***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: How do human beings decide when to be selfish or selfless ? In this study , we gave  testosterone to 25 men to establish its impact on prosocial behaviors  in a double-blind within-subjects design . We also confirmed participants ' testosterone levels before and after treatment through blood draws . Using the Ultimatum Game from behavioral economics , we find that men with artificially raised T , compared to themselves on placebo , were 27 % less generous towards strangers with money they controlled ( 95 % CI placebo : ( 1.70 , 2.72 ) ; 95 % CI T : ( .98 , 2.30 ) ) . This effect scales with a man 's level of total- , free- , and dihydro-testosterone ( DHT ) . Men in the lowest decile of DHT were 560 % more generous than men in the highest decile of DHT . We also found that men with elevated testosterone were more likely to use their own money punish those who were ungenerous toward them . Our results continue to hold after controlling for altruism . We conclude that elevated testosterone causes men to behave antisocially OBJECTIVE Youths with disruptive behavior disorders ( DBD ) ( conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder ) have an elevated risk for maladaptive reactive aggression . Theory suggests that this is due to an elevated sensitivity of basic threat circuitry implicated in retaliation ( amygdala/periaqueductal gray ) in youths with DBD and low levels of callous-unemotional traits and dysfunctional regulatory activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in youths with DBD irrespective of callous-unemotional traits . METHOD A total of 56 youths 10 - 18 years of age ( 23 of them female ) participated in the study : 30 youths with DBD , divided by median split into groups with high and low levels of callous-unemotional traits , and 26 healthy youths . All participants completed an ultimatum game task during functional MRI . RESULTS Relative to the other groups , youths with DBD and low levels of callous-unemotional traits showed greater increases in activation of basic threat circuitry when punishing others and dysfunctional down-regulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during retaliation . Relative to healthy youths , all youths with DBD showed reduced amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity during high provocation . Ventromedial prefrontal cortex responsiveness and ventromedial prefrontal cortex-amygdala connectivity were related to patients ' retaliatory propensity ( behavioral responses during the task ) and parent-reported reactive aggression . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest differences in the underlying neurobiology of maladaptive reactive aggression in youths with DBD who have relatively low levels of callous-unemotional traits . Youths with DBD and low callous-unemotional traits alone showed significantly greater threat responses during retaliation relative to comparison subjects . These data also suggest that ventromedial prefrontal cortex-amygdala connectivity is critical for regulating retaliation/reactive aggression and , when dysfunctional , contributes to reactive aggression , independent of level of callous-unemotional traits Although the role of emotion in socioeconomic decision making is increasingly recognised , the impact of specific emotional disorders , such as anxiety disorders , on these decisions has been surprisingly neglected . Twenty anxious patients and twenty matched controls completed a commonly used socioeconomic task ( the Ultimatum Game ) , in which they had to accept or reject monetary offers from other players .  Anxious patients accepted significantly more unfair offers than controls . We discuss the implication s of these findings in light of recent models of anxiety , in particular the importance of interpersonal factors and assertiveness in an integrated model of decision making . Finally , we were able to show that pharmacological serotonin used to treat anxious symptomatology tended to normalise decision making , further confirming and extending the role of serotonin in co-operation , prosocial behaviour , and social decision making . These results show , for the first time , a different pattern of socioeconomic behaviour in anxiety disordered patients , in addition to the known memory , attentional and emotional biases that are part of this pathological condition BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients show reduced neural activity , relative to controls , in the amygdala and its projection to the medial prefrontal cortex ( MPFC ) in response to fear perception . In this study we tested the hypothesis that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal functional connectivity in the amygdala network underlying fear perception . METHODS Functional MRI images were acquired from 14 schizophrenia patients and 14 matched healthy control subjects during an emotion perception task , in which fearful and neutral facial expression stimuli were presented pseudor and omly under nonconscious ( using masking ) and conscious conditions . Both subtraction and functional connectivity analyses were undertaken using a region of interest approach . RESULTS In response to fearful facial expressions , schizophrenia patients displayed reduced amygdala activity , compared to controls , in both the conscious and nonconscious conditions . The amygdala displayed a reversal of the normal pattern of connectivity with the brainstem , visual cortex , and also with the dorsal and ventral divisions of the MPFC in the schizophrenia patients . CONCLUSIONS The presence of functional disconnections in amygdala pathways suggests that schizophrenia patients have a failure in coordinating their automatic orienting to salient signals and the associated prefrontal monitoring of these signals 
    Output:
    
Results : We found evidence for alterations in UG behaviour for patients with frontotemporal dementia , schizophrenia , affective disorders , alcohol , cocaine , heroin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine consumption , alcohol dependence , anxiety disorders , borderline personality disorder , autism , Tourette syndrome and oppositional defiant disorder .
Conclusion : There is some evidence that different psychiatric disorders might go along with alterations in social decision-making .