***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objectives Identifying all published reports of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is an important aim , but it requires extensive manual effort to separate RCTs from non- RCTs , even using current machine learning ( ML ) approaches . We aim ed to make this process more efficient via a hybrid approach using both crowdsourcing and ML . Methods We trained a classifier to discriminate between citations that describe RCTs and those that do not . We then adopted a simple strategy of automatically excluding citations deemed very unlikely to be RCTs by the classifier and deferring to crowdworkers otherwise . Results Combining ML and crowdsourcing provides a highly sensitive RCT identification strategy ( our estimates suggest 95%–99 % recall ) with substantially less effort ( we observed a reduction of around 60%–80 % ) than relying on manual screening alone . Conclusions Hybrid crowd-ML strategies warrant further exploration for biomedical curation/annotation tasks RATIONALE Eosinophilic asthma is a phenotype of asthma characterized by the persistence of eosinophils in the airways . IL-5 is involved in the activation and survival of eosinophils . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the antibody to IL-5 , reslizumab , in patients with eosinophilic asthma that is poorly controlled with high-dose inhaled corticosteroid . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to receive infusions of reslizumab at 3.0 mg/kg ( n = 53 ) or  placebo  ( n = 53 ) at baseline and at Weeks 4 , 8 , and 12 , with stratification by baseline Asthma Control Question naire ( ACQ ) score less than or equal to 2 or greater than 2 . The primary efficacy measure was the difference between the reslizumab and placebo groups in the change in ACQ score from baseline to end of therapy ( Week 15 or early withdrawal ) . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean changes from baseline to end of therapy in ACQ score were -0.7 in the reslizumab group and -0.3 in the placebo group ( P = 0.054 ) and in FEV(1 ) were 0.18 and -0.08 L , respectively ( P = 0.002 ) . In those patients with nasal polyps , the changes in ACQ score were -1.0 and -0.1 , respectively ( P = 0.012 ) . Median percentage reductions from baseline in sputum eosinophils were 95.4 and 38.7 % , respectively ( P = 0.007 ) . Eight percent of patients in the reslizumab group and 19 % of patients in the placebo group had an asthma exacerbation ( P = 0.083 ) . The most common adverse events with reslizumab were nasopharyngitis , fatigue , and pharyngolaryngeal pain . CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving reslizumab showed significantly greater reductions in sputum eosinophils , improvements in airway function , and a trend toward greater asthma control than those receiving placebo . Reslizumab was generally well tolerated Background Allergic rhinitis ( AR ) is a very common chronic respiratory disorder and has also been shown to negatively impact quality of life with many comorbiliditys like Chronic rhinosinusitis ; There is evidence that IgE antibodies play a role in chronic sinusitis . Investigations have shown that total IgE levels correlate with the severity of sinusitis , as assessed by CT scan . Allergies occur more frequently in patients with chronic sinusitis than in the general population . Omalizumab has shown to be effective for AR in allergen challenge studies and clinical trials . Multiple r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled studies have shown efficacy of omalizumab in seasonal and perennial AR BACKGROUND Approximately 85 % of nasal polyps ( NPs ) in white subjects are characterized by prominent eosinophilia . IL-5 is the key driver of eosinophilic differentiation and survival . OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting IL-5 with a humanized mAb as treatment for severe nasal polyposis . METHODS Thirty patients with severe nasal polyposis ( grade 3 or 4 or recurrent after surgery ) refractory to corticosteroid therapy  were r and omized in a double-blind fashion to receive either 2 single intravenous injections ( 28 days apart ) of 750 mg of mepolizumab ( n = 20 ) or placebo ( n = 10 ) . Change from baseline in NP score was assessed monthly until 1 month after the last dose ( week 8) . Computed tomographic scans were also performed at week 8 . RESULTS Twelve of 20 patients receiving mepolizumab had a significantly improved NP score and computed tomographic scan score compared with 1 of 10 patients receiving placebo at week 8 versus baseline . CONCLUSION Mepolizumab achieved a statistically significant reduction in NP size for at least 1 month after dosing in 12 of 20 patients . IL-5 inhibition is a potential novel therapeutic approach in patients with severe eosinophilic nasal polyposis OBJECTIVES To conduct the first prospect i ve r and omized controlled trial , evaluating and comparing the effect of medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis ( CRS ) on quality of life . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Ninety patients with CRS , who remained symptomatic after initial medical treatment with Dexarhinaspray duo and nasal douche , were r and omized either to medical or surgical therapy .  All patients underwent pre- and post-treatment assessment s of the Sinonasal Outcome Test-20 ( SNOT-20 ) , and the Short Form 36 Health Survey ( SF-36 ) . Each patient had three assessment s : before starting the r and omized treatment , after six months and finally after one year . RESULTS Both the medical and surgical treatment of CRS significantly improved almost all the parameters of SNOT and SF-36 ( p<0.05 ) , with no significant difference being found between the medical and surgical groups ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Both maximal medical and surgical therapy of CRS improves the quality of life of CRS patients , providing further evidence that chronic rhinosinusitis should be targeted with maximal medical therapy in the first instance , with surgical treatment being reserved for cases refractory to medical therapy . The presence of nasal polyps does not imply any negative effect on the quality of life after CRS therapy , either medical or surgical Background : Patients with eosinophilic nasal polyposis frequently require surgery , and recurrence rates are high . Objective : We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of mepolizumab versus placebo for severe bilateral nasal polyposis . Methods : This r and omized , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled trial recruited patients aged 18 to 70 years with recurrent nasal polyposis requiring surgery . Patients received 750 mg of intravenous mepolizumab or placebo every 4 weeks for a total of 6 doses in addition to daily topical corticosteroid treatment . The primary end point was the number of patients no longer requiring surgery at Week 25 based on a composite end point of endoscopic nasal polyp score and nasal polyposis severity visual analog scale ( VAS ) score . Secondary end points included change in nasal polyposis severity VAS score , endoscopic nasal polyp score , improvement in individual VAS symptoms ( rhinorrhea , mucus in throat , nasal blockage , and sense of smell ) , patient‐reported outcomes , and safety . Results : One hundred five patients received mepolizumab ( n = 54 ) or placebo ( n = 51 ) . A significantly greater proportion of patients in the mepolizumab group compared with the placebo group no longer required surgery at Week 25 ( 16 [ 30 % ] vs 5 [ 10 % ] , respectively ; P = .006 ) . There was a significant improvement in nasal polyposis severity VAS score , endoscopic nasal polyp score , all individual VAS symptom scores , and Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test patient‐reported outcome score in the mepolizumab compared with placebo groups . Mepolizumab 's safety profile was comparable with that of placebo . Conclusion : In patients with recurrent nasal polyposis receiving topical corticosteroids who required surgery , mepolizumab treatment led to a greater reduction in the need for surgery and a greater improvement in symptoms than placebo Machine learning ( ML ) algorithms have proven highly accurate for identifying R and omized Controlled Trials ( RCTs ) but are not used much in practice , in part because the best way to make use of the technology in a typical workflow is unclear . In this work , we evaluate ML models for RCT classification ( support vector machines , convolutional neural networks , and ensemble approaches ) . We trained and optimized support vector machine and convolutional neural network models on the titles and abstract s of the Cochrane Crowd RCT set . We evaluated the models on an external data set ( Clinical Hedges ) , allowing direct comparison with traditional data base search filters . We estimated area under receiver operating characteristics ( AUROC ) using the Clinical Hedges data set . We demonstrate that  ML approaches better discriminate between RCTs and non‐ RCTs than widely used traditional data base search filters at all sensitivity levels ; our best‐performing model also achieved the best results to date for ML in this task ( AUROC 0.987 , 95 % CI , 0.984‐0.989 ) . We provide practical guidance on the role of ML in ( 1 ) systematic review s ( high‐sensitivity strategies ) and ( 2 ) rapid review s and clinical question answering ( high‐precision strategies ) together with recommended probability cutoffs for each use case . Finally , we provide open‐ source software to enable these approaches to be used in practice Introduction Dupilumab , a fully human anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody , inhibits signaling of both interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 , which are key drivers of type 2-mediated inflammation . Dupilumab is approved in the EU , USA , and other countries for the treatment of adults with inadequately controlled moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis . Following positive phase 2 results in asthma , the phase 3 Liberty Asthma QUEST trial was initiated to provide further evidence for dupilumab efficacy and safety in patients with uncontrolled , moderate-to-severe asthma . Methods Liberty Asthma QUEST is a phase 3 , multinational , multicenter , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial ( NCT02414854 ) in patients with persistent asthma who are receiving continuous treatment with inhaled corticosteroids ( ICS ) plus one or two other asthma controller medicines . A total of 1902 patients ( aged ≥ 12 years ) were r and omized in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive 52 weeks of add-on therapy with subcutaneously administered dupilumab 200 or 300 mg every 2 weeks or matched placebo . The study consisted of a 4 ± 1-week screening period , 52-week r and omized treatment period , and 12-week post-treatment follow-up period . All patients continued to receive their prescribed ICS plus up to two additional controller medications . The primary efficacy endpoints were annualized rate of severe exacerbation events during the 52-week treatment period and absolute change from baseline in pre-bronchodilator FEV1 at week 12 . Conclusion Uncontrolled asthma patients with persistent symptoms represent a population of significant unmet need , for whom new treatments are required . Patients with severe asthma are at high risk of asthma exacerbations , and face an accelerated decline in lung function and impaired quality of life . QUEST examines the efficacy of dupilumab in this at-risk patient population ; it is the largest placebo-controlled study in uncontrolled , moderate-to-severe asthma with a biologic agent to date , and the only phase 3 study of a biologic therapy of asthma that enrolled patients irrespective of baseline type 2 inflammatory biomarker levels . Funding Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals , Inc. Clinical Trials.gov IdentifierNCT02414854 BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is characterized by an eosinophilic inflammation and high IL-5 levels . OBJECTIVES Antagonizing the effect of IL-5 is a potential new treatment strategy in patients with nasal polyps . METHODS In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , 2-center safety and pharmacokinetic study , 24 subjects with bilateral nasal polyps were r and omized to receive a single intravenous infusion of reslizumab , a humanized anti-human IL-5 mAb , at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg or placebo . We evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of reslizumab , and biologic activity was assessed by means of endoscopic evaluation of polyp size , symptoms , peripheral eosinophil counts , peripheral and local IL-5 levels , eotaxin levels , and eosinophil cationic protein levels . RESULTS We demonstrated that a single injection of reslizumab up to 3 mg/kg is safe and well tolerated . Blood eosinophil numbers and concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein were reduced up to 8 weeks after treatment in serum and nasal secretions . Individual nasal polyp scores improved only in half of the treated patients for 4 weeks . Responders had increased IL-5 concentrations in nasal secretions at baseline compared with nonresponders , and logistic regression analysis revealed that increased nasal IL-5 levels ( > 40 pg/ 
    Output:
    
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS In adults with severe chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps , using regular topical nasal steroids , dupilumab improves disease-specific HRQL compared to placebo , and reduces the extent of the disease as measured on a CT scan .
It probably also improves symptoms and generic HRQL and there is no evidence of an increased risk of serious adverse events .
It may reduce the need for further surgery .
There may be little or no difference in the risk of nasopharyngitis .
In similar patients , mepolizumab may improve both disease-specific and generic HRQL .
It is uncertain whether it reduces the need for surgery or improves nasal polyp scores .
There may be little or no difference in the risk of nasopharyngitis .
We are uncertain about the effects of omalizumab