***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND The Mediterranean diet has been suggested to play a beneficial role for health and longevity . However , to our knowledge , no prospect i ve US study has investigated the Mediterranean dietary pattern in relation to mortality . METHODS Study participants included 214,284 men and 166,012 women in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP ( formerly known as the American Association of Retired Persons ) Diet and Health Study . During follow-up for all-cause mortality ( 1995 - 2005 ) , 27,799 deaths were documented . In the first 5 years of follow-up , 5,985 cancer deaths and 3,451 cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) deaths were reported . We used a 9-point score to assess conformity with the Mediterranean dietary pattern ( components included vegetables , legumes , fruits , nuts , whole grains , fish , monounsaturated fat-saturated fat ratio , alcohol , and meat ) . We calculated hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) using age- and multivariate-adjusted Cox models . RESULTS The Mediterranean diet was associated with reduced all-cause and cause-specific mortality . In men , the multivariate HRs comparing high to low conformity for all-cause , CVD , and cancer mortality were 0.79 ( 95 % CI , 0.76 - 0.83 ) , 0.78 ( 95 % CI , 0.69 - 0.87 ) , and 0.83 ( 95 % CI , 0.76 - 0.91 ) , respectively . In women , an inverse association was seen with high conformity with this pattern : decreased risks that ranged from 12 % for cancer mortality to 20 % for all-cause mortality ( P = .04 and P < .001 , respectively , for the trend ) . When we restricted our analyses to never smokers , associations were virtually unchanged . CONCLUSION These results provide strong evidence for a beneficial effect of higher conformity with the Mediterranean dietary pattern on risk of death from all causes , including deaths due to CVD and cancer , in a US population The Healthy Eating Index-2005 ( HEI-2005 ) measures adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans , but the association between the HEI-2005 and risk of chronic disease is not known . The Alternative Healthy Eating Index ( AHEI ) , which is based on foods and nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk , was associated inversely with chronic disease risk previously . We up date d the AHEI , including additional dietary factors involved in the development of chronic disease , and assessed the associations between the AHEI-2010 and the HEI-2005 and risk of major chronic disease prospect ively among 71,495 women from the Nurses ' Health Study and 41,029 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of chronic disease at baseline . During ≥24 y of follow-up , we documented 26,759 and 15,558 incident chronic diseases ( cardiovascular disease , diabetes , cancer , or nontrauma death ) among women and men , respectively . The RR ( 95 % CI ) of chronic disease comparing the highest with the lowest quintile was 0.84 ( 0.81 , 0.87 ) for the HEI-2005 and 0.81 ( 0.77 , 0.85 ) for the AHEI-2010 . The AHEI-2010 and HEI-2005 were most strongly associated with coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and diabetes , and for both outcomes the AHEI-2010 was more strongly associated with risk than the HEI-2005 ( P-difference = 0.002 and < 0.001 , respectively ) . The 2 indices were similarly associated with risk of stroke and cancer . These findings suggest that closer adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines may lower risk of major chronic disease . However , the AHEI-2010 , which included additional dietary information , was more strongly associated with chronic disease risk , particularly CHD and diabetes BACKGROUND Adherence to a Mediterranean diet may improve longevity , but relevant data are limited . METHODS We conducted a population -based , prospect i ve investigation involving 22,043 adults in Greece who completed an extensive , vali date d , food-frequency question naire at base line .  Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet was assessed by a 10-point Mediterranean-diet scale that incorporated the salient characteristics of this diet ( range of scores , 0 to 9 , with higher scores indicating greater adherence ) . We used proportional-hazards regression to assess the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and total mortality , as well as mortality due to coronary heart disease and mortality due to cancer , with adjustment for age , sex , body-mass index , physical-activity level , and other potential confounders . RESULTS During a median of 44 months of follow-up , there were 275 deaths . A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in total mortality ( adjusted hazard ratio for death associated with a two-point increment in the Mediterranean-diet score , 0.75 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.64 to 0.87 ] ) . An inverse association with greater adherence to this diet was evident for both death due to coronary heart disease ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.67 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.47 to 0.94 ] ) and death due to cancer ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.76 [ 95 percent confidence interval , 0.59 to 0.98 ] ) . Associations between individual food groups contributing to the Mediterranean-diet score and total mortality were generally not significant . CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in total mortality Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer death worldwide with large geographical variation , which implies the contribution of diet and lifestyle in its etiology . We examined the association of meat and fish consumption with risk of pancreatic cancer  in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) . A total of 477,202 EPIC participants from 10 European countries recruited between 1992 and 2000 were included in our analysis . Until 2008 , 865 nonendocrine pancreatic cancer cases have been observed .  Calibrated relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) were computed using multivariable-adjusted Cox hazard regression models . The consumption of red meat ( RR per 50 g increase per day = 1.03 , 95 % CI = 0.93 - 1.14 ) and processed meat ( RR per 50 g increase per day = 0.93 , 95 % CI = 0.71 - 1.23 ) were not associated with an increased pancreatic cancer risk . Poultry consumption tended to be associated with an increased pancreatic cancer risk ( RR per 50 g increase per day = 1.72 , 95 % CI = 1.04 - 2.84 ) ; however , there was no association with fish consumption ( RR per 50 g increase per day = 1.22 , 95 % CI = 0.92 - 1.62 ) . Our results do not support the conclusion of the World Cancer Research Fund that red or processed meat consumption may possibly increase the risk of pancreatic cancer . The positive association of poultry consumption with pancreatic cancer might be a chance finding as it contradicts most previous findings BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products ( AGEs ) are a heterogeneous group of compounds present in uncooked foods as well as in foods cooked at high temperatures . AGEs have been associated with insulin resistance , oxidative stress , and chronic inflammation in patients with diabetes . Dietary AGEs are an important contributor to the AGE pool in the body . N(ϵ)-(carboxymethyl)lysine ( CML ) AGE is one of the major biologically and chemically well-characterized AGE markers . The consumption of red meat , which is CML-AGE rich , has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer in men . OBJECTIVES With the use of a published food CML-AGE data base , we estimated the consumption of CML AGE in the prospect i ve NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study and evaluated the association between CML-AGE consumption and pancreatic cancer and the mediating effect of CML AGE on the association between red meat consumption and pancreatic cancer . DESIGN Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95 % CIs for pancreatic cancer . RESULTS During an average of 10.5 y of follow-up , we identified 2193 pancreatic cancer cases ( 1407 men and 786 women ) from 528,251 subjects . With the comparison of subjects in the fifth and the first quintiles of CML-AGE consumption , we observed increased pancreatic cancer risk in men ( HR : 1.43 ; 95 % CI : 1.06 , 1.93 , P-trend = 0.003 ) but not women ( HR : 1.14 ; 95 % CI : 0.76 , 1.72 , P-trend = 0.42 ) . Men in the highest quintile of red meat consumption had higher risk of pancreatic cancer ( HR : 1.35 ; 95 % CI : 1.07 , 1.70 ) , which attenuated after adjustment for CML-AGE consumption ( HR : 1.20 ; 95 % CI : 0.95 , 1.53 ) . CONCLUSION Dietary CML-AGE consumption was associated with modestly increased  risk of pancreatic cancer in men and may partially explain the positive association between red meat and pancreatic cancer BACKGROUND & AIMS Diet could affect risk for esophageal and gastric cancers , but associations have been inconsistent . The diet is complex , so studies of dietary patterns , rather than studies of individual foods , might be more likely to identify cancer risk factors . There is limited research on index-based dietary patterns and esophageal and gastric cancers . We prospect ively evaluated associations between the Healthy Eating Index-2005 ( HEI-2005 ) and alternate Mediterranean Diet ( aMED ) scores and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers . METHODS We analyzed data from 494,968 participants in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health study , in which AARP members ( age , 51 - 70 y ) completed a self-administered baseline food frequency question naire between 1995 and 1996 . Their answers were used to estimate scores for each index . RESULTS During the follow-up period ( 1995 - 2006 ) , participants developed 215 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas ( ESCCs ) , 633 esophageal adenocarcinomas ( EACs ) , 453 gastric cardia adenocarcinomas , and 501 gastric noncardia adenocarcinomas . Higher scores from the HEI-2005 were associated with a reduced risk of ESCC ( comparing the highest quintile with the lowest quintile : hazard ratio , 0.51 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.31 - 0.86 ; Ptrend = .001 ) and EAC ( hazard ratio , 0.75 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.57 - 0.98 ; Ptrend = .01 ) . We observed an inverse association between ESCC , but not EAC , and a higher aMED score ( meaning a higher- quality diet ) . HEI-2005 and aMED scores were not associated significantly with gastric cardia or noncardia adenocarcinomas . CONCLUSIONS By using data collected from 1995 through 2006 from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study , HEI-2005 and aMED scores were associated inversely with risk for esophageal cancers , particularly ESCC . Adherence to dietary recommendations might help prevent esophageal cancers Epidemiological data investigating the relation between fruit and vegetable consumption and pancreatic cancer risk have shown inconsistent results so far . Most case-control studies observed an inverse association with total fruit and vegetable consumption , whereas results from most cohort studies have largely been null . We examined prospect ively the relation between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of vegetables , fruits , carotenoids and vitamins C and E. The Netherl and s Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a question naire at baseline in 1986 , including a vali date d 150-item food-frequency question naire . After 16.3 years of follow-up , 423 cases were available for analysis .  Total vegetable and total fruit consumption were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk ( highest vs. lowest quintile , multivariable-adjusted hazard rate ratio = 1.23 , 95 % confidence interval : 0.86 - 1.75 and multivariable-adjusted hazard rate ratio = 0.90 , 95 % confidence interval : 0.66 - 1.24 , respectively ) . Also , for cooked vegetables , raw vegetables and vegetables and fruits classified into subgroups , no associations were observed .  Dietary carotenoids , vitamin C and E  intake and supplements containing vitamin C or E were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk . The results were not 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Better diet quality is associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer .
The associations between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer were stronger in case-control studies than in cohort studies and were stronger among men than among women