***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Infant massage by the mother  has been popular in many cultures , especially India , and is growing in popularity in the West . Mothers with postnatal depression often have problems interacting with their infants . A small controlled study has shown that attending a massage class can help such mothers  relate better to their babies . The mechanisms by which this is achieved are not clear but may include learning to underst and their babies ' cues and the release of oxytocin OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of infant massage compared with that of a crib vibrator in the treatment of infantile colic . METHODS Infants < 7 weeks of age and perceived as colicky by their parents were r and omly assigned to an infant massage group ( n = 28 ) or a crib vibrator group ( n = 30 ) . Three daily intervention periods were recommended in both groups . Parents recorded infant crying and given interventions in a structured cry diary that was kept for 1 week before ( baseline ) and for 3 weeks during the intervention . Parents were interviewed after the first and third weeks of intervention to obtain their evaluation of the effectiveness of the given massage or crib vibration . RESULTS At baseline , the mean amount of total crying was 3.6 ( st and ard deviation : 1.4 ) hours/day in the massage group infants and 4.2 ( 2.0 ) hours/day in the vibrator group infants . The mean amount of colicky crying was 2.1 ( st and ard deviation : 1.1 ) hours/day and 2.9 ( 1.5 ) hours/day , respectively . The mean number of daily intervention periods was 2.2 in both groups . Over the 4-week study , the amount of total and colicky crying decreased significantly in both intervention groups . The reduction in crying was similar in the study groups : total crying decreased by a mean 48 % in the massage group and by 47 % in the vibrator group , and colicky crying decreased by 64 % and 52 % , respectively . The amount of other crying ( total crying minus colicky crying ) remained stable in both groups over the intervention . Ninety-three percent of the parents in both groups reported that colic symptoms decreased over the 3-week intervention , and 61 % of the parents in the massage group and 63 % of the parents in the crib vibrator group perceived the 3-week intervention as colic reducing . CONCLUSIONS Infant massage was comparable to the use of a crib vibrator in reducing crying in colicky infants . We suggest that the decrease of total and colicky crying in the present study reflects more the natural course of early infant crying and colic than a specific effect of the interventions Assigned r and omly 28 neonates born to HIV-positive mothers to a massage therapy  or control group . The treatment infants were given three 15-minute massages daily for 10 days . The massaged group showed superior performance on almost every Brazelton newborn cluster score and had a greater daily weight gain at the end of the treatment period unlike the control group who showed declining performance The effects of unimodal and multimodal stimulation on mental , psychomotor , and behavioral development of healthy full-term infants were examined longitudinally . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a stroking procedure , placement on a multisensory hammock during sleep periods , or a combination of the two treatments . Interventions were conducted during the first 3 months of life . Data are presented on 49 infants who were available for 24-month follow up . The experimental conditions did not significantly affect scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development . Eyberg 's Child Behavior Inventory , the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scales , or the HOME . These findings suggest that supplementary stimulation provided no benefits beyond those associated with natural caregiving and raise questions about the value of the interventions with nonrisk infants in middle-class families . Additional studies need to be conducted with larger sample s of healthy infants to test sensory stimulation protocol s before they are advocated for widespread consumer use OBJECTIVE To determine whether clinical trials originating in certain countries always have positive results . DATA SOURCES Abstract s of trials from Medline ( January 1966-June 1995 ) . STUDY SELECTION Two separate studies were conducted . The first included trials in which the clinical outcome of a group of subjects receiving acupuncture  was compared to that of a group receiving placebo , no treatment , or a nonacupuncture intervention . In the second study , r and omized or controlled trials of interventions other than  acupuncture  that were published in China , Japan , Russia/USSR , or Taiwan were compared to those published in Engl and . DATA EXTRACTION Blinded review ers determined inclusion and outcome and separately classified each trial by country of origin . DATA SYNTHESIS In the study of acupuncture  trials , 252 of 1085 abstract s met the inclusion criteria . Research conducted in certain countries was uniformly favorable to acupuncture ; all trials originating in China , Japan , Hong Kong , and Taiwan were positive , as were 10 out of 11 of those published in Russia/USSR . In studies that examined interventions other than acupuncture , 405 of 1100 abstract s met the inclusion criteria . Of trials published in Engl and , 75 % gave the test treatment as superior to control . The results for China , Japan , Russia/USSR , and Taiwan were 99 % , 89 % , 97 % , and 95 % , respectively . No trial published in China or Russia/USSR found a test treatment to be ineffective . CONCLUSIONS Some countries publish unusually high proportions of positive results . Publication bias is a possible explanation . Research ers undertaking systematic review s should consider carefully how to manage data from these countries Eighty-one healthy , full-term infants were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a cephalocaudal stroking procedure ; placement on a multisensory hammock that provided auditory , vestibular , and tactile stimulation during expected sleep cycles ; and a combination of the prior two treatments . All interventions were given during the first 3 months of life . Infants in the control group received the natural stimulation provided in their home environments without additional supplementation . Four- and 8-month assessment s were done using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Revised Infant Temperament Question naire . There were no significant treatment effects on weight or psychomotor development . Although infants receiving unimodal stimulation obtained lower 8-month cognitive development scores than infants in other experimental and control groups , their scores were within normal range . Control group infants achieved the most optimum mood and distractibility scores at both 4 and 8 months ABSTRACT . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of massage therapy on phase adjustment of rest-activity and melatonin secretion rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants . Rest-activity cycles of infants ( measurement 1 , n = 16 ) were measured by actigraphy before and after 14 days of massage therapy ( starting at age 10 [ ±4 ] d ) and subsequently at 6 and 8 weeks of age . 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin excretion was assessed in urine sample s at 6 , 8 , and 12 weeks of age ( measurement 2 , n = 21 ) . At 8 weeks the controls revealed one peak of activity at approximately 12 midnight ( 11 p.m.–3 a.m. ) and another one at approximately 12 noon ( 11 a.m.–3 p.m. ) , whereas in the treated group , a major peak was early in the morning ( 3 a.m.–7 a.m. ) and a secondary peak in the late afternoon ( 3 p.m.–7 p.m. ) . At 12 weeks , nocturnal 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretions were significantly higher in the treated infants ( 1346.38 ± 209.40 μg/night vs 823.25 ± 121.25 μg/night , respectively;p < .05 ) . It is concluded that massage therapy by mothers in the perinatal period serves as a strong time cue , enhancing coordination of the developing circadian system with environmental cues BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to investigate if massage with oils commonly used in the community for massage in infancy is beneficial . METHODS Full term born healthy infants ( n = 125 ) , 6 + /- 1 wk of age , wt > 3000 g were r and omly divided into five groups . Infants received ( i ) herbal oil , ( ii ) sesame oil , ( iii ) mustard oil , or ( iv ) mineral oil for massage daily for 4 wk . The fifth group did not receive massage and served as control . The study tools were anthropometeric measurements ; microhaematrocrit ; serum proteins , creatinine and creatine phosphokinase ; blood flow using colour doppler and sleep pattern . RESULTS Massage improved the weight , length , and midarm and midleg circumferences as compared to infants without massage . However , in the group with sesame oil massage increase in length , midarm and midleg circumferences by 1.0 , 0.9 and 0.7 cm , respectively was significant ( P < 0.05 , < 0.01 & < 0.05 ) . There was no change in microhaematocrit , serum : proteins , albumin , creatinine and creatine phosphokinase between both the groups . The femoral artery blood velocity , diameter and flow improved significantly by 12.6 cm/sec , 0.6 cm and 3.55 cm3/sec respectively in the group with sesame oil massage as compared to the control group . Massage improved the post massage sleep , the maximum being 1.62 h in the sesame oil group ( P < 0.0001 ) . INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Massage in infancy improves growth and post-massage sleep . However , only sesame oil showed significant benefit The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multisensory intervention on the physical growth and health of Korean orphaned infants . Fifty-eight full-term infants were r and omly assigned to a control ( n = 28 ) or an experimental ( n = 30 ) group within 14 days postbirth . In addition to receiving the routine orphanage care , infants in the experimental group received 15 min of auditory ( female voice ) , tactile ( massage ) , and visual ( eye-to-eye contact ) stimulation twice a day , 5 days a week , for 4 weeks . Compared to the control group , the experimental group had gained significantly more weight and had larger increases in length and head circumference after the 4-week intervention period and at 6 months of age . In addition , the experimental group had significantly fewer illnesses and clinic visits . These data demonstrate that multisensory intervention in conjunction with human/social contact may be effective in facilitating growth for newborn infants placed in orphanages BACKGROUND Postnatal depression can have long term adverse consequences for the mother-infant relationship and the infant 's development . Improving a mother 's depression per se has been found to have little impact on mother-infant interaction . The aims of this study were to determine whether attending regular massage classes could reduce maternal depression and also improve the quality of mother-infant interaction . METHOD Thirty-four primiparous depressed mothers , median 9 weeks postpartum , identified as being depressed following completion of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) at 4 weeks postpartum , were r and omly allocated either to an infant massage class and a support group ( massage group ) or to a support group ( control group ) . Each group attended for five weekly sessions . Changes in maternal depression and mother-infant interaction were assessed at the beginning and the end of the study by comparing EPDS scores and ratings of videotaped mother-infant interaction . RESULTS The EPDS scores fell in both groups . Significant improvement of mother-infant interaction was seen only in the massage group . LIMITATION The sample size was small and had relatively high dropout . It was not possible to distinguish which aspects of the infant massage class contributed to the benefit . CONCLUSION This study suggests that learning the practice of infant massage by mothers is an effective treatment for facilitating mother-infant interaction in mothers with postnatal depression BACKGROUND Some r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) done in German-speaking Europe are published in international English- language journals and others in national German- language journals . We assessed whether authors are more likely to report trials with statistically significant results in English than in German . METHODS We studied pairs of RCT reports , matched for first author and time of publication , with one report published in German and the other in English . Pairs were identified from reports round in a manual search of five leading German- language journals and from reports published by the same authors in English found on Medline .  Quality of methods and reporting were assessed with two different scales by two investigators who were unaware of authors ' identities , affiliations , and other characteristics of trial reports . Main study endpoints were selected by two investigators who were unaware of trial results . Our main outcome was the number of pairs of studies in which the levels of significance ( shown by p values ) were discordant . FINDINGS 62 eligible pairs of reports were identified but 19 ( 31 % ) were excluded because they were duplicate publications . A further three pairs ( 5 % ) were excluded because no p values were given . The remaining 40 pairs were analysed . Design characteristics and quality features were similar for reports in both language s. Only 35 % of German- language articles , compared with 62 % of English- language articles , reported significant ( p < 0.05 ) differences in the main endpoint between study and control groups ( p = 0.002 by McNemar 's test ) . Logistic regression showed that the only characteristic that predicted publication in an English- language journal was a significant result . The odds ratio for publication of trials with significant results in English was 3.75 
    Output:
    
The results of nine studies providing primary data suggest that infant massage has no effect on growth , but provides some evidence suggestive of improved mother-infant interaction , sleep and relaxation , reduced crying and a beneficial impact on a number of hormones controlling stress .
Results showing a significant impact on number of illnesses and clinic visits were limited to a study of Korean orphanage infants .
There was no evidence of effects on cognitive and behavioural outcomes , infant attachment or temperament .
The data from the 13 studies regarded to be at high risk of bias show uniformly significant benefits on growth , sleep , crying and bilirubin levels .
There was , however , some evidence of benefits on mother-infant interaction , sleeping and crying , and on hormones influencing stress levels .