***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND We report data from NEWART , a r and omised phase 4 clinical trial comparing virologic efficacy and safety of nevirapine ( NVP ) vs. ritonavir-boosted atazanavir ( ATV/r ) on a background of tenofovir/emtricitabine ( TDF/FTC ) in HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve patients . This study enrolled patients according to CD4-based initiation criteria for NVP ( < 250 cells/mm(3 ) for women and < 400 cells/mm(3 ) for men ) , to reduce the likelihood of symptomatic hepatic events . NEWART was design ed to support and confirm results from ARTEN , an international trial with similar design and study endpoints . METHODS A total of 152 patients were r and omised 1 : 1 to open-label  NVP 200 mg twice daily or ATV/r ( 300/100 mg ) once daily , plus once daily TDF/FTC ( 300/200 mg ) . All participants met CD4(+ ) guidelines at entry . The primary endpoint for non-inferiority was virologic response prior to and at week 48 ( confirmed HIV plasma viral load < 50 copies/ml , without rebound or change in ARVs ) . Safety data , including plasma lipids , were recorded throughout the study . RESULTS The primary endpoint was achieved in 46/75 ( 61.3 % ) and 50/77 ( 64.9 % ) of patients taking NVP and ATV/r , respectively . Frequency of adverse events ( AEs ) was similar between arms , with 88.0 % of NVP-treated patients and 94.8 % of ATV/r-treated patients experiencing at least one AE . Nine patients ( 12 % ) in each arm experienced an AE that led to discontinuation . At week 48 , a significantly greater increase was seen in mean plasma HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in the NVP arm ( 9.6 mg/dl ) vs. the ATV/r arm ( 3.5 mg/dl ) ; p = 0.016 . Also , total cholesterol (TC):HDL-C ratio on-treatment was -0.38 and -0.02 for the NVP and ATV/r arms , respectively ( p = 0.038 ) . CONCLUSIONS Efficacy results were consistent with the ARTEN study demonstrating that NVP was non-inferior to ATV/r when taken in combination with TDF/FTC . Rates of AEs were similar between the two arms , whereas HDL-C increased and TC : HDL-C decreased significantly more in patients taking NVP than ATV/r The authors compared the pharmacokinetics of  lopinavir ( LPV ) and ritonavir ( RTV )  between women and men . This 2-step , multicenter , pharmacokinetic study enrolled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults on lopinavir/ritonavir ( LPV/r ) capsules ( 400/100 mg bid ) plus 1 or more nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors .  All participants underwent 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling . The pharmacokinetic sampling was repeated in participants receiving the LPV/r tablet formulation . Step 1 enrolled 37 women and 40 men ; step 2 included 42 participants from step 1 plus 35 new participants ( 39 women and 38 men ) .  LPV pharmacokinetics in women and men were not significantly different with either formulation . Women had significantly higher median RTV AUC(0 - 12 h ) with both the soft-gel capsule ( SGC ) and tablet formulations ( SGC : 5395 vs 4119 ng·h/mL , P = .026 ; tablet : 5310 vs 3941 ng·h/mL , P = .012 ) , higher median C(max ) ( SGC : 802 vs 635 ng/mL , P = .032 ; tablet : 773 vs 570 ng/mL , P = .006 ) , and lower median CL/F ( SGC : 18.54 vs 24.31 L/h , P = .026 ; tablet : 18.83 vs 25.37 L/h , P = .012 ) . RTV CL/F was slower in women after weight adjustment with both formulations . The pharmacokinetics of LPV in the SGC and tablet formulations are comparable in HIV-infected patients . Women had higher RTV AUC(0 - 12 h ) and lower CL/F with both formulations . The mechanism of the sex difference in RTV CL/F warrants elucidation BACKGROUND Atazanavir is a once-daily protease inhibitor ( PI ) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection that has previously been studied in cohorts of treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients . Limited data are available on the usefulness of switching from a PI-based regimen to a regimen based on a different PI , such as atazanavir , in HIV-infected patients experiencing virologic suppression but seeking regimen simplification . METHODS The Switch to Another Protease Inhibitor ( SWAN ) study was a 48-week , open-label trial involving HIV-positive patients with virologic suppression who were receiving stable PI-based regimens ( with or without ritonavir ) . Patients were r and omized 2 : 1 to switch to atazanavir ( 400 mg per day)--or , if they were receiving tenofovir , to atazanavir-ritonavir ( 300/100 mg per day)--or to continue to receive their existing PI . The proportion of patients who experienced virologic rebound ( defined as an HIV RNA load > or=50 copies/mL ) was compared through study week 48 . RESULTS Patients either received an atazanavir-containing regimen ( 278 patients ) or continued to receive a comparator PI-containing regimen ( 141 patients ) . The proportion of patients who experienced virologic rebound was significantly lower among those who switched to an atazanavir-containing regimen ( 19 [ 7 % ] of 278 ) than it was among those who continued to receive a comparator PI regimen ( 22 [ 16 % ] of 141 ; P=.004 ) . Patients who switched to atazanavir therapy experienced significantly fewer total cholesterol , fasting triglyceride , and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol elevations than did patients in the comparator PI group ( P<.001 ) ; patients receiving atazanavir had comparable rates of adverse event-related discontinuation and serious adverse events . CONCLUSIONS In patients with virologic suppression who were receiving other PIs , switching to a once-per-day regimen containing atazanavir provided better maintenance of virologic suppression ( as demonstrated by significantly lower rates of virologic rebound and treatment failure than those observed with continued unmodified therapy ) , a comparable safety profile , and improved lipid parameters , compared with those for patients who continued their prior PI-based regimen through 48 weeks Thomas Campbell and colleagues report findings of a r and omized trial conducted in multiple countries regarding the efficacy of  antiretroviral regimens with simplified dosing R and omized , open-label , prospect i ve clinical trial assessing efficacy and safety on hyperlipidemia of a switching from a regimen including one protease inhibitor and one thymidine analogue to atazanavir/ritonavir plus abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine .  Adult HIV-infected patients on their first antiretroviral therapy ( of at least 48-week duration ) , including one protease inhibitor and zidovudine or stavudine , with stable immunovirologic features , and having diagnosis of persisting hyperlipidemia , were r and omized to replace current treatment with atazanavir/ritonavir plus abacavir/lamivudine ( arm A ) or tenofovir/emtricitabine ( arm B ) , and were followed for 48 weeks . Eighty-nine patients were enrolled : 42 patients were r and omized to arm A , and 47 to arm B. At the end of the 48-week follow-up , incidence of virologic failure was comparable in both arms , and associated with a poor drug compliance . Increase in CD4 lymphocyte count was significantly higher in arm A after a 24-week study period ( 62.5 versus 39.2 x 10(6 ) cells/L ; p < 0.05 ) , while immunologic responses were comparable at the end of 48-week follow-up ( 91.5 versus 83.6 ; p > 0.05 ) . A statistically significant reduction ( -15.4 % ) in mean triglyceridaemia versus respective baseline values was reported in both groups ( p < 0.05 ) , without statistically significant difference between arm A and B. Similar results were reported for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels . Safety and tolerability profiles were comparable in both groups . Switching from a protease inhibitor- and thymidine analogue-based antiretroviral regimen to atazanavir/ritonavir plus abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine proved effective in the management of hyperlipidemia , without significant differences in lipid-lowering effect , virologic efficacy , and safety profile between these regimens BACKGROUND The use of fixed-dose combination nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) with a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor is recommended as initial therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infection , but which NRTI combination has greater efficacy and safety is not known . METHODS In a r and omized , blinded equivalence study involving 1858 eligible patients , we compared four once-daily antiretroviral regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection : abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)-emtricitabine plus efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir . The primary efficacy end point was the time from r and omization to virologic failure ( defined as a confirmed HIV-1 RNA level > or = 1000 copies per milliliter at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks , or > or = 200 copies per milliliter at or after 24 weeks ) . RESULTS A scheduled interim review by an independent data and safety monitoring board showed significant differences in virologic efficacy , according to the NRTI combination , among patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more . At a median follow-up of 60 weeks , among the 797 patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more , the time to virologic failure was significantly shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group than in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group ( hazard ratio , 2.33 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.46 to 3.72 ; P<0.001 ) , with 57 virologic failures ( 14 % ) in the abacavir-lamivudine group versus 26 ( 7 % ) in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group . The time to the first adverse event was also shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group ( P<0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the study groups in the change from the baseline CD4 cell count at week 48 . CONCLUSIONS In patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more , the times to virologic failure and the first adverse event were both significantly shorter in patients r and omly assigned to abacavir-lamivudine than in those assigned to tenofovir DF-emtricitabine . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00118898 . Abstract Objective : To assess virological efficacy of a ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r)-containing regimen in patients with persistent viral replication despite HAART . Patients and Method : Prospect i ve cohort of French HIV-infected patients . Patients were included if pretreated and viral load ( VL ) > 400 copies/mL at the time of ATV/r first prescription ( baseline ) . Demographic and epidemiologic data , therapeutic history , and clinical and biological values at baseline and during follow-up were analyzed . Primary endpoint was failure of the regimen defined as either VL > 400 copies/mL at Week 24 or treatment interruption before Week 24 . Multivariate analysis was performed of baseline characteristics related with treatment failure . Results : There were 424 patients with available data . Primary endpoint was met by 36 % : 24 % VL > 400 copies/mL and 12 % treatment interruption . Treatment interruption due to drug-related toxicity was significantly more frequent in women ( 20.5 % vs. 8.8 % , p = .001 ) . Female gender ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.91 ) , previous use of lopinavir ( LPV ; OR = 2.76 ) , number of new drugs and of active drugs in the regimen ( OR = 0. 
    Output:
    
As part of a combination antiretroviral therapy regimen , ATV/r appears to be a safe , effective and durable option for treatment-naive and early treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 infection , including non-pregnant and pregnant women