***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The present study examined the impact of a brief version of an acceptance-based treatment ( acceptance and commitment therapy ; ACT ) that teaches patients to accept unavoidable private events ; to identify and focus on actions directed toward valued goals ; and to defuse from odd cognition , just noticing thoughts rather than treating them as either true or false . Eighty inpatient participants with positive psychotic symptoms were r and omly assigned to treatment as usual ( TAU ) or to 4 sessions of ACT plus TAU . ACT participants showed significantly higher symptom reporting and lower symptom believability and a rate of rehospitalization half that of TAU participants over a 4-month follow-up period . The same basic pattern of results was seen with all participant subgroups except delusional participants who denied symptoms Existing strategies for coping with food cravings are of unknown efficacy and rely on principles that have been shown to have paradoxical effects . The present study evaluated novel , acceptance-based strategies for coping with craving by r and omly assigning 48 overweight women to either an experimental psychological acceptance-oriented intervention or a st and ard cognitive re appraisal /distraction intervention . Participants were required to carry a box of sweets on their person for 72 h while abstaining from any consumption of sweets . Results suggested that the acceptance-based coping strategies result ed in lower cravings and reduced consumption , particularly for those who demonstrate greater susceptibility to the presence of food and report a tendency to engage in emotional eating OBJECTIVE R and omized comparisons of acceptance-based treatments with traditional cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for anxiety disorders are lacking . To address this gap , we compared acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ) to CBT for heterogeneous anxiety disorders . METHOD One hundred twenty-eight individuals ( 52 % female , mean age = 38 , 33 % minority ) with 1 or more DSM-IV anxiety disorders began treatment following r and omization to CBT or ACT ; both treatments included behavioral exposure . Assessment s at pre-treatment , post-treatment , and 6- and 12-month follow-up measured anxiety-specific ( principal disorder Clinical Severity Ratings [ CSRs ] , Anxiety Sensitivity Index , Penn State Worry Question naire , Fear Question naire avoidance ) and non-anxiety-specific ( Quality of Life Index [ QOLI ] , Acceptance and Action Question naire-16 [ AAQ ] ) outcomes . Treatment adherence , therapist competency ratings , treatment credibility , and co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders were investigated . RESULTS CBT and ACT improved similarly across all outcomes from pre- to post-treatment . During follow-up , ACT showed steeper linear CSR improvements than CBT ( p < .05 , d = 1.26 ) , and at 12-month follow-up , ACT showed lower CSRs than CBT among completers ( p < .05 , d = 1.10 ) . At 12-month follow-up , ACT reported higher AAQ than CBT ( p = .08 , d = 0.42 ; completers : p < .05 , d = 0.56 ) , whereas CBT reported higher QOLI than ACT ( p < .05 , d = 0.42 ) . Attrition and comorbidity improvements were similar ; ACT used more non- study psychotherapy at 6-month follow-up . Therapist adherence and competency were good ; treatment credibility was higher in CBT . CONCLUSIONS Overall improvement was similar between ACT and CBT , indicating that ACT is a highly viable treatment for anxiety disorders Objective To determine whether acceptance-based behavioral treatment ( ABT ) would result in greater weight loss than st and ard behavioral treatment ( SBT ) , and whether treatment effects were moderated by interventionist expertise or participants ’ susceptibility to eating cues . Recent research suggests that poor long-term weight control outcomes are due to lapses in adherence to weight control behaviors , and that adherence might be improved by enhancing SBT with acceptance-based behavioral strategies . Design and Methods Overweight participants ( n = 128 ) were r and omly assigned to 40 weeks of SBT or ABT . Results Both groups produced significant weight loss and , when administered by experts , weight loss was significantly higher in ABT than SBT at post-treatment ( 13.17 % v. 7.54 % ) and 6-month follow-up ( 10.98 % v. 4.83 % ) . Moreover , 64 % of those receiving ABT from experts ( v. 46 % for SBT ) maintained at least a 10 % weight loss by follow-up . Moderation analyses revealed a powerful advantage , at follow-up , of ABT over SBT in those potentially more susceptible to eating cues . For participants with greater baseline depression symptomology , weight loss at follow-up was 11.18 % in ABT vs. 4.63 % in SBT ; other comparisons were 10.51 % vs. 6.00 % ( emotional eating ) , 8.29 % v. 6.35 % ( disinhibition ) and 9.70 % v. 4.46 % ( responsivity to food cues ) . Mediation analyses produced partial support for theorized food-related psychological acceptance as a mechanism of action . Conclusions Results offer strong support for the incorporation of acceptance-based skills into behavioral weight loss treatments , particularly among those with greater levels of depression , responsivity to the food environment , disinhibition and emotional eating , and especially when interventions are provided by weight control experts . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov identifier : Ninety volunteers in a media organization were r and omly allocated to an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT , n = 30 ) group that sought to enhance  people 's  ability to cope with work-related strain , an Innovation Promotion Program ( IPP , n = 30 )  that helped individuals to identify and then innovatively change causes of occupational strain , or a waitlist control group ( n = 30 )  . Both interventions lasted 9 hr , spread over 3 months . Improvements in mental health and work-related variables were found following both interventions . As hypothesized , changes in outcome variables in the ACT condition were mediated only by the acceptance of undesirable thoughts and feelings . In the IPP condition , outcome change was mediated only by attempts to modify stressors . Discussion focused on the importance of underst and ing the mechanisms underpinning change in occupational stress management interventions Patients in a low-income community health center with Type 2 diabetes ( N = 81 ) taking a one-day education workshop  as part of their diabetes medical management were r and omly assigned either to education alone or to a combination of education and acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ) . Both groups were taught how to manage their diabetes , but those in the ACT condition also learned to apply acceptance and mindfulness skills to difficult diabetes-related thoughts and feelings . Compared with patients who received education alone , after 3 months those in the ACT condition were more likely to use these coping strategies , to report better diabetes self-care , and to have glycated hemoglobin ( HbA-sub(1C ) ) values in the target range . Mediational analyses indicated that changes in acceptance coping and self-management behavior mediated the impact of treatment on changes in HbA-sub(1C ) Cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) has been demonstrated in a number of r and omized controlled trials to be efficacious as an adjunctive treatment for psychotic disorders .  Emerging evidence suggests the usefulness of CBT interventions that incorporate acceptance/mindfulness-based approaches for this population . The current study extended previous research by Bach and Hayes ( 2002 . The use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients : A r and omized controlled trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 , 1129 - 1139 ) using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT ) in the treatment of psychosis . Psychiatric in patients with psychotic symptoms were r and omly assigned to enhanced treatment as usual ( ETAU ) or ETAU plus individual sessions of ACT . At discharge from the hospital , results suggested short-term advantages in the ACT group in affective symptoms , overall improvement , social impairment , and distress associated with hallucinations . In addition , more participants in the ACT condition reached clinical ly significant symptom improvement at discharge . Although 4-month rehospitalization rates were lower in the ACT group , these differences did not reach statistical significance . Decreases in the believability of hallucinations during treatment were observed only in the ACT condition , and change in believability was strongly associated with change in distress after controlling for change in the frequency of hallucinations . Results are interpreted as largely consistent with the findings of Bach and Hayes and warrant further investigations with larger sample In this comparative intervention study , 107 working individuals with above average levels of distress  were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions : acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ; n = 37 ) ; stress inoculation training ( SIT ; n = 37 ) ; or a waitlist control group ( n = 33 ) . The interventions were delivered to small groups in the workplace via two half-day training sessions . ACT and SIT were found to be equally effective in reducing psychological distress across a three month assessment period . Mediation analysis indicated that the beneficial impact of ACT on mental health result ed from an increase in psychological flexibility rather than from a change in dysfunctional cognitive content . Contrary to hypothesis , a reduction in dysfunctional cognitions did not mediate change in the SIT condition . Results suggest that the worksite may offer a useful , yet underutilised , arena for testing cognitive-behavioural theories of change Borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) and deliberate self-harm are clinical ly important conditions for which additional economically and clinical ly feasible interventions are needed . Literature on both the emotion regulating and experientially avoidant function of self-harm and the role of emotional dysfunction in BPD provided the rationale for developing a group intervention targeting emotion dysregulation among self-harming women with BPD . This study provides preliminary data on the efficacy of this new , 14-week , emotion regulation group intervention , design ed to teach self-harming women with BPD more adaptive ways of responding to their emotions so as to reduce the frequency of their self-harm behavior . Participants were matched on level of emotion dysregulation and lifetime frequency of self-harm and r and omly assigned to receive this group in addition to their current outpatient therapy  ( N = 12 ) , or to continue with their current outpatient therapy alone for 14 weeks ( N = 10 ) . Results indicate that the group intervention had positive effects on self-harm , emotion dysregulation , experiential avoidance , and BPD-specific symptoms , as well as symptoms of depression , anxiety , and stress . Participants in the group treatment condition evidence d significant changes over time on all measures , and reached normative levels of functioning on most . While these preliminary results are promising , the study 's limitations require their replication in a larger-scale r and omized controlled trial OBJECTIVE To examine whether an empirically and theoretically derived treatment combining mindfulness- and acceptance-based strategies with behavioral approaches would improve outcomes in  generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) over an empirically supported treatment . METHOD This trial r and omized 81 individuals ( 65.4 % female , 80.2 % identified as White , average age 32.92 ) diagnosed with GAD to receive 16 sessions of either an acceptance-based behavior therapy ( ABBT ) or applied relaxation ( AR ) . Assessment s at pretreatment , posttreatment , and 6-month follow-up included the following primary outcome measures : GAD clinician severity rating , Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale , Penn State Worry Question naire , Depression Anxiety Stress Scale , and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory . Secondary outcomes included the Beck Depression Inventory-II , Quality of Life Inventory , and number of comorbid diagnoses . RESULTS Mixed effect regression models showed significant , large effects for time for all primary outcome measures ( ds = 1.27 to 1.61 ) but nonsignificant , small effects for condition and Condition × Time ( ds = 0.002 to 0.20 ) , indicating that clients in the 2 treatments improved comparably over treatment . For secondary outcomes , time was significant ( ds = 0.74 to 1.38 ) , but condition and Condition × Time effects were not ( ds = 0.004 to 0.31 ) . No significant differences emerged over follow-up ( ds = 0.03 to 0.39 ) , indicating maintenance of gains . Between 63.3 and 80.0 % of clients in ABBT and 60.6 and 78.8 % of clients in AR experienced clinical ly significant change across 5 calculations of change at posttreatment and follow-up . CONCLUSION ABBT is a viable alternative for treating GAD . ( PsycINFO Data base Record ( c ) 2013 APA , all rights reserved ) OBJECTIVE Web-based smoking cessation interventions have high reach , but low effectiveness . To address this problem , we conducted a pilot r and omized controlled trial of the first web-based acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ) intervention for smoking cessation . The aims were to determine design feasibility , user receptivity , effect on 30-day point prevalence quit rate at 3 months post-r and omization , and mediation by ACT theory-based processes of acceptance . METHODS Adult participants were recruited nationally into the double-blind r and omized controlled pilot trial ( N = 222 ) , which compared web-based ACT for smoking cessation ( WebQuit.org ) with the National Cancer Institute 
    Output:
    
An evidence -base evaluation showed that ACT is not yet well-established for any disorder .
It is probably efficacious for chronic pain and tinnitus , possibly efficacious for depression , psychotic symptoms , OCD , mixed anxiety , drug abuse , and stress at work , and experimental for the remaining disorders