***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: PURPOSE As part of a continuous quality control effort to measure the interrater reliability of urodynamic studies performed at multiple centers , we compared agreement levels for urodynamic studies between central and local physician review ers . We report interrater reliability findings for the filling cystometrogram . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following a satisfactory interrater reliability study among 4 central physician review ers in 33 tracings 36 urodynamic study tracings from 9 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network continence treatment centers and 13 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network certified urodynamic study testers were r and omly selected for review . These tracings were originally interpreted by 11 local physician review ers using st and ardized Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network interpretation guidelines . Each of the 4 central physician review ers review ed 9 r and omly assigned tracings and none review ed tracings from his or her center . Local and central physician review ers were instructed to categorize values as invalid if specified technical quality assurance st and ards were not met or the signal pattern suggested implausible values because of technical deficiencies . An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for continuous ( numerical ) variables and a kappa statistic was calculated for qualitative values with acceptable agreement defined a priori as an intraclass correlation coefficient of greater than 0.6 . RESULTS Filling cystometrogram baseline pressure , Valsalva leak point pressure , and volume and pressure measurements at maximum cystometric capacity had excellent intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.74 to 0.99 . There were no significant differences between local and central physician review er means , indicating excellent agreement . CONCLUSIONS With proper quality control measures in place and a set of st and ardized interpretive guidelines excellent interrater reliability between local and central physician review er can be achieved for numerical cystometrogram variables OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the long-term success rates , complication rates and patient satisfaction rates for Pelvicol pubovaginal sling ( Bard ) versus TVT ( Gynecare ) in surgical treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence ( USI ) in women . DESIGN Prospect i ve r and omized cohort trial . SETTING District General Hospital , South West of Engl and . METHODS One hundred and forty-two women with urodynamic stress incontinence were r and omized to either surgical procedure ( Pelvicol = 74 , TVT = 68 ) with median follow-up of 36 month . A postal question naire was sent to all women and the response rate was excellent at approximately 90 % in both groups . RESULTS Cure of incontinence , as identified by a quality of life improvement > 90 % , and /or patient-determined continent status as dry , were comparable in both groups . When the cure rates were adjusted assuming the non-respondents as failures the figures were almost identical ( p > 0.05 ) . Preoperative continence pad usage was similar for both groups . Overall , a postoperative significant decrease in pad score was noted in both groups ( p = 0.01 ) but there was no significant difference between the groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Statistical analysis failed to detect significant differences between both groups as regards complication rates such as frequency , nocturia , de-novo urgency or dyspareunia . CONCLUSION Pelvicol sling is a safe procedure in the surgical management of USI with similar success rate and patient satisfaction rate to TVT up to three years of follow-up Purpose : To compare short-term results of autologous pubovaginal sling and synthetic transobturator ( TOT ) SAFYRE sling in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . Methods : Twenty women referred for surgical treatment of SUI were assigned r and omly to autologous pubovaginal sling or synthetic TOT sling .  Inclusion criteria were primary treatment of SUI and urodynamic study showing SUI without detrusor overactivity . Pre- and postoperative quantification of the severity of incontinence was done by pad test and a vali date d question naire ( King ’s Health Question naire ) . Results : There were no differences in patients ’ mean age , parity , body mass index , rate of postmenopausal state , pelvic floor defects and mean Valsalva leak point pressure in the preoperative urodynamic study . Mean operating time ( 21.1 ± 3.8 vs. 69.5 ± 23.7 min ; P<0.001 ) and hospital stay ( 28.8 ± 8.4 vs. 44.4 ± 5.8 h ; P<0.001 ) was shorter in the TOT than the autologous group . The postoperative pad test ( 39.4 ± 12.5 vs. 8.4 ± 5.2 g ; P=0.01 ) and the absent in the improvement in the quality of life were significantly higher in the TOT group . Conclusion : Our initial results suggest that the synthetic TOT technique had worse effectiveness for treating female SUI compared to autologous pubovaginal sling OBJECTIVE Objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and the complications of tension-free vaginal tape ( TVT ) and Burch colposuspension in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence ( GSI ) . METHODS In this controlled , prospect i ve , r and omized study , participated 35 patients who underwent Burch colposuspension and 36 patients that underwent TVT procedure . Patients with prolapse more than first degree , previous surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) and detrusor instability were excluded from the study . RESULTS The operative time for TVT was significantly shorter compared to BC . The severity and duration of postoperative pain for TVT was significantly less compared to BC . The necessary time for return to normal activity was 10 days for TVT and 21 days for BC . The cure rate after 24 months of follow-up was as follows : TVT : 84 % and BC : 86 % , while the improvement was 7 % for TVT and 6 % for BC . CONCLUSIONS TVT and Burch colposuspension are equally effective in the management of female GSI at two years follow-up . TVT procedure requires much less operative time , has much shorter hospitalization time , with significantly less postoperative pain and faster return to normal daily activities than Burch colposuspension AIM The efficacy , safety and hospital costs of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure were compared with the pubovaginal sling operation . METHODS A total of 60 women urodynamically diagnosed as having stress or mixed urinary incontinence were operated on using either the tension-free vaginal tape or pubovaginal sling operation in a prospect i ve manner . Preoperative characteristics of the women were not significantly different for the groups . The women were followed for up to 24 months . RESULTS In the tension-free vaginal tape group , the operation time was shorter , numbers of analgesics postoperatively required were less and hospital charges were less expensive compared to those in the pubovaginal sling operation ( P < 0.01 ) . Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a marginal significant difference ( P = 0.059 ) in the objective cumulative cure rates at 24 months between the groups receiving the former ( 70.3 % ) and latter ( 48.3 % ) procedures . Subjective cure rates were not significantly different ( P = 0.101 ) . In both groups , an improvement in quality of life was significant and surgical complications were identical . De novo urge incontinence developed in 6 % and 10 % in the former and latter , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The tension-free tape was significantly superior to the pubovaginal sling in terms of operation time , postoperative pain , and hospital charges , but not in cure rates . A longer follow up with a larger sample size is necessary to draw definite conclusions OBJECTIVES To describe the methods and rationale for the first r and omized controlled trial conducted by the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network . METHODS The primary objective of this clinical trial is to compare two commonly performed surgical procedures for stress urinary incontinence-the  Burch colposuspension and the autologous rectus fascial sling-for overall treatment success for urinary incontinence and stress-type symptoms of incontinence at 24 months after surgery . Secondary aims include a comparison of complications , quality of life , sexual function , patient satisfaction , costs , and the need for additional treatments or surgery ; and an evaluation of the prognostic value of preoperative urodynamic studies . The Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy Trial is being conducted on 655 women with predominant stress urinary incontinence , as determined by history and physical examination , urinary stress test with witnessed leakage , and voiding diary . Administration of all question naires and performance of examinations , tests , and both surgical procedures are st and ardized within and across the clinical centers . Assessment s occur preoperatively and at 6 weeks and 3 , 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months postoperatively . A sample of 655 women ensures 80 % power to detect a 12 % difference ( 60 % versus 72 % ) at the 5 % significance level . The intent-to-treat analysis will use Fisher 's exact test and time-to-failure analyses . RESULTS Enrollment was completed in June 2004 with 24 months of follow-up to end in June 2006 . CONCLUSIONS This is the first large , multicenter r and omized clinical trial comparing these two st and ard-of-care procedures for stress incontinence Various authors have reported that a pubovaginal sling is efficacious for correction of all types of female stress incontinence.7  Autologous , cadaver , and synthetic allografts have been utilized as supporting material s. Leach et al16 have suggested that autologous slings decay over time , result ing in recurrent stress incontinence . Badlani et al10 have reported that synthetic material s are more durable in maintaining stable cure rates than autologous slings .  Infectious and erosive complications of synthetic material s are well known . Urethral erosion is the most feared complication of synthetic sling surgery , causing many urologie surgeons to shy away from using synthetic bio material s. However , not all synthetic material s result in equally unfavorable reaction to human host tissues . Various synthetic material s have differing inherent biochemical and surface characteristics that result in different biological outcomes . This chapter will review these characteristics Abstract We compared morbidity and success rate of pubovaginal sling with Burch colposuspension operations in Type I/type II genuine stress urinary incontinence ( GSI ) . The study included patients who had no preoperative detrusor instability ( DI ) , no recurrent GSI , no severe pelvic prolapsus and whose Valsalva leak point pressure ( VLPP ) values were higher than 90 cm water . Twenty three of free-rectus fascial sling and 23 of Burch colposuspension operations were performed r and omly on the patients by a single surgeon . There was no statistical difference between patients in terms of age , BMI , parity , number of daily pads used and preoperative bladder neck mobility . Operation time , change in hematocrit , spontaneous voiding time , length of hospitalization and urinary infection were not different in 2 procedures . 17 patients from both groups could be compared after one year . The bladder neck mobility of both groups were similar . One surgical failure , 1 DI , 1 severe cystocele and 1 enterocele were found in the Burch group while only 1 DI was found in the pubovaginal sling group . When pubovaginal sling operation was performed as the primary surgery on the patients with type I/II GSI , the morbidity , complications and 1 year success rate are the same as Burch procedure OBJECTIVES To compare short-term functional outcomes , urodynamic parameters , and quality of life of transobturator and retropubic routes in the cure of urinary stress incontinence . POPULATION AND METHODS This prospect i ve , multicentre study involved 88 women undergoing suburethral sling procedure for stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . The retropubic route ( RPR ) and the transobturator route ( TOR ) were used in 42 and 46 women , respectively . No difference in epidemiologic and preoperative urinary functional status ( SUI stage , and pollakiuria , nocturia , and urgency rates ) was found between the groups . Functional results and quality of life were evaluated before surgery and at 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 mo postoperatively . Urodynamic examinations were performed before and 3 mo after surgery . RESULTS The mean follow-up was 10 mo . No difference in the rate of de novo urge incontinence and immediate and late voiding dysfunction was noted between the groups . No difference in the cure rate was observed between the groups ( 89.3 % in the RPR group and 88.6 % in the TOR group ) . RPR was associated with a significant decrease in maximum urinary flow and an increase in residual urine volume . Quality of life was significantly improved after surgery without difference between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Retropubic and transobturator routes for treatment of female SUI have similar high cure rates and quality of life improvement . Because of advantages in the rate of complications and postoperative pain previously demonstrated on the same population , the transobturator route appears to be the best option for the treatment of urinary incontinence Objective To compare the pubovaginal sling and transurethral Macroplastique  in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) and intrinsic sphincter deficiency ( ISD ) Objective To assess the effectiveness and late postoperative morbidity of the Burch procedure and the sling procedure for the treatment of recurrent urinary stress incontinence after vaginal hysterectomy and anterior repair . Methods Clinical , urodynamic , and sonographic examinations were done on 77 women suffering with recurrent urinary stress incontinence . The women were 
    Output:
    
The data on sub urethral sling operations remain too few to address the effects of this type of surgical treatment .