***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background The quality of life ( QOL ) of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ( ADPKD ) has not been investigated well . This study was performed to clarify the QOL of patients with ADPKD and to identify factors that affected their QOL . Methods The present cross-sectional study is part of a prospect i ve observational study on the QOL of ADPKD patients . Patients with ADPKD who were referred to Toranomon Hospital between March 2010 and November 2012 were enrolled . The short form-36 ( SF-36 ) question naire and our original 12-item question naire were used to evaluate QOL . We analyzed the results of the question naire survey and then investigated correlations between QOL and clinical features . Results A total of 219 patients ( 93 men and 126 women ) were enrolled and their mean age was 55.1±10.8 years . There were 108 patients on dialysis .  The SF-36 scores ( PCS , MCS , and RCS ) of all patients were significantly lower than the mean scores for the Japanese population . Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that Hb , serum Alb , ascites , and cerebrovascular disease all had a significant influence on the PCS , while mental disease had a significant influence on the MCS and serum Alb significantly influenced the RCS . The total liver and kidney volume ( TLKV ) and the dialysis status were not significantly associated with any of the SF-36 scores by multiple regression analysis , but TLKV was closely correlated with abdominal distention and distention had an important influence on QOL . Pain , sleep disturbance , heartburn , fever , gross hematuria , and anorexia also affected QOL , but these variables were not correlated with TLKV . Conclusions Several factors influence QOL , so improving symptoms unrelated to TLKV as well as reducing abdominal distention can improve the QOL of ADPKD patients BACKGROUND & AIMS Therapy for polycystic liver is invasive , expensive , and has disappointing long-term results . Treatment with somatostatin analogues slowed kidney growth in patients with polycystic kidney disease ( PKD ) and reduced liver and kidney volume in a PKD rodent model . We evaluated the effects of lanreotide , a somatostatin analogue , in patients with polycystic liver because of autosomal-dominant ( AD ) PKD or autosomal-dominant polycystic liver disease ( PCLD ) . METHODS We performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in 2 tertiary referral centers . Patients with polycystic liver ( n = 54 ) were r and omly assigned to groups given lanreotide ( 120 mg ) or placebo , administered every 28 days for 24 weeks . The primary end point was the difference in total liver volume , measured by computerized tomography at weeks 0 and 24 . Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis . RESULTS Baseline characteristics were comparable for both groups , except that more patients with ADPKD were assigned to the placebo group ( P = .03 ) . The mean liver volume decreased 2.9 % , from 4606 mL ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 547 - 8665 ) to 4471 mL ( 95 % CI : 542 - 8401 mL ) , in patients given lanreotide . In the placebo group , the mean liver volume increased 1.6 % , from 4689 mL ( 95 % CI : 613 - 8765 mL ) to 4895 mL ( 95 % CI : 739 - 9053 mL ) ( P < .01 ) . Post hoc stratification for patients with ADPKD or PCLD revealed similar changes in liver volume , with statistically significant differences in patients given lanreotide ( P < .01 for both diseases ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with polycystic liver , 6 months of treatment with lanreotide reduces liver volume BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life is increasingly recognized as an important outcome in clinical research and patient care . Although there are a large number of reports of quality of life in the setting of end-stage renal disease , the impact of lesser degrees of renal impairment in the general population has not been described . METHODS Data relating to  quality of life  measured by the  Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form ( SF-36 )  was available for 10,525 participants ( 93.6 % ) of the Australian Diabetes , Obesity and Lifestyle Study , a r and omly selected representative sample of the Australian population aged 25 years or older . Results are examined by category of renal function ( Cockcroft-Gault estimated glomerular filtration rate : normal , > or = 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ; renal insufficiency , < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) . RESULTS Significant impairment in health-related quality of life was seen with renal insufficiency for all SF-36 scales except Vitality and Mental Health . Adjusting for the substantial comorbidity associated with renal insufficiency , scores for Physical Functioning , Role-Physical , General Health , Vitality , and Role-Emotional were significantly lower . Examination of age-specific effects on health-related quality of life showed that mental health was particularly impaired in the younger age group , and Physical Functioning , in the older age group with renal insufficiency . Patterns of impairment were similar in men and women . CONCLUSION Results from this study indicate that the current emphasis on clinical interventions aim ed at preserving renal function are likely to improve the negative impact of kidney disease on health-related quality of life ; however , prospect i ve studies are needed to confirm these findings There are no proven , effective therapies for polycystic kidney disease ( PKD ) or polycystic liver disease ( PLD ) . We enrolled 42 patients with severe PLD result ing from autosomal dominant PKD ( ADPKD ) or autosomal dominant PLD ( ADPLD ) in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of octreotide , a long-acting somatostatin analogue . We r and omly assigned 42 patients in a 2:1 ratio to octreotide LAR depot ( up to 40 mg every 28+/-5 days ) or placebo for 1 year . The primary end point was percent change in liver volume from baseline to 1 year , measured by MRI . Secondary end points were changes in total kidney volume , GFR , quality of life , safety , vital signs , and clinical laboratory tests .  Thirty-four patients had ADPKD , and eight had ADPLD .  Liver volume decreased by 4.95%+/-6.77 % in the octreotide group but remained practically unchanged ( + 0.92%+/-8.33 % ) in the placebo group ( P=0.048 ) . Among patients with ADPKD , total kidney volume remained practically unchanged ( + 0.25%+/-7.53 % ) in the octreotide group but increased by 8.61%+/-10.07 % in the placebo group ( P=0.045 ) . Changes in GFR were similar in both groups . Octreotide was well tolerated ; treated individuals reported an improved perception of bodily pain and physical activity . In summary , octreotide slowed the progressive increase in liver volume and total kidney volume , improved health perception among  patients with PLD , and had an acceptable side effect profile BACKGROUND Assessing health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) can provide information on the types and degrees of burdens that afflict patients with chronic medical conditions , including end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . Several studies have shown important international differences among ESRD patients treated with hemodialysis  , but no studies have compared these patients ' HRQOL . Our goal was to document international differences in HRQOL among dialysis patients and to identify possible explanations of those differences . METHODS We examined data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study ( DOPPS ) , a prospect i ve , observational , international study of hemodialysis patients . We performed a cross-sectional analysis of DOPPS data from the United States , five countries in Europe ( France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and the United Kingdom ) , and Japan . Linear mixed models were used to analyze differences in HRQOL , using the KDQOL-SFTM . Norm-based scores were used to minimize cultural response bias . Linear regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors . Other variables included demographic variables , comorbidities , primary cause of ESRD , complications of ESRD and treatment , and socioeconomic status . RESULTS In all generic HRQOL subscales , patients on all three continents had much lower scores than their respective population norm values . Patients in the United States had the highest scores on the mental health subscale and the highest mental component summary scores .  Japanese patients reported better physical functioning than did patients in the United States or Europe , but they also reported the greatest burden of kidney disease . Overall , these differences remained even after adjusting for possible confounders . CONCLUSION On all three continents , ESRD and hemodialysis profoundly affect HRQOL . In the United States , the effects on mental health are smaller than in other countries . Japanese hemodialysis patients perceived that their kidney disease imposes a greater burden , but their physical functioning was significantly higher . Different distributions of socioeconomic factors and major comorbid conditions could explain little of this difference in physical functioning . Other possible factors , such as quality of dialysis and related health care , deserve careful study BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life ( QOL ) is an important measure of how disease affects patients ' lives . Dialysis patients have decreased QOL relative to healthy controls . Little is known about QOL in patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) before renal replacement therapy . METHODS The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) , a st and ard QOL instrument , was used to evaluate 634 patients ( mean glomerular filtration rate [ GFR ] , 23.6 + /- 9.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 [ 0.39 + /- 0.16 mL/s/1.73 m2 ] ) enrolled in a 4-center , prospect i ve , observational study of CKD .  SF-36 scores in these patients were compared with those in a prevalent cohort of  hemodialysis ( HD ) patients and healthy controls ( both from historical data ) . QOL data also were analyzed for correlations with GFR and albumin and hemoglobin levels in multivariable analyses . RESULTS Patients with CKD had higher SF-36 scores than a large cohort of HD patients ( P < 0.0001 for 8 scales and 2 summary scales ) , but lower scores than those reported for the US adult population ( P < 0.0001 for 7 of 8 scales and 1 of 2 summary scales ) . Patients with CKD stage 4 had lower QOL scores than patients with CKD stage 5 , although differences were not significant . Hemoglobin level was associated positively with higher mental and physical QOL scores ( P < 0.05 ) in all individual and component scales except Pain . CONCLUSION SF-36 scores were higher in this CKD cohort compared with HD patients , but lower than in healthy controls . GFR was not significantly associated with QOL . Hemoglobin level predicted both physical and mental domains of the SF-36 . Longitudinal studies are needed to define at-risk periods for decreases in QOL during progression of CKD BACKGROUND & AIMS Polycystic liver disease ( PLD ) , the most common extrarenal manifestation of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease ( ADPKD ) , has become more prevalent as a result of increased life expectancy , improved renal survival , reduced cardiovascular mortality , and renal replacement therapy . No studies have fully characterized PLD in large cohorts . We investigated whether liver and cyst volumes are associated with volume of the hepatic parenchyma , results from liver laboratory tests , and patient-reported outcomes . METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline liver volumes , measured by magnetic resonance imaging , and their association with demographics , results from liver laboratory and other tests , and quality of life . The data were collected from a r and omized , placebo-controlled trial underway at 7 tertiary-care medical centers to determine whether the combination of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II-receptor blocker was superior to the inhibitor alone , and whether low blood pressure ( < 110/75 mm Hg ) was superior to st and ard blood pressure ( 120 - 130/70 - 80 mm Hg ) , in delaying renal cystic progression in 558 patients with ADPKD , stages 1 and 2 chronic kidney disease , and hypertension ( age , 15 - 49 y ) . RESULTS We found hepatomegaly to be common among patients with ADPKD . Cysts and parenchyma contributed to hepatomegaly . Cysts were more common and liver and cyst volumes were greater in women , increasing with age . Patients with advanced disease had a relative loss of liver parenchyma . We observed small abnormalities in results from liver laboratory tests , and that splenomegaly and hypersplenism were associated with PLD severity . Higher liver volumes were associated with a lower quality of life . CONCLUSIONS Hepatomegaly is common even in early stage ADPKD and is not accounted for by cysts alone . Parenchymal volumes were larger , compared with liver volumes of patients without ADPKD or with those predicted by st and ardized equations , even among patients without cysts . The severity of PLD was associated with altered biochemical and hematologic features , as well as quality of life . Clinical Tri 
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Total liver and kidney volume had no impact on PCS ( P = 0.1 ) , but did have impact on MCS ( P = 0.02 ) .
Conclusions QoL reported by non-dialysis patients with ADPKD is impaired compared to the general population .