***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Although many in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated a protective effect of green tea against  breast cancer , findings from epidemiological studies have been inconsistent , and whether high green tea intake reduces the risk of breast cancer remains unclear . Methods In this Japan Public Health Center-based Prospect i ve Study , 581 cases of breast cancer were newly diagnosed in 53,793 women during 13.6 years ' follow-up from the baseline survey in 1990 to 1994 . After the five-year follow-up survey in 1995 to 1998 , 350 cases were newly diagnosed in 43,639 women during 9.5 years ' follow-up . The baseline question naire assessed the frequency of total green tea drinking while the five-year follow-up question naire assessed that of two types of green tea , Sencha and Bancha/Genmaicha , separately . Results Compared with women who drank less than one cup of green tea per week , the adjusted hazard ratio ( HR ) for women who drank five or more cups per day was 1.12 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.81 to 1.56 ; P for trend = 0.60 ) in the baseline data . Similarly , compared with women who drank less than one cup of Sencha or Bancha/Genmaicha per week , adjusted HRs for women who drank 10 or more cups per day were 1.02 ( 95 % CI 0.55 to 1.89 ; P for trend = 0.48 ) for Sencha and 0.86 ( 0.34 to 2.17 ; P for trend = 0.66 ) for Bancha/Genmaicha . No inverse association was found regardless of hormone receptor-defined subtype or menopausal status . Conclusions In this population -based prospect i ve cohort study in Japan we found no association between  green tea drinking and risk of breast cancer OBJECTIVE Numerous mechanisms for the effects of coffee , tea and caffeine on the risk of breast cancer  have been suggested . Caffeine intake has already been associated with high plasma levels of female hormones , but associations have not been clearly demonstrated in epidemiological studies . DESIGN We examined prospect ively the association of coffee , tea and caffeine consumption with breast cancer risk in a French cohort study . SETTING Dietary information was obtained from a 208-item diet history question naire self-administered in 1993 - 1995 . Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazards ratios and 95 % confidence intervals . SUBJECTS The study was conducted on 67 703 women with available dietary information . During a median follow-up of 11 years , 2868 breast cancer cases were diagnosed .  RESULTS Median intake was 280 ml/d ( 2·2 cups/d ) for coffee and 214 ml/d ( 1·7 cups/d ) for tea . Median caffeine intake was 164 mg/d . No association was found between consumption of coffee , tea or caffeine and breast cancer risk . Sub-analyses by tumour receptor status , menopausal status , type of coffee ( regular or decaffeinated ) and meals at which beverages were drunk led to the same conclusion . CONCLUSIONS Results from this prospect i ve study showed no relationship between coffee , tea or caffeine intake and breast cancer risk overall or by hormone receptor status Epidemiologic data support an inverse association between green tea intake and breast cancer risk .  Greenselect Phytosome ( GSP ) is a lecithin formulation of a caffeine-free green tea catechin extract . The purpose of the study was to determine the tissue distribution of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate ( EGCG ) and its effect on cell proliferation and circulating biomarkers in breast cancer patients . Twelve early breast cancer patients received GSP 300 mg , equivalent to 44.9 mg of EGCG , daily for 4 weeks prior to surgery . The EGCG levels were measured before ( free ) and after ( total ) enzymatic hydrolysis by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma , urine , breast cancer tissue , and surrounding normal breast tissue . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline , before the last administration , and 2 hours later . Repeated administration of GSP achieved levels of total EGCG ranging from 17 to 121 ng/mL in plasma . Despite a high between-subject variability , total EGCG was detectable in all tumor tissue sample s collected up to 8 ng/g . Median total EGCG concentration was higher in the tumor as compared with the adjacent normal tissue ( 3.18 ng/g vs. 0 ng/g , P = 0.02 ) . Free EGCG concentrations ranged from 8 to 65.8 ng/mL in plasma ( P between last administration and 2 hours after < 0.001 ) . Free EGCG plasma levels showed a significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 decrease in tumor tissue ( P = 0.02 ) . No change in any other biomarkers was noted , except for a slight increase in testosterone levels after treatment . Oral GSP increases bioavailability of EGCG , which is detectable in breast tumor tissue and is associated with antiproliferative effects on breast cancer tissue . Cancer Prev Res ; 10(6 ) ; 363–9 . © 2017 AACR Epidemiologic data support an inverse association between green tea intake and breast cancer risk , and numerous experimental studies have shown the antitumor effects of its main component , epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) . We conducted a phase IB dose escalation trial in women with a history of stage I to III hormone receptor – negative breast cancer of an oral green tea extract , polyphenon E ( Poly E ) 400 , 600 , 800 twice daily or matching placebo for 6 months . The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose ( MTD ) , defined as the dose that causes 25 % dose-limiting toxicity ( DLT , grade ≥II ) . Assignment to dose level was based upon an adaptive design , the continual re assessment method . A mammogram and r and om core biopsy of the contralateral breast were obtained at baseline and 6 months and serial blood/urine collection s every 2 months for biomarker analyses . Forty women were r and omized : 10 to placebo , 30 to  Poly E ( 16 at 400 mg , 11 at 600 mg , 3 at 800 mg ) . There was one DLT at 400 mg ( grade III rectal bleeding ) , three DLTs at 600 mg ( grade II weight gain , grade III indigestion and insomnia ) , and one DLT at 800 mg ( grade III liver function abnormality ) . The DLT rate at 600 mg was 27 % ( 3 of 11 ) . Pharmacologic levels of total urinary tea polyphenols were achieved with all three dose levels of Poly E. Using a novel phase I trial design , we determined the MTD for Poly E to be 600 mg twice daily . This study highlights the importance of assessing toxicity for any chemopreventive agent being developed for chronic use in healthy individuals . Cancer Prev Res ; 5(9 ) ; 1144–54 . © 2012 AACR Introduction Specific coffee subtypes and tea may impact risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer  differently . We investigated the association between coffee ( total , caffeinated , decaffeinated ) and tea intake and risk of breast cancer . Methods A total of 335,060 women participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Nutrition and Cancer ( EPIC ) Study , completed a dietary question naire from 1992 to 2000 , and were followed-up until 2010 for incidence of breast cancer . Hazard ratios ( HR ) of breast cancer by country-specific , as well as cohort-wide categories of beverage intake were estimated . Results During an average follow-up of 11 years , 1064 premenopausal , and 9134 postmenopausal breast cancers were diagnosed .  Caffeinated coffee intake was associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer : adjusted HR = 0.90 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.82 to 0.98 , for high versus low consumption ; Ptrend = 0.029 . While there was no significant effect modification by hormone receptor status ( P = 0.711 ) , linear trend for lower risk of breast cancer with increasing caffeinated coffee intake was clearest for estrogen and progesterone receptor negative ( ER-PR- ) , postmenopausal breast cancer ( P = 0.008 ) . For every 100 ml increase in caffeinated coffee intake , the risk of ER-PR- breast cancer was lower by 4 % ( adjusted HR : 0.96 , 95 % CI : 0.93 to 1.00 ) . Non-consumers of decaffeinated coffee had lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer ( adjusted HR = 0.89 ; 95 % CI : 0.80 to 0.99 ) compared to low consumers , without evidence of dose – response relationship ( Ptrend = 0.128 ) . Exclusive decaffeinated coffee consumption was not related to postmenopausal breast cancer risk , compared to any decaffeinated-low caffeinated intake ( adjusted HR = 0.97 ; 95 % CI : 0.82 to 1.14 ) , or to no intake of any coffee ( HR : 0.96 ; 95 % : 0.82 to 1.14 ) . Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee were not associated with premenopausal breast cancer .  Tea intake was neither associated with pre- nor post-menopausal breast cancer . Conclusions Higher caffeinated coffee intake may be associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer .  Decaffeinated coffee intake does not seem to be associated with breast cancer PURPOSE Coffee , caffeinated tea , and caffeine have been suggested to play a role in breast carcinogenesis or in the promotion or inhibition of tumor growth . Prior epidemiologic evidence has not supported an overall association between consumption of caffeinated beverages and risk of breast cancer , but consumption in some studies was low . METHODS We studied this relation in the Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort , a large population -based prospect i ve cohort study in Sweden comprising 59,036 women aged 40 - 76 years . Sweden has the highest coffee consumption per capita in the world . RESULTS During 508,267 person-years of follow-up , 1271 cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed . Women who reported drinking 4 or more cups of coffee per day had a covariate-adjusted hazard ratio of breast cancer of 0.94 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.75 - 1.28 ] compared to women who reported drinking 1 cup a week or less . The corresponding hazard ratio for tea consumption was 1.13 ( 95 % CI 0.91 - 1.40 ) . Similarly , women in the highest quintile of self-reported caffeine intake had a hazard ratio of beast cancer of 1.04 ( 95 % CI 0.87 - 1.24 ) compared to women in the lowest quintile . CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort of Swedish women , consumption of coffee , tea , and caffeine was not associated with breast cancer incidence Epidemiologic and animal studies suggest a protective role of green tea against breast cancer . However , the underlying mechanism is not understood . We conducted a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial to investigate whether supplementation with green tea extract ( GTE ) modifies mammographic density ( MD ) , as a potential mechanism , involving 1,075 healthy postmenopausal women . Women assigned to the treatment arm consumed daily 4 decaffeinated GTE capsules containing 1,315 mg total catechins , including 843 mg epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) for 12 months . A computer-assisted method ( Madena ) was used to assess MD in digital mammograms at baseline and month 12 time points in 932 completers ( 462 in GTE and 470 in placebo ) . GTE supplementation for 12 months did not significantly change percent MD ( PMD ) or absolute MD in all women . In younger women ( 50–55 years ) , GTE supplementation significantly reduced PMD by 4.40 % as compared with the placebo with a 1.02 % PMD increase from pre- to postintervention ( P = 0.05 ) , but had no effect in older women ( Pinteraction = 0.07 ) . GTE supplementation did not induce MD change in other subgroups of women stratified by catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype or level of body mass index . In conclusion , 1-year supplementation with a high dose of EGCG did not have a significant effect on MD measures in all women , but reduced PMD in younger women , an age-dependent effect similar to those of tamoxifen . Further investigation of the potential chemopreventive effect of green tea intake on breast cancer risk in younger women is warranted . Cancer Prev Res ; 10(12 ) ; 710–8 . © 2017 AACR Tea has consistently been shown to inhibit the occurrence of tumors in experimental animals . The evidence for such a beneficial effect in humans , however , is limited . The authors examined the association between non-herbal tea consumption 
    Output:
    
The results of this meta- analysis showed a potential protective effect of GT consumption on BC , especially for BC recurrence