***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background A protective effect on injury risk in youth sports through neuromuscular warm-up training routines has consistently been demonstrated . However , there is a paucity of information regarding the quantity and quality of coach-led injury prevention programmes and its impact on the physical performance of players . Objective The aim of this cluster-r and omised controlled trial was to assess whether different delivery methods of an injury prevention programme ( FIFA 11 + ) to coaches could improve player performance , and to examine the effect of player adherence on performance and injury risk . Method During the 2011 football season ( May – August ) , coaches of 31 tiers 1–3 level teams were introduced to the 11 + through either an unsupervised website or a coach-focused workshop with and without additional on-field supervisions . Playing exposure , adherence to the 11 + , and injuries were recorded for female 13-year-old to 18-year-old players . Performance testing included the Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) , single-leg balance , triple hop and jumping-over-a-bar tests . Results Complete preseason and postseason performance tests were available for 226 players ( 66.5 % ) . Compared to the unsupervised group , single-leg balance ( OR=2.8 ; 95 % CI 1.1 to 4.6 ) and the anterior direction of the SEBT improved significantly in the onfield supervised group of players ( OR=4.7 ; 95 % CI 2.2 to 7.1 ) , while 2-leg jumping performance decreased ( OR=−5.1 ; 95 % CI −9.9 to −0.2 ) . However , significant improvements in 5 of 6 reach distances in the SEBT were found , favouring players who highly adhered to the 11 + . Also , injury risk was lower for those players ( injury rate ratio , IRR=0.28 , 95 % CI 0.10 to 0.79 ) . Conclusions Different delivery methods of the FIFA 11 + to coaches influenced players ’ physical performance minimally . However , high player adherence to the 11 + result ed in significant improvements in functional balance and reduced injury risk Female soccer players are three times more likely to suffer a non-contact anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) tear compared with male soccer players . Several ACL injury prevention programs have been developed and are used to reduce injury risk . However , to date there is limited information on how such programs affect physical performance . The aim of this r and omized controlled study was to investigate the effects of the Prevent Injury Enhance Performance ( PEP ) program in adolescent female soccer players . Four soccer teams were r and omly assigned to an intervention ( PEP ) or control ( CON ) group and assessed at baseline , 6 weeks , and 12 weeks on  linear sprinting , countermovement jump ( CMJ ) , and two agility tests . A mixed model factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess for treatment effects on the dependent variables . Improvements in 27.3 and 36.6 m sprint times ( < 0.10 s ) were evident during the first 6 weeks for PEP , but reverted back to baseline values by 12 weeks ; there were no changes for 9.1 or 18.2 m sprint times in either group . There was no change in the CMJ height for PEP ; however , there was a decrement at 6 and 12 weeks compared with baseline in CON . Performance on the Illinois and pro-agility tests declined in both groups . Our findings demonstrate that improvements in linear sprint performance were small and transient in adolescent female soccer players , and that there was no benefit of the PEP program on CMJ or agility performance . ACL injury prevention programs design ed as a structured warm-up routine seem to lack the necessary stimulus to enhance athletic performance Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Purpose The objective of the present r and omised controlled trial was to study the effect of a neuromuscular warm-up programme on performance tests in youth female football . Methods Four youth female football teams with players aged 12–16 years were r and omised into an intervention group and control group . The intervention was a 15-min neuromuscular warm-up programme carried out twice a week during the 11-week study period . Baseline and follow-up measurements of performance were made indoors and included the star excursion balance test , a countermovement jump test , a triple-hop for distance test , a modified Illinois agility test , and 10- and 20-m sprint tests . Results Fifty-two players ( intervention 28 ; control 24 ) took part in baseline measurements , and after dropout , 41 players ( intervention 23 ; control 18 ) were included for analysis . Minor positive changes were seen in the control group compared to the intervention group for a sub-score of the star excursion balance test ( P < 0.05 ) and in the modified Illinois agility test ( P < 0.05 ) . No improvement was seen in the intervention group from baseline to follow-up . Conclusions The study showed that a neuromuscular warm-up programme carried out during 11 weeks did not improve performance in youth female football . This could indicate that the programme does not contain sufficient stimulus to improve performance . A low player attendance at training sessions , and low specificity between exercises in the warm-up programme and the evaluated performance tests may also contribute to the lack of effect . Level of evidence Abstract Ramírez-Campillo , R , Álvarez , C , Henríquez-Olguín , C , Baez , EB , Martínez , C , And rade , DC , and Izquierdo , M. Effects of plyometric training on endurance and explosive strength performance in competitive middle- and long-distance runners . J Strength Cond Res 28(1 ) : 97–104 , 2014—The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a short-term plyometric training program on explosive strength and endurance performance in highly competitive middle- and long-distance runners . Athletes were r and omly assigned to a  control group ( CG , n = 18 , 12 men ) and an  explosive strength training group ( TG , n = 18 , 10 men ) .  Drop jump ( DJ ) from 20 ( DJ20 ) and 40 cm ( DJ40 ) , countermovement jump with arms ( CMJA ) , 20-m sprint time , and 2.4-km endurance run time test were carried out before and after 6 weeks of explosive strength training . Also , the combined st and ardized performance ( CSP ) in the endurance and explosive strength test was analyzed . After intervention , the CG did not show any significant change in performance , whereas the TG showed a significant reduction in 2.4-km endurance run time ( −3.9 % ) and 20-m sprint time ( −2.3 % ) and an increase in CMJA ( + 8.9 % ) , DJ20 ( + 12.7 % ) , and DJ40 ( 16.7 % ) explosive performance . Strength training group also exhibited a significant increase in CSP , although the CG showed significant reduction . We conclude that properly programmed concurrent explosive strength and endurance training could be advantageous for middle- and long-distance runners in their competitive performance , especially in events characterized by sprinting actions with small time differences at the end of the race Purpose The study investigated the effects of FIFA 11 + and HarmoKnee , both being popular warm-up programs , on proprioception , and on the static and dynamic balance of professional male soccer players . Methods Under 21 year-old soccer players ( n = 36 ) were divided r and omly into 11 + , HarmoKnee and control groups . The programs were performed for 2 months ( 24 sessions ) . Proprioception was measured bilaterally at 30 ° , 45 ° and 60 ° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer  . Static and dynamic balances were evaluated using the stork st and test and Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) , respectively . Results The proprioception error of dominant leg significantly decreased from pre- to post-test by 2.8 % and 1.7 % in the 11 + group at 45 ° and 60 ° knee flexion , compared to 3 % and 2.1 % in the HarmoKnee group . The largest joint positioning error was in the non-dominant leg at 30 ° knee flexion ( mean error value = 5.047 ) , ( p<0.05 ) . The static balance with the eyes opened increased in the 11 + by 10.9 % and in the HarmoKnee by 6.1 % ( p<0.05 ) . The static balance with eyes closed significantly increased in the 11 + by 12.4 % and in the HarmoKnee by 17.6 % . The results indicated that static balance was significantly higher in eyes opened compared to eyes closed ( p = 0.000 ) . Significant improvements in SEBT in the 11 + ( 12.4 % ) and HarmoKnee ( 17.6 % ) groups were also found . Conclusion Both the 11 + and HarmoKnee programs were proven to be useful warm-up protocol s in improving proprioception at 45 ° and 60 ° knee flexion as well as static and dynamic balance in professional male soccer players . Data from this research may be helpful in encouraging coaches or trainers to implement the two warm-up programs in their soccer teams Purpose Injury prevention effects of neuromuscular training have been partly attributed to postural control adaptations . Uncertainty exists regarding the magnitude of these adaptations and on how they can be adequately monitored . The objective was to determine the time course of neuromuscular training effects on functional , dynamic and static balance measures . Methods Thirty youth ( 14.9 ± 3 years ) field hockey athletes were r and omised to an intervention or control group . The intervention included a 20-min neuromuscular warm-up program performed twice weekly for 10 weeks . Balance assessment s were performed at baseline , week three , week six and post-intervention . They included the star excursion balance test ( SEBT ) , balance error scoring system ( BESS ) , jump-l and ing time to stabilization ( TTS ) and center of pressure ( COP ) sway velocity during single-leg st and ing . Results No baseline differences were found between groups in demographic data and balance measures . Adherence was at 86 % . All balance measures except the medial – lateral TTS improved significantly over time ( p < 0.05 ) in both groups . Significant group by time interactions were found for the BESS score ( p < 0.001 ) . The intervention group showed greater improvements ( 69.3 ± 10.3 % ) after 10 weeks in comparison to controls ( 31.8 ± 22.1 % ) . There were no significant group by time interactions in the SEBT , TTS and COP sway velocity . Conclusions Neuromuscular training was effective in improving postural control in youth team athletes . However , this effect was not reflected in all balance measures suggesting that the neuromuscular training did not influence all dimensions of postural control . Further studies are needed to confirm the potential of specific warm-up programs to improve postural control STUDY DESIGN Controlled cohort repeated- measures experimental design . OBJECTIVES To determine if a neuromuscular training program ( NMTP ) focused on core stability and lower extremity strength would affect performance on the star excursion balance test ( SEBT ) . We hypothesized that NMTP would improve SEBT performance in the experimental group and there would be no side-to-side differences in either group . BACKGROUND The SEBT is a functional screening tool that is used to assess dynamic stability , monitor rehabilitation progress , assess deficits following an injury , and identify athletes at high risk for lower extremity injury . The SEBT requires lower extremity coordination , balance , flexibility , and strength . METHODS Twenty uninjured female soccer players ( 13 experimental , 7 control ) participated . Players trained together as a team , so group allocation was not r and omized . The SEBT was administered prior to and following 8 weeks of NMTP in the experimental group and 8 weeks of no NMTP in the control group . A 3-way mixed-model ANOVA was used to determine the effect of group ( experimental versus control ) , training ( pretraining versus posttraining ) , and limb ( right versus left ) . RESULTS After participation in a NMTP , subjects demonstrated a significant improvement in the SEBT composite score ( mean ± SD ) on the right limb ( pretraining , 96.4 % ± 11.7 % ; posttraining , 104.6 % ± 6.1 % ; P = .03 ) and the left limb ( pretraining , 96.9 % ± 10.1 % ; posttraining , 103.4 % ± 8.0 % ; P = .04 ) . The control group had no change on the SEBT composite score for the right ( pretraining , 95.7 % ± 5.2 % ; posttraining , 94.4 % ± 5.2 % ; P = .15 ) or the left ( 97.4 % ± 7.2 % ; 93.6 % ± 5.0 % ; P = .09 ) limb . Further analysis identified significant improvement for the SEBT in the posterolateral direction on both the right ( P = .008 ) and left ( P = .040 ) limb and the posteromedial direction of the left limb ( P = .028 ) in the experimental group . CONCLUSION Female soccer players demonstrated an improved performance on the SEBT after NMTP that focused on core stability and lower extremity strength Objective To examine the effect of a comprehensive warm-up programme design ed to reduce the risk of injuries in female youth football . Design Cluster r and omised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of r and omisation . Setting 125 football clubs from the south , east , and middle of Norway ( 65 clusters in the intervention group ; 60 in the control group ) followed for one league season ( eight months ) . 
    Output:
    
Sports-specific IPPs have the strongest influence on most performance indices based on the significant improvement versus control groups .