***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Eye movements , eye blinks , cardiac signals , muscle noise , and line noise present serious problems for electroencephalographic ( EEG ) interpretation and analysis when rejecting contaminated EEG segments results in an unacceptable data loss . Many methods have been proposed to remove artifacts from EEG recordings , especially those arising from eye movements and blinks . Often regression in the time or frequency domain is performed on parallel EEG and electrooculographic ( EOG ) recordings to derive parameters characterizing the appearance and spread of EOG artifacts in the EEG channels . Because EEG and ocular activity mix bidirectionally , regressing out eye artifacts inevitably involves subtracting relevant EEG signals from each record as well . Regression methods become even more problematic when a good regressing channel is not available for each artifact source , as in the case of muscle artifacts . Use of principal component analysis ( PCA ) has been proposed to remove eye artifacts from multichannel EEG . However , PCA can not completely separate eye artifacts from brain signals , especially when they have comparable amplitudes . Here , we propose a new and generally applicable method for removing a wide variety of artifacts from EEG records based on blind source separation by independent component analysis ( ICA ) . Our results on EEG data collected from normal and autistic subjects show that ICA can effectively detect , separate , and remove contamination from a wide variety of artifactual sources in EEG records with results comparing favorably with those obtained using regression and PCA methods . ICA can also be used to analyze blink-related brain activity Driver fatigue is associated with risks of road accidents that result in injury and death . Research has been limited by several issues such as confusion over definitions , how best to measure fatigue , and the contribution of psychological factors to fatigue . This study addressed these limitations by investigating the relationship between psychological factors and fatigue .  Participants were assessed  and were  required to perform a monotonous task till they tired . Results found few psychological factors to be related to physiological and performance decrement fatigue outcome measures . However , psychological factors were found to correlate consistently with self-reported fatigue . The results suggest that fatigue is associated with a predisposition to be anxious , depressive , less self-assured , more conscientious ( rule bound ) , less socially bold , less adaptable and low vigour . The results indicate that future research should employ a range of fatigue outcome measures in order to best underst and what factors contribute to fatigue Behavioral effects of alcohol are known to be greater when the blood alcohol is rising , known as the Mellanby effect ; however , research investigating the cortical changes during this period is scarce . The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of consumption of alcohol on cortical activity measured by the  electroencephalogram ( EEG )  during the absorption or rising phase of alcohol . EEG signals were recorded using the entire 10/20 montage system . The experimental design consisted of a repeated measures r and omized crossover design in which subjects acted as their own control . This involved recording two EEG baseline measures  , each of which was followed by a placebo or alcohol condition , delivered over two days for ten subjects . All subjects had a 50 % chance of receiving the alcohol first . All subjects were shown to have mean peak blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) levels of around . 03 % . No significant differences were found between the two baselines . Significant increases in EEG magnitude occurred in the theta ( 4 - 7.75 Hz ) , alpha 1 ( 8 - 9.75 Hz ) , and beta 1 ( 13.25 - 19.75 Hz ) spectrum in the frontal EEG regions , and alpha 1 ( 8 - 9.75 Hz , ) in the central and posterior regions . No significant changes were found in the theta ( 4 - 7.75 Hz ) or beta ( 13.5 - 30 Hz ) spectrums in the central and posterior regions . There were also no significant results for alpha 2 ( 10 - 13 Hz , ) in any of the regions . These results suggest that rapid cortical changes occur within the first 35 min after alcohol consumption OBJECTIVE Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome was compared with relaxation in a r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Sixty patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were r and omly assigned to 13 sessions of either cognitive behavior therapy ( grade d activity and cognitive restructuring ) or relaxation . Outcome was evaluated by using measures of functional impairment , fatigue , mood , and global improvement . RESULTS Treatment was completed by 53 patients .  Functional impairment and fatigue improved more in the group that received cognitive behavior therapy . At final follow-up , 70 % of the completers in the cognitive behavior therapy group achieved good outcomes ( substantial improvement in physical functioning ) compared with 19 % of those in the relaxation group who completed treatment . CONCLUSIONS Cognitive behavior therapy was more effective than a relaxation control in the management of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome . Improvements were sustained over 6 months of follow-up It is still controversial whether the pineal hormone melatonin can be characterized as a hypnotic . We therefore measured subjective sleepiness and waking EEG power density in the range of 0.25 - 20 Hz after a single dose of melatonin ( 5 mg ) . During an 8 h mini-constant routine protocol , melatonin administered in a double blind cross-over design to healthy young men at 1300 h or 1800 h increased subjective sleepiness  , as rated half-hourly on three different scales ( Visual Analogue Scale , Akerstedt Sleepiness Symptoms Check List , Akerstedt Sleepiness Scale ) and objective fatigue as evidence d by augmented waking EEG power density in the theta/alpha range ( 5.25 - 9 Hz ) . The increase in subjective sleepiness reached significance 40 min and 90 min after melatonin administration ( at 1300 h and 1800 h , respectively ) and lasted for 3 h ( at 1300 h ) and 5 h ( at 1800 h ) . The increase in the theta/alpha frequencies of the waking EEG occurred immediately after melatonin ingestion and stayed significantly higher parallel to the higher sleepiness ratings . However , the EEG changes appeared before the subjective symptoms of sleepiness became manifest . There was a significant correlation between salivary melatonin levels and the timing of increased subjective sleepiness .  Melatonin had no effects on mood The aim was to assess the suitability of EEG-based techniques to recording activity during a driving simulation task . To achieve this , an inexpensive driving simulator ( comprising a steering wheel , pedals and gear shift ) were made to function with a personal computer running ' Need for Speed ' simulation software . Simulators of this type are both inexpensive and relatively realistic . The  EEG  was recorded from four sites on the scalp ( P3 , P4 , F3 , F4 ) for two laps during the driving task , and during a replay task . The driving task involved participants driving a vehicle on a simulated undulating , sealed surface circuit , without any other vehicles present . Two men were participants in this experiment .  Power spectra were computed and integrated to produce values of relative alpha activity for each channel and recording epoch , a time-series of alpha activity during each recorded segment . Overall values for alpha activity indicated an increase for replay compared to driving , and also driving on lap 5 compared to driving on lap 2 . The EEG changes are consistent with the notion of overall reduction of attention during the later laps and the replay task and indicate the potential of such measures for complex motor behaviour The effects of mental fatigue on planning and preparation for future actions were examined , using a task switching paradigm . Fatigue was induced by " time on task , " with subjects performing a switch task continuously for 2 hr . Subjects had to alternate between tasks on every second trial , so that a new task set was required on every second trial . Manipulations of response-stimulus intervals ( RSIs ) were used to examine whether subjects prepared themselves for the task change . Behavioral measurements , event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , and mood question naires were used to assess the effects of mental fatigue . Reaction times ( RTs ) were faster on trials in which no change in task set was required in comparison with switch trials , requiring a new task set . Long RSIs were used efficiently to prepare for the processing of subsequent stimuli . With increasing mental fatigue , preparation processes seemed to become less adequate and the number of errors increased . A clear poststimulus parietal negativity was observed on repetition trials , which reduced with time on task . This attention-related component was less pronounced in switch trials ; instead , ERPs elicited in switch trials showed a clear frontal negativity . This negativity was also diminished by time on task . ERP differences between repetition and switch trials became smaller with increasing time on task Cortical oscillations in the beta b and ( 13 - 35 Hz ) are known to be modulated by the GABAergic agonist benzodiazepine . To investigate the mechanisms generating the approximately 20-Hz oscillations in the human cortex , we administered benzodiazepines to healthy adults and monitored cortical oscillatory activity by means of magnetoencephalography . Benzodiazepine increased the power and decreased the frequency of beta oscillations over rol and ic areas . Minimum current estimates indicated the effect to take place around the h and area of the primary sensorimotor cortex . Given that previous research has identified sources of the beta rhythm in the motor cortex , our results suggest that these same motor-cortex beta sources are modulated by benzodiazepine . To explore the mechanisms underlying the increase in beta power with GABAergic inhibition , we simulated a conductance-based neuronal network comprising excitatory and inhibitory neurons . The model accounts for the increase in the beta power , the widening of the spectral peak , and the slowing down of the rhythms with benzodiazepines , implemented as an increase in GABAergic conductance . We found that an increase in IPSCs onto inhibitory neurons was more important for generating neuronal synchronization in the beta b and than an increase in IPSCs onto excitatory pyramidal cells During long and monotonous driving at night , most drivers progressively show signs of visual fatigue and loss of vigilance . Their capacity to maintain adequate driving performance usually is affected and varies with the age of the driver . The main question is to know , on one h and , if occurrence of fatigue and drowsiness is accompanied by a modification in the driving performance of the driver and , on the other h and , if this relationship partially depends on the driver 's age . Forty-six male drivers , divided into three age categories : 20 - 30 , 40 - 50 , and 60 - 70 years , performed a 350-km motorway driving session at night on a driving simulator .  Driving errors were measured in terms of number of running-off-the-road incidents ( RORI ) and large speed deviations . The evolution of physiological vigilance level was evaluated using electroencephalography ( EEG ) recording . In older drivers , in comparison with young and middle-aged drivers , the degradation of driving performance was correlated to the evolution of lower frequency waking EEG ( i.e. , theta ) . Contrary to young and middle-aged drivers , the deterioration of the vigilance level attested by EEG correlated with the increase in gravity of all studied driving errors in older drivers . Thus , depending on the age category considered , only part of the driving errors would constitute a relevant indication as for the occurrence of a state of low arousal Fatigue is one of the most common psychophysiological symptoms that interact with the control mechanisms regulating task behaviour . The cortical processes involved in preparation and feedback control of voluntary movement are associated with EEG activity time-locked to movement onset : a pre-movement Movement-Related Cortical Potential ( MRCP ) is followed by a post-movement potential ( PMP ) . The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in subjective fatigue which arise in the course of a simple repetitive motor task affect cortical information processing as measured by MRCPs or PMPs . MRCPs/PMPs were recorded in 33 healthy subjects while they made 100 self-paced unilateral button presses with their left or right index finger , and then continued with the other index finger for another 100 movements . Before and after the motor tasks , subjective fatigue was assessed via question naire . ( 1 ) Subjects who reported a higher increase of fatigue when they had finished the motor tasks showed smaller ( more negative ) amplitudes of the PMP . ( 2 ) This increase of negativity was strongest during the initial part of the tasks . ( 3 ) Physical aspects of perceived fatigue had a stronger effect on PMP amplitude than cognitive aspects . Smaller amplitudes of the PMP in more fatigued subjects might be explained by reduced attention to somatosensory feedback . Adaptation of this effect may result from more automatic performance at later stages of the task when all subjects required a lower degree of attentional control . In conjunction with previous studies , effects of fatigue could be separated from habituation The present study systematic ally compared the effects of fatigue and alcohol intoxication on a range of neurobehavioural tasks . By doing so , it was possible to quantify the performance impairment associated with fatigue and express it as a blood alcohol impairment equivalent . Twenty-two healthy subjects aged 19 - 26 years participated in three counterbalanced conditions . In the sustained wakefulness condition , subjects were kept awake for 28 h. In the alcohol and placebo conditions , subjects consumed either an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage at 30 min intervals , until their blood alcohol concentration reached 0.10 % . In each session , performance was measured at hourly intervals using four tasks from a st and ardised computer-based test battery . Analysis indicated that the placebo beverage did not significantly effect mean relative performance . In contrast , as blood alcohol concentration increased performance on all the tasks , except for one , significantly decreased . Similarly , as hours of wakefulness increased performance levels for four of the six parameters significantly decreased . More importantly , equating the performance impairment in the two conditions indicated that , depending on the task measured , approximately 20 - 25 h of wakefulness produced performance decrements equivalent to those observed at a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of 0.10 % . Overall , these results suggest that moderate levels of fatigue produce performance equivalent to or greater than those observed at levels of alcohol intoxication deemed unacceptable when driving , working and /or operating dangerous equipment Correlations between subjective 
    Output:
    
The results showed that as a person fatigues , slow wave activity increased over the entire cortex , in theta and in alpha 1 and 2 b and s , while no significant changes were found in delta wave activity .
Substantial increases also occurred in fast wave activity , though mostly in frontal sites .
The results suggest that as a person fatigues , the brain loses capacity and slows its activity , and that attempts to maintain vigilance levels lead to increased beta activity