***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM This study aim ed to compare the effect of single-visit full-mouth mechanical debridement ( FMD ) and quadrant-wise mechanical debridement ( QMD ) on the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6 , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and soluble thrombomodulin . MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six subjects with chronic periodontitis were r and omly allocated to three groups : undergoing QMD , single-visit FMD with povidone iodine or with water .  Serum IL-6 and soluble thrombomodulin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , and serum CRP was measured by the latex-enhanced nephelometric method . RESULTS Serum IL-6 level increased significantly immediately after debridement in all the three groups , with this increase being greatest in the full-mouth groups . However , the increase in the full-mouth groups was not significantly higher than that of quadrant-wise group . In the quadrant-wise group , serum IL-6 level decreased significantly 1 month after debridement compared with baseline . Serum-soluble thrombomodulin decreased significantly in the full-mouth groups but not in the quadrant-wise group . Changes in CRP level were not significant at baseline or after debridement in all the three groups . CONCLUSIONS FMD increased serum IL-6 and reduced serum-soluble thrombomodulin to a greater extent than QMD , suggesting that the former technique has stronger transient effects on systemic vascular endothelial functions than the latter A classical treatment for chronic adult periodontitis consists of four to six consecutive sessions of scaling and root planing at a 1- to 2-week interval . Such a so-called " quadrant or sextant therapy " might result in a reinfection of a previously disinfected area by bacteria from an untreated region . The purpose of this study was to investigate , over an 8-month period , the clinical benefits of full-mouth disinfection within a 24-hour period in the control of chronic periodontitis . Ten adult patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned to a test and a control group . The control group received the st and ard scheme of initial periodontal therapy , consisting of scaling and root planing of the four quadrants was performed within 24 hours and immediately followed by a thorough supra- and subgingival chlorhexidine application to limit any transfer of bacteria . The latter involved tongue brushing with a 1 % chlorhexidine gel for 60 seconds , mouthrinsing with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution twice for 60 seconds , repeated subgingival irrigation of all pockets with a 1 % chlorhexidine gel ( 3 times within 10 minutes ) , and mouthrinsing twice daily with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution during 2 weeks . In addition , both groups received thorough oral hygiene instructions . The plaque index , gingival index , probing depth , gingival recession , and bleeding on probing were recorded prior to professional cleaning and at 1 , 2 , 4 , and 8 months afterwards . Although the test group scored higher plaque indices than the control group , especially at months 2 and 4 , the gingival index and bleeding tendency showed similar improvements with time . However , when the gingival/plaque ratio was considered , the latter was lower in the test group at all follow-up visits . For pockets > or = 7 mm , full-mouth disinfection showed a significantly ( P = 0.01 ) higher reduction in probing depth at each follow-up visit with , at month 8 , a reduction of 4 mm ( from 8 mm to 4 mm ) , in comparison to 3 mm ( from 8 mm to 5 mm ) for the classical therapy . The increase in gingival recession in the full-mouth disinfection group remained below 0.7 mm , while in the control group it reached 1.9 mm after 8 months . This result ed in a gain of clinical attachment level of 3.7 mm for the test group versus 1.9 mm for the control group . A radiographical examination also indicated a superior improvement for the test group when compared to the control group . This pilot study suggests that a full-mouth disinfection in one day results in an improved clinical outcome in chronic periodontitis as compared to scalings per quadrant at 2-week intervals over several weeks A treatment for periodontal infections often consists of consecutive rootplanings ( per quadrant , at a 1- to 2-week interval ) , without a proper disinfection of the remaining intra-oral niches ( untreated pockets , tongue , saliva , mucosa and tonsils ) . Such an approach , could theoretically lead to a reinfection of previously-treated pockets . The present study aims to examine the effect of a full-mouth disinfection on the microbiota in the above-mentioned niches . Moreover , the clinical benefit of such an approach was investigated . 16 patients with severe periodontitis were r and omly allocated to a test and a control group . The patients from the control group were scaled and rootplaned , per quadrant , at 2-week intervals and obtained oral hygiene instructions . The patients from the test group received a full-mouth disinfection consisting of : scaling and rootplaning of all pockets in 2 visits within 24 h , in combination with tongue brushing with 1 % chlorhexidine gel for 1 min , mouth rinsing with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution for 2 min and subgingival irrigation of all pockets ( 3x in 10 min ) with 1 % chlorhexidine gel . Besides oral hygiene , the test group rinsed 2x daily with 0.2 % chlorhexidine and sprayed the tonsils with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine for 2 months . Plaque sample s ( pockets , tongue , mucosa and saliva ) were taken at baseline and after 2 and 4 months , and changes in probing depth , attachment level and bleeding on probing were reported . The full-mouth disinfection result ed in a statistically significant additional reduction/elimination of periodontopathogens , especially in the subgingival pockets , but also in the other niches . These microbiological improvements were reflected in a statistically-significant higher probing depth reduction and attachment gain in the test patients . These findings suggest that a disinfection of all intra-oral niches within a short time span leads to significant clinical and microbiological improvements for up to 4 months AIM To test recolonization of periodontal lesions after full-mouth scaling and root planing ( FM-SRP ) or multiple session-SRP ( MS-SRP ) in a r and omized clinical trial and whether FM-SRP and MS-SRP result in different clinical outcomes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-nine subjects were r and omly assigned to FM-SRP or MS-SRP groups . At baseline and after 3 months , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , plaque index ( PlI ) and bleeding on probing ( BoP ) were recorded . At baseline , immediately after treatment , after 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 90 days , paper point sample s from a single site from the maxillary right quadrant were collected for microbiological analysis of five putative pathogens by polymerase chain reaction . RESULTS FM-SRP and MS-SRP result ed in significant reductions in PPD , BoP and PlI and the overall detection frequencies of the five species after 3 months without significant differences between treatments . Compared with MS-SRP , FM-SRP result ed in less recolonization of the five species , significantly for Treponema denticola , in the tested sites . CONCLUSION FM-SRP and MS-SRP result in overall clinical ly and microbiologically comparable outcomes where recolonization of periodontal lesions may be better prevented by FM-SRP OBJECTIVES The beneficial effects of the one-stage , full-mouth disinfection remain controversial in the scientific literature . This might be due to the fact that an entire mouth disinfection with the use of antiseptics has been confused with a full-mouth scaling and root planing . This parallel , single blind RCT study aim ed to compare several full-mouth treatment strategies with each other . MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-one patients with moderate periodontitis were r and omly allocated to one of the following treatment strategies : scaling and root planing , quadrant by quadrant , at two-week intervals ( negative control , NC ) , full-mouth scaling and root planing within 2 consecutive days ( FRP ) , or three one-stage , full-mouth disinfection ( FM ) protocol s within 2 consecutive days applying antiseptics to all intra-oral niches for periopathogens using as antiseptics : chlorhexidine ( FMCHX ) for 2 months , amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for 2 months ( FMF ) , or chlorhexidine for 2 months followed by amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for another 6 months ( FMCHX+F ) . At baseline and after 2 , 4 , and 8 a series of periodontal parameters were recorded . RESULTS All treatment strategies result ed in significant ( p<0.05 ) improvements of all clinical parameters over the entire duration of the study . Inter-treatment differences were often encountered . The NC group nearly always showed significant smaller improvements than the two CHX groups . The differences between the FRP or FM groups , and the two CHX groups only sporadically reached a statistical significance . CONCLUSION These observations indicate that the benefits of the " OSFMD " protocol are partially due to the use of the antiseptics and partially to the completion of the therapy in a short time BACKGROUND / AIMS Recent studies reported significant additional clinical and microbiological improvements when severe adult periodontitis was treated by means of a " one-stage full-mouth " disinfection instead of a st and ard treatment strategy with consecutive root planings quadrant per quadrant . The one stage full-mouth disinfection procedure involves scaling and root planing of all pockets within 24 h in combination with an extensive application of chlorhexidine to all intra-oral niches such as periodontal pockets , tongue dorsum , tonsils ( chairside , and at home for 2 months ) . This study aims to examine the relative importance of the use of chlorhexidine in the one stage full-mouth disinfection protocol . METHODS Therefore , 3 groups of 12 patients each with advanced periodontitis were followed , both from a clinical and microbiological point of view , over a period of 8 months . The patients from the control group were scaled and root planed , quadrant per quadrant . at two-week intervals . The 2 other groups underwent a one stage full-mouth scaling and root planing ( all pockets within 24 h ) with ( Fdis ) or without ( FRp = full-mouth root planing ) the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine . At baseline and after 1 , 2 , 4 and 8 months , the following clinical parameters were recorded : plaque and gingivitis indices , probing depth , bleeding on probing and clinical attachment level . Microbiological sample s were taken from different intra-oral niches ( tongue , mucosa , saliva and pooled sample s from single- and multi-rooted teeth ) . The sample s were cultured on selective and non-selective media in order to evaluate the number of CFU/ml for the key-periodontopathogens . At baseline , an anonymous question naire was given to the patients to record the perception of each treatment ( post operative pain , fever , swelling etc . ) . RESULTS All 3 treatment strategies result ed in significant improvements for all clinical parameters , but the Fdis and FRp patients reacted always significantly more favourably than the control group , with an additional probing depth reduction of + /- 1.5 mm and an additional gain in attachment of + /- 2 mm ( for pockets > or = 7 mm ) . Also from a microbiological point of view both the FRp and Fdis patients showed additional improvements when compared to the control group , as well in the reduction of spirochetes and motile organisms as in the number of CFU/ml of the key-pathogens , especially when the subgingival plaque sample s were considered . The differences between FRp and Fdis patients were negligible . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the benefits of a " one-stage full-mouth disinfection " in the treatment of patients suffering from severe adult periodontitis probably results from the full-mouth scaling and root planing within 24 h rather than the beneficial effect of chlorhexidine . The raise in body temperature the second day after the full-mouth scaling and root planing seems to indicate a Shwartzman reaction PURPOSE To explore the clinical effect of full-mouth scaling and root planning ( FM-SRP ) on chronic periodontitis with the comparison of quadrant scaling and root planning ( Q-SRP ) . METHODS 60 patients with chronic periodontitis were r and omly divided into 2 groups . The FM-SRP group received full-mouth scaling and root planning completed within the same day , while the Q-SRP group received quadrant scaling and root planning once a week for 4 weeks . Clinical parameters of plaque index ( PI ) , gingival index ( GI ) , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing depth ( PD ) and attachment loss ( AL ) were collected at baseline , 3 and 6 months after treatment , as well as the postoperative reaction . The data were analyzed by rank sum test ( PI , GI ) , t test ( PD , AL ) and Chi square test ( BOP ) , respectively . RESULTS When compared with the baseline , both therapies result ed in significant improvements in all clinical parameters at the end of 3 and 6 months ( P<0.01 ) . However , there were no significant difference between the two groups at any time point ( P>0.05 ) . 24 hours after the first treatment , the percentage of patients with postoperative reactions were significantly higher in FM-SRP group than that in Q-SRP group ( P<0.05 ) , but the patients could tolerate these reactions . CONCLUSION Both FM-SRP and Q-SRP are efficacious in treating chronic periodontitis , and the clinician can select the proper treatment modality according to the dem and of clinical practice AIM To clinical ly , microbiologically and immunologically characterize periodontal debridement as a therapeutic approach for severe chronic periodontitis . MATERIAL AND 
    Output:
    
The most important harm identified was an increased body temperature after FMS or FMD treatments .
From the twelve included trials there is no clear evidence that FMS or FMD provide additional benefit compared to conventional scaling and root planing .