***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a recent clinical trial of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices , oral rinsing habits were found to influence  dental caries . Thus an oral fluoride clearance study has been undertaken which was design ed to test a possible mechanism for the observed effects . Eight subjects brushed with one of the trial dentifrices and then rinsed using 1 of 8 procedures of varying thoroughness . The salivary fluoride concentration measured 5 min after dentifrice application decreased significantly with increasing rinse volume , rinse duration , and rinse frequency ( p less than 0.01 , analysis of variance ) . The area under the clearance curve determined over a further 3 h was significantly higher ( 300 % ; p less than 0.01 ) following use of the least thorough rinsing procedure ( 5 ml x 2 s once ) as compared with the corresponding area under the clearance curve following the most thorough procedure ( 20 ml x 10 s twice ) . These findings indicate that rinsing habits may play an important role in the oral retention of fluoride from dentifrices which may , in turn , affect their clinical efficacy The aim of the study was to determine whether rinsing with a mouthwash after brushing with a fluori date d toothpaste affected oral fluoride ( F ) retention and clearance compared with an oral hygiene regime without mouthwash . In this supervised , single-blind study , 3 regimes were compared : ( A ) brushing for 1 min with 1 g of 1,450 μg F/g NaF toothpaste followed by rinsing for 5 s with 10 ml water ; ( B ) as A but followed by rinsing for 30 s with 20 ml of 100 mg F/l NaF mouthwash , and ( C ) as B but rinsing for 30 s with a non-fluori date d mouthwash .  Twenty-three adults applied each treatment once in a r and omised order , separated by 1-week washout periods , and used a non-fluori date d toothpaste at home prior to and during the study . Whole saliva sample s ( 2 ml ) , collected before each treatment commenced and 10 , 20 , 30 , 60 , 90 and 120 min afterwards , were subsequently analysed for fluoride by ion-specific electrode . The mean ( SD ) back-transformed log ( area under salivary F clearance curve ) values were : A = 2.36 ( + 3.37 , –1.39 ) , B = 2.54 ( + 2.72 , –1.31 ) and C = 1.19 ( + 1.10 , –0.57 ) mmol F/l × min , respectively . The values for regimes A and B were statistically significantly greater than that for regime C ( p < 0.001 ; paired t test ) . These findings suggest that use of a non-F mouthwash after toothbrushing with a F toothpaste may reduce the anticaries protection provided by toothbrushing with a F toothpaste alone . The use of a mouthwash with at least 100 mg F/l should minimise this risk The preventive effect of a modified fluoride ( F ) toothpaste technique was investigated . Both the incidence and progression of approximal caries among Saudi adults with a high caries prevalence were evaluated after 2 years . A total of 175 adults were r and omly assigned to a test group and a control group and 106 completed the study . In the test group ( n = 54 ) , the patients were asked to use the provided F toothpaste twice a day . They were instructed to use the " modified F toothpaste technique " as follows : ( 1 ) to use 2 cm of the toothpaste , ( 2 ) to brush for 2 min , ( 3 ) to swish the toothpaste slurry around the dentition with active movements of the cheeks , lips and tongue , forcing the slurry into the approximal area for about half a minute , before spitting it out , and ( 4 ) no post-brushing rinsing and no eating/drinking for 2 hr . The patients in the control group ( n = 52 ) were instructed to continue using their regular F toothpaste twice a day without any further instructions . Approximal caries and filled surfaces were scored on bitewing radiographs at baseline and after 2 years . The mean ( SD ) total caries incidence for the test and control group was 1.15 ( 1.49 ) and 3.37 ( 2.57 ) respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . In general , the control group displayed a higher progression rate than the test group with regard to enamel lesions to dentine ( NS ) , enamel lesions to filled surfaces ( p < 0.05 ) and filled surfaces that had recurrent caries ( NS ) . To conclude , the " modified fluoride toothpaste technique " , as practised over the 2 years in a Saudi population with a high caries prevalence , had a caries preventive effect on the incidence of approximal caries , but not on the progression This study compared the ability of two sodium fluoride dentifrices , one containing 5,000 ppm fluoride ( Prevident 5000 Plus ) and the other 1,100 ppm fluoride ( Winterfresh Gel ) , to reverse primary root caries lesions ( PRCLs ) . A total of 201 subjects with at least one PRCL each entered the study and were r and omly allocated to use one of the dentifrices . After 6 months , 186 subjects were included in statistical analyses . At baseline and after 3 and 6 months , the lesions were clinical ly assessed and their electrical resistance measured using an electrical caries monitor . After 3 months , 39 ( 38.2 % ) of the 102 subjects in the 5,000 ppm F– group and 9 ( 10.7 % ) of 84 subjects using the 1,100 ppm F– dentifrice , had one or more PRCLs which had hardened ( p = 0.005 ) . Between baseline and 3 months , the log10 mean ± SD resistance values of lesions for subjects in the 1,100 ppm F– group had decreased by 0.06±0.55 , whereas those in the 5,000 ppm F– group had increased by 0.40±0.64 ( p<0.001 ) . After 6 months , 58 ( 56.9 % ) of the subjects in the 5,000 ppm F– group and 24 ( 28.6 % ) in the 1,100 ppm F– group had one or more PRCLs that had become hard ( p = 0.002 ) . Between baseline and 6 months , the log10 mean ± SD resistance values of lesions for subjects in the 1,100 ppm F– group decreased by 0.004±0.70 , whereas in the 5,000 ppm F– group , they increased by 0.56±0.76 ( p<0.001 ) . After 3 and 6 months , the distance from the apical border of the root caries lesions to the gingival margin increased significantly in the 5,000 ppm F– group when compared with the 1,100 ppm F– group . The plaque index in the 5,000 ppm F– group was also significantly reduced when compared with the 1,100 ppm F– group . The colour of the lesions remained unchanged . It was concluded that the dentifrice containing 5,000 ppm F– was significantly better at remineralising PRCLs than the one containing 1,100 ppm It is now well-accepted that the primary anti-caries activity of fluoride ( F ) is via topical action . The retention of F in the mouth after topical fluoride treatment is considered to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of F. The purpose of this study was to evaluate F levels in ductal saliva , whole saliva , and pooled plaque after treatment with topical F agents intended for home use . Ten consenting adults , mean ( SD ) age 31.0 ( 8.2 ) years , participated in all aspects of the study . Two days before each test , subjects received a professional tooth cleaning and subsequently abstained from all oral hygiene procedures to permit plaque to accumulate , and from the use of F-containing dental products . Treatments consisted of a placebo dentifrice ( PD ) , fluoride dentifrice ( FD ; 0.24 % NaF ) , fluoride rinse ( FR ; 0.05 % NaF ) , and fluoride gel ( FG ; 1.1 % NaF ) . Unstimulated whole saliva and pooled plaque were sample d at multiple points over a 24-hour period . In a separate experimental series , stimulated parotid saliva was sample d over a two-hour period after treatment . Fluoride levels generally followed the same pattern in whole saliva and pooled plaque sample s , with FG > FR > FD > PD . Night-time F application result ed in prolonged F retention in whole saliva but not in plaque . Fluoride levels in parotid saliva were only slightly higher after F treatment and returned to baseline levels within two h. The results of this study indicate that the method of F delivery , the F concentration of the agent , and the time of application ( daytime vs. night-time ) are important factors influencing F levels in the mouth . The recycling of F in ductal saliva as a consequence of the inadvertent ingestion of home-use fluoride products does not appear to make a clinical ly significant contribution to F levels in the mouth Recent evidence has suggested that the cariostatic effects of topical fluoride ( F ) are related to the presence of low concentrations of ionic F in the oral environment . The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of F in the oral environment over 24-hour periods after the use of a F dentifrice or a F rinse . Groups of ten consenting adult subjects ( age 18 - 52 years ) brushed and /or rinsed ( B/R ) in a st and ardized manner twice per day in the morning ( AM ) and before bed ( PM ) with either a placebo dentifrice ( 8 ppm F ) , NaF dentifrice ( 1100 ppm F ) , or NaF rinse ( 225 ppm F ) . Experiments were performed with placebo dentifrice only ( PD ) ; F dentifrice only ( FD ) ; F dentifizce followed by F rinse ( FD/FR ) ; placebo dentifrice followed by F rinse ( PD/FR ) ; and F rinse followed by placebo dentifrice ( FR/PD ) . Unstimulated whole saliva sample s were collected at baseline and then at 0 , 15 , 30 , and 45 min , 1 , 2 , and 8 hr after B/R in the AM , after B/R in the PM and upon rising the following morning . Salivary flow rate and F were determined for each sampling interval . The results of this study suggest that : ( 1 ) F rinse may be a more effective way of delivering topical F than F dentifrice ; ( 2 ) based on F retention , the combination of FD/FR was not more effective than FR only ( PD/FR ) ; ( 3 ) older individuals with gingival recession retained higher F levels ; and ( 4 ) bedtime F application result ed in longer F retention than did daytime application , which may have important implication s for enamel remineralization A total of 26 healthy volunteers participated in this r and omized 4-leg crossover study design ed to measure fluoride ( F ) retention in interdental plaque and saliva . Two NaF dentifrices ( 5,000 and 1,450 ppm F ) were used , with and without postbrushing water rinsing . The 4 tooth brushing methods were carried out twice a day during 2 weeks . Interdental plaque was collected from all proximal sites after each method , using dental floss . Immediately after the plaque sampling , the subjects were asked to brush their teeth with the same toothpaste and use the postbrushing water rinsing procedure as previously . Proximal saliva was collected from 4 interdental sites , using small paper points , before and up to 60 min after the brushing . The present study showed that the 5,000 ppm F toothpaste without postbrushing water rinsing result ed in the highest F concentration in both plaque and saliva and the 1,450 ppm F toothpaste with water rinsing in the lowest . The difference in the area under the curve of saliva F concentration versus time between the 2 methods was 4.2 times ( p < 0.001 ) . The corresponding difference in F concentration per unit weight of plaque ( n = 16 ) was 2.75 times ( p < 0.05 ) . Water rinsing immediately after tooth brushing with 5,000 ppm reduced the F concentration in saliva by 2.4 times ( p < 0.001 ) . The difference in F values in saliva between 5,000/rinsing and 1,450/no rinsing was minor and not significant . The increase of F in both proximal saliva and plaque , using a dentifrice with 5,000 ppm F without postbrushing water rinsing , may be of clinical importance OBJECTIVES To develop a st and ardized method for measuring the variables affecting fluoride ingestion from toothpaste in young children between the ages of 1.5 and 3.5 years , and to use the method at seven European sites . METHODS R and om sample s of children were invited to take part in the study . Parents who gave consent were visited at home . The children brushed their teeth using the toothpaste br and and toothbrush type currently in use . The difference between the fluoride dispensed onto the toothbrush and the fluoride recovered after accounting for losses was deemed to be the fluoride ingested . Details of other oral health-care habits were collected by question naire . For each child , the fluoride concentration of the toothpaste used was measured in the laboratory , from which an estimate of total daily fluoride ingestion was made . R 
    Output:
    
Fluoride mouthrinses have simpler formulations and can have better oral fluoride retention profiles than fluoride toothpastes , depending on post-brushing rinsing behaviors .