***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Treatment with long-acting injectable risperidone was evaluated in young adults likely to be in the early stages of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder . METHOD An open-label 50-week trial included young adults ( men aged 18 - 25 years and women aged 18 - 30 years ) . RESULTS Sixty-six young adults received at least 1 injection of long-acting risperidone ( 25 or 50 mg ) every two weeks ; 64 % of the patients completed the 50-week trial . A mode dose of 25 mg/14 days was received by 23 patients and 50 mg/14 days by 43 patients . Mean PANSS scores improved significantly from baseline at each time point , with 64 % of the patients showing clinical improvement ( > or=20 % reduction in PANSS total scores ) at endpoint . Patient-rated quality of life ( SF-36 scores ) improved and patients ' attitudes toward the medication were positive ( DAI scores ) . Severity of movement disorders ( ESRS ) and injection-site pain ratings were low throughout the trial . Results were similar in the population of other ( older ) patients . CONCLUSIONS Long-acting risperidone was associated with clinical benefits in stable young adults with early schizophrenia or schizoaffective illness The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of long-acting risperidone ( Risperdal Consta ) were evaluated in a multicenter , prospect i ve , open-label , 15-week study of 86 patients with schizophrenia . Subjects stabilized on 2 , 4 or 6 mg of oral risperidone once daily for at least 4 weeks were assigned to receive i.m . injections of 25 , 50 or 75 mg of risperidone , respectively , every 2 weeks for 10 weeks . The 90 % confidence intervals for the i.m./oral ratios of the mean steady-state plasma-AUC , corrected for dosing interval , and of the average plasma concentration of the active moiety ( risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone ) were within the range of 80 - 125 % , indicating bioequivalence of the i.m . and oral formulations . However , mean steady-state peak concentrations of the active moiety were 25 - 32 % lower with i.m . than oral dosing ( P < 0.05 ) and fluctuations in plasma active-moiety levels were 32 - 42 % lower with the i.m . than oral regimen . Symptoms of schizophrenia continued to improve after switching from oral to i.m . dosing . Long-acting risperidone was well tolerated locally and systematic ally . Although overall bioequivalence of the two formulations was established , the differences in pharmacokinetic profiles between the two formulations indicate potential benefits for long-acting risperidone BACKGROUND The extent to which antipsychotics improve patients ' well-being is uncertain . AIMS To examine psychopathology and patient-rated functioning and well-being in patients treated with risperidone .  METHOD In a 1-year , open-label , international multicentre trial of long-acting risperidone in 615 stable adult patients with schizophrenia , self-rated functioning and well-being were measured every 3 months using the Short Form 36-item question naire ( SF-36 ) . Psychopathology was quantified using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) . RESULTS Significant improvements were found on the SF-36 mental component summary score and vitality and social functioning scales . PANSS and mental component summary scores were moderately correlated . CONCLUSIONS Patient-reported functioning and well-being appear to differ from investigator-rated psychotic symptoms . Patient-rated well-being should be assessed with symptoms to help measure treatment outcomes BACKGROUND The use of risperidone long-acting injection ( RLAI ) is reasonably well supported by controlled studies . Little is known about treatment outcomes in patients receiving RLAI in clinical practice . METHOD All prescribers in the South London and Maudsley Trust , London , United Kingdom , were informed that RLAI could be ordered for suitable patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder : those known to be noncompliant with oral atypical antipsychotics and those intolerant of the adverse effects of conventional depot antipsychotics . Prescribers provided treatment and clinical progress data at the time of each prescription . Data collected included reason for prescribing RLAI , Clinical Global Impressions scale ( CGI ) score , inpatient or out-patient status , and details of all medications prescribed . All treatment discontinuations were investigated . The study was conducted from August 2002 to August 2003 . RESULTS Outcome could be determined for 100 subjects . Seventy-nine subjects ( 79 % ) were hospitalized when RLAI was initially prescribed .  Mean duration of stay before RLAI initiation was 97 days ( range , 0 - 1492 days ) . Most subjects were switched to RLAI from oral atypical ( 58 % ) or conventional depot ( 28 % ) antipsychotics . The main reason given for prescribing RLAI was poor patient acceptability of previous treatments ( 79 % ) . Overall , 51 % of the subjects discontinued RLAI . The main reason for discontinuation was lack of effect ( 24 subjects ) . No patient-related factor predicted outcome . CGI scores improved from a mean of 4.7 to 3.6 over the study period ( p < .001 ) . Overall , 61 subjects ( 61 % ) showed an improvement in CGI scores between baseline and endpoint . Antipsychotic coprescriptions were reduced from 71 % of subjects to 8 % . In completers , 23 ( 61 % ) of 38 subjects beginning RLAI as in patients were discharged . The modal dose of RLAI was 25 mg every 2 weeks . CONCLUSION RLAI was moderately effective in clinical practice as judged by attrition from treatment . CGI score changes and discharge rates also suggest moderate effectiveness . RLAI was well tolerated . Antipsychotic coprescription was infrequent OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of 2 doses of long-acting risperidone injection in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder . METHOD This 52-week , prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , multicenter , international study included clinical ly stable out patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder ( DSM-IV criteria ) . Setting s included physicians ' offices and clinics . Patients received a fixed dose of long-acting risperidone ( 25 or 50 mg ) every 2 weeks . Primary outcome was time to relapse , defined as either re-hospitalization or other exacerbation criteria . Other assessment s included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale , Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale , and functional and quality -of-life measures . Safety was assessed via treatment-emergent adverse events , laboratory tests , and movement disorder rating scales . Data were collected from December 2002 to September 2004 . RESULTS A total of 324 patients were r and omized to 25 mg ( N = 163 ) or 50 mg ( N = 161 ) of long-acting risperidone .  Time to relapse was comparable ( p = .131 ) for both groups . Projected median time to relapse was 161.8 weeks ( 95 % CI = 103.0 to 254.2 ) with 25 mg and 259.0 weeks ( 95 % CI = 153.6 to 436.8 ) with 50 mg . One-year incidences of relapse were 21.6 % ( N = 35 ) and 14.9 % ( N = 24 ) , respectively ( p = .059 ) . Psychiatric hospitalization was the reason for relapse for 16 ( 10 % ) in the 25-mg group and 10 ( 6 % ) in the 50-mg group . Patients experienced statistically significant but modest improvements at endpoint in most measures ( i.e. , psychotic symptoms , functioning , movement disorder severity ) with both doses , with no significant between-group differences . CONCLUSION In this 1-year study , long-acting risperidone was associated with low relapse and rehospitalization rates , indicating that doses of 25 to 50 mg are appropriate for long-term treatment in schizophrenia Long-acting injectable antipsychotic formulations of conventional antipsychotics were developed to address the problem of partial adherence among patients with schizophrenia . Injection site pain , other skin reactions and patient satisfaction with treatment were assessed in two large , multicentre studies of long-acting injectable risperidone ( Risperdal CONSTA ™ , Janssen Pharmaceutica Products , Titusville , New Jersey , USA ) , the first available long-acting atypical antipsychotic agent . Patients rated injection site pain using a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) , and investigators rated injection site pain , redness , swelling and in duration . Patient satisfaction with treatment was assessed with the Drug Attitude Inventory ( DAI ) . VAS pain ratings were low at all visits across all doses in both studies , and decreased from first to final injection . In the 12-week , double-blind study , mean±SD VAS scores at the first and final injections were 15.6±20.7 and 12.5±18.3 for placebo-treated  patients , and 11.8±14.4 ( first ) and 10.0±12.4 ( final ) for 25 mg ; 16.3±21.9 ( first ) and 13.6±21.7 ( final ) for 50 mg ; and 16.0±17.9 ( first ) and 9.6±16.0 ( final , P<0.01 ) for 75 mg of long-acting risperidone  . Mean VAS scores in the 50-week , open-label study at the first and final injection were : 17.9±22.2 ( first ) and 9.5±16.7 ( final , P<0.0001 ) for 25 mg ; 18.1±19.7 ( first ) and 10.4±14.8 ( final , P<0.0001 ) for 50 mg ; and 18.5±21.6 ( first ) and 13.6±19.9 ( final , P=0.0001 ) for 75 mg of long-acting risperidone . Overall , there was no or minimal injection site pain and skin reactions were rare . Mean DAI ratings were available for the 50-week study and indicated high patient satisfaction throughout the trial ( baseline=7.30 ; endpoint=7.70 ; P<0.0001 versus baseline ) . These findings may positively affect patient and clinician attitudes towards long-term therapy with long-acting injectable risperidone OBJECTIVE The authors assessed the efficacy and safety of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic ( long-acting injectable risperidone ) in patients with schizophrenia . METHOD In a 12-week , multicenter , double-blind , r and omized study , patients received intramuscular injections every 2 weeks of placebo or long-acting risperidone ( 25 mg , 50 mg , or 75 mg ) . The primary measure of efficacy was the change in total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale . RESULTS Of the 554 patients who were enrolled , 400 entered the double-blind study , and 370 received at least one postbaseline assessment .  Mean changes in score of -6.2 , -8.5 , and -7.4 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were seen at endpoint for the 25- , 50- , and 75-mg risperidone groups , respectively ; all three change scores were significantly different from that seen with placebo ( + 2.6 ) . Improvements in positive and negative symptoms were also significantly greater in patients receiving risperidone . Long-acting risperidone was well tolerated . Adverse events related to extrapyramidal symptoms were spontaneously reported by 13 % of patients receiving placebo and 10 % of patients in the 25-mg risperidone group , with higher rates in the 50-mg and 75-mg groups . Severity of extrapyramidal symptoms was mild at baseline and throughout the trial in each treatment group . Mean weight changes were small in the 25- , 50- , and 75-mg risperidone groups ( 0.5 kg , 1.2 kg , and 1.9 kg , respectively ) . Injection site pain was rated as low by the patients , consistent with the investigators ' pain ratings . CONCLUSIONS Long-acting injectable risperidone was efficacious and well tolerated and provides both clinicians and patients with a new mode of treatment that can improve the outcome of long-term therapy The maintained antipsychotic efficacy of risperidone long-acting injectable ( RLAI ) was investigated in patients with schizophrenia or other psychoses who were transitioned directly from their previous antipsychotic medication . Patients symptomatically stable , but considered to require a treatment change , received 25 mg of RLAI ( increased to 37.5 or 50 mg , if necessary ) every 2 weeks for 6 months . Assessment s included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) , Clinical 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Risperidone long-acting injection was the first licensed SGA-LAI compound and is effective in the long-term management of schizophrenia , with a safety profile similar to that of oral risperidone .
In terms of efficacy , at injection intervals of up to 4 weeks it appears comparable to oral olanzapine , although the potential for ; post-injection syndrome ' ( delirium ) calls for additional safety considerations .