***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND ProSorb diclofenac potassium ( K ) is a novel , liquid-filled rapid-dispersion formulation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac , placed into soft gelatin capsules . Its time to maximal plasma drug concentration has been shown to be approximately half , and its maximal plasma drug concentration nearly twice , that of immediate-release diclofenac K tablets . OBJECTIVE This study compared the analgesic dose-response relationship and tolerability of 3 doses of ProSorb diclofenac K and placebo in the treatment of pain after dental impaction surgery . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , double-dummy , placebo-controlled parallel-group study was conducted at 6 centers across the United States . Patients aged 18 to 65 years with moderate or severe pain after the removal of > or = 1 impacted m and ibular third molar were r and omly assigned to receive a single dose of ProSorb diclofenac K 25 , 50 , or 100 mg or placebo .  Pain intensity and relief were assessed up to 6 hours after dosing . Rescue treatment was allowed after 1 hour . Efficacy end points included the summed pain intensity difference over 3 and 6 hours ( SPID3 and 6 ) ; total pain relief at 3 and 6 hours ( TOTPAR3 and 6 ) ; median times to onset of perceptible and meaningful relief ( analgesic onset ) and rescue medication use ( analgesic duration ) ; and cumulative percentage of patients using rescue medication . Tolerability was assessed using vital sign measurements and spontaneous reporting of adverse events . RESULTS A total of 265 patients ( 154 women , 111 men ; mean age , 23.3 years ) were enrolled . All 3 ProSorb diclofenac K groups showed higher SPID6 and TOTPAR6 scores and longer median times to rescue medication use than the placebo group ( all , P < 0.001 ) . For these end points , a dose-response relationship was evident between the 100-mg dose and the 25- and 50-mg doses ( P < or = 0.05 ) ; the 25- and 50-mg doses were similar . In the diclofenac groups , median onset times for first perceptible ( < or = 22.5 min ) and meaningful ( < or = 53.0 min ) relief were significantly more rapid than placebo ( P < or = 0.01 ) . Proportions of patients requiring rescue analgesic were < or = 50.8 % with diclofenac compared with 79.4 % with placebo . Proportions of patients assigning a global evaluation of good or better was > or = 68 % with diclofenac compared with 21 % for placebo . Tolerability was similar across all treatment groups . CONCLUSION In this study of patients treated for pain following dental impaction surgery , single doses of ProSorb diclofenac K 25 , 50 , and 100 mg were more efficacious than placebo with respect to reduction of pain . All 3 doses provided a rapid analgesic onset and were well tolerated patients undergoing any form of dental treatment , to the extent that 77 % of a patient population reported some degree of pain from a visit to the dentist.1 Pain following orthodontic adjustments appears to be equally prevalent.2 - 10 Jones and Chan showed that compliance with orthodontic treatment may be predicated on the amount of initial pain and discomfort experienced.5 Other studies indicate that plaque control may suffer as a result of the pain associated with orthodontics.7,11 Although analgesics have been found to reduce such discomfort , in most cases they do not totally eliminate it.12 - 15 Moreover , some patients may be allergic to these agents , and one report suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may adversely affect the rate of tooth movement.14 Patients who do not respond to or elect not to use pharmacological therapy have had few practical alternatives . Some orthodontists recommend chewing on gum or a plastic wafer immediately after adjustments.16 Proffit suggested that lower force levels could reduce pain,17 but Lim and colleagues showed that pain or discomfort was still experienced by most patients even when “ physiologic and light forces ” were used.18 Recently , there have been major developments in the underst and ing of pain mechanisms and of new approaches to the management of pain.19 Low-level laser therapy has been shown to produce analgesic effects in many clinical applications , including orthodontics.18 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) is another non-pharmacological , non-invasive method of reducing post-orthodontic adjustment pain.20,21 Vibratory stimulation , a classic noninvasive and non-medicinal method of reducing pain , could also be effective in orthodontic patients .21 - 26 The orthodontic application of this method was first investigated by Dr. Powers on a patient with a history of painful post-adjustment episodes during closure of a wide maxillary midline diastema with elastic chain . After placing a new elastic chain , Dr. Powers observed that gentle vibration of the maxillary central incisors produced two effects : the blanching of the tissue between and above the incisors was quickly reversed , and the previous level of pain did not occur Two nickel-titanium archwire types commonly used for initial tooth alignment were compared with regard to the pain/discomfort patients experience during the initial phase of tooth movement . The two archwires used were a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy , 0.014 inch Sentalloy , Light ( GAC International Inc. Central Islip , NY , USA ) and a 0.014 inch Nitinol ( unitek , Monrovia , CA , USA ) , a conventional nickel-titanium aligning archwire .  One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients attending an orthodontic university clinic and 2 private practice s for routine placement of a fixed appliance were r and omly assigned one of these 2 initial archwires . Assessment s of pain/discomfort were made daily by means of a 100 mm visual analog scale ( VAS ) over the first 7-day period after bonding . On the first day , recordings were made every hour for the first 11 hours . The results showed that the level of discomfort increased continuously every hour after the insertion of either a Sentalloy or a Nitinol as first archwires , with a peak in the first night , remaining high on the second day and decreasing thereafter to baseline level after 7 days . During the first 10 hours it was apparent that the pain/discomfort experienced after placement of a Sentalloy was less than that found with the Nitinol archwire , although a significant difference could be found at 4 hours only . No significant gender-specific differences were found in either archwire group . A significant difference between the upper and lower dental arches was observed during the first 11 hours after placement of either a Sentalloy or a Nitinol archwire , with the lower arch having the higher pain experience . ZusammenfassungZwei verschiedene Bögen aus NiTi-Legierungen , die häufig für die initiale Nivellierung verwendet werden , wurden in Hinsicht auf das Auftreten von Schmerzen/Beschwerden zu Beginn der Zahnbewegung untersucht . Das eine Bogen material war eine superelastische NiTi-legierung , 0,014 inch Sentalloy , Light ( GAC International Inc. , Central Islip , N. Y. ) , das and ere ein herkömmlicher 0,014 inch Nitinol-Bogen ( Unitek , Monrovia , Kalifornien).128 fortlaufend beh and elte Patienten aus einer kieferorthopädischen Universitätsklinik und zwei privaten Praxen , bei denen routinemäßig eine Multib and apparatur eingesetzt werden sollte , wurden r and omisiert für den einen oder den and eren Bogen vorgesehen . Die Beurteilungen der Schmerzen/Beschwerden wurden täglich während der ersten sieben Tage nach dem Einsetzen der festsitzenden Apparatur auf einer visuellen Skala von 100 mm Länge ( visual analogue scale , VAS ) vorgenommen . Zusätzlich wurde am ersten Tag für die ersten elf Stunden nach dem Einsetzen stündlich die Schmerzintensität aufgezeichnet . Die Ergebnisse zeigten , daß die Beschwerden für den ersten Bogen , sowohl für den Sentalloy-als auch für den Nitinol-Bogen , kontinuierlich jede Stunde nach dem Einsetzen anstiegen . Der Höhepunkt wurde in der ersten Nacht erreicht , blieb am zweiten Tag auf derselben Höhe und verringerte sich kontinuierlich bis zum siebten Tag auf das individuelle Ausgangsniveau . Während der ersten zehn Stunden war es offensichtlich , daß nach der Eingliederung der Bögen beim Sentalloy-Bogen deutlich geringere Beschwerden auftraten als bei dem Nitinol-Bogen ; dieser Unterschied war jedoch nur für die ersten vier Stunden signifikant . Keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Beschwerden zwischen den Bogen material ien f and en sich hinsichtlich des Geschlechts der Patienten . Ein signifikanter Unterschied wurde zwischen dem Ober- und dem Unterkiefer während der ersten elf Studen nach dem Einsetzen sowohl des Sentalloy- als auch des Nitinol-Bogens beobachtet ; i m Unterkiefer traten deutlich stärkere Beschwerden auf BACKGROUND Each year , clinical upper gastrointestinal events occur in 2 to 4 percent of patients who are taking nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) . We assessed whether rofecoxib , a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 , would be associated with a lower incidence of clinical ly important upper gastrointestinal events than is the nonselective NSAID naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis . METHODS We r and omly assigned 8076 patients who were at least 50 years of age ( or at least 40 years of age and receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy ) and who had rheumatoid arthritis to receive either 50 mg of rofecoxib daily or 500 mg of naproxen twice daily . The primary end point was confirmed clinical upper gastrointestinal events ( gastroduodenal perforation or obstruction , upper gastrointestinal bleeding , and symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcers ) . RESULTS Rofecoxib and naproxen had similar efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis . During a median follow-up of 9.0 months , 2.1 confirmed gastrointestinal events per 100 patient-years occurred with rofecoxib , as compared with 4.5 per 100 patient-years with naproxen ( relative risk , 0.5 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.3 to 0.6 ; P<0.001 ) . The respective rates of complicated confirmed events ( perforation , obstruction , and severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding ) were 0.6 per 100 patient-years and 1.4 per 100 patient-years ( relative risk , 0.4 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.2 to 0.8 ; P=0.005 ) . The incidence of myocardial infa rct ion was lower among patients in the naproxen group than among those in the rofecoxib group ( 0.1 percent vs. 0.4 percent ; relative risk , 0.2 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.1 to 0.7 ) ; the overall mortality rate and the rate of death from cardiovascular causes were similar in the two groups . CONCLUSIONS In patients with rheumatoid arthritis , treatment with rofecoxib , a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 , is associated with significantly fewer clinical ly important upper gastrointestinal events than treatment with naproxen , a nonselective inhibitor Background Pain is among the most cited negative effects of orthodontic treatment . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs seem to be an effective option for minimizing this but can have adverse effects on tooth movement owing to their ability to block prostagl and in synthesis . Acetaminophen has been suggested as the analgesic of choice during orthodontic treatment as it showed no effect on orthodontic tooth movement in previous animal studies . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ibuprofen and acetaminophen on the prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) levels of the gingival crevicular fluid ( GCF ) during orthodontic tooth movement in human subjects . Methods A total of 42 patients ( mean age 18 ± 4.5 years ) were r and omly divided into three equal groups : ibuprofen , acetaminophen , and control groups . Maxillary canines were distalized with 150 g of force delivered by NiTi coil springs . GCF sample s were obtained before ( baseline ) and after spring activation at 24 , 48 , and 168 h. The PGE2 content of the GCF was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Results PGE2 levels in all groups increased significantly by 24 and 48 h of force application and decreased to baseline levels by 168 h. No significant difference was found between the acetaminophen and control groups at any time point . There was a significant decrease in PGE2 levels in the ibuprofen group at 24 and 48 h when compared to the other two groups . Conclusions Acetaminophen showed no significant effect on prostagl and in synthesis and may be the safe choice compared to ibuprofen for relieving pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the administration of aspirin , acetaminophen , meloxicam , celecoxib , and prednisolone have no effect on root resorption and tooth movement . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A mesial force of 50 g was applied to the left maxillary first molars of sixty  
    Output:
    
From the drugs assessed , paracetamol was unanimous for not interfering within orthodontic movement when compared to the control group .
However , drugs such as aspirin , ibuprofen , sodium diclofenac , and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors caused a reduction in tooth movement when compared to the control group .
paracetamol could be considered the drug of choice for pain relief because it interferes less within tooth movement