***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To compare the last generation of 3-dimensional imaging ( 3D ) vs st and ard 2-dimensional imaging ( 2D ) laparoscopy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A prospect i ve observational study was conducted during the 4th Minimally Invasive Urological Surgical Week Course held in Braga ( Portugal ) in April 2013 . The course participants and faculty were asked to perform st and ardized tasks in the dry laboratory setting and r and omly assigned into 2 study groups ; one starting with 3D , the other with 2D laparoscopy . The 5 tasks of the European Training in Basic Laparoscopic Urological Skills were performed . Time to complete each task and errors made were recorded and analyzed . An end-of- study question naire was filled by the participants . RESULTS Ten laparoscopic experts and 23 laparoscopy-naïve residents were included . Overall , a significantly better performance was obtained using 3D in terms of time ( 1115 seconds , interquartile range [ IQR ] 596 - 1469 vs 1299 seconds , IQR 620 - 1723 ; P = .027 ) and number of errors ( 2 , IQR 1 - 3 vs 3 , IQR 2 - 5.5 ; P = .001 ) . However , the experts were faster only in the " peg transfer " task when using the 3D , whereas naïves improved their performance in 3 of the 5 tasks . A linear correlation between level of experience and performance was found . Three-dimensional imaging was perceived as " easier " by a third of the laparoscopy-naïve participants ( P = .027 ) . CONCLUSION Three-dimensional imaging seems to facilitate surgical performance of urologic surgeons without laparoscopic background in the dry laboratory setting . The advantage provided by 3D for those with previous laparoscopic experience remains to be demonstrated . Further studies are needed to determine the actual advantage of 3D over st and ard 2D laparoscopy in the clinical setting INTRODUCTION We compared the impact of two-dimensional ( 2D ) versus three-dimensional ( 3D ) visualization on both objective and subjective measures of laparoscopic performance using the vali date d Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery ( FLS ) skill set . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-three individuals with varying laparoscopic experience completed three essential drills from the FLS skill set ( peg transfer , pattern cutting , and suturing/knot tying ) in both 2D and 3D . Participants were r and omized to begin all tasks in either 2D or 3D .  Time to completion and number of attempts required to achieve proficiency were measured for each task . Errors were also noted . Participants completed question naires evaluating their experiences with both visual modalities . RESULTS Across all tasks , greater speed was achieved in 3D versus 2D : peg transfer , 183.4 versus 245.6 seconds ( P<.0001 ) ; pattern cutting , 167.7 versus 209.3 seconds ( P=.004 ) ; and suturing/knot tying , 255.2 versus 329.5 seconds ( P=.031 ) . Fewer errors were committed in the peg transfer task in 3D versus 2D ( P=.008 ) . Fourteen participants required multiple attempts to achieve proficiency in one or more tasks in 2D , compared with 7 in 3D . Subjective measures of efficiency and accuracy also favored 3D visualization . The advantage of 3D vision persisted independent of participants ' level of technical expertise ( novice versus intermediate/expert ) . There were no differences in reported side effects between the two visual modalities . Overall , 87.9 % of participants preferred 3D visualization . CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional vision appears to greatly enhance laparoscopic proficiency based on objective and subjective measures . In our experience , 3D visualization produced no more eye strain , headaches , or other side effects than 2D visualization . Participants overwhelmingly preferred 3D visualization Background Simulators are being used to teach laparoscopic skills before residents get to the operating room . It is unknown whether the use of three-dimensional ( 3D ) vision will facilitate laparoscopic training . Therefore , our objective was to compare the effectiveness of using 3D imaging over the traditional two-dimensional ( 2D ) imaging to teach laparoscopic simulator skills to novice individuals and assess whether 3D imaging ameliorates laparoscopic performance for surgeons who have already adapted to working within a 2D surgical environment . Methods This prospect i ve study involved 36 surgical residents and students . Inexperienced participants included medical students and first- and second-year surgical residents ( n = 25 ) . Experienced participants included third- and fifth-year surgical residents ( n = 11 ) . Participants were tested on six laparoscopic skills using 2D or 3D imaging systems and then retested about 3 months later using the opposing imaging system . Evaluation of performance was based on the time elapsed to task completion and the errors committed during that time . Results The experienced participants performed better than the inexperienced participants regardless of the imaging system . Inexperienced participants initially tested using 2D imaging required significantly more time and /or made more errors to complete five of the six laparoscopic tasks compared to those initially tested using 3D imaging ( p < 0.05 ) . After initial testing on 3D imaging , inexperienced participants retested using 2D imaging performed significantly better on five of six tasks compared to the scores of inexperienced participants initially tested on 2D imaging ( p < 0.05 ) . In contrast , the inexperienced participants ’ retested on 3D after initial 2D imaging did not improve on any laparoscopic task compared to the scores of inexperienced participants initially tested on 3D imaging . Among the experienced participants , no significant difference in time or errors to task completion was observed under 2D imaging compared to 3D imaging during the first or second testing session . Conclusions Our study indicates that 3D imaging offers significant advantages in the teaching of laparoscopic skills to inexperienced individuals BACKGROUND The use of three-dimensional imaging in laparoscopy is a growing issue and has led to 3D systems in laparoscopic simulation . Studies on box trainers have shown differing results concerning the benefit of 3D imaging . There are currently no studies analysing 3D imaging in virtual reality laparoscopy ( VRL ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Five surgical fellows , 10 surgical residents and 29 undergraduate medical students performed abstract and procedural tasks on a VRL simulator using conventional 2D and 3D imaging in a r and omised order . RESULTS No significant differences between the two imaging systems were shown for students or medical professionals . Participants who preferred three-dimensional imaging showed significantly better results in 2D as wells as in 3D imaging . DISCUSSION First results on three-dimensional imaging on box trainers showed different results . Some studies result ed in an advantage of 3D imaging  for laparoscopic novices . This study did not confirm the superiority of 3D imaging  over conventional 2D imaging in a VRL simulator . CONCLUSION In the present study on 3D imaging on a VRL simulator there was no significant advantage for  3D imaging  compared to conventional 2D imaging Background Though theoretically superior to st and ard 2D visualization , 3D video systems have not yet achieved a breakthrough in laparoscopy . The latest 3D monitors , including autostereoscopic displays and high-definition ( HD ) resolution , are design ed to overcome the existing limitations . Methods We performed a r and omized study on 48 individuals with different experience levels in laparoscopy .  Three different 3D displays ( glasses-based 3D monitor , autostereoscopic display , and a mirror-based theoretically ideal 3D display ) were compared to a 2D HD display by assessing multiple performance and mental workload parameters and rating the subjects during a laparoscopic suturing task . Electromagnetic tracking provided information on the instruments ’ pathlength , movement velocity , and economy . The usability , the perception of visual discomfort , and the quality of image transmission of each monitor were subjectively rated . Results Almost all performance parameters were superior with the conventional glasses-based 3D display compared to the 2D display and the autostereoscopic display , but were often significantly exceeded by the mirror-based 3D display . Subjects performed a task faster and with greater precision when visualization was achieved with the 3D and the mirror-based display . Instrument pathlength was shortened by improved depth perception . Workload parameters ( NASA TLX ) did not show significant differences . Test persons complained of impaired vision while using the autostereoscopic monitor . The 3D and 2D displays were rated user-friendly and applicable in daily work . Experienced and inexperienced laparoscopists profited equally from using a 3D display , with an improvement in task performance about 20 % . Conclusion Novel 3D displays improve laparoscopic interventions as a result of faster performance and higher precision without causing a higher mental workload . Therefore , they have the potential to significantly impact the further development of minimally invasive surgery . However , as shown by the custom-built 3D mirror display , this effect can be improved , thus stimulating further research OBJECTIVES Pure laparoscopic urologic surgery is becoming the st and ard of care for many urologic procedures . Training surgeons without any experience in the field is still a challenge . It is well recognized that two-dimensional optics causes difficulty for the novice . Thus , we assessed a new-generation , three-dimensional ( 3D ) visualization system . METHODS Fifteen laparoscopically novice surgeons were asked to perform five vali date d laparoscopic training exercises using the two-dimensional and 3D systems in r and om order : ( a ) linear cutting and suturing ; ( b ) curved cutting and suturing ; ( c ) tubular suturing ; ( d ) dorsal vein complex suturing simulation ; and ( e ) urethrovesical anastomosis . The objective ( time taken to complete the task versus the time needed by an expert ) and subjective ( accuracy on completion versus an expert 's ) scoring were performed independently by advanced laparoscopists . Statistical analysis was performed using the t test . RESULTS All tasks were completed by the participants . The statistical analysis revealed a trend toward improved task performance using 3D visualization . CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary testing has suggested that the new-generation , 3D system used will be helpful for developing skills in laparoscopy for the novice surgeon BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Experienced endoscopic surgeons have adapted to the absence of depth perception while using two-dimensional ( 2-D ) visualization . However , three-dimensional ( 3-D ) vision may prove useful at least at the beginning of the learning curve in celioscopic training . METHODS In a pelvitrainer with a fixed camera , two skill tests were design ed to assess the performance of three groups of operators : " non-surgeons " , " non-celioscopist surgeons " , and " trained celioscopists " . In the first test , the c and i date had to touch with a needle a sequence of dots distributed on a 7.1-cm2 area . In the second test , a 6 - 0 C-1 needle had to be passed consecutively through two 1-mm holes made in a thin vertical plastic wall . Each test was performed ten times , using either 2-D vision ( five times ) or 3-D vision ( five times ) interspersed in a r and om manner . RESULTS In both tests and within each group , performance was related to the experience of the operator , with the trained celioscopists ' group obtaining the best results and the non-surgeons the worst . In every situation , including the trained celioscopists ' group , 3-D vision significantly improved performances . No significant difference was observed between the results of the non-celioscopist surgeons ' group using 3-D vision and those of the trained celioscopists ' group using 2-D vision . CONCLUSIONS 3-D vision improves the performance and accuracy of endoscopic surgeons . It provides a visual perception " close to reality " , and helps celioscopic beginners to accelerate their training Background Surgeons performing laparoscopic surgery have strong biases regarding the quality and nature of the laparoscopic video monitor display . In a comparative study , we used a unique computerized sensing and analysis system to evaluate the various types of monitors employed in laparoscopic surgery . Methods We compared the impact of different types of monitor displays on an individual ’s performance of a laparoscopic training task which required the subject to move the instrument to a set of targets . Participants ( varying from no laparoscopic experience to board-certified surgeons ) were asked to perform the assigned task while using all three display systems , which were r and omly assigned : a conventional laparoscopic monitor system ( 2D ) , a high-definition monitor system ( HD ) , and a stereoscopic display ( 3D ) . The effects of monitor system on various performance parameters ( total time consumed to finish the task , average speed , and movement economy ) were analyzed by computer . Each of the subjects filled out a subjective question naire at the end of their training session . Results A total of 27 participants completed our study . Performance with the HD monitor was significantly slower than with either the 3D or 2D monitor ( p < 0.0001 ) . Movement economy with the HD monitor was significantly reduced compared with the 3D ( p < 0.0004 ) or 2D ( p < 0.0001 ) monitor . In terms of average time required to complete the task , performance with the 3D monitor was significantly faster than with the HD ( p < 0.0001 ) or 2D ( p < 0.0086 ) monitor . However , the HD system was the overwhelming favorite according to subjective evaluation . Conclusion Computerized sensing and analysis is capable of quantitatively assessing the seemingly minor effect of monitor display on surg 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Overall , 3D laparoscopy appears to improve speed and reduce the number of performance errors when compared to 2D laparoscopy .