***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a normal-sodium ( 120 mmol sodium ) diet compared with a low-sodium diet ( 80 mmol sodium ) on readmissions for CHF ( congestive heart failure ) during 180 days of follow-up in compensated patients with CHF . A total of 232 compensated CHF patients ( 88 female and 144 male ; New York Heart Association class II-IV ; 55 - 83 years of age , ejection fraction < 35 % and serum creatinine < 2 mg/dl ) were r and omized into two groups : group 1 contained 118 patients ( 45 females and 73 males ) receiving a normal-sodium diet plus oral furosemide [ 250 - 500 mg , b.i.d . ( twice a day ) ] ; and group 2 contained 114 patients ( 43 females and 71 males ) receiving a low-sodium diet plus oral furosemide ( 250 - 500 mg , b.i.d . ) . The treatment was given at 30 days after discharge and for 180 days , in association with a fluid intake of 1000 ml per day . Signs of CHF , body weight , blood pressure , heart rate , laboratory parameters , ECG , echocardiogram , levels of BNP ( brain natriuretic peptide ) and aldosterone levels , and PRA ( plasma renin activity ) were examined at baseline ( 30 days after discharge ) and after 180 days . The normal-sodium group had a significant reduction ( P<0.05 ) in readmissions . BNP values were lower in the normal-sodium group compared with the low sodium group ( 685+/-255 compared with 425+/-125 pg/ml respectively ; P<0.0001 ) . Significant ( P<0.0001 ) increases in aldosterone and PRA were observed in the low-sodium group during follow-up , whereas the normal-sodium group had a small significant reduction ( P=0.039 ) in aldosterone levels and no significant difference in PRA . After 180 days of follow-up , aldosterone levels and PRA were significantly ( P<0.0001 ) higher in the low-sodium group . The normal-sodium group had a lower incidence of rehospitalization during follow-up and a significant decrease in plasma BNP and aldosterone levels , and PRA . The results of the present study show that a normal-sodium diet improves outcome , and sodium depletion has detrimental renal and neurohormonal effects with worse clinical outcome in compensated CHF patients . Further studies are required to determine if this is due to a high dose of diuretic or the low-sodium diet Low-salt ( LS ) diet activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems , both of which can increase insulin resistance ( IR ) . We investigated the hypothesis that LS diet is associated with an increase in IR in healthy subjects . Healthy individuals were studied after 7 days of LS diet ( urine sodium < 20 mmol/d ) and 7 days of high-salt ( HS ) diet ( urine sodium > 150 mmol/d ) in a r and om order . Insulin resistance was measured after each diet and compared statistically , unadjusted and adjusted for important covariates . One hundred fifty-two healthy men and women , aged 39.1 ± 12.5 years ( range , 18 - 65 ) and with body mass index of 25.3 ± 4.0 kg/m(2 ) , were included in this study  . Mean ( SD ) homeostasis model assessment index was significantly higher on LS compared with HS diet ( 2.8 ± 1.6 vs 2.4 ± 1.7 , P < .01 ) . Serum aldosterone ( 21.0 ± 14.3 vs 3.4 ± 1.5 ng/dL , P < .001 ) , 24-hour urine aldosterone ( 63.0 ± 34.0 vs 9.5 ± 6.5 μg/d , P < .001 ) , and 24-hour urine norepinephrine excretion ( 78.0 ± 36.7 vs 67.9 ± 39.8 μg/d , P < .05 ) were higher on LS diet compared with HS diet . Low-salt diet was significantly associated with higher homeostasis model assessment index independent of age , sex , blood pressure , body mass index , serum sodium and potassium , serum angiotensin II , plasma renin activity , serum and urine aldosterone , and urine epinephrine and norepinephrine . Low-salt diet is associated with an increase in IR . The impact of our findings on the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease needs further investigation This is a report of the effects of sugars on salt metabolism and on blood pressure .  Twenty young men , none of whom had a personal or family history of hypertension , were orally hydrated after an overnight fast and required to lie recumbent for 6 h except for urinary voiding and blood pressure measurements which were performed at 1/2 h intervals . Venous blood sample s were drawn at hourly intervals . The volunteers were kept constantly hydrated by giving them water to drink equivalent to the volumes of urine voided . Two hours from the start of the experiment each subject was given one of the following sugars : glucose , fructose , sucrose , galactose , lactose , or water alone . After oral hydration the subjects appeared to develop natriuresis and kaliuresis . This was quickly abolished by ingestion of either glucose , fructose , sucrose , or lactose , but not by galactose or water alone . Fructose was the most potent antinatriuretic agent . Both glucose and sucrose significantly elevated systolic blood pressure . This lasted for 2 h after glucose ingestion and 1 h after sucrose ingestion Introduction : Hypertonic saline solution ( HSS ) and a moderate Na restriction plus high furosemide dose showed beneficial effects in compensated heart failure ( HF ) , in short and long terms . The study was aim ed to verify the effects of this combination on hospitalization time , readmissions and mortality in patients in New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) class III . Method : Chronic ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy uncompensated patients with HF in NYHA III functional class with ejection fraction < 40 % , serum creatinine < 2.5 mg/dL , blood urea nitrogen < 60 mg/dL and reduced urinary volume were single-blind r and omized in 2 groups : the first group received a 30-minute intravenous infusion of furosemide ( 250 mg ) plus HSS ( 150 mL ) twice daily and a moderate Na restriction ( 120 mmol ) ; the second group received furosemide intravenous bolus ( 250 mg ) twice a day , without HSS and a low Na diet ( 80 mmol ) ; both groups received a fluid intake of 1000 mL/d . After discharge , the HSS group continued with 120 mmol Na/d ; the second group continued with 80 mmol Na/d . Results : A total of 1771 patients ( 881 HSS group and 890 without HSS group ) met inclusion criteria : the first group ( 881 patients ) , compared with the second ( 890 patients ) , showed an increase in diuresis and serum Na levels , a reduction in hospitalization time ( 3.5 + 1 versus 5.5 + 1 days , P < 0.0001 ) and , during follow-up ( 57 + 15 months ) , a lower rate in readmissions ( 18.5 % versus 34.2 % , P < 0.0001 ) and mortality ( 12.9 % versus 23.8 % , P < 0.0001 ) ; the second group also showed a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine . Conclusion : This study suggests that in-hospital HSS administration , combined with moderate Na restriction , reduces hospitalization time and that a moderate sodium diet restriction determines long-term benefit in patients with NYHA class III HF OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new treatment for refractory congestive heart failure ( CHF ) on brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) plasma levels and hydration station . BACKGROUND The study was aim ed at evaluating the effects of the combination of high-dose furosemide and small-volume hypertonic saline solution ( HSS ) in refractory CHF patients . METHODS A total of 94 patients ( 34 women/60 men ) with refractory CHF ( age 55 to 80 years ) were enrolled . They had to have an ejection fraction < 35 % , serum creatinine < 2 mg/dl , blood urea nitrogen < 60 mg/dl , a reduced urinary volume , and a low natriuresis ( < 500 ml/24 h and < 60 mEq/24 h , respectively ) . Patients were divided ( double-blind ) into two groups : group 1 ( 18 women/30 men ) received an intravenous furosemide ( 500 to 1,000 mg ) plus HSS twice a day in 30 min . Group 2 ( 16 women/30 men ) received an intravenous bolus of furosemide ( 500 to 1,000 mg/twice a day ) alone , for four to six days . At entry , body weight , blood pressure , heart rate , and laboratory parameters were checked during hospitalization ; BNP levels were measured on admission , 6 and 30 days after discharge , while on admission and 6 days after , impedance plethysmography was performed . The HSS group received 120 mmol of Na intake versus 80 mmol in non-HSS group . Fluid intake of 1,000 was given to both groups . RESULTS The groups were similar for clinical characteristics . A significant increase in daily diuresis and natriuresis was observed in HSS group , p < 0.05 . The BNP values showed significant intragroup and intergroup differences , 6 and 30 days after treatment . The patients from the HSS group reached a better hydration state than the non-HSS group after six days . In addition , the HSS group showed a significant reduction in hospitalization time and readmission rate . CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the HSS group reached dry weight more rapidly , a significantly faster reduction in BNP levels , shorter hospitalization stay , and lower incidence in readmissions in the 30-day study period BACKGROUND Diuretics have been accepted as first-line treatment in refractory congestive heart failure ( CHF ) , but a lack of response to them is a frequent event . A r and omized , single-blind study was performed to evaluate the effects of the combination of high-dose furosemide and small-volume hypertonic saline solution ( HSS ) infusion in the treatment of refractory New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) class IV CHF and a normosodic diet during follow-up . Material s and Methods One hundred seven patients ( 39 women and 68 men , age range 65 - 90 years ) with refractory CHF ( NYHA class IV ) of different etiologies , who were unresponsive to high oral doses of furosemide , angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors , digitalis , and nitrates , were enrolled . Inclusion criteria included an ejection fraction ( EF ) < 35 % , serum creatinine level < 2 mg/dL , blood urea nitrogen level < or = 60 mg/dL , reduced urinary volume , and low natriuresis . The patients were r and omized in 2 groups ( single-blind ) . Patients in group 1 ( 20 women and 33 men ) received an intravenous ( IV ) infusion of furosemide ( 500 - 1000 mg ) plus HSS ( 150 mL of 1.4%-4.6 % NACl ) twice a day in 30 minutes . Patients in group 2 ( 19 women and 35 men ) received an IV bolus of furosemide ( 500 - 1000 mg ) twice a day , without HSS , during a period lasting 6 to 12 days . Both groups received IV KCl ( 20 - 40 mEq ) to prevent hypokalemia . At study entry , all patients underwent a physical examination and measurement of body weight ( BW ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , and heart rate ( HR ) , an evaluation of signs of CHF , and measurement of control levels of serum Na , K , Cl , bicarbonate , albumin , uric acid , creatinine , urea , and glycemia daily during hospitalization , and measurements of the daily output of urine for Na , K , and Cl . A chest radiograph , electrocardiogram , and echocardiogram were obtained at study entry , during hospitalization , and at the time of discharge from the hospital . During the treatment and after discharge , the daily dietary Na intake was 120 mmol in group 1 versus 80 mmol in group 2 , with a fluid intake of 1000 mL daily in both groups . An assessment of BW and 24-hour urinary volume , serum , and urinary laboratory parameters were performed daily until patients reached a compensated state , when IV furosemide was replaced with oral administration ( 250 - 500 mg/d ) . After discharge from the hospital , patients were observed as out patients weekly for the first 3 months and , subsequently , once a month . RESULTS The groups were similar 
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Preuss HG , Knapka JJ , MacArthy P , Yousufi AK , Sabnis SG , Antonovych TT .
High sucrose diets increase blood pressure of both salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats .
Rebello T , Hodges RE , Smith JL .
Short-term effects of various sugars on antinatriuresis and blood pressure changes in normotensive young men .
BunagRD , Tomita T , Sasaki S.Chronic sucrose ingestion induces mild hypertension and tachycardia in rats .
Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent high-fat feeding .
Lana A , Rodriguez-Artalejo F , Lopez-Garcia E. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is positively related to insulin resistance and higher plasma leptin concentrations  inmen and nonoverweight women .
Ekinci EI , Clarke S , Thomas MC , Moran JL , Cheong K , MacIsaac RJ , Jerums G. Dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Paterna S , Gaspare P , Fasullo S , Sarullo FM , Di Pasquale P. Normal-sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure : is sodium an old enemy or a new friend ?
Garg R , Williams GH , Hurwitz S , Brown NJ , Hopkins PN , Adler GK .
Low-salt diet increases insulin resistance in healthy subjects .
Graudal NA , Hubeck-Graudal T , Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure , renin , aldosterone , catecholamines , cholesterol , and triglyceride .