***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Acute neural effects of antidepressant medication on emotion processing biases may provide the foundation on which clinical outcomes are based . Along with effects on positive and negative stimuli , acute effects on neutral stimuli may also relate to antidepressant efficacy , yet these effects are still to be investigated . The present study therefore examined the impact of a single dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram ( 20 mg ) on positive , negative and neutral stimuli using pharmaco-fMRI . METHODS Within a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover design , healthy women completed 2 sessions of treatment administration and fMRI scanning separated by a 1-week washout period . RESULTS We enrolled 36 women in our study . When participants were administered escitalopram relative to placebo , left amygdala activity was increased and right inferior frontal gyrus ( IFG ) activity was decreased during presentation of positive pictures ( potentiation of positive emotion processing ) . In contrast , escitalopram was associated with decreased left amygdala and increased right IFG activity during presentation of negative pictures ( attenuation of negative emotion processing ) . In addition , escitalopram decreased right IFG activity during the processing of neutral stimuli , akin to the effects on positive stimuli ( decrease in negative appraisal ) . LIMITATIONS Although we used a women-only sample to reduce heterogeneity , our results may not generalize to men . Potential unblinding , which was related to the subjective occurrence of side effects , occurred in the study ; however , manipulation check analyses demonstrated that results were not impacted . CONCLUSION These novel findings demonstrate that a single dose of the commonly prescribed escitalopram facilitates a positive information processing bias . These findings provide an important lead for better underst and ing effects of antidepressant medication The authors used a directed-forgetting task to investigate whether psychiatrically impaired adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse exhibit an avoidant encoding style and impaired memory for trauma cues . The authors tested women with abuse histories , either with or without posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , and women with neither abuse histories nor PTSD . The women saw intermixed trauma words ( e.g. , molested ) , positive words ( e.g. , confident ) , and categorized neutral words ( e.g. , mailbox ) on a computer screen and were instructed either to remember or to forget each word . Relative to the other groups , the PTSD group did not exhibit recall deficits for trauma-related to-be-remembered words , nor did they recall fewer trauma-related to-be-forgotten words than other words . Instead , they exhibited recall deficits for positive and neutral words they were supposed to remember . These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that impaired survivors exhibit avoidant encoding and impaired memory for traumatic information BACKGROUND It is clearly established that emotional events tend to be remembered particularly vividly . The neurobiological substrates of this phenomenon are poorly understood . Recently , the noradrenergic system has been implicated in that beta blockade has been shown to reduce significantly the delayed recall of emotional material with matched neutral material being unaffected . METHODS In the present study , 36 healthy young adults were r and omly allocated to receive either yohimbine , which stimulates central noradrenergic activity , metoprolol which blocks noradrenergic activity , or matched placebo . The three groups were well matched . All capsules were taken orally , prior to viewing a narrated 11 slide show described a boy being involved in an accident . RESULTS Yohimbine significantly elevated , and metoprolol reduced mean heart rate during the slide show relative to placebo , thus confirming the efficacy of the pharmacological manipulation . One week later , in a surprise ' test , memory for the slide show was tested . As predicted , yohimbine-treated subjects recalled significantly more and metoprolol subjects fewer slides relative to placebo . This result was confirmed via analysis of multiple-choice recognition memory scores . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that stimulation of the noradrenergic system results in the enhancement and blockade in a reduction of recall and recognition of emotional material in man BACKGROUND Avoidance and hypervigilance to reminders of a traumatic event are among the main characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Attentional bias toward aversive cues in PTSD has been hypothesized as being part of the dysfunction causing etiology and maintenance of PTSD . The aim of the present study was to investigate the cognitive strategy underlying attentional bias in PTSD and whether normal cognitive processing is restored after a treatment suppressing core PTSD symptoms . METHODS Nineteen healthy controls were matched for age , sex and education to 19 PTSD patients . We used the  emotional stroop and detection of target tasks , before and after an average of 4.1 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR ) therapy . RESULTS We found that on both tasks , patients were slower than controls in responding in the presence of emotionally negative words compared to neutral ones . After symptoms removal , patients no longer had attentional bias , and responded similarly to controls . CONCLUSION These results support the existence of an attentional bias in PTSD patients due to a disengagement difficulty . There was also preliminary evidence that the disengagement was linked to PTSD symptomatology . It should be further explored whether attentional bias and PTSD involve common brain mechanisms Attention and memory performances were studied in Persian Gulf War veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) diagnoses . Veterans diagnosed with PTSD showed relative performance deficiencies on  tasks of sustained attention , mental manipulation , initial acquisition of information , and retroactive interference .  Their performances were also characterized by errors of commission and intrusion . The tendency toward response disinhibition and intrusion on cognitive tasks was correlated positively with reexperiencing symptoms and negatively with avoidance-numbing symptoms . These cognitive deficit patterns are consistent with models of PTSD that emphasize the role of hyperarousal and implicate dysfunction of frontal-subcortical systems . Results suggest that intrusion of traumatic memories in PTSD may not be limited to trauma-related cognitions but instead reflects a more general pattern of disinhibition The current study was carried out to investigate the cognitive effects of two serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , sertraline and paroxetine , with special reference to differences in their affinity for other neurotransmitter systems , i.e. anticholinergic activity of paroxetine and putative dopamine reuptake activity of sertraline . The study was conducted according to a double-blind , three-way cross-over design . During three treatment periods of 2 weeks , 24 healthy middle-aged ( aged 30–50 years ) subjects of both sexes received sertraline ( 50 mg on days 1–7 , 100 mg on days 8–14 ) , paroxetine ( 20 mg on days 1–7 , 40 mg on days 8–14 ) and placebo . Paroxetine specifically impaired delayed recall in a word learning test at a dose of 20 and 40 mg . Sertraline did not affect word learning but improved performance on a verbal fluency task at a dose of 50 and 100 mg . Neither drug affected performance on a short-term memory scanning task . These subtle but significant changes in cognitive performance can be explained by subtle differences in pharmacological profiles of these SSRIs . The additional anticholinergic effects of paroxetine could account for its induction of long-term memory impairment . Similarly , the additional dopaminergic effects of sertraline could account for its induction of slightly improved verbal fluency . The impairing and facilitating cognitive effects of paroxetine and sertraline , respectively , may be more pronounced in the elderly depressed patient 
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In addition , attentional and inhibition processing seem to play an important role in emotional memory in PTSD sufferers .
Furthermore , other studies that did not find behavioral differences between PTSD and control groups nevertheless showed differences in both specific cerebral activities and neurohormone levels during emotional memory tasks .
Nevertheless , the results of this systematic review provide interesting information on emotional memory for clinicians and research ers , as they seem to highlight facilitated memory processing for negative information in PTSD patients .