***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Twenty-six patients were recruited for a study of the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy with IPG .  They were r and omly assigned to two groups based on skin test titrations to grass allergens . One group was treated in a double-blind fashion before the 1982 grass season with 12 weekly injections totaling approximately 48,000 PNU , and the other group was treated with 12 weekly injections of caramelized glucose histamine placebo . Daily symptom and medication score sheets were completed by all patients each day of the grass season . Blocking antibody rose ninefold in the IPG group ( p less than 0.007 ) but was unchanged in the placebo group . There was no significant change in IgE against rye grass group I in either the IPG or the placebo group . Symptom-score mean in the IPG group was 217 + /- 71 ( S.E.M. ) , statistically lower ( p less than 0.02 ) than the mean in the placebo group 496 + /- 117 ( S.E.M. ) . There were no systemic reactions and only minor local reactions . There was no change in routine laboratory tests in either group . Although two prior studies with grass allergen immunotherapy reported efficacy , these studies did not use symptom-score analysis . This is the first double-blind , histamine placebo-controlled study of grass immunotherapy that demonstrates efficacy by symptom-score index evaluation .  IPG is a safe , clinical ly effective , and potentially cost-effective therapy for grass pollinosis BACKGROUND The natural history of allergic sensitization is complex and poorly understood . A prospect i ve nonr and omized study was carried out in a population of asthmatic children younger than 6 years of age whose only allergic sensitivity was to house dust mites ( HDMs ) . OBJECTIVES The study was design ed to determine whether specific immunotherapy ( SIT ) with st and ardized allergen extracts could prevent the development of new sensitizations over a 3-year follow-up survey . METHODS We studied 22 children monosensitized to HDM who were receiving SIT with st and ardized allergen extracts and 22 other age-matched control subjects who were monosensitized to HDM .  The initial investigation included a full clinical history , skin tests with a panel of st and ardized allergens , and the measurement of allergen-specific IgE , depending on the results of skin tests . Children were followed up on an annual basis for 3 years , and the development of new sensitizations in each group was recorded . RESULTS Ten of 22 children monosensitized to HDM who were receiving SIT did not have new sensitivities compared with zero of 22 children in the control group ( p = 0.001 , chi square test ) . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that SIT in children monosensitized to HDM alters the natural course of allergy in preventing the development of new sensitizations Background : The clinical efficacy and safety of a  six‐grass pollen allergoid  has been studied . The advent of more exacting clinical guidelines and a better appreciation of the possible mechanisms of treatment prompted this re appraisal BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of the 300-index of reactivity ( IR ) dose of 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) tablets ( Stallergènes , Antony , France ) have been demonstrated for the treatment of hay fever in adults . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of this tablet in children and adolescents with grass pollen-related allergic rhinitis . METHODS In this multinational , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 278 children ( 5 - 17 years of age ) with grass pollen-related rhinoconjunctivitis ( confirmed by means of a positive grass pollen skin prick test response and serum-specific IgE measurement ) received once-daily SLIT tablets or placebo . Treatment was initiated 4 months before the estimated pollen season and continued throughout the season . The primary outcome was the rhinoconjunctivitis total symptom score ( RTSS ) , a sum of 6 individual symptom scores : sneezing , runny nose , itchy nose , nasal congestion , watery eyes , and itchy eyes . Secondary end points included rescue medication intake , individual scores , and safety . RESULTS The intent-to-treat population included 266 children ( mean age , 10.9 + /- 3.22 years ) . The RTSS for the 300-IR group was highly significantly different from that of the placebo group ( P = .001 ) . The 300-IR group showed a mean improvement for the RTSS of 28.0 % over that seen with placebo and a median improvement of 39.3 % . Significant differences between the 300-IR and placebo groups were also observed regarding rescue medication score and proportion of days using rescue medication during the pollen season ( P = .0064 and P = .0146 , respectively ) . Adverse events were generally mild or moderate in intensity and expected . No serious side effects were reported . CONCLUSION Five-grass-pollen SLIT tablets ( 300 IR ) reduce both symptom scores and rescue medication use in children and adolescents with grass pollen-related rhinoconjunctivitis Background : Data supporting a carry‐over effect with sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) are scarce . This r and omized , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled study evaluated the efficacy , carry‐over effect and safety of grass pollen SLIT using co‐seasonal treatment BACKGROUND This is an interim analysis of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled phase III trial with 3 years of daily treatment with grass tablet immunotherapy ( GRAZAX ; ALK-Abelló A/S , Hørsholm , Denmark ) or placebo , followed by 2 years of follow-up to assess the persistent efficacy . OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with grass allergen tablets compared with placebo after treatment covering 2 consecutive grass pollen seasons . METHODS The interim analyses included 351 adult participants with moderate-to-severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis caused by grass pollen . Participants were treated with active ( n = 189 ) or placebo ( n = 162 ) tablets for an average of 22 months . All participants were allowed to use symptomatic rescue medication . RESULTS The primary efficacy analysis showed highly significant mean reductions of 36 % in rhinoconjunctivitis symptom score ( P < .0001 ; median reduction , 44 % ) and 46 % in rhinoconjunctivitis medication score ( P < .0001 ; median reduction , 73 % ) in the active group relative to the placebo group . Mean rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life was 33 % better ( P < .0001 ; median , 40 % ) . Clinical improvements were paralleled by significant changes in allergen-specific immunoglobulins . The treatment was well tolerated , and adverse events led to withdrawal in less than 1 % of participants . There were no serious adverse events related to treatment . CONCLUSION Grass allergen tablet immunotherapy showed progressive immunologic changes and highly significant efficacy over 2 years of continued treatment Sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) with monomeric carbamylated allergoid administered in accordance with the st and ard regimen has proven to be effective and safe . Achieving clinical benefit , however , requires a lengthy period of time so it is not very suitable for short-lasting allergies . We thus performed this study to compare an administration protocol starting in the coseasonal period ( with a 4-day build-up phase ) with a precoseasonal scheme to verify if the former regimen provides the same benefit in a shorter period of time . The prospect i ve , r and omized , drug therapy-controlled study was conducted in 33 rhinitic patients monosensitized to Olea with or without asthma . Ten patients were assigned to the coseasonal therapy with 5000 allergic units (AU)/week for 6 weeks , 11 to the precoseasonal therapy with 3000 AU/week for 10 weeks , and 12 to drug therapy . They were treated from April or May to June 2008 . A visual analog scale ( VAS ) was performed at baseline and after treatment to assess the well being of the patients . Drug consumption was evaluated by means of a monthly diary . There was greater VAS improvement in both the SLIT groups versus the controls , but it was statistically significant only in the coseasonal group ( p < 0.01 ) . Furthermore , there was a reduction in the rescue medication only in the coseasonal SLIT ( p < 0.05 versus drug therapy ) . One mild adverse event was observed . The allergoid SLIT was shown to be effective and safe in Olea allergy in particular when a coseasonal regimen was used BACKGROUND The safety and efficacy of specific immunotherapy for mold allergy are not known in children and adolescents . OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with a st and ardized allergen extract in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , 3-year prospect i ve study of patients who were allergic to only Alternaria alternata . METHODS Fifty children and adolescents ( 25 girls ; 5 - 18 years of age ) with A alternata-induced seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and /or bronchial asthma were r and omly assigned to groups given treatment ( Novo-Helisen Depot , A alternata 100 % ) or placebo . The primary end point was the combined symptom medication score . Secondary end points included safety , quality of life , and sensitivity to allergen-specific nasal challenge . RESULTS Forty-five children completed the 3-year study . Although there was no significant change in year 1 , the combined symptom medication score decreased in years 2 and 3 of the study ( by 38.7 % and 63.5 % , respectively ; P < .001 for each ) . The reduction in symptoms was associated with a significant improvement in quality of life ( P < .05 ) and decrease in sensitivity after allergen-specific nasal challenge . Side effects were observed in 7 patients ; the most common ( edema at the site of injection ) occurred after 11 injections . CONCLUSIONS Allergen-specific immunotherapy with st and ardized A alternata extract reduces symptoms of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in children and adolescents without serious side effects Background : Local application of allergen extracts in specific immunotherapy is accompanied by increased compliance and significantly reduced side effects . However , efficacy of local immunotherapy in children has yet not been sufficiently demonstrated . This study was performed to determine clinical efficacy of high dose sublingual swallow immunotherapy ( SLIT ) by a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study in children with grass pollen allergy using high dose allergen extracts UNLABELLED SAFETY and efficacy of sublingual ( sublingual-swallow ) immunotherapy ( IT ) with house dust mite extract were evaluated in 30 children ( 6 - 15 2/3 years of age ) over the first 12 months of an ongoing study . The cumulative dose was 570 micrograms Der p I ( five times that administered with subcutaneous therapy ) . SAFETY One patient on active treatment dropped out after 8 weeks because of a subjective feeling of severe weakness , question ably induced by the therapy . Five patients on active therapy and one patient on placebo reported minor local side effects . EFFICACY Pulmonary symptoms were reduced after 12 months in actively treated asthmatics , but this was not consistent with the lack of improvement in bronchial reactivity , skin sensitivity and specific IgG and IgG4 against D.pt . in this group . In patients with rhinitis  nasal sensitivity was reduced in the placebo group without concomitant improvement in the nasal symptom score . Specific IgE ( D.pt . and D.f . ) increased significantly more in the active treatment group after 3 and 12 months . We conclude that sublingual IT over 12 months with the fivefold Der p 1 dose of subcutaneous IT was well tolerated , but there was no consistent clinical or immunological benefit compared to placebo A double-blind , placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy was conducted in 31 patients with allergic rhinitis due to Parietaria pollen to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high doses of allergen via the sublingual route . The patients were assessed before and after a 10-month period of treatment by clinical ( symptom-medication scores and specific nasal reactivity ) and immunological ( total IgE , specific IgE , IgG and IgG4 antibodies ) parameters . High doses of Parietaria extract corresponding to a cumulative dose of 105 BU for each patient were administered with negligible side effects . The actively treated patients had significantly lower medication scores than those on placebo ( p < 0.05 ) when the maximum pollen count was recorded , and at the end of the trial they showed a significant decrease in nasal reactivity ( p < 0.02 ) and a significant increase in serum specific IgG4 ( p = 0.02 ) . No differences were detected in any of these parameters in the placebo group . Possible explanations for the mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy are proposed OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with ' Dermatophagoides Farinae Drops ' in D. farinae allergic asthma and /or rhinitis patients . METHODS A 25-week double-blind , placebo-controlled , multi-centered trail was conducted in 278 children ( aged 4 - 18 yr ) with mite-induced asthma and /or rhinitis . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) with ' Dermatophagoides Farinae 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Meta-analyses found statistically significant effects for SCIT and SLIT compared with placebo across a number of outcome measures and for the vast majority of subgroup analyses ( type and amount of allergen , duration of treatment ) .
There was less evidence for children , but some results in favour of SLIT were statistically significant .
Indirect comparisons did not provide conclusive results in favour of either SCIT or SLIT .
A benefit from both SCIT and SLIT compared with placebo has been consistently demonstrated , but the extent of this effectiveness in terms of clinical benefit is unclear .