***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND We examined the effectiveness of Peaceful Playgrounds ™ ( P2 ) to decrease antisocial behaviors ( ASB )  while increasing physical activity ( PA ) and prosocial behaviors ( PSB ) in elementary school children . METHODS A longitudinal , cluster-r and omized design was employed in 4 elementary school playgrounds where students ( third to fifth ) from 2 intervention and 2 control schools were observed during recess periods . The intervention included environmental changes ( eg , marked surfaces ) and student education . Data were collected using systematic observations of youth behavior and semistructured interviews conducted with key informants . Mixed-effects regression models controlling for scans nested within days nested within schools estimated the interaction of measurement period and treatment condition on children 's PA , PSB , and ASB . It was hypothesized that children in intervention , but not control schools , would demonstrate increased PA/PSB and decreased ASB . RESULTS Contrary to the hypotheses , intervention and control schools showed favorable changes for all dependent variables except for PSB , but 1 intervention and 1 control school drove these effects . Follow-up interviews indicated variability in implementation and lack of adherence to the control condition . CONCLUSIONS P2 may promote increased PA during recess , but these results demonstrate the complexity of intervention implementation and the need for rigor when measuring intervention fidelity in real-world setting Humans are extraordinarily prosocial , and research conducted primarily in North America indicates that giving to others is emotionally rewarding . To examine whether the hedonic benefits of giving represent a universal feature of human behavior , we extended upon previous cross-cultural examinations by investigating whether inhabitants of a small-scale , rural , and isolated village in Vanuatu , where villagers have little influence from urban , Western culture , survive on subsistence farming without electricity , and have minimal formal education , report or display emotional rewards from engaging in prosocial ( vs. personally beneficial ) behavior . In Study 1 , adults were r and omly assigned to purchase c and y for either themselves or others and then reported their positive affect . Consistent with previous research , adults purchasing goods for others reported greater positive emotion than adults receiving re sources for themselves . In Study 2 , 2- to 5-year-old children  received c and y and were subsequently asked to engage in costly giving ( sharing their own c and y with a puppet ) and non-costly giving ( sharing the experimenter 's c and y with a puppet ) .  Emotional expressions were video-recorded during the experiment and later coded for happiness . Consistent with previous research conducted in Canada , children displayed more happiness when giving treats away than when receiving treats themselves . Moreover , the emotional rewards of giving were largest when children engaged in costly ( vs. non-costly ) giving . Taken together , these findings indicate that the emotional rewards of giving are detectable in people living in diverse societies and support the possibility that the hedonic benefits of generosity are universal Background : Green spaces have been associated with improved physical and mental health ; however , the available evidence on the impact of green spaces on pregnancy is scarce . Objectives : We investigated the association between surrounding greenness  and birth weight , head circumference , and gestational age at delivery .  Methods : This study was based on 2,393 singleton live births from four Spanish birth cohorts ( Asturias , Gipuzkoa , Sabadell , and Valencia ) located in two regions of the Iberian Peninsula with distinct climates and vegetation patterns ( 2003–2008 ) . We defined surrounding greenness as average of satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) ( L and sat 4–5 TM data at 30 m × 30 m resolution ) during 2007 in buffers of 100 m , 250 m , and 500 m around each maternal place of residence . Separate linear mixed models with adjustment for potential confounders and a r and om cohort effect were used to estimate the change in birth weight , head circumference , and gestational age for 1-interquartile range increase in surrounding greenness . Results : Higher surrounding greenness was associated with increases in birth weight and head circumference [ adjusted regression coefficients ( 95 % confidence interval ) of 44.2 g ( 20.2 g , 68.2 g ) and 1.7 mm ( 0.5 mm , 2.9 mm ) for an interquartile range increase in average NDVI within a 500-m buffer ] but not gestational age . These findings were robust against the choice of the buffer size and the season of data acquisition for surrounding greenness , and when the analysis was limited to term births . Stratified analyses indicated stronger associations among children of mothers with lower education , suggesting greater benefits from surrounding greenness . Conclusions : Our findings suggest a beneficial impact of surrounding greenness on measures of fetal growth but not pregnancy length Background : Green spaces have been associated with improved mental health in children ; however , available epidemiological evidence on their impact on child behavioral development is scarce . Objectives : We investigated the impact of contact with green spaces and blue spaces ( beaches ) on indicators of behavioral development and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) in schoolchildren . Methods : This study was based on a sample of 2,111 schoolchildren ( 7–10 years of age ) from 36 schools in Barcelona in 2012 . We obtained data on time spent in green spaces and beaches and Strengths and Difficulties Question naires ( SDQ ) from parents , and ADHD/DSM-IV question naires from teachers . Surrounding greenness was abstract ed as the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) in buffers of 100 m , 250 m , and 500 m around each home address . Proximity to green spaces was defined as living within 300 m of a major green space ( ≥ 0.05 km2 ) . We applied quasi-Poisson mixed-effects models ( with school r and om effect ) to separately estimate associations between indicators of contact with green spaces  and SDQ and ADHD total and subscale scores . Results : We generally estimated beneficial associations between behavioral indicators and longer time spent in green spaces and beaches , and with residential surrounding greenness . Specifically , we found statistically significant inverse associations between green space playing time and SDQ total difficulties , emotional symptoms , and peer relationship problems ; between residential surrounding greenness and SDQ total difficulties and hyperactivity/inattention and ADHD/DSM-IV total and inattention scores ; and between annual beach attendance and SDQ total difficulties , peer relationship problems , and prosocial behavior . For proximity to major green spaces , the results were not conclusive . Conclusion : Our findings support beneficial impacts of contact with green and blue spaces on behavioral development in schoolchildren . Citation : Amoly E , Dadv and P , Forns J , López-Vicente M , Basagaña X , Julvez J , Alvarez-Pedrerol M , Nieuwenhuijsen MJ , Sunyer J. 2014 . Green and blue spaces and behavioral development in Barcelona schoolchildren : the BREATHE Project . Environ Health Perspect 122:1351–1358 ; This research explored the influence of empathic distress on prosocial behavior in a re source allocation task with children . Children were r and omly assigned to one of two conditions before engaging in a sticker sharing task ; watching either a video of a girl upset that her dog had gone missing ( emotion induction condition ) , or a video of the same girl preparing for a yard sale ( control condition ) . In study one , 5–6 year old children in the  emotion induction condition rated the emotional state of both the protagonist and the self more negatively , and also exhibited more prosocial behavior ; sharing more in advantageous inequity ( AI ) trials , and less often withholding a benefit in disadvantageous inequity trials , than the control group . Prosocial behavior was significantly correlated with ratings of the emotional state of the protagonist but not with own emotional state , suggesting that empathic concern rather than personal distress was the primary influence on prosocial behavior . In study two , 3-year-olds were tested on AI trials alone , and like the 5 and 6-year-olds , showed more prosocial behavior in the emotion induction condition than the control We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of a 5-month resilience-based program ( Girls First Resilience Curriculum or RC ) among 2308 rural adolescent girls at 57 government schools in Bihar , India . Local women with at least a 10th grade education served as group facilitators . Girls receiving RC improved more ( vs. controls ) on emotional resilience , self-efficacy , social-emotional assets , psychological wellbeing , and social wellbeing . Effects were not detected on depression . There was a small , statistically significant negative effect on anxiety ( though not likely clinical ly significant ) . Results suggest psychosocial assets and wellbeing can be improved for girls in high-poverty , rural schools through a brief school-day program . To our knowledge , this is one of the largest developing country trials of a resilience-based school-day curriculum for adolescents Autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) and reduced prosocial behaviour are strongly intertwined . However , social interactions with peers may be increasingly practice d over the course of development and may instigate a reduction in ASD symptoms and vice versa . We , therefore , sought to determine if , during adolescence , possible improvements in prosocial behaviours and ASD symptoms may benefit one another over time . Participants were 2773 adolescents from the Tracking Adolescents ’ Individual Lives Survey ( TRAILS ) cohorts . Measurements took place over three waves ( mean ages : 11.1 , 13.4 , and 16.2 years ) . Longitudinal associations between teacher-rated classroom prosocial skills and parent-rated ASD symptoms were examined using the r and om intercept cross-lagged panel model ( RI-CLPM ) . In addition to estimating the stable , between-person associations , the dynamical effects between prosocial skills and ASD symptoms over time were estimated at the within-person level . At the between-person level , prosocial skills and ASD symptoms were substantially negatively correlated . At the within-person level , a small and unexpected positive cross-lagged effect from wave 1 ASD symptoms on wave 2 prosocial skills was observed . We added to the existing literature by showing that , in addition to replicating the already firmly established between-person association between low prosocial skills and ASD , within-person gains in prosocial skills do not lead to subsequent reduction of ASD symptoms , and reductions in ASD symptoms do not lead to subsequent enhancement of prosocial skills . We , therefore , conclude from our findings that the inverse association between autistic symptoms and prosocial skills in adolescence is highly stable 
    Output:
    
Overall , the current evidence shows that exposure to green space may potentially increase prosocial behaviour  among children and adolescents , with some contingencies ( e.g. , child 's sex and ethnic background ) .