***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Cognitive functions are impaired in Major Depression . Studies on the effects of Yoga on cognitive functions have shown improvement in memory , vigilance and anxiety levels . 30 patients suffering from Major depression ( age 18 to 45 years ) were r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 males and 5 Females ) Patients who practised Sahaj Yoga meditation and also received conventional anti-depressant medication . Group 2 : ( 9 males and 6 Females ) Patients who only received conventional antidepressant medication .  Group 1 patients were administered Sahaj Yoga practice for 8 weeks . Neuro-cognitive test battery consisting of Letter cancellation test ( LCT ) , Trail making test ' A ' ( TTA ) , Trail making test ' B ' ( TTB ) , Ruff figural fluency test ( RFFT ) , Forward digit span ( FDS ) & Reverse digit span test ( RDS ) was used to assess following cognitive domains : Attention span , visuo-motor speed , short-term memory , working memory and executive functions . After 8 weeks , both Group 1 and Group 2 subjects showed significant improvement in LCT , TTA & TTB but improvement in LCT was more marked in Group 1 subjects . Also , there was significant improvement in RDS scores in only Group 1 subjects ( P < 0.05 ) . The results thereby , demonstrate that Sahaj Yoga practice in addition to the improvement in various other cognitive domains seen with conventional anti-depressants , can lead to additional improvement in executive functions like manipulation of information in the verbal working memory and added improvement in attention span and visuo-motor speed of the depressives Cognitive dysfunction has been repeatedly observed in major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , particularly in areas of attention , verbal and nonverbal learning and memory , and executive functioning . Exercise has been shown to improve cognitive outcomes in other population s , including age-associated cognitive decline , but has not to our knowledge been investigated as an augmentation strategy in depression . This study evaluated the effectiveness of exercise augmentation on cognitive performance in persons with MDD and residual symptoms that included cognitive complaints following initial treatment with a selective  serotonin reuptake  inhibitor ( SSRI ) . Participants enrolled in the Treatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression ( TREAD ) study were r and omized to receive either a low or high dose exercise regimen . TREAD participants who provided informed consent for the current study completed Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery measures assessing Attention , Visual Memory , Executive Function/Set-shifting and Working Memory , and Executive Function/Spatial Planning domains . Data were analyzed for 39 participants completing both baseline and Week 12 cognitive testing . Overall tests indicated a significant task × group × time interaction for the Executive Function/Set-shifting and Working Memory domain . Post-hoc tests indicated improvements in high dose exercisers ' spatial working memory , but decreases in spatial working memory and set-shifting outcomes in low dose exercisers . Both groups improved on measures of psychomotor speed , attention , visual memory and spatial planning . This study suggests a dose-response effect of exercise in specific executive function and working memory tasks among depressed persons with a partial response to SSRI and cognitive complaints , with some cognitive functions improving regardless of exercise dose Background Depression is one of the most common diseases in industrialised nations . Physical activity is regarded as an important part of therapeutic intervention . Rock climbing or bouldering ( rock climbing to moderate heights without rope ) comprises many aspects that are considered useful , but until now , there has been hardly any research on the effects of a bouldering group intervention on people with depression . The purpose of this controlled pilot study was twofold : first , to develop a manual for an eight-week interventional program that integrates psychotherapeutic interventions in a bouldering group setting and second , to assess the effects of a bouldering intervention on people with depression . Methods The intervention took place once a week for three hours across a period of eight weeks . Participants were r and omly assigned to the two groups ( intervention vs. waitlist ) . The intervention group began the bouldering therapy immediately after a baseline measurement was taken ; the waitlist participants began after an eight-week period of treatment as usual . On four measurement date s at eight-week intervals , participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory II ( BDI-II ) , the symptom checklist-90-R ( SCL-90 ) , the question naire on re sources and self-management skills ( FERUS ) , and the attention test d2-R.  A total of 47 participants completed the study , and the data were analysed with descriptive statistics . Cohen ’s d was calculated as a measure of the effect size . For the primary hypothesis , a regression analysis and the Number Needed to Treat ( NNT ) ( improvement of at least 6 points on the BDI-II ) were calculated . Results After eight weeks of intervention , results indicated positive effects on the measures of depression ( primary hypothesis : BDI-II : Cohen ’s d = 0.77 ) , this was supported by the regression analysis with “ group ” as the only significant predictor of a change in depression ( p = .007 ) . The NNT was four . Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence that therapeutic bouldering may offer an effective treatment for depression . Further research is required . Trial registration Current controlled trials , IS RCT N17623318 , registered on July 15th 2015 BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of elderly patients treated for depression fail to achieve symptomatic remission and functional recovery with first-line pharmacotherapy . In this study , we ask whether a mind-body exercise , Tai Chi Chih ( TCC ) , added to escitalopram will augment the treatment of geriatric depression design ed to achieve symptomatic remission and improvements in health functioning and cognitive performance . METHODS : One hundred twelve older adults with major depression age 60 years and older were recruited and treated with escitalopram for approximately 4 weeks . Seventy-three partial responders to escitalopram continued to receive escitalopram daily and were r and omly assigned to 10 weeks of adjunct use of either 1 ) TCC for 2 hours per week or 2 ) health education ( HE ) for 2 hours per week . All participants underwent evaluations of depression , anxiety , resilience , health-related quality of life , cognition , and inflammation at baseline and during 14-week follow-up . RESULTS Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition were more likely to show greater reduction of depressive symptoms and to achieve a depression remission as compared with those receiving escitalopram and HE . Subjects in the escitalopram and TCC condition also showed significantly greater improvements in 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical functioning and cognitive tests and a decline in the inflammatory marker , C-reactive protein , compared with the control group . CONCLUSION : Complementary use of a mind-body exercise , such as TCC , may provide additional improvements of clinical outcomes in the pharmacologic treatment of geriatric depression BACKGROUND Antidepressant treatment failure is a common problem worldwide . In this study , we assess whether or not an important aspect of depression , cognitive impairment , is untreated by antidepressants by study ing the effect of acute antidepressant treatment on a range of cognitive domains . METHODS In this r and omised longitudinal study , which is part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression ( iSPOT-D ) trial , we assessed the effects of acute antidepressant treatment in a large patient population , across clinical remission outcomes , on a range of cognitive domains : attention , response inhibition , executive function during visuospatial navigation , cognitive flexibility , verbal memory , working memory , decision speed , information processing speed , and psychomotor response speed . We enrolled patients from primary or specialty care clinics in a multicentre , international , open-label , r and omised , prospect i ve trial . Eligible patients ( aged 18 - 65 years ) were previously untreated or were willing to undergo a 1-week medication washout before the study start , and could not have had inadequate response to study medications in the past . We enrolled a large population of medication-free ( ie , untreated ) out patients in a depressive episode and assessed them for cognitive function at enrolment ( pre-treatment ) , and again after 8 weeks of treatment with one of three antidepressant drugs ( escitalopram , sertraline , or venlafaxine extended-release ) . Patients were r and omly assigned ( 1:1:1 ) to one of the three antidepressants using a blocked r and omisation procedure ( block size of 12 ) . As a comparison group , we also simultaneously enrolled matched healthy participants . Healthy participants received no medication or intervention , but were assessed for change in cognitive and clinical measures during the same interval and testing protocol . Therefore , this group acts as a test-retest control for the primary outcome measure examined in this study , change in cognitive measures over 8 weeks of treatment in depressed patients . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00693849 . FINDINGS Between Dec 8 , 2008 , and Sept 30 , 2011 , we enrolled 1008 eligible people into the study .  Impairment in five domains-attention , response inhibition , verbal memory , decision speed , and information processing-showed no relative improvement with acute treatment ( controlling for time or repeated testing ) , irrespective of antidepressant treatment group , even in patients whose depression remitted acutely according to clinical measures . Broader cognitive impairment was associated with greater illness chronicity ( earlier illness onset ) but not with symptom severity or previous antidepressant failures . INTERPRETATION Depression is associated with impairments in higher-order cognitive functions and information processing , which persist independently of clinical symptom change with treatment . We recorded no difference between the three antidepressants tested , with none showing efficacy for these impairments . Although the 8-week treatment period limits interpretation to acute treatment effects , it does highlight cognitive impairment as an untargeted contributor to incomplete treatment success . FUNDING Brain Re source Company Operations Pty Ltd and NIH BACKGROUND Given the recent growing interest and encouraging findings in studies of alternative treatments for depression , the present r and omized controlled trial study aim ed to compare the effect of a newly developed Chinese Chan-based Dejian Mind-Body Intervention ( DMBI ) with the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT ) on improving depressive symptoms in patients with depression . METHODS Seventy-five participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder were r and omly assigned to receive either 10-session CBT or DMBI , or placed on a waitlist . Pre-post measurements included record of anti-depressants treatment , ratings by psychiatrists who were blinded to the experimental design and self-report on mood measures , and performance in a cognitive test tapping concentration ability . RESULTS Both the CBT and DMBI groups demonstrated significantly reduced overall depressive syndrome after intervention at large effect size ( 0.93 - 1.10 ) . Furthermore , the DMBI group ( p<0.05 ) , but not the CBT or waitlist groups , demonstrated significant reduction in intake of anti-depressants , and significant improvement in specific depression-related symptoms including difficulty in concentration ( p=0.002 ) , and problems in gastrointestinal health ( p=0.02 ) and overall sleep quality ( p<0.001 ) . LIMITATIONS This study has provided some evidence for the short-term effect of the DMBI on Chinese population . Its long-term effect on a larger sample and on Caucasian population warrants further investigation . CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that a Chinese Chan-based Mind-Body intervention has positive effects on improving mood and health conditions of individuals with depression BACKGROUND The present study examined whether aerobic fitness training of older humans can increase brain volume in regions associated with age-related decline in both brain structure and cognition . METHODS Fifty-nine healthy but sedentary community-dwelling volunteers , aged 60 - 79 years , participated in the 6-month r and omized clinical trial . Half of the older adults served in the aerobic training group , the other half of the older adults participated in the toning and stretching control group .  Twenty young adults served as controls for the magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and did not participate in the exercise intervention . High spatial resolution estimates of gray and white matter volume , derived from 3D spoiled gradient recalled acquisition MRI images , were collected before and after the 6-month fitness intervention . Estimates of maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) were also obtained . RESULTS Significant increases in brain volume , in both gray and white matter regions , were found as a function of fitness training for the older adults who participated in the aerobic fitness training but not for the older adults who participated in the stretching and toning ( nonaerobic ) control group . As predicted , no significant changes in either gray or white matter volume were detected for our younger participants . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cardiovascular fitness is associated with the sparing of brain tissue in aging humans . Furthermore , these results suggest a strong biological basis for the role of aerobic fitness in maintaining and enhancing central nervous system health and cognitive functioning in older adults Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Our previous studies have reported the therapeutic effects of 10-session Chinese Chan-based Dejian mind-body interventions ( DMBI ) in reducing the intake of antidepressants , improving depressive symptoms , and enhancing the attentional abilities of patients with depression . This study aims to explore the possible neuroelectrophysiological mechanisms underlying the previously reported treatment effects of DMBI in comparison with those of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) .  Seventy-five age- , gender- , and education-matched participants with depression were r and omly assigned to 
    Output:
    
Our meta- analysis did not observe a substantial benefit of physical exercise  on cognitive symptoms in depression