***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Brief cognitive tests are widely used for dementia screening , but are usually influenced by education . The present work aim ed to determine education-adjusted cut-off scores and correspondent sensitivity ( S ) and specificity ( Sp ) values of the  category fluency ( CF ) test  ( animals/min ) as a screening tool for Alzheimer disease ( AD ) . Eighty-eight patients with mild AD and 117 normal matched controls were evaluated . Patients and controls were divided into 4 groups according to educational level ( illiterates , 1 to 3 , 4 to 7 , and ≥8 y ) and were administered the CF test . In each group , cut-off values were determined using Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis . The areas under Receiver Operator Characteristic curves were 0.922/0.914/0.963/0.954 , for the identification of AD among the groups of illiterates , 1 to 3 , 4 to 7 , and ≥8 years of education , respectively . The cut-off points for each group were 9 ( S=90.5 % and Sp=80.6 % ) for illiterates ; 12 ( S=95.2%% and Sp=80.0 % ) for 1 to 3 years ; 12 ( S=91.3 % and Sp=91.9 % ) for 4 to 7 years , and 13 for those with ≥8 years ( S=82.6 % and Sp=100.0 % ) . These results suggest that the CF may be a useful screening test for mild AD in different educational levels , with the need of using specific cut-off scores adjusted for each range of schooling OBJECTIVES To assess the usefulness , relative ease of administration , and patient acceptance of the clock drawing test as well as the time and change test for detecting dementia in Chinese elderly adults . DESIGN Prospect i ve case-controlled study . SETTING Memory clinic and geriatric clinic of a district hospital , Hong Kong . PARTICIPANTS A convenient sample of 85 subjects aged 65 years or older attending the two clinics during the period from September 2002 to June 2003 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The  clock drawing test scored according to Lam 's method ; the time and change test with modification to the making change task ;  and the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination .  RESULTS Demented subjects were matched with non-demented ones with respect to age , sex , educational level , and co-morbidity status . The clock drawing test had a comparable sensitivity ( 89.4 % ) but a lower specificity ( 47.1 % ) when compared with that of the Chinese version of the  Mini-Mental State Examination  ( 96.0 and 76.5 % , respectively ) . In contrast , the time and change test had a lower sensitivity ( 62.7 % ) but higher specificity ( 94.1 % ) . Both tests took significantly less time to complete than the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination . All except four subjects completed the clock drawing test while all subjects accepted the time and change test well . CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination is still the best among the three tests despite the longer time to completion . The clock drawing test may be a good alternative to the Mini-Mental State Examination as an effective screening test for dementia when time does not permit . The time and change test , although time-saving , is not suitable to be used alone because of its low sensitivity OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of clock drawing for detecting dementia in a multicultural , non-English-speaking- background population . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING A general geriatric medical outpatient clinic in southwest Sydney , Australia . PARTICIPANTS Ninety-three consecutive new patients to the clinic who had a non-English-speaking- background country of birth ( mean age 78.0 years ) . MEASUREMENTS The clock drawing test was conducted at the beginning of each clinic visit by a blinded investigator . Each patient was then assessed by a geriatrician who collected demographic data , administered the Modified Barthel Index , the Geriatric Depression Scale , and the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination , and categorized each patient as normal or demented , according to DSM-IV criteria . Interpreters were used for participants who spoke a language other than English or who requested them . Each clock drawing was scored according to the 4-point CERAD scale and the previously published methods of Mendez , Shulman , Sunderl and , Watson , and Wolf-Klein . Scoring was evaluated for reliability and predictive accuracy , using receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curve analysis . Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the potential interaction between level of education and each of the clock scoring methods . RESULTS Using ROC curve analysis , there was no significant difference between the clock scoring methods ( area under the curve varied from 0.60 to 0.72 ) . The most sensitive was the Mendez scoring method ( 98 % ) , with a specificity of 16 % . Specificity above 50 % was found only for the Wolf-Klein method , with an intermediate sensitivity of 78 % . CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in the clock scoring methods used to detect dementia . Performance of the clock drawing test was modest at best with low levels of specificity across all methods . Scored according to these methods , clock drawing was not a useful predictor of dementia in our multicultural population Objectives : To estimate the prevalence of two types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)—amnestic and multiple domain types — among nondemented and nondepressed elderly subjects aged 50 and older . Methods : The study was carried out in Kolkata , the eastern metropolis of India . A cross-sectional community screening was carried out , and 960 subjects were selected by systematic r and om sampling  for the assessment of cognitive function with the help of a vali date d cognitive question naire battery administered through house-to-house survey . A case-control study was also undertaken to identify potential risk factors through univariate analysis . Results : Ultimately , full evaluation of cognitive function was possible in 745 of 960 subjects . An overall prevalence of MCI detected based on neuropsychological testing was 14.89 % ( 95 % CI : 12.19 to 17.95 ) . Prevalence of the amnestic type was 6.04 % ( 95 % CI : 4.40 to 8.1 ) and that of the multiple domain type was 8.85 % ( 95 % CI : 6.81 to 11.32 ) . Adjusted for age , education . and gender , the amnestic type was more common among men and the multiple domain type among women with advancement of age . Rates differed considerably with educational attainment . Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the major risk factors for both types of MCI . Conclusion : In this first community-based study of mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) from India , prevalence of the amnestic type is comparable with and that of the multiple domain type is less than the prevalence in developed countries . Variations in age , education , and gender specific prevalence of MCI of both types were encountered . The putative risk factors identified merit further study Information on the clinical utility of neuropsychological tests in non-North-American sample s is limited . We examined the diagnostic efficacy of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer 's Disease ( CERAD ) neuropsychological battery in Jamaican men and women age 65 and older . A total of 72 elders were diagnosed as normal and 12 were demented based on history , physical , and neurological examination . Independent of this medical examination , participants were tested with the CERAD battery . Normal controls scored significantly better than dementia patients on all tests in the CERAD battery . A discriminant function found that a combination of Word List Learning Sum Recall and Boston Naming Test correctly classified a total of 81 % of the cases ( 83 % of the dements and 81 % of the normal controls ) . This study is the first to demonstrate the clinical utility of the  CERAD neuropsychological battery  in the differential diagnosis of memory disorders of the aged in a non-North-American sample 
    Output:
    
Various formats of memory tests seem suitable for low-educated , non-Western population s. Promising tasks in other cognitive domains are the Stick Design Test , Five Digit Test , and verbal fluency test .