***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Several studies in older people have shown that grip strength predicts all-cause mortality . The mechanisms are unclear . Muscle strength declines with age , accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and an increase in fat , but the role that body composition plays in the association between grip strength and mortality has been little explored . We investigated the relation between grip strength , body composition , and cause-specific and total mortality in 800 men and women aged 65 and over . METHODS During 197374 the UK Department of Health and Social Security surveyed r and om sample s of men and women aged 65 and over living in eight areas of Britain to assess the nutritional state of the elderly population . The survey included a clinical examination by a geriatrician who assessed grip strength and anthropometry . We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine mortality over 24 years of follow-up . RESULTS Poorer grip strength was associated with increased mortality from all-causes , from cardiovascular disease , and from cancer in men , though not in women . After adjustment for potential confounding factors , including arm muscle area and BMI , the relative risk of death in men was 0.81 ( 95 % CI 0.700.95 ) from all-causes , 0.73 ( 95 % CI 0.600.89 ) from cardiovascular disease , and 0.81 ( 95 % CI 0.660.98 ) from cancer per SD increase in grip strength . These associations remained statistically significant after further adjustment for fat-free mass or % body fat . CONCLUSION Grip strength is a long-term predictor of mortality from all-causes , cardiovascular disease , and cancer in men . Muscle size and other indicators of body composition did not explain these associations OBJECTIVES To examine the association between strength , function , lean mass , muscle density , and risk of hospitalization . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Two U.S. clinical centers . PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 70 to 80 ( N=3,011 ) from the Health , Aging and Body Composition Study . MEASUREMENTS Measurements were of  grip strength , knee extension strength , lean mass , walking speed , and chair st and pace . Thigh computed tomography scans assessed muscle area and density ( a proxy for muscle fat infiltration ) . Hospitalizations were confirmed by local review of medical records . Negative binomial regression models estimated incident rate ratios ( IRRs ) of hospitalization for race- and sex-specific quartiles of each muscle and function parameter separately . Multivariate models adjusted for age , body mass index , health status , and coexisting medical conditions . RESULTS During an average 4.7 years of follow-up , 1,678 ( 55.7 % ) participants experienced one or more hospitalizations . Participants in the lowest quartile of muscle density were more likely to be subsequently hospitalized ( multivariate IRR=1.47 , 95 % confidence interval (CI)=1.24 - 1.73 ) than those in the highest quartile . Similarly , participants with the weakest grip strength were at greater risk of hospitalization ( multivariate IRR=1.52 , 95 % CI=1.30 - 1.78 , Q1 vs. Q4 ) . Comparable results were seen for knee strength , walking pace , and chair st and s pace . Lean mass and muscle area were not associated with risk of hospitalization . CONCLUSION Weak strength , poor function , and low muscle density , but not muscle size or lean mass , were associated with greater risk of hospitalization . Interventions to reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia should focus on increasing muscle strength and improving physical function rather than simply increasing lean mass BACKGROUND Hospitalization represents a stressful and potentially hazardous event for older persons . We evaluated the value of the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) in predicting rates of functional decline , rehospitalization , and death in older acutely ill patients in the year after discharge from the hospital . METHODS Prospect i ve cohort study of 87 patients aged 65 years and older who were able to walk and with a Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 18 and admitted to the hospital with a clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure , pneumonia , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , or minor stroke . Patients were evaluated with the SPPB at hospital admission , were reevaluated the day of hospital discharge , and 1 month later . Subsequently , they were followed every 3 months by telephone interviews to ascertain functional decline , new hospitalizations , and vital status . RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders , including self-report activity of daily living and comorbidity , the SPPB score at discharge was inversely correlated with the rate of decline in activity of daily living performance over the follow-up ( p < .05 ) . In a multivariable discrete-time survival analysis , patients with poor SPPB scores at hospital discharge ( 0 - 4 ) had a greater risk of rehospitalization or death ( odds ratio : 5.38 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.82 - 15.9 ) compared with those with better SPPB scores ( 8 - 12 ) . Patients with early decline in SPPB score after discharge also had steeper increase in activity of daily living difficulty and higher risk of rehospitalization or death over the next year . CONCLUSIONS In older acutely ill patients who have been hospitalized , the SPPB provides important prognostic information . Lower extremity performance-based functional assessment might identify older patients at high risk of poor outcomes after hospital discharge AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether sarcopenia was associated with future falls in the general Japanese older population . METHODS This study was a 2-year prospect i ve observational study . Participants were recruited from individuals who had an annual town-sponsored medical check-up and had not received nursing care . The inclusion criteria for participants in our study were : ( i ) agreement to participate ; ( ii ) living independently ; and ( iii ) the ability to walk to where the survey was carried out and to provide self-reported data . A total of 223 residents ( 82 men , 141 women ) participated in the baseline assessment in the study . Demographic information , previous fall history , locomotive syndrome , body function and structural measurements and pain at the knee and /or lumber spine were assessed . The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia algorithm was used to classify the presence of sarcopenia , and assess the history  of falling when the participant received their annual medical check-up . RESULTS A total of 162 participants had an annual follow-up assessment , 50 of whom ( 30.8 % ) fell at least once during the 2-year observational period after baseline assessment . Previous falling history , prevalence of locomotive syndrome , sarcopenia and pain were significantly higher in participants who had fallen compared with participants who had not . Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the prevalence of sarcopenia was a significant predictor of falling . CONCLUSION The key finding of the present study suggests that sarcopenia is a risk factor for falling in older adults who are living independently even after adjustment for previous falls and confounding factors . Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017 ; 17 : 2124 - 2130 OBJECTIVES To evaluate the predictive value of muscle strength and physical performance in the oldest old for all-cause mortality ; hospitalization ; and the onset of disability , defined as a decline in activities of daily living ( ADLs ) , independent of muscle mass , inflammatory markers , and comorbidities . DESIGN A prospect i ve , observational , population -based follow-up study . SETTING Three well-circumscribed areas of Belgium . PARTICIPANTS Five hundred sixty participants aged 80 and older were followed for 33.5 months ( interquartile range 31.1 - 35.6 months ) . MEASUREMENTS  Grip strength , Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) score , and muscle mass  were measured at baseline ; ADLs at baseline and after 20 months ; and all-cause mortality and time to first hospitalization from inclusion onward . Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were calculated for all-cause mortality and hospitalization . Logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of decline in ADLs . RESULTS Kaplan-Meier curves showed significantly higher all-cause mortality and hospitalization in subjects in the lowest tertile of grip strength and SPPB score . The adjusted Cox proportional hazards model showed that participants with high grip strength or a high SPPB score had a lower risk of mortality and hospitalization , independent of muscle mass , inflammatory markers , and comorbidity . A relationship was found between SPPB score and decline in ADLs , independent of muscle mass , inflammation , and comorbidity . CONCLUSION In people aged 80 and older , physical performance is a strong predictor of mortality , hospitalization , and disability , and muscle strength is a strong predictor of mortality and hospitalization . All of these relationships were independent of muscle mass , inflammatory markers , and comorbidity Abstract Background The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and investigate the associations between sarcopenia and long‐term mortality and readmission in a population of elderly in patients in acute care wards . Methods We conducted a prospect i ve observational study in the acute care wards of a teaching hospital in western China . The muscle mass was estimated according to a previously vali date d anthropometric equation . H and grip strength  was measured with a h and held dynamometer , and  physical performance was measured via a 4 m walking test . Sarcopenia was defined according to the recommended diagnostic algorithm of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia . The survival status and readmission information were obtained via telephone interviews at 12 , 24 , and 36 months during the 3 year follow‐up period following the baseline investigation . Results Two hundred and eighty‐eight participants ( mean age : 81.1 ± 6.6 years ) were included . Forty‐nine participants ( 17.0 % ) were identified as having sarcopenia . This condition was similar in men and women ( 16.9 % vs. 17.5 % , respectively , P = 0.915 ) . During the 3 year follow‐up period , 49 men ( 22.7 % ) and 9 women ( 16.4 % ) died ( P = 0.307 ) . The mortality of sarcopenic participants was significantly increased compared with non‐sarcopenic participants ( 40.8 % vs. 17.1 % , respectively , P < 0.001 ) . After adjusting for age , sex and other confounders , sarcopenia was an independent predictor of 3 year mortality ( adjusted hazard ratio : 2.49 ; 95 % confidential interval : 1.25–4.95 ) and readmission ( adjusted hazard ratio : 1.81 ; 95 % confidential interval : 1.17–2.80 ) . Conclusions Sarcopenia , which is evaluated by a combination of anthropometric measures , gait speed , and h and grip strength , is valuable to predict hospital readmission and long‐term mortality in elderly patients in acute care wards BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is prevalent in older population s with many causes and varying outcomes however information for use in clinical practice is still lacking . AIMS The aim of this report is to identify the clinical determinants and prognostic significance of sarcopenia in a cohort of hospitalized acutely ill older patients . METHODS Four hundred and thirty two r and omly selected patients had their baseline clinical characteristic data assessed within 72 h of admission , at 6 weeks and at 6 months .  Nutritional status was assessed from anthropometric and biochemical data . Sarcopenia was diagnosed from low muscle mass and low muscle strength-h and grip using anthropometric measures based on the European Working Group criteria . RESULTS Compared with patients without sarcopenia , those diagnosed with sarcopenia 44 ( 10 % ) were more likely to be older , have more depression symptoms and lower serum albumin concentration . The length of hospital stay ( LOS ) was significantly longer in patients diagnosed with sarcopenia compared with patients without sarcopenia [ mean ( SD ) LOS 13.4 ( 8.8 ) versus 9.4 ( 7 ) days respectively , p = 0.003 ] . The risk of non-elective readmission in the 6 months follow up period was significantly lower in patients without sarcopenia compared with those diagnosed with sarcopenia ( adjusted hazard ratio .53 ( 95 % CI : .32 to .87 , p = 0.013 ) . The death rate was also lower in patients without sarcopenia 38/388 ( 10 % ) , compared with those with sarcopenia 12/44 ( 27 % ) , p-value = .001 . CONCLUSION Older people with sarcopenia have poor clinical outcome following acute illness compared with those without sarcopenia Summary In this study , we compare the extent to which seven available definitions of sarcopenia and two related definitions predict the rate of falling . Our results suggest that the definitions of Baumgartner and Cruz-Jentoft best predict the rate of falls  among sarcopenic versus non-sarcopenic community-dwelling seniors . Introduction The purpose of the study is to compare the extent to which seven available definitions of sarcopenia and two related definitions predict the prospect i ve rate of falling . Methods We studied a cohort of 445 seniors ( mean age 71 years , 45 % men ) living in the community who were followed with a detailed fall assessment for 3 years . For comparing the rate of falls in sarcopenic versus non-sarcopenic individuals , we used multivariate Poisson regression analyses adjusting for gender and treatment ( original intervention tested vitamin D plus calcium against placebo ) . Of the seven available definitions , three were based on low lean mass alone ( Baumgartner , Delmonico 1 and 2 ) and four required both low muscle mass and decreased performance in a functional test ( Fielding , Cruz 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Sarcopenia is a significant predictor of hospitalization among older individuals , and the association may not be significantly affected by the characteristics of the population or the definition of sarcopenia