***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Controlled trials that use r and omized allocation are the best tool to control for bias and confounding in trials testing clinical interventions . Investigators must be sure to include information that is required by the reader to judge the validity and implication s of the findings in the reports of these trials . In part , complete reporting of trials will allow clinicians to modify their clinical practice to reflect current evidence toward the improvement of clinical outcomes . The consoli date d st and ards of reporting trials ( CONSORT ) statement was developed to assist investigators , authors , review ers , and editors on the necessary information to be included in reports of controlled clinical trials . The CONSORT statement is applicable to any intervention , including herbal medicinal products . Controlled trials of herbal interventions do not adequately report the information suggested in CONSORT . Recently , reporting recommendations were developed in which several CONSORT items were elaborated to become relevant and complete for r and omized controlled trials of herbal medicines . We expect that these recommendations will lead to more complete and accurate reporting of herbal trials . We wrote this explanatory document to outline the rationale for each recommendation and to assist authors in using them by providing the CONSORT items and the associated elaboration , together with examples of good reporting and empirical evidence , where available , for each . These recommendations for the reporting of herbal medicinal products presented here are open to revision as more evidence accumulates and critical comments are collected BACKGROUND Clear , transparent , and sufficiently detailed abstract s of conferences and journal articles related to r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) are important , because readers often base their assessment of a trial solely on information in the abstract . Here , we extend the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) Statement to develop a minimum list of essential items , which authors should consider when reporting the results of a RCT in any journal or conference abstract . METHODS AND FINDINGS We generated a list of items from existing quality assessment tools and empirical evidence . A three-round , modified-Delphi process was used to select items . In all , 109 participants were invited to participate in an electronic survey ; the response rate was 61 % . Survey results were presented at a meeting of the CONSORT Group in Montebello , Canada , January 2007 , involving 26 participants , including clinical trialists , statisticians , epidemiologists , and biomedical editors . Checklist items were discussed for eligibility into the final checklist . The checklist was then revised to ensure that it reflected discussion s held during and subsequent to the meeting . CONSORT for Abstract s recommends that abstract s relating to RCTs have a structured format . Items should include details of trial objectives ; trial design ( e.g. , method of allocation , blinding/masking ) ; trial participants ( i.e. , description , numbers r and omized , and number analyzed ) ; interventions intended for each r and omized group and their impact on primary efficacy outcomes and harms ; trial conclusions ; trial registration name and number ; and source of funding . We recommend the checklist be used in conjunction with this explanatory document , which includes examples of good reporting , rationale , and evidence , when available , for the inclusion of each item . CONCLUSIONS CONSORT for Abstract s aims to improve reporting of abstract s of RCTs published in journal articles and conference proceedings . It will help authors of abstract s of these trials provide the detail and clarity needed by readers wishing to assess a trial 's validity and the applicability of its results Meta-analytic investigations sometimes use assessment s of research quality according to a formal protocol as a tool for improving research synthesis . We asked whether a particular  quality scoring system could have a direct use in adjusting the summary estimates of a treatment difference . In an empirical study of the relation of quality scores to treatment differences in published meta-analyses of 7 groups of controlled r and omized clinical trials comprising 107 primary studies , we found no relation between treatment difference and overall quality score . We also found no relation between quality score and variation in treatment difference . The level of quality scores has increased at a rate of 9 % per decade for three decades , averaging 0.51 on a scale of 0 to 1 for the 1980s , and leaving much room for improvement . Nevertheless , attention to quality of studies by editors , review ers , and authors may be raising both the level of research done and quality of the reports Abstract Medical treatment is usually accompanied by a warning about potential side effects . While constituting an important component of informed consent , these warnings may themselves contribute to side effects via the placebo effect . We tested this possibility using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design . Under the guise of a trial of a new hypnotic , 91 undergraduates experiencing difficulty sleeping were allocated to receive a warning about a target side effect ( either increase or decrease in appetite , counterbalanced ) or no warning and then to receive placebo treatment or no treatment for one week . Placebo treatment led to significantly better sleep on almost all self-reported outcomes , suggesting a placebo effect for reported sleep difficulty . Actigraphy recordings were unaffected by treatment . There was a clear effect of the warning in that placebo treated participants who were warned about side effects were much more likely to report the target side effect than those not warned about side effects . Implication s for clinical practice are discussed CONTEXT Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) and hypnotic medications are efficacious for short-term treatment of insomnia , but few patients achieve complete remission with any single treatment . It is unclear whether combined or maintenance therapies would enhance outcome . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the added value of medication over CBT alone for acute treatment of insomnia and the effects of maintenance therapies on long-term outcome . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PATIENTS Prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial involving 2-stage therapy for 160 adults with persistent insomnia treated at a university hospital sleep center in Canada between January 2002 and April 2005 . INTERVENTIONS Participants received CBT alone or CBT plus 10 mg/d ( taken at bedtime ) of zolpidem for an initial 6-week therapy , followed by extended 6-month therapy . Patients initially treated with CBT attended monthly maintenance CBT for 6 months or received no additional treatment and those initially treated with combined therapy ( CBT plus 10 mg/d of zolpidem ) continued with CBT plus intermittent use of zolpidem or CBT only . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sleep onset latency , time awake after sleep onset , total sleep time , and sleep efficiency derived from daily diaries ( primary outcomes ) ; treatment response and remission rates derived from the Insomnia Severity Index ( secondary outcomes ) . RESULTS Cognitive behavioral therapy used singly or in combination with zolpidem produced significant improvements in sleep latency , time awake after sleep onset , and sleep efficiency during initial therapy ( all P<.001 ) ; a larger increase of sleep time was obtained with the combined approach ( P = .04 ) . Both CBT alone and CBT plus zolpidem produced similar rates of treatment responders ( 60 % [ 45/75 ] vs 61 % [ 45/74 ] , respectively ; P = .84 ) and treatment remissions ( 39 % [ 29/75 ] vs 44 % [ 33/74 ] , respectively ; P = .52 ) with the 6-week acute treatment , but combined therapy produced a higher remission rate compared with CBT alone during the 6-month extended therapy phase and the 6-month follow-up period ( 56 % [ 43/74 and 32/59 ] vs 43 % [ 34/75 and 28/68 ] ; P = .05 ) . The best long-term outcome was obtained with patients treated with combined therapy initially , followed by CBT alone , as evidence d by higher remission rates at the 6-month follow-up compared with patients who continued to take zolpidem during extended therapy ( 68 % [ 20/30 ] vs 42 % [ 12/29 ] ; P = .04 ) . CONCLUSION In patients with persistent insomnia , the addition of medication to CBT produced added benefits during acute therapy , but long-term outcome was optimized when medication is discontinued during maintenance CBT . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00042146 Background . The increased practice of traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) worldwide has raised concerns regarding herb-drug interactions . The purpose of our study is to analyze the concurrent use of Chinese herbal products ( CHPs ) among Taiwanese insomnia patients taking hypnotic drugs .  Methods . The usage , frequency of services , and CHP prescribed among 53,949 insomnia sufferers were evaluated from a r and om sample of 1 million beneficiaries in the National Health Insurance Research Data base . A logistic regression method was used to identify the factors that were associated with the coprescription of a CHP and a hypnotic drug . Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to calculate the hazard ratios ( HRs ) of hip fracture between the two groups . Results . More than 1 of every 3 hypnotic users also used a CHP concurrently . Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San ( Augmented Rambling Powder ) and Suan-Zao-Ren-Tang ( Zizyphus Combination ) were the 2 most commonly used CHPs that were coadministered with hypnotic drugs . The HR of hip fracture for hypnotic-drug users who used a CHP concurrently was 0.57-fold ( 95 % CI = 0.47–0.69 ) that of hypnotic-drug users who did not use a CHP . Conclusion . Exploring potential CHP-drug interactions and integrating both healthcare approaches might be beneficial for the overall health and quality of life of insomnia sufferers PURPOSE Drug utilization studies are important for the optimization of drug therapy and have received a great attention in recent years . Most of the information on drug use patterns has been derived from studies in modern Western medicines ; however , studies regarding the drug utilization of traditional Chinese medicine ( CM ) are few . The present study was the first clinical research to evaluate the drug utilization patterns of Chinese herbal medicines in a general hospital in Taiwan . METHODS Data were collected prospect ively from the patients attending the Traditional Medicine Center of Taipei Veteran General Hospital under CM drug treatments .  The study was carried out over a period of 1 year , from January 2002 to December 2002 . Core drug use indicators , such as the average number of drugs per prescriptions , the dosing frequency of prescriptions , and the most common prescribed CM herbs and formulae were evaluated . The primary diagnosis and the CM drugs prescribed for were also revealed . All data were analyzed by descriptive statistics . RESULTS A total of 10 737 patients , representing 52 255 CM drugs , were screened during the study period . Regarding the prescriptions , the average number of drugs per prescription was 4.87 and 37.21 % of prescriptions were composed by five drugs . Most of prescriptions ( 91.38 % ) were prescribed for three times a day . The most often prescribed Chinese herb was Hong-Hwa ( 5.76 % ) and the most common Chinese herbal formula was Jia-Wey-Shiau-Yau-San ( 3.80 % ) . The most frequent main diagnosis was insomnia ( 15.58 % ) , followed by menopause ( 5.22 % ) and constipation ( 5.09 % ) . CONCLUSION The survey revealed the drug use pattern of CMs in a general hospital . The majority of CM prescriptions were composed by 3 - 6 drugs and often prescribed for three times a day . Generally , the rational drug uses of CM drugs were provided with respect to the various diagnoses OBJECTIVE To subjectively and objective ly assess the effect of Jiawei Xiaoyao Powder ( JXYP ) on sleep in patients with psychological stress insomnia . METHHODS : A r and omized controlled study was conducted in 33 patients with psychological stress insomnia . They were assigned to 4 groups , 4 in the TCM group treated with JXYP , 5 in the Western medicine ( WM ) group treated with Estazolam , 9 in the integrated medicine ( IM ) group treated with JXYP plus Estazolam , and 10 in the control group treated with placebo .  Quality of sleep in patients was assessed subjectively and objective ly before treatment and 6 weeks after treatment by Pittsburgh sleep quality index ( PSQI ) , self-rating scale of sleep ( SRSS ) and polysomnography ( PSG ) , respectively . RESULTS Subjective assessment on sleep showed that after 6-week treatment , the scores of PSQI and SRSS remarkably reduced in the TCM , IM and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) , while the decrease was insignificant in the WM group ( P > 0.05 ) , but no significant difference between groups was shown . The objective assessment by PSG showed that no significant change was found after treatment in parameters of total sleep time ( TST ) , sleep time of phase 1 and 2 , slow wave phase , rapid-eye-movement ( REM ) phase , sleep latency , REM sleep latency , also in long waking and short waking times in all group ( P > 0.05 ) , but a significant increase of sleep efficacy ( P < 0.05 ) and an increasing trend of TST ( P > 0.05 ) were shown in the IM group , and an increasing trend of both in the TCM group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION JXYP , combined with or without Estazolam , can improve the quality of sleep subjectively , and the combination of the two could enhance the efficacy of sleep in patients with psychological stress insomnia ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wuling Capsule is a single herbal formula from mycelia of precious Xylaria nigripes ( Kl . ) Sacc and its pharmacological function have a tranquilizing effect on the central nervous system . The aim of the study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Wuling capsule in treatment of insomnia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We performed a multicenter , r and omized 
    Output:
    
Overall , oral CHM used as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to conventional therapies appears safe , and it may improve subjective sleep  in people with insomnia .
However , the typical effect of CHM for insomnia can not be determined due to heterogeneity .