***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background In the present study , Interceptor ® , long-lasting polyester net , 75 denier and bursting strength of minimum 250 kPa coated with alpha-cypermethrin @ 200 mg/m2 was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the mosquito density , blood feeding inhibition and malaria incidence in a tribal dominated malaria endemic area in Chhattisgarh state , central India . Its durability , washing practice s and usage pattern by the community was also assessed up to a period of three years . Methods The study was carried out in two phases . In the first phase ( September 2006 to August 2007 ) , 16 malaria endemic villages in district Kanker were r and omized into three groups , viz . Interceptor net ( LN ) , untreated polyester net ( 100 denier ) and without net . Malaria cases were detected by undertaking fortnightly surveillance by home visits and treated as per the national drug policy . Mosquito collection s were made by h and catch and pyrethrum space spray methods from human dwellings once every month . Slide positivity rate ( SPR ) and malaria incidence per 1000 population ( PI ) were compared between the three study arms to assess the impact of use of Interceptor nets . Simultaneously , wash resistance studies were carried out in the laboratory by doing cone bioassays on Interceptor LNs washed up to 20 times . Activities undertaken in second Phase ( April 2008 to October 2009 ) after an interval of about 18 months post-net distribution included question naire based surveys at every six months , i.e. 18 , 24 , 30 and 36 months to observe durability , usage pattern of LNs and washing practice s by the community . After 36 months of field use , 30 nets were retrieved and sample d destructively for chemical analysis . Results Interceptor nets were found effective in reducing the density , parity rate and blood feeding success rate of main malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies as compared to that in untreated net and no net villages . SPR in LN villages was 3.7 % as compared to 6.5 % in untreated and 11 % in no net villages . PI in LN villages was 16.4 in comparison to 24.8 and 44.2 in untreated polyester net and no net villages respectively . In surveys carried out after three years of initial distribution , 78.7 % ( 737/936 ) nets were still in possession with the households , of which 68 % were used every night . An . culicifacies mortality was > 80 % in cone bioassays done on LNs washed up to 20 times in laboratory . Mean alpha-cypermethrin content was 43.5 ± 31.7 mg/m2 on Interceptor LNs withdrawn after three years of household use against the baseline specification of 200 mg/m2 . A gradual increase in the proportion of holed nets was observed with the increased period of usage . Conclusion Interceptor nets were highly effective in reducing vector densities as well as malaria incidence in the study villages . Availability of 78 % nets with the households in usable condition clearly indicated durability of Interceptor LNs up to three years in the rural setting of India . The nets were found to contain an effective concentration of alpha-cypermethrin against malaria vector after three years of household use BACKGROUND National malaria death rates are difficult to assess because reliably diagnosed malaria is likely to be cured , and deaths in the community from undiagnosed malaria could be misattributed in retrospective enquiries to other febrile causes of death , or vice-versa . We aim ed to estimate plausible ranges of malaria mortality in India , the most populous country where the disease remains common . METHODS  Full-time non-medical field workers interviewed families or other respondents about each of 122,000 deaths during 2001 - 03 in 6671 r and omly selected areas of India , obtaining a half-page narrative plus answers to specific questions about the severity and course of any fevers . Each field report was sent to two of 130 trained physicians , who independently coded underlying causes , with discrepancies resolved either via anonymous reconciliation or adjudication . FINDINGS Of all coded deaths at ages 1 month to 70 years , 2681 ( 3·6 % ) of 75,342 were attributed to malaria . Of these , 2419 ( 90 % ) were in rural areas and 2311 ( 86 % ) were not in any health-care facility . Death rates attributed to malaria correlated geographically with local malaria transmission ratesderived independently from the Indian malaria control programme . The adjudicated results show 205,000 malaria deaths per year in India before age 70 years ( 55,000 in early childhood , 30,000 at ages 5 - 14 years , 120,000 at ages 15 - 69 years ) ; 1·8 % cumulative probability of death from malaria before age 70 years . Plausible lower and upper bounds ( on the basis of only the initial coding ) were 125,000 - 277,000 . Malaria accounted for a substantial minority of about 1·3 million unattended rural fever deaths attributed to infectious diseases in people younger than 70 years . INTERPRETATION Despite uncertainty as to which unattended febrile deaths are from malaria , even the lower bound greatly exceeds the WHO estimate of only 15,000 malaria deaths per year in India ( 5000 early childhood , 10 000 thereafter ) . This low estimate should be reconsidered , as should the low WHO estimate of adult malaria deaths worldwide . FUNDING US National Institutes of Health , Canadian Institute of Health Research , Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES In the present study , Icon ® Life net , a long-lasting polyethylene net , 100 denier and bursting strength of minimum 280 kpa incorporated with deltamethrin @ 65 mg/m2 was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the density of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies and impact on malaria prevalence in a malaria endemic area of District Gautam Budh Nagar , India . METHODS Wash resistance of Icon ® Life LLIN was determined up to 20 serial washings using An . culicifacies in cone bioassays under field conditions . Efficacy of Icon ® Life LLIN was determined in the field in three sets of villages in District Gautam Budh Nagar ( Uttar Pradesh ) , India , selected r and omly for the intervention with Icon ® Life LLIN , untreated nets and a control without any intervention for the period of August 2008-July 2009 . Entomological and malariometric indices in all the three villages were compared during pre- and post-intervention periods for one year against An . culicifacies . A survey was also conducted in the village provided with Icon ® Life LLIN to assessing the perception of community regarding acceptance of these nets by the community . RESULTS In cone bioassays on Icon ®  Life LLIN with An . culicifacies , > 95 % knockdown within 1 h and 100 % mortality after 24 h exposure were reported even after 20 × serial washings under field conditions . Results of the field study revealed reduced entry rate , resting density and parity rate of An . culicifacies in the village with Icon ® Life LLIN when compared to no net and untreated net villages . Number of malaria cases reported were less in the Icon ® Life LLIN used villages when compared to other two villages . The community compliance and acceptance was high and no adverse health events were reported by the households using these nets . CONCLUSIONS Icon ® Life LLIN is an effective intervention for the control of An . culicifacies transmitted malaria in India . Long-term studies are indicated for the duration of effectiveness and to ascertain the epidemiological impact of the use of Icon ® Life nets BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Efficacy of Olyset nets , long-lasting insecticidal nets were tested from August 2003 to August 2006 against Anopheles culicifacies , the vector which transmits 60 % of all malaria cases in rural India . METHODS Three villages in District Gautam Budh Nagar ( Uttar Pradesh ) , India were selected for the trial and Olyset nets were distributed in one village , in another village untreated nets were distributed and the third village was kept as control where nets were not used . Entomological , and epidemiological data were collected using st and ard methods . RESULTS The use of Olyset nets reduced the indoor resting density of An . culicifacies and also reduced mosquito entry into the structures where Olyset nets were used . No mosquitoes were caught l and ing on the Olyset nets . There was a reduction in the parity rate of An . culicifacies in the Olyset net village as compared with untreated net and no net villages . The impact of Olyset nets was observed on malaria incidence and only one case of Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria was reported in the Olyset net village but these continued to be found in the village with untreated nets and the control . CONCLUSION Results of the present study confirmed that Olyset nets are highly effective in reducing the indoor resting density of mosquitoes , man-vector contact and malaria incidence BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Long-lasting insecticidal nets ( LLINs ) have been introduced in India recently into the vector control programme . A study was undertaken to assess the community perception regarding use of LLIN , their acceptability , collateral benefits , etc . in certain villages of District Gautam Budh Nagar , Uttar Pradesh , India where LLINs are in use by the community . METHOD A r and omized community-based survey was undertaken during April- May 2009 covering 596 respondents in LLIN villages where LLINs have been distributed along with 307 respondents in untreated net villages where untreated nets were distributed using structured question naire .  Qualitative data were collected and the difference in proportion was calculated by z-test . RESULTS A substantial number of respondents had good knowledge of the symptoms of malaria . According to respondents , LLINs were very much effective in bringing down the malaria incidence in their families . About 98.3 % of the respondents asserted the use of LLINs as their use not only reduced the number of mosquitoes as well as other non-target insects , but also reduced the malaria incidence . About 93.2 % of the respondents were ready to purchase LLINs if available at nominal prices . All the respondents were satisfied about the performance of the LLINs in reducing the mosquito nuisance , safety of use and collateral benefits in LLIN villages . CONCLUSION LLINs are safe , socially acceptable and should be promoted for vector control to reduce the disease burden in the communities Of the 20 Anopheles species caught in villages in Sonapur , Assam , only An . minimus was incriminated as a malaria vector by finding sporozoites in the salivary gl and s. It was found to be endophagic and endophilic in Assam and because its biting peaked after midnight it was a suitable target for insecticide impregnated bednets . After the withdrawal of DDT spraying and collecting a year 's baseline data , deltamethrin impregnated nets were distributed in 3 villages ,  untreated nets were distributed in 6 villages and 3 were held  as untreated controls . The population of each of these groups of villages was about 1700 . The nets were well received by the local tribal population . Human l and ing catches with baits unprotected or under partially lifted nets showed that the nets provided a high degree of personal protection against all the local species of human biting mosquito . In addition , there was evidence for suppression of the An . minimus population in a village with treated nets . Malaria was monitored by weekly active surveillance in all the villages . In the untreated control villages the slide positivity rate and monthly parasite index rose significantly during the trial . In the villages with untreated nets , these parameters showed no significant change , but in the villages with treated nets they declined significantly . On the basis of these results , the widespread distribution of impregnated nets was recommended to the state health authorities ABSTRACT A village-scale trial on the efficacy of mosquito nets treated with a tablet formulation of deltamethrin ( K-OTAB ® ) against malaria in comparison to untreated nets or no net was conducted in Sundargarh District of Orissa , India , which is characterized by perennial transmission with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for more than 80 % of malaria cases . Three villages with similar topographical and epidemiological situations were selected and r and omly assigned to 3 arms of the study : treated net , untreated net , and no net . Distribution of nets , based on a sleeping pattern survey , was carried out to cover 100 % of the population in treated-net and untreated-net villages . Longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys were conducted to measure malaria incidence , prevalence , and splenomegaly . Malaria incidence was reduced by 64.3 % in the village with treated nets , 45.2 % in the village with plain nets , and 21.4 % in the control village without nets . Comparison of malaria incidence data after 1 year of intervention showed significant difference between villages with treated net vs. untreated net ( P < 0.05 ) and treated net vs. no net ( P < 0.005 ) . The incidence of clinical attack rate due to P. falciparum was significantly lower in the population using treated nets than in those using untreated nets and no nets . However , no age-specific protective efficacy of treated nets or untreated nets was observed . A significant reduction occurred in spleen rate and parasite rate in children aged 2–9 years  using treated nets or untreated nets . An overall significant 
    Output:
    
Both treated and untreated nets have a clear protective effect against malaria in the Indian context .
This effect is more pronounced there than in other countries