***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement ( RDAVR ) for severe aortic stenosis ( AS ) . METHODS All consecutive patients with severe AS who underwent RDAVR with the EDWARDS INTUITY bioprosthesis were prospect ively included in a single-centre , cohort study between July 2012 and April 2015 .  Clinical examination and transthoracic echocardiography were performed preoperatively and at 1-month and 1-year follow-up . RESULTS We included 150 patients : mean age 76.8 ± 6.2 years , 68.7 % male and mean EuroSCORE II 3.4 ± 3.7 % .  Implantation was successful in all : 103 ( 68.7 % ) had isolated aortic valve replacement ( AVR ) and 47 ( 31.3 % ) had concomitant procedures . For isolated AVR , mean cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 37.6 ± 13.3 and 59.9 ± 20.4 min , respectively . Overall , the 1-year Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 97.1 % ( 95 % confidence interval 92.4 - 98.9 % ) . At 1 year , stroke occurred in 5 patients ( 3.34 % ) , myocardial infa rct ion in 1 ( 0.69 % ) , endocarditis in 1 ( 0.69 % ) , early explantation in 1 ( 0.67 % ) , pacemaker implantation in 8 ( 5.6 % ) and Grade 2 periprosthetic regurgitation in 4 ( 3.2 % ; no grade 3 of 4 ) . There were significant decreases from baseline ( P < 0.001 ) in the proportion at New York Heart Association Class III/V ( 35.3 - 4.1 % ) , mean gradient ( 54.9 ± 17.3 mmHg to 11.3 ± 4.8 mmHg ) and mean left ventricular mass index ( 160.3 ± 44.8 g/m 2 to 118.5 ± 39.4 g/m 2 ) . Mean indexed effective orifice area at 1 year was 1.02 ± 0.37 cm 2 /m 2 . Ten patients ( 6.6 % ) had severe patient-prosthesis mismatch . CONCLUSIONS RDAVR for severe AS provided favourable outcomes over 1 year Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to examine the association of overall and abdominal obesity with aortic valve stenosis ( AVS ) incidence in two prospect i ve cohorts . Methods and results We used data from the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort , involving 71 817 men and women who were free of cardiovascular disease and had reported their anthropometric measures in 1997 . Aortic valve stenosis cases were ascertained through linkage with nationwide registers on hospitalization and causes of death . Data were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression . During a mean follow-up of 15.3 years , 1297 incident AVS cases ( 771 in men ; 526 in women ) were ascertained . Both overall and abdominal obesity , measured as body mass index ( BMI ) and waist circumference , respectively , was associated with AVS incidence , with similar associations in men and women . Compared with BMI 18.5–22.5 kg/m2 , the multivariable hazard ratios were 1.24 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.05–1.48 ) for overweight ( BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 ) and 1.81 ( 95 % CI 1.47–2.23 ) for obesity ( BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) . The hazard ratio for substantially increased waist circumference ( men : ≥102 cm ; women : ≥88 cm ) compared with normal waist circumference ( men : < 94 cm ; women : < 80 cm ) was 1.30 ( 95 % CI 1.12–1.51 ) . The proportion of AVS cases estimated to be attributed to overweight and obesity combined ( BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ) was 10.8 % ( 95 % CI 5.2–16.4 % ) . Conclusion These findings indicate that obesity is associated with an increased risk of AVS and that a large proportion of the cases may be prevented if the population maintained a healthy BMI Objective Decision making for intervention in symptomatic aortic stenosis should balance the risks of surgery and of transcatheter aortic valve implantation ( TAVI ) . We identified the factors associated with early mortality after TAVI and aim ed to develop and vali date a simple risk score . Methods A population of 3833 consecutive patients was r and omly split into two cohorts comprising 2552 and 1281 patients , used respectively to develop and vali date a scoring system predicting 30-day or in-hospital mortality . Results TAVI was performed using the Edwards Sapien prosthesis in 2551 ( 66.8 % ) patients and the Medtronic Corevalve in 1270 ( 33.2 % ) . Approach was transfemoral in 2801 ( 73.4 % ) patients , transapical in 678 ( 17.8 % ) , subclavian in 219 ( 5.7 % ) and other in 117 ( 3.1 % ) . Early mortality was 10.0 % ( 382 patients ) . A multivariate logistic model identified the following predictive factors of early mortality : age ≥90 years , body mass index < 30 Kg/m2 , New York Heart Association class IV , pulmonary hypertension , critical haemodynamic state , ≥2 pulmonary oedemas during the last year , respiratory insufficiency , dialysis and transapical or other ( transaortic and transcarotid ) approaches . A 21-point predictive score was derived . C-index was 0.67 for the score in the development cohort and 0.59 in the validation cohort . There was a good concordance between predicted and observed 30-day mortality rates in the development and validation cohorts . Conclusions Early mortality  after TAVI is mainly related to age , the severity of symptoms , comorbidities and transapical approach . A simple score can be used to predict early mortality  after TAVI . The moderate discrimination is however a limitation for the accurate identification of high-risk patients OBJECTIVES This study describes the characteristics of a real-world Asian patient population treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( TAVR )  and evaluates their clinical outcomes . BACKGROUND No previously reported r and omized or observational studies adequately assess the safety and efficacy of TAVR in an Asian population . METHODS The Asian TAVR registry is an international multicenter study that enrolled patients with aortic stenosis who underwent TAVR in Asian countries . RESULTS In total , 848 patients with mean STS score of 5.2 ± 3.8 % were enrolled between March 2010 and September 2014 at 11 centers in 5 countries . The Edwards Sapien or Medtronic CoreValve was implanted in 64.7 % and 35.3 % of patients , respectively . The procedural success rate was 97.5 % . The 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were 2.5 % and 10.8 % , respectively . There was no difference in 1-year mortality between devices ( Sapien : 9.4 % ; CoreValve : 12.2 % ; log-rank p = 0.40 ) . The rates of stroke , life-threatening bleeding , major vascular complications and acute kidney injury ( stage 2 to 3 ) were 3.8 % , 6.4 % , 5.0 % and 3.3 % , respectively . Moderate or severe paravalvular leakage was significantly more common with the CoreValve than Sapien ( 14.4 % vs. 7.3 % ; p = 0.001 ) . According to the multivariate model , a higher STS score , lower body mass index , New York Heart Association functional class III-IV symptoms , diabetes mellitus , prior cerebrovascular accident , low mean gradient at baseline , and moderate or severe paravalvular leakage were significantly associated with reduced survival . CONCLUSIONS Despite anatomical features of concern , the clinical outcomes of TAVR  in our Asian population were favorable in comparison with those of previously published trials and observational studies . ( The Asian Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Registry [ Asian TAVR ] ; NCT02308150 ) BACKGROUND To our knowledge , no single investigation concerning the long-term effects of overweight status on the risk for hypertension , hypercholesterolemia , diabetes mellitus , and cardiovascular sequelae has been reported . METHODS Relations between categories of body mass index ( BMI ) , cardiovascular disease risk factors , and vascular disease end points were examined prospect ively in Framingham Heart Study participants aged 35 to 75 years , who were followed up to 44 years . The primary outcome was new cardiovascular disease , which included angina pectoris , myocardial infa rct ion , coronary heart disease , or stroke . Analyses compared  overweight ( BMI [ calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters ] , 25.0 - 29.9 ) and obese persons ( BMI > or = 30 )  to a  referent group of normal-weight persons ( BMI , 18.5 - 24.9 ) . RESULTS The age-adjusted relative risk ( RR ) for new hypertension was highly associated with overweight status ( men : RR , 1.46 ; women : RR , 1.75 ) . New hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus were less highly associated with excess adiposity . The age-adjusted RR ( confidence interval [ CI ] ) for cardiovascular disease was increased among those who were overweight ( men : 1.21 [ 1.05 - 1.40 ] ; women : 1.20 [ 1.03 - 1.41 ] ) and the obese ( men : 1.46 [ 1.20 - 1.77 ] ; women : 1.64 [ 1.37 - 1.98 ] ) . High population attributable risks were related to excess weight ( BMI > or = 25 ) for the outcomes hypertension ( 26 % men ; 28 % women ) , angina pectoris ( 26 % men ; 22 % women ) , and coronary heart disease ( 23 % men ; 15 % women ) . CONCLUSIONS The overweight category is associated with increased relative and population attributable risk for hypertension and cardiovascular sequelae . Interventions to reduce adiposity and avoid excess weight may have large effects on the development of risk factors and cardiovascular disease at an individual and population level BACKGROUND Many patients with severe aortic stenosis and coexisting conditions are not c and i date s for surgical replacement of the aortic valve . Recently , transcatheter aortic-valve implantation ( TAVI ) has been suggested as a less invasive treatment for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis . METHODS We r and omly assigned patients with severe aortic stenosis , whom surgeons considered not to be suitable c and i date s for surgery , to st and ard therapy ( including balloon aortic valvuloplasty ) or transfemoral transcatheter implantation of a balloon-exp and able bovine pericardial valve .  The primary end point was the rate of death from any cause . RESULTS A total of 358 patients with aortic stenosis who were not considered to be suitable c and i date s for surgery underwent r and omization at 21 centers ( 17 in the United States ) . At 1 year , the rate of death from any cause ( Kaplan – Meier analysis ) was 30.7 % with TAVI , as compared with 50.7 % with st and ard therapy ( hazard ratio with TAVI , 0.55 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.40 to 0.74 ; P<0.001 ) . The rate of the composite end point of death from any cause or repeat hospitalization was 42.5 % with TAVI as compared with 71.6 % with st and ard therapy ( hazard ratio , 0.46 ; 95 % CI , 0.35 to 0.59 ; P<0.001 ) . Among survivors at 1 year , the rate of cardiac symptoms ( New York Heart Association class III or IV ) was lower among patients who had undergone TAVI than among those who had received st and ard therapy ( 25.2 % vs. 58.0 % , P<0.001 ) . At 30 days , TAVI , as compared with st and ard therapy , was associated with a higher incidence of major strokes ( 5.0 % vs. 1.1 % , P=0.06 ) and major vascular complications ( 16.2 % vs. 1.1 % , P<0.001 ) . In the year after TAVI , there was no deterioration in the functioning of the bioprosthetic valve , as assessed by evidence of stenosis or regurgitation on an echocardiogram . CONCLUSIONS In 
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In conclusion , higher body mass index and obesity seem to have protective benefits on both short-term and long-term survival of TAVI patients .
Current evidence suggests that the ' obesity paradox ' may really exist in TAVI