***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background 10 Hz electroencephalographic ( EEG ) alpha rhythms correlate with memory performance . Alpha and memory decline in older people . We wished to test if alpha-like EEG activity contributes to memory formation . Flicker can elicit alpha-like EEG activity . We tested if alpha-frequency flicker enhances  memory in older people . Pariticpants aged 67–92 identified short words that followed 1 s of flicker at 9.0 Hz , 9.5 Hz , 10.0 Hz , 10.2 Hz , 10.5 Hz , 11.0 Hz , 11.5 Hz or 500 Hz . A few minutes later , we tested participants ' recognition of the words ( without flicker ) . Results Flicker frequencies close to 10 Hz ( 9.5–11.0 Hz ) facilitated the identification of the test words in older participants . The same flicker frequencies increased recognition of the words more than other frequencies ( 9.0 Hz , 11.5 Hz and 500 Hz ) , irrespective of age . Conclusion The frequency-specificity of flicker 's effects in our participants paralleled the power spectrum of EEG alpha in the general population . This indicates that alpha-like EEG activity may subserve memory processes . Flicker may be able to help memory problems in older people Pre‐operative anxiety is common and often significant . Ambulatory surgery challenges our pre‐operative goal of an anxiety‐free patient by requiring people to be ‘ street ready ’ within a brief period of time after surgery . Recently , it has been demonstrated that music can be used successfully to relieve patient anxiety before operations , and that audio embedded with tones that create binaural beats within the brain of the listener decreases subjective levels of anxiety in patients with chronic anxiety states . We measured anxiety with the  State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory question naire and compared binaural beat audio ( Binaural Group ) with an identical soundtrack but without these added tones ( Audio Group ) and with a third group who received no specific intervention ( No Intervention Group ) . Mean [ 95 % confidence intervals ] decreases in anxiety scores were 26.3%[19–33 % ] in the Binaural Group ( p = 0.001 vs. Audio Group , p < 0.0001 vs. No Intervention Group ) , 11.1%[6–16 % ] in the Audio Group ( p = 0.15 vs. No Intervention Group ) and 3.8%[0–7 % ] in the No Intervention Group . Binaural beat audio has the potential to decrease acute pre‐operative anxiety significantly Users of a commercial light therapy device who were using it to treat migraine were surveyed prospect ively to determine what results they obtained after 30 days of daily use . Out of a total of 55 migraineurs , 44 % reported that the frequency of their migraine attacks after the treatment was ' Somewhat Less ' or ' Much Less ' ( under a conservative interpretation of these categories ) . Considering only the 28 migraineurs who stated that their migraine attacks were normally preceded by warning signs , 53 % reported that the frequency of their migraine attacks was ' Somewhat Less ' or ' Much Less ' . In view of the limited efficacy and undesirable side-effects of the available migraine preventive drugs , photic stimulation ( flickering light therapy ) must be considered a possible preventive treatment for migraine INTRODUCTION Binaural beat technology ( BBT ) products are sold internationally as personal development and health improvement tools . Producers suggest benefit from regular listening to binaural beats including reduced stress and anxiety , and increased focus , concentration , motivation , confidence , and depth in meditation . Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses that originate in the superior olivary nucleus as a result of different frequency auditory stimuli provided to each ear . Listeners to binaural beat " hear " a beat at a frequency equal to the difference between the frequencies of the applied tones . OBJECTIVES The objectives of this pilot study were to gather preliminary data on psychologic and physiologic effects of 60 days daily use of BBT for hypothesis generation and to assess compliance , feasibility , and safety for future studies . DESIGN Uncontrolled pilot study . SUBJECTS Eight healthy adults participated in the study . INTERVENTION Participants listened to a CD with delta ( 0 - 4 Hz ) binaural beat frequencies daily for 60 days . OUTCOME MEASURES Psychologic and physiological data were collected before and after a 60-day intervention . PSYCHOLOGIC : Depression ( Beck Depression Inventory-2 ) , anxiety ( State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ) , mood ( Profile of Mood States ) , absorption ( Tellegen Absorption Scale ) and quality of Life ( World Health Organization- Quality of Life Inventory ) . PHYSIOLOGICAL : Cortisol , dehydroepi and rosterone , melatonin , insulin-like growth factor-1 , serotonin , dopamine , epinephrine , norepinephrine , weight , blood pressure , high sensitivity C-reactive protein . RESULTS There was a decrease in trait anxiety ( p = 0.004 ) , an increase in quality of life ( p = 0.03 ) , and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-1 ( p = 0.01 ) and dopamine ( p = 0.02 ) observed between pre- and postintervention measurements . CONCLUSIONS Binaural beat technology may exhibit positive effect on self-reported psychologic measures , especially anxiety . Further research is warranted to explore the effects on anxiety using a larger , r and omized and controlled trial OBJECTIVES This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age , classified by sex , age , race , Hispanic origin , family structure , parent 's education , family income , poverty status , health insurance coverage , place of residence , region , and current health status . The topics covered are asthma , allergies , learning disability , Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) , use of prescription medication , respondent-assessed health status , school-loss days , usual place of health care , time since last contact with a health care professional , unmet dental needs , time since last dental contact , and selected measures of health care access . SOURCE OF DATA The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States . Data are collected during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview . Information about children is collected for one r and omly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child 's health . SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS In 2002 , most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health ( 84 % ) . However , 10 % of children had no health insurance coverage , and 5 % of children had no usual place of health care . Twelve percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma . An estimated 8 % of children 3 - 17 years of age had a learning disability , and an estimated 7 % of children had ADHD In an open study 17 women with confirmed , severe and long-st and ing premenstrual syndrome used photic stimulation with a flickering red light , every day for up to four menstrual cycles . At the end of treatment prospect ively recorded median luteal symptom scores were reduced by 76 % ( 95 % confidence interval 54 - 93 , P < 0.001 ) , with clinical ly and statistically significant reductions for depression , anxiety , affective lability , irritability , poor concentration , fatigue , food cravings , bloating and breast pain . Twelve of the 17 patients ( 71 % ) no longer had the premenstrual syndrome . One patient failed to improve . One patient withdrew because of worsening premenstrual depression , but photic stimulation was otherwise well tolerated . The improvement is greater than that reported for relaxation or in open studies of fluoxetine , and much more than historical placebo rates . Photic stimulation may be a useful treatment for the premenstrual syndrome , and by its suggested action on circadian rhythms may have wider therapeutic applications Stress and burnout are widely acknowledged as major causes of societal and individual problems in the Western world . In order to reduce material and i m material expenses , increased efforts are made to enhance relaxation and stress reduction . Based on neuropsychological findings , alternative ways have been explored , one of them being the application of so-called brain wave synchronizers , which are said to induce a relaxation response by entraining alpha brain-wave activity ( 8–13 Hz ) through audiovisual stimulation . A double blind , quasi-experiment was conducted among employees at a Dutch addiction care center to investigate the possible effects of two distinct brainmachine programs on burnout and anxiety .  Subjects in both conditions showed a significant , immediate decrease in state anxiety as assessed by Spielberger 's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) and reported a range of subjective effects . However , a long-term effect on burnout , as measured with Maslach 's Burnout Inventory ( MBI-NL ) , could not be established . A long-term effect on anxiety ( STAI ) , as investigated by interrupted time-series measurement , could not be established either . These and other findings suggest that the major cl aims with respect to these machines can not hold over time , although pleasant short-term effects do occur . Individual differences in baseline responsivity , the stable character of burnout dimensions , or the ill-defined nature of relaxation , or a combination of these , may account for these results OBJECTIVES When two auditory stimuli of different frequency are presented to each ear , binaural beats are perceived by the listener . The binaural beat frequency is equal to the difference between the frequencies applied to each ear . Our primary objective was to assess whether steady-state entrainment of electroencephalographic activity to the binaural beat occurs when exposed to a specific binaural beat frequency as has been hypothesized . Our secondary objective was to gather preliminary data on neuropsychologic and physiologic effects of binaural beat technology . DESIGN A r and omized , blinded , placebo-controlled crossover experiment in 4 healthy adult subjects . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omized to experimental auditory stimulus of 30 minutes of binaural beat at 7 Hz ( carrier frequencies : 133 Hz L ; 140 Hz R ) with an overlay of pink noise resembling the sound of rain on one session and control stimuli of the same overlay without the binaural beat carrier frequencies on the other session . OUTCOME MEASURES Data were collected during two separate sessions 1 week apart . Neuropsychologic and blood pressure data were collected before and after the intervention ; electroencephalographic data were collected before , during , and after listening to either binaural beats or control . Neuropsychologic measures included State Trait Anxiety Inventory , Profile of Mood States , Rey Auditory Verbal List Test , Stroop Test , and Controlled Oral Word Association Test . Spectral and coherence analysis was performed on the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) , and all measures were analyzed for changes between sessions with and without binaural beat stimuli . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the experimental and control conditions in any of the EEG measures . There was an increase of the Profile of Mood States depression subscale in the experimental condition relative to the control condition ( p = 0.02 ) . There was also a significant decrease in immediate verbal memory recall ( p = 0.03 ) in the experimental condition compared to control condition . CONCLUSIONS We did not find support for steady-state entrainment of the scalp-recorded EEG while listening to 7-Hz binaural beats . Although our data indicated increased depression and poorer immediate recall after listening to binaural beats , larger studies are needed to confirm these findings OBJECTIVES This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age , classified by sex , age , race , Hispanic origin , family structure , parent education , family income , poverty status , health insurance coverage , place of residence , region , and current health status . The topics covered are asthma , allergies , learning disability , Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) , prescription medication use , respondent-assessed health status , school-loss days , usual place of health care , time since last contact with a health care professional , selected measures of health care access and utilization , and dental care . SOURCE OF DATA NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States . Data are collected for all family members during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview . Additional information about children is collected for one r and omly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child 's health . SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS In 2005 , most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health ( 82 % ) . However , 9 % of children had no health insurance coverage , and 5 % of children had no usual place of health care . Thirteen percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma . An estimated 7 % of children 3 - 17 years of age had a diagnosed learning disability , and an estimated 7 % of children had ADHD The effects of a brain wave synchronizer ( BWS ) on endodontic ( root canal ) anxiety  was evaluated in the clinical practice s of the senior author . The experimental groups were : ( 1 ) a verbal method ( routine calming words by dentist ) plus BWS ( N = 10 ) and ( 2 ) verbal method plus BWS and alpha relaxation tape ( N = 10 ) . The control group was verbal method alone ( N = 10 ) . All three groups were evaluated during a complete endod 
    Output:
    
Findings to date suggest that BWE is an effective therapeutic tool .
People suffering from cognitive functioning deficits , stress , pain , headache/migraines , PMS , and behavioral problems benefited from BWE .