***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: PURPOSE As part of a continuous quality control effort to measure the interrater reliability of urodynamic studies performed at multiple centers , we compared agreement levels for urodynamic studies between central and local physician review ers . We report interrater reliability findings for the filling cystometrogram . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following a satisfactory interrater reliability study among 4 central physician review ers in 33 tracings 36 urodynamic study tracings from 9 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network continence treatment centers and 13 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network certified urodynamic study testers were r and omly selected for review . These tracings were originally interpreted by 11 local physician review ers using st and ardized Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network interpretation guidelines . Each of the 4 central physician review ers review ed 9 r and omly assigned tracings and none review ed tracings from his or her center . Local and central physician review ers were instructed to categorize values as invalid if specified technical quality assurance st and ards were not met or the signal pattern suggested implausible values because of technical deficiencies . An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for continuous ( numerical ) variables and a kappa statistic was calculated for qualitative values with acceptable agreement defined a priori as an intraclass correlation coefficient of greater than 0.6 . RESULTS Filling cystometrogram baseline pressure , Valsalva leak point pressure , and volume and pressure measurements at maximum cystometric capacity had excellent intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.74 to 0.99 . There were no significant differences between local and central physician review er means , indicating excellent agreement . CONCLUSIONS With proper quality control measures in place and a set of st and ardized interpretive guidelines excellent interrater reliability between local and central physician review er can be achieved for numerical cystometrogram variables Abstract Objective : To compare tension-free vaginal tape with colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence .  Design : Multicentred r and omised comparative trial . Setting : Gynaecology or urology departments in 14 centres in the United Kingdom and Eire , including university teaching hospitals and district general hospitals . Participants : 344 women with urodynamic stress incontinence ; 175 r and omised to tension-free vaginal tape and 169 to colposuspension  Main outcome measures : Assessment before treatment and at six months postoperatively with the SF-36 , the Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms question naire , the EQ-5D health question naire , a one week urinary diary , one hour perineal pad test , cystometry , and , in some centres , urethral profilometry . Results : 23 women in the colposuspension group and 5 in the vaginal tape group withdrew before surgery . No significant difference was found between the groups for cure rates : 115 ( 66 % ) women in the vaginal tape group and 97 ( 57 % ) in the colposuspension group were objective ly cured ( 95 % confidence interval for difference in cure −4.7 % to 21.3 % ) . Bladder injury was more common during the vaginal tape procedure ; postoperative complications , in particular delayed resumption of micturition , were more common after colposuspension . Operation time , duration of hospital stay , and return to normal activity were all longer after colposuspension than after the vaginal tape procedure . Conclusion : Surgery with tension-free vaginal tape is associated with more operative complications than colposuspension , but colposuspension is associated with more postoperative complications and longer recovery .  Vaginal tape shows promise for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence because of minimal access and rapid recovery times ; cure rates at six months were comparable with colposuspension . What is already known on this topic Few r and omised trials exist on surgery for stress incontinence Systematic review s suggest that colposuspension is associated with cure rates of up to 90 % Case series of tension-free vaginal tape suggest cure rates of about 85 % , with rapid return to normal activity What this study adds At six months the tension-free vaginal tape procedure is as effective as colposuspension for the primary treatment of stress incontinence Operative complications were more common with vaginal tape , but duration of hospital stay and return to normal activity were shorter than with colposuspension  Postoperative complications were more common after OBJECTIVES This prospect i ve , r and omised study investigated whether a prophylactic procedure , performed during colposacropexy for prolapse repair , prevents ex novo postoperative incontinence .  Sixty-six consecutive continent patients with advanced prolapse were r and omised into two groups : group A underwent sacropexy combined with a Burch colposuspension ; no anti-incontinence procedure was performed in group B patients . METHODS Work-up included clinical assessment ( Halfway System and International Continence Society [ ICS ] classification for prolapse and Ingelman Sunderberg scale for incontinence ) , the Urogenital Distress Inventory and Impact Incontinence Quality of Life question naires , urogynaecologic ultrasound scans , and complete urodynamic testing that included the urethral pressure profile and Valsalva leak point pressure with reduced prolapse . Check-ups were done at 3 , 6 , 12 mo postoperatively and then yearly . Mean follow-up time was 39.5 mo . RESULTS The mean age ( + /- st and ard deviation ) was 62+/-9 yr . All patients presented with  grade ( G ) 3 - 4 prolapse . Postoperative incontinence was present in 12 of the 34 patients in group A : 7 G1 ; 4 G2 , and 1 G3 . Postoperative incontinence was present in 3 of the 32 patients in group B : 2 G1 , 1 G3 . The frequency of postoperative incontinence was significantly greater in patients who had undergone colposuspension ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data cast doubt on whether colposuspension should be performed during sacropexy for severe urogenital prolapse as prophylaxis for postoperative incontinence because it seems to emerge as overtreatment . Incontinence developed ex novo in 35 % of continent patients treated with colposuspension combined with sacropexy The aim of this study was to reevaluate and up date the followup of a previously published r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) on the impact of Burch Colposuspension ( BC ) , as an anti-incontinence procedure , in patients with UI and POP , who underwent POP repair . Forty-seven women were r and omly assigned to abdominal POP repair and concomitant BC ( 24 patients ; group A ) or POP repair alone without any anti-incontinence procedure  ( 23 patients ; group B ) . Median followup was 82 months ( range 60–107 ) ; from over 47 patients , 30 reached 6-year followup . Two patients were lost at followup . In group A , 2 patients showed a stage I rectocele . In group B , 2 patients had a stage I rectocele and 1 a stage II rectocele . In group A , 13/23 ( 56.5 % ) were still incontinent after surgery compared with 9/22 patients ( 40.9 % ) in group B ( P = 0.298 ) . No significant changes were observed between the first and the current followup . The up date of long-term followup confirmed that BC did not improve outcome significantly in incontinent women when they undergo POP repair Fifty consecutive female patients with genuine urinary stress incontinence were r and omized either to surgery or to a pelvic floor training program . The operative procedure was chosen according to the type of bladder suspension defect on micturition cystourethrography . The training program was given 5 times in weekly lessons and the patients were guided by trained physiotherapists . Surgery was superior to the pelvic floor training program both subjectively and objective ly . However , a significant improvement was found following the training program . Forty-two percent were satisfied with the outcome of the training and did not want operation . We find physiotherapist-guided pelvic floor exercise a realistic alternative to surgery in patients with mild degrees of stress incontinence . Also patients with residual symptoms after surgery are c and i date s for pelvic floor training A total of 51 consecutive female patients with genuine stress incontinence who underwent a Burch or Stamey operation  were clinical ly and urodynamically evaluated preoperatively at least 8 months postoperatively . Our study group consisted of 27 women who underwent the Burch colposuspension and 24 who had the Stamey endoscopic bladder neck suspension .  The urodynamic parameters which were studied pre- and postoperatively were the maximum flow rate ( Qmax ) , the residual urine ( Vres ) , the first sensation ( FS ) , the bladder capacity ( BC ) , the maximum vesical pressure ( Pves max ) , the detrusor pressure at maximum flow ( Pdet/Qmax ) , the functional urethral length ( Lfun ) and the maximum closure pressure ( Pclos max ) . The successful results of the operations were 89 % for Burch and 83 % for the Stamey procedure . As for differing objective urodynamic findings , the Qmax , Pclos max , Vres and Lfun for both groups were the only parameters which showed statistically significant difference after surgery . The statistical comparison of the postoperative urodynamic parameters of the two operative techniques showed that Lfun , Pves max and Pclos max had difference in favor of Burch colposuspension . There were not statistical differences in the other studied parameters . In conclusion , according to the differentiation in the values of Pclos max , Lfun and Pves max , the Burch technique seems to result in a higher increase of patient 's urethral resistance PURPOSE We examined preoperative and postoperative patient related factors associated with continence status up to 7 years after surgery for stress urinary incontinence . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Women r and omized to Burch colposuspension or fascial sling surgery and assessed for the primary outcome of urinary continence 2 years after surgery were eligible to enroll in a prospect i ve observational study . Survival analysis was used to investigate baseline and postoperative factors in the subsequent risk of stress urinary incontinence , defined as self-report of stress urinary incontinence symptoms , incontinence episodes on a 3-day diary or surgical re-treatment . RESULTS Of the women who participated in the r and omized trial 74 % ( 482 of 655 ) were enrolled in the followup study . Urinary continence rates decreased during a period of 2 to 7 years postoperatively from 42 % to 13 % in the Burch group and from 52 % to 27 % in the sling group , respectively . Among the baseline factors included in the first multivariable model age ( p = 0.03 ) , prior stress urinary incontinence surgery ( p = 0.02 ) , menopausal status ( 0.005 ) , urge index ( 0.006 ) , assigned surgery ( p = 0.01 ) and recruiting site ( p = 0.02 ) were independently associated with increased risk of incontinence . In the final multivariable model including baseline and postoperative factors , Burch surgery ( p = 0.01 ) , baseline variables of prior urinary incontinence surgery ( p = 0.04 ) , menopausal status ( p = 0.03 ) and postoperative urge index ( p < 0.001 ) were each significantly associated with a greater risk of recurrent urinary incontinence . CONCLUSIONS Preoperative and postoperative urgency incontinence symptoms , Burch urethropexy , prior stress urinary incontinence surgery and menopausal status were negatively associated with long-term continence rates . More effective treatment of urgency urinary incontinence in patients who undergo stress urinary incontinence surgery may improve long-term overall continence status Introduction and hypothesisThe purpose of this study is to describe risk factors for post-operative urinary tract infection ( UTI ) the first year after stress urinary incontinence surgery . Methods Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed on data from 1,252 women r and omized in two surgical trials , Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy trial ( SISTEr ) and Trial Of Mid-Urethral Slings ( TOMUS ) . Results Baseline recurrent UTI ( rUTI ; ≥3 in 12 months ) increased the risk of UTI in the first 6 weeks in both study population s , as did sling procedure and self-catheterization in SISTEr , and bladder perforation in TOMUS  . Baseline rUTI , UTI in the first 6 weeks , and PVR > 100 cc at 12 months were independent risk factors for UTI between 6 weeks and 12 months in the SISTEr population . Few ( 2.3–2.4 % ) had post-operative rUTI , precluding multivariable analysis . In women with pre-operative rUTI , successful surgery ( negative cough stress test ) at 1 year did not appear to decrease the risk of persistent rUTI . Conclusions Pre-operative rUTI is the strongest risk factor for post-operative UTI OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether race/ethnicity affects urinary incontinence ( UI ) severity and bother in women who undergo surgery for stress incontinence . STUDY DESIGN We used baseline data from participants in the Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy trial .  UI severity was measured by the number of leakage episodes during a 3-day urinary diary and by urodynamic evaluation . UI bother was measured with the  Urogenital Distress Inventory .  Race/ethnicity classification was based on self-report . RESULTS Of the 65 
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In general , the evidence available does not show a higher morbidity or complication rate with open retropubic colposuspension compared to the other open surgical techniques , although pelvic organ prolapse is more common than after anterior colporrhaphy and sling procedures .
Voiding problems are also more common after sling procedures compared to open colposuspension .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS Open retropubic colposuspension is an effective treatment modality for stress urinary incontinence especially in the long term .
Newer minimal access sling procedures look promising in comparison with open colposuspension but their long-term performance is limited and closer monitoring of their adverse event profile must be carried out .
Open colposuspension is associated with a higher risk of pelvic organ prolapse compared to sling operations and anterior colporrhaphy , but with a lower risk of voiding dysfunction compared to traditional sling surgery .
Laparoscopic colposuspension should allow speedier recovery but its relative safety and long-term effectiveness is not yet known .