***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION The efficacy of contingency-management ( CM ) and motivational enhancement therapy ( MET ) for college student smoking cessation was examined . METHODS Nontreatment-seeking daily smokers ( N = 110 ) were r and omly assigned to 3 weeks of CM versus noncontingent reinforcement ( NR ) and to three individual sessions of MET versus a relaxation control in a 2 x 2 experimental design . Expired carbon monoxide ( CO ) sample s were collected twice daily for 3 weeks . Participants earned 5 US dollars for providing each sample ; additionally , those r and omized to CM earned escalating monetary rewards based on CO reductions ( Week 1 ) and smoking abstinence ( Weeks 2 - 3 ) . RESULTS Compared with NR , CM result ed in significantly lower CO levels and greater total and consecutive abstinence during the intervention . Those in the CM and MET groups reported greater interest in quitting smoking posttreatment , but rates of confirmed abstinence at follow-up were very low ( 4 % at 6-month follow-up ) and did not differ by group . DISCUSSION Findings support the short-term efficacy of CM for reducing smoking among college students . Future research should explore enhancements to CM in this population , including a longer intervention period and the recruitment of smokers who are motivated to quit Background Even after quitting illicit drugs , tobacco abuse remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in former injection drug users . An important unmet need in this population is to have effective interventions that can be used in the context of community based care . Contingency management , where a patient receives a monetary incentive for healthy behavior choices , and incorporation of individual counseling regarding spirometric “ lung age ” ( the age of an average healthy individual with similar spirometry ) have been shown to improve cessation rates in some population s. The efficacy of these interventions on improving smoking cessation rates has not been studied among current and former injection drug users . Methods In a r and omized , factorial design study , we recruited 100 active smokers from an ongoing cohort study of current and former injection drug users to assess the impact of contingency management and spirometric lung age on smoking cessation . The primary outcome was 6-month biologically-confirmed smoking cessation comparing contingency management , spirometric lung age or both to usual care . Secondary outcomes included differences in self-reported and biologically-confirmed cessation at interim visits , number of visits attended and quit attempts , smoking rates at interim visits , and changes in Fagerstrom score and self-efficacy . Results Six-month biologically-confirmed smoking cessations rates were 4 % usual care , 0 % lung age , 14 % contingency management and 0 % for combined lung age and contingency management ( p = 0.13 ) . There were no differences in secondary endpoints comparing the four interventions or when pooling the lung age groups . Comparing contingency management to non-contingency management , 6-month cessation rates were not different ( 7 % vs. 2 % ; p = 0.36 ) , but total number of visits with exhaled carbon monoxide-confirmed abstinence were higher for contingency management than non-contingency management participants ( 0.38 vs. 0.06 ; p = 0.03 ) , and more contingency management participants showed reduction in their Fagerstrom score from baseline to follow-up ( 39 % vs. 18 % ; p = 0.03 ) . Conclusions While lung age appeared ineffective , contingency management was associated with more short-term abstinence and lowered nicotine addiction .  Contingency management may be a useful tool in development of effective tobacco cessation strategies among current and former injection drug users . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT01334736 ( April 12 , 2011 ) Despite the high risk of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality among low-income persons , few studies have connected low-income smokers to evidence -based treatments . We will examine a smoking cessation intervention integrated into primary care . To begin , we completed qualitative formative research to refine an intervention utilizing the services of a patient navigator trained to promote smoking cessation . Next , we will conduct a r and omized controlled trial combining two interventions : patient navigation and financial incentives . The goal of the intervention is to promote smoking cessation among patients who receive primary care in a large urban safety-net hospital . Our intervention will encourage patients to utilize existing smoking cessation re sources ( e.g. , quit lines , smoking cessation groups , discussing smoking cessation with their primary care providers ) . To test our intervention , we will conduct a r and omized controlled trial , r and omizing 352 patients to the intervention condition ( patient navigation and financial incentives ) or an enhanced traditional care control condition .  We will perform follow-up at 6 , 12 , and 18 months following the start of the intervention . Evaluation of the intervention will target several implementation variables : reach ( participation rate and representativeness ) , effectiveness ( smoking cessation at 12 months [ primary outcome ] ) , unintended consequences ( e.g. , purchase of illicit substances with incentive money ) , adoption ( use of intervention across primary care suites ) , implementation ( delivery of intervention ) , and maintenance ( smoking cessation after conclusion of intervention ) . Improving the implementation of smoking cessation interventions in primary care setting s serving large underserved population s could have substantial public health impact , reducing cancer-related morbidity/mortality and associated health disparities This study compares the participant characteristics , program costs , and outcomes of a Quit & Win contest and a nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) voucher giveaway promotion . Both programs were conducted simultaneously so that smokers could enroll in either one program alone ( n = 849 and 690 , respectively ) or both programs ( Combination group ; n = 230 ) . A follow-up telephone survey of a r and om sample of participants was conducted 4 to 7 months after enrollment to evaluate smoking status . At enrollment , participants in the three groups were comparable on most smoking and demographic variables , although Quit & Win participants were , on average , younger than those who signed up to get the NRT voucher . Compared with the characteristics of smokers in the region , those who enrolled in the intervention programs were heavier smokers and had more years of formal education . At follow-up , the self-reported quit rates were similar across the three intervention groups , ranging between 25 percent and 30 percent . The only evidence for a higher quit rate among those in the Combination group was among younger smokers . On a simple estimated cost per quit basis , the Quit & Win ( 130 dollars ) and NRT ( 179 dollars ) voucher interventions appear roughly comparable . In all groups , abstinence rates were higher among lighter smokers ( < 21 cigarettes per day ) , participants who did not live with another smoker , and those who were married . Both the Quit & Win and NRT voucher giveaway programs were effective in recruiting smokers to make a quit attempt , although combining both interventions did not generally increase abstinence rates Background . There have been few reports of the process of implementing ongoing worksite health promotion programs . This article describes the implementation of a year-long smoking cessation program in nine worksites employing a total of approximately 700 smokers . Methods . Issues discussed include : forming a partnership with organizations , design of the multicomponent incentive intervention , program promotion , maintaining participation , and the need to modify program components over time . Results . The program produced high participation rates ( 29 % of smokers joined the program ) and moderate cessation rates among participants ( during the last half of the program , monthly cessation rates averaged 20 % ) . There was marked variability across worksites on both participation and cessation , and qualitative features of organizations associated with outcome are discussed . Discussion . The importance of working with employee steering committees to tailor health promotion programs to fit the organization is discussed . The article concludes with recommendations for implementation of similar programs Purpose . To determine the effectiveness of a multicomponent smoking cessation program supplemented by incentives and team competition . Design . A quasi-experimental design was employed to compare the effectiveness of three different smoking cessation programs , each assigned to separate worksites . Setting . The study was conducted from 1990 to 1991 at three aerospace industry worksites in California . Subjects . All employees who were current , regular tobacco users were eligible to participate in the program offered at their site . Intervention . The multicomponent program included a self-help package , telephone counseling , and other elements . The incentive-competition program included the multicomponent program plus cash incentives and team competition for the first 5 months of the program . The traditional program offered a st and ard smoking cessation program . Measures . Self-reported question naires and carbon monoxide tests of tobacco use or abstinence were used over a 12-month period . Results . The incentive-competition program had an abstinence rate of 41 % at 6 months ( n = 68 ) , which was significantly better than the multicomponent program ( 23 % , n = 81 ) or the traditional program ( 8 % , n = 36 ) . At 12 months , the quit rates for the incentive and multicomponent programs were statistically indistinguishable ( 37 % vs. 30 % ) , but remained higher than the traditional program ( 11 % ) . Chi-square tests , t-tests , and logistic regression were used to compare smoking abstinence across the three programs . Conclusions . Offering a multicomponent program with telephone counseling may be just as effective for long-term smoking cessation as such a program plus incentives and competition , and more effective than a traditional program The importance of patient satisfaction in modern healthcare is widely recognized , but research on satisfaction in the context of smoking cessation has not kept pace . The purpose of this study was to explore treatment satisfaction in a sample of smokers ( N=84 ) r and omized to one of two smoking cessation treatment interventions ( mHealth reinforcement and mHealth monitoring ) that used cell phone-based procedures to monitor smoking status in individuals ' natural environments for 4 weeks . Starting on the target quit date , participants received usual care smoking cessation treatment consisting of 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine and 4 weeks of twice-weekly telephone counseling were also prompted 1 to 3 times daily ( with exact number and timing not disclosed beforeh and ) to use a study cell phone and CO monitor to complete a CO self-test , video-record the process , and su bmi t videos using multimedia messaging within 2 hours . mHealth reinforcement participants could earn prizes for smoking-negative on-time CO tests . A treatment satisfaction survey was completed at the end of the 4-week monitoring/reinforcement phase . Results indicate that participants overwhelmingly endorsed high levels of overall satisfaction in both conditions . Treatment adherence did not differ between conditions , but was positively associated with endorsing the highest satisfaction with help quitting with the intervention ( p<.01 to .03 ) . mHealth reinforcement was associated with increased longest duration of abstinence ( p<.01 ) . Controlling for relevant participant characteristics and treatment adherence , longest duration of abstinence robustly predicted highest satisfaction with help quitting and mediated the effect of treatment condition on that satisfaction . Further research on treatment satisfaction may aid the development of effective abstinence reinforcement and other smoking cessation interventions Importance Most smoking cessation ( SC ) clinics are costly , passive , and underused . Objective To compare the SC effect of a combined intervention involving brief , model-guided SC advice plus active referral to SC services ( active referral group ) with those of brief , model-guided SC advice only ( brief advice group ) and general SC advice only ( control group ) . Design , Setting , and Participants A single-blind , 3-arm , pragmatic cluster r and omized clinical trial was conducted including 1226 adult daily smokers in the general Hong Kong community proactively recruited to participate in the Quit-to-Win Contest held in 2015 . The study was conducted from June 20 to September 24 , 2015 . Participants were r and omly allocated to the active referral ( n = 402 ) , brief advice ( n = 416 ) , and control ( n = 408 ) groups . Intention-to-treat analysis was used . Interventions Brief telephone counseling was offered to the active referral and brief advice groups at 1 and 2 months . Interventions were delivered by SC ambassadors who had undergone a short training period . Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the self-reported past 7-day point prevalence of abstinence ( PPA ) at 6 months . The secondary outcomes were carbon monoxide level – vali date d abstinence , smoking reduction , and SC service use .  Results Participants included 991 ( 80.8 % ) men ; mean ( SD ) age was 42.0 ( 14.8 ) years . The response rate was 68.2 % at 3 and 72.3 % at 6 months . The corresponding PPAs were 18.9 % and 17.2 % in the active referral group — higher than in the brief advice ( 8.9 % and 9.4 % ; both P ⩽ .001 ) or control ( 14.0 % and 11.5 % ; P = .03 at 6 months ) groups . Compared with the other 2 groups , the active referral group had significantly higher vali date d abstinence rates ( 10.2 % at 3 months and 9.0 % at 6 months , all P < .05 ) with odds ratios of 2.84 ( 95 % CI , 1.57 - 5.15 ) and 2.61 ( 95 % CI , 1.46 - 4.68 ) at 
    Output:
    
More serious adverse events were not attributed to the competition intervention .
At present , it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness , or a lack of it , of smoking cessation competitions .
Smoking cessation competitions have not been shown to enhance long-term cessation rates .
The limited evidence suggesting that population -based Quit & Win contests at local and regional level might deliver quit rates above baseline community rates has not been tested adequately using rigorous study design s. It is also unclear whether the value or frequency of possible cash reward schedules influence the success of competitions .