***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Cancer diagnosis affects the psychological well-being of both patients and their partners , and effective coping has been suggested to be a conjoint process of mutual support . Ninety-four married women with early stage cancer and their partners were r and omly assigned to couples-based coping training ( CanCOPE ) , individual coping training for the woman , or a medical education control . Couples ' observed support communication and self-reported psychological distress , coping effort , and sexual adjustment were assessed at diagnosis , after cancer surgery , and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups . CanCOPE produced significant improvements in couples ' supportive communication , reduced psychological distress and coping effort , and improved sexual adjustment . Training in couples rather than individual coping was more effective in facilitating adaptation to cancer The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an  individualized uncertainty management intervention delivered by telephone to Caucasian and African‐American men with localized prostate carcinoma and directed at managing the uncertainties of their disease and treatment African American men experience worse prostate cancer outcomes compared with those of Caucasian men , not only in incidence and mortality rates , but also in coping with the side effects of treatment . Unfortunately , African American men have been significantly under‐represented in research evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for improving coping in prostate cancer survivors . This pilot study explored the feasibility and efficacy of coping skills training ( CST ) , an intervention developed to enhance coping with treatment side effects in a sample of African American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . The intervention was delivered in a telephone‐based format design ed to facilitate research participation . A total of 40 couples were r and omized to either 6 sessions of CST or usual care . Survivors completed measures of disease‐specific quality of life ( QOL ) related to urinary , sexual , bowel , and hormonal symptom domains , as well as measures of global QOL ( i.e. , physical functioning and mental health ) . Partners completed measures of caregiver strain , mood , and vigor . Analysis of data from 30 couples ( 12 couples in CST , 18 couples in usual care ) indicated that CST produced moderate to large treatment effects for QOL related to bowel , urinary , sexual , and hormonal symptoms .  Partners who underwent CST  reported less caregiver strain , depression , and fatigue , and more vigor , with moderate effect sizes observed that approached conventional levels of statistical significance . These preliminary findings suggest that telephone‐based CST is a feasible approach that can successfully enhance coping inAfrican American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . Cancer 2007 . © 2006 American Cancer Society PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To examine changes in sexual functioning during treatment for lung cancer and the extent to which age , gender , social support , and mood status affect sexual dysfunction . DESIGN Prospect i ve , exploratory . SETTING Outpatient cancer clinic . SAMPLE 59 of 84 eligible patients diagnosed with small cell or non-small cell lung cancer . METHODS The Derogatis Interview for Sexual Function , Self-Report , to measure sexual functioning ; the Social Provisions Scale to measure social support ; and the Derogatis Affects Balance Scale to measure mood status were administered at diagnosis and at two and four months during treatment . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Level of sexual function , treatment , age , gender , social support , and mood status . FINDINGS Results indicate a decrease in sexual function but no significant change in sexual function between the two treatment groups . Age was a significant factor affecting sexual function . Gender significantly affected sexual function at time 2 only . Between times 1 and 2 , mood status had a significant relationship with sexual function . Social support did not affect sexual function directly ; social support was found to significantly affect mood status . CONCLUSIONS Most patients reported below-normal sexual function at baseline . Sexual function worsened over time . Further research is warranted to examine time , place , and type of intervention needed . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING New data encourage assessment , intervention , and research related to the sexual function of patients with lung cancer Background : The efficacy of a group-based psychosocial intervention with ethnic minority health population s may depend on consideration for cultural factors that can interact with group processes . Purpose : The current study explored the efficacy of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention that was linguistically and culturally adapted for use with Hispanic monolingual men recently treated for localized prostate carcinoma ( PC ) . Methods : 71 Hispanic monolingual Spanish speakers were r and omly assigned to a 10-week CBSM intervention or a half-day stress management seminar ( control condition ) . Hierarchical regression was used to predict post-intervention QoL. Results : After controlling for relevant covariates , assignment to the CBSM condition significantly predicted greater physical well-being , emotional well-being , sexual functioning , and total well-being after the 10-week intervention period . Conclusions : Results suggest that participation in a culturally and linguistically adapted CBSM group intervention improved QoL in Hispanic monolingual men treated for localized PC Urinary and sexual dysfunctions are side effects of radical prostatectomy ( RP ) for prostate cancer ( PC ) that contribute to depression . Despite the effectiveness of support groups at reducing depression in cancer patients , men typically do not participate in them . The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effects of a dyadic intervention ( one-to-one support ) on social support  ( Modified Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors ) , self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) , and depression ( Geriatric Depression Scale ) .  Subjects were r and omized to group . Controls ( N=15 ; Mage=59.7 ) received usual care . Experimentals were paired with long-term survivors ( LTS ) who had RP and who had treatment side effects in common . Experimentals ( N=15 ; Mage=57.5 ) met with a LTS 8 times in 8 weeks to discuss concerns associated with survivorship . No significant differences were detected on social support , but after 4 weeks , significant differences were present on depression between controls and experimentals , however these differences were not seen at 8 weeks . After 8 weeks , there were also significant differences on self-efficacy between controls and experimentals . Weekly anecdotal data supported the feasibility and acceptance of the intervention that was a low cost strategy effective at reducing depression and increasing self-efficacy in men treated by RP . Future research directions and clinical application is presented BACKGROUND Menopausal symptoms ( e.g. , hot flashes , vaginal dryness , and stress urinary incontinence ) are very common in breast cancer survivors and can not be managed with st and ard estrogen replacement therapy ( ERT ) in these patients . The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a comprehensive menopausal assessment ( CMA ) intervention program in achieving relief of symptoms , the improvement in quality of life ( QOL ) , and sexual functioning in breast cancer survivors . METHODS Using a two-group , r and omized controlled design , we assigned 76 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with at least one severe target symptom either to the intervention group or to a usual-care group . Seventy-two women were evaluable at the end of the study period . The CMA intervention , delivered by a nurse practitioner , focused on symptom assessment , education , counseling and , as appropriate , specific pharmacologic and behavioral interventions for each of the three target symptoms . Psychosocial symptoms were assessed with the use of a self-report screening instrument , and distressed women were referred for counseling if needed . The intervention took place over a 4-month period . Outcomes measured were scores on a composite menopausal symptom scale , the R AND Short Form Health Survey Vitality Scale , and the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System ( CARES ) Sexual Functioning Scale at baseline and at 4-month follow-up . All statistical tests were two-sided and were performed at the alpha = . 05 significance level . RESULTS Patients receiving the intervention demonstrated statistically significant improvement ( P = .0004 ) in menopausal symptoms but no significant change in vitality ( P = .77 ) . Sexual functioning was statistically significantly improved ( P = .04 ) in the treatment group compared with the usual-care group . CONCLUSIONS A clinical assessment and intervention program for menopausal symptom management in breast cancer survivors is feasible and acceptable to patients , leading to reduction in symptoms and improvement in sexual functioning . Measurable improvement in a general QOL measure was not demonstrated OBJECTIVES To determine whether the response to the new oral medication , sildenafil citrate ( Viagra ) , was influenced by the presence or absence of the neurovascular bundles , as recent reports on its success did not specify the efficacy of the drug in patients with erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy . METHODS Baseline and follow-up data from 28 healthy patients presenting with erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy were obtained . Patients receiving any neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormones or adjuvant radiation therapy were excluded . Patients reported what their erectile status was before surgery , before sildenafil therapy , and after using a minimum of four doses of sildenafil . Both the patients and their spouses were interviewed using the Clevel and Clinic post-prostatectomy question naire , which includes questions about response to therapy , duration of intercourse , spousal satisfaction , side effects , and related topics . The patients were compared on the basis of the type of surgical procedure they had undergone-nerve sparing or non-nerve sparing . A positive response to sildenafil was defined as erection sufficient for vaginal penetration . RESULTS Of the 15 patients who had bilateral nerve-sparing procedures , 12 ( 80 % ) had a positive response to sildenafil , with a mean duration of 6.92 minutes of vaginal intercourse . These 12 patients also reported a spousal satisfaction rate of 80 % . All 12 of the responders had a positive response within the first three doses , and 10 of the 12 responded with the first or second dose . None of the 3 patients who had undergone a unilateral nerve-sparing procedure responded , nor did any of the 10 patients who had undergone a non-nerve-sparing procedure . The two most common side effects of the drug were transient headaches ( 39 % ) and abnormal color vision ( 11 % ) . No patients discontinued the medication because of side effects . CONCLUSIONS Successful treatment of erectile dysfunction in a patient after prostatectomy with sildenafil citrate may depend on the presence of bilateral neurovascular bundles . No patient who had undergone a non-nerve-sparing procedure responded . Whether patients who undergo unilateral nerve-sparing procedures will respond to sildenafil is still unclear because of the small number of patients in our study . These findings should encourage urologists to continue to perform and perfect the nerve-sparing approach . The ability to restore potency with an oral medication after radical prostatectomy will impact our discussion with the patient on the surgical morbidity of radical prostatectomy Objective To verify whether sildenafil is effective in young premenopausal women affected by arousal disorder PURPOSE We design ed a peer counseling program to improve sexual function , increase knowledge about reproductive health , and decrease menopausal symptoms and infertility-related distress for African American breast cancer survivors . PATIENTS AND METHODS Women were r and omly assigned to immediate counseling or a 3-month waitlist . Three peer counselors conducted a 3-session intervention using a detailed workbook . Question naires at baseline , after the waitlist period , at posttreatment , and at 3-month follow-up assessed spirituality , sexual function , menopause symptoms , emotional distress , relationship satisfaction , fertility concerns , and knowledge about reproductive health and breast cancer . At the postcounseling assessment , women rated the workbook , their counselor , and the program . RESULTS Of 93 women screened , 60 women ( 65 % ) enrolled in the study . Women who completed counseling ( 80 % ; N = 48 ) had a mean age of 49 years ( st and ard deviation [ SD ] , 8 years ) and a mean follow-up of 4.5 years ( SD , 3.8 years ) since cancer diagnosis . Almost all rated the workbook as very easy to underst and ( 94 % ) and their counselor as very knowledgeable ( 96 % ) and very skillful ( 98 % ) . Eighty-one percent rated the program as " very useful to me . " Immediate counseling and waitlist groups did not differ at baseline in psychologic adjustment , nor did scores change during the waitlist period . Therefore , the groups were combined in analyzing outcomes . Knowledge of reproductive issues improved significantly from baseline to 3-month follow-up ( P < .0001 ) , as did emotional distress ( P = .0047 ) and menopause symptoms ( P = .0128 ) . Sexually dysfunctional women became less distressed ( P = .0167 ) . CONCLUSION Women valued the Sisters Peer Intervention in Reproductive Issues After Treatment program highly and found it relevant . The program had positive effects on knowledge and target symptoms Few intervention studies have been conducted to help couples manage the effects of prostate cancer and maintain their quality of life . The objective of this study was to determine whether a family‐based intervention could improve appraisal variables ( appraisal of illness or caregiving , uncertainty , hopelessness ) , coping re sources ( coping strategies , self‐efficacy , communication ) , symptom distress , and quality of life in men with prostate cancer and their spouses The evidence suggests that medical treatment of breast cancer produces psychosocial trauma in both the patient and her husb and due to the loss of the breast and /or physical disfigurement . 
    Output:
    
Youth showed positive outcomes on sexual knowledge , body image , and sexual functioning , and treatments administered by paraprofessionals were equally effective .
Thematic counseling , addressing mental health , social functioning , and sexual functioning , significantly improved quality of sexual relationships , independent partner presence , whereas other studies revealed more pronounced benefits if the partner participated .
Despite the importance of talking to a cancer care provider about sexual difficulties , interventions design ed to empower patients to do so were ineffective .
Treatments addressing sex education were more effective if they also addressed motivation and self-efficacy .
Discussion There was moderate support for the effectiveness and feasibility of psychological interventions targeting sexual dysfunction following cancer but attrition rates are high , placebo response is notable , and there are often barriers impeding survivors from seeking out psychological interventions for sexual concerns .
Implication s for cancer survivorsDespite the prevalence of sexual difficulties following cancer treatment , psychological interventions are a viable , but not often sought after option to help improve sexual functioning , intimacy , and quality of life for cancer survivors and their partners