***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The efficacy of  post-percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI )  intracoronary injection with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs ) in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) remains controversial . Here , 58 patients with AMI undergoing PCI  were r and omly divided into two groups : BMSC and control groups . Autologous BSMCs were then generated in vitro from the BMSC patients . After transplantation , left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) , left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions ( LVDd ) , and infa rct size ( IS ) were evaluated in both groups . LVEF , LVDd , and IS improved after BMSC transplantation but the changes were not significantly different from those in the controls . The number of adverse events and rehospitalization rates after 1 month were significantly higher in the control group than in the BMSC group . BMSC transplantation thus benefits patients by decreasing the number of adverse events and reducing the rehospitalization rate in the early stages following PCI Introduction We have assessed the utility of autologous mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) peripheral vein infusion as a possible therapeutic modality for patients with end-stage liver diseases . Methods Forty patients with post-hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) end-stage liver disease were r and omized into two groups : Group 1 ( GI ) : 20 patients who received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) for 5 days followed by autologous MSCs peripheral-vein infusion and group 2 ( GII ) : 20 patients who received regular liver-supportive treatment only ( control group ) . Results In MSC-infused patients ( GI ) , 54 % showed near normalization of liver enzymes and improvement in liver synthetic function . Significant changes were reported in albumin ( P = 0.000 ) , bilirubin ( P = 0.002 ) , increased international normalized ratio ( INR ) ( P = 0.017 ) , prothrombin concentration ( P = 0.029 ) and alanine transaminase ( ALT ) levels ( P = 0.029 ) , with stabilization of clinical and biochemical status in 13 % of cases . None of the patients in GII showed any significant improvement . Hepatic fibrosis was assessed in GI by detection of procollagen IIIC peptide level ( PIIICP ) and procollagen III N peptide level ( PIIINP ) . The pretreatment values of s-PIIICP and s-PIIINP were 9.4 ± 4.2 and 440 ± 189 , respectively , with a decrease to 8.1 ± 2.6 and 388 ± 102 , respectively , 3 months after MSC therapy . However , the difference was statistically nonsignificant ( P = 0.7 ) . A significant correlation coefficient was reported after 3 months between the s-PIIINP and prothrombin concentration ( P = -0.5 ) and between s-PIIICP and ascites ( P = 0.550 ) . Conclusions First , autologous MSC infusion into a peripheral vein is as effective as the previously reported intrahepatic infusion . Second , MSCs have a supportive role in the treatment of end-stage liver disease , with satisfactory tolerability and beneficial effects on liver synthetic functions and hepatic fibrosis . Third , IV infusion of MSCs after G-CSF mobilization improves s-albumin within the first 2 weeks and prothrombin concentration and alanine Taransaminase after 1 month . According to the data from this current study and those previously reported by our group , we recommend further studies on patients ’ infusion with pure CD133 and CD34 followed by IV infusion of in vitro-differentiated MSCs within 1 week and another infusion after 3 months . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01729221 . Registered 17 November 2012 Background Kidneys from deceased donors are being used to meet the growing need for grafts . However , delayed graft function ( DGF ) and acute rejection incidences are high , leading to adverse effects on graft outcomes . Optimal induction intervention should include both renal structure injury repair and immune response suppression . Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) with potent anti-inflammatory , regenerative , and immune-modulatory properties are considered a c and i date to prevent DGF and acute rejection in renal transplantation . Thus , this prospect i ve multicenter paired study aim ed to assess the clinical value of allogeneic MSCs as induction therapy to prevent both DGF and acute rejection in deceased donor renal transplantation . Methods Forty-two renal allograft recipients were recruited and divided into trial and control groups . The trial group ( 21 cases ) received 2 × 106/kg human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs ( UC-MSCs ) via the peripheral vein before renal transplantation , and 5 × 106 cells via the renal artery during the surgical procedure . All recipients received st and ard induction therapy . Incidences of DGF and biopsy-proven acute rejection were recorded postoperatively and severe postoperative complications were assessed . Graft and recipient survivals were also evaluated . Results Treatment with UC-MSCs achieved comparable graft and recipient survivals  with non-MSC treatment ( P = 0.97 and 0.15 , respectively ) . No increase in postoperative complications , including DGF and acute rejection , were observed ( incidence of DGF : 9.5 % in the MSC group versus 33.3 % in the non-MSC group , P = 0.13 ; Incidence of acute rejection : 14.3 % versus 4.8 % , P = 0.61 ) . Equal postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rates were found between the two groups ( P = 0.88 ) . All patients tolerated  the MSCs infusion without adverse clinical effects . Additionally , a multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization assay revealed that UC-MSCs administered via the renal artery were absent from the recipient ’s biopsy sample . Conclusions Umbilical-cord-derived MSCs can be used as clinical ly feasible and safe induction therapy . Adequate timing and frequency of UC-MSCs administration may have a significant effect on graft and recipient outcomes .Trial registration NCT02490020 . Registered on June 29 Abstract Background Aging frailty , characterized by decreased physical and immunological functioning , is associated with stem cell depletion . Human allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells ( allo-hMSCs ) exert immunomodulatory effects and promote tissue repair . Methods This is a r and omized , double-blinded , dose-finding study of intravenous allo-hMSCs ( 100 or 200-million [ M ] ) vs placebo delivered to patients ( n = 30 , mean age 75.5 ± 7.3 ) with frailty . The primary endpoint was incidence of treatment-emergent serious adverse events ( TE-SAEs ) at 1-month postinfusion . Secondary endpoints included physical performance , patient-reported outcomes , and immune markers of frailty measured at 6 months postinfusion . Results No therapy-related TE-SAEs occurred at 1 month . Physical performance improved preferentially in the 100M-group ; immunologic improvement occurred in both the 100M- and 200M-groups . The 6-minute walk test , short physical performance exam , and forced expiratory volume in 1 second improved in the 100M-group ( p = .01 ) , not in the 200M- or placebo groups . The female sexual quality of life question naire improved in the 100M-group ( p = .03 ) . Serum TNF-α levels decreased in the 100M-group ( p = .03 ) . B cell intracellular TNF-α improved in both the 100M- ( p < .0001 ) and 200M-groups ( p = .002 ) as well as between groups compared to placebo ( p = .003 and p = .039 , respectively ) . Early and late activated T-cells were also reduced by MSC therapy . Conclusion Intravenous allo-hMSCs were safe in individuals with aging frailty . Treated groups had remarkable improvements in physical performance measures and inflammatory biomarkers , both of which characterize the frailty syndrome . Given the excellent safety and efficacy profiles demonstrated in this study , larger clinical trials are warranted to establish the efficacy of hMSCs in this multisystem disorder . Clinical Trial Registration www . clinical trials.gov : CRATUS ( # NCT02065245 ) AKI after cardiac surgery remains strongly associated with mortality and lacks effective treatment or prevention . Pre clinical studies suggest that cell-based interventions may influence functional recovery . We conducted a phase 2 , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in 27 centers across North America to determine the safety and efficacy of allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) in reducing the time to recovery from AKI after cardiac surgery . We r and omized 156 adult subjects undergoing cardiac surgery with evidence of early AKI to receive  intra-aortic MSCs ( AC607 ; n=67 ) or placebo ( n=68 ) . The primary outcome was the time to recovery of kidney function defined as return of postintervention creatinine level to baseline . The median time to recovery of kidney function was 15 days with AC607 and 12 days with placebo ( 25th , 75th percentile range , 10 - 29 versus 6 - 21 , respectively ; hazard ratio , 0.81 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.53 to 1.24 ; P=0.32 ) . We did not detect a significant difference between groups in 30-day all-cause mortality ( 16.7 % with AC607 ; 11.8 % with placebo ) or dialysis ( 10.6 % with AC607 ; 7.4 % with placebo ) . At follow-up , 12 patients who received AC607 and six patients who received placebo had died . Rates of other adverse events did not differ between groups . In these patients with AKI after cardiac surgery , administration of allogeneic MSCs did not decrease the time to recovery of kidney function . Our results contrast with those in pre clinical studies and provide important information regarding the potential effects of MSCs in this setting Objective : HAART largely decreases morbidity and mortality in chronic HIV-1-infected patients , but immune nonresponders ( INRs ) with full viral suppression still fail to reverse the immune deficiency . This study evaluated the safety and immunological responses of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) therapy in HIV-1-infected INRs . Design and Methods : A total of 13 HIV-1-infected INRs were enrolled in this pilot prospect ively open-labeled controlled clinical trial . Seven patients were administered three  umbilical cord-MSC transfusions at 1-month interval during 12-months of follow-up , whereas six control patients were treated with saline in parallel . Immunological parameters were monitored in these patients throughout the trial . Results : All patients tolerated the umbilical cord-MSC transfusions well throughout the trial . The umbilical cord-MSC transfusions preferentially increased circulating naive and central memory CD4 T-cell counts and restored HIV-1-specific IFN-&ggr ; and IL-2 production in the INRs . These enhancements in immune reconstitution were also associated with the reduction of systemic immune activation and inflammation in vivo . Conclusions : umbilical cord-MSC transfusions are well tolerated and can efficiently improve host immune reconstitution in INRs , suggesting that such treatments may be used as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to reversing immune deficiency in HIV-1-infected INRs ( Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT01213186 ) The efficacy and the safety of the administration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells ( MMSCs ) for acute graft-versus-host disease ( aGVHD ) prophylaxis following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation ( HSCT ) were studied . This prospect i ve clinical trial was based on the r and om patient allocation to the following two groups receiving ( 1 ) st and ard GVHD prophylaxis and ( 2 ) st and ard GVHD prophylaxis combined with MMSCs infusion . Bone marrow MMSCs from hematopoietic stem cell donors were cultured and administered to the recipients at doses of 0.9–1.3 × 106/kg when the blood counts indicated recovery . aGVHD of stage II – IV developed in 38.9 % and 5.3 % of patients in group 1 and group 2 , respectively , ( P = 0.002 ) . There were no differences in the graft rejection rates , chronic GVHD development , or infectious complications . Overall mortality was 16.7 % for patients in group 1 and 5.3 % for patients in group 2 .  The efficacy and the safety of MMSC administration for aGVHD prophylaxis were demonstrated in this study Background The use of adult stem cells is limited by the quality and quantity of host stem cells . It has been demonstrated that Wharton ’s jelly – derived mesenchymal stem cells ( WJMSCs ) , a primitive stromal population , could integrate into ischemic cardiac tissues and significantly improve heart function . In this r and omized 
    Output:
    
Interpretations MSC therapy continues to exhibit a favourable safety profile .