omly assigned to nivolumab ( 99 % treated ) and 133 to ICC ( 77 % treated ) . More nivolumab-treated patients had brain metastases ( 20 % v 14 % ) and increased lactate dehydrogenase levels ( 52 % v 38 % ) at baseline ; 41 % of patients treated with ICC versus 11 % of patients treated with nivolumab received anti-programmed death 1 agents after r and omly assigned therapy . Median OS was 16 months for nivolumab versus 14 months for ICC ( hazard ratio , 0.95 ; 95.54 % CI , 0.73 to 1.24 ) ; median progression-free survival was 3.1 months versus 3.7 months , respectively ( hazard ratio , 1.0 ; 95.1 % CI , 0.78 to 1.436 ) . Overall response rate ( 27 % v 10 % ) and median duration of response ( 32 months v 13 months ) were notably higher for nivolumab versus ICC . Fewer grade 3 and 4 treatment-related adverse events were observed in patients on nivolumab ( 14 % v 34 % ) . Conclusion Nivolumab demonstrated higher , more durable responses but no difference in survival compared with ICC . OS should be interpreted with caution as it was likely impacted by an increased dropout rate before treatment , which led to crossover therapy in the ICC group , and by an increased proportion of patients in the nivolumab group with poor prognostic factors BACKGROUND Interim analyses of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-006 study showed superior overall and progression-free survival of pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma . We present the final protocol -specified survival analysis . METHODS In this multicentre , open-label , r and omised , phase 3 trial , we recruited patients from 87 academic institutions , hospitals , and cancer centres in 16 countries ( Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , Chile , Colombia , France , Germany , Israel , Netherl and s , New Zeal and , Norway , Spain , Sweden , UK , and USA ) . We r and omly assigned participants ( 1:1:1 ) to one of two dose regimens of pembrolizumab , or one regimen of ipilimumab , using a central ised , computer-generated allocation schedule . Treatment assignments used blocked r and omisation within strata . Eligible patients were at least 18 years old , with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) performance status of 0 or 1 , at least one measurable lesion per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1 ( RECIST v1.1 ) , unresectable stage III or IV melanoma ( excluding ocular melanoma ) , and up to one previous systemic therapy ( excluding anti-CTLA-4 , PD-1 , or PD-L1 agents ) . Secondary eligibility criteria are described later . Patients were excluded if they had active brain metastases or active autoimmune disease requiring systemic steroids . The primary outcome was overall survival ( defined as the time from r and omisation to death from any cause ) . Response was assessed per RECIST v1.1 by independent central review at week 12 , then every 6 weeks up to week 48 , and then every 12 weeks thereafter . Survival was assessed every 12 weeks , and final analysis occurred after all patients were followed up for at least 21 months . Primary analysis was done on the intention-to-treat population ( all r and omly assigned patients ) and safety analyses were done in the treated population ( all r and omly assigned patients who received at least one dose of study treatment ) . Data cutoff date for this analysis was Dec 3 , 2015 . This study was registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT01866319 . FINDINGS Between Sept 18 , 2013 , and March 3 , 2014 , 834 patients with advanced melanoma were enrolled and r and omly assigned to receive intravenous pembrolizumab every 2 weeks ( n=279 ) , intravenous pembrolizumab every 3 weeks ( n=277 ) , or intravenous ipilimumab every 3 weeks ( ipilimumab for four doses ; n=278 ) . One patient in the pembrolizumab 2 week group and 22 patients in the ipilimumab group withdrew consent and did not receive treatment . A total of 811 patients received at least one dose of study treatment . Median follow-up was 22·9 months ; 383 patients died . Median overall survival was not reached in either pembrolizumab group and was 16·0 months with ipilimumab ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0·68 , 95 % CI 0·53 - 0·87 for pembrolizumab every  
    Output:
    
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy had the highest risk of both all- grade and high- grade pneumonitis among PD1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related therapeutic regimens .
This study demonstrates that compared with chemotherapy , PD-1 inhibitor may result in a higher risk of immune-related pneumonitis .
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy had the highest pneumonitis risk .