***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE This study 's purpose was to test silver diammine fluoride ( SDF ) in arresting incipient occlusal caries in erupting permanent first molars and to compare it with other approaches . METHODS Sixty-six first erupting permanent molars were r and omly divided into 3 groups : cross tooth-brushing technique ( CTT ) , application of SDF , and glass ionomer fissure sealant ( GIC ) . The clinical procedures were conducted by the same dentist . Teeth were assessed clinical ly by 1 blinded examiner using visual inspection at baseline and after 3 , 6 , 12 , 18 , and 30 months and radiographically at 6- , 12- , and 30-month follow-up evaluations . The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to compare noninvasive treatments , and the Friedman test was performed to evaluate differences for each group during different follow-up periods . RESULTS A reduced number of active caries lesions was noted in all groups . After 3 and 6 months , SDF showed a significantly greater capacity for arresting caries lesions than CTT and GIC . At 18- and 30-month evaluations , no differences were observed among the 3 groups . All groups showed differences between baseline and all follow-up re-examinations . CONCLUSIONS All the tested techniques are equally efficient in controlling initial occlusal caries in erupting permanent first molars after 30-months of follow-up Glass ionomer cements possess several properties that support their consideration in a wide variety of clinical applications including Pit and fissure sealants . The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate Fuji III and Fuji VII glass ionomer sealants in terms of retention , caries incidence and salivary fluoride release between two groups of children aged 6 and -8 years respectively . One hundred and ten first permanent molars were sealed and the clinical evaluation showed no incidence of caries . There was partial or complete retention of the sealant in 80 % of the treated teeth in both groups at the one-year evaluation . Irrespective of the sealant used , the pattern of fluoride release remained consistent , with an initial high fluoride release followed by low prolonged leakage before returning to baseline value at the end of one year The aim of the present study was to compare intraindividually a type III fissure-sealant , glass ionomer cement with a resin-based sealant .  One hundred and forty-eight first permanent molars were sealed in forty-seven children . After three years 20.8 percent of the resin and 34.7 percent of the glass ionomer cement sealants were partially lost , and 0 percent and 37.5 percent , respectively , were totally lost . One tooth ( 1.4 percent ) in the glass ionomer cement group and three teeth ( 4.2 percent ) in the resin group developed caries The aims of the present study were to evaluate the retention and caries-preventive effect of a single application of a light-cured resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement ( Vitrebond ) in pits and fissures of newly erupted permanent first and second molars , when compared with a single application of a resin-based sealant ( Concise White Sealant ) during a 3-year period . The study group comprised 73 pairs of contralateral newly erupted permanent first and second molars ( 136 fissure sites ) in 53 children ( 29 girls , 24 boys ) . A split-mouth experimental design was used in which the two sealants were r and omly allocated to one of the teeth within each pair . Acid etching was not used before application of the glass-ionomer cement . The sealed teeth were checked for retention and caries after 1 , 6 , 12 , 24 and 36 months . The resin-based sealant was almost totally retained after 3 years ( 97 % ) and there was no caries in these teeth . The glass-ionomer cement was increasingly lost and could be observed in only 9 % of the sealed sites after 3 years . Carious lesions developed in 10 ( 7.4 % ) sites ( nine teeth , seven children ) . It was concluded that the resin-based sealant is superior to the glass-ionomer cement in preventing caries , and that the superior retention of the resin probably is an important factor for this OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the caries-preventive effect of sealants produced with a high-viscosity glass-ionomer with an elevated powder-liquid ratio ( ART ) , of having energy added to this glass-ionomer , and that of glass-carbomer , in comparison to that of resin composite sealants . METHODS The r and omized controlled trial covered 407 children , with a mean age of 8 years . At a school compound three dentists placed sealants in pits and fissures of high caries-risk children . Evaluation by two independent evaluators was conducted after 0.5 , 1 and 2 years . The Kaplan-Meier survival method , ANOVA and t-test were used in analyzing the data . RESULTS 1352 first permanent molars were sealed . 6.6 % of children and 6.8 % of sealants dropped out within 2 years . 27 re-exposed pits and fissures , 20 in occlusal and 7 in smooth surfaces , in 25 children , developed a dentin carious lesion . The cumulative survival of dentin carious lesion-free pits and fissures in the  glass-carbomer sealant group was statistically significantly lower ( 97.4 % ) than those in the high-viscosity glass-ionomer with energy supplied ( 99 % ) and the resin-composite ( 98.9 % ) sealant groups . There was no statistically significant difference in the cumulative survival of dentin carious lesion-free pits and fissures , between the high-viscosity glass-ionomer with ( 99 % ) and without ( 98.3 % ) energy supplied sealant groups , after 2 years . SIGNIFICANCE The survival of dentin carious lesion-free pits and fissures was high in all sealant types . More dentin carious lesions were observed in the glass-carbomer sealant group The present study compares visible-light Delton with Duraphat fluoride varnish for the prevention of occlusal caries in permanent first molars . A clinical trial was carried out in three groups of 6 - 8-yr-old schoolchildren : a sealant group ( 100 children ) , in which Delton light-polymerized fissure sealant was applied to permanent first molars ; a varnish group ( 98 children ) , in which Duraphat was applied to permanent first molars ; and a control group ( 116 children ) .  Replacement ( sealant ) and reapplication ( varnish ) was carried out every 6 months . Percent effectiveness at 24 months ( percentage of saving from caries taking molars as analysis unit ) for those molars initially healthy and with complete occlusal eruption was analyzed . 272 , 252 and 238 molars met the inclusion criteria in the control , varnish and sealant groups , respectively . Of these , 45.2 % , 28.2 % and 10.5 % developed caries after 24 months . The effectiveness was greater in the sealed molars than in the varnished molars ( 62.7 % ) PURPOSE This study examined the effects of a widely used ( Delton Pit & Fissure Sealant - Light Cure Opaque , DENTSPLY Professional , York , PA ) pit and fissure sealant material on bisphenol A ( BPA ) levels in blood and saliva , among both low and high-dose groups over time . METHODS A convenience sample of 30 adults from the Old Dominion University population were r and omly and evenly divided into 2 independent variable groups : a low-dose group ( 1 occlusal sealant application ) and high-dose group ( 4 occlusal sealant applications ) . A 2 group , time series design was used to examine the presence and concentration of BPA in serum and saliva after sealant placement . Differences comparing low-dose and high-dose groups were examined 1 hour prior ( baseline ) , 1 hour post , 3 hours post and 24 hours after sealant placement , as measured by a direct-competitive BPA Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay ( ELISA ) . Hypothesized outcomes were evaluated by applying a parametric , 2 way ANOVA for repeated measures technique to data on the 30 participants ranging in age from 18 to 40 years , and were of mixed gender and ethnicity . RESULTS BPA was detected in the saliva of all participants prior to sealant placement and ranged from 0.07 to 6.00 ng/ml at baseline . Salivary BPA concentration levels peaked over a 3 hour period following sealant placement and returned to baseline levels within 24 hours . BPA was significantly elevated at all post-sealant placement time periods for both the low-dose ( 1 occlusal sealant application ) and high-dose ( 4 occlusal sealant applications ) groups with peak levels of 3.98 ng/ml and 9.08 ng/ml , respectively . The blood serum did not contain BPA at any point in this investigation . CONCLUSIONS Exposure to BPA from sources other than dental resins contributes to salivary baseline concentration levels and indicates environmental exposure and use of products containing BPA . Use of specific molecular formulations of dental sealant material determines the release of BPA , therefore , dental sealant material s should be review ed independently when question ing the release of BPA from dental sealants . In addition , dosage amounts of the dental sealant material used in this study do not influence the serum concentration levels of BPA . Further research is needed to examine the cumulative estrogenic effects of BPA from dental sealants The aim of the present trial was to ( 1 ) compare the caries-preventive effect of glass ionomer sealants , placed according to the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) procedure , with composite resin sealants over time and ( 2 ) investigate the caries-preventive effect after complete disappearance of sealant material . Forty-six boys and 57 girls , mean age 7.8 years , were r and omly divided into two treatment groups in a parallel-group study design . A light-polymerized composite resin sealant material and a high-viscosity glass ionomer were each placed in 180 fully erupted first molars in their respective treatment groups . Evaluation took place annually for 5 years by calibrated examiners . After 5 years , 86 % composite resin and 88 % glass ionomer sealants did not survive . Three categories of re-exposure periods for caries development in pits and fissures after complete loss of sealants were distinguished : 0–1 , 1–2 and 2–3 years . In the 2- to 3-year group , 13 and 3 % of pits and fissures previously sealed with composite resin and glass ionomer , respectively , were diagnosed as having developed a dentine lesion . The relative risks ( 95 % CI ) of dentine lesion development in surfaces sealed with glass ionomer compared to those sealed with composite resin after 3 , 4 and 5 years were 0.22 ( 0.06–0.82 ) , 0.32 ( 0.14–0.73 ) and 0.28 ( 0.13–0.61 ) , respectively . The relative risks of dentine lesion development in pits and fissures previously sealed with glass ionomer compared with composite resin over re-exposure periods of 1–2 and 2–3 years were 0.26 ( 0.14–0.48 ) and 0.25 ( 0.09–0.68 ) , respectively . We conclude that the caries-preventive effect of high-viscosity glass ionomer sealants , placed using the ART procedure , was between 3.1 and 4.5 times higher than that of composite resin sealants after 3–5 years . Furthermore , high-viscosity ( ART ) glass ionomer sealants appear to have a four times higher chance of preventing caries development in re-exposed pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces in first molars than light-cured composite resin sealant material over a 1- to 3-year period . A well- design ed clinical trial using different types of oral health personnel should be implemented to confirm these initial results Results of a 3-year clinical trial of Delton fissure sealant resin are reported . 41 % of first molar fissures remained fully sealed after 3 years . Significant differences were found between the levels of resin retention produced by the two operators and retention was significantly better on m and ibular molars than on maxillary molars . In a separate group of 11-year-old children 77 % of fissures were full)’sealed after 3 years The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive methods of treatment for active incipent occlusal caries . Anamnesis , professional prophylaxis , and visual inspection were used to classify 250 Brazilian pre-school-children . First permanent decayed molars ( n=98 ) from thirty-one subjects ( 6 years+ 6 months ) were selected and divided into three groups . Group 1 : fissure sealants with resin-modified glass ionomer - Vitremer ( n=29 ) ; Group 2 : fluoride varnish -Duraphat ( n=36 ) and control group : tooth brushing and 0.2 percent NaF weekly mouthwashes ( n=33 ) . Four clinical evaluations were carried out over three , six , nine , and twelve months . Caries activity and progression were observed through clinical and radiographic evaluation . The results were analyzed by Fisher = s Exact test . After twelve months , the results showed 100 percent of arrestment of caries activity for Group 1 , 83.3 percent for group 2 , and 72.7 percent 
    Output:
    
The application of sealants is a recommended procedure to prevent or control caries .
Sealing the occlusal surfaces of permanent molars in children and adolescents reduces caries up to 48 months when compared to no sealant , after longer follow-up the quantity and quality of the evidence is reduced .