***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Delay in follow-up after an abnormal mammogram is associated with advanced disease stage , poorer survival , and increased anxiety . Despite the implementation of many patient navigator programs across the country , there are few published , peer- review ed studies documenting its effectiveness . We tested the effectiveness of a patient navigator in improving timeliness to diagnosis , decreasing anxiety , and increasing satisfaction in urban minority women after an abnormal mammogram . Women with suspicious mammograms were r and omly assigned to usual care ( N = 50 ) or usual care plus intervention with a patient navigator ( N = 55 ) . There were no demographic differences between the two groups . Women in the intervention group had shorter times to diagnostic resolution ( mean 25.0 vs. 42.7 days ; p = .001 ) , with 22 % of women in the control group without a final diagnosis at 60 days vs. 6 % in the intervention group . The intervention group also had lower mean anxiety scores ( decrease of 8.0 in intervention vs. increase of 5.8 in control ; p < .001 ) , and higher mean satisfaction scores ( 4.3 vs. 2.9 ; p < .001 ) . Patient navigation is an effective strategy to improve timely diagnostic resolution , significantly decrease anxiety , and increase patient satisfaction among urban minority women with abnormal mammograms Background We carried out this study to examine the health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) of patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with the oral fluoropyrimidine S-1 plus irinotecan ( CPT-11 ) .  Methods HRQOL was assessed at baseline ( pretreatment ) and at 5-week intervals during treatment , using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CR38 question naires . The HRQOL data for 12 preselected scales and 21 courses of treatment were then analyzed longitudinally . Results Thirty-seven patients completed the baseline and post-treatment HRQOL assessment  s. Statistically significant differences between the baseline and post-treatment HRQOL scores were observed for the global QOL , social function , and pain scales ( all QLQ-C30 ) , as well as the body image , future perspective , gastrointestinal tract symptoms , weight loss , and chemotherapy side effects scales ( all QLQ-CR38 ) ; favorable post-treatment results were observed for all the scales except for body image and chemotherapy side effects , for which post-treatment deteriorations were observed . The changes in body image , future perspective , weight loss , and chemotherapy side effects were each greater than ten points and seemed clinical ly significant . Conclusion Combined treatment with S-1 plus CPT-11 result ed in an acceptable deterioration in HRQOL functioning and symptoms , compared with baseline levels OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether acculturation was associated with the receipt of clinical breast examinations and mammograms among Colombian , Ecuadorian , Dominican , and Puerto Rican women aged 18 to 74 years in New York City in 1992 . METHODS A bilingual , targeted , r and om-digit-dialed telephone survey was conducted among 908 Hispanic women from a population -based quota sample . Outcome measures included ever and recent use of clinical breast examinations and mammograms . Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of acculturation on screening use . RESULTS When demographic , socioeconomic , and health system characteristics and cancer attitudes and beliefs were controlled for , women who were more acculturated had significantly higher odds of ever and recently receiving a clinical breast examination ( P < or = .01 ) and of ever ( P < or = .01 ) and recently ( P < or = .05 ) receiving a mammogram than did less acculturated women . For all screening measures , there was a linear increase in the adjusted probability of being screened as a function of acculturation . CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood and health system interventions to increase screening among Hispanic women should target the less acculturated BACKGROUND Case-control studies and a voluntary-based follow-up study have suggested that repeated screening with faecal-occult-blood ( FOB ) tests can lead to a reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer ( CRC ) . The aim of this r and omised study was to compare mortality rates after FOB tests every 2 years during a 10-year period with those of unscreened similar controls . METHODS 140,000 people aged 45 - 75 years lived in Funen , Denmark , in August , 1985 , and were considered for inclusion in our study . Before r and omisation we excluded individuals who had CRC or precursor adenomas and those who had taken part in a previous pilot study . R and omisation of 137,485 people in blocks of 14 allocated three per 14 to the screening group ( 30,967 ) , three per 14 to the control group ( 30,966 ) , and eight not to be enrolled in the study ( 75,552 ) . Controls were not told about the study and continued to use health-care facilities as normal . Hemoccult-II blood tests ( with dietary restrictions but without rehydration ) were sent to screening-group participants . Only those participants who completed the first screening round were invited for further screening -- five rounds of screening during a 10-year period . Participants with positive tests were asked to attend to full examination and were offered colonoscopy whenever possible . The primary endpoint was death from CRC . FINDINGS Of the 30,967 screening-group participants , 20,672 ( 67 % ) completed the first screening round and were invited for further screening ; more than 90 % accepted repeated screenings . During the 10-year study , 481 people in the screening group had a diagnosis of CRC , compared with 483 unscreened controls . There were 205 deaths attributable to CRC in the screening group , compared with 249 deaths in controls . CRC mortality , including deaths attributable to complications from CRC treatment , was significantly lower in the screening group than in controls ( mortality ratio 0.82 [ 95 % CI 0.68 - 0.99 ] ) p = 0.03 ) . INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that biennial screening by FOB tests can reduce CRC mortality . This study is being continued to improve its statistical power and to assess the effect of the removal of more precursor adenomas in the screening-group participants than in controls on CRC incidence Cancer and its treatment are known to cause malnutrition in significant numbers of patients . Although a variety of contributory factors have been identified it is clear that the aetiology of malnutrition is complex and multifactorial . Taste aberrations are believed to be amongst the causative factors and to contribute to the development of food avoidance/aversion in affected patients . The study described investigates the incidence of food avoidance in a r and om sample of 72 patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy .  The results show that 59 ( 82 % ) had avoided one or more foods since the instigation of treatment . The foods most commonly affected were coffee , tea , citrus fruit , chocolate and red meat . Changes were noted in the consumption of both sweet and salty foods . In terms of food avoidance no apparent relationships were demonstrated between its incidence and either the type of disease or the drugs used in therapy . In men , the pattern of avoidance showed no differences between the younger ( up to 49 years ) and older ( 50 years and older ) patients ; marked differences were observed between younger and older women . Although the foods avoided in general have little nutritional implication their omission may affect the quality of the patient 's life . Food avoidance per se may , however , affect nutritional status ; suggestions for overcoming its effects are made . The results of this study , obtained by subjective assessment of food acceptability , highlight the individual anture of food avoidance in affected patients and suggest that each must be individually assessed if appropriate nutritional advice is to be given 
    Output:
    
Two broad findings emerged : ( 1 ) disgust appears to be promoting aversion to ( and avoidance of ) CRC screening , and ( 2 ) several known elicitors of disgust are widely apparent in CRC context s. CONCLUSIONS Disgust likely represents a key emotional substrate for avoidance among CRC patients , caregivers , and health professionals .
Exposure therapies and mindfulness training may be well suited to treating disgust-generated avoidance .