***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A multicomponent motivational smoking cessation intervention was evaluated in 33 prenatal , family planning , and pediatric services in 12 public health clinics .  Clinic-based intervention components were implemented by clinic personnel as part of routine medical visits . METHODS The evaluation design included pre- and postintervention measurements of multiple study outcomes in a baseline ( all clinics prior to the start of the intervention ) and an experimental period ( matchedpair r and om assignment of clinics to intervention or control conditions ) . Subjects were 683 ( baseline ) and 1,064 ( experimental ) smokers with measurements of smoking outcomes at both times . Mixed-effects regressions analyzed individual outcomes clustered within clinics and services . RESULTS Control and intervention clinics had similar outcomes in the baseline period . In the experiment , outcomes improved in the intervention but not in the control clinics . Compared to controls , smokers exposed to the intervention were more likely to have quit ( 14.5 versus 7.7 % ) or take actions toward quitting and had higher mean action , stage of readiness , and motivation to quit scores . These positive effects persisted when clustering within clinics and services was controlled . CONCLUSIONS This intervention , implemented by clinic personnel as part of routine medical visits , was effective under these natural conditions across different types of clinic service AIM To examine the role of sociodemographic factors as predictors of sustained smoking cessation for the population who volunteer to participate in intervention programmes . METHOD Data for the 3575 smokers who participated in the CEASE ( collaborative European anti-smoking evaluation ) trial , a European multicentred study that used transdermal nicotine patches as an adjunct to smoking cessation in the chest clinic , were analysed . The effects of age , sex , smoking habit , socioeconomic status ( housing conditions , education , and employment ) , disease , smoking habits of relatives , and baseline markers of tobacco use on sustained smoking cessation ( self-reported abstinence and expired carbon monoxide < 10 parts per million ) were assessed using logistic regression modelling ( odds ratio ( OR ) , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) . RESULTS 477/3575 smokers were sustained abstainers one year after the intervention ( overall success rate 13.3 % ) . In the univariable logistic regression models an effect of active treatment on smoking cessation was observed ( OR 1.50 , 95 % CI 1.15 to 1.96 ) , and additional effects on outcome were found for age ( OR 1.02 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.03 ) , sex ( menv women : OR 1.38 , 95 % CI 1.14 to 1.68 ) , housing conditions ( OR 1.43 , 95 % CI 1.25 to 1.65 ) , current respiratory ( OR 0.79 , 95 % CI 0.67 to 0.92 ) or cardiac disease ( OR 0.46 , 95 % CI 0.28 to 0.75 ) , and markers of tobacco use ( cigarettes per day : OR 0.79 , 95 % CI 0.69 to 0.90 ; expired carbon monoxide : OR 0.98 , 95 % CI 0.97 to 0.99 ) . Education and employment did not have a significant effect on the outcome . The effect of the variables associated with success in smoking cessation persisted after adjustment for covariates . CONCLUSION Age , sex , and housing conditions have a major effect on smoking cessation in European smokers participating in smoking cessation programmes INTRODUCTION This study examines the presence and correlates of gender disparities in smoking cessation among lower income smokers prescribed nicotine replacement medication .  METHODS We examined quit rates ( 7-day abstinence point prevalence ) among a cohort of smokers who filled prescriptions for nicotine replacement ( N = 1,782 ) , using Minnesota Health Care Programs ' ( e.g. , Medicaid ) pharmacy cl aims data bases ( 2005 - 2006 ) and mixed-mode survey protocol s. A cohort of smokers who recently filled a prescription for nicotine replacement  was stratified by race , and then subjects were selected by simple r and om sample from each race , oversampling the nonWhite groups ( N = 1,782 ) . The primary outcome was point prevalence of 7-day abstinence , and outcomes were assessed about 8 months after the nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) index prescription fill date using a mixed-mode survey protocol . Final interaction models were constructed using backward elimination . RESULTS Abstinence rates were 11.4 % among women and 19.2 % among men ( p = .02 ) and remained marginally significant after controlling for demographics , mental and physical health , period of cigarette abstinence , social environment , religious attendance , perceived stress , and NRT prescription type ( p = .08 ) . There was a significant Gender x Employment interaction ( p = .02 ) . Among men , quit rates were higher among the employed ( 26 % ) compared with the unemployed ( 16 % ) ; among women , quit rates were lower among those who were employed ( 8 % ) compared with those who were unemployed ( 14 % ) . DISCUSSION Results suggest the need for research on factors specific to women 's work roles or workplaces that inhibit cessation as well as cessation programs tailored to low-income , employed female smokers . On-site workplace interventions and flexible counseling programs may be especially beneficial Background Gender-specific smoking cessation strategies have rarely been developed . Evidence of effectiveness of physical activity ( PA ) promotion and intervention in adjunct to smoking cessation programs is not strong . SPRINT study is a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) design ed to evaluate a counselling intervention on smoking cessation and PA delivered to women attending the Italian National Health System Cervical Cancer Screening Program . This paper presents study design and baseline characteristics of the study population . Methods / Design Among women undergoing the Pap examination in three study centres ( Florence , Turin , Mantua ) , participants were r and omized to the smoking cessation counselling [ S ] , the smoking cessation + PA counselling [ S + PA ] , or the control [ C ] groups . The program under evaluation is a st and ard brief counselling on smoking cessation combined with a brief counselling on increasing PA , and was delivered in 2010 . A question naire , administered before , after 6 months and 1 year from the intervention , was used to track behavioural changes in tobacco use and PA , and to record cessation rates in participants . Discussion Out of the 5,657 women undergoing the Pap examination , 1,100 participants ( 55 % of smokers ) were r and omized in 1 of the 3 study groups ( 363 in the S , 366 in the S + PA and 371 in the C groups ) . The three arms did not differ on any demographic , PA , or tobacco-use characteristics .  Recruited smokers were older , less educated than non-participant women , more motivated to quit ( 33 % vs.9 % in the Preparation stage , p < 0.001 ) , smoked more cigarettes per day ( 12 vs.9 , p < 0.001 ) , and were more likely to have already done 1 or more quit attempts ( 64 % vs.50 % , p < 0.001 ) . The approach of SPRINT study appeared suitable to enrol less educated women who usually smoke more and have more difficulties to quit . Trial registration numberIS RCT N : IS RCT OBJECTIVES Veterans experience a particularly heavy burden with smoking rates higher than the general population , and the smoking prevalence for women Veterans has increased in recent years . We examined differences in smoking prevalence and treatment by gender for Veterans receiving at least some of their care at a VA facility , and examined the degree to which organizational factors may be associated with reductions in gender disparities in smoking cessation treatment . METHODS We merged national organizational-level data focused on primary care ( sites = 225 ) and women 's health ( sites = 195 ) with patient-level survey data ( n = 15,033 smokers ) . Organizational measures focused on smoking cessation-specific  structure and processes in primary care and women 's health . Primary outcomes were patient-reported receipt of smoking cessation treatments-advised to quit , medication recommendation  , and other treatment recommendation . We used multi-level , r and om-intercept logistic regression . RESULTS In 2007 , 29 % of women and 23 % of men were smokers .  Overall , 83 % of smokers reported they had been advised to quit , 62 % recommended medications , and 60 % recommended other treatments . Women were more likely to report being advised to quit ( odds ratio , 1.33 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.07 - 1.64 ) but equally likely as men to have medications or other treatment recommended . Organizational factors did not eliminate the gender differences in being advised to quit . CONCLUSION Despite having equivalent or higher smoking cessation treatment rates , women Veterans were more likely to smoke than men . With the rapid growth of women entering VA care , the need for effective gender-focused and gender-sensitive smoking cessation care arrangements is critical for the future health of women who have served Women are less successful than men at quitting  smoking . We examined whether the male vs. female cessation outcome was influenced by baseline smoking behavior in participants who attempted to quit by using nicotine inhaler ( NI ) plus nicotine patch ( NP ) combination therapy .  This double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial enrolled 196 men and 204 women . Group 1 ( 99 men , 101 women ) received NI plus NP ( 15 mg nicotine/16 h ) for 6 weeks , then NI plus placebo patch ( PP ) for 6 weeks , then NI alone for 14 weeks . Group 2 ( 97 men , 103 women ) received NI plus PP for 12 weeks , then NI alone for 14 weeks . Outcome measures were continuous self-reported abstinence and expired carbon monoxide concentration < 10 ppm . Baseline nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence ( FTND ) , and behavioral dependence by the 18- question Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Question naire ( GN-SBQ ) . Male vs. female complete abstinence rates , regardless of treatment group , were 61.7 % vs. 46.6 % at 6 weeks ( p = .0022 ) , 42.3 % vs. 30.9 % at 12 weeks ( p = .017 ) , 30.1 % vs. 17.6 % at 6 months ( p = .003 ) , and 23.0 % vs. 10.8 % at 12 months , respectively ( p = .001 ) . Men had significantly higher baseline FTND ( p = .0180 ) and lower total GN-SBQ ( p < .0001 ) scores than women . In conclusion , women appear to have higher behavioral , and lower nicotine , dependence than men according to the GN-SBQ and the FTND ; thus both nicotine and behavioral treatment should be tailored to women to increase their chances of abstinence Current treatment guidelines recommend that all smokers be given motivational or action-oriented counseling , as is appropriate to their readiness to quit smoking . The present study assessed the acceptability and impact of a proactively delivered , motivationally tailored phone counseling program targeted to women with elevated risk for cervical cancer . Female smokers with a recent abnormal pap exam or a colposcopy were contacted and invited to participate , regardless of their interest in quitting smoking . Participants were r and omly assigned to usual care ( UC ) or UC plus motivationally enhanced phone counseling ( MEC ) . The intervention was well received : 79 % of eligible women enrolled ( n = 275 ) , and 90 % completed at least three of four calls . Participation did not vary by baseline motivation to quit . Compared with control subjects , counseling participants were more likely to seek additional treatment services and had a higher 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate at 6 months ( 20 % MEC vs. 12 % UC , p<.05 ) .  MEC  impact was sustained at 12 months , but abstinence increased among the UC group ( 18 % MEC vs. 20 % UC , p = ns ) . There was no difference in repeated point-prevalence abstinence at 6 and 12 months ( 11 % MEC vs. 10 % UC , p = ns ) . Outcomes were similar in a subgroup of 229 women who , at baseline , were interested in quitting in the next 6 months INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death among women in the United States . It is a particular problem for women using the Veterans Health Administration ( VA ) , where the prevalence of smoking among women is 30 % . We compared the baseline characteristics of male and female smokers and then assessed the smoking cessation services they received to determine whether there are important gender differences in care . METHODS As part of a study of implementing national guidelines for smoking cessation taking place at 18/23 VA centers in the southwestern and western United States , we conducted a baseline survey of a r and om sample of 1,941 smokers in primary care ( 129 women , 1,812 men ) to assess the smoking cessation services received by female and male veterans . 
    Output:
    
The profile of women who carry out treatment for smoking cessation  , either in general or specialized health services , is composed of white , married , and highly level educated women .