***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To comprehend the results of a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) , readers must underst and its design , conduct , analysis , and interpretation . That goal can be achieved only through total transparency from authors . Despite several decades of educational efforts , the reporting of RCTs needs improvement . Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to help authors improve reporting by use of a checklist and flow diagram . The revised CONSORT statement presented here incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement . The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title , Abstract , Introduction , Methods , Results , and Discussion . The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting this information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect , or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings . We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT . The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial ( enrolment , intervention allocation , follow- up , and analysis ) . The diagram explicitly shows the number of participants , for each intervention group , included in the primary data analysis . Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have done an intention- to-treat analysis . In sum , the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT , enabling readers to underst and a trial 's conduct and to assess the validity of its results Purpose . Evaluate the long-term impact of telephone-based interventions that target high risk , ready-to-change individuals . Design . Quasi-experimental design with pre/post comparisons of lifestyle-related health risks between participants and non participants . Setting . Six organizations from the private and public sectors . Subjects . Subjects were 607 intervention participants who were compared with a control group of 1134 eligible non participants . Measures . Health risk assessment at baseline and at an average of 2 years later measured risk in 13 lifestyle areas . Intervention . Programs were offered in seven areas : back care , cholesterol control , eating habits , exercise and activities , stress management , tobacco use , and weight control . Each program was conducted by a trained health educator who provided information and counseling to facilitate change in the area selected by the participant . All counseling was done by telephone and included three to five contacts over a 1-year period . Results . Binary logistic regression models controlling for gender and age revealed both specific and general effects . Participants were 1.8 to 3.5 times as likely as non participants to reduce the targeted risk in six of seven risk areas . In addition , participants were 1.7 to 3.5 times as likely as non participants to reduce their risks in nine of 13 areas not targeted by the intervention ( i.e. , general effect ) . Overall , participants significantly reduced their number of risks , whereas non participants significantly increased their risk ( difference of .85 risks ) . Conclusions . Results show that at-risk participants make long-term improvements in health risks directly related to the intervention in which they participate . Results also suggest that this intervention may help individuals develop behavior-change skills they can apply to other lifestyle issues According to prior reports , blue-collar workers are less likely to participate in worksite health promotion programs than are white-collar workers . This study examined worker participation in the WellWorks worksite cancer prevention intervention , which integrated health promotion and health protection . Analyses were conducted to assess relationships among participation in health promotion and health protection programs , and workers ' perceptions of management changes to reduce potential occupational exposures . Results indicate that blue-collar workers were less likely to report participating in health promotion activities than white-collar workers . A significant association was observed between participation in nutrition- and exposure-related activities , suggesting that participation in programs to reduce exposures to occupational hazards might contribute to blue-collar workers ' participation in health promotion activities . Furthermore , when workers were aware of changes their employer had made to reduce exposures to occupational hazards , they were more likely to participate in both smoking control and nutrition activities , even when controlling for job category . These findings have clear implication s for future worksite cancer prevention efforts Eighty management-level male employees participated in a company-sponsored comprehensive physical that included determination of plasma total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride levels and percentage of body fat . After the lipid screening , each employee met with a registered dietitian who explained the results of the lipid analysis and discussed risk factors for coronary heart disease with an emphasis on diet .  Seventy employees had a triglyceride level above 5.17 mmol/L and were invited to participate in a nutrition education program . Thirty-three ( mean age = 44 years ) chose to participate ( intervention group ) ; the other 37 ( mean age = 35 years ) served as controls ( control group ) . Thus , the design of the study was not r and om . All subjects completed 3-day dietary records before and after the nutrition education program . Nutrition intervention consisted of ( a ) individualized instruction about the step 1 diet ; ( b ) group sessions ( 1 hour every 3 months ) on eating out , dietary fiber , and maintaining heart healthy behaviors ; and ( c ) individualized follow-up by telephone ( one call per month ) . The results of the year-long program revealed that men in the intervention group decreased dietary intake of energy ( 2,546 + /- 162 kcal to 2,246 + /- 125 kcal ) and cholesterol ( 444 + /- 5.3 mg to 304 + /- 1.6 mg ) and percentage of energy from total fat ( 38 + /- 3.4 % to 31 + /- 2.6 % ) and protein ( 24 + /- 3.5 % to 20 + /- 2.2 % ) . Their consumption of carbohydrate and dietary fiber increased ( 38 + /- 2.1 % to 45 + /- 2.5 % and 8.0 + /- 2.3 g to 23.0 + /- 3.5 g , respectively ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Objective : We report demographic and social context ual characteristics of multiethnic , blue-collar workers from the baseline survey of a study conducted in 24 small businesses . We discuss ways in which we incorporated these characteristics into the design of the intervention . Methods : We used a r and omized controled design , with 12 small businesses assigned to a social context ual intervention and 12 to a minimum intervention control condition .  The response rates to the survey were 84 % at baseline ( n = 1717 ) . Primary outcomes included reduction in red meat consumption and increase in physical activity and daily multivitamin intake . Secondary outcomes targeted reduction in smoking and occupational exposures . Results : The majority of the respondents were male ( 67.6 % ) . This was an ethnically diverse sample with 24.7 % representing racial/ethnic groups other than white and 43.6 % of participants or their parents born outside of the US . To meet study recommendations , workers needed improvement in all behaviors measured . Participants reported a smoking rate of 25.8 , 86.2 % ate fewer than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day 69.5 % ate more than three servings of red meat a week , 46.8 % engaged in less than 2.5h a week and 72.4 % reported that they did not consume a daily multivitamin . Conclusions : Interventions that address the context ual environment in which health behaviors occur , may provide a method that research ers and practitioners can use to reduce health disparities Disparities in chronic disease risk by occupation call for newapproaches to health promotion . Well Works-2 was a r and omized , controlled study comparing the effectiveness of a health promotion/occupational health program ( HP/OHS ) with a st and ard intervention ( HP ) . Interventions in both studies were based on the same theoretical foundations . Results from process evaluation revealed that a similar number of activities were offered in both conditions and that in the HP/OHS condition there were higher levels of worker participation using three measures : mean participation per activity ( HP : 14.2 % vs. HP/OHS : 21.2 % ) , mean minutes of worker exposure to the intervention/site ( HP : 14.9 vs. HP/OHS : 33.3 ) , and overall mean participation per site ( HP : 34.4 % vs. HP/ OHS : 45.8 % ) . There were a greater number of contacts with management ( HP : 8.8 vs. HP/OHS : 24.9 ) in the HP/ OHS condition . Addressing occupational health may have contributed to higher levels of worker and management participation and smoking cessation among blue-collar workers BACKGROUND Mediated physical activity interventions can reach large numbers of people at low cost . Programs delivered through the mail that target the stage of motivational readiness have been shown to increase activity . Communication technology ( websites and e-mail ) might provide a means for delivering similar programs . METHODS R and omized trial conducted between August and October 2001 . Participants included staff at an Australian university ( n=655 ; mean age=43 , st and ard deviation , 10 years ) . Participants were r and omized to either an 8-week , stage-targeted print program ( Print ) or 8-week , stage-targeted website ( Web ) program . The main outcome was change in self-reported physical activity . RESULTS There was no significant increase in total reported physical activity within or between groups when analyzed by intention to treat ( F [1,653]=0.41 , p=0.52 ) . There was a significant increase in total physical activity reported by the Print participants who were inactive at baseline ( t [1,173]=-2.21 , p=0.04 ) , and a significant decrease in the average time spent sitting on a weekday in the Web group ( t [1,326]=2.2 , p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS There were no differences between the Print and Web program effects on reported physical activity . The Print group demonstrated slightly larger effects and a higher level of recognition of program material There is potential for nonparticipation in health-promotion programs to impact on all overall success of these programs . The evidence on the relationship of participation of demographic and health characteristic is conflicting . The study presented here prospect ively examined the relationship of personnel data and self-reported smoking , exercise , and dietary behavior to participation in the initial phase of a new health-promotion program . Compared with the total population , participants tended to be older and more educated , to be foreign-born and of Eastern ethnic origin , and to have more children . The participant population also tended to include more women , married individuals , and noncommissioned officers . A low smoking prevalence ( 17 % of the participants ) , a high mean exercise rate ( four times per week ) , and low weekly mean egg consumption ( 2.7 ) were observed among the program participants . These results indicate that this program preferentially enrolled people who already were committed to healthy lifestyles , and did not reach all segments of the work force equally To effectively serve disease prevention purpose s , worksite fitness centers need to attract a large proportion of eligible employees who are at risk for CVD . The results of studies linking risk factor status and the propensity to join worksite fitness centers have been inconsistent and , to a certain extent , method ologically flawed . This study prospect ively follows 294 newly hired employees at a large insurance company in the Midwest .  Risk factor  status was determined during their orientation week . It was then determined if the employees joined the fitness center during their first year of employment . Results indicate that , overall , risk factor status had little impact on employees ' decisions to join the worksite fitness center . However , two of the risk factors ( being 20 % or more overweight and having elevated systolic blood pressure ) had opposite influences on the decisions of male and female employees The effect of participation in an employee fitness program on reduction of absenteeism due to illness on three different worksites ( police force , chemical industry , banking ) was studied . The study used a longitudinal pretest-posttest design . From 884 subjects , data were collected on absenteeism in the pre-intervention year and on absenteeism in the first year of the fitness program .  The subjects were divided into three groups : high participation , low participation , and no participation in the employee fitness program . Results of covariance analyses show that the high participation group had a significant decline in sick days ( 4.8 days ) , while the low and no participation groups showed no change in sick days . Even when self- selection in the participation in an employee fitness program seems to be present , there is potentially for a great deal to be gained from participation of this self-selected group in terms of changed sick days Purpose . The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics associated with participation in worksite-based health promotion activities . Design . Follow-up interviews were used to identify demographic , attitudinal , and behavioral differences among three employee groups . Reasons employees chose not to participate in health promotion activities were also explored . Setting . All respondents were employed at a large midwestern university and were eligible to participate in free onsite health fairs and health promotion programs . Subjects . A stratified r and om sample of 89 non participants , health fair participants , and behavior change program participants was interviewed . Measures . The interview was comprised of questions related to  demographic information , personal health habits , physical activity , perceived health status , perceived self-efficacy , worksite norms , health promoting lifestyle factors , and knowledge about health promotion activities . Results . ANOVA and chi-squared comparisons revealed few group differences . Graduate students and employees with advanced degrees were most likely to take part in health fairs . Behavior change program participants were older , clerical-technical staff members , and women . Faculty members were least likely to participate . A lack of time was the most often cited reason for nonparticipation . Conclusions . The study was retrospective and the analyses limited due to low statistical power . The results suggest that different groups of employees are attracted to different types of health promotion activities 
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For the other demographic , health- and work-related characteristics no consistent effect on participation was found .
Conclusion In this systematic review , participation levels in health promotion interventions at the workplace were typically below 50 % .