***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND It is unknown whether combined chemoradiotherapy improves overall survival in elderly patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . The aim of this study was to assess whether radiotherapy plus carboplatin results in longer survival than radiotherapy alone in elderly patients with NSCLC . METHODS This was a r and omised , controlled , phase 3 trial by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group ( JCOG0301 ) . Patients older than 70 years with unresectable stage III NSCLC were r and omly assigned to chemoradiotherapy ( 60 Gy plus concurrent low-dose carboplatin [ 30 mg/m(2 ) per day , 5 days a week for 20 days ] ) or radiotherapy alone , using a minimisation method with biased-coin assignment balancing on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) performance status ( 0 vs 1 vs 2 ) , stage ( IIIA vs IIIB ) , and institution . The primary endpoint was overall survival , which was analysed for the eligible population and stratified by ECOG performance status , stage , and institution . The trial was stopped early as a result of the second planned interim analysis . This study is registered with UMIN Clinical Trials Registry , number C000000060 , and Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00132665 . FINDINGS 200 patients were enrolled from Sept 1 , 2003 to May 27 , 2010 : 100 in the chemoradiotherapy group and 100 in the radiotherapy group . The second planned interim analysis was done 10 months after completion of patient accrual . At this time , median follow-up for censored cases was 19·4 months ( IQR 10·3 - 33·5 ) . In accordance with the prespecified stopping rule , the JCOG data and safety monitoring committee recommended early publication of this trial because the difference in overall survival favoured the chemoradiotherapy group . Median overall survival  for the chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy alone groups were 22·4 months ( 95 % CI 16·5 - 33·6 ) and 16·9 months ( 13·4 - 20·3 ) , respectively ( hazard ratio 0·68 , 95·4 % CI 0·47 - 0·98 , stratified log-rank test one-sided p value=0·0179 ) . More patients had grade 3 - 4 haematological toxic effects  in the chemoradiotherapy group than in the radiotherapy alone group , including leucopenia ( 61 [ 63·5 % ] vs none ) , neutropenia ( 55 [ 57·3 % ] vs none ) , and thrombocytopenia ( 28 [ 29·2 % ] vs two [ 2·0 % ] ) . Grade 3 infection was more common with chemoradiotherapy ( 12 patients [ 12·5 % ] ) than with radiotherapy ( four patients [ 4·1 % ] ) . Incidences of grade 3 - 4 pneumonitis and late lung toxicity were similar between groups . There were seven treatment-related deaths : three of 100 patients ( 3·0 % ) in the chemoradiotherapy group and four of 100 ( 4·0 % ) in the radiotherapy group . INTERPRETATION For a select group of elderly patients with locally advanced NSCLC  , combination chemoradiotherapy provides a clinical ly significant benefit over radiotherapy alone , and should be considered for this population . FUNDING Ministry of Health , Labour , and Welfare of Japan A phase III r and omized trial was conducted to investigate whether induction chemotherapy followed by radiation can influence survival as compared with radiation alone in unresectable , locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( LADNSCLC ) . A total of 101 patients with unresectable stage IIIA or IIIB NSCLC were enrolled . Patients were stratified by performance status , weight loss , histology and stage , and then r and omized to receive combined chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone . Radiotherapy was administered in 1.8 Gy to 2.0 Gy st and ard fractions daily 5 times weekly for a total dose of 60 Gy to 65 Gy . The combined group received induction of cisplatin , etoposide , and vinblastine ( PEV ) chemotherapy with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 , etoposide 100 mg/m2 on days 2 to 4 , and vinblastine 6 mg/m2 on day 1 , which wasrepeated every 3 weeks for 3 courses , after which time the patients underwent radiotherapy .  Of 101 patients registered , 89 patients ( 43 combined , 46 radiotherapy alone ) were eligible for analysis . The response rates for the combined and radiotherapy groups were 65 % ( 28/43 ) and 70 % ( 32/46 ) , respectively . The median survival time ( MST ) showed a tendency to be more prolonged in the combined group than in the group receiving radiotherapy alone ( 13.8 vs. 8.5 months ) . The MST in patients with nonsquamous histology was strikingly prolonged in the combined group as compared with the radiotherapy group ( 14 vs. 3.6 months , p 0.027 ) . Likewise , the MST in patients with stage IIIB was significantly prolonged in the combined group as compared with the radiotherapy group ( 11.1 vs. 7.2 months , p 0.045 ) . Together , the MST of the high-risk group with nonsquamous or stage IIIB was significantly higher in the combined group than that seen in the radiotherapy group ( 11.6 vs. 8 months , p 0.046 ) , whereas the MST of the low-risk group , defined as having both squamous histology and stage IIIA , was similar in the two treatment groups ( 18.3 vs. 20.8 months , p = 0.293 ) . In conclusion , induction PEV chemotherapy plus radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in high-risk subsets of unresectable LAD-NSCLC and therapeutic strategy should be based on the identification of prognostic factors PURPOSE We conducted a phase III study to compare the survival impact of concurrent versus sequential treatment with radiotherapy ( RT ) and chemotherapy ( CT ) in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to one of the two treatment arms . In the sequential arm , patients received induction CT with cisplatin ( 120 mg/m2 ) on days 1 , 29 , and 57 , and vinorelbine ( 30 mg/m2/wk ) from day 1 to day 78 , followed by thoracic RT at a dose of 66 Gy in 33 fractions ( 2 Gy per fraction and 5 fractions per week ) . In the concurrent arm , the same RT was started on day 1 with two concurrent cycles of cisplatin 20 mg/m2/d and etoposide 50 mg/m2/d ( days 1 to 5 and days 29 to 33 ) ; patients then received consolidation therapy with cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on days 78 and 106 and vinorelbine 30 mg/m2/wk from days 78 to 127 . RESULTS Two hundred five patients were r and omly assigned . Pretreatment characteristics were well balanced between the two arms . There were six toxic deaths in the sequential arm and 10 in the concurrent arm . Median survival was 14.5 months in the sequential arm and 16.3 months in the concurrent arm ( log-rank test P = .24 ) . Two- , 3- , and 4-year survival rates were better in the concurrent arm ( 39 % , 25 % , and 21 % , respectively ) than in the sequential arm ( 26 % , 19 % , and 14 % , respectively ) . Esophageal toxicity was significantly more frequent in the concurrent arm than in the sequential arm ( 32 % v 3 % ) . CONCLUSION Although not statistically significant , clinical ly important differences in the median , 2- , 3- , and 4-year survival rates were observed , with a trend in favor of concurrent chemoradiation therapy , suggesting that is the optimal strategy for patients with locally advanced NSCLC We report the results observed in a large r and omized study comparing radiotherapy alone to combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy in unresectable squamous cell and large cell lung carcinoma . Radiation dose was 65 Gy in both groups and chemotherapy included vindesine , cyclophosphamide , cisplatin and lomustine .  One hundred seventy-seven patients received radiotherapy alone , and 176 received the combined treatment .  The 2-year survival rate was 14 % for patients receiving radiotherapy vs. 21 % for patients receiving the combined treatment ( P = 0.02 ) . The distant metastasis rate was significantly lower in the group receiving the combined treatment ( P < 0.001 ) . Local control at 1 year was poor in both groups ( 17 % and 15 % , respectively ) and remains a major problem in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer PURPOSE Treatment of advanced Non small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) often produces dismal results . Combination of available treatment modalities has reportedly improved the outcome . A prospect ively r and omized trial was conducted , comparing combined treatment modalities versus radiotherapy alone , in treatment of unresectable NSCLC . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 103 patients were r and omized to three groups . In group ' A ' , 32 patients received radiotherapy alone ( 6500 cGy/30 fraction ) . In group ' B ' , 35 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( Cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 and Etoposide 100 mg/m day 1 - 3 intravenously q3 weeks for 3 cycles ) , followed by radiotherapy ( 6000 cGy/30 fractions ) and 3 more cycles of Chemotherapy , with the same regimen . In group ' C ' , 36 patients received radiotherapy ( 5000 cGy/25 fractions ) with concurrent chemotherapy ( cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + Etoposide 75 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 - 5 and day 22 - 26 ) , followed by 2 more cycles of chemotherapy , q3 weeks with the same regimen . RESULTS Initial treatment responses were significantly higher in group ' B ' ( P < 0.05 ) and ' C ' ( P < 0.03 ) , compared to group ' A ' . Follow-up observations showed , that addition of chemotherapy brought down distant metastasis 's from 62.5 % ( group ' A ' ) to 48.6 % ( group ' B ' ) and 44.4 % ( group ' C ' ) . The median time to tumour progression also improved from 16 months ( Group ' A ' ) to 21 months ( Group ' B ' and ' C ' ) . But 2 year follow up did not show any survival benefit . Acute toxicities were more frequent in group ' B ' and ' C ' , but were manageable . CONCLUSION Addition of chemotherapy with radiation in unresectable NSCLC improves response rates , time to tumour progression and disease free survival , though the same effect is not translated in overall survival Background : The palliative role of chemoradiation in the treatment of patients with locally advanced , inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer stage III and negative prognostic factors remains unresolved . Methods : Patients not eligible for curative radiotherapy were r and omised to receive either chemoradiation or chemotherapy alone . Four courses of intravenous carboplatin on day 1 and oral vinorelbin on days 1 and 8 were given with 3-week intervals . Patients in the chemoradiation arm also received radiotherapy with fractionation 42 Gy/15 , starting at the second chemotherapy course . The primary end point was overall survival ; secondary end points were health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and toxicity . Results : Enrolment was terminated due to slow accrual after 191 patients from 25 Norwegian hospitals were r and omised . Median age was 67 years and 21 % had PS 2 . In the chemotherapy versus the chemoradiation arm , the median overall survival was 9.7 and 12.6 months , respectively ( P<0.01 ) . One-year survival was 34.0 % and 53.2 % ( P<0.01 ) . Following a minor decline during treatment , HRQOL remained unchanged in the chemoradiation arm . The patients in the chemotherapy arm reported gradual deterioration during the subsequent months . In the chemoradiation arm , there were more hospital admissions related to side effects ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusion : Chemoradiation was superior to chemotherapy alone with respect to survival and HRQoL at the expense of more hospital admissions due to toxicity BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether radiotherapy with carboplatin would result in longer survival than radiotherapy alone in elderly patients with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . METHODS Eligible patients were 71 years of age or older with unresectable stage III NSCLC . Patients were r and omly assigned to the radiotherapy alone ( RT ) arm , irradiation with 60 Gy ; or the chemoradiotherapy ( CRT ) arm , the same radiotherapy and additional concurrent use of carboplatin 30 mg/m(2 ) per fraction up to the first 20 fractions . RESULTS This study was terminated early when 46 patients were 
    Output:
    
Our findings show higher efficacy for concurrent CT+RT over RT alone in treating locally-advanced , unresectable stage III NSCLC