***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A considerable number of varied agents are apparently effective in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity . In particular , the literature supports the efficacy of strontium , potassium and fluoride containing toothpastes . This study was a double-blind , r and omised , parallel group comparison of three products , namely strontium- and potassium-based desensitising toothpastes both containing fluoride , and a conventional fluoride toothpaste . A total of 131 subjects entered a 4-week wash-in phase using the  conventional fluoride toothpaste  , of whom 120 entered a 6-week treatment phase . Sensitive teeth were evaluated at wash-in baseline , treatment baseline and after 2 and 6 weeks use of the treatment pastes . Dentine hypersensitivity was assessed with tactile and cold air stimuli together with an overall subjective assessment . Analysis of the findings was performed using non-parametric statistical methods . Of the original 120 subjects , 112 completed the trial . All 3 toothpaste groups showed reductions in sensitivity over the 6 weeks ; however , no significant differences were found between the three products at any given time . Interestingly , there was no significant change in sensitivity between wash-in baseline and treatment baseline for the cold air stimulus with the fluoride-only-based paste . However , for the group using the same fluoride toothpaste , there was significant improvement between wash-in baseline and week 6 , and treatment baseline and week 6 for this stimulus , suggesting a substantial placebo effect occurred . There is a need for further investigation of a wash-in period and examination of the placebo effect when evaluating dentine hypersensitivity trials OBJECTIVE The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the immediate and short-term effects of laser neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd : YAG ) irradiation and in-office desensitizing treatment on dentin tubule occlusion . BACKGROUND DATA Literature shows a lack of long-lasting treatments for dentin hypersensitivity . METHODS Forty-eight dentin slabs ( 4 × 4 × 2 mm ) were ground flat , polished , and treated with 27 % ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) to open the dentinal tubules . Specimens were r and omly divided into the following experimental groups ( n=12 ) : Group 1 : Control ( no treatment ) ; Group 2 : Nd : YAG laser irradiation ( 100 mJ , 85 J/cm(2 ) per pulse with a quartz fiber of 400 μm , in scanning movements ) ; Group 3 : In-office prophylaxis with pumice ; Group 4 : In-office Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief ™ Desensitizing Paste . Treatments were performed according to the manufacturer 's instructions . After treatment , the specimens were su bmi tted to a sequence of erosive and abrasive challenges , twice a day for 5 days . The specimens were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy immediately after treatment and after 4 and 5 days . The response variable was the amount of occluded dentin tubules per area , determined by three different examiners with the use of visual criteria , with a st and ardized grade created in the PowerPoint program . Data were compared with ANOVA and Tukey 's test , considering a 5 % significance level . RESULTS Immediately after treatment , a reduction in the number of opened dentin tubules was observed for the laser group when compared with the control group ( p<0.05 ) . After the experimental procedures , there were no quantitative differences between the amount of opened dentin tubules for all groups ; however , micrographs showed some qualitative tubule occlusion for the laser group after the erosive/abrasive challenge . CONCLUSIONS only laser irradiation was capable of immediately sealing the dentinal tubules ; however , none of the treatments showed efficacy in maintaining tubule occlusion after the chemical and mechanical challenges The aim of this r and omized , longitudinal clinical study was to evaluate different protocol s for dentin hypersensitivity treatment with low-power laser at different dosages , desensitizing agent , and associations , for a period of 6 months . After analysis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of volunteer participants , those who present pain result ing from non-carious cervical lesions were selected . Twenty-seven patients participated in the study , and 55 lesions were recorded . The lesions were divided into five groups ( n = 11 ) , treated , and evaluated : G1 : Gluma Desensitizer ( Heraeus ) ; G2 : low-power laser ( Photon Lase , DMC ) at low dose ( three vestibular points and one apical point of irradiation : 30 mW , 10 J/cm2 , 9 s per point with wavelength of 810 nm ) , three sessions were performed with an interval of 72 h between them ; G3 : low-power laser at high dose ( application at one cervical and one apical point : 100 mW , 90 J/cm2 , 11 s per point with wavelength of 810 nm ) , three sessions were performed with an interval of 72 h between irradiations ; G4 : low-power laser at low dose + Gluma Desensitizer ; and G5 : low-power laser at high dose + Gluma Desensitizer , the level of sensitivity of each volunteer was evaluated with a visual analog scale of pain ( VAS ) with the use of air from a triple syringe and exploration with a probe after time intervals of 5 min , 1 week , and 1 , 3 , and 6 months after treatment . Data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis . Kolmogorov – Smirnov test was used to verify the distribution of the data , and nonparametric Kruskal – Wallis and Friedman tests were performed for comparison among the experimental groups and time intervals studied , respectively . Statistically significant differences between the studied time intervals ( p < 0.05 ) were detected . From the difference in pain , it was observed that for both stimuli , the protocol with the Gluma desensitizing agent presented immediate effects of pain reduction . For low-level lasers , it was observed that there were distinct effects for the different doses ; however , both were efficient in reducing pain up to the 6 months of clinical follow-up . Therefore , it could be concluded that all the desensitizing protocol s were effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity , but with different effects . The combination of protocol s is an interesting alternative in the treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity Cervical dentine hypersensitivity is the most frequent complaint among reported odontalgias . Thus , this study evaluated the effectiveness of two types of lasers ( 660 nm wavelength red , and 830 nm wavelength infrared ) as dentine desensitizers , as well as both the immediate and late therapeutic effects in individuals 25 to 45 years of age . A total of 40 teeth with cervical exposure were treated in 4 sessions . They were divided into 2 groups according to treatment . A 660 nm wavelength red diode laser and an 830 nm wavelength infrared diode laser were used . Dentine sensitivity to cold nociceptive stimulus was evaluated by means of a pain numeric scale from zero to 10 before each treatment session , at 15 and 30 min after irradiation , and in a follow-up period of 15 , 30 and 60 days after the end of treatment . Significant levels of dentinal desensitization were only found in patients ranging in age from 25 to 35 years . The 660 nm red diode laser was more effective than the 830 nm infrared laser and a higher level of desensitization was observed at the 15 and 30 minute post-irradiation examinations . The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the 660 nm red diode laser were more evident in 25 - 35-year-old patients compared with those of the 830 nm infrared diode laser , in terms of the different age groups OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical efficacy of the GaAlAs laser and dentin bonding agent in treating dentin hypersensitivity . METHODS One hundred and forty teeth from 70 patients diagnosed with dentin hypersensitivity , were divided into two groups : In group I , teeth were irradiated with 30 mW GaAlAs laser for 1 min and in group II , teeth were applied with dentin bonding agent . Sensitivity was assessed by tactile and thermal tests , measured with the criteria proposed by Uchida at baseline and after treatment ; immediately , at 15 and at 30 days . RESULTS The reduction of dentin hypersensitivity was observed in both treatments using the GaAlAs laser and dentin bonding agent . However , a greater reduction was observed over time up to day 15 and no significant change was observed between days 15 and 30 . Statistically significant differences in the level of dentin hypersensitivity between bonding agent and the GaAlAs laser were found at each observation period ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The GaAlAs laser had less desensitizing efficacy compared with dentin bonding agent . However , the desensitizing effect of the GaAlAs laser still could be considered an effective therapy for treating dentin hypersensitivity Clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity have been numerous and protocol s varied . To date there is little consensus as to the conduct of studies on this poorly-understood yet common and painful dental condition . A committee of interested persons from academia and industry was convened to discuss the subject of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity and a consensus report is presented . A double-blind r and omized parallel groups design is recommended , although cross-over design s may be used for the preliminary screening of agents . Subjects may have multiple sites scored . Sample size will be determined by estimating the variability in the study population , the effect to be detected and the power of the statistical test to be used . Subject selection is based on a clinical diagnosis of dentine hypersensitivity , excluding those with conflicting characteristics such as currently-active medical or dental therapy . The vestibular surfaces of incisors , cuspids and bicuspids are preferred as sites to be tested . A range of sensitivity levels should be included . Tactile , cold and evaporative air stimuli should be applied . Negative and benchmark controls should be incorporated . Most trials should last 8 weeks . Sensitivity may be assessed either in terms of the stimulus intensity required to evoke pain or the subjective evaluation of pain produced by a stimulus using a visual analog or other appropriate scale . The subject 's overall assessment may be determined by question naire . Outcomes should be expressed in terms of clinical ly significant changes in symptoms . Follow-up evaluation is required to determine the persistence of changes . At least 2 independent trials should be conducted before a product receives approval BACKGROUND Methods used by dental practitioners to diagnose and treat dentin hypersensitivity are not well documented . The authors conducted a survey of dentists in the Northwest Practice -based REsearch Collaborative in Evidence -based DENTistry ( PRECEDENT ) to ascertain the treatment methods they used . Methods . Via an Internet survey , the authors collected data regarding methods used for diagnosis and treatment of dentin hypersensitivity from 209 Northwest PRECEDENT dentists . RESULTS The PRECEDENT dentists indicated that they most often used fluoride varnishes and gels , advice regarding toothbrushing and diet , bonding agents , restorative material s and glutaraldehyde/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ( HEMA ) to treat dentin hypersensitivity . They reported that the most successful treatments were fluorides , glutaraldehyde/HEMA , bonding agents , potassium nitrates and restorative treatments ; they considered observation , advice regarding toothbrushing and diet and laser therapy to be the least successful . Dentists listed fluorides , calcium phosphates , glutaraldehyde/HEMA and bonding agents as the treatments most desirable for inclusion in a future r and omized clinical trial of dental hypersensitivity treatments . CONCLUSIONS Dentists rely on patients to assess the severity of dentin hypersensitivity . Modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity are diverse . Methods used to diagnose and treat dentin hypersensitivity in practice are challenging to justify . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Practitioners should be aware of the diversity of methods available for diagnosing and treating dentin hypersensitivity as they manage the care of their patients with this condition OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the immediate and 3 month clinical effects of a low-level gallium-aluminum-arsenide ( GaAlAs ) laser and a 3 % potassium oxalate gel for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 164 teeth from 30 patients with clinical diagnoses of dentinal hypersensitivity were selected for this r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind clinical study . The teeth were r and omized to three groups : GaAlAs laser , oxalate gel , and placebo gel . The treatment sessions were performed at 7 d intervals for four consecutive weeks . The degree of sensitivity in response to an air blast and tactile stimuli was assessed according to a visual analogue scale at baseline , immediately after the fourth application , and then 3 months after the fourth application . The reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity from baseline at the two follow-up assessment s were evaluated as the main outcome . RESULTS In both the active and control groups , there were statistically significant reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity immediately after and 3 months after the treatments , when compared with the hypersensitivity at baseline . No significant differences among the three groups could be detected in their efficacy at either the immediate or 3 month evaluations irrespective of the stimulus . CONCLUSIONS The treatments under study were effective for reducing dentinal hypersensitivity , and longer observational periods could enhance the ability of studies to detect differences between active and placebo groups The aim of this study was to evaluate low-level laser therapy in  cervical dentin hypersensitivity . A r and omized controlled clinical 
    Output:
    
PBM may not lead to adverse effects provided that adequately controlled parameters are followed when treating DH .