***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study assesses the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy ( CBT ) in treating premenstrual dysphoric changes .  The  CBT condition ( n = 24 ) aim ed to modify dysfunctional thinking as a means of impacting on negative premenstrual symptoms and changes . The components of CBT were cognitive restructuring and assertion training . A comparison condition called ' information-focused therapy ' ( IFT ) ( n = 9 ) aim ed to present information only and did not address belief restructuring . The components were relaxation training , nutritional and vitamin guidelines , dietary and lifestyle recommendations , aspects of child management training and assertion training . Results indicated that the amelioration of anxiety , depression , negative thoughts and physical changes can be effectively addressed by either CBT or IFT . The extent to which a women 's belief system is critical in the experience of premenstrual distress requires further empirical investigation Women reporting severe premenstrual symptoms were allocated nonr and omly to a cognitive-behavioral coping skills treatment  ( n = 13 ) , a nonspecific treatment  ( n = 12 ) , or a waiting-list group ( n = 12 ) . Repeated measures analyses of variance showed that , compared with control subjects , the coping skills group reported significant reductions in premenstrual symptomatology and irrational thinking at posttreatment and at 9-month follow-up . There were no significant differences between the waiting-list and control intervention groups at any time of testing . It was suggested that the increased irrationality reported at pretreatment should be viewed not as a " cause " of premenstrual problems but as a product of the stresses experienced in the premenstruum phase . The findings of this study indicated that cognitive-behavioral coping skills treatments can reduce the negative effects of premenstrual symptoms and that those reductions can be maintained over time Approximately 10 % of women are severely affected by premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) during their reproductive years . Several biological theories of causation have been proposed and each has provoked treatment attempts through medication to little sustained effect . As many of the reported complaints are psychological , a new treatment approach was considered using cognitive-behavioral therapy . A preliminary study which combined cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug treatment produced considerable symptom reduction . The present study examined the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy  alone in direct comparison with hormone treatment . Relaxation instructions were provided to a control group . Initial rapid responses to drug treatment and relaxation diminishes after 2 months , together with marked attrition in the control group . Significant positive benefits from  cognitive-behavioral therapy  were achieved after the first treatment month that continued throughout and were maintained at follow-up 3 months later . Implication s for future management are discussed This study compared the efficacy of 2 approaches for the treatment of cocaine dependence among methadone-maintained patients with and without antisocial personality disorder ( ASPD ) . Patients were r and omly assigned to 4 study conditions : cognitive-behavioral treatment ( CBT ) , contingency management ( CM ) , CBT with CM , or methadone maintenance . The Structural Clinical Interview for Mental Disorders-IV was administered to 108 patients to assess ASPD . A 2-way analysis of variance showed that patients with ASPD were more likely to abstain from cocaine use during treatment than patients without ASPD . The strong treatment effect for ASPD patients was primarily due to the CM condition . Regression analyses showed that ASPD remained significantly related to  CM treatment responsivity while controlling for other factors Forty-two couples with marital problems were r and omly allocated to conjoint therapy of ( i ) a directive , ( ii ) an interpretative or ( iii ) a supportive ( control ) type .  Self and independent assessment at the end of treatment showed the directive significantly superior to the control procedure on several measures . This superiority was maintained to 18 months ' follow-up , when the interpretative procedure also showed some superiority over the control To establish a quantitative method for the diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) , a simple prospect i ve inventory , the calendar of premenstrual experiences , was constructed . The validity and reliability of this instrument were assessed by administering it throughout two consecutive ovulatory cycles to 36 rigidly screened women with PMS and to 18 controls . To establish concurrent validity , scores on behavioral items were correlated with simultaneously obtained scores on lengthier , well-vali date d psychiatric inventories design ed to measure depression rather than PMS , the Beck Depression Inventory and the Profile of Mood States . The results showed that the calendar of premenstrual experiences  luteal phase score distinguished PMS women from controls correctly in 104 of 108 cycles , with a 2.8 % falsenegative rate and no false positives when used for two consecutive cycles . An upper limit follicular phase score was observed beneath which all PMS and normal control subjects fell , suggesting that a higher score is not consistent with PMS . Correlation coefficients of calendar item scores with Profile of Mood States scale scores were 0.58 for tension , 0.51 for depression , 0.46 for anger , 0.61 for fatigue , and 0.57 for confusion ( P<.0001 for all correlations ) . The correlation of the- calendar depression item with the Beck Depression Inventory score was 0.56 ( P<.0001 ) . The test-retest reliability of the calendar given in the same phase of two consecutive menstrual cycles was high ( r=0.78 , P<.0001 ) . We conclude that this instrument is a valid , reliable , and practical PMS inventory , applicable to clinical and some research setting This study examines the relative effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) ( ten sessions ) , fluoxetine ( 20 mg daily ) and combined therapy ( CBT plus fluoxetine ) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD ) . This was a r and omized pragmatic treatment trial with three treatment cells . Treatment lasted for 6 months ; a naturalistic follow-up was undertaken 1 year post-treatment . One hundred and eight women , satisfying the DSM-IV criteria for PMDD with 2 months ' prospect i ve confirmation were recruited into the study ; sixty of these had completed 6 months of treatment and all measures before and after treatment . The main outcome measures were premenstrual scores on the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences ( COPE ) and percentage of PMDD cases ( DSM-IV diagnostic criteria ) . Significant improvement occurred in all three treatment-groups after 6 months ' treatment , assessed by the COPE .  Fluoxetine was associated with a more rapid improvement . There were no group differences in the percentage of DSM cases of PMDD post teatment , but at follow-up CBT was associated with better maintenance of treatment effects compared with fluoxetine . In conclusion , CBT and fluoxetine are equally effective treatments for PMDD , but the treatments have some differential effects that can be considered in treatment decisions . There appears to be no additional benefit of combining the treatments A recently developed cognitive-behavioral treatment for  generalized anxiety disorder  ( GAD ) targets intolerance of uncertainty by the reevaluation of positive beliefs about worry , problem-solving training , and cognitive exposure . As previous studies have established the treatment 's efficacy when delivered individually , the present study tests the treatment in a group format as a way to enhance its cost-benefit ratio . A total of 52 GAD patients received 14 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy in small groups of 4 to 6 participants . A wait-list control design was used , and st and ardized clinician ratings and self-report question naires assessed GAD symptoms , intolerance of uncertainty , anxiety , depression , and social adjustment . Results show that the treatment group , relative to the wait-list group , had greater posttest improvement on all dependent variables and that treated participants made further gains over the 2-year follow-up phase of the study The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of  cognitive therapy ( CT ) as a psychological treatment for premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) , by comparison with a waitlist control group .  Women meeting selection criteria for PMS were r and omly allocated to one of two treatment groups : ( i ) an immediate treatment group , who received 12 weekly sessions of individual CT ; or ( ii ) a waiting list group who recorded symptoms of PMS for a length of time equivalent to the duration of an individual treatment in the immediate treatment group .  General practitioners and gynecologists referred women who were complaining of distressing and disabling emotional and physical symptoms in the second half of the menstrual cycle , as verified by 2 months of prospect i ve diary recording . Assessment s of the women 's psychological and social functioning were made on entry to the study , 2 months later , and at the end of the treatment period . This design allows evaluation of the efficacy of  CT  relative to any spontaneous remission that may have occurred as a consequence of the passage of time , the keeping of menstrual diaries , interview , and self-rated assessment s. Results indicated that CT was significantly more effective than assignment to the waitlist group . Diary measures and self-report question naires indicated an almost complete remission of psychological and somatic symptoms and of impairment of functioning . It is concluded that CT for PMS is associated with substantial improvements that can not be attributed to the passage of time or the completion of the diary and other assessment 
    Output:
    
Our review revealed a dearth of evidence providing statistically significant  CBT intervention effects .