***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background It has been suggested that exercise training results in compensatory mechanisms that attenuate weight loss . However , this has only been examined with large doses of exercise . The goal of this analysis was to examine actual weight loss compared to predicted weight loss ( compensation ) across different doses of exercise in a controlled trial of sedentary , overweight or obese postmenopausal women ( n = 411 ) . Methodology /Principal Findings Participants were r and omized to a non-exercise control ( n = 94 ) or 1 of 3 exercise groups ; exercise energy expenditure of 4 ( n = 139 ) , 8 ( n = 85 ) , or 12 ( n = 93 ) kcal/kg/week ( KKW ) . Training intensity was set at the heart rate associated with 50 % of each woman 's peak VO2 and the intervention period was 6 months . All exercise was supervised . The main outcomes were actual weight loss , predicted weight loss ( exercise energy expenditure/ 7700 kcal per kg ) , compensation ( actual minus predicted weight loss ) and waist circumference .  The study sample had a mean ( SD ) age 57.2 ( 6.3 ) years , BMI of 31.7 ( 3.8 ) kg/m2 , and was 63.5 % Caucasian . The adherence to the intervention was > 99 % in all exercise groups . The mean ( 95 % CI ) weight loss in the 4 , 8 and 12 KKW groups was −1.4 ( −2.0 , −0.8 ) , −2.1 ( −2.9 , −1.4 ) and −1.5 ( −2.2 , −0.8 ) kg , respectively . In the 4 and 8 KKW groups the actual weight loss closely matched the predicted weight loss of −1.0 and −2.0 kg , respectively , result ing in no significant compensation . In the 12 KKW group the actual weight loss was less than the predicted weight loss ( −2.7 kg ) result ing in 1.2 ( 0.5 , 1.9 ) kg of compensation ( P<0.05 compared to 4 and 8 KKW groups ) . All exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight . Conclusion In this study of previously sedentary , overweight or obese , postmenopausal women we observed no difference in the actual and predicted weight loss with 4 and 8 KKW of exercise ( 72 and 136 minutes respectively ) , while the 12 KKW ( 194 minutes ) produced only about half of the predicted weight loss . However , all exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of calorie restriction ( CR ) on free-living physical activity levels among humans . Data were from three CALERIE phase I site-specific protocol s. Participants were nonobese ( body mass index = 23.5 - 29.9 kg/m² adults r and omly assigned to 25 % CR , low-calorie diet ( LCD , 890 kcal/day supplement diet until 15 % weight loss , then weight maintenance ) , or control at Pennington Biomedical Research Center ( PBRC ) ; 30 % or 10 % CR  at Tufts University ; and 20 % CR or control  at Washington University School of Medicine ( WUSM )  . Activity was measured at months 0 , 3 , and 6 ( PBRC ) and at months 0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 ( WUSM and Tufts ) . Total daily energy expenditure ( TEE ) by doubly labeled water and resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) were used to compute activity energy expenditure : AEE = TEE - RMR - 0.1 * TEE . Accelerometry and 7-day recall categorized activities by intensity . At Tufts , the 10 % and 30 % CR groups experienced significant decreases in AEE at months 6 , 9 , and 12 . At month 6 , a larger decrease in AEE was observed in the CR than the control group at WUSM . At months 3 and 6 , larger decreases in AEE were observed in the CR and LCD groups than the control group at PBRC . Accelerometry and 7-day PAR did not consistently detect changes in activity categories . CR-associated changes in AEE were variable but , generally , reduced the energy deficit , which would reduce the expected rate of weight loss . Accelerometry and recall did not consistently explain reduced AEE , suggesting that increased muscle efficiency and /or decreased fidgeting accounted for decreased AEE . Inaccuracy of accelerometry and recall also likely negatively affected sensitivity To test the benefits of aerobic exercise and dietary carbohydrate during reduced-energy feeding , 23 obese women ( 44 + /- 4 % fat ) were r and omly assigned to either aerobic exercise ( Ex ) or no exercise ( Nx ) , and to a low-fat ( LF ) or low-carbohydrate ( LC ) reducing diet ( 5.00 + /- 0.56 MJ/d ) for 12 wk . Changes in body composition , postabsorptive resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) , thermic effect of a meal ( TEM ) , and total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) were measured by respiratory gas exchange and doubly labeled water . Significant effects of Ex included a greater loss of fat mass ( Ex : -8.8 + /- 2.1 vs Nx : -6.1 + /- 2.3 kg , P = 0.008 ) and maintenance of TDEE ( Ex : + 0.07 + /- 1.23 vs Nx : -1.46 + /- 1.04 MJ/d , P = 0.004 ) , due to a difference in physical activity ( Ex : + 0.75 + /- 1.06 vs Nx : -0.61 + /- 1.03 MJ/d , P = 0.006 ) , which was not attributable solely to the Ex sessions . RMR in both groups decreased comparably ( -0.54 MJ/d ) , and TEM ( % of meal ) did not change . Diet composition did not significantly influence body composition or energy expenditure changes , but a greater weight loss was observed after the LC than after the LF ( -10.6 + /- 2.0 vs -8.1 + /- 3.0 kg , P = 0.037 ) diet . The addition of aerobic exercise to a low-energy diet was beneficial in the treatment of moderate obesity because of its favorable effects on body composition , physical activity , and TDEE The effects of severe energy restriction alone ( 2.0 MJ/d for 4 wk and subsequently 3.5 MJ/d for 4 wk ) or energy restriction plus moderate exercise on energy balance were studied in 20 healthy obese women . Subjects aged 25 - 50 y were matched on the basis of body mass index and percentage body fat and r and omly assigned to diet alone ( D ) or diet and exercise ( DE ) for 8 wk . DE result ed in a significantly increased loss of fat mass compared with D ( 7.8 + /- 0.8 compared with 5.5 + /- 0.8 kg ; P < 0.05 ) . The average daily metabolic rate measured with doubly labeled water decreased with both treatments , with no differences between the treatments . Energy balance data show that the DE treatment result ed in a significantly greater energy deficit than the D treatment . The relative contribution of fat to energy expenditure during exercise was significantly enhanced by DE treatment whereas it did not change after D. The energy expended on physical activity was not changed at the end of both treatments , with no differences between the two groups . The unchanged energy expended on physical activity indicates that DE might be accompanied by partial compensation of daily physical activities outside the training for the energy expended during the training . The energy deficit due to energy restriction alone was not compensated by a decrease in free-living daily physical activities . Addition of moderate exercise to an energy-restriction program in obese women has advantages with respect to changes in body composition , energy expenditure , and substrate utilization PURPOSE This study aim ed to examine compensatory changes in nonexercise energy expenditure ( NEEx ) and nonexercise physical activity ( NEPA ) in response to an aerobic exercise training program . METHODS Ninety-two overweight/obese ( body mass index , 25 - 39.9 kg·m ) sedentary young adults ( 18 - 30 yr ) completed a 10-month r and omized clinical efficacy trial of aerobic exercise 5 d·wk at either 400 kcal per session ( n = 37 ) , 600 kcal per session ( n = 37 ) , or control ( n = 18 ) . Total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) and resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) were measured at months 0 and 10 . NEPA  was measured by an accelerometer at months 0 , 3.5 , 7 , and 10 . NEEx was calculated by the following formula : [ ( total daily energy expenditure × 0.9 ) - RMR ] - net EEEx ( EEEx-RMR ) . Mixed modeling was used to examine differences between groups ( group effect ) , within groups ( time effect ) , and group-time interaction for NEEx and NEPA . RESULTS Within the exercise groups , there were no significant effects ( all P > 0.05 ) of group , time , or group-time interaction for NEPA . In addition , there were no significant within- or between-group differences for change in NEEx . However , activity counts per minute were significantly higher ( P < 0.001 ) in the 600-kcal-per-session group ( 346 ± 141 min·d ) versus controls ( 290 ± 106 min·d ) at month 7 and significantly higher ( P < 0.001 ) in both the 600-kcal-per-session ( 345 ± 163 min·d ) and 400-kcal-per-session groups ( 317 ± 146 min·d ) versus controls ( 277 ± 116 min·d ) at 10 months . CONCLUSIONS A 10-month aerobic exercise training program in previously sedentary , overweight and obese young adults was not associated with compensatory decreases in NEEx or NEPA . Results suggest that overweight and obese individuals do not become less physically active or spend more time in sedentary pursuits in response to exercise Objective This study determined whether adding a self-regulatory intervention ( SRI ) focused on self-monitoring of spontaneous physical activity and sedentary behavior to a st and ard weight loss intervention improved maintenance of lost weight . Design and Methods Older ( 65–79 yrs ) , obese ( BMI = 30–40 kg/m2 ) adults ( n=48 ) were r and omized to a five-month weight loss intervention involving a hypocaloric diet ( DIET ) and aerobic exercise ( EX ) with or without the SRI to promote spontaneous physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior ( SRI+DIET+EX compared to DIET+EX ) . Following the weight loss phase , both groups transitioned to self-selected diet and exercise behavior during a 5-month follow-up . Throughout the 10-months , the SRI+DIET+EX group utilized real-time accelerometer feedback for self-monitoring . Results There was an overall group by time effect of the SRI ( P < 0.01 ) ; DIET+EX lost less weight and regained more weight than SRI+DIET+EX . The average weight regain during follow-up was 1.3 kg less in the SRI+DIET+EX group . Individuals in this group maintained ~10 % lower weight than baseline compared to those in the DIET+EX group whom maintained ~5 % lower weight than baseline . Conclusions Addition of a self-regulatory intervention , design ed to increase spontaneous physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior , to a st and ard weight loss intervention enhances successful maintenance of lost weight BACKGROUND Individuals may compensate for exercise training by modifying nonexercise behavior ( ie , increase  sedentary time ( ST ) and decrease nonexercise physical activity [ NEPA ] ) . PURPOSE To compare ST and NEPA during a 12-week exercise training and /or lifestyle intervention . METHODS Fifty-seven overweight/obese participants ( 19 M/39 F ) completed the study ( mean ± SD ; age 43.6 ± 9.9 y , BMI 35.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2 ) . There were no between-group differences in activity levels at baseline . Four-arm quasi-experimental intervention study 1 ) EX : exercise 5 days per week at a moderate intensity ( 40 % to 65 % VO2peak ) 2 ) rST : reduce ST and increase NEPA , 3 ) EX-rST : combination of EX and rST and 4 ) CON : maintain habitual behavior . RESULTS For the EX group , ST did not decrease significantly ( mean ( ( 95 % confidence interval ) 0.48 ( -2.2 to 3.1)% and there was no changes in NEPA at week-12 compared with baseline . The changes were variable , with approximately 50 % of participants increasing ST and decreasing NEPA . The rST group decreased ST ( -4.8 ( 0.8 to 7.9)% and increased NEPA . EX-rST significantly decreased ST ( -5.1 ( -2.2 to 7.9)% and increased time in NEPA at week-12 compared with baseline . The control group increased ST by 4.3 ( 0.8 to 7.9)% . CONCLUSIONS Changes in nonexercise ST and NEPA are variable among participants in an exercise-training program  , with nearly half decreasing NEPA compared with baseline . Interventions targeting multiple behaviors ( ST and NEPA ) may effectively reduce compensation and increase daily activity Objective : While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity ( PA ) and health benefit , 
    Output:
    
Weight loss observed in participants who decreased NEAT was double the weight loss found in those who did not compensate , suggesting that the energy imbalance degree may lead to energy conservation .
Future studies should explore the impact of weight-loss magnitude , energetic restriction degree , exercise dose and participant characteristics on NEAT and /or NEPA