***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Patients at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV acquisition are advised to reattend for retesting . A previous study showed that ‘ generic ’ text reminders did not improve reattendance . Aim To assess if a personalised text message with increased contact information would increase reattendance rates of at-risk patients . Methods Patients who are at risk of future STIs , defined by having a current acute STI , attending for emergency contraception , commercial sex workers ( CSWs ) or men who have sex with men ( MSM ) , were sent a text reminder to reattend for retesting 6 weeks after initial visit . Reattendance rates were measured for September to December 2012 ( control group who received a generic text message ) and February to May 2014 ( intervention ‘ personalised message ’ group who received a text message containing their first name and ways to contact the clinic ) . Reattendance was counted within 4 months of the end of the initial episode of care . Results The reattendance rate was significantly higher for the intervention group : 149/266 ( 56 % ) than the control group : 90/273 ( 33 % ) ( p=0.0001 ) and was also significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group in patients with the following risks : recent chlamydia ( 64/123 ( 52 % ) vs 43/121 ( 36 % ) ) ( p=0.03 ) , recent gonorrhoea ( 41/64 ( 64 % ) vs 4/21 ( 19 % ) ) ( p=0.0003 ) and MSM ( 26/45 ( 58 % ) vs 3/18 ( 16 % ) ) ( p=0.006 ) . New STI rates in the reattending intervention group and controls were 26/ 149 ( 17 % ) and 13/90 ( 14 % ) ( n.s ) , respectively . Conclusions Sending a personalised text message with increased contact information as a reminder for retesting increased reattendance rates by 23 % in patients who are at higher risk of STIs BACKGROUND Frequent testing of individuals at high risk of HIV is central to current prevention strategies . We aim ed to determine if HIV self-testing would increase frequency of testing in high-risk gay and bisexual men , with a particular focus on men who delayed testing or had never been tested before . METHODS In this r and omised trial , HIV-negative high-risk gay and bisexual men who reported condomless anal intercourse or more than five male sexual partners in the past 3 months were recruited at three clinical and two community-based sites in Australia . Enrolled participants were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) to the intervention ( free HIV self-testing plus facility-based testing ) or st and ard care ( facility-based testing only ) . Participants completed a brief online question naire every 3 months , which collected the number of self-tests used and the number and location of facility-based tests , and HIV testing was subsequently source d from clinical records . The primary outcome of number of HIV tests over 12 months was assessed overall and in two strata : recent ( last test ≤2 years ago ) and non-recent ( > 2 years ago or never tested ) testers . A statistician who was masked to group allocation analysed the data ; analyses included all participants who completed at least one follow-up question naire . After the 12 month follow-up , men in the st and ard care group were offered free self-testing kits for a year . This trial is registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry , number ACTRN12613001236785 . FINDINGS Between Dec 1 , 2013 , and Feb 5 , 2015 , 182 men were r and omly assigned to self-testing , and 180 to st and ard care . The analysis population included 178 ( 98 % ) men in the self-testing group ( 174 person-years ) and 165 ( 92 % ) in the st and ard care group ( 162 person-years ) . Overall , men in the self-testing group had 701 HIV tests ( 410 self-tests ; mean 4·0 tests per year ) , and men in the st and ard care group had 313 HIV tests ( mean 1·9 tests per year ) ; rate ratio ( RR ) 2·08 ( 95 % CI 1·82 - 2·38 ; p<0·0001 ) . Among recent testers , men in the self-testing group had 627 tests ( 356 self-tests ; mean 4·2 per year ) , and men in the st and ard care group had 297 tests ( mean 2·1 per year ) ; RR 1·99 ( 1·73 - 2·29 ; p<0·0001 ) . Among non-recent testers , men in the self-testing group had 74 tests ( 54 self-tests ; mean 2·8 per year ) , and men in the st and ard care group had 16 tests ( mean 0·7 per year ) ; RR 3·95 ( 2·30 - 6·78 ; p<0·0001 ) . The mean number of facility-based HIV tests per year was similar in the self-testing and st and ard care groups ( mean 1·7 vs 1·9 per year , respectively ; RR 0·86 , 0·74 - 1·01 ; p=0·074 ) . No serious adverse events were reported during follow-up . INTERPRETATION HIV self-testing result ed in a two times increase in frequency of testing in gay and bisexual men at high risk of infection , and a nearly four times increase in non-recent testers , compared with st and ard care , without reducing the frequency of facility-based HIV testing . HIV self-testing should be made more widely available to help increase testing and earlier diagnosis . FUNDING The National Health and Medical Research Council , Australia Background : Changing community norms to increase awareness of HIV status and reduce HIV-related stigma has the potential to reduce the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the developing world . Methods : We developed and implemented a multilevel intervention providing community-based HIV mobile voluntary counseling and testing , community mobilization , and posttest support services .  Forty-eight communities in Tanzania , Zimbabwe , South Africa , and Thail and were r and omized to receive the intervention or clinic-based st and ard voluntary counseling and testing ( VCT ) , the comparison condition . We monitored utilization of community-based HIV mobile voluntary counseling and testing and clinic-based st and ard VCT by community of residence at 3 sites , which was used to assess differential uptake . We also developed quality assurance procedures to evaluate staff fidelity to the intervention . Findings : In the first year of the study , a 4-fold increase in testing was observed in the intervention versus comparison communities . We also found an overall 95 % adherence to intervention components . Study outcomes , including prevalence of recent HIV infection and community-level HIV stigma , will be assessed after 3 years of intervention . Conclusions : The provision of mobile services , combined with appropriate support activities , may have significant effects on utilization of voluntary counseling and testing . These findings also provide early support for community mobilization as a strategy for increasing testing rates Background Following HIV-1 acquisition , many individuals develop an acute retroviral syndrome and a majority seek care . Available antibody testing can not detect an acute HIV infection , but repeat testing after 2–4 weeks may detect seroconversion . We assessed the effect of appointment reminders on attendance for repeat HIV testing . Methods We enrolled , in a r and omized controlled trial , 18–29 year old patients evaluated for acute HIV infection at five sites in Coastal Kenya ( Clinical Trials.gov NCT01876199 ) . Participants were allocated 1:1 to either st and ard appointment ( a date d appointment card ) or enhanced appointment ( a date d appointment card plus SMS and phone call reminders , or in-person reminders for participants without a phone ) . The primary outcome was visit attendance , i.e. , the proportion of participants attending the repeat test visit . Factors associated with attendance were examined by bivariable and multivariable logistic regression . Principal Findings Between April and July 2013 , 410 participants were r and omized .  Attendance was 41 % ( 85/207 ) for the st and ard group and 59 % ( 117/199 ) for the enhanced group , for a relative risk of 1.4 [ 95 % Confidence Interval , CI , 1.2–1.7].Higher attendance was independently associated with older age , study site , and report of transactional sex in past month . Lower attendance was associated with reporting multiple partners in the past two months . Conclusions Appointment reminders through SMS , phone calls and in-person reminders increased the uptake of repeat HIV test by forty percent . This low-cost intervention could facilitate detection of acute HIV infections and uptake of recommended repeat testing . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov Objective To determine if the provision of rapid HIV testing to men who have sex with men attending a health service would increase their frequency of HIV testing over time . Design Non-blinded r and omised controlled trial . Setting Public sexual health service in Australia . Participants Men who reported having a male sexual partner within the previous year and an HIV test within the previous two years . Of 400 men entered , 370 ( 92.5 % ) completed the study . Interventions Men attending the service between September 2010 and March 2011 were r and omised 1:1 to either ongoing access to rapid HIV testing obtained with finger prick or to conventional HIV serology with venepuncture , over 18 months . Main outcome measure The incidence of all HIV testing after enrolment , including testing outside the study clinic , analysed by intention to treat . Results Of 200 men r and omised to the rapid testing arm , 196 were followed for 288 person years . Of 200 men r and omised to the conventional testing arm , 194 were followed for 278 person years . Median time since the last HIV test was six months for both arms . Men in the rapid test arm had 469 tests ( mean 1.63 tests a year ) , and men in the conventional test arm had 396 tests ( mean 1.42 tests a year ) ; incidence rate ratio 1.15 , 95 % confidence interval 0.96 to 1.38 ; P=0.12 . In a post hoc analysis , rates of initial HIV testing during follow-up were 1.32 and 1.01 tests a year , respectively ( 1.32 , 1.05 to 1.65 ; P=0.02 ) . Conclusions Provision of access to rapid HIV testing in a health service did not result in a sustained increase over time in HIV testing by men who have sex with men ; however , the rate of initial HIV testing did increase by a third . Further research is required to determine how to achieve sustained increases in the frequency of HIV testing by population s at risk . Trial registration ACTR No 12610000430033 We conducted an in-person survey of New York City ( NYC ) pharmacies to assess the availability , accessibility , and price of the over-the-counter , rapid HIV self-test kit .  NYC pharmacies were stratified into high , moderate and low morbidity neighborhoods by the HIV diagnosis rate of the neighborhood in which the pharmacy was located . A r and om sample of 500 pharmacies was taken [ 250 from high morbidity neighborhoods ( HighMN ) and 250 from low morbidity neighborhoods ( LowMN ) ] . Pharmacies were excluded if : closed during survey , non-retail , or > 10 min walk from subway . Project staff visited pharmacies to determine kit availability ( in pharmacy on day of survey ) , accessibility ( not locked/behind counter ) , and price ( marked on shelf/product ) . Of 361 pharmacies ( 161 LowMN ; 200 HighMN ) , kits were available in 27 % and accessible in 10 % ; there was no difference by neighborhood . Kits were most often kept behind the pharmacy counter ; this was more common in HighMN than in LowMN . Kits were kept solely behind the pharmacy counter in 52 % . Median price was US $ 42.99 without variability across neighborhoods . The rapid HIV self-test had limited availability and access in retail pharmacies . The high median price measured suggests that cost remained a barrier . ResumenLlevamos a cabo una encuesta a farmacias en la ciudad de Nueva York para evaluar la disponibilidad , acceso y precio del autoexamen rápido para el VIH ( prueba casera de VIH ) . Clasificamos los barrios de la ciudad de acuerdo a si tienen una taza de diagnósticos de VIH alta , moderada o baja , y tomamos una muestra aleatoria de 500 farmacias [ 250 en áreas con una taza de diagnósticos de VIH alta ( HighMN , por sus siglas en inglés ) y 250 en áreas con una taza de diagnósticos de VIH baja ( LowMN , por sus siglas en inglés ) ] . Se excluyeron las farmacias que : estaban cerradas durante el sondeo ; las que no atienden al público ; o las que se ubican más de 10 minutos camin and o de una parada del metro . El personal del estudio visitó las farmacias para determinar la disponibilidad ( de venta el día de la encuesta ) , el  acceso  ( en áreas libres o detrás del mostrador ) , y el  precio de venta  ( marcado en el estante o en el producto ) . De 361 farmacias visitadas ( 161 LowMN ; 200 High 
    Output:
    
Text message reminder interventions were most successful in increasing rates of frequent HIV testing .
Las intervenciones us and o recordatorios por mensajes de texto fueron más exitosas en incrementar las tasas de realizarse pruebas frecuentes .