***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Differents protocol es therapeutiques et differents  dosages de neuroleptiques chez des BACKGROUND Amisulpride is a substituted benzamide with high selectivity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors . The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of 100 mg amisulpride in patients with predominantly negative symptoms of schizophrenia . METHOD This was a multi-centre , r and omised , parallel-group , double-blind study . Patients received either amisulpride ( 100 mg/day ) or placebo over a six-month treatment period . RESULTS A total of 141 patients were included , 69 received amisulpride , 72 placebo .  Fifty-eight patients ( 41 % ) had received neuroleptic treatment prior to inclusion . The percentage of amisulpride patients completing the study ( 55 % ) was significantly higher than that with placebo ( 32 % ) , and drop-out rates due to lack of efficacy were 27 % with amisulpride and 47 % with placebo . All efficacy assessment s were statistically in favour of amisulpride compared with placebo . The overall incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was comparable in both groups ; only five patients started anti-Parkinsonian treatment during the study ( one in the placebo and four in the amisulpride group ) . CONCLUSION Amisulpride is effective in the medium-term treatment schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms BACKGROUND The efficacy of low doses of certain neuroleptics in improving negative symptoms is still controversial . This study assessed the efficacy of amisulpride , a benzamide which increases dopaminergic transmission at low doses via presynaptic dopamine receptor blockade , on negative symptoms of schizophrenia . METHOD The study was design ed as a parallel-group , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Patients had to fulfil DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia , And reasen 's criteria for negative schizophrenia , and to have a total score of at least 75 on the SANS ; those treated with neuroleptics or antidepressants underwent a six-week placebo wash-out . One hundred and four in- patients were r and omly assigned to amisulpride 100 mg/d , amisulpride 300 mg/d , or placebo  for six weeks ; 85 patients completed the study . RESULTS Both amisulpride doses were significantly more effective than placebo on the primary evaluation criterion ( SANS total score , MANOVA P < 0.02 ) . No significant changes were found in positive symptoms or in extrapyramidal symptoms . CONCLUSIONS Negative symptoms can be improved by low doses of amisulpride , favouring the hypothesis of dopaminergic hypofunction as one of the causes of negative symptoms OBJECTIVE The goal of this placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low doses of amisulpride , an atypical antipsychotic of the benzamide class with high affinity for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors , in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with predominantly primary negative symptoms . METHOD After completion of a 4-week washout period , schizophrenic patients with primary negative symptoms participated in a 12-week , multicenter double-blind trial of placebo  ( N = 83 ) , amisulpride , 50 mg/day ( N = 84 ) , or amisulpride , 100 mg/day ( N = 75 ) . They were evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms , the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms , the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale . RESULTS Both amisulpride treatment groups showed significantly greater improvement in negative symptoms than the placebo group . Positive symptom scores were low at baseline and changed minimally during the study , suggesting that the improvement in negative symptoms was independent of improvement in positive symptoms . The safety of amisulpride was comparable to that of placebo , and extrapyramidal symptoms were infrequent . Comparable efficacy and safety results were observed with either dose of amisulpride . CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm and extend those of earlier placebo-controlled studies of low-dose amisulpride in the treatment of patients with predominantly negative symptoms of schizophrenia Amisulpride , a substituted benzamide with high selectivity for dopamine D3 and D2 receptors , was compared with the antipsychotic risperidone in patients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia . The study was double-blind and involved 228 patients allocated , after a 3 - 6-day wash-out period , to amisulpride 800 mg ( n = 115 ) or risperidone 8 mg ( n = 113 ) for 8 weeks . Both treatments produced a marked improvement in  schizophrenic symptomatology . Decreases in mean BPRS total score were 17.7 + /- 14.9 for amisulpride and 15.2 + /- 13.9 for risperidone , and all of the individual factors on the BPRS showed a numerically greater improvement in the amisulpride than in the risperidone patients . Both treatments were equally effective against positive symptoms on the PANSS positive syndrome subscale ; however , there was a trend in favor of greater improvement in negative symptoms assessed on the PANSS negative subscale in patients receiving amisulpride with a decrease of 6.9 + /- 7.5 vs. 5.3 + /- 6.6 for risperidone ( P = 0.09 ) . Both drugs demonstrated good safety profiles , and scores on neurological scales ( SAS , AIMS , and BAS ) did not increase during treatment . A comparable proportion of patients received antiparkinsonian medication , 30 and 23 % in the amisulpride and risperidone groups , respectively ( P = 0.21 ) . Patients receiving risperidone experienced an increase in body weight , which was significantly greater than for amisulpride ( P = 0.026 ) BACKGROUND Amisulpride is a potent substituted benzamide antipsychotic drug cl aim ed to improve the negative symptoms of schizophrenia , particularly at low dosage . METHOD Sixty long-term in- patients with schizophrenia and selected for predominant negative symptoms were r and omised to receive either haloperidol or amisulpride . Over a year there was systematic dose reduction , as symptoms allowed . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the proportion receiving low-dose treatment , the control of positive symptoms , or ratings of social behaviour , side-effects or tardive dyskinesia . For negative symptoms , there were consistent but non-significant trends in favour of amisulpride . The amisulpride patients required significantly less anticholinergic medication . CONCLUSIONS In chronically-hospitalised in- patients with schizophrenia characterised by persistent negative symptoms , amisulpride was a well-tolerated maintenance antipsychotic medication . The drug had only a limited effect in reducing negative symptoms , which were relatively stable , enduring phenomena in this sample , despite dosage reduction Abstract The benzamide amisulpride ( ASP ) is a selective D2-like dopamine antagonist , while flupentixol ( FPX ) , a thioxanthene , blocks D2-like , D1-like and 5-HT2 receptors . To evaluate efficacy and safety of ASP and to investigate the importance of an additional D1-like antagonism for antipsychotic effects and extrapyramidal tolerability , a r and omized double-blind multi-center study versus FPX as reference drug was performed for 6 weeks in 132 patients suffering from acute schizophrenia ( DSM-III-R ) with predominant positive symptomatology . Doses were initially fixed ( ASP : 1000 mg/day ; FPX : 25 mg/day ) but could be reduced by 40 % in case of side effects ( mean daily doses : ASP : 956 mg ; FPX : 22.6 mg ) . Intention-to-treat evaluation demonstrated significant improvement under both medications . The difference between the mean BPRS decreases of both treatment groups was 5.6 points ( 95 % CI : 0.55 ; 10.65 ) in favour of ASP . According to CGI , 62 % of patients in either drug group were treatment responders . ANCOVA analysis showed that reductions of BPRS ( ASP : −42 % ; FPX : −32 % ) and SAPS ( ASP : −78 % ; FPX : −65 % ) were more pronounced under ASP . Due to adverse events , significantly fewer ASP patients ( 6 % ) were withdrawn from the study ( FPX : 18 % ) . Extrapyramidal tolerability was better in the ASP group , as demonstrated by smaller increases in the Simpson-Angus Scale , the AIMS , and the Barnes Akathisia Scale in ANCOVA analyses with dosage as covariate . ASP appears to be as effective as FPX with regard to antipsychotic effects on positive schizophrenic symptomatology , while extrapyramidal tolerability is better . These conclusions have to be drawn cautiously , as dosage effects on outcome parameters can not be entirely ruled out . The present results question the notion that additional blockade of D1-like receptors may be necessary to achieve sufficient antipsychotic effects or to improve extrapyramidal tolerability OBJECTIVE The authors assessed the effects on primary negative symptoms of low doses of amisulpride , a substituted benzamide neuroleptic with high affinity for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors . METHOD Young , drug-free schizophrenic patients with pure negative symptoms participated in a 6-week double-blind trial of placebo ( N = 10 ) or low-dose amisulpride ( N = 10 ) . They were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms . RESULTS Amisulpride significantly improved negative symptoms . Improvement in avolition , attentional impairment , and retardation was significantly greater with amisulpride than with placebo . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some primary negative symptoms may be directly affected by low doses of benzamide neuroleptics Abstract Amisulpride is a substituted benzamide with high selectivity for dopaminergic D2 and D3 receptors . This study compared 800 mg/day amisulpride and 20 mg/day haloperidol in patients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia . This multicenter , double-blind trial involved 191 patients allocated , after a 1 to 7-day wash-out period , to amisulpride ( n = 95 ) or haloperidol ( n = 96 ) for 6 weeks . Improvement of mean BPRS total score was 48 % for amisulpride and 38 % for haloperidol ( NS ) , whereas improvement in the Negative PANSS subscale was greater in the amisulpride group ( 37 % ) compared to haloperidol ( 24 % ) ( P = 0.038 ) . CGI scores showed a higher number of responders in the amisulpride ( 62 % ) than in the haloperidol group ( 44 % ) ( P = 0.014 ) . More extrapyramidal symptoms measured with the Simpson-Angus scale were provoked in the haloperidol group ( P = 0.0009 ) . Amisulpride is at least as effective as haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia , and is more effective in the treatment of negative symptoms whilst causing less parkinsonism In a multicentre , double-blind , flexible-dose study , 199 patients with paranoid schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorders received haloperidol ( 10 - 30 mg/d ) or amisulpride ( 400 - 1200 mg/d ) for four months . More patients in the haloperidol group withdrew prematurely ( 44 % vs 26 % ; P = 0.0077 ) due to a higher incidence of adverse events . Amisulpride was at least as effective as haloperidol in reducing the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) total score ( -27.3 vs -21.9 ) ( non-inferiority test ; P < 0.001 ) . The PANSS positive score improved to a similar extent in both groups whilst improvement in the PANSS negative score was significantly greater with amisulpride ( -10.5 vs -7.2 ; P = 0.01 ) . The percentage of responders on the Clinical Global Impression scale was also significantly greater with amisulpride ( 71 % vs 47 % ; P < 0.001 ) . Both the Quality of Life Scale ( QLS ) and the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) improved to a significantly greater extent under amisulpride . Haloperidol was associated with a greater incidence in extrapyramidal symptoms and with a greater increase in the Simpson-Angus score than was seen with amisulpride ( 0.32 vs 0.02 ; P < 0.001 ) . In conclusion , amisulpride is globally superior to haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia and significantly improves patients ' quality of life and social adjustment An alteration of dopaminergic ( DA ) function much more complex than simple hyperactivity has been evoked in infantile autism . We therefore compared the clinical efficacy of a DA antagonist ( amisulpride ) and a DA agonist ( bromocriptine ) in a r and omized , double-blind , crossover trial in 9 children with autism , likely severely mentally retarded .  Amisulp 
    Output:
    
Regarding positive symptoms , amisulpride was as effective as typical antipsychotics .
With the exception of agitation , which was more frequent in the amisulpride group ( n=228 , RR 3.4 CI 1.2 to 10.1 , NNH 11 CI 6 to 50 ) no significant differences were recorded on efficacy or acceptability .
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirms that amisulpride is an effective ' atypical ' antipsychotic drug for those with schizophrenia .
Amisulpride may offer a good general profile , at least compared to high-potency ' typical ' antipsychotics .
It may also yield better results in some specific outcomes related to efficacy , such as improvement of global state and general negative symptoms .
It might be more acceptable and more tolerable than high-potency conventional antipsychotics , especially regarding extrapyramidal side-effects .