***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Recent studies have shown that omentin-1 derived from adipokines can affect physiological regulations and some metabolic dis-eases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of 12 weeks of aerobic ( cycle ergometer ) , resistance , and combined exercises on omentin-1 level , glucose and insulin resistance indices in overweight middle age women with T2DM . In this study , 60 overweight middle age diabetic women were selected using simple r and om sampling and they were assigned to three groups of aerobic exercise ( n=12 ) , resistant exercise ( n=12 ) and combined exercise ( n=13 ) , and one control group ( n=15 ) . Exercises were done in a three times per week sessions for a total of 12 weeks . Blood sample s were collected before each exercise session and 24 hours after of the last session . Results Present study showed that fasting blood sugar decreased significantly in all intervention groups , while homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) decreased only in the aerobic and combined exercises groups . Furthermore , there was a significant increase in the omentin-1 level only in the combined exercise group . Conclusion Compared to aerobic and resistance exercises , 12 weeks of combined exercise was more efficient in improving HOMA-IR and increasing serum omentin-1 among women with T2DM This prospect i ve study aim ed to present the reference range of amniotic fluid glucose ( AFglu ) among second trimester pregnant women in southern Thail and , to evaluate the possibility of predicting subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) using AFglu , and to estimate AFglu cut-off levels for identifying pregnancies at high or low risk for subsequent GDM in singleton pregnancies undergoing genetic amniocentesis due to advanced maternal age . A total of 438 eligible pregnant women were analysed , among whom 58 were subsequently diagnosed as having GDM . The reference range that included the central 95 % of AFglu values at 16 , 17 and 18 weeks of gestation in women not subsequently developing GDM was determined from a linear regression model . Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of subsequent GDM . Odds ratio of subsequent diagnosed GDM participant increased by 7 % for each 1 mg/dl increase in AFglu . Risk of subsequent GDM was also increased in women aged over 36 years and in 17–18 weeks compared to 16 weeks of gestation . Depending on gestational and maternal age , AFglu levels above 51 to 75 mg/dl were at elevated risk of subsequent GDM ( likelihood ratio 2.38 ) . We conclude that AFglu tended to decrease with increasing of gestational age . Gestational age and maternal age accompanied with elevated AFglu are predictive factors for subsequent GDM OBJECTIVE Omentin is a protein expressed and secreted from visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue , which increases insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes . However , its pathophysiologic role in humans remains largely unknown . The objective of this study is to assess plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) and matched control subjects and to investigate the effects of liraglutide on plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with T2DM . PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty T2DM patients with poor glycemic control after more than 3 months of treatment with one or two OHA(s ) ( T2DM ) , and 30 matched normal glycaemic controls ( NGT ) participated in the study . The T2DM group was given an injection of liraglutide once-daily for 16 weeks . Plasma omentin-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the relationship between plasma omentin-1 levels and metabolic parameters was also analyzed . RESULTS Plasma omentin-1 levels were lower in T2DM than in the control ( 19.3 ± 4.0 μg/L vs. 26.4 ± 6.0 μg/L , P < 0.01 ) . Plasma omentin-1 levels increased significantly in T2DM patients after treatment with liraglutide compared with pre-treatment ( 19.3 ± 4.0 μg/L vs. 21.2 ± 3 . 9 μg/L , P < 0.01 ) . In all diabetic patients , multiple regression analysis showed that FINS and HOMA-IR were independently associated with plasma omentin-1 levels . CONCLUSIONS In T2DM patients  , plasma omentin-1 levels decreased , but significantly increased after the treatment with liraglutide and metformin . These data suggest that liraglutide may play a role in increasing omentin-1 levels in T2DM patients AIMS To assess the effects of two commonly used oral hypoglycemic medications metformin and pioglitazone on serum concentrations of omentin and leptin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes . METHODS In a clinical trial setting ( NCT01593371 ) , patients were r and omly allocated to either metformin 1000 mg daily ( n=41 ) , or pioglitazone 30 mg daily ( n=50 ) . Serum concentrations of omentin and leptin were measured at baseline and after 12weeks . Patients ' weight , waist circumference , blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose , fasting insulin , HbA1c , highly sensitive C-reactive protein , and serum lipids were also measured at the two visits . RESULTS Baseline concentrations of omentin and leptin were not different between the two arms of the trial . After three months , metformin decreased both omentin and leptin concentrations in women , and leptin concentrations only in men . On the other h and , pioglitazone reduced both adipokines only in women , but not men . Univariate and multivariate ANCOVA models revealed that both interventions are equally effective in reducing omentin concentration ( p=0.497 for women and 0.344 for men in multivariate models controlling for the effects of confounding variables ) . Similarly , neither medication was more effective in reducing leptin concentrations after three months ( p=0.822 for women and 0.441 for men in multivariate models ) . CONCLUSIONS Metformin and pioglitazone at pharmacologic doses are equally effective in alteration of serum omentin and leptin concentrations in patients with diabetes , albeit sex differences in response to medications exist . Implication of these findings on long term management and complication prevention of diabetes needs to be eluci date BACKGROUND Weight loss is often key in the management of obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes , yet few treatments for diabetes achieve clinical ly meaningful weight loss . We aim ed to assess the efficacy , tolerability , and safety of treatment with MEDI0382 , a balanced glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist developed to provide glycaemic control and weight loss , in patients with type 2 diabetes . METHODS This r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind , combined multiple-ascending dose ( MAD ) and phase 2a study was done at 11 study sites ( hospitals and contract research organisations ) in Germany . We enrolled patients aged 18 - 65 years with controlled type 2 diabetes ( glycated haemoglobin A1c [ HbA1c ] levels of 6·5 - 8·5 % at screening ) and a body-mass index between 27 kg/m2 and 40 kg/m2 . An interactive web-response system was used to r and omly assign patients to receive MEDI0382 or placebo . Patients were r and omly assigned 2:1 in cohorts A-C and 3:1 in cohorts D and E in the MAD portion of the study , and 1:1 in the phase 2a portion . R and omisation was done by a contracted third-party operator who was not involved in the clinical operations of the study . The pharmacists , participants , and study site personnel involved in treating and assessing participants were masked to treatment allocation . Patients received once-daily subcutaneous injections of the study drug at doses of no more than 300 μg for 22 days or less in the MAD portion of the study , and a dose of no more than 200 μg for 41 days or less in the phase 2a portion . The two primary endpoints of the phase 2a portion were the change from baseline to day 41 in glucose area under the curve at 0 - 4 h ( AUC0 - 4 h ) after a mixed-meal tolerance test ( MMTT ) , assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug and whose measurements were taken at baseline and day 41 , and change from baseline in bodyweight , assessed in the intention-to-treat ( ITT ) population . Safety analyses were done in all participants who received any study drug analysed according to the treatment they received . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT02548585 . FINDINGS Patients were recruited between Dec 9 , 2015 , and Feb 24 , 2017 . 61 patients were r and omly assigned to the MAD part of the study ( 42 to MEDI0382 and 19 to placebo ) . 51 patients were r and omly assigned to the phase 2a part , of whom 25 were r and omly assigned to MEDI0382 and 26 to placebo . In the phase 2a study , three patients in the MEDI0382 group and one in the placebo group discontinued , all as a result of adverse events . 22 ( 88 % ) patients in the MEDI0382 group and 25 ( 96 % ) in the placebo group received at least one dose and had measurements taken at baseline and day 41 . Glucose AUC0 - 4 h post MMTT decreased significantly with MEDI0382 versus placebo ( least squares [ LS ] mean -32·78 % [ 90 % CI -36·98 to -28·57 ] vs -10·16 % [ -14·10 to -6·21 ] , and the mean difference was -22·62 % [ -28·40 to -16·85 ] ; p<0·0001 ) . In the ITT  population , reduction in bodyweight was significantly greater with MEDI0382 than with placebo ( LS mean -3·84 kg [ 90 % CI -4·55 to -3·12 ] vs -1·70 kg [ -2·40 to -1·01 ] and mean difference of 2·14 kg [ -3·13 to -1·31 ] ; p=0·0008 ) . The proportion of patients who had a treatment-emergent adverse event ( TEAE ) was similar between treatment groups ( 22 [ 88 % ] of 25 in the MEDI0382 group vs 23 [ 88 % ] of 26 in the placebo group ) ; gastrointestinal disorders ( 18 [ 72 % ] vs 13 [ 40 % ] ) and decreased appetite ( five [ 20 % ] vs none ) occurred more frequently with MEDI0382 than placebo . No participants in the MEDI0382 group had a grade 3 or worse TEAE ( vs two [ 8 % ] in the placebo group ) . INTERPRETATION MEDI0382 has the potential to deliver clinical ly meaningful reductions in blood glucose and bodyweight in obese or overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes . FUNDING MedImmune BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure , duration of action , and in their effects on clinical outcomes . The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown . We aim ed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death , myocardial infa rct ion , or stroke . METHODS We did a double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries . We r and omly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( at a 1:1 ratio ) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide ( 30 - 50 mg , based on glycaemic response and tolerability ) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week , in addition to their st and ard care . Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment , and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation . We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death , myocardial infa rct ion , or stroke , which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population . If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95 % CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30 , closed testing for superiority was prespecified . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT02465515 . FINDINGS Patients were screened between July 1 , 2015 , and Nov 24 , 2016 . 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and r and omly assigned to groups : 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo . On Nov 8 , 2017 , it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at 
    Output:
    
Decreased omentin-1 concentrations may be an important indicator for gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus .