***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We investigated the putative benefits of simultaneous teleradiotherapy and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) 125I monoclonal antibody ( MAb ) 425 radioimmunotherapy , when applied after neurosurgery in high- grade gliomas , over teleradiotherapy alone . In comparison to previous studies which have reported good results with this type of radioimmunotherapy , we advanced the adjuvant radioimmunotherapy step , that is , gave it during , not after , teleradiotherapy . The r and omized prospect i ve study examined two groups : simultaneous postoperative teleradiotherapy and radioimmunotherapy ( TRT + RIT ; eight patients ) versus teleradiotherapy alone ( TRT ; 10 patients ) . Patients who after primary operation of grade III ( 6 cases ) or IV glioma ( 12 cases ) , showed no or less than 2 mL of remnant tumor on post-operative magnetic resonance ( MR ) study and were not treated postoperatively by chemotherapy were enrolled and r and omized . Anti-EGFR 125IMAb 425 RIT was started during week 4 of radiotherapy , not later than 8 weeks after neurosurgery , and was repeated three times at 1-week intervals . Total activity given was 5026 + 739 MBq/patient . The tolerance of TRT was good . No immediate side effects of concomitant anti-EGRF 125I RIT were observed . Observation showed a median total survival ( as evaluated from the primary neurosurgical treatment ) of 14 months ( range 3.5 - 28 months ) . There was no improvement in disease-free or total survival in the group of patients treated by TRT + RIT after neurosurgery . In addition , an immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR expression in gliomas was performed in a group of 100 cases and was distinctly positive in 50 % grade IV gliomas and 68 % grade III gliomas . We conclude that simultaneous radiotherapy and radioimmunotherapy with anti-EGFR 125I-MAb 425 is not beneficial over radiotherapy alone in adjuvant treatment of high- grade gliomas after neurosurgery . We also recommend individual confirmation of EGFR expression in further anti-EGFR radioimmunotherapy trials UNLABELLED The median survival for adults with recurrent primary malignant gliomas is 56 weeks following surgery , radiation , and chemotherapy . Generally , reoperation can extend the median survival an additional 26 - 32 weeks . We have developed an aggressive treatment program that utilizes low doses of interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) combined with ex vivo activated killer cells ( LAK ) infused via an indwelling catheter placed into the surgical resection cavity . Autologous leukocytes were collected during a st and ard 3 - 4 h , outpatient leukapheresis procedure , then activated ex vivo for 4 - 5 days with high doses of IL-2 . The treatment protocol consisted of two 2-week cycles of therapy over a 6-week period . Patients with stable disease or objective response on follow-up MRI scans were retreated at 3-month intervals . Acute and cumulative IL-2-related toxicities were observed , but limited , and included fever , headache and transient neurologic irritation . Corticosteroid levels and usage were strictly controlled during immunotherapy , although higher doses were used intermittently to mitigate toxicity . Biologic changes included lymphocytic infiltration , regional eosinophilia , tumor necrosis , and the localized production of IL-2 , IFN-gamma and IL-12 , demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry . SUMMARY IL-2 plus autogeneic LAK cells can be safely administered intracavitary to treat high grade primary brain tumors with limited toxicity within the central nervous system . Six out of 28 patients had long-term survival of greater than 2 years post-reoperation plus immunotherapy with 2 patients alive over 8 years . The presence of a marked regional eosinophilia appeared to correlate with increased survival and may be predictive of a biologic and therapeutic response . Regional adoptive immune therapy was well tolerated and should be considered an option for patients with high- grade tumors refractive to st and ard therapeutic approaches OBJECT This single-institution Phase II study tests the efficacy of adjuvant radioimmunotherapy with (125)I-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 425 murine monoclonal antibody ( (125)I-mAb 425 ) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) . METHODS A total of 192 patients with GBM were treated with (125)I-mAb 425 over a course of 3 weekly intravenous injections of 1.8 GBq following surgery and radiation therapy . The primary end point was overall survival , and the secondary end point was toxicity . Additional subgroup analyses were performed comparing treatment with (125)I-mAb 425 ( RIT , 132 patients ) , (125)I-mAb 425 and temozolomide ( TMZ+RIT , 60 patients ) , and a historical control group ( CTL , 81 patients ) . RESULTS The median age was 53 years ( range 19 - 78 years ) , and the median Karnofsky Performance Scale score was 80 ( range 60 - 100 ) . The  percentage of patients who underwent debulking surgery  was 77.6 % and that of those receiving temozolomide was 31.3 % . The overall median survival was 15.7 months ( 95 % CI 13.6 - 17.8 months ) . The 1- and 2-year survivals were 62.5 and 25.5 % , respectively . For subgroups RIT and TMZ+RIT , the median survivals were 14.5 and 20.2 months , respectively . No Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was seen with the administration of (125)I-mAb 425 . The CTL patients lacked Karnofsky Performance Scale scores , had poorer survival , were older , and were less likely to receive radiation therapy . On multivariate analysis , the hazard ratios for RIT versus CTL , TMZ+RIT versus CTL , and TMZ+RIT versus RIT were 0.49 ( p < 0.001 ) , 0.30 ( p < 0.001 ) , and 0.62 ( p = 0.008 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS In this large Phase II study of 192 patients with GBM treated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (125)I-mAb 425 radioimmunotherapy  , survival was 15.7 months , and treatment was safe and well tolerated Purpose Adoptive cell immunotherapy involves an ex vivo expansion of autologous cytokine-induced killer ( CIK ) cells before their reinfusion into the host . We evaluated the efficacy and safety of CIK cell immunotherapy with radiotherapy-temozolomide ( TMZ ) for the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastomas . Experimental design In this multi-center , open-label , phase 3 study , we r and omly assigned patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma to receive CIK cell immunotherapy combined with st and ard TMZ chemoradiotherapy ( CIK immunotherapy group ) or st and ard TMZ chemoradiotherapy alone ( control group ) . The efficacy endpoints were analyzed in the intention-to-treat set and in the per protocol set . Results Between December 2008 and October 2012 , a total of 180 patients were r and omly assigned to the CIK immunotherapy ( n = 91 ) or control group ( n = 89 . In the intention-to-treat analysis set , median PFS was 8.1 months ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 5.8 to 8.5 months ) in the CIK immunotherapy group , as compared to 5.4 months ( 95 % CI , 3.3 to 7.9 months ) in the control group ( one-sided log-rank , p = 0.0401 ) . Overall survival did not differ significantly between two groups . Grade 3 or higher adverse events , health-related quality of life and performance status between two groups did not show a significant difference . Conclusions The addition of CIK cells immunotherapy to st and ard chemoradiotherapy with TMZ  improved PFS . However , the CIK immunotherapy group did not show evidence of a beneficial effect on overall survival Previous clinical trials of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) have reported induction of systemic immune responses and prolonged survival . From 2003 to 2005 , we performed a clinical trial in which patients with malignant glioma underwent surgery for maximal cytoreduction followed by a 6-month 10-injection course of autologous DC-tumor vaccine therapy  , each injection containing 1 - 6 × 10(7 ) DC . Of the 17 treated patients ( 16 with World Health Organization grade IV and one with grade III glioma ) , eight ( 47.1 % ) had an initial transient elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) . Vaccination caused some tumor shrinkage and increased concentration of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+ ) lymphocytes . Median survival and 5-year survival were 525 days and 18.8 % , respectively , for 16 patients with grade IV glioma ( 381 days and 12.5 % for eight newly diagnosed ; 966 days and 25 % for eight relapsed patients ) compared to 380 days and 0 % for 63 historical control patients . We concluded that autologous DC-tumor immunotherapy benefits patients with malignant glioma but may cause transient but reversible elevation of serum AST/ALT levels PURPOSE To investigate the safety and the immunologic and clinical responses of dendritic cell therapy for patients with recurrent malignant glioma . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-four patients with recurrent malignant glioma ( 6 grade 3 and 18 grade 4 patients ) were evaluated in a phase I/II clinical study of dendritic cell therapy .  All patients were resistant to the st and ard maximum therapy .  The patient 's peripheral blood dendritic cells were generated with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor , plus interleukin 4 with or without OK-432 , and pulsed with an autologous tumor lysate . Dendritic cells were injected intradermally , or both intratumorally and intradermally every 3 weeks . RESULTS The protocol s were well tolerated with only local redness and swelling at the injection site in several cases . Clinical responses were as follows : 1 patient with partial response , 3 patients with minor response , 10 patients with stable disease , and 10 patients with progressive disease . The patients whose dendritic cells were matured with OK-432 had longer survival times than the dendritic cells from patients without OK-432 maturation . The patients with both intratumoral and intradermal administrations had a longer survival time than the patients with intradermal administration only . Increased ELISPOT and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses after vaccination could provide good laboratory markers to predict the clinical outcome of patients receiving dendritic cell vaccination . The overall survival of patients with grade 4 glioma was 480 days , which was significantly better than that in the control group . CONCLUSIONS This study showed the safety and clinical response of autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell therapy for patients with malignant glioma .  Dendritic cell therapy is recommended for further clinical studies in malignant glioma patients Background The prognosis of patients bearing high grade glioma remains dismal . Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ( EGFR ) is well vali date d as a primary contributor of glioma initiation and progression . Nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes the EGFR extracellular domain and reaches Central Nervous System tumors , in non clinical and clinical setting . While it has similar activity when compared to other anti-EGFR antibodies , it does not induce skin toxicity or hypomagnesemia . Methods A r and omized , double blind , multicentric clinical trial was conducted in high grade glioma patients ( 41 anaplastic astrocytoma and 29 glioblastoma multiforme ) that received radiotherapy plus nimotuzumab or placebo .  Treatment and placebo groups were well-balanced for the most important prognostic variables . Patients received 6 weekly doses of 200 mg nimotuzumab or placebo together with irradiation as induction therapy . Maintenance treatment was given for 1 year with subsequent doses administered every 3 weeks . The objectives of this study were to assess the comparative overall survival , progression free survival , response rate , immunogenicity and safety . Results The median cumulative dose was 3200 mg of nimotuzumab given over a median number of 16 doses . The combination of nimotuzumab and RT was well-tolerated . The most prevalent related adverse reactions included nausea , fever , tremors , anorexia and hepatic test alteration . No anti-idiotypic response was detected , confirming the antibody low immunogenicity . The mean and median survival time for subjects treated with nimotuzumab was 31.06 and 17.76 vs. 21.07 and 12 
    Output:
    
Specific immunotherapy demonstrated remarkable improvement in survival of patients with glioma and could be a considerable choice of treatment in the future .