***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Few pharmacological intervention studies have examined the impact of medication on social cognition , particularly emotion perception . The goal of this r and omized , double-blind study is to compare the effects of several second generation antipsychotics and a first generation antipsychotic , perphenazine , on emotion perception in individuals with schizophrenia . Patients were assigned to receive treatment with olanzapine , queitapine fumarate , risperidone , ziprasidone or perphenazine for up to 18 months . Eight hundred and seventy three patients completed an emotion perception test immediately prior to r and omization and after 2 months of treatment . We also examined baseline predictors of emotion perception change . Most treatments were associated with a small , non-statistically significant improvement in emotion perception at two months , although they did not differ from one another . Greater improvement in emotion perception at 2 months was significantly predicted by lower baseline emotion perception and higher baseline neurocognitive functioning , and marginally predicted by less time on an antipsychotic Oxytocin has numerous prosocial and antipsychotic-like effects in animals . Prosocial effects of acute intranasal oxytocin administration have also been reported in human subjects . We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled trial testing the effects of twice daily intranasal oxytocin treatment for 14 days on psychotic symptoms and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia .  PANSS scores declined significantly and several social cognition measures improved significantly or nearly significantly in oxytocin ( N=11 ) but not placebo ( N=9 ) recipients . Our results suggest that , in addition to reducing classic psychotic symptoms , oxytocin may diminish certain social cognition deficits that are not improved by current antipsychotic medications Trust pervades human societies . Trust is indispensable in friendship , love , families and organizations , and plays a key role in economic exchange and politics . In the absence of trust among trading partners , market transactions break down . In the absence of trust in a country 's institutions and leaders , political legitimacy breaks down . Much recent evidence indicates that trust contributes to economic , political and social success . Little is known , however , about the biological basis of trust among humans . Here we show that intranasal administration of oxytocin , a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals , causes a substantial increase in  trust among humans , thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions . We also show that the effect of oxytocin on trust is not due to a general increase in the readiness to bear risks . On the contrary , oxytocin specifically affects an individual 's willingness to accept social risks arising through interpersonal interactions . These results concur with animal research suggesting an essential role for oxytocin as a biological basis of prosocial approach behaviour Impairments in social cognition are common in schizophrenia and predict poor functional outcome . The purpose of this proof-of-concept r and omized , parallel group clinical trial was to assess whether intranasal oxytocin ( OT ) , given before social cognitive training , enhances learning of social cognitive skills .  Twenty seven male out patients with schizophrenia participated in a 6-week ( 12 session ) training on social cognitive skills . Training focused on three domains : facial affect recognition , social perception , and empathy . Subjects were r and omly assigned ( double blind ) to receive either intranasal OTor placebo 30 min before each session . Participants did not receive OT between sessions or on the day of assessment s. We evaluated scores on social-cognition measures , as well as clinical symptoms and neurocognition , at baseline , 1 week following the final training session , and 1 month later . Our prespecified primary outcome measure was a social-cognition composite score comprised of five individual measures . There were main effects of time ( indicating improvement across the combined-treatment groups ) on the social-cognition composite score at both 1 week and 1 month following completion of training . Subjects receiving OT demonstrated significantly greater improvements in empathic accuracy than those receiving placebo at both posttreatment and 1 month follow up . There were no OT-related effects for the other social cognitive tests , clinical symptoms , or neurocognition . This study provides initial support for the idea that OT enhances the effectiveness of training when administered shortly before social cognitive training sessions . The effects were most pronounced on empathic accuracy , a high-level social cognitive process that is not easily improved in current social cognitive remediation programs BACKGROUND Deficits in olfactory identification have been widely reported in patients with schizophrenia ( SZ ) and are associated with negative symptomatology . Adjunctive oxytocin delivered intranasally has been shown to improve some aspects of social cognition as well as positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia . Given the intranasal delivery route of oxytocin to olfactory pathways and that olfactory abnormalities are a potential endophenotype in SZ , we investigated the effect of intranasal oxytocin on olfactory identification as well as positive and negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia . METHODS Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder ( n=28 ; 16 out patients , 12 in patients ) were r and omized to receive adjunctive intranasal oxytocin 20 IU BID or placebo for 3 weeks . RESULTS All 28 participants completed the clinical trial .  Odor identification performance significantly improved on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test ( UPSIT ) total score and subscore for pleasant smells . UPSIT score ( F=5.20 , df=1,23 , p=0.032 ) and subscore for pleasant smells ( F=4.56 , df=1,23 , p=0.044 ) , in patients treated with oxytocin were compared to placebo from baseline to endpoint . Global symptomatology as well as positive and negative symptoms were not improved by intranasal oxytocin . In fact , global symptoms , not positive or negative symptoms , improved in the placebo group . Secondary analysis shows that intranasal oxytocin improved negative symptoms in the small group of in patients . Intranasal oxytocin was well tolerated during the three week trial . CONCLUSION Adjunctive intranasal oxytocin may improve olfactory identification , particularly in items of positive valence . Larger studies are needed to determine the effects of oxytocin on negative symptoms in SZ . ( NCT00884897 ; http://www . clinical trials.gov ) Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Social-cognitive deficits contribute to poor functional outcomes in early psychosis ; however , no effective pharmacological treatments exist for these problems . This study was the first to investigate the efficacy of an extended treatment of oxytocin nasal spray combined with social cognition training ( SCT ) to improve social cognition , clinical symptoms , and social functioning in early psychosis . In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , between-subjects trial , 52 individuals ( aged 16 - 35 years ) diagnosed with an early psychosis schizophrenia-spectrum illness were recruited . Participants received oxytocin ( 24 International Units ) or placebo nasal spray twice-daily for 6 weeks , combined with group SCT ( 2 × 1 hour weekly sessions for 6 weeks ) . An additional dose of oxytocin was administered before each weekly session . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , post-treatment , and at 3-month follow-up . Primary outcomes included the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test , the Scale for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms , and the Social Functioning Scale . Secondary outcomes included self-report and behavioral assessment s of social cognition , symptom severity , and social functioning . Results showed that on all primary and secondary outcomes , there was no benefit of oxytocin nasal spray treatment in comparison to placebo . Exploratory post hoc analysis suggested that increased use of nasal spray was , however , associated with reductions in negative symptoms in the oxytocin condition only . This study represents the first evaluation of oxytocin treatment for early psychosis . Although results suggest no benefit of oxytocin treatment , results also highlight an urgent need to consider nasal spray delivery and dose-related variables for future clinical trials Background Impairment of oxytocinergic function and /or oxytocin receptor genetic abnormalities has been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia .  Oxytocin reverses emotional recognition deficit and might restore sense of trust in patients with schizophrenia . Some short-term studies have shown efficacy and tolerability of oxytocin in patients with schizophrenia . However , there is a lack of evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of oxytocin in patients with schizophrenia beyond 3 weeks . Objective The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of oxytocin intranasal spray ( given as an adjuvant to risperidone ) in patients with schizophrenia . Study Design This was an 8-week , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Study Setting In patients of two large referral psychiatric hospitals in Iran were recruited for the study . Patients Forty patients ( male and female gender ) aged 18–50 years with a diagnosis of schizophrenia ( DSM-IV-TR ) who were on a stable dose of risperidone for a minimum of 1 month and who were chronically partially responsive to antipsychotic monotherapy were included in the study . Interventions The patients were r and omly assigned to oxytocin intranasal spray ( Syntocinon ® ; Novartis , Basel , Switzerl and ) or placebo intranasal spray containing normal saline ( ACER , Tehran , Iran ) for 8 weeks . Oxytocin spray was administered as 20 IU ( five sprays ) twice a day for the first week followed by 40 IU ( ten sprays ) twice a day for the following 7 weeks . Placebo spray was administered at the same dose as the oxytocin spray . In addition , participants were on a stable dose of risperidone ( 5 or 6 mg/day ) . Outcomes The patients were assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) at baseline and at weeks 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 . Primary outcomes were the differences in the PANSS scores between the two groups at the end of the trial . Adverse effects were recorded using a checklist and the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale ( ESRS ) at baseline and at weeks 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 . Results All patients had at least one post-baseline measurement and 37 patients ( 19 in the oxytocin  and 18 in the placebo group ) completed the study . Repeated measure analysis of variance showed significant effect for time X treatment interaction on the PANSS total [ F(2.291,87.065 ) = 22.124 , p < 0.001 ] , positive [ F(1.285,48.825 ) = 11.655 , p = 0.001 ] , negative [ F(2.754,104.649 ) = 11.818 , p < 0.001 ] and general psychopathology [ F(1.627,61.839 ) = 4.022 , p = 0.03 ] subscale scores . By week 8 , patients in the oxytocin group showed significantly greater improvement on the positive ( Cohen ’s d = 1.2 , 20 % vs. 4 % reduction in score , p < 0.001 ) , negative ( Cohen ’s d = 1.4 , 7 % vs. 2 % reduction in score , p < 0.001 ) and general psychopathology ( Cohen ’s d = 0.8 , 8 % vs. 2 % reduction in score , p = 0.021 ) subscales and total ( Cohen ’s d = 1.9 , 11 % vs. 2 % reduction in score , p < 0.001 ) PANSS scores than the placebo group . Adverse effects including the sodium concentration change were similar between the two groups . Conclusion Oxytocin as an adjunct to risperidone tolerably and efficaciously improves positive symptoms of schizophrenia . In addition , effects on negative and total psychopathology scores were statistically significant , but likely to be clinical ly insignificant . The interesting findings from the present pilot study need further replication in a larger population of patients The current study explored whether oxytocin can improve social cognition and social skills in individuals with schizophrenia using a six-week , double-blind design . Fourteen participants with schizophrenia were r and omized to receive either intranasal oxytocin or a placebo solution and completed a battery of social cognitive , social skills and clinical psychiatric symptom measures . Results showed within group improvements in fear recognition , perspective taking , and a reduction in negative symptoms in the oxytocin group . These preliminary findings indicate oxytocin treatment may help improve certain components of functioning in schizophrenia . Implication s for the treatment of social functioning in schizophrenia are discussed BACKGROUND Both human and animal studies suggest oxytocin may have antipsychotic properties . Therefore , we conducted a clinical trial to directly test this notion . METHODS Nineteen schizophrenia patients with residual symptoms despite being on a stable dose of at least one antipsychotic were enrolled in a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study . They received 3 weeks of daily intranasal oxytocin ( titrated to 40 IU twice a day ) and placebo adjunctive to their antipsychotics . Order of intranasal treatment was r and omly assigned and there was a 1-week washout between treatments . RESULTS Analysis of the 15 subjects who completed all the study 
    Output:
    
Oxytocin may improve PANSS general subscale scores in schizophrenia and seems to be well tolerated .