***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Asthma self-management programmes have been shown to increase children 's knowledge about asthma and improve their management practice s and health status . However , existing programmes have rarely addressed the unique learning needs of very young children . This study aim ed to develop and assess the effectiveness of a video tape and picture book design ed to teach children about the prevention and management of acute episodes of asthma . The information content of the educational re sources was determined by analysis of relevant medical information and asthma management skills . Social Learning Theory and consideration of the developmental stage of the target population informed the format and style of presentation of the re sources . Eighty children aged between 2 and 5 years who had been diagnosed with asthma by their medical practitioner and who required daily asthma medication participated in a controlled experimental study . The study evaluated the impact of the asthma education re sources on children 's knowledge about asthma , compliance with medication regimens and health status . Children were r and omly allocated to one of three experimental groups . Children in these groups were exposed to either the video tape alone , the book alone or both the video tape and book , or to a control group who viewed material s unrelated to asthma . The results for the three experimental groups were compared with the control group who did not receive exposure to any of the asthma education re sources . The results showed that children in each experimental group had significantly greater gains in asthma-related knowledge than children in the control group and children exposed to both re sources showed the greatest increases in knowledge . Children in each of the three experimental groups also had better compliance and health than children in the control group . These findings indicate that carefully design ed asthma education re sources are useful for providing even the youngest children with information about asthma and its management Evaluated the effects of stress management training ( SMT ) for adolescents with diabetes  in a 9-month controlled treatment- outcome study . Nine patients were r and omly assigned to a  stress management group while another 10 patients served as controls and received st and ard outpatient treatment . The treatment program consisted of 10 sessions over 3 months , 3 additional sessions over 3 months , and a 3-month follow-up without treatment .  Diabetes-specific stress decreased significantly for patients in the SMT group over the course of the intervention and follow-up . However , metabolic control , regimen adherence , coping styles , and self-efficacy about diabetes were unchanged . These findings suggest a SMT program for adolescents with diabetes may be helpful in reducing diabetes-specific stress , but additional procedures are necessary to improve adherence , coping styles , and metabolic control Care of asthmatic children is often episodic and more therapeutic than preventive . A 2-year r and omized , controlled trial involving 95 children measured the impact of a comprehensive home and ambulatory program for pediatric asthma management using objective outcome measures . Interventions for the study group during the first year included 3-month clinic visits , education , and home visits by a specially trained research nurse . Control subjects continued to receive regular care from a family physician or pediatrician .  Eight-nine subjects ( 93 % ) completed the study . Study subjects had less school absenteeism than control subjects ( 10.7 vs. 16.0 days , P = .04 ) and showed significantly better small airway function after 1 year . Asthma severity improved in 13 study subjects and worsened in 5 . The reverse was true for control subjects . Study subjects exhibited better metered aerosol technique than control subjects ( P = .0005 ) . Fewer days were spent in hospital by the study subjects admitted compared with control subjects ( 3.67 vs 11.2 days , P = .02 ) . After 1 year , more study than control families ( 72.1 % vs 33.1 % , P = .006 ) reported that their asthmatic child took responsibility for the asthma management . The intervention failed to reduce exposure to secondh and smoke or to household pets . There were no significant differences in medical visits , theophylline levels , or records of asthma symptoms . One year after discontinuing the intervention , a marked " washout " effect was observed . Comprehensive ambulatory programs of childhood asthma management can improve objective measures of illness severity but must be sustained Daily anticonvulsant drug therapy is the major treatment of seizure disorders . Compliance with the prescribed therapy is essential but not always achieved . Among 201 pediatric seizure clinic patients taking phenobarbital and phenytoin , 70 ( 35 % ) were judged noncompliant on at least one medication . The mothers of these patients were r and omly assigned to experimental or control groups . An educational intervention in the form of a mothers ' group discussion led by the clinic social worker was tested . On follow-up , medication compliance in the intervention group was judged significantly greater than that of the control group AIMS To evaluate compliance with  prophylactic penicillin therapy in sickle cell disease ( SCD ) in children . METHODS Forty-five children aged 37 + /- 19 ( 9 - 84 ) months [ mean + /- s.d ; range ] with homozygous SCD were recruited . After a baseline period of 2 months the patients were r and omized to either the intervention or non-intervention group . The intervention consisted of a slide show explaining the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease and its complications ; weekly phone calls by the clinic social worker ; and a calendar . Compliance was again evaluated after the 2 month intervention period and after a further 2 month monitoring period without intervention .  Compliance was monitored using the Medication Event Monitoring System .  At the end of the 6 months , parents in both groups completed a question naire the aims of which were to determine knowledge and underst and ing of sickle cell disease and previous experience with infection . Patient admissions to the hospital during the study were recorded . RESULTS Compliance during the 2 month baseline assessment was 66.0 + /- 32.5 (1.3 - 98.2)% and 69.3 + 25.4 (19.8 - 96.5)% in the intervention ( n = 13 ) and non-intervention ( n = 10 ) groups respectively ( P = 0.79 ) . During the next 2 months , compliance in the intervention group ( n = 11 ) was 79.0 + /- 31.4 (11.0 - 100.0)% and in the non-intervention group ( n = 9 ) was 66.0 + /- 20.2 (42.2 - 96.8)% ( P = 0.297 ) . In the final 2 month monitoring period compliance was 82.0 + /- 34.7 (3.8 - 100.0)% and 65.8 + /- 25.3 (25.0 - 98.2)% in the intervention ( n = 7 ) and the non-intervention ( n = 6 ) groups respectively ( P = 0.366 ) . No statistically significant differences were found when comparing compliance between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Compliance with  prophylactic antibiotic therapy in children with sickle cell disease is highly variable and its evaluation is problematic OBJECTIVE To test a collaborative-care , cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) program adjunctive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) treatment in HMO pediatric primary care . METHOD A r and omized effectiveness trial comparing a treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) control condition consisting primarily of SSRI medication delivered outside the experimental protocol ( n = 75 ) versus TAU SSRI plus brief CBT ( n = 77 ) . Participants were identified by a recent dispense of SSRI medication followed by telephone screening . Adolescents with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder ( n = 152 ) were enrolled . The CBT program employed cognitive restructuring and /or behavioral activation training . Therapists consulted with prescribing pediatricians to improve medication adherence . RESULTS Through 1-year follow-up , the authors found CBT advantages on the Short Form-12 Mental Component Scale ( p = .04 ) , reductions in  TAU outpatient visits ( p = .02 ) , and days ' supply of all medications ( p = .01 ) . No effects were detected for major depressive disorder episodes ; a nonsignificant trend favoring CBT was detected on the Center for Epidemiology Depression Scale ( p = .07 ) . CONCLUSIONS The authors detected a weak CBT effect , possibly rendered less significant by the small sample and likely attenuated by the unexpected reduction in SSRI pharmacotherapy in the CBT condition . Small , incremental improvements over monotherapy , such as observed in this study , most likely represent the new norm in adolescent depression treatment research We have assessed the effects of intervention on medication compliance in asthmatic children . The intervention comprised both written information about the medications and behavioural strategies effected by the physician .  Children were assigned at r and om to either control ( received no intervention ) or test ( received the intervention ) groups . Compliance was assessed by question naire . The mean compliance for the test ( 78.0 % ; n = 93 ) and for the control ( 54.5 % ; n = 103 ) groups differed significantly ( P less than 0.001 ; Mann-Whitney U-test ) . The test group had a better knowledge of asthma and of the medications , and was more satisfied with the physician and with the regimen than was the control group . These variables were also related to good compliance . This study demonstrates that a programme of intervention can significantly improve medication compliance and can be accompanied by increases in the knowledge of , and satisfaction with , treatment Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the efficacy of coaching Latino adolescents with latent tuberculosis infection to adhere to isoniazid treatment . METHODS Participants ( n = 286 ) were r and omly assigned to adherence coaching , attention control , or usual care groups . Adherence was measured via interviews and vali date d with urine assays . RESULTS Coaching result ed in significant increases in adherence compared with attention and usual care groups . Bicultural adolescents were more likely to be adherent than those most or least acculturated . Age and risk behavior were negatively related to adherence . CONCLUSIONS Coaching can increase Latino adolescents ' adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection and should contribute to tuberculosis control for adolescents at high risk of contracting the disease Antituberculous chemoprophylaxis with isoniazide during a period of one year is very useful although it is not readily accepted . A community trial is design ed in order to test if three health education interventions increase patients compliance with such treatment in case of tuberculin positive children who are not ill . The two interventions performed by nurses , one by phone , and the second one by a home visit , result ed in statistically significant difference when compared to the control group . This did not occur , however , with the intervention performed by the doctor in his office . A cost-effectiveness study demonstrates that the most efficient intervention has been the phone call OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of adherence and medication status on effectiveness and adverse effects of stimulant use in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) over 5 years . METHOD Seventy-nine of 91 participants in a 12-month r and omized controlled trial of methylpheni date and parent groups enrolled in a follow-up study . Adherence to stimulants , treatment response , and adverse effects were evaluated annually for 5 years . Changes in teacher-reported symptoms and parent-reported adverse effects were compared at 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 years for 3 groups : adherents , nonadherents on medication , or nonadherents off medication . Controlling for age , gender , and baseline severity , adherence status and medication status were evaluated as correlates of teacher-reported ADHD symptom scores at each year using multiple regression analyses . RESULTS At 2 years , adherents ( n = 41 ) showed greater improvement in teacher-reported symptoms than those off medication ( n = 16 ) and equivalent response to nonadherents on stimulants ( n = 16 ) ( p = .02 ) . At 5 years , adherents ( n = 16 ) showed greater improvement in teacher-reported symptoms than nonadherents on stimulants ( n = 15 ) and those off medication ( n = 14 ) ( p = .04 ) . At year 2 medication status ( beta = 4.67 [ 0.40 - 8.95 , p = .033 ] ) and at year 5 adherence status ( beta = 7.23 [ 3.01 - 11.44 , p = .001 ] ) correlated with higher teacher-reported symptom scores . Clinical ly significant adverse effects were present for 5 years , most commonly loss of appetite . CONCLUSIONS Psychostimulants improve ADHD symptoms for up to  
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION These findings suggest that education interventions alone are insufficient to promote adherence in children and adolescents , and that incorporating a behavioural component to adherence interventions may increase potential efficacy .