***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of brief strategic family therapy ( BSFT ; an evidence -based family therapy ) compared to treatment as usual ( TAU ) as provided in community-based adolescent outpatient drug abuse programs . METHOD A r and omized effectiveness trial in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network compared BSFT to TAU with a multiethnic sample of adolescents ( 213 Hispanic , 148 White , and 110 Black ) referred for drug abuse treatment at 8 community treatment agencies nationwide . R and omization encompassed both adolescents ' families ( n = 480 ) and the agency therapists ( n = 49 ) who provided either TAU or BSFT services . The primary outcome was adolescent drug use , assessed monthly via adolescent self-report and urinalysis for up to 1 year post r and omization . Secondary outcomes included treatment engagement ( ≥2 sessions ) , retention ( ≥8 sessions ) , and participants ' reports of family functioning 4 , 8 , and 12 months following r and omization . RESULTS No overall differences between conditions were observed in the trajectories of self-reports of adolescent drug use . However , the median number of days of self-reported drug use was significantly higher , χ2(1 ) = 5.40 , p < .02 , in TAU ( Mdn = 3.5 , interquartile range [ IQR ] = 11 ) than BSFT ( Mdn = 2 , IQR = 9 ) at the final observation  point . BSFT was significantly more effective  than TAU in engaging , χ2(1 ) = 11.33 , p < .001 , and retaining , χ2(1 ) = 5.66 , p < .02 , family members in treatment and in improving parent reports of family functioning , χ2(2 ) = 9.10 , p < .011 . CONCLUSIONS We discuss challenges in treatment implementation in community setting s and provide recommendations for further research This study is a 2-year follow-up of girls with serious and chronic delinquency who were enrolled in a r and omized clinical trial conducted from 1997 to 2002 comparing  multidimensional treatment foster care ( MTFC )  and group care ( N = 81 ) . Girls were referred by juvenile court judges and had an average of over 11 criminal referrals when they entered the study . A latent variable analysis of covariance model controlling for initial status demonstrated maintenance of effects for MTFC  in preventing delinquency at the 2-year assessment , as measured by days in locked setting s , number of criminal referrals , and self-reported delinquency . A latent variable growth model focusing on variance in individual trajectories across the course of the study also demonstrated the efficacy of MTFC . Older girls exhibited less delinquency over time relative to younger girls in both conditions . Implication s for gender-sensitive programming for youths referred from juvenile justice are discussed OBJECTIVE We used growth mixture modeling to examine heterogeneity in treatment response in a secondary analysis of 2 r and omized controlled trials testing multidimensional family therapy ( MDFT ) , an established evidence -based therapy for adolescent drug abuse and delinquency . METHOD The first study compared 2 evidence -based adolescent substance abuse treatments : individually focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and MDFT in a sample of 224 urban , low-income , ethnic minority youths ( average age = 15 years , 81 % male , 72 % African American ) . The second compared a cross-systems version of MDFT ( MDFT-detention to community ) with enhanced services as usual for 154 youths , also primarily urban and ethnic minority ( average age = 15 years , 83 % male , 61 % African American , 22 % Latino ) , who were incarcerated in detention facilities . RESULTS In both studies , the analyses supported the distinctiveness of 2 classes of substance use severity , characterized primarily by adolescents with higher and lower initial severity ; the higher severity class also had greater psychiatric comorbidity . In each study , the 2 treatments showed similar effects in the classes with lower severity/frequency of substance use and fewer comorbid diagnoses . Further , in both studies ,  MDFT  was more effective for the classes with greater overall substance use severity and frequency and more comorbid diagnoses . CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that for youths with more severe drug use and greater psychiatric comorbidity , MDFT produced superior treatment outcomes OBJECTIVE Knowledge of treatment response for alcohol and drug problems among adults is mounting ; less is known about long-term outcome for adolescents who receive treatment for alcohol and drug problems .  The current study examined youth substance involvement over 4 years ( using five waves of data collection ) following treatment for alcohol and drug abuse . METHOD A cohort of youth ( N = 162 , 60 % male ) treated during adolescence ( mean age = 16 years ) was followed into young adulthood , a period associated with stabilization of alcohol use patterns and elevated risk for life problems secondary to both alcohol and drug use . Participants ( 14 - 18 years old ) were consecutive admissions to inpatient adolescent alcohol and drug treatment centers in San Diego that were abstinence focused and based on the 12-step approach . RESULTS Alcohol and other drug use were reduced during the 4 years posttreatment , with the exception of nicotine . The greatest prevalence reduction occurred for stimulants ; modest changes were evident in alcohol and marijuana use . Nicotine was the most commonly used substance throughout the 4 years after treatment . Several distinct substance involvement trajectories were evident during the 4 years following treatment . CONCLUSIONS Alcohol and drug use patterns during the 4 years following treatment highlight both changes and diversity in substance involvement as youth make the transitions from middle to late adolescence and into young adulthood . Findings demonstrate the importance of identifying transitional periods and the need for alternative intervention strategies that may help the progression of this population into young adulthood We report the results of a growth model analysis of the impact of a Family Empowerment Intervention ( FEI ) on the heavy drinking over a 36-month follow-up period among youths processed at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center . Families involved in the project were r and omly assigned to either receive an Extended Services Intervention ( ESI ) or the FEI . Families in the ESI group received monthly phone contacts and , if indicated , referral information ; FEI families received three one-hour , home-based meetings per week for approximately 10 weeks from a clinician-trained paraprofessional . By seeking to improve family functioning by empowering parents , it was hypothesized that target youths ' behavior and psychosocial functioning would improve . Although the difference between FEI and ESI was not significant , the reported frequency of getting very high or drunk on alcohol declined more over time for FEI completers than FEI noncompleters . The results provide support for the impact of the FEI services This study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two types of outpatient treatment with and without Assertive Continuing Care ( ACC ) for 320 adolescents with substance use disorders . Study participants were r and omly assigned to one of four conditions : ( a ) Chestnut 's Bloomington Outpatient Treatment ( CBOP ) without ACC ; ( b ) CBOP with ACC ; ( c ) Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Cognitive Behavior Therapy-7 session model ( MET/CBT7 ) without ACC ; and ( d ) MET/CBT7 with ACC . All study conditions attained high rates of participant engagement and retention . Follow-up interviews were completed with over 90 % of the adolescents at three , six , nine , and 12 months after treatment admission . There was a significant time by condition effect over 12 months , with CBOP having a slight advantage for average percentage of days abstinent . Unlike previous findings that ACC provided incremental effectiveness following residential treatment , there were no statistically significant findings with regard to the incremental effectiveness of ACC following outpatient treatment . Analysis of the costs of each intervention combined with its outcomes revealed that the most cost-effective condition was MET/CBT7 without ACC Evaluated the effectiveness of juvenile drug court  for 161 juvenile offenders meeting diagnostic criteria for substance abuse or dependence and determined whether the integration of evidence -based practice s enhanced the outcomes of juvenile drug court .  Over a 1-year period , a four-condition r and omized design evaluated outcomes for family court with usual community services , drug court with usual community services , drug court with multisystemic therapy , and drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced with contingency management  for adolescent substance use , criminal behavior , symptomatology , and days in out-of-home placement . In general , findings supported the view that drug court was more effective than family court services in decreasing rates of adolescent substance use and criminal behavior . Possibly due to the greatly increased surveillance of youths in drug court , however , these relative reductions in antisocial behavior did not translate to corresponding decreases in rearrest or incarceration . In addition , findings supported the view that the use of evidence -based treatments within the drug court context improved youth substance-related outcomes . Clinical and policy implication s of these findings are discussed Youth substance abuse relapse prevention was examined as a function of patients ' situational self-efficacy ( SE ) , their confidence to abstain from substance use in high-risk situations . An increase in SE has been shown to be enhanced by cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) in adults . Eighty-eight adolescent substance abusers were r and omly assigned to either CBT or psycho-education ( PET ) group therapy .  Substance use and SE were assessed at end of treatment , 3- and 9-months after the end of planned treatment . Increased SE predicted subsequent abstinence independently from drug urinalysis and treatment condition only during treatment , while previous substance use predicted subsequent self-efficacy .  CBT was not differentially effective than PET in promoting SE . It is recommended that potential mediators and moderators of SE in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse should be further explored OBJECTIVE To describe the development and initial evaluation of the Coping Course , a cognitive-behavioral group intervention design ed to enhance general coping and problem-solving skills among incarcerated youth . METHOD Between 2001 and 2002 , 76 male adolescents incarcerated at a youth correctional facility were assessed by question naire and r and omly assigned to either the Coping Course ( n = 46 ) or usual care ( n = 30 ) . Participants repeated the question naire after completion of the intervention . A second correctional facility served as an additional source of control group data ( n = 62 ) . RESULTS Significant condition x time effects were present for seven of the examined measures : Youth Self-Report externalizing scores , three measures from the Life Attitudes Scale , self-esteem , one measure of social adjustment , and cognitive-behavioral therapy knowledge . Age and race/ethnicity did not moderate effects . Comparing control group participants with youth at a separate correctional facility who did not receive the Coping Course indicated that change was uniquely associated with participation in the intervention . CONCLUSIONS Our goal was to take an efficacious adolescent depression group intervention and modify it for use with youth in correctional facilities . Preliminary findings are promising and provide evidence for future research of cognitive-behavioral group treatments with incarcerated youth OBJECTIVE A r and omized trial assessed the effectiveness of a 2-level strategy for implementing evidence -based mental health treatments for delinquent youth . METHOD A 2 x 2 design encompassing 14 rural Appalachian counties included 2 factors : ( a ) the r and om assignment of delinquent youth within each county to a multisystemic therapy ( MST ) program or usual services and ( b ) the r and om assignment of counties to the ARC ( for availability , responsiveness , and continuity ) organizational intervention for implementing effective community-based mental health services . The design created 4 treatment conditions ( MST plus ARC , MST only , ARC only , control ) . Outcome measures for 615 youth who were 69 % male , 91 % Caucasian , and aged 9 - 17 years included the Child Behavior Checklist and out-of-home placements .  RESULTS A multilevel , mixed-effects , regression analysis of 6-month treatment outcomes found that youth total problem behavior in the MST plus ARC condition was at a non clinical level and significantly lower than in other conditions . Total problem behavior was equivalent and at non clinical levels in all conditions by the 18-month follow-up , but youth in the MST plus ARC condition entered out-of-home placements at a significantly lower rate ( 16 % ) than youth in the control condition ( 34 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Two-level strategies that combine an organizational intervention such as ARC and an evidence -based treatment such as MST are promising approaches to implementing effective community-based mental health services . More research is needed to underst and how such strategies can be used effectively in a variety of organizational context s and with other types of evidence -based treatments The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) versus psychoeducational therapy ( PET ) for adolescent substance abusers . Eighty-eight consecutively referred predominantly dually diagnosed adolescents were r and omized to one of two eight-week , outpatient group psychotherapy conditions .  Drug urinalysis and the Teen-Addiction Severity Index ( T-ASI ) were used as outcome measurements . Treatment completion rate was 86 % , follow-up location rate was 95 % , and rates of posttreatment at 3- and 9-month follow-up evaluation were 80 % and 65 % , respectively . Comorbid conduct disorder was significantly associated with treatment noncompletion and reduced follow-up rate 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The systematic review identified instruments from the clinical field suitable to evaluate systemic family interventions in a health economic framework .
None of them had preference-weights available .