***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Return to work ( RTW ) of employees on sick leave for common mental disorders may require a multidisciplinary approach . This article aims to assess time to RTW after a psychiatric consultation providing treatment advice to the occupational physician ( OP ) for employees on sick leave for common mental disorders in the occupational health ( OH ) setting , compared to care as usual ( CAU ) . Methods Cluster r and omized clinical trial evaluating patients of 12 OPs receiving consultation by a psychiatrist , compared to CAU delivered by 12 OPs in the control group . 60 patients suffering from common mental disorders and ≥ six weeks sicklisted were included . Follow up three and six months after inclusion . Primary outcome measure was time to RTW . Intention- to-treat multilevel analysis and a survival analysis were performed to evaluate time to RTW in both groups . Results In CAU , referral was the main intervention . Both groups improved in terms of symptom severity and quality of life , but time to RTW was significantly shorter in the psychiatric consultation group . At three months follow up , 58 % of the psychiatric consultation group had full RTW versus 44 % of the control group , a significant finding ( P = 0.0093 ) . Survival analysis showed 68 days earlier RTW after intervention in the psychiatric consultation group ( P = 0.078 ) compared to CAU . Conclusion Psychiatric consultation for employees on sick leave in the OH setting improves time to RTW in patients with common mental disorders as compared to CAU . In further research , focus should be on early intervention in patients with common mental disorders on short sick leave duration  . Psychiatric consultation might be particularly promising for improvement of RTW in those patients . Trial registration number IS RCT N : Background In the present study the effect of a workplace-oriented intervention for persons on long-term sick leave for clinical burnout , aim ed at facilitating return to work ( RTW ) by job-person match through patient-supervisor communication , was evaluated . We hypothesised that the intervention group would show a more successful RTW than a control group . Methods In a prospect i ve controlled study , subjects were identified by the regional social insurance office 2 - 6 months after the first day on sick leave . The intervention group ( n = 74 ) was compared to a  control group who had declined participation , being matched by length of sick leave ( n = 74 ) . The RTW was followed up , using sick-listing register data , until 1.5 years after the time of intervention . Results There was a linear increase of RTW in the intervention group during the 1.5-year follow-up period , and 89 % of subjects had returned to work to some extent at the end of the follow-up period . The increase in RTW in the control group came to a halt after six months , and only 73 % had returned to work to some extent at the end of the 1.5-year follow-up . Conclusions We conclude that the present study demonstrated an improvement of long-term RTW after a workplace-oriented intervention for patients on long-term sick leave due to burnout . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials NCT01039168 Background Stress-related disorders are widespread and responsible for high societal costs e.g. sick leave payment and reduced productivity . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intervention program on return to work or labour market . Methods In a controlled interventional study design we compared 72 emotionally distressed patients , who received support during 2006 , with 89 control individuals who had also been sick listed for emotional distress .  Intervention was provided by trained psychologists and social workers who were in continuous dialog with the patients , providing counselling e.g. on decisions concerning resumption of work , support to families , participation in meetings with the workplace . Basically , the controls and the intervention group share the same access to welfare benefits . The main outcome was time to return to labour market ( TTR ) . Results The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups . There were no differences in the rate of resuming work between the two groups . About 80 % in both groups had returned to the labour market after one year . Conclusion An intervention program with psychological stress management and case management did not improve work capability compared to usual care . Work resumption as a single outcome probably is an insensitive parameter of intervention management quality , and should be supplemented by other data on different aspects of treatment BACKGROUND Sickness absence due to mental health problems ( MHPs ) is increasing in several European countries . However , little is known about return to work ( RTW ) for employees with MHPs . This prospect i ve study aim ed to identify predictors for RTW in employees sick-listed with MHPs . METHODS Employees were recruited when applying for sickness benefit due to MHPs from the Municipality of Copenhagen ( n = 644 ) . Information about age , gender , occupation , self-reported RTW expectancy , self-reported reason for absence and prior absence with MHPs was retrieved from application forms for sickness benefit . Each participant was followed-up in the National Register for Social Transfer Payments for a maximum period of 52 weeks to estimate time to RTW . Hazard ratios for RTW with 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using Cox proportional regression analyses . RESULTS Employees sick-listed with self-reported stress/burnout  returned to work faster than those with self-reported depression ( HR = 0.76 ) , and other MHPs ( HR = 0.56 ) . A positive RTW expectancy of the sick-listed person ( HR = 1.27 ) and no prior absence with MHPs ( HR = 1.29 ) were associated with a shorter time to RTW . CONCLUSION Sickness absence due to self-reported stress/burnout , a positive RTW expectancy and no prior absence with MHPs predicted a shorter time to RTW among Danish employees sick listed with MHPs . Findings could help social insurance officers and other rehabilitation professionals to identify groups at high risk for prolonged absence Background In recent years an increasing number of patients have been referred to the medical sector with stress symptoms . Moreover , these conditions imply increased sickness absence . This indicates a need for treatment programmes in general medical practice . The aim of this study was to test the effect of a multidisciplinary stress treatment programme on the return to work ( RTW ) rate in persons with work-related stress and establish predictive factors for this outcome . Methods During a two-year period 63 out of 73 referrals to the Stress Clinic ( a section of a Clinic of Occupational Medicine ) completed a stress treatment programme consisted of the following:1 ) Identification of relevant stressors . 2 . Changing the coping strategies of the participants . 3 . Evaluating/changes in participant workload and tasks . 4 . Relaxation techniques . 5 . Physical exercise . 6 .  Psychiatric evaluation when indicated by depression test score . On average each patient attended six one-hour sessions over the course of four months . A group of 34 employees referred to the Clinic of Occupational Medicine by their general practitioners served as a control group . Each participant had a one-hour consultation at baseline and after four months . A specialist in occupational medicine carried out all sessions . Return To Work ( RTW ) , defined as having a job and not being on sick leave at the census , was used as outcome measure four months after baseline , and after one and two years . Results The level of sick leave in the stress treatment group dropped from 52 % to 16 % during the first four months of follow-up and remained stable . In the control group , the reduction in sick leave was significantly smaller , ranging from 48 % at baseline to 27 % after four months and 24 % after one year . No statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed after one and two years . Age below 50 years and being a manager increased the odds ratio for RTW after one and two years , while gender and depression had no predictive value . Conclusions The stress treatment programme showed a significant effect on the return to work rate . The stress treatment programme seems feasible for general practitioners . Trial Registration IS RCT Background The aim of the present study was to conduct subgroup-analyses in a prospect i ve cohort of workers on long-term sickness absence to investigate whether associations between perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support and time to RTW differ across different health conditions . Methods The study was based on a sample of 926 workers on sickness absence ( 6–12 weeks ) . The participants filled out a baseline question naire and were subsequently followed until the tenth month after listing sick .  Perceived work attitude  was measured with a Dutch language version of the Work Involvement Scale .  Perceived social support  was measured with a self-constructed st and ardized scale reflecting a person ’s perception of social support regarding RTW . Self-efficacy was measured with the st and ardised Dutch version of the General self-efficacy scale , assessing the subjects ’ expectations of their general capacities . The sample was divided into three subgroups : musculoskeletal health conditions , other physical health conditions and mental health conditions . Anova analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify differences in association between the three factors and the time to RTW between different subgroups . Results The associations between the perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support and the time to RTW vary across different health condition subgroups , not only with regard to the strength of the association but also for the type of factor . In the multivariate model , hazard ratios ( HRs ) of 1.33 ( 95 % CI 1.01–1.75 ) in the musculoskeletal subgroup , and 1.26 ( 95 % CI 0.89–1.78 ) in the other physical subgroup were found in perceived work attitude . With regard to perceived social support HRs of 1.39 ( 95 % CI 1.12–1.99 ) respectively 1.51 ( 1.05–2.17 ) in the same subgroups were found . Only self-efficacy remained in the multivariate model in all subgroups with HRs of 1.49 ( 95 % CI 1.12–1.99 ) in the musculoskeletal subgroup , 1.53 ( 95 % CI 1.07–2.18 ) in the other physical subgroup and 1.60 ( 1.07–2.40 ) in the mental subgroup . Conclusions The results of this study show that perceived work attitude , self-efficacy and perceived social support are relevant predictors with regard to the time to RTW in all types of health conditions , but that important differences are observed in type of factor and strengths of the relationships between physical and mental health conditions The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two individual-level psychotherapy interventions : ( a ) treatment as usual consisting of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) and ( b ) work-focused CBT ( W-CBT ) that integrated work aspects early into the treatment . Both interventions were carried out by psychotherapists with employees on sick leave because of common mental disorders ( depression , anxiety , or adjustment disorder ) . In a quasi-experimental design , 12-month follow-up data of 168 employees were collected . The  CBT group consisted of 79 clients , the W-CBT group of 89 . Outcome measures were duration until return to work ( RTW ) , mental health problems , and costs to the employer . We found significant effects on duration until RTW in favor of the W-CBT group : full RTW occurred 65 days earlier . Partial RTW occurred 12 days earlier . A significant decrease in mental health problems was equally present in both conditions . The average financial advantage for the employer of an employee in the W-CBT group was estimated at $ 5,275 U.S. dollars compared with the CBT group . These results show that through focusing more and earlier on work-related aspects and RTW , functional recovery in work can be substantially speeded up within a regular psychotherapeutic setting . This result was achieved without negative side effects on psychological complaints over the course of 1 year . Integrating work-related aspects into CBT is , therefore , a fruitful approach with benefits for employees and employers alike OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore what characterizes patients receiving clinical interventions vs combined clinical and work-related interventions in a cohort of sick-listed subjects with musculoskeletal or mental disorders . Factors associated with return-to-work were also analysed . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study . METHODS A total of 699 newly sick-listed patients responded to a question naire on sociodemographics , measures of health , functioning , work ability , self-efficacy , social support , work conditions , and expectations . The 3-month follow-up question naire included patients ' self-reported measures of return-to-work , work ability and type of interventions .  The most frequent International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnoses for patients ' musculoskeletal disorders were dorsopathies ( M50 - 54 ) and soft tissue disorders ( M70 - 79 ) , and for patients with mental disorders , depression ( F32 - 39 ) and stress reactions ( F43 ) . RESULTS Patients with mental disorders who received combined interventions  returned to work to a higher degree than those who received only clinical intervention . The prevalence of work-related interventions  was higher for those who were younger and more highly educated . For patients with musculoskeletal disorders better health , work ability and positive expectations of return-to-work were associated with return-to-work . However , combined interventions did not affect return-to-work in this group . CONCLUSION Receiving combined interventions increased the probability of return-to-work for patients with mental disorders , but not for patients with musculoskeletal disorders . Better health , positive expectations of return-to-work and better work ability were associated with return-to-work for patients with musculoskeletal disorders Objectives To describe gender differences in work modifications and changed job characteristics during return-to-work after sickness absence . Methods A 13 month prospect i ve cohort study was performed among 119 employees ( 54 women and 65 men ) who had reported sick for more than 1 month due to mental or musculoskeletal disorders . Men and women were of comparable ages and educational levels , worked in similar sectors , at corresponding functional levels , and were 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Self efficacy perception , work motivation , a lower age and a better socioeconomic status were identified as worker-related return to work facilitators .
Among work environment facilitators , good communication practice s , supervisor support , a good assessment and modification of work load , adjustment of expectations , a good relationship between employers and employees and positive work experiences were identified .
Treatment may improve return to work using a multidisciplinary approach , reducing stress and identifying psychosocial determinants of mental problems rather than symptoms and providing a timely health care .