***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To investigate the effects of simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training on physical performance characteristics , 10 experimental ( E ) and 8 control ( C ) endurance athletes trained for 9 wk . The total training volume was kept the same in both groups , but 32 % of training in E and 3 % in C was replaced by explosive-type strength training . A 5-km time trial ( 5 K ) , running economy ( RE ) , maximal 20-m speed ( V20 m ) , and 5-jump ( 5J ) tests were measured on a track . Maximal anaerobic ( MART ) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART ( VMART ) and maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 max ) . The 5 K time , RE , and VMART improved ( P < 0.05 ) in E , but no changes were observed in C. V20 m and 5J increased in E ( P < 0.01 ) and decreased in C ( P < 0.05 ) . VO2 max increased in C ( P < 0.05 ) , but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data , the changes in the 5 K velocity during 9 wk of training correlated ( P < 0.05 ) with the changes in RE [ O2 uptake ( r = -0.54 ) ] and VMART ( r = 0.55 ) . In conclusion , the present simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training improved the 5 K time in well-trained endurance athletes without changes in their VO2 max . This improvement was due to improved neuromuscular characteristics that were transferred into improved VMART and running economy Fifteen highly trained distance runners ( & OV0312;O2max 71.1 ± 6.0 ml·min−1·kg−1 , mean ± SD ) were r and omly assigned to a  plyometric training ( PLY ; n = 7 ) or control ( CON ; n = 8) group . In addition to their normal training , the PLY group undertook 3 × 30 minutes PLY sessions per week for 9 weeks . Running economy ( RE ) was assessed during 3 × 4 minute treadmill runs ( 14 , 16 , and 18 km·h−1 ) , followed by an incremental test to measure & OV0312;O2max . Muscle power characteristics were assessed on a portable , unidirectional ground reaction force plate . Compared with CON , PLY improved RE at 18 km·h−1 ( 4.1 % , p = 0.02 ) , but not at 14 or 16 km·h−1 . This was accompanied by trends for increased average power during a 5-jump plyometric test ( 15 % , p = 0.11 ) , a shorter time to reach maximal dynamic strength during a strength quality assessment test ( 14 % , p = 0.09 ) , and a lower & OV0312;O2-speed slope ( 14 % , p = 0.12 ) after 9 weeks of PLY . There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory measures or & OV0312;O2max as a result of PLY . In a group of highly-trained distance runners , 9 weeks of PLY improved RE , with likely mechanisms residing in the muscle , or alternatively by improving running mechanics Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on strength , endurance , endocrine status and muscle fibre properties . A total of 45 male and female subjects were r and omly assigned to one of four groups ; strength training only ( S ) , endurance training only ( E ) , concurrent strength and endurance training ( SE ) , or a control group ( C ) . Groups S and E trained 3 days a week and the SE group trained 6 days a week for 12 weeks . Tests were made before and after 6 and 12 weeks of training . There was a similar increase in maximal oxygen consumption ( V˙O2max ) in both groups E and SE ( P < 0.05 ) . Leg press and knee extension one repetition maximum ( 1 RM ) was increased in groups S and SE ( P < 0.05 ) but the gains in knee extension 1 RM were greater for group S compared to all other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Types I and II muscle fibre area increased after 6 and 12 weeks of strength training and after 12 weeks of combined training in type II fibres only ( P < 0.05 ) . Groups SE and E had an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity and group E had a decrease in adenosine triphosphatase after 12 weeks of training ( P < 0.05 ) . A significant increase in capillary per fibre ratio was noted after 12 weeks of training in group SE . No changes were observed in testosterone , human growth hormone or sex hormone binding globulin concentrations for any group but there was a greater urinary cortisol concentration in the women of group SE and decrease in the men of group E after 12 weeks of training ( P < 0.05 ) . These findings would support the contention that combined strength and endurance training can suppress some of the adaptations to strength training and augment some aspects of capillarization in skeletal muscle The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent strength and endurance training ( SE ) ( 2 plus 2 days a week ) versus strength training only ( S ) ( 2 days a week ) in men [ SE : n=11 ; 38 ( 5 ) years , S : n=16 ; 37 ( 5 ) years ] over a training period of 21 weeks . The resistance training program addressed both maximal and explosive strength components . EMG , maximal isometric force , 1 RM strength , and rate of force development ( RFD ) of the leg extensors , muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) of the quadriceps femoris ( QF ) throughout the lengths of 4/15–12/15 ( Lf ) of the femur , muscle fibre proportion and areas of types I , IIa , and IIb of the vastus lateralis ( VL ) , and maximal oxygen uptake ( V̇O2max ) were evaluated . No changes occurred in strength during the 1-week control period , while after the 21-week training period increases of 21 % ( p<0.001 ) and 22 % ( p<0.001 ) , and of 22 % ( p<0.001 ) and 21 % ( p<0.001 ) took place in the 1RM load and maximal isometric force in S and SE , respectively . Increases of 26 % ( p<0.05 ) and 29 % ( p<0.001 ) occurred in the maximum iEMG of the VL in S and SE , respectively . The CSA of the QF increased throughout the length of the QF ( from 4/15 to 12/15 Lf ) both in S ( p<0.05–0.001 ) and SE ( p<0.01–0.001 ) . The mean fibre areas of types I , IIa and IIb increased after the training both in S ( p<0.05 and 0.01 ) and SE ( p<0.05 and p<0.01 ) . S showed an increase in RFD ( p<0.01 ) , while no change occurred in SE . The average iEMG of the VL during the first 500 ms of the rapid isometric action increased ( p<0.05–0.001 ) only in S. V̇O2max increased by 18.5 % ( p<0.001 ) in SE . The present data do not support the concept of the universal nature of the interference effect in strength development and muscle hypertrophy when strength training is performed concurrently with endurance training , and the training volume is diluted by a longer period of time with a low frequency of training . However , the present results suggest that even the low-frequency concurrent strength and endurance training leads to interference in explosive strength development mediated in part by the limitations of rapid voluntary neural activation of the trained muscles Abstract .Previous research has reported that plyometric training improves running economy ( RE ) and ultimately distance-running performance , although the exact mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear . This study examined whether changes in running performance result ing from plyometric training were related to alterations in lower leg musculotendinous stiffness ( MTS ) . Seventeen male runners were pre- and post-tested for lower leg MTS , maximum isometric force , rate of force development , 5-bound distance test ( 5BT ) , counter movement jump ( CMJ ) height , RE , V˙O2max , lactate threshold ( Thla ) , and 3-km time . Subjects were r and omly split into an experimental ( E ) group which completed 6 weeks of plyometric training in conjunction with their normal running training , and a control ( C ) group which trained as normal . Following the training period , the E group significantly improved 3-km performance ( 2.7 % ) and RE at each of the tested velocities , while no changes in V˙O2max or Thla were recorded . CMJ height , 5BT , and MTS also increased significantly . No significant changes were observed in any measures for the C group . The results clearly demonstrated that a 6-week plyometric programme led to improvements in 3-km running performance . It is postulated that the increase in MTS result ed in improved RE . We speculate that the improved RE led to changes in 3-km running performance , as there were no corresponding alterations in V˙O2max or Thla The purpose of this study was to compare the physiologic effects of a program of combined running and weight training ( RUN-CWT ) with a program of circuit weight training ( CWT ) .  Thirty-six females ( X age = 35.7 yr ) and 41 males ( X age = 36.1 yr ) were r and omly assigned to RUN-CWT , CWT , and control groups . The training groups participated in 12-wk programs , 3 d . wk-1 . Three circuits of 10 weight-training exercises were completed with 12 - 15 repetitions performed in 30 s at 40 % of one-repetition maximum at each station . The 30-min RUN-CWT program included 30 s of running on an indoor track following each CWT station , whereas the 22.5 min CWT program included a 15-s rest period between stations . The RUN-CWT groups had a significant ( + 17 % ) increase in VO2max ( females 30.5 - 35.7 ml . kg-1 . min-1 and males 39.7 - 46.3 ml . kg-1 . min-1 ) and strength ( females + 24 % and males + 21 % ) , and a significant decrease in body fat percentage ( females -3.2 % and males -4.1 % ) . The CWT groups also increased significantly in VO2max ( + 12 % ) and strength ( + 17 % ) and decreased in body fat ( -3.0 % ) . The controls did not change significantly in any variable . Statistically , one training program was not shown to be superior to the other ; thus , both programs of RUN-CWT and CWT were effective in improving measures of physical fitness PURPOSE It has been suggested that endurance training influences the running economy ( CR ) and the oxygen uptake ( .VO(2 ) ) kinetics in heavy exercise by accelerating the primary phase and attenuating the .VO(2 ) slow component . However , the effects of heavy weight training ( HWT ) in combination with endurance training remain unclear . The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a concurrent HWT+endurance training on CR and the .VO(2 ) kinetics in endurance athletes . METHODS Fifteen triathletes were assigned to endurance+strength ( ES ) or endurance-only ( E ) training for 14 wk . The training program was similar , except ES performed two HWT sessions a week . Before and after the training period , the subjects performed 1 ) an incremental field running test for determination of .VO(2max ) and the velocity associated ( V(.VO2max ) ) , the second ventilatory threshold ( VT(2 ) ) ; 2 ) a 3000-m run at constant velocity , calculated to require 25 % of the difference between .VO(2max ) and VT(2 ) , to determine CR and the characteristics of the VO(2 ) kinetics ; 3 ) maximal hopping tests to determine maximal mechanical power and lower-limb stiffness ; 4 ) maximal concentric lower-limb strength measurements . RESULTS After the training period , maximal strength were increased ( P < 0.01 ) in ES but remained unchanged in E. Hopping power decreased in E ( P < 0.05 ) . After training , economy ( P < 0.05 ) and hopping power ( P < 0.001 ) were greater in ES than in E. .VO(2max ) , leg hopping stiffness and the .VO(2 ) kinetics were not significantly affected by training either in ES or E. CONCLUSION Additional HWT led to improved maximal strength and running economy with no significant effects on the .VO(2 ) kinetics pattern in heavy exercise The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of high intensity endurance training ( ET ) and resistance training ( RT ) alone and in combination on various military tasks . Thirty-five male soldiers were r and omly assigned to one of four training groups : total body resistance training plus endurance training ( RT + ET ) , upper body resistance training plus endurance training [ UB + ET ) , RT only , and ET only . Training was performed 4 days per week for 12 weeks . Testing occurred before and after the 12-week training regimen . All groups significantly improved push-up performance , whereas only the RT + ET group did not improve sit-up performance . The groups that included ET significantly decreased 2-mile run time , however , only RT + ET and UB + ET showed improved loaded 2-mile run time . Leg power increased for groups that included lower body strengthening exercises ( RT and RT + ET ) . Army Physical Fitness Test performance , loaded running , and leg power responded positively to training , however , it appears there is a high degree of specificity when concurrent training regimens are implemented The aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of maximal strength training with emphasis on neural adaptations on strength- and 
    Output:
    
After critically review ing the literature for the impact of CT on high-level runners , we conclude that resistance training likely has a positive effect on endurance running performance or RE .