***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS To assess whether the addition of a mood management component to telephone counselling produces higher abstinence rates in smokers with past major depression and helps to prevent recurrence of depressive symptoms . DESIGN Pragmatic r and omized controlled trial with two conditions , with follow-up at 6 and 12 months . The control intervention consisted of eight sessions of proactive telephone counselling . The mood management intervention was an integration of the control intervention with a mood management component . This component consisted of a self-help mood management manual , two more preparatory proactive telephone counselling sessions and supplementary homework assignments and advice . SETTING Dutch national smoking cessation quitline . PARTICIPANTS A total of 485 daily smokers with past major depression , according to the DSM-IV . MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome measure was prolonged abstinence and secondary outcome measures were 7-day point prevalence abstinence and depressive symptoms . FINDINGS The mood management intervention result ed in significantly higher prolonged abstinence rates at 6- and 12-month follow-up ( 30.5 % and 23.9 % in experimental condition , 22.3 % and 14.0 % in the control condition ) . The odds ratios were 1.60 ( 95 % CI 1.06 - 2.42 ) and 1.96 ( 95 % CI 1.22 - 3.14 ) for both follow-ups . The mood management intervention did not seem to prevent recurrence of depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS Adding a mood management component to telephone counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with a past major depression increases cessation rates without necessarily reducing depressive symptoms Although there is a strong relationship between depression and smoking , most nicotine dependence treatment trials exclude depressed smokers . Our objective was to determine whether bupropion improves abstinence rates and abstinence-associated depressive symptoms when added to transdermal nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) and group cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) in smokers with unipolar depressive disorder ( UDD ) . Adult smokers with current ( n = 90 ) or past ( n = 109 ) UDD were r and omly assigned to receive bupropion or placebo added to NRT and CBT for 13 weeks . In the primary analysis , with dropouts considered smokers , 36 % ( 35/97 ) of those on bupropion and 31 % ( 32/102 ) on placebo attained biochemically vali date d 7-day point prevalence abstinence at end of treatment ( not significant ) . Because of a high dropout rate ( 50 % ) and a significant difference in abstinence status at dropout by treatment group , a traditional intent-to-treat analysis with last observation carried forward imputation of abstinence status was performed . In this secondary analysis , 56 % ( 54/97 ) of those on bupropion and 41 % ( 42/102 ) on placebo met criteria for abstinence at end of trial , & khgr;2 = 4.18 , P = 0.04 . Nicotine replacement therapy usage and absence of a comorbid anxiety disorder predicted abstinence . Abstinence was associated with increased depressive symptoms , regardless of bupropion treatment . Thus , in the primary analysis , bupropion neither increased the efficacy of intensive group CBT and NRT for  smoking cessation in smokers with UDD nor prevented abstinence-associated depressive symptoms .  Bupropion seemed to provide an advantage for smoking cessation for those who remained in the trial . The dropout rate was high and was characterized by a higher prevalence of current comorbid anxiety disorder . Given the high abstinence rate achieved with CBT plus NRT , a ceiling effect related to the high level of intervention received by all subjects may have prevented an adequate test of bupropion A self-administered mood management intervention program for smoking cessation provided through the mail to Spanish-speaking Latinos result ed in a 23 % abstinence rate at 3 months compared to an 11 % abstinence rate for a smoking cessation guide alone . Participants ( N = 136 ) were r and omly assigned to receive either the cessation guide ( the Guía ) , or the Guía plus a mood management intervention ( Tom and o Control de su Vida ) presented in writing and in audiotape format . At 3 months after r and om assignment , 16 out of 71 of those assigned to the Guía-plus-mood management condition reported being abstinent ( not smoking for at least 7 days ) compared to 7 out of 65 in the Guía-only condition ( z = 1.8 ; p = .04 , one-tailed ) . Moreover , those with a history of major depressive episodes , but not currently depressed , reported an even higher abstinence rate in the Guía-plus-mood management condition , compared to the Guía-only condition ( 31 vs. 11 % , z = 1.8 , p = .04 , one-tailed ) . We conclude that the mood management mail intervention substantially increases abstinence rates , especially for those with a history of major depressive episodes Objective : The aim was to investigate the role of nicotine gum and pre-treatment depressive symptoms in long-term smoking cessation . Methods : 12-month follow-up of 608 participants within a r and omized , controlled trial was conducted . Participants received brief counseling plus nicotine or placebo treatment . Based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale pre-treatment score ( ≥ 16 ) , 32 % of the participants were classified as depressed at baseline . Results : At the 12-month follow-up the non-depressed participants with nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) were most successful ( 20.1 % ) , while the depressed ones with placebo were least successful ( 5.7 % ) ( p = .004 ) . However , the depressed participants with NRT ( 15.1 % ) were not significantly less successful than the non-depressed ones with NRT ( 20.1 % , p = .23 ) . Survival analysis showed significant depression ( p = .01 ) and treatment effects ( p = < .001 ) on the abstinence . Further , when adjusted for marital status and education , the treatment effect remained significant ( p < .001 ) , whereas the depression effect became non-significant ( p = .08 ) . Conclusions : NRT improved cessation both among the depressed and non-depressed . To underst and discrepancies in literature reporting depression and smoking cessation outcome , the pharmacological treatment modality and social-demographic variables should be examined as additional variables This study examined the relationship between depression history and smoking  after a quit attempt . A total of 677 smokers participating in a r and omized smoking cessation trial ( Smith et al. , 2001 ) provided data on current depression ,  depression  history , and depression-related measures and smoking at 1 week and 6 months after a quit date . Depression history predicted smoking at 1 week postquit but not at 6 months postquit . Smoking during the first week was not predictive of smoking at 6 months in those with a history of depression but was predictive among those with no history of depression . Prediction models including depression history and depression-related measures ( e.g. , negative affect , negative cognitive style ) showed that depression history was a powerful predictor of smoking early in the quit attempt Introduction : Few studies have evaluated exercise interventions for smokers with depression or other psychiatric comorbidities . This pilot study evaluated the potential role of supervised vigorous exercise as a smoking cessation intervention for depressed females . Methods : Thirty adult women with moderate – severe depressive symptoms were enrolled and r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of thrice weekly , in person sessions of vigorous intensity supervised exercise at a YMCA setting ( EX ; n = 15 ) or health education ( HE ; n = 15 ) . All participants received behavioral smoking cessation counseling and nicotine patch therapy . Assessment s were done in person at baseline , at the end of 12 weeks of treatment , and at 6 months post-target quit date . Primary end points were exercise adherence ( proportion of 36 sessions attended ) and biochemically confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence at Week 12 . Biomarkers of inflammation were explored for differences between treatment groups and between women who smoked and those abstinent at Week 12 . Results : Treatment adherence was high for both groups ( 72 % for EX and 66 % for HE ; p = .55 ) . The Week 12 smoking abstinence rate was higher for EX than HE ( 11/15 [ 73 % ] vs. 5/15 [ 33 % ] ; p = .028 ) , but no significant differences emerged at 6-month follow-up . Interleukin-6 levels increased more for those smoking than women abstinent at Week 12 ( p = .040 ) . Conclusions : Vigorous intensity supervised exercise is feasible and enhances short-term smoking cessation among depressed female smokers . Innovative and cost-effective strategies to bolster long-term exercise adherence and smoking cessation need evaluation in this population . Inflammatory biomarkers could be examined in future research as mediators of treatment efficacy . Implication s : This preliminary study found that vigorous intensity supervised exercise is feasible and enhances short-term smoking cessation among depressed female smokers . This research addressed an important gap in the field . Despite decades of research examining exercise interventions for smoking cessation , few studies were done among depressed smokers or those with comorbid psychiatric disorders . A novel finding was increases in levels of a pro-inflammatory biomarker observed among women who smoked at the end of the intervention compared to those who did not INTRODUCTION Depressive symptoms negatively impact smoking abstinence . However , few interventions have been targeted to smokers with current depression .  Exercise improves mood and may benefit depressed smokers . This pilot study investigated the feasibility of an exercise intervention for depressed female smokers ( Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [ CES-D ] score > or = 16 ) . METHODS Participants ( M = 41 years , 98 % White ) were r and omized to 10 weeks of individually delivered exercise counseling ( n = 30 ) or a health education contact control condition ( n = 30 ) . All participants received nicotine patch therapy and behavioral counseling for smoking cessation . RESULTS The intervention was feasible as indicated by ability to recruit participants , exercise counseling session attendance ( M = 7.6 of 10 sessions attended ) , and significant increase in exercise frequency and stage of change from baseline to end of treatment ( EOT ) ( Week 10 ) . Participant attrition rate was 35 % by Week 10 but did not differ significantly between groups . Smoking abstinence rates at Week 10 , using intention-to-treat analysis , were 17 % for exercise counseling participants and 23 % for health education participants ( p = .75 ) . DISCUSSION An exercise counseling intervention was found to be feasible for depressed women smokers . More intensive intervention may be needed to increase smoking abstinence rates , and methods should be refined to reduce participant burden and attrition Disease diagnosis and poor quality of life has been suggested as a “ teachable moment ” that facilitates smoking cessation , yet many patients continue to smoke . One reason for this inconsistency may be the potential moderating role of depressed mood . This study prospect ively examined the role of depressed mood on the relationship between  physical quality of life ( PQoL ) and smoking cessation  among medically ill smokers . We hypothesized that poorer PQoL will be associated with smoking cessation , but only among those with little to no depressed mood . Nurses delivered smoking cessation counseling to medically ill patients ( N = 273 ) who continued to smoke despite past hospitalization . Participants were assessed at baseline and at 2 , 6 , and 12-months later . The interaction between PQoL and depressed mood significantly predicted 1 ) 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates at both 2 and 12 months post-treatment [ 2 months : adjusted OR = 1.005 , 95%CI 1.001–1.009 , p < .05 ; 12 months : adjusted OR = 1.007 , 95%CI 1.002–1.011 , p < .005 ) ] and 2 ) continuous abstinence rates at both 2 and 12 months post-treatment [ 2 months : adjusted OR = 1.011 , 95%CI 1.004–1.019 , p < .005 ; 12 months : adjusted OR = 1.006 , 95%CI 1.001–1.011 , p < .05 ] even after controlling for important covariates . The odds of quitting smoking increased for every one-unit decrease in PQoL , but only among those with little to no depressed mood . Medically ill smokers with poor quality of life may need more intensive smoking cessation interventions that include mood management to help them quit smoking Objective Many cancer patients continue to smoke post diagnosis , yet there have been few smoking cessation trials for this population . Depression , which is prevalent among cancer patients , may be a barrier to cessation . Methods This double-blind placebo-controlled trial r and omized 246 cancer patients to 9 weeks of placebo or bupropion , stratifying by pre-treatment depression symptoms . In addition , all patients received transdermal 
    Output:
    
Analyses of effectiveness showed that smoking cessation interventions appear to increase short-term and long-term smoking abstinence in individuals with current depression .
Subgroup analyses revealed stronger effects among studies that provided pharmacological treatments than in studies using psychological treatments .
However , the evidence is weak due to the small number of studies .
Smoking abstinence appears to be associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms .
Heterogeneity in protocol s in similar types of treatment also prevent firm conclusions being drawn on the effectiveness of any particular treatment model to optimally manage abstinence among depressed smokers .