***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To prospect ively compare the diagnostic capability of short inversion time inversion-recovery ( STIR ) turbo spin-echo ( SE ) imaging , diffusion-weighted ( DW ) magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging , and fluorodeoxyglucose ( FDG ) combined positron emission tomography ( PET ) and computed tomography ( CT ) in N stage assessment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This prospect i ve study was approved by the institutional review board , and written informed consent was obtained from all patients . A total of 250 consecutive patients with NSCLC ( 136 men ; mean age , 73 years ; 114 women ; mean age , 72 years ) prospect ively underwent  pretherapeutic STIR turbo SE imaging , DW MR imaging , and FDG PET/CT , as well as surgical and pathologic examinations ( N0 disease , n = 157 ; N1 disease , n = 72 ; N2 disease , n = 16 ; N3 disease , n = 5 ) . Lymph node-to-saline ratio ( LSR ) , lymph node-to-muscle ratio ( LMR ) , apparent diffusion coefficient ( ADC ) , maximal st and ardized uptake value ( SUV(max ) ) , and visual scoring were assessed for 135 metastatic lymph nodes and 135 r and omly selected nonmetastatic lymph nodes . Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine feasible threshold values . Diagnostic capabilities for N stage assessment were compared with the McNemar test on a per-patient basis . RESULTS When feasible , threshold values were used for quantitative assessment ; sensitivity and accuracy of LSR and LMR ( sensitivity , 82.8 % ; accuracy , 86.8 % ) proved to be significantly higher than those of ADC ( sensitivity : 74.2 % , P = .01 ; accuracy : 84.4 % , P = .04 ) and SUV(max ) ( sensitivity : 74.2 % , P = .01 ) . For qualitative assessment , sensitivity of STIR turbo SE imaging ( 77.4 % ) was significantly higher than that of DW MR imaging ( 71.0 % , P = .03 ) and FDG PET/CT ( 69.9 % , P = .02 ) . CONCLUSION Quantitative and qualitative assessment s of N stage disease in patients with NSCLC obtained with STIR turbo SE MR imaging are more sensitive and /or more accurate than those obtained with DW MR imaging and FDG PET/CT . SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11110281/-/DC1 Sixty-three patients with non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma were prospect ively and independently assessed by computed tomography ( CT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) before surgery . Images were interpreted by four radiologists who had no knowledge of other imaging studies , except chest x-ray , and were blinded to surgical findings . The data were compared with pathologic and histologic findings . The accuracies of CT and MRI in determining tumor classification and assessing mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastases were compared . Sensitivity of CT in determining T factor was 78 % , and specificity was 96 % . The values for  MRI  were 84 % and 96 % , respectively . There was no significant difference between CT and MRI  in staging tumors . MRI is more accurate than CT in diagnosing mediastinal invasion in staging superior sulcus tumors and complex tumors . There was no significant difference between the accuracies of CT and MRI  in detecting mediastinal node metastases ; the sensitivities were 82 % and 90 % , respectively , and specificities were 88 % and 93 % , respectively PURPOSE To conduct a prospect i ve comparison of the accuracy of short inversion time ( TI ) inversion-recovery ( STIR ) turbo spin-echo ( SE ) imaging and coregistered 2-[fluorine-18 ] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography ( PET ) with computed tomography ( CT ) ( coregistered FDG-PET/CT ) to assess the N-stage in non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 115 consecutive NSCLC patients prospect ively underwent CT , STIR turbo SE imaging , and FDG-PET , as well as surgical and pathological examinations . All STIR turbo SE images were obtained with a 0.9 % saline phantom , which was placed alongside the chest wall of each patient , and coregistered FDG-PET/CTs were reconstructed using commercially available software . For quantitative assessment s , the ratio of signal intensity ( SI ) of each lymph node to that of 0.9 % saline phantom ( lymph node-saline ratio [ LSR ] ) and maximal st and ardized uptake value ( SUV(max ) ) of each lymph node were calculated . Feasible threshold values were determined by using the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curve-based positive test , and diagnostic capabilities of N-stage were compared by McNemar 's test on a per patient basis . RESULTS When feasible , threshold values were adopted , quantitative sensitivity ( 90.1 % ) and accuracy ( 92.2 % ) of STIR turbo SE imaging were significantly higher than those of quantitative and qualitative sensitivities ( 76.7 % and 74.4 % ) and accuracies ( 83.5 % and 82.6 % ) of coregistered FDG-PET/CT on a per patient basis ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION STIR turbo SE imaging is at least as valid as coregistered FDG-PET/CT for quantitative and qualitative assessment of the N-stage for NSCLC patients OBJECTIVE One of the deficiencies of positron emission tomography for N staging in lung cancer is a false-positive result caused by concurrent lymphadenitis . Recently , diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has been reported to be able to image tumors of body organs . The aim of this study is to examine the usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for N staging of non-small cell lung cancer compared with positron emission tomography-computed tomography . METHODS Both positron emission tomography-computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were prospect ively used in 88 patients before surgical intervention for non-small cell lung cancer to examine 734 lymph node stations . The diagnostic results of positron emission tomography-computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were compared . The diameters of the metastatic foci within lymph nodes were measured on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections to compare the detectable size of metastatic foci between positron emission tomography-computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS The accuracy of N staging in the 88 patients was 0.89 with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging , which was significantly higher than the value of 0.78 obtained with positron emission tomography-computed tomography ( P = .012 ) , because of less overstaging in the former . Among the 734 lymph node stations examined pathologically , 36 had metastases , and the other 698 did not . Although there was no significant difference in the diagnosis of the 36 metastatic lymph node stations between the 2 methods , diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate for diagnosing the 698 nonmetastatic stations than positron emission tomography-computed tomography because of fewer false-positive results ( P = .002 ) . The detectable size of metastatic foci within lymph nodes was 4 mm in both positron emission tomography-computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging . CONCLUSIONS Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can be used in place of positron emission tomography-computed tomography for N staging of non-small cell lung cancer with fewer false-positive results compared with positron emission tomography-computed tomography Nineteen patients with potentially operable bronchial carcinoma were included in a prospect i ve study to assess the staging capabilities of plain and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) in comparison with computed tomography ( CT ) and to compare the results to  post-operative histopathological staging ( HS ) . The evaluation focused on the following T-staging criteria : ( i ) direct invasion of the pleura ; ( ii ) neoplastic invasion of the mediastinum ; ( iii ) differentiation of the primary tumour from alterations of the surrounding lung parenchyma such as inflammation or atelectasis ; and ( iv ) intrathoracic lymph node involvement by tumour . MRI and CT produced similar results for pleural invasion ( sensitivity of 0.4 and 0.75 respectively and a specificity of 0.86 and 0.93 respectively ) . Mediastinal invasion was overdiagnosed in four patients ( no false negatives ) , whereas CT had only one false positive result ( two false negatives ) . Our results showed CT to be superior to MRI for the preoperative evaluation of patients suffering from bronchogenic carcinoma Objectives The purpose of our study was to describe our preliminary experience of evaluating mediastinal lymph node metastases with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer . Material s and Methods Forty-two consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer underwent preoperative diffusion-weighted MR imaging using a non-breath-hold short inversion time inversion recovery-echo planar imaging sequence with a high b value of 1000 s/mm2 . An experienced thoracic radiologist prospect ively evaluated each study for mediastinal lymph node metastases on a per-patient basis . On diffusion-weighted MR imaging , mediastinal lymph node metastasis was defined as a focus of low signal intensity at the site of a visible lymph node on corresponding T2-weighted image . The MR results were correlated with histopathologic findings . Results Diffusion-weighted MR imaging demonstrated mediastinal lymph node metastasis in 4 ( 80 % ) of 5 patients with pathologically proven metastasis and accurately identified 36 ( 97 % ) of 37 patients without mediastinal lymph node metastasis . Thus , 40 ( 95 % ) of 42 patients were accurately diagnosed . The sensitivity , specificity , positive predictive value , negative predictive value , and accuracy of  diffusion-weighted MR imaging for mediastinal lymph node metastasis were 80 % , 97 % , 80 % , 97 % , and 95 % , respectively . Conclusions Our preliminary results show that diffusion-weighted MR imaging has a high negative predictive value for excluding mediastinal lymph node metastases from non-small cell lung cancer and has the potential to be a reliable alternative non-invasive imaging method for the preoperative staging of mediastinal lymph node in patients with non-small cell lung cancer OBJECTIVE In several previous studies , including one of our own , CT and MRI provided similar information on N2 detection in the staging of lung cancer . Both imaging techniques can be considered effective in detecting enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes but the results are often inaccurate when confronted with pathological findings . The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MRI in the detection of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer . METHODS A prospect i ve study to compare st and ard unenhanced MRI and Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI was carried out in patients with diagnosed lung cancer . The study focused on the status of mediastinal lymph nodes . Gd-DTPA was administered at a dosage of 0.2 mmol2/KG before T1 weighted sequences . Qualitative visual analyses of both st and ard and contrast enhanced MRI images were performed on each patient by 2 independent radiologists . The imaging results were then compared to pathological findings obtained after surgical operation . RESULTS In the identification of mediastinal lymph node metastases  st and ard MRI was 62 % sensitive , 100 % specific and 74 % accurate whereas Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI was 100 % sensitive , 91 % specific and 97 % accurate . CONCLUSIONS Gd-DPTA enhanced MRI was more accurate than st and ard MRI in the detection of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer . These initial results can be considered encouraging especially with regards to the reduction of false negative findings although further confirmation is , underst and ably , required Objective : To evaluate and compare positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( PET/CT ) with whole-body magnetic resonance imaging ( wbMRI ) in the correct staging of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . Material s and Methods : Fifty-two patients with an NSCLC stage IIIa or IIIb ( 36 males and 16 females ) were included in this study . Patients were referred to our department for restaging . Within 1 week PET/CT and wbMRI were performed in all patients . Images were examined independently by 2 experienced physicians from the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology . Afterward , consensus reading was performed . In 22 patients , surgery served as gold st and ard , whereas in 30 patients , follow-up controls ( after 2 months ) were performed . Results : The use of wbMRI correctly T-staged all patients . Especially volume interpolated breathhold examination sequence correctly T-staged all tumors . PET/CT did not correctly stage chest wall infiltration in 4 cases [ sensitivity 92.3 % ( P < 0.05 to wbMRI)/specificity 100 % ] , verified by surgery . PET/CT correctly N-staged 51 patients 
    Output:
    
Conclusion MRI showed high specificity in the lymph node staging of NSCLC .
Quantitative STIR has greater DOR than quantitative DWI .