***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Patient satisfaction measures have previously addressed satisfaction with medical care , satisfaction with providers , and satisfaction with outcomes , but not satisfaction with the health care decision itself . As patients become more involved in health care decisions , it is important to underst and specific dynamics of the decision itself The  Satisfaction with Decision ( SWD ) scale  measures satisfaction with health care decisions . It was developed in the context of postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy decisions The six-item scale has excellent reliability ( Cronbach 's alpha = 0.86 ) . Discriminant validity , tested by performing principal- components analysis of items pooled from the SWD scale and two conceptually related measures , was good . Correlation of the  SWD scale  with measures of satisfaction with other aspects of the decision-making process showed the  SWD scale  was correlated most highly ( 0.64 ) with " decisional confidence , " and least with " desire to participate in health care de cisions " and " satisfaction with provider " The  SWD  scale predicts decision certainty in this study . Use in an independent study showed that the  SWD scale  was correlated with the likelihood of patients ' intentions to get a flu shot . Further investigation in relation to other health decisions will establish the utility of the  SWD scale  as an outcome measure Key words : patient satisfaction ; medical decision making ; decision support ( Med Decis Making 1996;16:58 - 64 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the effects of a  decision-making and risk-reduction program  for cancer-surviving adolescents . DESIGN Prospect i ve clinical trial using a quasi-experimental pretest/post-test design with repeated measures . SETTING Two survivor follow-up clinics and a camp for children and adolescents with cancer located in upstate New York . SAMPLE A convenience sample of 64 survivors ( 13 - 21 years of age ) . The intervention group consisted of  21 survivors who attended a workshop  , and the comparison group consisted of 43 survivors who did not attend the workshop .  METHODS Intervention-integrated information specific to survivorship , decision-making skills , risk behaviors , and social support from peers and healthcare professionals . The educational component of the program lasted one day ( five one-hour units ) , and the social component lasted overnight . A single , semistructured interview at the time of the previous yearly evaluation visit was used for baseline data . Testing was conducted during home visits at 1 , 6 , and 12 months . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Decision making , risk motivation , and risk behaviors ( i.e. , smoking , alcohol use , and illicit drug use ) . FINDINGS The effect of the intervention for improving decision making was significant at 1-month postintervention , marginally significant at 6-months postintervention , and highly significant at 12-months postintervention . The effect of the intervention for motivation toward alcohol use was significant at 1-month postintervention and marginally significant at 6-months postintervention ; however , the intervention had no effect on smoking motivation at any of the three time intervals . The effect of the intervention for improving smoking behavior was marginally significant at 6-months postintervention and was marginally significant at 12-months postintervention for alcohol use . CONCLUSIONS The intervention had a dampening effect on the upward trajectory of substance use , a path that is well-known to increase with age for both genders in the general population . This short , five-hour program for improving decision making and affecting substance use of teen survivors shows promise ; however , a larger sample is needed to enhance findings . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Besides tailoring risk-behavior information based on actual or potential late effects of treatment to each teen survivor during follow-up visits , oncology professionals need to provide booster programs to refine decision-making skills within meaningful decision context for teen survivors as a means of reducing risk behaviors Abstract A r and omized field trial of a child-centered model of training for self-management of chronic illnesses was conducted of 355 Spanish-speaking school-aged children , between 6 and 15 years old , with moderate to severe asthma and epilepsy , in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The model , based on play techniques , consists of five weekly meetings of 8–10 families , with children 's and parents ' groups held simultaneously , coordinated by specially trained teachers and outside the hospital environment . Children are trained to assume a leading role in the management of their health ; parents learn to be facilitators ; and physicians provide guidance , acting as counselors . Group activities include games , drawings , stories , videos , and role-playing . Children and parents were interviewed at home before the program and 6 and 12 months after the program , and medical and school records were monitored for emergency and routine visits , hospitalizations , and school absenteeism . In asthma and epilepsy , children in the experiment showed significant improvements in knowledge , beliefs , attitudes , and behaviors compared to controls ( probability of experimental gain over controls=.69 for epilepsy and .56 for asthma , with σ2= .007 and .016 , respectively ) . Parent participants in the experiment had improved knowledge of asthma ( 39 % before vs. 58 % after ) and epilepsy ( 22 % before vs. 56 % after ) , with a probability of gain=.62 ( σ2=.0026 ) with respect to the control group . Similar positive outcomes were found in fears of child death ( experimental 39 % before vs. 4 % after for asthma , 69 % before vs. 30 % after for epilepsy ) , as well as in disruption of family life and patient-physician relationship , while controls showed no change . Regarding clinical variables , for both asthma and epilepsy , children in the experimental group had significantly fewer crises than the controls after the groups ( P=.036 and P=.026 ) . Visits to physicians showed a significant decrease for those with asthma ( P=.048 ) , and emergency visits decreased for those with epilepsy (P=.046).An 18-item Children Health Locus of Control Scale ( CHLCS ) showed a significant increase in internality in experimental group children with asthma and epilepsy ( P<.01 ) , while controls did not change or performed worse 12 months after the program . School absenteeism was reduced significantly for those with asthma and epilepsy ( for the group with asthma , fall/winterP=.006 , and springP=.029 ; for the group with epilepsy , P=.011 ) . Conclusion The program was successful in improving the health , activity , and quality of life of children with asthma and epilepsy . The data suggested that an autonomous ( Piagetian ) model of training is a key to this success , reinforcing children 's autonomous decision making 
    Output:
    
No conclusions can be made on the effects of interventions to promote SDM for children with cancer aged four to 18 years .
This review has highlighted the dearth of high- quality quantitative research on interventions to promote participation in SDM for children with cancer .