***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS Previous studies have shown that abstinent heroin addicts exhibit an attentional bias to heroin-related stimuli . It has been suggested that attentional bias may represent a vulnerability to relapse into drug use . In the present study , the predictive value of pre-treatment attentional bias on relapse was examined in a population of abstinent heroin addicts . Further , the effect of cue exposure therapy ( CET ) on attentional bias was studied . DESIGN Participants were assigned r and omly to receive nine sessions of CET or placebo psychotherapy . SETTING An in-patient drug abuse treatment setting . PARTICIPANTS Abstinent heroin-dependent patients . MEASUREMENTS Participants completed the  emotional Stroop task  both before and after completing treatment . FINDINGS Pre-treatment attentional bias predicted relapse at 3-month follow-up , even when controlling for self-reported cravings at the test session . Further , attentional bias was reduced in both groups after therapy , independent of treatment condition . CONCLUSIONS Attentional bias may tap an important component of drug dependence as it is a predictor of opiate relapse . However , CET does not specifically reduce attentional bias Fifty-six heroin addicts and 60 age-matched controls were offered choices between monetary rewards ( $ 11-$80 ) available immediately and larger rewards ( $ 25-$85 ) available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months . Participants had a 1-in-6 chance of winning a reward that they chose on one r and omly selected trial .  Delay-discounting rates were estimated from the pattern of participants ' choices . The discounting model of impulsiveness ( Ainslie , 1975 ) implies that delay-discounting rates are positively correlated with impulsiveness . On average , heroin addicts ' discount rates were twice those of controls ( p = .004 ) , and discount rates were positively correlated with impulsivity as measured by self-report question naires ( p < .05 ) . The results lend external validity to the  delay-discounting rate  as a measure of impulsiveness , a characteristic associated with substance abuse Cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) , because of its comparatively high level of cognitive dem and , is likely to be challenging for substance users with limitations in cognitive function . However , it is not known whether computer-assisted versions of CBT will be particularly helpful ( e.g. , allowing individualized pace and repetition ) or difficult ( e.g. , via complexity of computerized delivery ) for such patients . In this secondary analysis of data collected from a r and omized clinical trial evaluating computer-assisted CBT , four aspects of cognitive functioning were evaluated among 77 participants . Those with higher levels of risk taking completed fewer sessions and homework assignments and had poorer substance use outcomes Relapse presents a significant problem for patients recovering from stimulant dependence . Here we examined the hypothesis that patterns of brain function obtained at an early stage of abstinence differentiates patients who later relapse versus those who remain abstinent . Forty-five recently abstinent stimulant-dependent patients were tested using a r and omized event-related functional MRI ( ER-fMRI ) design that was developed in order to replicate a previous ERP study of relapse using a selective attention task , and were then monitored until 6 months of verified abstinence or stimulant use occurred . SPM revealed smaller absolute blood oxygen level-dependent ( BOLD ) response amplitude in bilateral ventral posterior cingulate and right insular cortex in 23 patients positive for relapse to stimulant use compared with 22 who remained abstinent .  ER-fMRI , psychiatric , neuropsychological , demographic , personal and family history of drug use were compared in order to form predictive models .  ER-fMRI  was found to predict abstinence with higher accuracy than any other single measure obtained in this study . Logistic regression using fMRI amplitude in right posterior cingulate and insular cortex predicted abstinence with 77.8 % accuracy , which increased to 89.9 % accuracy when history of mania was included . Using 10-fold cross-validation , Bayesian logistic regression and multilayer perceptron algorithms provided the highest accuracy of 84.4 % . These results , combined with previous studies , suggest that the functional organization of paralimbic brain regions including ventral anterior and posterior cingulate and right insula are related to patients ' ability to maintain abstinence . Novel therapies design ed to target these paralimbic regions identified using ER-fMRI may improve treatment outcome Cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) depends on adequate cognitive functioning in patients , but prolonged cocaine use may impair cognitive functioning . Therefore , cognitive impairment may impede the ability of cocaine abusers to benefit from CBT . To begin to address this issue , we investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment and two treatment outcomes , therapy completion and abstention .  Eighteen carefully screened non-depressed cocaine-dependent patients in a psychopharmacological clinical trial were administered the MicroCog computerized battery to assess cognitive performance at treatment entry .  T-tests were used to compare cognitive functioning between completers ( patients remaining in treatment at least 12 weeks ) and dropouts . The results indicated that treatment completers had demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance at baseline than patients who dropped out of treatment . Cognitive domains that significantly distinguished between treatment completers and dropouts were attention , mental reasoning and spatial processing . This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitive impairments may decrease treatment retention and abstinence in CBT of cocaine dependence 
    Output:
    
We observed significant method ological differences across studies , result ing in substantial variability in the relationships between cognitive-executive domains and treatment outcomes .
Notwithst and ing this variability , we found evidence of associations , of medium effect size , between general cognition and treatment adherence , and between reward-based decision-making and relapse .
The link between general cognition and treatment adherence is consistent with emerging evidence linking limited cognitive-executive re sources with less ability to benefit from talk therapies .
The link between reward-based decision-making and relapse accords with decision neuroscience models of addiction .