***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Obesity has become a global public health problem , which also affects children . It has been proposed that the educational interventions during childhood could be a key strategy in the prevention of obesity . Objective To evaluate the efficacy of an intervention on food habits and physical activity in school children . Methods A 2-year cluster-r and omised prospect i ve study with two parallel arms was used to evaluate an intervention programme in children in their first year of primary schooling ( 5–6 years of age ) in schools in the city of Granollers . The intervention consisted of the promotion of healthy eating habits and physical activity by means of the educational methodology Investigation , Vision , Action and Change ( IVAC ) . At the beginning and at the end of the study ( 2006 and 2008 ) the weight and height of each child was measured in situ , while the families were given a self-report physical activity question naire and the Krece Plus quick test . Results Two years after the beginning of the study , the body mass index of the children in the control group was 0.89 kg/m2 higher than that of the intervention schools . The intervention reduced by 62 % the prevalence of overweight children . Similarly , the proportion of children that ate a second piece of fruit and took part in an after-school physical activity increased in the intervention group . In the control group , the weekly consumption of fish was reduced . Conclusions The educational intervention in healthy eating habits and physical activity in the school could contribute to lessen the current increase in child obesity The current review aim ed to systematic ally identify dietary , physical activity and sedentary behaviours in preschool children ( 4 - 6 years of age ) that are prospect ively related to overweight or obesity later in childhood . Prospect i ve studies published between January 1990 and June 2010 were selected from search es in PubMed , EMBASE , PsycINFO , CINAHL and Cochrane Library . Studies examining the prospect i ve association between at least one relevant behaviour measured during preschool period ( children aged 4 - 6 years at baseline ) in relation to at least one anthropometric measurement at follow-up ( age < 18 years ) were included . Harvest plots were used to summarize the results and draw conclusions from the evidence . Of the 8,718 retrieved papers , 23 papers reporting on 15 different study sample s were included in this review . Strong evidence was found for an inverse association between total physical activity and overweight . Moderate evidence was observed for a positive association between television viewing and overweight . Because of the heterogeneity in the assessed dietary behaviours , insufficient evidence was found for an association between  dietary intake or specific dietary behaviours and overweight . These results suggest that interventions aim ing to prevent overweight among preschool children should focus on promotion of total physical activity and limitation of screen time and that further research is needed to establish whether and which dietary behaviours are important for obesity prevention in this age group . However , despite the lack of evidence for dietary behaviours from the present review , future interventions may already target specific dietary behaviours that are highly prevalent and for which there a clear rationale as well as preliminary evidence that these behaviours are associated with overweight OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based , 2-year , multi-component intervention on BMI , eating and physical activity behaviour in Fl and ers , Belgium , targeting children aged 3 - 6 years in communities of high and low socio-economic status ( SES ) . DESIGN Cluster-r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Thirty-one pre- primary and primary schools in three different intervention communities and three paired-matched ( on SES profile ) control communities in Fl and ers , Belgium . SUBJECTS BMI Z-scores  at baseline and follow-up were calculated for 1102 children . Question naires with sociodemographic data and FFQ were available from 694 of these 1102 children . RESULTS No significant effects were found on BMI Z-scores for the total sample . However , there was a significant decrease in BMI Z-score of 0·11 in the low-SES intervention community compared with the low-SES control community , where the BMI Z-score increased by 0·04 ( F = 6·26 , P = 0·01 ) . No significant intervention effects could be found for eating behaviour , physical activity or screen-time . There were no significant interaction effects of age and gender of the children on the outcome variables . CONCLUSIONS Although no significant effects were found for BMI Z-scores in the total sample , this intervention had a promising effect in the low-SES community of reducing excess weight gain among young children Background The aim of these review s is to inform the design and content of interventions to reduce obesity in young children . The behaviors that are associated with obesity/overweight have been studied extensively ; however , the factors associated with these behaviors in young children ( 0 to 6 years ) have not been systematic ally review ed . Over the past few years the focus of obesity prevention has shifted to preschool children because of the high prevalence of obesity at school entry and recognition that habits formed in early life could track into adulthood . In order to develop effective interventions and change behavior , it is important to underst and the factors that are associated with those behaviors . For example , we need to underst and whether it would be more important to target the family , childcare setting s or the wider environment and identify the most effective way of changing these energy balance related behaviors . Methods / Design Quantitative ( intervention and observational ) and qualitative literature on determinants/correlates of fruit and vegetable intake , sugar sweetened beverage and other unhealthy diet intake , and physical activity and sedentary behaviors in young children will be systematic ally identified , mapped and review ed . A common search strategy ( no language or period restrictions ) will be used to identify papers from eight electronic data bases and this will be supplemented by h and - search ing . Next , studies in developed countries that examine the factors associated with these behaviors in children aged 0 to 6 years ( at baseline ) will be screened and mapped descriptively followed by in-depth data extraction , quality assessment and synthesis . Data from quantitative studies will be summarized using either forest plots or harvest plots and narrative synthesis , and qualitative studies using thematic analysis . Qualitative evidence will be integrated with the quantitative evidence , using a parallel synthesis approach , to provide a deeper underst and ing of effective strategies to influence these energy balance related behaviors . Discussion In addition to updating and mapping current research , these review s will be the first to comprehensively synthesize and integrate both the quantitative and qualitative evidence pertaining to determinants/correlates/barriers/facilitators of obesity related behaviors in this young age group ( 0 to 6 years ) with the aim of informing future interventions . Systematic review registration International Prospect i ve Register for Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) Registration number : BACKGROUND Increased intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice has been associated with overweight in children . OBJECTIVE This study prospect ively assessed beverage consumption patterns and their relationship with weight status in a cohort of children born at different risk for obesity . METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were children born at low risk ( n = 27 ) or high risk ( n = 22 ) for obesity based on maternal prepregnancy BMI ( kg/m(2 ) ) . Daily beverage consumption was generated from 3-day food records from children aged 3 - 6 years and coded into seven beverage categories ( milk , fruit juice , fruit drinks , caloric and non-caloric soda , soft drinks including and excluding fruit juice ) . Child anthropometric measures were assessed yearly . RESULTS High-risk children consumed a greater percentage of daily calories from beverages at age 3 , more fruit juice at ages 3 and 4 , more soft drinks ( including fruit juice ) at ages 3 - 5 , and more soda at age 6 compared to low-risk children . Longitudinal analyses showed that a greater 3-year increase in soda intake was associated with an increased change in waist circumference , whereas a greater increase in milk intake was associated with a reduced change in waist circumference . There was no significant association between change in intake from any of the beverage categories and change in BMI z-score across analyses . DISCUSSION Children 's familial predisposition to obesity may differentially affect their beverage consumption patterns . Future research should examine the extent to which dietary factors may play a role in pediatric body fat deposition over time Objective : To examine the types of drinks consumed by children at 18 months of age , determine any associations with socio-demographic characteristics and investigate the use of a bottle for providing these drinks . Design : A total of 1026 r and omly chosen children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood ( ALSPAC ) were studied . Methods : As part of a dietary diary completed when their children were 18 months of age , mothers were asked to record all drinks consumed over a 24 h period and to report the containers used to give these drinks . Socio-demographic characteristics were obtained via self-completion question naire . Results : Dietary records were available for 1026 children at 18 months . A wide variety of drinks were given at this age . In all , 64 % of children had received at least one drink in a bottle and 10 % solely used a bottle . Bottle users consumed a significantly greater volume of milk drinks compared to those who used a cup or other container . The types of drinks consumed and adherence to the guidelines on weaning were associated with several socio-demographic characteristics . In particular , children with mothers of lower educational level were more likely to receive fizzy drinks and low-calorie soft drinks , more likely to drink from a bottle , and less likely to drink from a cup . Conclusion : We have shown that certain groups of mothers with 18-month-old children are not following the current guidelines on weaning . Assuming these guidelines have scientific validity , it is clear that nutritional education needs to be targeted at these mothers to help them feed their children in the optimal way , to protect from nutritional deficiencies , possible later obesity and poor dental health . Sponsorship : University of Bristol OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of breastfeeding and formula feeding , the age of introduction to specific foods , and the types of foods and beverages consumed by Hispanic infants and toddlers compared with similarly aged non-Hispanic infants and toddlers living in the United States . DESIGN Descriptive and comparative analysis of dietary recall data and responses to specific interview questions , which were collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study . Breastfeeding status , timing of introduction of complementary foods , percentage consuming foods from specific food groups , and the most frequently consumed fruits and vegetables by Hispanic and non-Hispanic children by age group ( 4 - 5 months , 6 - 11 months , 12 - 24 months ) . SUBJECTS A national r and om sample of 371 Hispanic and 2,637 non-Hispanic infants and toddlers between the ages of 4 and 24 months . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS To test for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children in the percentage who consumed a particular food item , we calculated percentages and st and ard errors in SUDAAN and 95 % and 99 % confidence intervals . The most frequently consumed fruits and vegetables were determined by tallying the percentage of infants and toddlers who consumed each specific fruit or vegetable on a given day . RESULTS Although there were some similarities , the early flavor and food experiences of Hispanic infants were different from similarly aged non-Hispanic infants in several ways . Hispanic infants younger than 1 year of age were more likely to have ever been breastfed and those who were 4 to 5 months were more likely than non-Hispanics to be eating pureed baby foods on a daily basis . Although less likely to be eating non-infant cereals and baby food vegetables , 6- to 11-month-old Hispanics were more likely to be eating fresh fruits , fruit-flavored drinks , baby cookies , and foods such as soups , rice , and beans that are common in many Hispanic cultures . When fruits were introduced into the Hispanic child 's diet , they were most commonly consumed fresh . This higher prevalence of being fed soups , rice , beans , and sweetened fruit-flavored drinks as well as tortillas was also observed among the 12- to 24-month-old toddlers . CONCLUSIONS Dietetics professionals should be aware of the cultural differences in the foods fed to infants and toddlers that may contribute to the development of long-term food preferences and impact on nutrition . Underst and ing the factors that underlie food preferences is important if we are to develop evidence -based strategies to improve children 's eating habits and lower their risks factors associated with obesity and other chronic diseases Background Early childhood services have been identified as a key setting for promoting healthy eating and physical activity as a means of preventing overweight and obesity . However , there is limited evidence on effective nutrition and physical activity programs in this setting . The purpose of this study was to evaluate Munch and Move , a low-intensity , state-wide , professional development program design ed to support early childhood professionals to promote healthy eating and physical activity among children in their care . Methods The evaluation involved 15 intervention and 14 control preschools ( n = 430 ; mean age 4.4 years ) in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia and was based on a r and omised-control design with pre and post evaluation of children 's lunchbox contents , fundamental movement skills ( FMS ) , preschool policies and practice s and staff attitudes , knowledge and confidence related to physical activity , healthy eating and recreational screen time . Results At follow up , FMS scores for locomotor , object control and total FMS score significantly improved by 3.4 , 2.1 and 5.5 points more ( respectively ) in the intervention group compared with the control group ( P < 0.001 ) and the number of FMS sessions per week increased by 1.5 ( P = 0. 
    Output:
    
There is consistent evidence to support potentially modifiable correlates/determinants of SSB consumption in young children acting at parental ( modelling ) , child ( TV viewing ) and environmental ( school policy ) levels