***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To investigate whether the intestinal microbiota composition in early infancy is associated with subsequent weight development in children . Methods : Analyses were conducted within the KOALA Birth Cohort Study ( n=2834 ) . This cohort originates from two recruitments groups : pregnant women with a conventional lifestyle ( no selection based on lifestyle ) and pregnant women recruited through alternative channels ( organic shops , anthroposophic clinicians/midwives , Steiner schools and relevant magazines )  . From 909 one-month-old infants , fecal sample s were collected and analyzed by quantitative PCR targeting bifidobacteria , Bacteroides fragilis group , Clostridium difficile , Escherichia coli , Lactobacilli and total bacteria counts . Between the ages of 1 and 10 years , parent-reported weight and height was collected at 7 time points . Age- and gender-st and ardized body mass index ( BMI ) z-scores were calculated . Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equation . Results : Colonization with B. fragilis group was borderline significantly associated with a higher BMI z-score of 0.15 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : −0.02 to 0.31 ) , in the conventional subcohort . After stratification for fiber intake ( Pforinteraction=0.003 ) , colonization with B. fragilis group was associated with a 0.34 higher BMI z-score among children with a low-fiber intake in this subcohort ( 95 % CI : 0.17–0.53 ) . Higher counts among colonized children were positively associated with BMI z-score only in children within the conventional subcohort and a high-fiber diet ( BMI z-score 0.08 ; 95 % CI : 0.01–0.14 ) , but inversely associated in children with a low-fiber diet ( BMI z-score −0.05 ; 95 % CI : −0.10 to 0.00 ) , and in children recruited through alternative channels ( BMI z-score −0.10 ; 95 % CI : −0.17 to −0.03 ) . The other bacteria were not associated with BMI z-scores , regardless of subcohort . Conclusion : Using a targeted approach , we conclude that the intestinal microbiota , particularly the B. fragilis group , is associated with  childhood weight development  . To identify the potential impact of additional bacterial taxa , further prospect i ve studies applying an unconstrained in-depth characterization of the microbiota are needed Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) is an effective means to achieve sustained weight loss for morbidly obese individuals . Besides rapid weight reduction , patients achieve major improvements of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis . Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been associated with obesity and some of its co-morbidities , like type 2 diabetes , and major changes of gut microbial communities have been hypothesized to mediate part of the beneficial metabolic effects observed after RYGB . Here we describe changes in gut microbial taxonomic composition and functional potential following RYGB . Methods We recruited 13 morbidly obese patients who underwent RYGB  , carefully phenotyped them , and had their gut microbiomes quantified before ( n = 13 ) and 3 months ( n = 12 ) and 12 months ( n = 8) after RYGB . Following shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the fecal microbial DNA purified from stools , we characterized the gut microbial composition at species and gene levels followed by functional annotation . Results In parallel with the weight loss and metabolic improvements , gut microbial diversity increased within the first 3 months after RYGB and remained high 1 year later . RYGB led to altered relative abundances of 31 species ( P < 0.05 , q < 0.15 ) within the first 3 months , including those of Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Veillonella spp . , Streptococcus spp . , Alistipes spp . , and Akkermansia muciniphila . Sixteen of these species maintained their altered relative abundances during the following 9 months . Interestingly , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was the only species that decreased in relative abundance . Fifty-three microbial functional modules increased their relative abundance between baseline and 3 months ( P < 0.05 , q < 0.17 ) . These functional changes included increased potential ( i ) to assimilate multiple energy sources using transporters and phosphotransferase systems , ( ii ) to use aerobic respiration , ( iii ) to shift from protein degradation to putrefaction , and ( iv ) to use amino acids and fatty acids as energy sources . Conclusions Within 3 months after morbidly obese individuals had undergone RYGB , their gut microbiota featured an increased diversity , an altered composition , an increased potential for oxygen tolerance , and an increased potential for microbial utilization of macro- and micro-nutrients . These changes were maintained for the first year post-RYGB.Trial registration Current controlled trials ( ID NCT00810823 , NCT01579981 , and NCT01993511 ) Summary Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective procedure for the treatment of obesity . Given the role of the gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism and adiposity , we investigated the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on the microbiome of patients r and omized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or vertical b and ed gastroplasty and matched for weight and fat mass loss . The two surgical procedures induced similar and durable changes on the gut microbiome that were not dependent on body mass index and result ed in altered levels of fecal and circulating metabolites compared with obese controls . By colonizing germ-free mice with stools from the patients , we demonstrated that the surgically altered microbiota promoted reduced fat deposition in recipient mice . These mice also had a lower respiratory quotient , indicating decreased utilization of carbohydrates as fuel . Our results suggest that the gut microbiota may play a direct role in the reduction of adiposity observed after bariatric surgery Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus cultures ( mixture of Lactobacillus agilis BCRC 10436 and Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 17476 ) supplements , alone or in combination , on broiler chicken performance . Methods A total of 300 , 1-d-old healthy broiler chickens were r and omly divided into five treatment groups : i ) basal diet ( control ) , ii ) basal diet+0.25 % yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) ( YC ) , iii ) basal diet+0.25 % yeast with bacteriocin ( BA ) , iv ) basal diet+Lactobacillus cultures ( LAB ) , and v ) basal diet + 0.25 % yeast with bacteriocin+Lactobacillus cultures ( BA+LAB ) . Growth performance , cecal microbiota , cecal fermentation products , and blood biochemistry parameters were determined when chickens were 21 and 35 d old . Results The supplementation of YC , BA , and BA+LAB result ed in a significantly better feed conversion rate ( FCR ) than that of the control group during 1 to 21 d ( p<0.05 ) . The LAB supplementation had a significant effect on the presence of Lactobacillus in the ceca at 35 d. None of the supplements had an effect on relative numbers of L. agilis and L. reuter at 21 d , but the BA supplementation result ed in the decrease of both Lactobacillus strains at 35 d. The BA+LAB supplementation result ed in higher short chain fatty acid ( SCFA ) in the ceca , but LAB supplementation significantly decreased the SCFA at 35 d ( p<0.05 ) . All treatments tended to decrease ammonia concentration in the ceca at 21 d , especially in the LAB treatment group . The BA supplementation alone decreased the triacylglycerol ( TG ) concentration significantly at 21 d ( p<0.05 ) , but the synergistic effect of BA and LAB supplementation was required to reduce the TG concentration at 35 d. The YC supplementation tended to increase the plasma cholesterol at 21 d and 35 d. However , the BA supplementation significantly decreased the cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level at 35 d. In conclusion , the BA+LAB supplementation was beneficial to body weight gain and FCR of broiler chickens . Conclusion The effect of BA and LAB supplementation may be a result of the growth of lactic acid bacteria enhancement and physiological characterization of bacteriocin , and it suggests that the BA and LAB supplementation level or Lactobacillus strain selection should be integrated in future supplementation design Evidence suggests a correlation between the gut microbiota composition and weight loss caused by caloric restriction . Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG ) , a surgical intervention for obesity , is classified as predominantly restrictive procedure . In this study we investigated functional weight loss mechanisms with regard to gut microbial changes and energy harvest induced by LSG and a very low calorie diet in ten obese subjects ( n = 5 per group ) demonstrating identical weight loss during a follow-up period of six months . For gut microbiome analysis next generation sequencing was performed and faeces were analyzed for targeted metabolomics . The energy-reabsorbing potential of the gut microbiota decreased following LSG , indicated by the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio , but increased during diet . Changes in butyrate-producing bacterial species were responsible for the Firmicutes changes in both groups . No alteration of faecal butyrate was observed , but the microbial capacity for butyrate fermentation decreased following LSG and increased following dietetic intervention . LSG result ed in enhanced faecal excretion of nonesterified fatty acids and bile acids .  LSG , but not dietetic restriction , improved the obesity-associated gut microbiota composition towards a lean microbiome phenotype . Moreover , LSG increased malabsorption due to loss in energy-rich faecal substrates and impairment of bile acid circulation . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov NCT01344525 Background The objective of the study was to compare gut microbiota post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) and sleeve gastrectomy ( SG ) .  Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omized to RYGB , SG , or sham surgery . Body weight was measured . Fecal sample s were collected before and 1 , 3 , 6 , and 9 weeks postoperatively . Fecal microbiota was profiled by 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and analyzed using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology ( QIIME ) to determine the α and β diversities of gut microbiota . Results The body weight of the RYGB and SG group was significantly lower than that of the sham group . Unweighted UniFrac-based principal coordinate analysis of 5,323,091 sequences from 85 fecal sample s from 17 rats revealed a distinct cluster of gut microbiota post RYGB from SG and sham surgery . The percentage of Proteobacteria in the SG and sham group remained markedly lower than that of the RYGB group from 3 weeks postoperatively , while the proportion of Gammaproteobacteria in the RYGB group was significantly higher than that of the SG group and the sham group from 3 weeks postoperatively . Furthermore , the RYGB group was postoperatively enriched for Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidaceae , whereas the SG group was postoperatively enriched for Desulfovibrionaceae and Cyanobacteria . Compared to the pre-operative parameters , the RYGB group had a persistent increase in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and a decrease in the Shannon index , while the SG group only transiently exhibited these changes within the first week after surgery . The relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria was negatively correlated , whereas the Shannon index was positively correlated with weight after surgery . Conclusions RYGB , but not SG , alters the gut microbiota of Sprague-Dawley rats . RYGB also reduces the diversity of gut microbiota . Furthermore , the abundance of Gammaproteobacteria negatively correlates with postoperative body weight and may be one of the potential contributors to stable weight loss after bariatric surgery Background It is unclear whether specific gut microbiota is associated with remission of  type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) after distinct types of bariatric surgery . Aims The aim of this study is to examine gut microbiota changes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) or sleeve gastrectomy ( SG ) surgery in obese patients with T2D . Methods Whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of DNA fragments using Illumina HiSeq2000 was obtained from stool sample s collected from 14 obese T2D patients pre-operatively ( while on very low calorie diet ) and 1 year after r and omisation to laparoscopic SG ( n = 7 ) or RYGB ( n = 7 ) . Result ing shotgun reads were annotated with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( KEGG ) . Results Body weight reduction and dietary change was similar 1 year after both surgery types . Identical proportions ( n = 5/7 ) achieved diabetes remission ( HbA1c < 48 mmol/mol without medications ) 1 year 
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Decreased microbial groups were Firmicutes , Clostridiales , Clostridiaceae , Blautia and Dorea .
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , Lactobacillus and Coprococcus comes are implicated in many of the outcomes , including body composition and glucose homeostasis .
CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence to support a considerable alteration of the gut microbiome after bariatric surgery .