***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Orthodontic records- study models , panoramic and cephalometric radiographs , and the patient 's facial and intraoral photographs-are used to collect data to establish a diagnosis and to develop problem-solution lists . These records , however , can be damaged or lost when dispensed to students and need to be stored and maintained every year . An orthodontic diagnosis web site , therefore , has been set up using digital records to provide students with an accessible source of complete , good- quality study material s. The web site is also used for clinical examination in orthodontic courses . The effectiveness of the web-based digital records in providing relevant information to students in comparison to the traditional records was evaluated by a r and omized controlled trial involving ninety-nine second-year dental students . One group ( fifty students ) studied two cases from the web site ; the other group ( forty-nine students ) studied the same two cases from traditional orthodontic records .  Effectiveness was assessed by comparing test scores and the time spent on the tests by t-statistics . There were no significant differences between means for the two study groups in test performance or time . Attitudes of students toward the web site , assessed from post-test question naires , were positive . It was concluded that web-based digital orthodontic records were as effective in teaching clinical orthodontic diagnosis as were conventional records Aim The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a computer assisted learning ( CAL ) programme with that of traditional small group tutorials in teaching theoretical and practical aspects of periodontal pocket charting . Method Sixty-one third year undergraduate dental students were r and omized to either receive a tutorial or to work through the CAL programme .  Students using the CAL programme  completed question naires relating to previous computer experience and the ease of use of the programme . All students were assessed immediately after the intervention by means of a confidence log , a practical exercise and a further confidence log . They were assessed again three weeks later by means of a confidence log and a multiple-choice written test . Results There were very few significant differences between groups for any of the assessment s used . However , subjective comments indicated that students occasionally felt disadvantaged if they had not received a tutorial . Conclusion CAL and traditional teaching methods are equally effective in teaching periodontal pocket charting to undergraduate dental students AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the place of computer-aided learning in a basic science course in the undergraduate medical curriculum at the University of Adelaide . METHODS A software program was written which would allow students to study the anatomy and physiology of the liver and biliary tree in three different styles . Identical content was produced , matched for each style ( problem-based , didactic and free text response ) and students r and omly allocated to one of four groups ( three computer and one control ) . Students were tested before and after access to the program . RESULTS Ninety second-year students completed the study . Those students who had access to the material in the problem-based and free text response styles did no better in the post- study test than the controls , whilst the group who had studied the didactically presented computer material performed significantly better than the other three groups . All three computer groups accessed the material on a similar number of occasions , but the group who had access to the free text entry program spent significantly less time on computer study . CONCLUSIONS If computer material s are to be provided as a learning re source for the basic medical sciences , provision must be made for the style of teaching of the course and the style of learning of the students attending that course Hypertext is a non-linear method of text presentation . It necessitates the use of a computer to store data as a series of nodes that can be called up in any desired sequence and , as such , is a new form of discovery-based learning . This paper describes a Hypertext tutorial in cephalometrics and its subsequent testing on first-year clinical dental students . Students were divided into two groups : the first received a conventional lecture ; the second used the Hypertext tutorial . Testing was by means of conventional multiple choice questions . The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups , although the computer tutor was shown more consistently to improve the knowledge of the students than did the conventional lecture . Most students who used the computer program found it enjoyable , but time consuming ; less than half found it easy to follow 
    Output:
    
Overall ,  student attitudes were positive towards CAL .
No conclusions can be drawn about the time efficiency of CAL .