***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This article describes a second treatment- outcome study of cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ; CTT-BW ) . CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration : PTSD education ; stress management ; exposure to abuse and abuser reminders ; self-monitoring of negative self-talk ; cognitive therapy for guilt ; and modules on self-advocacy , assertiveness , and how to identify perpetrators . One hundred twenty-five ethnically diverse women were r and omly assigned to immediate or delayed CTT-BW .  PTSD remitted in 87 % of women who completed CTT-BW , with large reductions in depression and guilt and substantial increases in self-esteem .  White and ethnic minority women benefited equally from CTT-BW . Similar treatment outcomes were obtained by male and female therapists and by therapists with different levels of education and training . Gains were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-ups The authors examined the efficacy of Prolonged Exposure ( PE ) therapy in Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Twenty-four patients ( 21 women , 3 men ) with PTSD due to mixed trauma were r and omly assigned to the PE group ( PE with or without treatment as usual [ TAU ] ) or the control group ( TAU ) only . The control group received PE after a 10-week period . Intention-to-treat analysis showed the PE group achieved significantly greater reduction than the control group at posttreatment in either PTSD or depressive symptoms . The control group had significantly decreased symptom severity after PE treatment . Symptom levels of 19 PE completers in the both groups remained low in 12-month follow-up assessment s. The study 's findings will promote the future dissemination and implementation of evidence -based treatment for PTSD in non-Western setting Little is known about the usefulness of psychotherapeutic approaches for traumatized refugees who continue to live in dangerous conditions .  Narrative exposure therapy ( NET ) is a short-term approach based on cognitive-behavioral therapy and testimony therapy . The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . Sudanese refugees living in a Ug and an refugee settlement ( N = 43 ) who were diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) either received 4 sessions of NET , 4 sessions of supportive counseling ( SC ) , or psychoeducation ( PE ) completed in 1 session . One year after treatment , only 29 % of the NET participants but 79 % of the SC group and 80 % of the PE group still fulfilled PTSD criteria . These results indicate that NET is a promising approach for the treatment of PTSD for refugees living in unsafe conditions OBJECTIVE The authors ' goal was to compare the efficacy of a manualized cognitive behavior therapy that addresses both posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and substance abuse ( seeking safety ) with a manualized cognitive behavior therapy that addresses only substance abuse ( relapse prevention ) and with st and ard community care for the treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and substance use disorder . METHOD One hundred seven women from an urban , low-income population who had comorbid PTSD and substance use disorder were r and omly assigned to receive the two kinds of cognitive behavior therapy or received st and ard community treatment .  Participants were recruited from both community and clinical population s and evaluated with structured clinical instruments . Forty-one women received seeking safety therapy , 34 received relapse prevention therapy , and 32 received st and ard community care . RESULTS At the end of 3 months of treatment , participants in both cognitive behavior therapy conditions had significant reductions in substance use , PTSD , and psychiatric symptoms , but community care participants worsened over time . Both groups receiving cognitive behavior therapy sustained greater improvement in substance use and PTSD symptoms at 6-month and 9-month follow-ups than subjects in the community care group . CONCLUSIONS Seeking safety and relapse prevention are efficacious short-term treatments for low-income urban women with PTSD , substance use disorder , and other psychiatric symptoms BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is a severe and disabling condition and few receive appropriate care . Internet-based treatment of PTSD shows promise in reducing barriers to care and preliminary evidence suggests it is efficacious in treating symptoms of PTSD . METHODOLOGY Forty-two individuals with a diagnosis of PTSD confirmed by clinician interview completed a r and omized controlled comparison of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) with a waitlist control condition . PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Large pre- to posttreatment effect sizes ( ESs ) were found for the Treatment group on measures of PTSD symptoms , depression , anxiety , and disability . A small between-group ES was found for PTSD symptoms and moderate between-group ESs were found for depression , anxiety , and disability . CONCLUSIONS Results provide preliminary support for Internet-based CBT as an efficacious treatment for individuals with a confirmed primary diagnosis of PTSD CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration , PTSD psychoeducation , stress management , psychoeducation about dysfunctional self-talk and self-monitoring of self-talk , exposure to abuse reminders , Cognitive Therapy for Trauma-Related Guilt ( E. S. Kubany & F. P. Manke , 1995 ) , and modules on assertiveness , managing contacts with former partners , self-advocacy strategies , and avoiding revictimization . Thirty-seven ethnically diverse women were assigned to Immediate or Delayed CTT-BW .  PTSD remitted in 30 of 32 women who completed CTT-BW . Gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up . CTT-BW was efficacious across ethnic background s. Issues related to disseminability of CTT-BW are discussed The present study was design ed to determine whether augmenting sertraline with prolonged exposure ( PE ) would result in greater improvement than continuation with sertraline alone . Outpatient men and women with chronic PTSD completed 10 weeks of open label sertraline and then were r and omly assigned to five additional weeks of sertraline alone ( n = 31 ) or sertraline plus 10 sessions of twice-weekly PE ( n = 34 ) . Results indicated that sertraline led to a significant reduction in PTSD severity after 10 weeks but was associated with no further reductions after five more weeks . Participants who received PE showed further reduction in PTSD severity . This augmentation effect was observed only for participants who showed a partial response to medication Fifty-eight women with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) related to childhood abuse were r and omly assigned to a 2-phase cognitive-behavioral treatment or a minimal attention wait list . Phase 1 of treatment included 8 weekly sessions of skills training in affect and interpersonal regulation ; Phase 2 included 8 sessions of modified prolonged exposure . Compared with those on wait list , participants in active treatment showed significant improvement in affect regulation problems , interpersonal skills deficits , and PTSD symptoms . Gains were maintained at 3- and 9-month follow-up . Phase 1 therapeutic alliance and negative mood regulation skills predicted Phase 2 exposure success in reducing PTSD , suggesting the value of establishing a strong therapeutic relationship and emotion regulation skills before exposure work among chronic PTSD population CONTEXT There is concern that exposure therapy , an evidence -based cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , may be inappropriate because of risk of relapse for patients with co-occurring substance dependence . OBJECTIVE To determine whether an integrated treatment for PTSD and substance dependence , Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure ( COPE ) , can achieve greater reductions in PTSD and substance dependence symptom severity compared with usual treatment for substance dependence . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized controlled trial enrolling 103 participants who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for both PTSD and substance dependence . Participants were recruited from 2007 - 2009 in Sydney , Australia ; outcomes were assessed at 9 months postbaseline , with interim measures collected at 6 weeks and 3 months postbaseline . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omized to receive COPE plus usual treatment ( n = 55 ) or usual treatment alone ( control ) ( n = 48 ) . COPE consists of 13 individual 90-minute sessions ( ie , 19.5 hours ) with a clinical psychologist . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in PTSD symptom severity as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale ( CAPS ; scale range , 0 - 240 ) and change in severity of substance dependence as measured by the number of dependence criteria met according to the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 ( CIDI ; range , 0 - 7 ) , from baseline to 9-month follow-up . A change of 15 points on the CAPS scale and 1 dependence criterion on the CIDI were considered clinical ly significant . RESULTS From baseline to 9-month follow-up , significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity were found for both the treatment group ( mean difference , -38.24 [ 95 % CI , -47.93 to -28.54 ] ) and the control group ( mean difference , -22.14 [ 95 % CI , -30.33 to -13.95 ] ) ; however , the treatment group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity ( mean difference , -16.09 [ 95 % CI , -29.00 to -3.19 ] ) . No significant between-group difference was found in relation to improvement in severity of substance dependence ( 0.43 vs 0.52 ; incidence rate ratio , 0.85 [ 95 % CI , 0.60 to 1.21 ) , nor were there any significant between-group differences in relation to changes in substance use , depression , or anxiety . CONCLUSION Among patients with PTSD and substance dependence , the combined use of COPE plus usual treatment , compared with usual treatment alone , result ed in improvement in PTSD symptom severity without an increase in severity of substance dependence . TRIAL REGISTRATION is rct n.org Identifier : IS RCT N12908171 The paper describes the development of a cognitive therapy ( CT ) program for  post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD )  that is based on a recent cognitive model ( Behav . Res . Therapy 38 ( 2000 ) 319 ) . In a consecutive case series , 20 PTSD patients treated with CT showed highly significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD , depression and anxiety .  A subsequent r and omized controlled trial compared CT ( N = 14 ) and a 3-month waitlist condition ( WL , N = 14 ) . CT led to large reductions in PTSD symptoms , disability , depression and anxiety , whereas the waitlist group did not improve . In both studies , treatment gains were well maintained at 6-month follow-up . CT was highly acceptable , with an overall dropout rate of only 3 % . The intent-to-treat effect sizes for the degree of change in PTSD symptoms from pre to post-treatment were 2.70 - 2.82 ( self-report ) , and 2.07 ( assessor-rated ) . The controlled effect sizes for CT versus WL post-treatment scores were 2.25 ( self-report ) and 2.18 ( assessor-rated ) . As predicted by the cognitive model , good treatment outcome was related to greater changes in dysfunctional post-traumatic cognitions . Patient characteristics such as comorbidity , type of trauma , history of previous trauma , or time since the traumatic event did not predict treatment response , however , low educational attainment and low socioeconomic status were related to better outcome The authors compared the effectiveness of the Seeking Safety group , cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , to an active comparison health education group ( Women 's Health Education [ WHE ] ) within the National Institute on Drug Abuse 's Clinical Trials Network . The authors r and omized 353 women to receive 12 sessions of  Seeking Safety  ( M = 6.2 sessions ) or WHE ( M = 6.0 sessions ) with follow-up assessment 1 week and 3 , 6 , and 12 months posttreatment . Primary outcomes were the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale ( CAPS ) , the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report ( PSS-SR ) , and a substance use inventory ( self-reported abstinence and percentage of days of use over 7 days ) . Intention-to-treat analysis showed large , clinical ly significant reductions in CAPS and PSS-SR symptoms ( d = 1.94 and 1.12 , respectively ) but no reliable difference between conditions . Substance use outcomes were not significantly different over time between the two treatments and at follow-up showed no significant change from baseline . Study results do not favor Seeking Safety over WHE as an adjunct to substance use disorder treatment for women with PTSD and reflect considerable opportunity to improve clinical outcomes in community-based treatments for these co-occurring conditions Ninety-six female assault victims with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) were r and omly assigned to 4 treatment conditions : prolonged exposure ( PE ) , stress inoculation training ( SIT ) , combined treatment ( PE-SIT ) , or wait-list control ( WL ) . Treatment consisted of 9 twice- 
    Output:
    
Several psychological treatments are effective for adults with PTSD .