***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of wearing graduated compression stockings on physiological and perceptual variables during and after intermittent ( Experiment 1 ) and continuous ( Experiment 2 ) running exercise . Fourteen recreational runners performed two multi-stage intermittent shuttle running tests with 1 h recovery between tests ( Experiment 1 ) . A further 14 participants performed a fast-paced continuous 10-km road run ( Experiment 2 ) . Participants wore commercially available knee-length graduated compression stockings ( pressure at ankle 18 – 22 mmHg ) beneath ankle-length sports socks ( experimental trials ) or just the latter ( control trials ) in a r and omized counterbalanced design ( for both experiments ) . No performance or physiological differences were observed between conditions during intermittent shuttle running . During the 10-km trials , there was a reduction in delayed-onset muscle soreness 24 h after exercise when wearing graduated compression stockings ( P < 0.05 ) . There was a marked difference in the frequency and location of soreness : two participants in the stockings trial but 13 participants in the control trial indicated soreness in the lower legs . Wearing graduated compression stockings during a 10-km road run appears to reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise in recreationally active men Kemmler , W , von Stengel , S , Köckritz , C , Mayhew , J , Wassermann , A , and Zapf , J. Effect of compression stockings on running performance in men runners . J Strength Cond Res 23(1 ) : 101 - 105 , 2009-The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of below-knee compression stockings on running performance in men runners . Using a within-group study design , 21 moderately trained athletes ( 39.3 ± 10.9 years ) without lower-leg abnormities were r and omly assigned to perform a stepwise treadmill test up to a voluntary maximum with and without below-knee compressive stockings . The second treadmill test was completed within 10 days of recovery . Maximum running performance was determined by time under load ( minutes ) , work ( kJ ) , and aerobic capacity ( ml·kg−1·min−1 ) . Velocity ( km·h−1 ) and time under load were assessed at different metabolic thresholds using the Dickhuth et al. lactate threshold model . Time under load ( 36.44 vs. 35.03 minutes , effect size [ ES ] : 0.40 ) and total work ( 422 vs. 399 kJ , ES : 0.30 ) were significantly higher with compression stockings compared with running socks . However , only slight , nonsignificant differences were observed for & OV0312;o2max ( 53.3 vs. 52.2 ml·kg−1·min−1 , ES : 0.18 ) . Running performance at the anaerobic ( minimum lactate + 1.5 mmol·L−1 ) threshold ( 14.11 vs. 13.90 km·h−1 , ES : 0.22 ) and aerobic ( minimum lactate + 0.5 mmol·L−1 ) thresholds ( 13.02 vs. 12.74 km·h−1 , ES : 0.28 ) was significantly higher using compression stockings . Therefore , stockings with constant compression in the area of the calf muscle significantly improved running performance at different metabolic thresholds . However , the underlying mechanism was only partially explained by a slightly higher aerobic capacity Abstract Rider , BC , Coughlin , AM , Hew-Butler , TD , and Goslin , BR . Effect of compression stockings on physiological responses and running performance in division III collegiate cross-country runners during a maximal treadmill test . J Strength Cond Res 28(6 ) : 1732–1738 , 2014—There is a growing trend for runners to use compression stockings ( CS ) to improve performance . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CS on physiological variables associated with running performance . Participants were 10 NCAA division III cross-country runners . The study used a r and omized , crossover design with 2 conditions ( with CS and without CS ) . Both conditions consisted of a maximal treadmill test that involved 3-minute stages of increasing speed and incline , separated by a minute and one-half walking recovery stage . Seven days later , the participants repeated the maximal test but switched CS condition . Heart rate , blood lactate ( BLa ) , blood lactate threshold , maximal oxygen consumption ( V[Combining Dot Above]O2max ) , respiratory exchange ratio , rating of perceived exertion , and time to fatigue were measured . Before and during the maximal treadmill tests , the variables showed no significant difference ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) between the CS conditions . Blood lactate was lower while wearing CS when measured during recovery at the 1-minute ( CS = 13.3 ± 2.9 mmol·L−1 , non-CS = 14.8 ± 2.8 mmol·L−1 , p = 0.03 ) and the 5-minute ( CS = 11.0 ± 2.7 mmol·L−1 , non-CS = 12.8 ± 2.8 mmol·L−1 , p = 0.02 ) periods . Time to fatigue was longer without CS ( CS = 23.570 ± 2.39 minutes , non-CS = 23.93 ± 2.49 minutes , p = 0.04 ) . These findings suggest that CS may not improve running performance , but could lend credence to certain manufacturers ' cl aims of improved recovery through lower BLa values after exercise BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the effect of 18- versus 23-mmHg hosiery as for leg volume and fatigue control . METHODS Forty golf players ( M : N.=29 , F : N.=11 ; mean age 48±11 years ) were r and omized for a 18-hole competition without hosiery ( N.=10 ) , with 18-mmHg graduated stockings ( N.=10 ) and with 23-mmHg graduated stockings ( N.=20 , half of which footless and half footed ) . An echo-color-Doppler scanning excluded vascular pathologies . Limb volume was assessed by water plethysmography . The perceived fatigue was assessed by a question naire . RESULTS The use of no hosiery led to a 5 % increase in leg volume ( P<0.0001 ) . In the 18-mmHg group , a non-significant 1 % volume reduction was observed . In the 23-mmHg group , leg volume significantly decreased by 4 % both with footless and footed stockings . A significant fatigue reduction was perceived only in the 23-mmHg group . CONCLUSIONS A leg volume increase was reported along an 18-hole competition . In the 18- and 23-mmHg groups , only the latter demonstrated a significant reduction in leg volume and perceived fatigue This study aim ed to investigate if wearing compression stockings ( CS ) during exercise and recovery could affect lactate profile in sportsmen . Eight young healthy trained male subjects performed two maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer  on two different occasions performed r and omly : CS during both exercise and recovery , and no CS .  Blood lactate concentration was taken during exercise and at 0 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 30 and 60 min post-exercise . The individual blood lactate recovery curves were fitted to a biexponential time function : $ $ { \text{La}}_{(t ) } = { \text{La}}_{(0 ) } + A _ { 1 } ( 1- { \text{e}}^ { { - \gamma_{1 } t } } ) + A _ { 2 } ( 1- { \text{e}}^ { { - \gamma_{2 } t } } ) $ $ , where γ1 and γ2 denote the abilities to exchange lactate between the previously active muscles and the blood and to remove lactate from the organism , respectively . A significantly higher blood lactate value at the end of the maximal exercise was found ( 12.1 ± 0.5 vs. 10.8 ± 0.5 mmol l−1 ) wearing CS as compared to no CS ( P < 0.05 ) . Lower γ1 and higher γ2 values were observed with CS during recovery , as compared to no CS . It was concluded that CS during grade d exercise leads to a significant higher blood lactate value at exhaustion . Since lactate exchanges were expected to be decreased during exercise due to CS , this result was likely attributable to a higher lactate accumulation related to a greater overall contribution of anaerobic glycolysis . Although the lactate removal ability was significantly improved when wearing CS during recovery , its efficacy in promoting blood lactate clearance after high-intensity exercise is limited PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether compression garments improve intermittent-sprint performance and aid performance or self-reported recovery from high-intensity efforts on consecutive days . METHODS Following familiarization , 14 male rugby players performed two r and omized testing conditions ( with or without garments )  involving consecutive days of a  simulated team sport exercise protocol , separated by 24 h of recovery within each condition and 2 weeks between conditions . Each day involved an 80-min high-intensity exercise circuit , with exercise performance determined by repeated 20-m sprints and peak power on a cart dynamometer ( single-man scrum machine ) . Measures of nude mass , heart rate , skin and tympanic temperature , and blood lactate ( La- ) were recorded throughout each day ; also , creatine kinase ( CK ) and muscle soreness were recorded each day and 48 h following exercise . RESULTS No differences ( P=.20 to 0.40 ) were present between conditions on either day of the exercise protocol for repeated 20-m sprint efforts or peak power on a cart dynamometer . Heart rate , tympanic temperature , and body mass did not significantly differ between conditions ; however , skin temperature was higher under the compression garments . Although no differences ( P=.50 ) in La- or CK were present , participants felt reduced levels of perceived muscle soreness in the ensuing 48 h postexercise when wearing the garments ( 2.5+/-1.7 vs 3.5+/-2.1 for garment and control ; P=.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of compression garments did not improve or hamper simulated team-sport activity on consecutive days . Despite benefits of reduced self-reported muscle soreness when wearing garments during and following exercise each day , no improvements in performance or recovery were apparent The aims of this study were to determine how custom-fit compression shorts affect athletic performance and to examine the mechanical properties of the shorts . Ten male and 10 female track athletes on a university 's nationally competitive track team , specializing in sprint or jump events , participated in the study . Testing utilized the compression shorts with loose-fitting gym shorts as the control garment . Several significant effects were revealed for the custom-fit compressive garment . Although 60 m sprint time was not affected , hip flexion angle was reduced . Skin temperature increased more and at a faster rate during a warm-up protocol . Muscle oscillation was decreased during vertical jump l and ing . Countermovement vertical jump height increased when the participants were wearing the custom-fit compression garment . In material s testing , the elasticity of the compressive garment provides increased flexion and extension torque at the end range of extension and flexion , respectively , and may assist the hamstrings in controlling the leg at the end of the swing phase in sprinting . The compressive garment significantly reduced impact force by 27 % compared with American football pants alone . Through various mechanisms , these findings may translate into an effect on athletic performance and a reduction in injuries The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of calf compression sleeves on running performance and on calf tissue oxygen saturation ( StO2 ) at rest before exercise and during recovery period . 14 moderately trained athletes completed 2 identical sessions of treadmill running with and without calf compression sleeves in r and omized order . Each session comprised : 15 min at rest , 30 min at 60 % maximal aerobic velocity determined beforeh and , 15 min of passive recovery , a running time to exhaustion at 100 % maximal aerobic velocity , and 30 min of passive recovery . Calf StO2 was determined by near infra-red spectroscopy and running performance by the time to exhaustion . Compression sleeves  increased significantly StO2 at rest before exercise ( + 6.4±1.9 % ) and during recovery from exercise ( + 7.4±1.7 % and + 10.7±1.8 % at 20th and 30th min of the last recovery period , respectively ) . No difference was observed between the times to exhaustion performed with and without compression sleeves ( 269.4±18.4 s and 263.3±19.8 s , respectively ) . Within the framework of this study , the compression sleeves  do not improve running performance in tlim . However the StO2 results argue for further interest of this garment during effort recovery We evaluated the effectiveness of cold water immersion on recovery of performance ( i. e. , the ability of repetitively performing a physical test ) in rugby players acutely and 12 h later . 8 male rugby union players ( 23±4.7 years ; 176.9±4.5 cm ; 87.5±8.6 kg ) performed a rugby-specific exercise protocol ( 40 min ) followed by recovery strategies : cold water immersion ( 8.9±0.6 ° C ; 9 min with 1 min out of water , repeated twice ) or control ( players remained seated for 20 min ) in a r and om order . The players underwent performance tests ( countermovement and 30 s continuous jumps and agility T ) at 4 time points : at baseline , immediately after rugby-specific exercise , post-recovery strategies and 12 h later . The performance of the agility and countermovement jump test were not different between cold water immersion and 
    Output:
    
We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies .
However , wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period .