***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Occupational sedentary behaviour is an important contributor to overall sedentary risk . There is limited evidence for effective workplace interventions to reduce occupational sedentary time and increase light activity during work hours . The purpose of the study was to determine if participatory workplace interventions could reduce total sedentary time , sustained sedentary time ( bouts > 30 minutes ) , increase the frequency of breaks in sedentary time and promote light intensity activity and moderate/vigorous activity ( MVPA ) during work hours . Methods A r and omised controlled trial ( ANZCTR number : ACTN12612000743864 ) was conducted using clerical , call centre and data processing workers ( n = 62 , aged 25–59 years ) in 3 large government organisations in Perth , Australia . Three groups developed interventions with a participatory approach : ‘ Active office ’ ( n = 19 ) , ‘ Active Workstation ’ and promotion of incidental office activity ; ‘ Traditional physical activity ’ ( n = 14 ) , pedometer challenge to increase activity between productive work time and ‘ Office ergonomics ’ ( n = 29 ) , computer workstation design and breaking up computer tasks . Accelerometer ( ActiGraph GT3X , 7 days ) determined sedentary time , sustained sedentary time , breaks in sedentary time , light intensity activity and MVPA on work days and during work hours were measured before and following a 12 week intervention period . Results For all participants there was a significant reduction in sedentary time on work days ( −1.6 % , p = 0.006 ) and during work hours ( −1.7 % , p = 0.014 ) and a significant increase in number of breaks/sedentary hour on work days ( 0.64 , p = 0.005 ) and during work hours ( 0.72 , p = 0.015 ) ; there was a concurrent significant increase in light activity during work hours ( 1.5 % , p = 0.012 ) and MVPA on work days ( 0.6 % , p = 0.012 ) . Conclusions This study explored novel ways to modify work practice s to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour . Participatory workplace interventions can reduce sedentary time , increase the frequency of breaks and improve light activity and MVPA of office workers by using a variety of interventions . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTN12612000743864 PURPOSE Although moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is related to premature mortality , the relationship between sedentary behaviors and mortality has not been fully explored and may represent a different paradigm than that associated with lack of exercise . We prospect ively examined  sitting time  and mortality in a representative sample of 17,013 Canadians 18 - 90 yr of age . METHODS Evaluation of  daily sitting time  ( almost none of the time , one fourth of the time , half of the time , three fourths of the time , almost all of the time ) ,  leisure time physical activity , smoking status , and alcohol consumption  was conducted at baseline . Participants were followed prospect ively for an average of 12.0 yr for the ascertainment of mortality status . RESULTS There were 1832 deaths  ( 759 of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and 547 of cancer ) during 204,732 person-yr of follow-up . After adjustment for potential confounders , there was a progressively higher risk of mortality across higher levels of sitting time from all causes ( hazard ratios ( HR ) : 1.00 , 1.00 , 1.11 , 1.36 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) and CVD ( HR:1.00 , 1.01 , 1.22 , 1.47 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) but not cancer . Similar results were obtained when stratified by sex , age , smoking status , and body mass index . Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates per 10,000 person-yr of follow-up were 87 , 86 , 105 , 130 , and 161 ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) in physically inactive participants and 75 , 69 , 76 , 98 , 105 ( P for trend = 0.008 ) in active participants across sitting time categories . CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a dose-response association between  sitting time  and mortality from all causes and CVD , independent of leisure time physical activity . In addition to the promotion of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and a healthy weight , physicians should discourage sitting for extended periods Even when adults meet physical activity guidelines , sitting for prolonged periods can compromise metabolic health .  Television ( TV ) time and objective measurement studies show deleterious associations , and breaking up sedentary time is beneficial .  Sitting time , TV time , and time sitting in automobiles increase premature mortality risk . Further evidence from prospect i ve studies , intervention trials , and population -based behavioral studies is required Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-month treadmill desk intervention in eliciting changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior among overweight/obese office workers . Methods : A r and omized controlled trial was conducted among overweight/obese office workers ( n = 41 ; mean age = 40.1 ± 10.1 years ) at a private workplace . Participants were r and omly assigned to a shared-treadmill desk intervention ( n = 21 ) or a usual working condition control group ( n = 20 ) . Accelerometer-determined physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured before and after the intervention . Results : Compared with the control group , the intervention group increased daily steps ( 1622 steps/day ; P = 0.013 ) and light physical activity ( 1.6 minutes/hour ; P = 0.008 ) , and decreased sedentary time ( −3.6 minutes/hour ; P = 0.047 ) during working hours . Conclusions : Shared-treadmill desks in the workplace can be effective at promoting favorable changes in light physical activity ( specifically 40 to 99 steps/minute ) and sedentary behavior among overweight/obese office workers Background Prolonged sitting time is detrimental for health . Individuals with desk-based occupations tend to sit a great deal and sit-st and workstations have been identified as a potential strategy to reduce sitting time . Hence , the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of using sit-st and workstations on office workers ’ sitting time at work and over the whole day . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial pilot with crossover design and waiting list control in Sydney , Australia from September 2011 to July 2012 ( n = 42 ; 86 % female ; mean age 38 ± 11 years ) . Participants used a sit-st and workstation for four weeks in the intervention condition . In the time-matched control condition , participants received nothing and crossed over to the intervention condition after four weeks . The primary outcomes , sitting , st and ing and walking time at work , were assessed before and after using the workstations with ActivPALs and self-report question naires . Secondary outcomes , domain-specific sitting over the whole day , were assessed by self-report . Linear mixed models estimated changes in outcomes adjusting for measurement time , study grouping and covariates . Results Intervention participants significantly reduced objective ly assessed time spent sitting at work by 73 min/workday ( 95 % CI : -106,-39 ) and increased st and ing time at work by 65 min/workday ( 95 % CI : 47 , 83 ) ; these changes were significant relative to controls ( p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Total sitting time significantly declined in intervention participants ( -80 min/workday ; 95 % CI : -155 , -4 ) . Conclusions This study shows that introducing sit-st and workstations in the office can reduce desk-based workers ’ sitting time at work in the short term . Larger scale studies on more representative sample s are needed to determine the public health impact of sit-st and workstations . Trial registration Objectives To test the efficacy of a multicomponent technology intervention for reducing daily sedentary time and improving cardiometabolic disease risk among sedentary , overweight university employees . Design Blinded , r and omised controlled trial . Setting A large south-eastern university in the USA . Participants 49 middle-aged , primarily female , sedentary and overweight adults working in sedentary jobs enrolled in the study . A total of 40 participants completed the study . Interventions Participants were r and omised to either : ( 1 ) an intervention group ( N=23 ; 47.6 + 9.9 years ; 94.1 % female ; 33.2 + 4.5 kg/m2 ) ; ( 2 ) or wait-list control group ( N=17 ; 42.6 + 8.9 years ; 86.9 % female ; 31.7 + 4.9 kg/m2 ) . The intervention group received a theory-based , internet-delivered programme , a portable pedal machine at work and a pedometer for 12 weeks . The wait-list control group maintained their behaviours for 12 weeks . Outcome measures Primary ( sedentary and physical activity behaviour measured objective ly through StepWatch ) and secondary ( heart rate , blood pressure , height , weight , waist circumference , per cent body fat , cardiorespiratory fitness , fasting lipids ) outcomes were measured at baseline and postintervention ( 12 weeks ) . Exploratory outcomes including intervention compliance and process evaluation measures were also assessed postintervention . Results Compared to controls , the intervention group reduced daily sedentary time ( mean change ( 95%CI ) : −58.7 min/day ( −118.4 to 0.99 ; p<0.01 ) ) after adjusting for baseline values and monitor wear time . Intervention participants logged on to the website 71.3 % of all intervention days , used the pedal machine 37.7 % of all working intervention days and pedalled an average of 31.1 min/day . Conclusions These findings suggest that the intervention was engaging and result ed in reductions in daily sedentary time among full-time sedentary employees . These findings hold public health significance due to the growing number of sedentary jobs and the potential of these technologies in large-scale worksite programmes . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov # NCT01371084 Introduction The objective of this study was to assess change in sitting and physical activity behavior in response to a workplace intervention to disrupt prolonged sitting time . Methods Sixty office workers were r and omized to either a St and group ( n = 29 ) , which received hourly prompts ( computer-based and wrist-worn ) to st and up , or a Step group ( n = 31 ) , which received the same hourly prompts and an additional prompt to walk 100 steps or more upon st and ing . An ActivPAL monitor was used to assess sitting and physical activity behavior on the same 3 consecutive workdays during baseline and intervention periods . Mixed-effect models with r and om intercepts and r and om slopes for time were performed to assess change between groups and across time . Results Both groups significantly reduced duration of average sitting bouts ( St and group , by 16 % ; Step group , by 19 % ) and the number of sitting bouts of 60 minutes or more ( Step group , by 36 % ; St and group , by 54 % ) . The St and group significantly reduced total sitting time ( by 6.6 % ) , duration of the longest sitting bout ( by 29 % ) , and number of sitting bouts of 30 minutes or more ( by 13 % ) and increased the number of sit-to-st and transitions ( by 15 % ) and st and ing time ( by 23 % ) . Stepping time significantly increased in the St and ( by 14 % ) and Step ( by 29 % ) groups , but only the Step group significantly increased ( by 35 % ) the number of steps per workday . Differences in changes from baseline to intervention between groups were not significant for any outcome . Conclusion Interventions that focus on disrupting sitting time only in the workplace may result in less sitting . When sitting time disruptions are paired with a physical activity prompt , people may be more likely to increase their workday physical activity , but the effect on sitting time may be attenuated Objective : This study was conducted to determine whether installation of sit-st and desks ( SSDs ) could lead to decreased sitting time during the workday among sedentary office workers . Methods : A r and omized cross-over trial was conducted from January to April , 2012 at a business in Minneapolis . 28 ( nine men , 26 full-time ) sedentary office workers took part in a 4 week intervention period which included the use of SSDs to gradually replace 50 % of sitting time with st and ing during the workday .  Physical activity was the primary outcome . Mood , energy level , fatigue , appetite , dietary intake , and productivity were explored as secondary outcomes . Results : The intervention reduced sitting time at work by 21 % ( 95 % CI 18%–25 % ) and sedentary time by 4.8 min/work-hr ( 95 % CI 4.1–5.4 min/work-hr ) . For a 40 h work-week , this translates into replacement of 8 h of sitting time with st and ing and sedentary time being reduced by 3.2 h. Activity level during non-work hours did not change . The intervention also increased overall sense of well-being , energy , decreased fatigue , had no impact on productivity , and reduced appetite and dietary intake . The workstations were popular with the participants . Conclusion : The SSD intervention was successful in increasing work-time activity level , without changing activity level during non-work hours BACKGROUND Prolonged sitting is prevalent in the workplace and is associated with adverse health markers . PURPOSE Investigate the 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Environmental work site interventions to reduce sedentary behavior show promise because work sites often have more control over environmental factors .