***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose Polyphenolic curcumin is known to have potent anti-inflammatory effects ; thus the present study investigated the hypothesis that curcumin ingestion would attenuate muscle damage after eccentric exercise . Methods Fourteen untrained young men ( 24 ± 1 years ) performed 50 maximal isokinetic ( 120 ° /s ) eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors of one arm on an isokinetic dynamometer and the same exercise with the other arm 4 weeks later . They took 150 mg of curcumin ( theracurmin ) or placebo ( starch ) orally before and 12 h after each eccentric exercise bout in a r and omised , crossover design . Maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) torque of the elbow flexors , range of motion of the elbow joint , upper-arm circumference , muscle soreness , serum creatine kinase ( CK ) activity , and plasma interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) concentration were measured before , immediately after , and 24 , 48 , 72 and 96 h after each eccentric exercise . Changes in these variables over time were compared between curcumin and placebo conditions by two-way repeated measures ANOVA . Results MVC torque decreased smaller and recovered faster ( e.g. , 4 days post-exercise : −31 ± 13 % vs. −15 ± 15 % ) , and peak serum CK activity was smaller ( peak : 7684 ± 8959 IU/L vs. 3398 ± 3562 IU/L ) for curcumin than placebo condition ( P < 0.05 ) . However , no significant differences between conditions were evident for other variables , and no significant changes in IL-6 and TNF-α were evident after exercise . Conclusion It is concluded that theracurmin ingestion attenuates some aspects of muscle damage such as MVC loss and CK activity increase Background Delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) due to eccentric muscle activity is associated with inflammatory responses and production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) that sustain both inflammation and oxidative stress . Curcumin , a powerful promoter of anti-oxidant response , is one of the best-investigated natural products , and is now commercially available as a lecithin delivery system ( Meriva ® , Indena SpA , Milan ) with improved bio-availability . The aim of this study was to test whether curcumin could attenuate damage from oxidative stress and inflammation related to acute muscle injury induced by eccentric continuous exercise Methods This was a r and omised , placebo-controlled , single-blind pilot trial . Twenty male healthy , moderately active volunteers were r and omised to curcumin given as the Phytosome ® delivery system 1 g twice daily ( 200 mg curcumin b.i.d . ) or matching placebo . Supplementation was initiated 48 hours prior to a downhill running test and was continued for 24 hours after the test ( 4 days in total ) . Muscle damage was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging , laboratory tests and histological analyses on muscle sample s obtained 48 hours after the test . Patient-reported pain intensity was also recorded . Results Subjects in the curcumin group reported less pain in the lower limb as compared with subjects in the placebo group , although significant differences were observed only for the right and left anterior thighs . Significantly fewer subjects in the curcumin group had MRI evidence of muscle injury in the posterior or medial compartment of both thighs . Increases in markers of muscle damage and inflammation tended to be lower in the curcumin group , but significant differences were only observed for interleukin-8 at 2 h after exercise . No differences in markers of oxidative stress and muscle histology were observed Conclusions Curcumin has the potential for preventing DOMS , as suggested by its effects on pain intensity and muscle injury . Larger studies are needed to confirm these results and further clarify the mechanism of action of curcumin Curcumin , a turmeric extract , may protect against cardiovascular diseases by enhancing endothelial function . In this r and omized controlled double-blind parallel prospect i ve study , fifty-nine healthy adults were assigned to placebo , 50 mg ( 50 mg ) , or 200 mg ( 200 mg ) curcumin , for 8 weeks . The higher curcumin ( 200 mg ) supplementation produced a dose-mediated improvement in endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) . The outcome was a clinical ly substantial 3.0 % increase ( 90 % CI 0.7 to 5.3 % , p = 0.032 ; benefit : harm odds ratio 546 : 1 ) with the 200 mg dose , relative to placebo . The 50 mg dose also increased FMD relative to placebo by 1.7 % ( −0.6 to 4.0 % , p = 0.23 ; 25 : 1 ) , but the outcome was not clinical ly decisive . In apparently healthy adults , 8 weeks of 200 mg oral curcumin supplementation result ed in a clinical ly meaningful improvement in endothelial function as measured by FMD . Oral curcumin supplementation may present a simple lifestyle strategy for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases . This trial was registered at IS RCT N registry ( IS RCT N90184217 ) Introduction Oral curcumin decreases inflammatory cytokines and increases muscle regeneration in mice . Purpose To determine effects of curcumin on muscle damage , inflammation and delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) in humans . MethodS eventeen men completed a double-blind r and omized-controlled crossover trial to estimate the effects of oral curcumin supplementation ( 2.5 g twice daily ) versus placebo on single-leg jump performance and DOMS following unaccustomed heavy eccentric exercise . Curcumin or placebo was taken 2 d before to 3 d after eccentric single-leg press exercise , separated by 14-d washout . Measurements were made at baseline , and 0 , 24 and 48-h post-exercise comprising : ( a ) limb pain ( 1–10 cm visual analogue scale ; VAS ) , ( b ) muscle swelling , ( c ) single-leg jump height , and ( d ) serum markers of muscle damage and inflammation . St and ardized magnitude-based inference was used to define outcomes . Results At 24 and 48-h post-exercise , curcumin caused moderate-large reductions in pain during single-leg squat ( VAS scale −1.4 to −1.7 ; 90 % CL : ±1.0 ) , gluteal stretch ( −1.0 to −1.9 ; ±0.9 ) , squat jump ( −1.5 to −1.1 ; ± 1.2 ) and small reductions in creatine kinase activity ( −22–29 % ; ±21–22 % ) . Associated with the pain reduction was a small increase in single-leg jump performance ( 15 % ; 90 % CL ± 12 % ) . Curcumin  increased interleukin-6 concentrations at 0-h ( 31 % ; ±29 % ) and 48-h ( 32 % ; ±29 % ) relative to baseline , but decreased IL-6 at 24-h relative to post-exercise ( −20 % ; ±18 % ) . Conclusions Oral curcumin likely reduces pain associated with DOMS with some evidence for enhanced recovery of muscle performance . Further study is required on mechanisms and translational effects on sport or vocational performance Background Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage ( EIMD ) and delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) impact subsequent training sessions and activities of daily living ( ADL ) even in active individuals . In sedentary or diseased individuals , EIMD and DOMS may be even more pronounced and present even in the absence of structured exercise . Methods The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of oral curcumin supplementation ( Longvida ® 400 mg/days ) on muscle & ADL soreness , creatine kinase ( CK ) , and inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-8 , IL-10 ) following EMID ( eccentric-only dual-leg press exercise ) . Subjects ( N = 28 ) were r and omly assigned to either curcumin ( 400 mg/day ) or placebo ( rice flour ) and supplemented 2 days before to 4 days after EMID . Blood sample s were collected prior to ( PRE ) , and 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 days after EIMD to measure CK and inflammatory cytokines . Data were analyzed by ANOVA with P < 0.05 . Results Curcumin supplementation result ed in significantly smaller increases in CK ( − 48 % ) , TNF-α ( − 25 % ) , and IL-8 ( − 21 % ) following EIMD compared to placebo . We observed no significant differences in IL-6 , IL-10 , or quadriceps muscle soreness between conditions for this sample size . Conclusions Collectively , the findings demonstrated that consumption of curcumin reduced biological inflammation , but not quadriceps muscle soreness , during recovery after EIMD . The observed improvements in biological inflammation may translate to faster recovery and improved functional capacity during subsequent exercise sessions . General significance These findings support the use of oral curcumin supplementation to reduce the symptoms of EIMD . The next logical step is to evaluate further the efficacy of an inflammatory clinical disease model The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of oral consumption of curcumin and piperine in combination on the recovery kinetics after exercise-induced muscle damage . Forty-eight hours before and following exercise-induced muscle damage , ten elite rugby players consumed curcumin and piperine ( experimental condition ) or placebo . A r and omized cross-over design was performed . Concentric and isometric peak torque for the knee extensors , one leg 6 seconds sprint performance on a non-motorized treadmill , counter movement jump performance , blood creatine kinase concentration and muscle soreness were assessed immediately after exercise , then at 24h , 48h and 72h post-exercise . There were moderate to large effects of the exercise on the concentric peak torque for the knee extensors ( Effect size ( ES ) = -1.12 ; Confidence interval at 90 % ( CI90 % ) : -2.17 to -0.06 ) , the one leg 6 seconds sprint performance ( ES=-1.65 ; CI90 % = -2.51to -0.80 ) and the counter movement jump performance ( ES = -0.56 ; CI90 % = -0.81 to -0.32 ) in the 48h following the exercise . There was also a large effect of the exercise on the creatine kinase level 72h after the exercise in the control group ( ES = 3.61 ; CI90 % : 0.24 to 6.98 ) . This decrease in muscle function and this elevation in creatine kinase indicate that the exercise implemented was efficient to induce muscle damage . Twenty four hours post-exercise , the reduction ( from baseline ) in sprint mean power output was moderately lower in the experimental condition ( -1.77 ± 7.25 % ; 1277 ± 153W ) in comparison with the placebo condition ( -13.6 ± 13.0 % ; 1130 ± 241W ) ( Effect Size = -1.12 ; Confidence Interval 90%=-1.86 to -0.86 ) . However , no other effect was found between the two conditions . Curcumin and piperine supplementation before and after exercise can attenuate some , but not all , aspects of muscle damage Background Training recovery is vital for adaptation and performance , and to avoid cumulative fatigue and symptoms associated with overtraining . The use of cold-water immersion ( CWI ) as a recovery strategy is common ; however , the physiological and biochemical rationale behind its use remains unclear . This study aim ed to assess the relationship between body temperature responses to water immersion and individual perception of recovery , with subsequent exercise performance . Methods Twelve male rugby players participated in a 3-week cross-over trial where an intense 60 min conditioning session was followed immediately by 15 min of either 14 ° C CWI , 30 ° C warm-water immersion ( WWI ) or passive control ( CON ) recovery intervention . Postexercise body temperatures and subjective ratings of the recovery intervention were recorded and subsequently related to performance in a 5 × 40 m repeated sprint protocol undertaken 24 h later . Results CWI induced large reductions in core body temperature postimmersion ( effect size ( ES ) range 1.05–3.21 ) and improved subsequent sprint performance compared to WWI ( ES 1.04±0.84 ) and CON ( ES 1.44±0.84 ) . Both the degree of temperature decrease at 60 min postimmersion ( r=0.6948 ; p=0.0121 ) and the subjective rating of the recovery intervention ( r=0.5886 ; p=0.0441 ) were related to subsequent sprint performance . A very strong linear correlation was observed when these two factors were integrated ( r=0.7743 ; p=0.0031 ) . Conclusion A combination of physiological and psychological indices provides an improved indication of subsequent performance and suggests an important role of individual perception in enhancing training recovery Curcumin is known to have potent anti-inflammatory effects . We have reported that acute curcumin ingestion attenuates eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage . This study aim ed to examine the effect of curcumin ingestion timing ( before or after exercise ) on the changes in muscle damage markers after eccentric exercise . In this r and omized , single-blind , parallel design study , 24 healthy young men performed 
    Output:
    
The use of curcumin reduces the subjective perception of the intensity of muscle pain ; reduces muscle damage through the decrease of creatine kinase ( CK ) ; increases muscle performance ; has an anti-inflammatory effect by modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines , such as TNF-α , IL-6 , and IL-8 ; and may have a slight antioxidant effect .
In summary , the administration of curcumin at a dose between 150–1500 mg/day before and during exercise , and up until 72 h ’ post-exercise , improved performance by reducing EIMD and modulating the inflammation caused by physical activity .
In addition , humans appear to be able to tolerate high doses of curcumin without significant side-effects