***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — Although it has been hypothesized that a high intake of dietary calcium may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , no prospect i ve studies have been conducted to examine the specific association between calcium intake and incidence of stroke or coronary heart disease among Japanese with a low average calcium intake . Methods — To investigate the association between calcium intake and risk of CVD , a total of 41 526 Japanese men and women age 40 to 59 years without a history of CVD or cancer and who had completed a food consumption frequency question naire were enrolled in this study . The subjects were followed up from 1990 to 1992 to 2003 , and after 533 692 person-years of follow-up , 1321 incident cases of stroke ( 664 ischemic , 425 intraparenchymal hemorrhage , and 217 subarachnoid hemorrhage ) and 322 of coronary heart disease were documented . Results — Total calcium intake showed an inverse association with the risk of total stroke ; the multivariable hazard ratio and 95 % CIs for the highest versus the lowest quintile were 0.70 ( 95 % CI , 0.56 to 0.88 ; P for trend=0.02 ) . Dairy calcium intake was inversely associated with risks of total and ischemic stroke with respective multivariable hazard ratios ( 95 % CIs ) of 0.69 ( 0.56 to 0.85 ; P for trend=0.007 ) and 0.69 ( 0.52 to 0.93 ; P for trend=0.05 ) . Dietary calcium intake was not significantly associated with risk of coronary heart disease . Conclusions — Dietary calcium intake , especially calcium from dairy products , was found to be associated with a reduced incidence of stroke among middle-aged Japanese BACKGROUND Previous observational studies of self-reported dairy product consumption and stroke risk have reported mixed findings . Few studies have used circulating biomarkers that provide objective measures of dairy fat intake . OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that the circulating biomarkers of dairy fat , pentadecanoic acid ( 15:0 ) , heptadecanoic acid ( 17:0 ) , and trans palmitoleate ( trans 16:1n-7 ) , were associated with lower incidence of stroke , especially ischemic stroke . Secondarily , we evaluated 14:0 , which is obtained from dairy products and beef , and also endogenously synthesized . DESIGN In participants from 2 large US cohorts ( the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study : 51,529 men ; the Nurses ' Health Study : 121,700 women ) with stored blood sample s in 1993 - 1994 ( n = 18,225 ) and 1989 - 1990 ( n = 32,826 ) , respectively , we prospect ively identified 594 incident stroke cases ( median follow-up : 8.3 y ) and matched them 1:1 to risk-set- sample d control subjects by age , sex , race , and smoking . Total plasma and red blood cell ( RBC ) fatty acids were measured by using gas-liquid chromatography . Covariates were assessed by using vali date d question naires . Stroke events and subtypes were adjudicated by using medical records or other supporting documentation . We used conditional logistic regression to estimate associations of fatty acids with incident stroke , and cohort-specific findings were combined by inverse-variance weights . RESULTS After adjustment for demographic characteristics , lifestyle , cardiovascular disease risk factors , diet , and other circulating fatty acids , no significant associations with total stroke were seen for plasma 15:0 ( pooled HR for highest compared with lowest quartiles : 0.85 ; 95 % CI : 0.54 , 1.33 ) , 17:0 ( 0.99 ; 0.67 , 1.49 ) , trans 16:1 n-7 ( 0.89 ; 0.55 , 1.45 ) , or 14:0 ( 1.05 ; 0.62 , 1.78 ) . Results were similar for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes , for RBC fatty acids , and in several different sensitivity analyses . CONCLUSION In 2 large prospect i ve cohorts , circulating biomarkers of dairy fat were not significantly associated with stroke BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium have been hypothesized to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease , but only a few prospect i ve studies have examined intakes of these cations in relation to risk of stroke . METHODS In 1980 , 85 764 women in the Nurses ' Health Study cohort , aged 34 to 59 years and free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer , completed dietary question naires  from which we calculated intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium . By 1994 , after 1.16 million person-years of follow-up , 690 incident strokes ( 129 subarachnoid hemorrhages , 74 intraparenchymal hemorrhages , 386 ischemic strokes , and 101 strokes of undetermined type ) had been documented . RESULTS Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were each inversely associated with age- and smoking-adjusted relative risks of ischemic stroke , excluding embolic infa rct ion of nonatherogenic origin ( n=347 ) . Adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors , including history of hypertension , attenuated these associations , particularly for magnesium intake . In a multivariate analysis , women in the highest quintile of calcium intake had an adjusted relative risk of ischemic stroke of 0.69 ( 95 % CI , 0.50 to 0.95 ; P for trend=0.03 ) compared with those in the lowest quintile ; for potassium intake the corresponding relative risk was 0.72 ( 95 % CI , 0.51 to 1.01 ; P for trend=0.10 ) . Further simultaneous adjustment for calcium and potassium intake suggested an independent association for calcium intake . The association of risk with calcium intake did not appear to be log linear ; the increase in risk was limited to the lowest quintile of intake , and intakes > approximately 600 mg/d did not appear to reduce risk of stroke further . The inverse association with calcium intake was stronger for dairy than for nondairy calcium intake . Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were not related to risk of other stroke subtypes . CONCLUSIONS Low calcium intake , and perhaps low potassium intake , may contribute to increased risk of ischemic stroke in middle-aged American women . It remains possible that women in the lowest quintile of calcium intake had unknown characteristics that made them susceptible to ischemic stroke Milk fat is high in saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and high intakes of SFA are associated with cardiovascular diseases . The aim of the present study was to prospect ively evaluate the potential risk of a first-ever acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI )  in relation to the estimated milk-fat intake , reflected as the proportions of pentadecanoic acid ( 15 : 0 ) and heptadecanoic acid ( 17 : 0 ) in serum lipid esters . This was evaluated in a study population selected within the Västerbotten Intervention Program and the northern Sweden ' Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease ' survey population s. A prospect i ve case-control design was used . The proportions of the biomarkers were lower in the cases ( n 78 ) than in the controls ( n 156 ) , who were matched for age , sex , sampling time and geographical region . The st and ardised odds ratios of becoming an AMI case were between 0.7 and 0.8 for the biomarkers . The proportions of 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 in serum phospholipids were significantly and negatively correlated to serum concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , tissue-type plasminogen activator , triacylglycerols , insulin , specific insulin , pro-insulin and leptin ( all P<0.0001 ) , suggesting a negative relationship to the insulin-resistance syndrome and the risk of CHD . Adjustment for BMI did not material ly change the relationships . Although there seems to be a negative association between  milk-fat  intake as mirrored by the proportions of 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 in serum lipid esters and a first-ever AMI , adjustment for clinical risk factors removed this relationship BACKGROUND Substitution of dietary polyunsaturated for saturated fat has long been recommended for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , but only a few prospect i ve cohort studies have provided support for this advice . METHODS We assessed the association of dietary linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) intake with cardiovascular and overall mortality in a population -based cohort of 1551 middle-aged men . Dietary fat composition was estimated with a 4-day food record and serum fatty acid composition . RESULTS During the 15-year follow-up , 78 men died of CVD and 225 of any cause . Total fat intake was not related to CVD or overall mortality . Men with an energy-adjusted dietary intake of linoleic acid ( relative risk [ RR ] 0.39 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.21 - 0.71 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.38 ; 95 % CI , 0.20 - 0.70 ) in the upper third were less likely to die of CVD than men with intake in the lower third after adjustment for age . Multivariate adjustment weakened the association somewhat . Mortality from CVD was also lower for men with proportions of serum esterified linoleic acid ( RR , 0.42 ; 95 % CI , 0.21 - 0.80 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.25 ; 95 % CI , 0.12 - 0.50 ) in the upper vs lower third , with some attenuation in multivariate analyses . Serum and to a lesser extent dietary linoleic acid and PUFA were also inversely associated with overall mortality . CONCLUSIONS Dietary polyunsaturated and more specifically linoleic fatty acid intake may have a substantial cardioprotective benefit that is also reflected in overall mortality . Dietary fat quality seems more important than fat quantity in the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in men Background Evidence regarding the role of dairy fat intake in  cardiovascular disease (  CVD ) has been mixed and inconclusive . Most earlier studies have used self‐reported measures of dietary intake and focused on relatively racially homogeneous population s. Circulating biomarkers of dairy fat in a multiethnic cohort provide objective measures of dairy fat intake and facilitate conclusions relevant to population s with different diets and susceptibility to CVD . Methods and Results In a multiethnic cohort of 2837 US adults aged 45 to 84 years at baseline ( 2000–2002 ) , phospholipid fatty acids including 15:0 , 14:0 , and trans‐16:1n7 were measured using st and ardized methods , and the incidence of CVD prospect ively adjudicated . Self‐reported whole‐fat dairy and butter intakes had strongest associations with 15:0 , rather than 14:0 or trans‐16:1n7 . In multivariate models including demographics and lifestyle and dietary habits , each SD‐unit of 15:0 was associated with 19 % lower CVD risk ( hazard ratio [ 95 % CI ] 0.81 [ 0.68 to 0.98 ] ) and 26 % lower coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk ( 0.74 [ 0.60 to 0.92 ] ) . Associations were strengthened after mutual adjustment for 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 and were similar after adjustment for potential mediators . Plasma phospholipid 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 were not significantly associated with incident CVD or CHD . All findings were similar in white , black , Hispanic , and Chinese American participants .  Conclusion Plasma phospholipid 15:0 , a biomarker of dairy fat , was inversely associated with incident CVD and CHD , while no association was found with phospholipid 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 . These findings support the need for further investigation of CVD effects of dairy fat , dairy‐specific fatty acids , and dairy products in general Summary Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and type 2 diabetes . In this longitudinal case-cohort study , we aim ed to investigate the prospect i ve associations between objective ly measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants . Methods The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12 403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16 154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340 234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up ( the EPIC study ) . Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31 , 200 
    Output:
    
High- quality evidence supports favorable associations between total dairy intake and hypertension risk and between low-fat dairy and yogurt intake and the risk of T2D .
Moderate- quality evidence suggests favorable associations between intakes of  total dairy , low-fat dairy , cheese , and fermented dairy and the risk of stroke ; intakes of low-fat dairy and milk and the risk of hypertension ; total dairy and milk consumption and the risk of MetS ; and total dairy and cheese and the risk of T2D .
Data from this systematic review indicate that the consumption of various forms of dairy products shows either favorable or neutral associations with cardiovascular-related clinical outcomes .