***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of a new formulation containing silver nanoparticles , named Nano Silver Fluoride ( NSF ) , to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on children 's dental enamel . The variations in dental biofilm pH and in the Simplified-Oral-Hygiene-Index ( OHI-S ) also were evaluated after the treatment with NSF . This was a r and omized , double-blind , crossover and prospect i ve pilot clinical trial study in which 12 schoolchildren , aged between 7 - 8 years , had their dental enamel treated with two solutions : S1 - Nano Silver Fluoride and S2 - negative control ( saline solution ) , in different experimental moments . The dental biofilm adhered to enamel treated with NSF had lower values of S. mutans viability ( absorbance ) and colony forming units ( CFU ) than the S0 ( baseline ) and S2 . There was a statistically significant difference between the OHI-S mean values of S0 and S1 . There were no differences between the biofilm pH ( both before and after the use of the test substances ) and among the different groups . These properties suggest that NSF has bactericidal effect against S. mutans biofilm and it may be used for clinical control and prevention of dental biofilm formation In the copper metallurgy workplace air is polluted with condensation aerosols , which a significant fraction of is presented by copper oxide particles < 100 nm . In the scientific literature , there is a lack of their in vivo toxicity characterization and virtually no attempts of enhancing organism ’s resistance to their impact . A stable suspension of copper oxide particles with mean ( ±SD ) diameter 20 ± 10 nm was prepared by laser ablation of pure copper in water . It was being injected intraperitoneally to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg ( 0.5 mg per mL of deionized water ) three times a week up to 19 injections . In parallel , another group of rats was so injected with the same suspension against the background of oral administration of a “ bio-protective complex ” ( BPC ) comprising pectin , a multivitamin-multimineral preparation , some amino acids and fish oil rich in ω-3 PUFA . After the termination of injections , many functional and biochemical indices for the organism ’s status , as well as pathological changes of liver , spleen , kidneys , and brain microscopic structure were evaluated for signs of toxicity . In the same organs we have measured accumulation of copper while their cells were used for performing the R and om Amplification of Polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ) test for DNA fragmentation . The same features were assessed in control rats infected intraperitoneally with water with or without administration of the BPC . The copper oxide nanoparticles proved adversely bio-active in all respects considered in this study , their active in vivo solubilization in biological fluids playing presumably an important role in both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics . The BPC proposed and tested by us attenuated systemic and target organs toxicity , as well as genotoxicity of this substance . Judging by experimental data obtained in this investigation , occupational exposures to nano-scale copper oxide particles can present a significant health risk while the further search for its management with the help of innocuous bioprotectors seems to be justified Background The purpose of this in-vitro study was to examine the effect of incorporating different concentrations of Zirconium oxide-Titanium dioxide ( ZrO2-TiO2 ) nanoparticles , which can have antibacterial properties , on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive . Methods ZrO2-TiO2 ( Zirconium oxide , HWNANO , Hongwu International Group Ltd , China ) -Titanium dioxide , Nanoshell , USA ) nanopowder were incorporated into orthodontic adhesive ( Transbond XT , 3 M Unitek , Monrovia , USA ) with different concentrations ( 0.5 % weight nonofiller and 1 % weight nanofiller ) . The size of nanoparticle was 70–80 nm for ZrO2 and less than 50 nm for TiO2 . For measuring the shear bond strength of the three groups of orthodontic adhesives [ Transbond ( control ) , Transbond mixed with 0.5 % weight ZrO2-TiO2 , and Transbond mixed with 1 % weight ZrO2-TiO2 ] , 30 freshly extracted human first premolars were used and bonded with stainless steel metal brackets ( Dentaurum ® , Discovery ® , Deutschl and ) , using the 3 orthodontic adhesives and 3 M Unitek ; Transbond TM Plus Self-Etching Primer ( 10 sample s in each group ) . The recorded values of compressive strength and tensile strength ( measured separately on 10 sample s of orthodontic adhesives ( add the 3 D size of sample , light cured for 40 s on both sides ) of each orthodontic adhesives ) , as well as the shear bond strength in Mega Pascal unit ( MPa ) were collected and exposed to one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey ’s post-hoc tests . Results orthodontic adhesive with 1 % weight ZrO2-TiO2 showed the highest mean compressive ( 73.42 ± 1.55 MPa , p : 0.003 , F : 12.74 ) , tensile strength ( 8.65 ± 0.74 MPa , p : 0.001 , F : 68.20 ) , and shear bond strength ( 20.05 ± 0.2 MPa , p : 0.001 , F : 0.17 ) . Conclusions Adding ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticle to orthodontic adhesive increased compressive strength , tensile strength , and shear bond strength in vitro , but in vivo studies and r and omized clinical trials are needed to vali date the present findings Objective The potential risk of a nanoparticle as a medical application has raised wide concerns , and this study aims to investigate silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-induced acute toxicities , genotoxicities , target organs and the underlying mechanisms . Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n = 4 each group ) , and AgNP ( containing Ag nanoparticles and released Ag+ , 5 mg/kg ) , Ag+ ( released from the same dose of AgNP , 0.0003 mg/kg ) , 5 % sucrose solution ( vechicle control ) and cyclophophamide ( positive control , 40 mg/kg ) were administrated intravenously for 24 h respectively . Clinical signs and body weight of rats were recorded , and the tissues were subsequently collected for biochemical examination , Ag+ distribution detection , histopathological examination and genotoxicity assays . Results The rank of Ag detected in organs from highest to lowest is lung > spleen > liver > kidney > thymus > heart . Administration of AgNP induced a marked increase of ALT , BUN , TBil and Cre . Histopathological examination results showed that AgNP induced more extensive organ damages in liver , kidneys , thymus , and spleen . Bone marrow micronucleus assay found no statistical significance among groups ( p > 0.05 ) , but the number of aberration cells and multiple aberration cells were predominately increased from rats dosed with Ag+ and AgNP ( p < 0.01 ) , and more polyploidy cells were generated in the AgNP group ( 4.3 % ) compared with control . Conclusion Our results indicated that the AgNP accumulated in the immune system organs , and mild irritation was observed in the thymus and spleen of animals treated with AgNP , but not with Ag+ . The liver and kidneys could be the most affected organs by an acute i.v . dose of AgNP , and significantly increased chromosome breakage and polyploidy cell rates also implied the potential genotoxicity of AgNP . However , particle-specific toxicities and potential carcinogenic effect remain to be further confirmed in a chronic toxicity study Gold nanoparticles have shown great prospect i ve in cancer diagnosis and therapy , but they can not be metabolized and prefer to accumulate in liver and spleen due to their large size . The gold nanoclusters with small size can penetrate kidney tissue and have promise to decrease in vivo toxicity by renal clearance . In this work , we explore the in vivo renal clearance , biodistribution , and toxicity responses of the BSA- and GSH-protected gold nanoclusters  for 24 h and 28 days . The BSA-protected gold nanoclusters have low-efficient renal clearance and only 1 % of gold can be cleared , but the GSH-protected gold nanoclusters have high-efficient renal clearance and 36 % of gold can be cleared after 24 h. The biodistribution further reveals that 94 % of gold can be metabolized for the GSH-protected nanoclusters , but only less than 5 % of gold can be metabolized for the BSA-protected nanoclusters after 28 days . Both of the GSH- and BSA-protected gold nanoclusters cause acute infection , inflammation , and kidney function damage after 24 h , but these toxicity responses for the GSH-protected gold nanoclusters can be eliminated after 28 days . Immune system can also be affected by the two kinds of gold nanoclusters , but the immune response for the GSH-protected gold nanoclusters can also be recovered after 28 days . These findings show that the GSH-protected gold nanoclusters have small size and can be metabolized by renal clearance and thus the toxicity can be significantly decreased . The BSA-protected gold nanoclusters , however , can form large compounds and further accumulate in liver and spleen which can cause irreparable toxicity response . Therefore , the GSH-protected gold nanoclusters have great potential for in vivo imaging and therapy , and the BSA-protected gold nanoclusters can be used as the agent of liver cancer therapy Objective . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of glass fiber , zirconia , and nano-zirconia on the transverse strength of repaired denture base . Material s and Methods . Eighty specimens of heat polymerized acrylic resin were prepared and r and omly divided into eight groups ( n = 10 ) : one intact group ( control ) and seven repaired groups . One group was repaired with autopolymerized resin while the other six groups were repaired using autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 wt% or 5 wt% glass fiber , zirconia , or nano-zirconia particles . A three-point bending test was used to measure the transverse strength . The results were analyzed using SPSS and repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc least significance ( LSD ) test ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . Results . Among repaired groups it was found that autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 or 5 wt% nano-zirconia showed the highest transverse strength ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . Repairs with autopolymerized acrylic resin reinforced with 5 wt% zirconia showed the lowest transverse strength value . There was no significant difference between the groups repaired with repair resin without reinforcement , 2 wt% zirconia , and glass fiber reinforced resin . Conclusion . Reinforcing of repair material with nano-zirconia may significantly improve the transverse strength of some fractured denture base polymers Introduction Dental caries is still prevailing worldwide , although different anti caries products have been introduced . Each remineralizing agent has its own shortcomings . Therefore , looking for new agents to have benefits of previous ones with lesser side effects is worthwhile . Aim To determine the remineralization ability of NaF varnish , nano-Hydroxyapatite Serum ( n-HAP ) and Nano Silver Fluoride ( NSF ) on enamel of primary anterior teeth . Material s and Methods Incipient caries were induced in primary sound anterior teeth by storing each specimen in demineralization solution for 72 hours . Then they were r and omly divided into four groups of 15 sample s each : ( 1 ) NaF varnish ; ( 2 ) n-HAP repairing serum ; ( 3 ) NSF and ( 4 ) no treatment ( control ) . Surface Microhardness ( SMH ) was assessed with Vickers micro hardness tester before and after demineralization and after 10 days of pH-cycling . A total of 12 r and om specimens from groups 1 to 4 ( 3 r and om sample s of each group ) were examined by Atomic Force Microscopy ( AFM ) . The SMH values were analysed with one-way and repeated measures ANOVA . Level of significance was set at p=0.05 . Results Post lesion SMH values significantly decreased in all groups ( p<0.001 ) . Post treatment SMH values significantly increased in comparison to post lesion ones ( p<0.001 ) except for control group which was not different statistically ( p=0.86 ) . The highest SMH values were observed in NSF group ( mean 222.90 ± 28.79 ) . Statistically significant differences were shown between all groups ( p<0.05 ) . However , NaF varnish and n-HAP groups were not statistically different ( p=0.165 ) . AFM images demonstrated protective layers in all treated groups . Conclusion The results of this in vitro study suggest that NSF could have the greatest remineralization efficacy . NaF varnish and n-HAP serum were similar in remineralizing initial caries . Future clinical studies are recommended for selection of the most appropriate remineralizing agent in primary 
    Output:
    
They were associated with cytotoxicity , genotoxicity altered inflammatory processes , and reticuloendothelial system toxicity .