***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Obesity has been linked with low levels of ω-3 fatty acids . Generally , intervention studies have failed to establish benefits of supplementation with ω-3PUFA in reducing  body weight or fat mass in humans . The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with LCω-3PUFA alone , then consumed concomitantly with a very low energy diet ( VLED ) , facilitated weight loss , improvements in blood lipids and positive changes to inflammatory mediators . This was a double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . For 4 weeks of prior supplementation , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day monounsaturated oil ( placebo ) , the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day LCω-3PUFA ( fish oil ) each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA , while consuming their usual diet . Each group continued with their supplements for another 4 weeks while both groups followed a VLED regimen ( n = 19 placebo , n = 20 fish  oil ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline , at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks . At 4 weeks levels of EPA and DHA increased two-fold in the fish oil group ( P < 0.001 ) , with no significant changes to anthropometric measurements for either group . At 8 weeks a significant 3-way interaction between time , group and gender was observed for percentage reduction in weight , F(1,35 ) = 5.55 , P = 0.024 , and BMI , F(1,35 ) = 5.3 , P = 0.027 with a greater percentage decrease for females in FO compared to PB for weight ( -7.21 % vs.-5.82 % ) and BMI ( -7.43 % vs.-5.91 % ) respectively ( P < 0.05 for both ) . It would appear that supplementation with LCω-3PUFA had a time dependent effect on weight loss in females Limited data on sex differences in body composition changes in response to higher protein diets ( PRO ) compared to higher carbohydrate diets ( CARB ) suggest that a PRO diet helps preserve lean mass ( LM ) in women more so than in men . Objective To compare male and female body composition responses to weight loss diets differing in macronutrient content . Design Twelve month r and omized clinical trial with 4mo of weight loss and 8mo weight maintenance . SubjectsOverweight ( N = 130 ; 58 male ( M ) , 72 female ( F ) ; BMI = 32.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ) middle-aged subjects were r and omized to energy-restricted  ( deficit ~500 kcal/d ) diets providing protein at 1.6 g.kg-1.d-1 ( PRO ) or 0.8 g.kg-1.d-1 ( CARB )  . LM and fat mass ( FM ) were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry . Body composition outcomes were tested in a repeated measures ANOVA controlling for sex , diet , time and their two- and three-way interactions at 0 , 4 , 8 and 12mo . Results When expressed as percent change from baseline , males and females lost similar amounts of weight at 12mo ( M:-11.2 ± 7.1 % , F:-9.9 ± 6.0 % ) , as did diet groups ( PRO:-10.7 ± 6.8 % , CARB:-10.1 ± 6.2 % ) , with no interaction of gender and diet . A similar pattern emerged for fat mass and lean mass , however percent body fat was significantly influenced by both gender ( M:-18.0 ± 12.8 % , F:-7.3 ± 8.1 % , p < 0.05 ) and diet ( PRO:-14.3 ± 11.8 % , CARB:-9.3 ± 11.1 % , p < 0.05 ) , with no gender-diet interaction . Compared to women , men carried an extra 7.0 ± 0.9 % of their total body fat in the trunk ( P < 0.01 ) at baseline , and reduced trunk fat during weight loss more than women ( M:-3.0 ± 0.5 % , F:-1.8 ± 0.3 % , p < 0.05 ) . Conversely , women carried 7.2 ± 0.9 % more total body fat in the legs , but loss of total body fat in legs was similar in men and women . Conclusion PRO was more effective in reducing percent body fat vs. CARB over 12mo weight loss and maintenance . Men lost percent total body fat and trunk fat more effectively than women . No interactive effects of protein intake and gender are evident Background Numerous gene loci are related to single measures of body weight and shape . We investigated if 55 SNPs previously associated with BMI or waist measures , modify the effects of fat intake on weight loss and waist reduction under energy restriction . Methods and Findings R and omized controlled trial of 771 obese adults . ( Registration : IS RCT N25867281 . ) One SNP was selected for replication in another weight loss intervention study of 934 obese adults . The original trial was a 10-week 600 kcal/d energy-deficient diet with energy percentage from fat ( fat% ) in range of 20–25 or 40–45 . The replication study used an 8-weeks diet of 880 kcal/d and 20 fat% ; change in fat% intake was used for estimation of interaction effects . The main outcomes were intervention weight loss and waist reduction . In the trial , mean change in fat% intake was −12/+4 in the low/high-fat groups . In the replication study , it was −23/−12 among those reducing fat% more/less than the median . TFAP2B-rs987237 genotype AA was associated with 1.0 kg ( 95 % CI , 0.4 ; 1.6 ) greater weight loss on the low-fat , and GG genotype with 2.6 kg ( 1.1 ; 4.1 ) greater weight loss on the high-fat ( interaction p-value ; p = 0.00007 ) . The replication study showed a similar ( non-significant ) interaction pattern . Waist reduction results generally were similar . Study -strengths include ( i ) the discovery study r and omised trial design combined with the replication opportunity ( ii ) the strict dietary intake control in both studies ( iii ) the large sample sizes of both studies . Limitations are ( i ) the low minor allele frequency of the TFAP2B polymorphism , making it hard to investigate non-additive genetic effects ( ii ) the different interventions preventing identical replication-discovery study design s ( iii ) some missing data for non-completers and dietary intake . No adverse effects/ outcomes or side-effects were observed . Conclusions Under energy restriction , TFAP2B may modify the effect of dietary fat intake on weight loss and waist reduction Objective To compare the effects of isocaloric , energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate ketogenic ( VLCK ) and low-fat ( LF ) diets on weight loss , body composition , trunk fat mass , and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) in overweight/obese men and women . Design R and omized , balanced , two diet period clinical intervention study . Subjects were prescribed two energy-restricted ( -500 kcal/day ) diets : a VLCK diet with a goal to decrease carbohydrate levels below 10 % of energy and induce ketosis and a LF diet with a goal similar to national recommendations ( % carbohydrate : fat : protein = ~60:25:15%).Subjects15 healthy , overweight/obese men ( mean ± s.e.m . : age 33.2 ± 2.9 y , body mass 109.1 ± 4.6 kg , body mass index 34.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2 ) and 13 premenopausal women ( age 34.0 ± 2.4 y , body mass 76.3 ± 3.6 kg , body mass index 29.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2 ) . Measurements Weight loss , body composition , trunk fat ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) were determined at baseline and after each diet intervention . Data were analyzed for between group differences considering the first diet phase only and within group differences considering the response to both diets within each person . Results Actual nutrient intakes from food records during the VLCK ( % carbohydrate : fat : protein = ~9:63:28 % ) and the LF ( ~58:22:20 % ) were significantly different . Dietary energy was restricted , but was slightly higher during the VLCK ( 1855 kcal/day ) compared to the LF ( 1562 kcal/day ) diet for men . Both between and within group comparisons revealed a distinct advantage of a VLCK over a LF diet for weight loss , total fat loss , and trunk fat loss for men ( despite significantly greater energy intake ) . The majority of women also responded more favorably to the VLCK diet , especially in terms of trunk fat loss . The greater reduction in trunk fat was not merely due to the greater total fat loss , because the ratio of trunk fat/total fat was also significantly reduced during the VLCK diet in men and  women . Absolute REE ( kcal/day ) was decreased with both diets as expected , but REE expressed relative to body mass ( kcal/kg ) , was better maintained on the VLCK diet for men only . Individual responses clearly show the majority of men and women experience greater weight and fat loss on a VLCK than a LF diet . Conclusion This study shows a clear benefit of a VLCK over LF diet for short-term body weight and fat loss , especially in men . A preferential loss of fat in the trunk region with a VLCK diet is novel and potentially clinical ly significant but requires further validation . These data provide additional support for the concept of metabolic advantage with diets representing extremes in macronutrient distribution Two studies were conducted to compare characteristics of consumers and non-consumers of vitamin and /or dietary supplements  ( study 1 ) and to assess the effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplementation during a weight-reducing programme ( study 2 ) . Body weight and composition , energy expenditure , and Three-Factor Eating Question naire scores were compared between consumers and non-consumers of micronutrients and /or dietary supplements in the Québec Family Study ( study 1 ) . In study 2 , these variables and appetite ratings ( visual analogue scales ) were measured in forty-five obese non-consumers of supplements r and omly assigned to a double-blind 15-week energy restriction ( - 2930 kJ/d ) combined with a placebo or with a multivitamin and mineral supplement . Compared with non-consumers , male consumers of vitamin and /or dietary supplements  had a lower body weight ( P < 0.01 ) , fat mass ( P < 0.05 ) , BMI ( P < 0.05 ) , and a tendency for greater resting energy expenditure ( P = 0.06 ) . In women , the same differences were observed but not to a statistically significant extent . In addition , female supplements consumers had lower disinhibition and hunger scores ( P < 0.05 ) . In study 2 , body weight was significantly decreased after the weight-loss intervention ( P < 0.001 ) with no difference between treatment groups . However , fasting and postpr and ial appetite ratings were significantly reduced in multivitamin and mineral-supplemented women ( P < 0.05 ) . Usual vitamin and /or dietary supplements consumption and multivitamin and mineral supplementation during a weight-reducing programme seems to have an appetite-related effect in women . However , lower body weight and fat were more detectable in male than in female vitamin and /or dietary supplements consumers To examine the effect of treatment-induced weight loss on Health-Related Quality of Life ( HRQL )  , 38 mildly-to-moderately overweight persons recruited to participate in a study to examine the efficacy of a lifestyle modification treatment program  completed a sociodemographic question naire , the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) , the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey ( SF-36 , as an assessment of HRQL ) , and underwent a series of clinical evaluations prior to treatment . After baseline evaluations , participants were r and omly assigned to either a program of lifestyle physical activity or a program of traditional aerobic activity . Participants again completed the SF-36 and BDI after the 13-week treatment program had ended . Weight loss averaged 8.6 ± 2.8 kg over the 13-week study . We found that weight loss was associated with significantly higher scores ( enhanced HRQL ) , relative to baseline , on the physical functioning , role-physical , general health , vitality and mental health domains of the SF-36 . The largest improvements were with respect to the vitality , general health perception and role-physical domains . There were no significant differences between the lifestyle and aerobic activity groups on any of the study measures . These data indicate that , at least in the short-term , weight loss appears to profoundly enhance HRQL Folklore has suggested that consuming grapefruit may promote weight control . Sparse data exist to support this hypothesis , although there is some evidence of health promotion effects with regard to blood pressure control and modulation of circulating lipids . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to prospect ively evaluate the role of grapefruit in reducing body weight and blood pressure and in promoting improvements in the lipid profile in overweight adults ( N = 74 ) . Following a 3-week washout diet low in bioactive-rich fruits and vegetables , participants were r and omized to either the control diet 
    Output:
    
There is little evidence from this review to indicate that men and women should adopt different weight loss strategies .
Current evidence supports moderate energy restriction in combination with exercise for weight loss in both men and women