***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to compare the relative effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on cognitive vulnerabilities for  anxiety disorders . Seventy-seven participants ( 60 % female ; 84 % Caucasian ) were r and omized to complete 20 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise , resistance training , or rest , followed by a 35 % CO2/65 % O2 inhalation challenge task . Results indicated that aerobic exercise and resistance training were significantly and equally effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity ( AS ) compared with rest ( ) , though only aerobic exercise significantly attenuated reactivity to the CO2 challenge task . Neither form of exercise generated observable effects on distress tolerance , discomfort intolerance , or state anxiety ( all ps>.10 ) . The results of this study are discussed with regard to their implication s for the use of exercise interventions for anxiety and related forms of psychopathology , and potential directions for future research are discussed Regular physical activity is anxiolytic in both healthy subjects and patients with panic disorder . In contrast , acute exercise may induce acute panic attacks or increase subjective anxiety in patients with panic disorder more than in other people . The effects of quiet rest or an aerobic treadmill exercise ( 30 min at an intensity of 70 % of the maximal oxygen uptake , VO2max ) on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide ( CCK-4 ) induced panic attacks were studied in a crossover design in 12 patients with panic disorder and 12 matched healthy subjects . The effects of CCK-4 ( 25 microg in patients and 50 microg in control subjects ) were measured with the Acute Panic Inventory ( API ) score , comparing panic attack frequencies , total score , and subscores for anxiety and somatic symptoms . CCK-4-induced panic attacks were less frequent after prior exercise : they occurred in 15 ( 62.5 % ) subjects after rest ( 9 patients and 6 control subjects ) , but only 5 ( 20.8 % ) subjects after exercise ( 4 patients and 1 control subject ) . In both conditions , CCK-4 administration induced a significant increase in the total API score and the anxiety and somatic symptoms subsores . However , compared to prior rest , exercise result ed in a significantly reduced CCK-4-induced increase of the total API score and the anxiety subscore . In patients with panic disorder exercise increased the total API score and the somatic symptoms subscale but not the anxiety subscore .  Patients with panic disorder showed increased somatic but not anxiety symptoms after an acute bout of exercise .  Severity of CCK-4-induced panic and anxiety , on the other h and was reduced by exercise . These findings suggest that in addition to exercise training an acute bout of exercise may be used to reduce anxiety and panic attack frequency and intensity in panic disorder patients Cognitive dysfunction has been repeatedly observed in major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , particularly in areas of attention , verbal and nonverbal learning and memory , and executive functioning . Exercise has been shown to improve cognitive outcomes in other population s , including age-associated cognitive decline , but has not to our knowledge been investigated as an augmentation strategy in depression . This study evaluated the effectiveness of exercise augmentation on cognitive performance in persons with MDD and residual symptoms that included cognitive complaints following initial treatment with a selective  serotonin reuptake  inhibitor ( SSRI ) . Participants enrolled in the Treatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression ( TREAD ) study were r and omized to receive either a low or high dose exercise regimen . TREAD participants who provided informed consent for the current study completed Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery measures assessing Attention , Visual Memory , Executive Function/Set-shifting and Working Memory , and Executive Function/Spatial Planning domains . Data were analyzed for 39 participants completing both baseline and Week 12 cognitive testing . Overall tests indicated a significant task × group × time interaction for the Executive Function/Set-shifting and Working Memory domain . Post-hoc tests indicated improvements in high dose exercisers ' spatial working memory , but decreases in spatial working memory and set-shifting outcomes in low dose exercisers . Both groups improved on measures of psychomotor speed , attention , visual memory and spatial planning . This study suggests a dose-response effect of exercise in specific executive function and working memory tasks among depressed persons with a partial response to SSRI and cognitive complaints , with some cognitive functions improving regardless of exercise dose OBJECTIVE Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness may help prevent  depression and anxiety . Previous studies have been limited by error-prone measurements . We examined whether self-reported physical activity domains and peak exercise capacity ( peakVO₂ ) are associated with incident and recurrent major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , depressive symptoms , and anxiety disorders . METHODS This was a prospect i ve population -based study of 1,080 adult men and women ( 25 - 83 years ) with a median follow-up of 4.5 years and measures of physical activity during leisure time , sports , and work  ( Baecke question naire ) ; a measure of depressive symptoms ( Beck Depression Inventory II ) ; symptom-limited cycle ergometer testing ( peakVO₂ , oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold [ VO₂@AT ] , maximum power output at peak exertion ) ; and a structured psychiatric interview ( Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview ) . Baseline data were collected between 2002 and 2006 , and follow-up data , between 2007 and 2010 . RESULTS After adjustment for age , sex , education , smoking , alcohol consumption , and waist circumference , the relative risks for incident MDD per st and ard deviation ( SD ) increase in leisure-time physical activity , physical activity during sport , physical activity at work , peakVO₂ , VO₂@AT , and maximum power output were 1.002 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.90 to 1.12 ) , 1.02 ( 0.90 to 1.15 ) , 0.94 ( 0.80 to 1.10 ) , 0.71 ( 0.52 to 0.98 ) , 0.83 ( 0.66 to 1.04 ) , and 0.71 ( 0.52 to 0.96 ) , respectively . PeakVO₂ , VO₂@AT , and maximum power output were associated with recurrent MDD , depressive symptoms , and anxiety . PeakVO₂ was more strongly related to the co-occurrence of MDD and anxiety ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] = 0.45 [ 0.24 to 0.84 ] ) than depression or anxiety alone ( OR = 0.71 [ 0.53 to 0.94 ] ) . CONCLUSIONS Greater cardiorespiratory fitness but not domain-specific physical activity was associated with a lower incidence of MDD and clinical anxiety BACKGROUND Although generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) and major depressive episode ( MDE ) are known to be highly co-morbid , little prospect i ve research has examined whether these two disorders predict the subsequent first onset or persistence of the other or the extent to which other predictors explain the time-lagged associations between GAD and MDE . METHOD Data were analyzed from the nationally representative two-wave panel sample of 5001 respondents who participated in the 1990 - 1992 National Comorbidity Survey ( NCS ) and the 2001 - 2003 NCS follow-up survey .  Both surveys assessed GAD and MDE . The baseline NCS also assessed three sets of risk factors that are considered here : childhood adversities , parental history of mental-substance disorders , and respondent personality . RESULTS Baseline MDE significantly predicted subsequent GAD onset but not persistence . Baseline GAD significantly predicted subsequent MDE onset and persistence . The associations of each disorder with the subsequent onset of the other attenuated with time since onset of the temporally primary disorder , but remained significant for over a decade after this onset . The risk factors predicted onset more than persistence . Meaningful variation was found in the strength and consistency of associations between risk factors and the two disorders . Controls for risk factors did not substantially reduce the net cross-lagged associations of the disorders with each other . CONCLUSIONS The existence of differences in risk factors for GAD and MDE argues against the view that the two disorders are merely different manifestations of a single underlying internalizing syndrome or that GAD is merely a prodrome , residual , or severity marker of MDE Objective : To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training  performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to st and ard antidepressant medication ( sertraline ) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls . Methods : Between October 2000 and November 2005 , we performed a prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial ( SMILE study ) with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in a tertiary care teaching hospital . A total of 202 adults ( 153 women ; 49 men ) diagnosed with major depression were assigned r and omly to one of four conditions : supervised exercise in a group setting ; home-based exercise ; antidepressant medication ( sertraline , 50–200 mg daily ) ; or placebo pill for 16 weeks . Patients underwent the structured clinical interview for depression and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D ) . Results : After 4 months of treatment , 41 % of the participants achieved remission , defined as no longer meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and a HAM-D score of < 8 . Patients receiving active treatments tended to have higher remission rates than the placebo controls : supervised exercise = 45 % ; home-based exercise = 40 % ; medication = 47 % ; placebo = 31 % ( p = .057 ) . All treatment groups had lower HAM-D scores after treatment ; scores for the active treatment groups were not significantly different from the placebo group ( p = .23 ) . Conclusions : The efficacy of exercise in patients seems generally comparable with patients receiving antidepressant medication and both tend to be better than the placebo in patients with MDD . Placebo response rates were high , suggesting that a considerable portion of the therapeutic response is determined by patient expectations , ongoing symptom monitoring , attention , and other nonspecific factors . BDI = Beck Depression Inventory ; CI = confidence interval ; HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ; ITT = intention-to-treat ; MDD = major depressive disorder ; SD = st and ard deviation ; SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Evidence supports exercise as an intervention for many mental health concerns ; however , r and omized controlled investigations of the efficacy of different exercise modalities and predictors of change are lacking . The purpose s of the current trial were to : ( 1 ) quantify the effects of aerobic exercise and resistance training on anxiety-related disorder ( including anxiety disorders , obsessive-compulsive disorder , and posttraumatic stress disorder ) status , symptoms , and constructs , ( 2 ) evaluate whether both modalities of exercise were equivalent , and ( 3 ) to determine whether exercise enjoyment and physical fitness are associated with symptom reduction . A total of 48 individuals with anxiety-related disorders were r and omized to aerobic exercise , resistance training , or a waitlist . Symptoms of anxiety-related disorders , related constructs , and exercise enjoyment were assessed at pre-intervention and weekly during the 4-week intervention . Participants were further assessed 1-week and 1-month post-intervention . Both exercise modalities were efficacious in improving disorder status . As well , aerobic exercise improved general psychological distress and anxiety , while resistance training improved disorder-specific symptoms , anxiety sensitivity , distress tolerance , and intolerance of uncertainty . Physical fitness predicted reductions in general psychological distress for both types of exercise and reductions in stress for aerobic exercise . Results highlight the efficacy of different exercise modalities in uniquely addressing anxiety-related disorder symptoms and constructs BACKGROUND Exercise is a potential treatment for depression . However , few studies have evaluated the role of adjunct exercise in the treatment of severely major depressed in patients . The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of add-on exercise on the usual treatment of severely depressed in patients . METHODS Fifty participants were r and omized to an exercise ( exercise + usual treatment ) or a control ( usual treatment ) group . Twenty-five patients were r and omly allocated to each group . The participants in the exercise group performed three sessions per week throughout the hospitalization period , with a goal dose of 16.5 kcal/kg/week plus the usual pharmacological treatment . Depressive symptoms and the Quality of Life ( QoL ) of the participants were assessed at the baseline , the second week , and discharge . RESULTS A significant group × time interaction was found for depressive symptoms and the physical and psychological domains of QoL. Differences between groups occurred at the second week and discharge with respect to depressive symptoms and the physical and psychological domains of QoL. There was no difference in the remission rate at discharge ( 48 % and 32 % for the exercise and control group , respectively ) . An NNT of 6.25 was found . No significant baseline characteristics predict remission at discharge . CONCLUSION Add-on exercise is an efficacious treatment for severely depressed in patients , improving their depressive symptoms and QoL. Initial acceptance of exercise remains a challenge BACKGROUND Chronic exercise has been shown to have therapeutic effects in panic disorder ( PD ) . The mechanism of these effects is unknown . Acute exercise reduces the effect of a panic challenge in healthy volunteers . Such an effect has not yet been demonstrated in PD patients . The present study aim ed at exploring the antipanic effects of acute exercise on a 35 % CO2 panic provocation in treatment-naïve PD patients to further eluci date the mechan 
    Output:
    
Although pharmacotherapy and psychological interventions are helpful for many , these treatment approaches are not effective for everyone and are insufficient to address common physical health complications , such as the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease .
Given the combined anxiolytic and physical health benefits of increased activity , PA presents a promising additional treatment option for people with anxiety disorders .