***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined whether Project Support , a parenting intervention shown to reduce child conduct problems , also exerts positive effects on features of  psychopathy in children . Participants were 66 families ( mothers and children ) recruited from domestic violence shelters who participated in a r and omized controlled trial evaluating Project Support . Each family included at least one child between the ages of 4 and 9 who was exhibiting clinical levels of conduct problems . Families were r and omly assigned to the Project Support intervention condition or to an existing services comparison condition , and they were assessed on 6 occasions over 20 months , following their departure from the shelter . Children in families in the Project Support condition , compared with those in the comparison condition , exhibited greater reductions in features of psychopathy . Moreover , the changes in features of psychopathy remained after accounting for changes in conduct problems .  Project Support ’s effects on features of psychopathy were mediated by improvements in mothers ’ harsh and inconsistent parenting . These findings on the effects of an intervention on features of psychopathy are the first from a r and omized controlled trial . They inform the debate about whether features of psychopathy in children  are responsive to intervention , and hold important implication s for clinical practice OBJECTIVE Proposals have been su bmi tted to the DSM-V for the addition of a callous-unemotional ( CU ) specifier for conduct problem ( CP ) youth ( CP/CU ) . While the addition of such a diagnostic category may aid in the identification of homogeneous CP subtypes , evidence on risks for the development of CP/CU remains limited . The present study sought to examine the extent to which CP/CU in early adolescence could be differentiated by family- and child-based risks from pregnancy to age 4 years . METHOD Using data from approximately 7,000 mothers and their offspring ( 51 % male ) participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children , the authors examined  maternal prenatal risks ( psychopathology  , criminality , substance use )  , child 's fearless temperament ( age 2 years ) and harsh and warm parenting  ( age 4 years ) as predictors of CP and CU at age 13 ; then used follow-back analyses to explore pre- and early post-natal risks in more detail . RESULTS Maternal prenatal risks increased fearless temperament and CP and CU . Fearless temperament was also prospect ively associated with higher levels of early adolescent CP and CU , above and beyond parenting and prenatal maternal risks . Follow-back analyses showed fearless temperament in boys manifested as lower response to punishment cues , while for girls this temperament was indexed by boldness toward novel situations and strangers , particularly for CP/CU youth . CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that ( i ) maternal prenatal risks and fearless temperament showed a dose-response relationship with CP and CU ( i.e. , higher clustering of risks tended to relate to both higher levels and the co-occurrence of CU with CP ) , and ( ii ) intervention programs that aim to improve behavioural outcomes may consider targeting specific temperamental features in both boys and girls OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and mechanisms of Hitkashrut , a " common elements " co-parent training ( PT ) program for early intervention with preschoolers ( 3 - 5 years of age ) at risk for conduct problems ( CP ) . METHOD A r and omized controlled trial with 140 participants in PT and 69 in a minimal intervention control group . The primary outcome ( presence of CP ) was assessed at pre-intervention , post-intervention , and 1-year follow-up . Callous-unemotional traits , effortful control , parental distress , negative/inconsistent parenting , and couple relationship quality were assessed at pre- and post-intervention , whereas callous-unemotional traits and effortful control were also assessed in the PT group at follow-up . Retention was 87.1 % at post-intervention and 60 % at follow-up . Hitkashrut incorporated evidence -based components of established PT programs into a culturally adapted protocol . The facilitators were trained and supervised psychologists working in Israel 's Educational Psychology Services . RESULTS Intervention effect ( Cohen 's d ) was large at post-intervention ( ES = .76 , p < .001 ) , and an additional medium effect was found at follow-up ( ES = 0.63 , p < .001 ) . Parallel post-intervention and follow-up intervention effects were also found in the degree of clinical ly significant improvements . Effects of the intervention on callous-unemotional traits ( ES = 0.85 , p < .001 ) and effortful control ( ES = 0.47 , p < .001 ) were maintained at follow-up . Follow-up improvement in CP was mediated by improvements in parental practice s and distress . CONCLUSIONS Hitkashrut 's implementation and subsequent dissemination in real-world setting s demonstrates the potential effectiveness of common elements programs to promote innovations within service-delivery systems . Improvements in dispositional variables and the mediated follow-up effect support theoretical cascade models that emphasize early developmental malleability and the growing preventive effects of PT 's facilitated parental changes on disruptive developmental trajectories . Clinical trial registration information - The effect of a " common elements " co-parent training program ( called ' Hitkashrut ' ) on conduct in preschoolers at risk for conduct problems ; http://www.anzctr.org.au ; ACTRN12612000148875 This study examined the relationship between callous-unemotional ( CU ) traits and parenting practice s over time in a mixed-sex community cohort ( N = 1,008 ; 52.6 % boys ) , aged 3 to 10 years ( M = 6.5 , SD = 1.3 ) . Measures of CU traits , externalizing psychopathology , parenting practice s , and socioeconomic risk factors were collected at baseline , and parenting practice s and CU traits were reassessed at 12-month follow-up . CU traits uniquely accounted for change in three domains of parenting ( inconsistent discipline , punishment , and parental involvement ) . Likewise , multiple domains of parenting ( positive parenting , parental involvement , and poor monitoring/supervision ) uniquely predicted change in CU traits . These seemingly bidirectional dynamics between CU traits and parenting were found to be largely moderated by child age and sex . Results partially replicate previous findings regarding the association between quality of parenting and prospect i ve change in CU traits , and provide initial evidence that CU traits disrupt parenting practice s over time This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139 , 6–11 year-old , clinical ly referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( ODD ) or Conduct Disorder ( CD ) who were r and omly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol  that was applied by research study clinicians either in the community ( COMM ) or a clinic office ( CLINIC ) . To examine normative comparisons , a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included . Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports at six assessment timepoints ( pretreatment to 3-year follow-up ) to evaluate changes in the child ’s behavioral and emotional problems , psychopathic features , functional impairment , diagnostic status , and service involvement . Using HLM and logistic regression models , COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes . By 3-year follow-up , 36 % of COMM and 47 % of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD , and 48 % and 57 % of the children in these two respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range . We discuss the nature and implication s of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term outcome of behavior disorders This study examined dimensions of callous behaviors in early childhood and the role of these behaviors in the development of conduct problems , as well as responsiveness to a family-centered preventative intervention . Caregiver reports of callous behaviors were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis . Problem behavior was examined using within- and cross-informant reports of these behaviors . Parenting was measured using observational methods within the context of a r and omized control trial of the Family Check-Up with a sample of 731 ethnically diverse boys and girls ( followed from ages 2 to 4 ) at high risk for later conduct problems . Results demonstrated that a measure of deceitful-callous ( DC ) behaviors had acceptable factor loadings and internal consistency at ages 3 and 4 . DC behaviors at age 3 predicted problem behavior concurrently and longitudinally within and across informant . However , DC behaviors did not reduce the effectiveness of the family preventative intervention .  These findings have implication s for our underst and ing of behaviors that may precede later callous-unemotional traits and for our underst and ing of the development and prevention of early starting conduct problems Seven hundred thirty-one income-eligible families in 3 geographical regions who were enrolled in a national food supplement program were screened and r and omized to a brief family intervention . At child ages 2 and 3 , the  intervention group caregivers were offered the Family Check-Up and linked parenting support services . Latent growth models on caregiver reports at child ages 2 , 3 , and 4 revealed decreased behavior problems when compared with the control group . Intervention effects occurred predominantly among families reporting high levels of problem behavior at child age 2 . Families in the intervention condition improved on direct observation measures of caregivers ' positive behavior support at child ages 2 and 3 ; improvements in positive behavior support mediated improvements in children 's early problem behavior 
    Output:
    
The results suggest that dimensions of parenting are prospect ively related to changes in CU traits .
Subgroups of youth with both high levels of CU traits and AB also appear to have experienced negative parenting practice s. However , negative parenting is not consistently related to AB in cross-sectional studies for youth with high levels of CU traits .
At the same time , parenting-focused interventions appear effective in reducing the level of AB and CU traits in youth .