***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : To determine whether writing clinical guideline recommendations in behaviourally specified “ plain English ” language increases the likelihood of their implementation by service users ( patients ) . Design : R and omised controlled trial in which participants received either the original text of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) public guidelines for the management of schizophrenia or a behaviourally specified text with the same content . Setting : Mental health service user networks and voluntary sector organisations within two inner London boroughs . Participants : Eighty four mental health service users recruited by post or face to face contact at service user meetings . Intervention : The section of the NICE public guidelines for schizophrenia concerning psychological and pharmacological treatments was rewritten to improve style and behavioural specificity by applying evidence -based and psychologically informed principles of good written communication . Outcome measures : Cognitive predictors of behaviour , as specified by the evidence based theory of planned behaviour , constituted the primary outcome as it was not possible to measure the actual behaviour of guideline implementation . The predictors were behavioural intentions to implement the guidelines , attitudes towards implementation , and perceived behavioural control over implementation . Satisfaction with the guidelines and perceived comprehension were also measured . Results : Behaviourally specified “ plain English ” guidelines led to stronger intentions to implement the guidelines , more positive attitudes towards them , and greater perceived behavioural control over using them . There was no difference in satisfaction or perceived comprehension . Conclusions : Writing guidelines with high behavioural specificity in conjunction with the use of “ plain English ” may be a simple and effective method of increasing their implementation . Evaluation with a behavioural outcome is now needed Background : The effect of regular and expected printed educational material s on physician prescribing behaviour has not been studied . We sought to measure the impact of a series of evidence -based drug therapy letters mailed to physicians in British Columbia on prescribing to newly treated patients . Methods : A paired , cluster r and omized community design was used . The study population included 499 physicians from 24 local health areas in British Columbia . Local health areas were paired by number of physicians , and 1 of each pair was r and omly selected and its physicians assigned to an intervention group or a control group . The intervention was 12 issues of an evidence -based series called Therapeutics Letter . Physicians in the control group ( n = 241 ) received the letters 3–8 months after physicians in the intervention group ( n = 258 ) . The impact on prescribing to newly treated patients  ( defined as patients who had not previously made a cl aim for any medication from the class of drugs profiled in the letter ) was analyzed using the drug cl aims data base of BC Pharmacare , a publicly funded drug benefits program that covered all seniors and people receiving social assistance . Results : The probability of prescribing a drug recommended in the Therapeutics Letter rather than another drug in the same class increased by 30 % in the 3 months after the mailing of the letter relative to the preceding 3 months , adjusted for any before – after changes in the control group ( relative risk 1.30 ; 95 % confidence interval 1.13–1.52 ) . No letter achieved statistical significance on its own . However , 11 of the 12 letters produced prescribing changes in the predicted direction such that the overall result was significant when their effect was combined . Interpretation : The combined effect of an ongoing series of printed letters distributed from a credible and trusted source can have a clinical ly significant effect on prescribing to newly treated patients Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) is not optimal . Without transparent reporting , readers can not judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic review s. Recent method ological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects . Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs , which are considered the gold st and ard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias . A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs . It was first published in 1996 and up date d in 2001 . The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT . Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement . The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs . During the 2001 CONSORT revision , it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports . A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement . After an expert meeting in January 2007 , the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement . This up date improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition , such as selective outcome reporting bias . This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use , underst and ing , and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised . It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and up date d checklist item providing examples of good reporting and , where possible , references to relevant empirical studies . Several examples of flow diagrams are included . The CONSORT 2010 Statement , this revised explanatory and elaboration document , and the associated website ( www.consort-statement.org ) should be helpful re sources to improve reporting of r and omised trials This paper describes a model , derived from subjective expected utility ( SEU ) theory , which attempts to explain the effects of a fear-arousing communication about smoking and lung cancer on smokers ' decisions to try to stop smoking . According to the model , the strength of the smoker 's intention to try to stop smoking will depend on three factors : ( 1 ) the utility of lung cancer ; ( 2 ) the perceived reduction in the risk of getting lung cancer that follows from successfully stopping smoking ( probability difference ) ; and ( 3 ) the subjective probability of successfully stopping smoking , or confidence . The usefulness of this model vis-à-vis one based on the amount of fear aroused by the communication was investigated in two experimental studies conducted in the field in which smokers watched either a videotape about smoking or one on a different health topic . The smoking videotape influenced not only attitudes and beliefs measured immediately after exposure but also subsequent self-reports of behavior ( whether or not the subject tried to stop smoking or to cut down in the 3-month period following exposure to the videotape ) . In accordance with predictions , the three variables specified by the model together affected intention to try to stop smoking , which in turn affected behavior . The effect of confidence on intention was relatively large . There was no evidence for the multiplicative combination of utilities and subjective probabilities predicted by a strict SEU model . Contrary to the predictions of the model , but consistent with previous research , the amount of fear aroused by the videotape had an independent effect on intention , suggesting that explanations of the effects of fear-arousing communications will have to incorporate both cognitive and emotional mediation processes Background Efficacious strategies for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) are underused , and , when used , have low adherence . Existing efforts to improve use and adherence to these efficacious strategies have been so intensive that they are impractical for clinical practice . Methods We conducted a r and omized trial of a CHD prevention intervention ( including a computerized decision aid and automated tailored adherence messages ) at one university general internal medicine practice . After obtaining informed consent and collecting baseline data , we r and omized patients ( men and women age 40 - 79 with no prior history of cardiovascular disease ) to either the intervention or usual care . We then saw them for two additional study visits over 3 months . For intervention participants , we administered the decision aid at the primary study visit ( 1 week after baseline visit ) and then mailed 3 tailored adherence reminders at 2 , 4 , and 6 weeks . We assessed our outcomes ( including the predicted likelihood of angina , myocardial infa rct ion , and CHD death over 10 years ( CHD risk ) and self-reported adherence ) between groups at 3 month follow-up . Data collection occurred from June 2007 through December 2009 . All study procedures were IRB approved . Results We r and omized 160 eligible patients ( 81 intervention ; 79 control ) and followed 96 % to study conclusion . Mean predicted CHD risk at baseline was 11.3 % . The intervention increased self-reported adherence to chosen risk reducing strategies by 25 percentage points ( 95 % CI 8 % to 42 % ) , with the biggest effect for aspirin . It also changed predicted CHD risk by -1.1 % ( 95 % CI -0.16 % to -2 % ) , with a larger effect in a pre-specified subgroup of high risk patients . Conclusion A computerized intervention that involves patients in CHD decision making and supports adherence to effective prevention strategies can improve adherence and reduce predicted CHD risk . Clinical trials registration number Clinical Trials.gov : BACKGROUND : Providing antidepressant information to patients may foster greater adherence to therapy . OBJECTIVE : To assess physician information-giving while prescribing antidepressants , and to identify factors that influence the provision of information . DESIGN : R and omized experiment using st and ardized patients ( SPs ) . St and ardized patients roles were generated by crossing 2 clinical conditions ( major depression or adjustment disorder ) with 3 medication request types ( br and -specific , general , or none ) . PARTICIPANTS : One hundred and fifty-two general internists and family physicians recruited from solo and group practice s and health maintenance organizations ; cooperation rates ranged from 53 % to 61 % . MEASUREMENTS : We assessed physician information-giving by analyzing audio-recordings of interactions between physicians and SPs , and collected physician background information by survey . Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the influence of patient and physician factors on physicians ’ provision of information . RESULTS : One hundred and one physicians prescribed antidepressants , accounting for 131 interactions . The mean age of physicians was 46.3 years : 69 % were males . Physicians mentioned an average of 5.7 specific topics of anti-depressant-related information ( of a possible maximum of 11 ) . The most frequently mentioned topic was purpose ( 96.1 % ) . Physicians infrequently provided information about the duration of therapy ( 34.9 % ) and costs ( 21.4 % ) . St and ardized patients who presented with major depression received less information than those with adjustment disorder , and older and solo/private practice physicians provided significantly less information to SPs . CONCLUSIONS : Physicians provide limited information to patients while prescribing antidepressants , often omitting critical information that may promote adherence . Mechanisms are needed to ensure that patients receive pertinent antidepressant information Printed health education material s ( HEMs ) are widely used to increase awareness and knowledge , change attitudes and beliefs , and help individuals adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle behaviors . While much of the contemporary research and development of persuasive communication is based on McGuire 's input/output model , to date few studies have compared the impact of a large set of inputs across a comprehensive set of the 12 outputs . We examined the effects of printed HEMs on weight loss on the cognitive , affective , and behavioral responses of 198 overweight adults . Participants were recruited via a newspaper advertisement and were r and omly assigned to review one of three HEMs .  Participants were interviewed and asked to complete a series of question naires both before and after viewing the HEMs . Regression analyses were conducted to identify the input characteristics associated with success at each of the output steps . The results revealed attractiveness , encouragement , level of information , and application to one 's life were significantly associated with early steps ( attention , liking , and underst and ing ) as well as some of the mediating steps ( recalling , keeping , and rereading HEMs ) . Later steps , such as intention to change behavior and show others , were associated with readiness to change , self-efficacy , and perceived application to one 's life . Behavior change was more likely for those who received tailored material s and those who had higher self-efficacy . These results provide useful direction for the use of computers in tailoring the content of HEMs and the development of effective communication of health information on weight loss BACKGROUND Physicians often search for information to improve patient care . We evaluated how nephrologists use online information sources for this purpose . METHODS In this cross-sectional study ( 2008 to 2010 ) , a r and om sample of Canadian nephrologists completed a survey of their online search practice s. We queried respondents on their search ing preferences , practice s and use of 9 online information sources . RESULTS Respondents ( n=115 ; 75 % response rate ) comprised both academic ( 59 % ) and community-based ( 41 % ) nephrologists . Respondents were an average of 48 years old and were in practice for an average of 15 years . Nephrologists used a variety of online sources to retrieve information on patient treatment including UpTo Date ( 92 % ) ,  PubMed  ( 89 % ) , Google ( 76 % ) and Ovid  MEDLINE  ( 55 % ) . Community-based nephrologists were more likely to consult UpTo Date first ( 91 % ) , while academic nephrologists were divided between UpTo Date ( 58 % ) and PubMed ( 41 % ) . When search ing bibliographic re sources such as PubMed , 80 % of nephrologists scan a maximum of 40 citations ( the equivalent of 2 search pages in PubMed ) . Search ing practice s did not differ by age , sex or years in practice . CONCLUSIONS Nephrologists routinely use a variety of online re sources to search for information for patient care . These include bibliographic data bases , general search engines and specialized medical re sources The seven articles in this issue , and the accompanying meta- analysis in Health Psychology Review [ McEachan , R.R.C. , 
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DISCUSSION With CATCH it is possible to categorize and underst and the mechanisms that can trigger a change in behavior in health care providers .