***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This article evaluates the effects and use of adjuncts to a televised smoking cessation program , based on the American Lung Association 's " Freedom From Smoking in 20 Days . " Subjects were r and omized to maintenance and control conditions . The maintenance condition received newsletters with information and support addressing different stages in the cessation process and information about a telephone hotline . The maintenance condition did not increase cessation at any wave of interviewing , assessed by multiple point or point prevalence of abstinence . Those abstinent at 6 months and those who had made an attempt to stop smoking by that time were more likely to have used the newsletters and were more likely to have used the sections relevant to their cessation stage . Rates of use of the telephone hotline were low . The newsletters appear to be useful to smokers who are predisposed to use written material BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of an interactive expert system intervention for  smoking cessation for a general population . The intervention provides individualized feedback that guides participants through the stages of change for cessation . Enhancing the expert system by adding proactive telephone counseling or a stimulus control computer design ed to produce nicotine fading could produce preventive programs with greater population impacts . METHODS Four interventions were compared : ( a ) the interactive expert system intervention ; ( b ) the expert system intervention plus counselor calls ; ( c ) the expert system intervention plus the stimulus control computer ; and ( d ) an assessment only condition . A 4 ( intervention ) x 4 ( occasions ) ( 0,6,12 , and 18 months ) design was used . Smokers were contacted at home via telephone or mail . The initial subject pool was the 24,178 members of a managed care company . Screening was completed for 19,236 members ( 79.6 % ) , of whom 4,653 were smokers ; 85.3 % of the smokers were enrolled . RESULTS Thirty-eight percent were in the precontemplation stage , 45 % in the contemplation stage , and only 17 % in the preparation stage . At 18 months , the expert system result ed in 23.2 % point prevalence abstinence , which was 33 % greater than that of assessment only . The counselor enhancement produced increased cessation at 12 months but not at 18 months . The stimulus control computer produced no improvement , result ing in 20 % worse cessation rates than the assessment only condition . CONCLUSIONS The enhanced conditions failed to outperform the expert system alone . The study also demonstrated the ability of the interactive expert system to produce significantly greater cessation in a population of smokers than assessment alone Summary We evaluated the effectiveness of a mobile phone text-messaging based smoking cessation intervention package among Chinese adolescent smokers . Students aged 16–19 years were recruited from six vocational high schools located in Shanghai . We assigned the six schools to an intervention group or a control group by cluster r and omization . The 92 participants in the intervention group were given tailored information via mobile phone text-messaging for 12 weeks . The 87 participants in the control group were provided with a self-help pamphlet about smoking cessation instead . After the intervention , attitudes towards the disadvantages of smoking were significantly improved , and the level of nicotine dependence and cigarette dependence significantly decreased in the intervention group . The intervention group had a relatively higher self-reported 7-day abstinence compared to the control group and 30-day abstinence , but the differences were not significant . However , the intervention group had a significantly higher rate of smoking reduction ( 66 % vs. 35 % ) and moving forward in quitting stages ( 52 % vs. 18 % ) compared to the control group . The interactive and tailored assistance provided by the mobile phone text-messaging  was effective in smoking behaviour intervention in Chinese adolescent smokers At two chest clinics 1206 cigarette smokers referred by their general practitioners for chest radiography only either were dealt with in the normal way or in addition were given a How to Stop Smoking booklet by the clinic receptionist or nurse . Follow up one year later showed that 3.2 % of all patients had successfully given up smoking , older patients doing better than younger ones and men doing better than women . Overall 3.9 % of the group receiving a booklet were successful compared with 2.7 % of the controls ( p = 0.14 ) . At one clinic the groups were not well matched for age but at the other , where there was no such imbalance , there was a suggestion that the booklet group did better than the controls ( 6.5 % v 2.7 % success ) , although the difference did not achieve conventional statistical significance ( p = 0.09 ) . If this can be confirmed as a real effect then this cheap , simple strategy could easily be applied on a large scale BACKGROUND Many conventional health education material s , such as pamphlets and booklets , are design ed to reach as wide an audience as possible ; they are therefore often lengthy and contain information irrelevant to many consumers . Computer technologies allow sophisticated tailoring of messages targeted to individual patients and free of irrelevant information . METHODS In two studies in North Carolina ( study 1 , N = 51 ; study 2 , N = 197 ) , adult cigarette smokers were identified from a cohort of family practice patients .  Cigarette consumption , interest in quitting smoking , perceived benefits and barriers to quitting , and other characteristics relevant to smoking cessation were collected . Based on this information , smoking cessation letters were tailored by computer to individuals . Smokers were r and omly assigned to experimental ( tailored health letters ) or comparison groups ( generic health letter in study 1 , no health letter in study 2 ) .  Smoking status was assessed again at 4 months ( study 1 ) or 6 months ( study 2 ) . RESULTS Both studies found statistically significant positive effects of tailored health letters among moderate to light smokers . In study 1 , 30.7 % reported quitting after 6 months vs 7.1 % in the control group ( P < .05 ) ; in study 2 , 19.1 % vs 7.3 % ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Results from both studies indicate positive effects of computer-tailored smoking messages among moderate to light smokers . These findings are consistent with the focus of our computer-tailored program on psychological and behavioral factors related to smoking cessation . Smoking cessation outcomes may be enhanced by combining tailored messages with nicotine replacement therapies to treat physical dependency . Methods of tailoring health messages and incorporating the results into family practice are described Purpose . Examine the effects of three iterative tailored feedback letters addressing smoking ; physical activity ; and fruit , vegetable , and fat intake , and test the additional effects of providing feedback on action plans . Design . A tailored , print-based intervention was developed and tested in a r and omized control trial with a posttest after 9 months . Setting . A total of 2827 respondents agreed to participate . They were recruited from a r and om sample of 35,000 addresses obtained through the Dutch national telephone company . Subjects . The mean age was 49 years , and 55 % were female . Intervention . The experimental group received three printed tailored letters , and the control group received three printed generic letters . Respondents from the experimental group r and omly received either a third letter with tailored information or tailored information and action-planning feedback . Measures . The question naire assessed physical activity ; smoking ; consumption of fruit , vegetables and fat ; motivational determinants ; action plans ; and demographics . Results . Tailored information result ed in more improvement over time than generic information for the intake of fruit , vegetables , and fat and for physical activity . No differences between the conditions were found for smoking because of high cessation rates in all conditions . Action-planning feedback did not increase the effects . Conclusions . Tailored lifestyle information can be effective for adults in changing nutrition behavior and physical activity BACKGROUND Lung cancer screening might be a teachable moment for smoking cessation intervention . The objective was to investigate whether a tailored self-help smoking cessation intervention is more effective in inducing smoking cessation compared to a st and ard brochure in male smokers who participate in the Dutch-Belgian r and omised controlled lung cancer screening trial ( NELSON trial ) . METHODS Two r and om sample s of male smokers who had received either a st and ard brochure ( n=642 ) or a tailoring question naire for computer-tailored smoking cessation information ( n=642 ) were sent a question naire to measure smoking behaviour two years after r and omisation . RESULTS Twenty-three percent of the male smokers in the tailored information group returned a completed tailoring question naire and thus received the tailored advice . The prolonged smoking abstinence was slightly , but not statistically significant , lower amongst those r and omised in the tailored information group ( 12.5 % ) compared with the brochure group ( 15.6 % ) ( OR=0.77 ( 95%-CI : 0.56 - 1.06 ) . The level of education and intention to quit smoking significantly predicted smoking cessation at follow-up ( p<0.05 ) . The majority of the respondents did not recall whether and which smoking cessation intervention they had received at r and omisation after 2-years of follow-up . CONCLUSION The current study showed no advantage of tailored smoking cessation information over st and ard self-help information amongst male smokers with a long term smoking history who participate in a lung cancer screening trial after two years of follow-up . However , the low percentage participants who actually received the tailored advice limited the ability to find an advantage Introduction : Smokers receiving support in specialist centers tend to have a higher short-term quit rate , compared with those receiving support in other setting s from professionals for whom smoking cessation is only a part of their work . We investigated the difference in longer-term abstinence after short-term smoking cessation treatment from specialist and nonspecialist smoking cessation services . Methods : We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a r and omized controlled trial of self-help booklets for the prevention of smoking relapse . The trial included 1088 short-term quitters from specialist stop smoking clinics and 316 from nonspecialist cessation services ( such as general practice , pharmacies , and health trainer services ) . The difference in prolonged smoking abstinence from months 4 to 12 between specialist and nonspecialist services was compared . Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between continuous smoking abstinence and the type of smoking cessation services , adjusted for possible confounding factors ( including demographic , socioeconomic , and smoking history variables ) . Results : The proportion of continuous abstinence from 4 to 12 months was higher in short-term quitters from specialist services compared with those from nonspecialist services ( 39 % vs. 32 % ; P = .023 ) . After adjusting for a range of participant characteristics and smoking variables , the specialist service was significantly associated with a higher rate of longer-term smoking abstinence ( odds ratio : 1.48 , 95 % CI = 1.09 % to 2.00 % ; P = .011 ) . Conclusions : People who receive support to stop smoking from a specialist appear to be at lower risk of relapse than those receiving support from a nonspecialist advisor Face to face advice for smoking cessation is effective,1 but few smokers are willing to attend smoking cessation clinics , and many do not receive smoking cessation advice from their physician . Self help smoking cessation material s may not be very effective,2 but computer technology can be used to produce effective individualised self help smoking cessation material s and disseminate them widely at a low cost per participant.2 Most studies assessed the effect of computer tailored programmes on smoking cessation after one year or less.2 Only one programme was evaluated during 18 and 24 months.3 These programmes usually produced quit rates<5 % higher than in control groups who received st and ard self help material s or no intervention.2 Because over one third of ex-smokers who achieve 12 months of abstinence eventually relapse five years later,4 it is not yet known whether computer tailored programmes have a long term impact on smoking abstinence . We showed previously that a computer tailored programme doubled the odds of quitting smoking , after seven months.5 In this study , we tested whether this effect was maintained 24 months after entry in the programme — that is , 12 months after the end of the intervention . In 1998 , we sent the baseline question naire to a representative ( r and om ) sample of 20 000 residents aged 18–60 in French speaking Switzerl and . We sent out follow up question naires six and 23 months later to the 2934 baseline participants . We r and omly assigned participants to the intervention or control group ( fig 1 ) . Figure 1 Flow chart of participants in the r and omised controlled trial . The intervention consisted of personal counselling letters , written by a BACKGROUND Most people who quit smoking successfully for a short period will return to smoking again in 12 months . A previous exploratory meta- analysis indicated that self-help booklets may be effective for smoking relapse prevention in unaided quitters . OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to evaluate the effectiveness of a set of self-help educational booklets to prevent smoking relapse in people who had stopped smoking with the aid of behavioural support . DESIGN This is an open , r and omised controlled trial and qualitative process evaluation . Trial participants were r and omly allocated to one of two groups , using a simple r and omisation process without attempts to stratify by participant characteristics . The participant allocation was ' concealed ' because the recruitment of quitters occurred before the r and om allocation . SETTING Short-term quitters were recruited from NHS Stop Smoking Clinics , and self-help educational material s were posted to study participants at home . PARTICIPANTS A total of 1407 carbon monoxide (CO)-vali date d quitters at 4 weeks after quit date in NHS Stop Smoking Clinics 
    Output:
    
St and ard , print-based self-help material s increase quit rates compared to no intervention , but the effect is likely to be small .
We did not find evidence that they have an additional benefit when used alongside other interventions such as advice from a healthcare professional , or nicotine replacement therapy .
There is evidence that material s that are tailored for individual smokers are more effective than non-tailored material s , although the absolute size of effect is still small .