***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study evaluated the effects of a 6-month combined aerobic and resistance training program on the body composition , glycemic control , lipid profile , and functional capacity of older patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes . 25 subjects ( 65.9 ± 4 . 2 yrs ; M/F : 13/12 ) with a long history of type 2 diabetes ( 16.7 ± 6.7 yrs ) were r and omly allocated into either the exercise or control groups . The exercise group trained three sessions a week . Each session consisted of a warm-up period , 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise , 10 minutes of resistance training with five leg muscle exercises ( two sets of 10 - 12 repetitions at 50 - 70 % of 1RM for each activity ) , and a cool-down period . The variables of body composition , glycemic control , lipid profile , and functional capacity were measured before and after the study period . Exercise training  decreased waist-hip ratio and body fat of the trained subjects . Concentrations of fasting and 2-hour post-glucose challenge plasma glucose and serum insulin , and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased significantly in the exercise group . Exercise training  improved the lipid profile and also increased the leg muscle strength and 6-minute walking distance of the trained subjects . The control group , however , increased their body fat and fasting plasma glucose , while other variables were not changed during the study period . The current results demonstrate that elderly patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes can benefit from the 6-month combined aerobic and resistance training program . Key pointsExercise training is effective for elderly patients with long-term type 2 diabetesExercise prescription for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes should contain both aerobic and resistance activities PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Tai Chi exercise on glucose control , neuropathy scores , balance , and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy . METHODS A pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group was utilized to recruit 59 diabetic patients with neuropathy from an outpatient clinic of a university hospital . A st and ardized Tai Chi for diabetes program was provided , which comprised 1 hour of Tai Chi per session , twice a week for 12 weeks . Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin for glucose control , the Semmes-Weinstein 10-g monofilament examination scores and total symptom scores for neuropathy , single leg stance for balance , and the Korean version of the SF-36v2 for quality of life . Thirty-nine patients completed the posttest measures after the 12-week Tai Chi intervention , giving a 34 % dropout rate . RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 64 years , and they had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for more than 12 years . The status was significantly better for the participants in the Tai Chi group ( n=20 ) than for their control ( i.e. , nonintervention ) counterparts ( n=19 ) in terms of total symptom scores , glucose control , balance , and quality of life . CONCLUSION Tai Chi improved glucose control , balance , neuropathic symptoms , and some dimensions of quality of life in diabetic patients with neuropathy . Further studies with larger sample s and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm the effects of Tai Chi on the management of diabetic neuropathy , which may have an impact on fall prevention in this population OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effects of balance/strength training on falls risk and posture in older individuals with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen individuals with type 2 diabetes and 21 age-matched control subjects ( aged 50–75 years ) participated .  Postural stability and falls risk was assessed before and after a 6-week exercise program . RESULTS Diabetic individuals had significantly higher falls risk score compared with control subjects . The diabetic group also exhibited evidence of mild-to-moderate neuropathy , slower reaction times , and increased postural sway . Following exercise , the diabetic group showed significant improvements in leg strength , faster reaction times , decreased sway , and , consequently , reduced falls risk . CONCLUSIONS Older individuals with diabetes had impaired balance , slower reactions , and consequently a higher falls risk than age-matched control subjects . However , all these variables improved after resistance/balance training . Together these results demonstrate that structured exercise has wide-spread positive effects on physiological function for older individuals with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Strength training has been shown to be beneficial in older adults . However , very little data exist on the effects of strength training in older diabetics . METHODS 31 community-dwelling older adults with diabetes ( mean age = 66.1 years ) were r and omly assigned to either an exercise ( EX ) or control ( CO ) group . The EX group trained the plantar flexors , knee extensors , knee flexors , hip extensors , and hip flexors muscle groups at 50 % , 60 % , and 70 % of 1-repetition maximum , 2.6 days a week , for 24 months . Mobility tests included the timed up and go , 50-foot walk , and walking up and down 8 stairs . Strength and mobility for both groups were evaluated at 6-month intervals . RESULTS There was a group and time effect as the EX group increased 31.4 % ( p < .001 ) in strength for all muscle groups after the first 6 months of training , and the strength gains were retained for the duration of the training intervention . There was also a group and time effect for mobility as performance increased 8.6 % and 9.8 % ( p = .032 and p = 0.031 ) for the first 6 and 12 months , respectively , but decreased to 4.6 % above baseline at the end of the intervention . There were essentially no changes from baseline strength or mobility values for the CO group . CONCLUSION In conclusion , these data suggest that a moderate-intensity resistive-training program can improve mobility and strength for the duration of a 24-month intervention in older adults with diabetes , thus potentially reducing the rate of mobility loss during aging Background Interventions for preventing  falls in older people often involve several components , multidisciplinary teams , and implementation in a variety of setting s. We have developed a classification system ( taxonomy ) to describe interventions used to prevent falls in older people , with the aim of improving the design and reporting of clinical trials of fall-prevention interventions , and synthesis of evidence from these trials . Methods Thirty three international experts in falls prevention and health services research participated in a series of meetings to develop consensus . Robust techniques were used including literature review s , expert presentations , and structured consensus workshops moderated by experienced facilitators . The taxonomy was refined using an international test panel of five health care practitioners . We assessed the chance corrected agreement of the final version by comparing taxonomy completion for 10 r and omly selected published papers describing a variety of fall-prevention interventions . Results The taxonomy consists of four domains , summarized as the " Approach " , " Base " , " Components " and " Descriptors " of an intervention . Sub-domains include ; where participants are identified ; the theoretical approach of the intervention ; clinical targeting criteria ; details on assessment s ; descriptions of the nature and intensity of interventions . Chance corrected agreement of the final version of the taxonomy was good to excellent for all items . Further independent evaluation of the taxonomy is required . Conclusions The taxonomy is a useful instrument for characterizing a broad range of interventions used in falls prevention . Investigators are encouraged to use the taxonomy to report their interventions Background . Peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) and muscle function are more decreased in patients with a combination of chronic heart failure ( CHF ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 2DM ) compared to patients with only one of the conditions . Further , patients with 2DM have peripheral complications that hamper many types of conventional exercises . Aim . To evaluate the efficacy and applicability of eight-week aquatic exercise in patients with the combination of CHF and 2DM . Methods . Twenty patients ( four women ) with both CHF and 2DM ( age 67.4 ± 7.1 , NYHA II-III ) were r and omly assigned to either aquatic exercise or a control group . The patients exercised for 45 minutes 3 times/week in 33–34 ° C , swimming pool . Results . The training programme was well tolerated . Work rate ( + 11.7 ± 6.6 versus −6.4 ± 8.1 watt , P < 0.001 ) and VO2peak ( + 2.1 ± 0.8 versus −0.9 ± 1.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 , P < 0.001 ) and walking capacity ( P = 0.01 ) increased significantly in the training group . Muscle function was also significantly improved and Hba1c decreased significantly ( P < 0.01 ) during training , while fasting glucose , insulin , c-peptide , and lipids were unchanged . Training also increased vitality measured by SF-36 significantly ( P = 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Aquatic exercise could be used to improve exercise capacity and muscle function in patients with the combination of CHF and 2DM Hispanics are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to their high prevalence of diabetes and poor glycemic control . Strength training is the most effective lifestyle intervention to increase muscle mass but limited data is available in older adults with diabetes . We determined the influence of strength training on muscle quality ( strength per unit of muscle mass ) , skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy , and metabolic control including insulin resistance ( Homeostasis Model Assessment –HOMA-IR ) , C-Reactive Protein ( CRP ) , adiponectin and Free Fatty Acid ( FFA ) levels in Hispanic older adults . Sixty-two community-dwelling Hispanics ( > 55 y ) with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to 16 weeks of strength training plus st and ard care ( ST group ) or st and ard care alone ( CON group ) . Skeletal muscle biopsies and biochemical measures were taken at baseline and 16 weeks . The ST group show improved muscle quality ( mean±SE : 28±3 ) vs CON ( -4±2 , p<0.001 ) and increased type I ( 860±252µm2 ) and type II fiber cross-sectional area ( 720±285µm2 ) compared to CON ( type I : -164±290µm2 , p=0.04 ; and type II : -130±336µm2 , p=0.04 ) . This was accompanied by reduced insulin resistance [ ST : median ( interquartile range ) -0.7(3.6 ) vs CON : 0.8(3.8 ) , p=0.05 ] ; FFA ( ST : -84±30µmol/L vs CON : 149±48µmol/L , p=0.02 ) ; and CRP [ ST : -1.3(2.9)mg/L vs CON : 0.4(2.3)mg/L , p=0.05 ] . Serum adiponectin increased with ST [ 1.0(1.8)µg/mL ] compared to CON [ -1.2(2.2)µg/mL , p<0.001  ] . Strength training improved muscle quality and whole-body insulin sensitivity . Decreased inflammation and increased adiponectin levels were related with improved metabolic control . Further studies are needed to underst and the mechanisms associated with these findings . However , these data show that strength training is an exercise modality to consider as an adjunct of st and ard of care in high risk population s with type 2 diabetes The prevention of injury associated with falls in older people  is a public health target in many countries around the world . Although there is good evidence that interventions such as multifactorial fall prevention and individually prescribed exercise are effective in reducing falls , the effect on serious injury rates is unclear . Historically , trials have not been adequately powered to detect injury endpoints , and variations in case definition across trials have hindered meta- analysis . It is possible that fall-prevention strategies have limited effect on falls that result in injuries or are ineffective in population s who are at a higher risk of injury . Further research is required to determine whether fall-prevention interventions can reduce serious injuries . Prevention of Falls Network Europe ( ProFaNE ) is a collaborative project to reduce the burden of fall injury in older people through excellence in research and promotion of best practice ( www.profane.eu.org ) . The European Commission funds the network , which links clinicians , members of the public , and research ers worldwide . The aims are to identify major gaps in knowledge in fall injury prevention and to facilitate the collaboration necessary for large-scale clinical research activity , including clinical trials , comparative research , and prospect i ve meta- analysis . Work is being undertaken in a 4-year program . As a first step , the development of a common set of outcome definitions and measures for future trials or meta- analysis was considered OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of an 8-week home-based resistance exercise program on balance , power , and mobility in adults with multiple sclerosis . DESIGN Experimental group design . SETTING General community . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine women ( age , 50.3+/-8.5 y ) and 8 men ( age , 51.1+/-7.1 y ) were stratified by disability level and age and were r and omized into exercise ( n=19 ) and control ( n=17 ) groups . INTERVENTION The exercise group had lower-extremity resistance training 3 times a week . The control group maintained current level of physical activity . Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures included balance , as measured by anteroposterior sway , mediolateral sway , and s 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION Exercise interventions can improve certain falls-related outcomes among older adults with DM .
Among older adults , where DM burden is increasing , exercise interventions may provide promising approaches to assist the improvement of falls-related outcomes