***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background It is unknown whether individuals at high cardiovascular risk sustain a benefit in cardiovascular disease from increased olive oil consumption . The aim was to assess the association between total olive oil intake , its varieties ( extra virgin and common olive oil ) and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk . Methods We included 7,216 men and women at high cardiovascular risk , aged 55 to 80 years , from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea ( PREDIMED ) study , a multicenter , r and omized , controlled , clinical trial . Participants were r and omized to one of three interventions : Mediterranean Diets supplemented with nuts or extra-virgin olive oil , or a control low-fat diet . The present analysis was conducted as an observational prospect i ve cohort study . The median follow-up was 4.8 years . Cardiovascular disease ( stroke , myocardial infa rct ion and cardiovascular death ) and mortality were ascertained by medical records and National Death Index .  Olive oil  consumption was evaluated with vali date d food frequency question naires . Multivariate Cox proportional hazards and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between baseline and yearly repeated measurements of olive oil intake , cardiovascular disease and mortality . Results During follow-up , 277 cardiovascular events and 323 deaths occurred . Participants in the highest energy-adjusted tertile of baseline total olive oil and extra-virgin olive oil consumption had 35 % ( HR : 0.65 ; 95 % CI : 0.47 to 0.89 ) and 39 % ( HR : 0.61 ; 95 % CI : 0.44 to 0.85 ) cardiovascular disease risk reduction , respectively , compared to the reference . Higher baseline total olive oil consumption was associated with 48 % ( HR : 0.52 ; 95 % CI : 0.29 to 0.93 ) reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality . For each 10 g/d increase in extra-virgin olive oil consumption , cardiovascular disease and mortality risk decreased by 10 % and 7 % , respectively . No significant associations were found for cancer and all-cause mortality . The associations between cardiovascular events and extra virgin olive oil intake were significant in the Mediterranean diet intervention groups and not in the control group . Conclusions Olive oil consumption , specifically the extra-virgin variety , is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality in individuals at high cardiovascular risk . Trial registration This study was registered at controlled-trials.com ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N35739639 ) . International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 35739639 . Registration date : 5 October 2005 Background Evidence regarding the role of dairy fat intake in  cardiovascular disease (  CVD ) has been mixed and inconclusive . Most earlier studies have used self‐reported measures of dietary intake and focused on relatively racially homogeneous population s. Circulating biomarkers of dairy fat in a multiethnic cohort provide objective measures of dairy fat intake and facilitate conclusions relevant to population s with different diets and susceptibility to CVD . Methods and Results In a multiethnic cohort of 2837 US adults aged 45 to 84 years at baseline ( 2000–2002 ) , phospholipid fatty acids including 15:0 , 14:0 , and trans‐16:1n7 were measured using st and ardized methods , and the incidence of CVD prospect ively adjudicated . Self‐reported whole‐fat dairy and butter intakes had strongest associations with 15:0 , rather than 14:0 or trans‐16:1n7 . In multivariate models including demographics and lifestyle and dietary habits , each SD‐unit of 15:0 was associated with 19 % lower CVD risk ( hazard ratio [ 95 % CI ] 0.81 [ 0.68 to 0.98 ] ) and 26 % lower coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk ( 0.74 [ 0.60 to 0.92 ] ) . Associations were strengthened after mutual adjustment for 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 and were similar after adjustment for potential mediators . Plasma phospholipid 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 were not significantly associated with incident CVD or CHD . All findings were similar in white , black , Hispanic , and Chinese American participants .  Conclusion Plasma phospholipid 15:0 , a biomarker of dairy fat , was inversely associated with incident CVD and CHD , while no association was found with phospholipid 14:0 and trans‐16:1n‐7 . These findings support the need for further investigation of CVD effects of dairy fat , dairy‐specific fatty acids , and dairy products in general OBJECTIVE To examine associations between type 2 diabetes and fiber , glycemic load ( GL ) , dietary glycemic index ( GI ) , and fiber-rich foods . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospect i ve study of 36,787 men and women aged 40 - 69 years without diabetes . For all self-reported cases of diabetes at 4-year follow-up , confirmation of diagnosis was sought from medical practitioners . Case subjects were those who reported diabetes at follow-up and for whom there was no evidence that they did not have type 2 diabetes . Data were analyzed with logistic regression , adjusting for country of birth , physical activity , family history of diabetes , alcohol and energy intake , education , 5-year weight change , sex , and age . RESULTS Follow-up was completed by 31,641 ( 86 % ) participants , and 365 cases were identified . The odds ratio ( OR ) for the highest quartile of white bread intake compared with the lowest was 1.37 ( 95 % CI 1.04 - 1.81 ; P for trend = 0.001 ) . Intakes of carbohydrate ( OR per 200 g/day 0.58 , 0.36 - 0.95 ) , sugars ( OR per 100 g/day 0.61 , 0.47 - 0.79 ) , and magnesium ( OR per 500 mg/day 0.62 , 0.43 - 0.90 ) were inversely associated with incidence of diabetes , whereas intake of starch ( OR per 100 g/day 1.47 , 1.06 - 2.05 ) and dietary GI ( OR per 10 units 1.32 , 1.05 - 1.66 ) were positively associated with diabetes . These relationships were attenuated after adjustment for BMI and waist-to-hip ratio . CONCLUSIONS Reducing dietary GI while maintaining a high carbohydrate intake may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes . One way to achieve this would be to substitute white bread with low-GI breads Summary Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and type 2 diabetes . In this longitudinal case-cohort study , we aim ed to investigate the prospect i ve associations between objective ly measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants . Methods The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12 403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16 154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340 234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up ( the EPIC study ) . Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31 , 2007 , by a review of several sources of evidence . Gas chromatography was used to measure the distribution of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids ( mol% ) ; sample s from people with type 2 diabetes and subcohort participants were processed in a r and om order by centre , and laboratory staff were masked to participant characteristics . We estimated country-specific hazard ratios ( HRs ) for associations per SD of each SFA with incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression , which is weighted for case-cohort sampling , and pooled our findings using r and om-effects meta- analysis . Findings SFAs accounted for 46 % of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids . In adjusted analyses , different individual SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposing directions . Even-chain SFAs that were measured ( 14:0 [ myristic acid ] , 16:0 [ palmitic acid ] , and 18:0 [ stearic acid ] ) were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes ( HR [ 95 % CI ] per SD difference : myristic acid 1·15 [ 95 % CI 1·09–1·22 ] , palmitic acid 1·26 [ 1·15–1·37 ] , and stearic acid 1·06 [ 1·00–1·13 ] ) . By contrast , measured odd-chain SFAs ( 15:0 [ pentadecanoic acid ] and 17:0 [ heptadecanoic acid ] ) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes ( HR [ 95 % CI ] per 1 SD difference : 0·79 [ 0·73–0·85 ] for pentadecanoic acid and 0·67 [ 0·63–0·71 ] for heptadecanoic acid ) , as were measured longer-chain SFAs ( 20:0 [ arachidic acid ] , 22:0 [ behenic acid ] , 23:0 [ tricosanoic acid ] , and 24:0 [ lignoceric acid ] ) , with HRs ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 ( 95 % CIs ranging between 0·61 and 0·92 ) . Our findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses . Interpretation Different individual plasma phospholipid SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposite directions , which suggests that SFAs are not homogeneous in their effects . Our findings emphasise the importance of the recognition of subtypes of these fatty acids . An improved underst and ing of differences in sources of individual SFAs from dietary intake versus endogenous metabolism is needed . Funding EU FP6 programme , Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit , Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research , and Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative Using lipidomic method ologies the impact that meal lipid composition and metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) exerts on the postpr and ial chylomicron triacylglycerol ( TAG ) response was examined . Males ( 9 control ; 11 MetS ) participated in a r and omised crossover trial ingesting two high fat breakfast meals composed of either dairy-based foods or vegetable oil-based foods . The postpr and ial lipidomic molecular composition of the TAG in the chylomicron-rich ( CM ) fraction was analysed with t and em mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography to profile CM TAG species and targeted TAG regioisomers . Postpr and ial CM TAG concentrations were significantly lower after the dairy-based foods compared with the vegetable oil-based foods for both control and MetS subjects . The CM TAG response to the ingested meals involved both significant and differential depletion of TAG species containing shorter- and medium-chain fatty acids ( FA ) and enrichment of TAG molecular species containing C16 and C18 saturated , monounsaturated and diunsaturated FA . Furthermore , there were significant changes in the TAG species between the food TAG and CM TAG and between the 3- and 5-h postpr and ial sample s for the CM TAG regioisomers . Unexpectedly , the postpr and ial CM TAG concentration and CM TAG lipidomic responses did not differ between the control and MetS subjects . Lipidomic analysing of CM TAG molecular species revealed dynamic changes in the molecular species of CM TAG during the postpr and ial phase suggesting either preferential CM TAG species formation and /or clearance Background / Objectives : Diets high in saturated and trans fat and low in unsaturated fat may increase type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) risk , but studies on foods high in fat per unit weight are sparse . We assessed whether the intake of vegetable oil , butter , margarine , nuts and seeds and cakes and cookies is related to incident T2D.Subjects/ Methods : A case-cohort study was conducted , nested within eight countries of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer ( EPIC ) , with 12 403 incident T2D cases and a subcohort of 16 835 people , identified from a cohort of 340 234 people . Diet was assessed at baseline ( 1991–1999 ) by country-specific question naires . Country-specific hazard ratios ( HRs ) across four categories of fatty foods ( nonconsumers and tertiles among consumers ) were combined with r and om-effects meta- analysis . Results : After adjustment not including body mass index ( BMI ) , nonconsumers of butter , nuts and seeds and cakes and cookies were at higher T2D risk compared with the middle tertile of consumption . Among consumers , cakes and cookies were inversely related 
    Output:
    
This systematic review and meta- analysis suggests relatively small or neutral overall associations of butter with mortality , CVD , and diabetes .