***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims /hypothesisCardiac disease remains the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes , yet few strategies to target cardiac dysfunction have been developed . This r and omised controlled trial aim ed to investigate high intensity intermittent training ( HIIT ) as a potential therapy to improve cardiac structure and function in type 2 diabetes . The impact of HIIT on liver fat and metabolic control was also investigated . Methods Using an online r and om allocation sequence , 28 patients with type 2 diabetes ( metformin and diet controlled ) were r and omised to 12 weeks of HIIT ( n = 14 ) or st and ard care ( n = 14 ) . Cardiac structure and function were measured by 3.0 T MRI and tagging . Liver fat was determined by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and glucose control by an OGTT . MRI analysis was performed by an observer blinded to group allocation . All study procedures took place in Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . Results Five patients did not complete the study and were therefore excluded from analysis : this left 12 HIIT and 11 control patients for the intention-to-treat analysis . Compared with controls , HIIT  improved cardiac structure ( left ventricular wall mass 104 ± 17 g to 116 ± 20 g vs 107 ± 25 g to 105 ± 25 g , p < 0.05 ) and systolic function ( stroke volume 76 ± 16 ml to 87 ± 19 ml vs 79 ± 14 ml to 75 ± 15 ml , p < 0.01 ) . Early diastolic filling rates increased ( 241 ± 84 ml/s to 299 ± 89 ml/s vs 250 ± 44 ml/s to 251 ± 47 ml/s , p < 0.05 ) and peak torsion decreased ( 8.1 ± 1.8 ° to 6.9 ± 1.6 ° vs 7.1 ± 2.2 ° to 7.6 ± 1.9 ° , p < 0.05 ) in the treatment group . Following HIIT , there was a 39 % relative reduction in liver fat ( p < 0.05 ) and a reduction in HbA1c ( 7.1 ± 1.0 % [ 54.5 mmol/mol ] to 6.8 ± 0.9 % [ 51.3 mmol/mol ] vs 7.2 ± 0.5 % [ 54.9 mmol/mol ] to 7.4 ± 0.7 % [ 57.0 mmol/mol ] , p < 0.05 ) . Changes in liver fat correlated with changes in HbA1c ( r = 0.70 , p < 0.000 ) and 2 h glucose ( r = 0.57 , p < 0.004 ) . No adverse events were recorded . Conclusions /interpretationThis is the first study to demonstrate improvements in cardiac structure and function , along with the greatest reduction in liver fat , to be recorded following an exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes . HIIT should be considered by clinical care teams as a therapy to improve cardiometabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes . Trial registration : www.is rct n.com 78698481 Funding : Medical Research Council OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of free-living walking training in type 2 diabetic patients and to investigate the effects of interval-walking training versus continuous-walking training upon physical fitness , body composition , and glycemic control . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to a control ( n = 8) , continuous-walking ( n = 12 ) , or interval-walking group ( n = 12 ) . Training groups were prescribed five sessions per week ( 60 min/session ) and were controlled with an accelerometer and a heart-rate monitor . Continuous walkers performed all training at moderate intensity , whereas interval walkers alternated 3-min repetitions at low and high intensity . Before and after the 4-month intervention , the following variables were measured : VO2max , body composition , and glycemic control ( fasting glucose , HbA1c , oral glucose tolerance test , and continuous glucose monitoring [ CGM ] ) . RESULTS Training adherence was high ( 89 ± 4 % ) , and training energy expenditure and mean intensity were comparable . VO2max increased 16.1 ± 3.7 % in the interval-walking group ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas no changes were observed in the continuous-walking or control group . Body mass and adiposity ( fat mass and visceral fat ) decreased in the interval-walking group only ( P < 0.05 ) . Glycemic control ( elevated mean CGM glucose levels and increased fasting insulin ) worsened in the control group ( P < 0.05 ) , whereas mean ( P = 0.05 ) and maximum ( P < 0.05 ) CGM glucose levels decreased in the interval-walking group . The continuous walkers showed no changes in glycemic control . CONCLUSIONS Free-living walking training is feasible in type 2 diabetic patients . Continuous walking offsets the deterioration in glycemia seen in the control group , and interval walking is superior to energy expenditure – matched continuous walking for improving physical fitness , body composition , and glycemic control Exercise can have anti-inflammatory effects in obesity , but the optimal type and intensity of exercise are not clear . This study compared short-term high-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) with moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) in terms of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness , markers of inflammation , and glucose control in previously inactive adults at elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes . Thirty-nine inactive , overweight/obese adults ( 32 women ) were r and omly assigned to 10 sessions over 2 wk of progressive HIIT ( n = 20 , four to ten 1-min sessions at ∼90 % peak heart rate , 1-min rest periods ) or MICT ( n = 19 , 20 - 50 min at ∼65 % peak heart rate ) . Before and 3 days after training , participants performed a peak O2 uptake test , and fasting blood sample s were obtained . Both HIIT ( 1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4 l/min , pre vs. post ) and MICT ( 1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 1.9 ± 0.5 l/min , pre vs. post ) improved peak O2 uptake ( P < 0.001 ) and lowered plasma fructosamine ( P < 0.05 ) . Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) 4 ( TLR4 ) expression was reduced on lymphocytes and monocytes after both HIIT and MICT ( P < 0.05 ) and on neutrophils after MICT ( P < 0.01 ) . TLR2 on lymphocytes was reduced after HIIT and MICT ( P < 0.05 ) . Plasma inflammatory cytokines were unchanged after training in both groups , but MICT led to a reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( P < 0.05 , 5.9 ± 1.0 vs. 5.6 ± 1.0 mmol/l , pre vs. post ) . Ten days of either HIIT or MICT can improve cardiorespiratory fitness and glucose control and lead to reductions in TLR2 and TLR4 expression . MICT , which involved a longer duration of exercise , may be superior for reducing fasting glucose Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies Low-volume sprint interval training ( SIT ) , or repeated sessions of brief , intense intermittent exercise , elicits metabolic adaptations that resemble traditional high-volume endurance training ( ET ) . The effects of these different forms of exercise training on vascular structure and function remain largely unexplored . To test the hypothesis that SIT and ET would similarly improve peripheral artery distensibility and endothelial function and central artery distensibility , we recruited 20 healthy untrained subjects ( age : 23.3 + /- 2.8 yr ) and had them perform 6 wk of SIT or ET ( n = 5 men and 5 women per group ) . The SIT group completed four to six 30-s " all-out " Wingate tests separated by 4.5 min of recovery 3 days/wk . The ET group completed 40 - 60 min of cycling at 65 % of their peak oxygen uptake ( Vo2peak ) 5 days/wk . Popliteal endothelial function , both relative and normalized to shear stimulus , was improved after training in both groups ( main effect for time , P < 0.05 ) . Carotid artery distensibility was not statistically altered by training ( P = 0.29 ) in either group ; however , popliteal artery distensibility was improved in both groups to the same degree ( main effect , P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that SIT is a time-efficient strategy to elicit improvements in peripheral vascular structure and function that are comparable to ET . However , alterations in central artery distensibility may require a longer training stimuli and /or greater initial vascular stiffness than observed in this group of healthy subjects BACKGROUND The health benefits of leisure-time physical activity are well known , but whether less exercise than the recommended 150 min a week can have life expectancy benefits is unclear . We assessed the health benefits of a range of volumes of physical activity in a Taiwanese population . METHODS In this prospect i ve cohort study , 416,175 individuals ( 199,265 men and 216,910 women ) participated in a st and ard medical screening programme in Taiwan between 1996 and 2008 , with an average follow-up of 8·05 years ( SD 4·21 ) . On the basis of the amount of weekly exercise indicated in a self-administered question naire , participants were placed into one of five categories of exercise volumes : inactive , or low , medium , high , or very high activity . We calculated hazard ratios ( HR ) for mortality risks for every group compared with the inactive group , and calculated life expectancy for every group . FINDINGS Compared with individuals in the inactive group , those in the low-volume activity group , who exercised for an average of 92 min per week ( 95 % CI 71 - 112 ) or 15 min a day ( SD 1·8 ) , had a 14 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality ( 0·86 , 0·81 - 0·91 ) , and had a 3 year longer life expectancy . Every additional 15 min of daily exercise beyond the minimum amount of 15 min a day further reduced all-cause mortality by 4 % ( 95 % CI 2·5 - 7·0 ) and all-cancer mortality by 1 % ( 0·3 - 4·5 ) . These benefits were applicable to all age groups and both sexes , and to those with cardiovascular disease risks . Individuals who were inactive had a 17 % ( HR 1·17 , 95 % CI 1·10 - 1·24 ) increased risk of 
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No differences were found between two modalities of exercises considering the outcomes HbA1c , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , HDL and LDL cholesterol , triglycerides , BMI , and waist-to-hip ratio .
CONCLUSION HIIT induces cardiometabolic adaptations similar to those of MICT in prediabetes and T2D , and provides greater benefits to functional capacity in patients with T2D .