***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objectives Compare public perceptions and intentions to undergo colorectal cancer screening tests following detailed information regarding CT colonography ( CTC ; after non-laxative preparation or full-laxative preparation ) , optical colonoscopy ( OC ) or flexible sigmoidoscopy ( FS ) . Methods A total of 3,100 invitees approaching screening age ( 45 - 54 years ) were r and omly allocated to receive detailed information on a single test and asked to return a question naire . Outcomes included perceptions of preparation and test tolerability , health benefits , sensitivity and specificity , and intention to undergo the test . Results Six hundred three invitees responded with valid question naire data . Non-laxative preparation was rated more positively than enema or full-laxative preparations [ effect size ( r ) = 0.13 to 0.54 ; p < 0.0005 to 0.036 ] ; both forms of CTC and FS were rated more positively than OC in terms of test experience ( r = 0.26 to 0.28 ; all p-values < 0.0005 ) . Perceptions of health benefits , sensitivity and specificity ( p = 0.250 to 0.901 ) , and intention to undergo the test ( p = 0.213 ) did not differ between tests ( n = 144 - 155 for each test ) . Conclusions Despite non-laxative CTC being rated more favourably , this study did not find evidence that offering it would lead to substantially higher uptake than full-laxative CTC or other methods . However , this study was limited by a lower than anticipated response rate . Key Points• Improving uptake of colorectal cancer screening tests could improve health benefits • Potential invitees rate CTC and flexible sigmoidoscopy more positively than colonoscopy • Non-laxative bowel preparation is rated better than enema or full-laxative preparations • These positive perceptions alone may not be sufficient to improve uptake • Health benefits and accuracy are rated similarly for preventative screening Background : The trial aim ed to investigate whether a general practitioner 's ( GP ) letter encouraging participation and a more explicit leaflet explaining how to complete faecal occult blood test ( FOBT ) included with the Engl and Bowel Cancer Screening Programme invitation material s would improve uptake . Methods : A r and omised controlled 2 × 2 factorial trial was conducted in the south of Engl and . Overall , 1288 patients registered with 20 GPs invited for screening in October 2009 participated in the trial . Participants were r and omised to either a GP 's endorsement letter and /or an enhanced information leaflet with their FOBT kit . The primary outcome was verified with return of the test kit within 20 weeks . Results : Both the GP 's endorsement letter and the enhanced procedural leaflet , each increased participation by ∼6 % – the GP 's letter by 5.8 % ( 95 % CI : 4.1–7.8 % ) and the leaflet by 6.0 % ( 95 % CI : 4.3–8.1 % ) . On the basis of the intention-to-treat analysis , the r and om effects logistic regression model confirmed that there was no important interaction between the two interventions , and estimated an adjusted rate ratio of 1.11 ( P=0.038 ) for the GP 's letter and 1.12 ( P=0.029 ) for the leaflet . In the absence of an interaction , an additive effect for receiving both the GP 's letter and leaflet ( 11.8 % , 95 % CI : 8.5–16 % ) was confirmed . The per- protocol analysis indicated that the insertion of an electronic GP 's signature on the endorsement letter was associated with increased participation ( P=0.039 ) . Conclusion : Including both an endorsement letter from each patient 's GP and a more explicit procedural leaflet  could increase participation in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme by ∼10 % , a relative improvement of 20 % on current performance Background Preliminary findings suggest that Web-based interventions may be effective in achieving significant smoking cessation . To date , very few findings are available for primary care patients , and especially for the involvement of general practitioners . Objective Our goal was to examine the short-term effectiveness of a fully automated Web-based coaching program in combination with accompanied telephone counseling in smoking cessation in a primary care setting . Methods The study was an unblinded cluster-r and omized trial with an observation period of 12 weeks . Individuals recruited by general practitioners r and omized to the intervention group participated in a Web-based coaching program based on education , motivation , exercise guidance , daily short message service ( SMS ) reminding , weekly feedback through Internet , and active monitoring by general practitioners . All components of the program are fully automated . Participants in the control group received usual care and advice from their practitioner without the Web-based coaching program . The main outcome was the biochemically confirmed smoking status after 12 weeks . Results We recruited 168 participants ( 86 intervention group , 82 control group ) into the study . For 51 participants from the intervention group and 70 participants from the control group , follow-up data were available both at baseline and 12 weeks . Very few patients ( 9.8 % , 5/51 ) from the intervention group and from the control group ( 8.6 % , 6/70 ) successfully managed smoking cessation ( OR 0.86 , 95 % CI 0.25 - 3.0 ; P=.816 ) . Similar results were found within the intent-to-treat analysis : 5.8 % ( 5/86 ) of the intervention group and 7.3 % ( 6/82 ) of the control group ( OR 1.28 , 95 % CI 0.38 - 4.36 ; P=.694 ) . The number of smoked cigarettes per day decreased on average by 9.3 in the intervention group and by 6.6 in the control group ( 2.7 mean difference ; 95 % CI -5.33 to -0.58 ; P=.045 ) . After adjustment for the baseline value , age , gender , and height , this significance decreases ( mean difference 2.2 ; 95 % CI -4.7 to 0.3 ; P=.080 ) . Conclusions This trial did not show that the tested Web-based intervention was effective for achieving smoking cessation compared to usual care . The limited statistical power and the high drop-out rate may have reduced the study ’s ability to detect significant differences between the groups . Further r and omized controlled trials are needed in larger population s and to investigate the long-term outcome . Trial Registration German Register for Clinical Trials , registration number DRKS00003067 ; http://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL _ ID = DRKS00003067 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Sff1YZpx ) BACKGROUND Early detection of colorectal cancer ( CRC ) using fecal occult blood test ( FOBT ) reduces mortality , yet screening adherence remains low . PURPOSE Enhancing FOBT adherence in a field experiment , using Implementation Intentions ( II ) technique . DESIGN Participants were r and omly assigned to a st and ard care group or to II experimental group . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS A  test  kit was mailed to 29,833 HMO-insured members in two waves in 2011 . INCLUSION CRITERIA eligible persons aged 50 - 74 who underwent the test the year before . A sample of 2200 participants was interviewed over the telephone for possible cognitive and background moderators . INTERVENTION Leaflet attached to the test kit containing an " if-then " condition and planning instructions of when , where , and how . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Test performance at 2 and 6 months following mailing of the test kit , retrieved from HMO 's computerized data base ( 2011 - 2012 ) . RESULTS Adherence in the experimental group ranged 1.2%-6.6 % higher than in the control group . Within 6 months of kits ' mailing , test uptake for the two waves was 71.4 % and 67.9 % for experiment and control , respectively ( χ(2)=40.58 , p=0.0001 ) . The difference remained significant after controlling for age , gender , marital status , and wave ( OR=1.17 , 95 % CI=1.11 , 1.23 , p<0.0001 ) . Test performance was related to cognitive and background variables . No interaction was found among cognitive or background variables and the intervention . CONCLUSIONS II technique is useful in increasing adherence to CRC screening , even in a mailed form rather than a face-to-face experimental situation . Mailed II is an inexpensive and effective method , applicable for public health Introduction : We conducted a cluster-r and omized trial aim ed at assessing the effect of the type of faecal occult blood , guaiac or immunochemical test on screening compliance . Methods : We sample d 130 general practitioners ( GPs ) who consented to participate in the trial . We r and omly allocated half of them to the guaiac ( Hemo-Fec ) and half to the immunochemical test ( OC-Hemodia ) . We sample d 2/10 of the GPs ' 50–75-year-old patients ( n=7332 ) and r and omly divided this population into half . One half was invited to be screened at the GP 's office and the other to the nearest gastroenterology ward . The principal outcome was the percentage of returned tests . Results : The immunochemical test had a compliance of 35.8 % and the guaiac of 30.4 % ( relative risk [ RR ] 1.20 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.02–1.44 ) . The difference was mostly due to a higher probability of returning the sample : 93.8 % and 88.6 % for immunochemical and guaiac , respectively ( RR 1.06 ; 95 % CI 1.02–1.10 ) . The guaiac test had a higher prevalence of positives ( 10.3 % versus 6.3 % , RR 0.603 ; 95 % CI 0.433–0.837 ) . There was a higher variability in the results obtained with the guaiac test compared with the immunochemical ( F[1 , 12 ] = 16.25 ; P=0.0017 ) . Conclusions : Compliance is more likely with the immunochemical than the guaiac test , independent of the provider . Guaiac tests show a higher variability of the results among centres . The successful implementation of a screening programme requires a period of st and ardization of the test reading in order to avoid unexpected work overload for colonscopy services OBJECTIVE To evaluate two counseling programs in general practice to help smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) to quit smoking . METHODS Cluster r and omized controlled trial including 68 general practice s ( 667 patients ) using a r and omly assigned  intervention program with counseling and advice about nicotine replacement therapy ( and additional bupropion-SR in one of the programs ) or usual care . Usual care consisted of periodic regular check-ups and COPD information . The main outcome measure was biochemically verified point prevalence at 12 months . RESULTS The two intervention groups were treated as one in the analysis because they were equally effective . The intervention result ed in a significantly self-reported higher success rate ( 14.5 % ) compared to usual care ( 7.4 % ) ; odds ratio=2.1 , 95 % confidence interval=1.1 - 4.1 . Biochemically verified quit rates were 7.5 % ( intervention ) and 3.4 % ( usual care ) ; odds ratio=2.3 , 95 % confidence interval=0.9 - 6.0 . CONCLUSION The program doubled the cessation rates ( statistically nonsignificant ) . Too few participants used the additional bupropion-SR to prove its effectiveness . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S The protocol s can be used for COPD patients in general practice , but expectations should be modest . If quitting is unsuccessful , a stepped care approach should be considered Immunochemical fecal occult blood test ( FIT ) is a new colorectal cancer ( CRC ) screening method already recommended by the American screening guidelines . We aim ed to test the feasibility of FIT as compared to guaiac fecal occult blood test ( G‐FOBT ) in a large urban population of Tel Aviv . Average‐risk persons , aged 50–75 years , were offered FIT or G‐FOBT after r and omization according to the socioeconomic status of their clinics . Participants with positive tests underwent colonoscopy . Participants were followed through the Cancer Registry 2 years after the study . Hemoccult SENSA ™ and OC‐MICRO ™ ( three sample s , 70 ng/ml threshold ) were used . FIT was offered to 4,657 persons ( Group A ) and G‐FOBT to 7,880 persons ( Group B ) . Participation rate was 25.9 % and 28.8 % in Group A and B , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . Positivity rate in Group A and B was 12.7 % and 3.9 % , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . Cancer found in six ( 0.49 % ) and eight ( 0.35 % ) patients of Group A and B , respectively ( NS ) . Cancer registry follow‐up found missed cancer in five ( 0.22 % ) cases of Group B and 
    Output:
    
There was only limited evidence on the effect of GP involvement on screening test uptake and a lack of studies focusing on nonresponders or disadvantaged groups