***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Body image disturbances play a significant role in the development of eating disorders . Since body image can vary in diverse context s , the aim of the present experiment was to investigate whether it is affected by recent food intake . Fifty-seven females without clinical ly relevant eating disorders were r and omly assigned to an experimental group ( EG , n=28 ) that consumed a milkshake while watching a neutral film and a control group ( CG , n=29 ) that only viewed the movie . Before and after the tasks , participants filled in the " Body Image States Scale " and the " Mood Question naire " and indicated their own " actual " , " felt " and " ideal " body dimensions with a digital distortion technique based on a photograph of themselves . It was shown that after milkshake consumption , state body dissatisfaction as well as the discrepancy between " actual-ideal " and " felt-ideal " body size estimations was higher in the EG than in the CG . Judgements of the " actual " , " felt " and " ideal " body dimensions and of mood were not affected . Further analyses revealed that the effect of milkshake consumption on body image and mood was higher the more the participants displayed restrained eating or eating , weight and shape concerns in general . Clinical implication s are discussed Laughter or smile is one of the emotional expressions of pleasantness with characteristic contraction of the facial muscles , of which the neural substrate remains to be explored . This currently described study is the first to investigate the generation of human facial expression of pleasant emotion using positron emission tomography and H(2)(15)O.  Regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF ) during laughter/smile induced by visual comics and the magnitude of laughter/smile indicated significant correlation in the bilateral supplementary motor area ( SMA ) and left putamen ( P < 0.05 , corrected ) , but no correlation in the primary motor area ( M1 ) . In the voluntary facial movement , significant correlation between rCBF and the magnitude of EMG was found in the face area of bilateral M1 and the SMA ( P < 0.001 , uncorrected ) . Laughter/smile , as opposed to voluntary movement , activated the visual association areas , left anterior temporal cortex , left uncus , and orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices ( P < 0.05 , corrected ) , whereas voluntary facial movement generated by mimicking a laughing/smiling face activated the face area of the left M1 and bilateral SMA , compared with laughter/smile ( P < 0.05 , corrected ) . We demonstrated distinct neural substrates of emotional and volitional facial expression and defined cognitive and experiential processes of a pleasant emotion , laughter/smile OBJECTIVE To investigate attentional biases for body shape and weight-related stimulus words among subjects with anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , and control subjects classified using a measure of dietary restraint . METHODS A visual probe detection task was used to assess attention toward stimulus words reflecting either a thin or a large physique and positively or negatively valenced emotion words . RESULTS In comparison to controls , subjects with eating disorders  detected target probes more slowly when they appeared in the same location as had stimulus words connoting a thin physique . In addition , there was a trend toward faster detection or target probes that appeared in the same location as had stimulus words connoting a large physique . Neither of these effects were observed among restrained eaters . DISCUSSION Our results extend prior work suggesting information-processing biases for body shape and weight-related stimuli among persons with eating disorders The studies discussed in this report investigate the neural mechanisms involved in processing a  light tactile stimulus  as measured by positron emission tomography ( PET ) . This light tactile stimulus ( a 2-Hz tap with a von Frey hair ) produced a significant increase in regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF ) in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex ( SI ) and bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex ( SII ) , with a larger response in the side contralateral to the stimulus . Light tactile stimulation also produced activity in multiple discrete areas in the human inferior parietal lobule ( IPL ) , which we believe to comprise a region homologous to the monkey area 7b or feline tertiary somatosensory cortex ( SIII ) . Directing attention to the tactile stimulus increased blood flow to SIII and activated a right-lateralized cortical network , regardless of the side of body stimulated . Directed attention to the stimulus decreased blood flow to visual cortex , but minimally modulated SI rCBF The contribution of anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) to human cognition remains unclear . The rostral ( rACC ) and dorsal ( dACC ) ACC cortex are implicated in tasks that require increased response control due to emotional and cognitive interference , respectively . However , both rACC and dACC are activated by conditions that induce changes in visceral arousal , suggesting that ACC supports a generation of integrated bodily responses . To clarify the relationship between purely cognitive and psychophysiological accounts of ACC function , we scanned 15 subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed numerical versions of the Stroop task . To index autonomic arousal , we simultaneously measured pupil diameter . Performance errors accounted for most of the variance in a pupil-derived measure of evoked autonomic arousal . In analysis of the functional imaging data , activity within a region spanning rACC and dACC predicted trial-by-trial variation in autonomic response magnitude and was enhanced during error trials , shown using conjunction analyses . Activity within other loci within rACC predicted evoked autonomic arousal and showed sensitivity to errors but did not meet criteria for both . These data highlight the role of ACC in psychophysiological aspects of error processing and suggest that an interface exists within ACC between cognitive and biobehavioral systems in the service of response adaptation BACKGROUND Abnormalities in perception and evaluation of body shape are a hallmark of eating disorders . METHODS Brain responses to line drawings of underweight , normal weight , and overweight female bodies were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 9 women with bulimia nervosa , 13 with anorexia nervosa , and 18 healthy women . Participants rated the stimuli for fear and disgust . RESULTS In the three groups , the lateral fusiform gyrus , inferior parietal cortex , and lateral prefrontal cortex were activated in response to body shapes compared with the control condition ( drawings of houses ) . The responses in the lateral fusiform gyrus and in the parietal cortex were less strong in patients with eating disorders compared with healthy control subjects . Patients with eating disorders rated the body shapes in all weight categories as more aversive than did healthy women . In the group with eating disorders , the aversion ratings correlated positively with activity in the right medial apical prefrontal cortex . CONCLUSIONS Processing of female body shapes engages a distributed neural network , parts of which are underactive in women with eating disorders . The considerable variability in subjective emotional reaction to body shapes in patients with eating disorders is associated with differential activity in the prefrontal cortex BACKGROUND Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated abnormalities in visual body image processing in anorexia and bulimia nervosa , possibly underlying body image disturbance in these disorders . Although cognitive behavioural interventions have been shown to be successful in improving body image disturbance in eating disorders , no r and omized controlled study has yet analysed treatment-induced changes in neuronal correlates of visual body image processing . METHOD Altogether , 32 females with eating disorders were r and omly assigned either to a manualized cognitive behavioural body image therapy consisting of 10 group sessions , or to a waiting list control condition . Using functional magnetic resonance imaging , brain responses to viewing photographs of one 's own and another female 's body taken from 16 st and ardized perspectives while participants were wearing a uniform bikini were acquired before and after the intervention and the waiting time , respectively . RESULTS Data indicate a general blood oxygen level dependent signal enhancement in response to looking at photographs of one 's own body from pre- to post-treatment , whereas exclusively in the control group activation decreases from pre- to post-waiting time were observed . Focused activation increases from pre- to post-treatment were found in the left middle temporal gyrus covering the coordinates of the extrastriate body area and in bilateral frontal structures including the middle frontal gyrus . CONCLUSIONS Results point to a more intense neuronal processing of one 's own body after the cognitive behavioural body image therapy in cortical regions that are responsible for the visual processing of the human body and for self-awareness To test effects of body image therapy in anorexia nervosa , functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess neuronal responses to viewing photographs of one 's own body before and after treatment . Activation decreases emerged in a distributed network and increases were observed in the extrastriate body area , possibly reflecting more intense body image processing We measured brain activation in six anorexia nervosa patients and six healthy controls performing a novel emotional Stroop task using Fat , Thin , and Neutral words , and words made of XXXXs .  Reaction times increased in the patient group in Thin and Fat conditions . In the Thin – XXXX contrast , patients showed greater activation than controls at the junction of left insula , frontal and temporal lobes and in left middle and medial frontal gyri . In the Fat – XXXX contrast , controls showed greater activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right parietal areas . Mechanisms underlying attentional bias in anorexia nervosa likely differ under conditions of positive and negative valence . This paradigm is a promising tool to examine neural mediation of emotional response in anorexia nervosa Several studies have been carried out using the Stroop test in eating disorders . Some of these studies have brought to light the existence of cognitive and attention deficits linked principally to weight and to food in anorexic and bulimic patients . The aim of the current study is to replicate and to clarify the existence of cognitive and attention deficits in anorexic patients using the Stroop test and a word recognition test . The recognition test is made up of 160 words ; 80 words from the previous Stroop experiment mixed at r and om and matched from a semantic point of view to 80 distractions . The  recognition word test  is carried out 2 or 3 days after the Stroop test .  Thirty-two subjects took part in the study : 16 female patients hospitalised for anorexia nervosa and 16 normal females as controls . Our results do not enable us to confirm the existence of specific cognitive deficits in anorexic patients 
    Output:
    
For both food stimuli and body stimuli , AN patients showed increased hemodynamic response in the emotion-related regions ( frontal , cau date , uncus , insula and temporal ) and decreased activation in the parietal region .
Although no robust brain activation has been found in response to emotional stimuli , emotion-related neural networks are involved in the processing of food and body stimuli among AN .
It suggests that negative emotional arousal is related to cognitive processing bias of food and body stimuli in AN