***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Adequate fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) intake is important for disease prevention . Yet , most Americans , especially low-income and racial/ethnic minorities , do not eat adequate amounts . These disparities are partly attributable to food environments in low-income neighborhoods where residents often have limited access to affordable , healthful food and easy access to inexpensive , unhealthful foods . Increasing access to affordable healthful food in underserved neighborhoods through mobile markets is a promising , year-round strategy for improving dietary behaviors and reducing F&V intake disparities . However , to date , there have been no r and omized controlled trials study ing their effectiveness . The objective of the ‘ Live Well , Viva Bien ’ ( LWVB ) cluster r and omized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent mobile market intervention at increasing F&V intake among residents of subsidized housing complexes . Methods / Design One housing complex served as a pilot site for the intervention group and the remaining 14 demographically-matched sites were r and omized into either the intervention or control group . The intervention group received bimonthly , discount , mobile , fresh F&V markets in conjunction with a nutrition education intervention ( two F&V campaigns , newsletters , DVDs and cooking demonstrations ) for 12 months . The control group  received physical activity and stress reduction interventions . Outcome measures include F&V intake ( measured by two vali date d F&V screeners at baseline , six-month and twelve-months ) along with potential psychosocial mediating variables . Extensive quantitative and qualitative process evaluation was also conducted throughout the study . Discussion Modifying neighborhood food environments in ways that increase access to affordable , healthful food is a promising strategy for improving dietary behaviors among low-income , racial and ethnic minority groups at increased risk for obesity and other food-related chronic diseases . Discount , mobile F&V markets address all the major barriers to eating more F&V ( high cost , poor quality , limited access and limited time to shop and cook ) and provide a year-round solution to limited access to healthful food in low-income neighborhoods . LWVB is the first r and omized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of mobile markets at increasing F&V intake . If proven efficacious at increasing F&V consumption , LWVB could be disseminated widely to neighborhoods that have low access to fresh F&V.Trials registration Clinicatrials.gov registration number : NCT02669472 First Received : January 19 , 2016 Purpose . To assess the effectiveness of a large-scale , national smoking cessation media campaign , the EX campaign , across racial/ethnic and educational subgroups . Design . A longitudinal r and om-digit-dial panel study conducted prior to and 6 months following the national launch of the campaign . Setting . The sample was drawn from eight design ated media markets in the United States . Subjects . The baseline survey was conducted on 5616 current smokers , aged 18 to 49 years , and 4067 ( 73 % follow-up response rate ) were resurveyed at the 6-month follow-up . Measures . The primary independent variable is confirmed awareness of the campaign advertising , and the outcome variables are follow-up cessation-related cognitions index score and quit attempts . Analysis . Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted within racial/ethnic and educational strata to assess the strength of association between confirmed awareness of campaign advertising and cessation-related outcomes . Results . Confirmed awareness of campaign advertising increased favorable cessation-related cognitions among Hispanics and quit attempts among non-Hispanic blacks , and increased favorable cessation-related cognitions and quit attempts among smokers with less than a high school education . Conclusions . These results suggest that the EX campaign may be effective in promoting cessation-related cognitions and behaviors among minority and disadvantaged smokers who experience a disproportionate burden of tobacco-related illness and mortality . ( Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:S38–S50 . Background Indigenous Australians suffer a disproportionate burden of preventable chronic disease compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts – much of it diet-related . Increasing fruit and vegetable intakes and reducing sugar-sweetened soft-drink consumption can reduce the risk of preventable chronic disease . There is evidence from some general population studies that subsidising healthier foods can modify dietary behaviour . There is little such evidence relating specifically to socio-economically disadvantaged population s , even though dietary behaviour in such population s is arguably more likely to be susceptible to such interventions .This study aims to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of a price discount intervention with or without an in-store nutrition education intervention on purchases of fruit , vegetables , water and diet soft-drinks among remote Indigenous communities . Methods / Design We will utilise a r and omised multiple baseline ( stepped wedge ) design involving 20 communities in remote Indigenous Australia . The study will be conducted in partnership with two store associations and twenty Indigenous store boards . Communities will be r and omised to either i ) a 20 % price discount on fruit , vegetables , water and diet soft-drinks ; or ii ) a combined price discount and in-store nutrition education strategy . These interventions will be initiated , at one of five possible time-points , spaced two-months apart . Weekly point-of-sale data will be collected from each community store before , during , and for six months after the six-month intervention period to measure impact on purchasing of discounted food and drinks . Data on physical , social and economic factors influencing weekly store sales will be collected in order to identify important covariates . Intervention fidelity and mediators of behaviour change will also be assessed . Discussion This study will provide original evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price discounts with or without an in-store nutrition education intervention on food and drink purchasing among a socio-economically disadvantaged population in a real-life setting .Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : A self-administered mood management intervention program for smoking cessation provided through the mail to Spanish-speaking Latinos result ed in a 23 % abstinence rate at 3 months compared to an 11 % abstinence rate for a smoking cessation guide alone . Participants ( N = 136 ) were r and omly assigned to receive either the cessation guide ( the Guía ) , or the Guía plus a mood management intervention ( Tom and o Control de su Vida ) presented in writing and in audiotape format . At 3 months after r and om assignment , 16 out of 71 of those assigned to the Guía-plus-mood management condition reported being abstinent ( not smoking for at least 7 days ) compared to 7 out of 65 in the Guía-only condition ( z = 1.8 ; p = .04 , one-tailed ) . Moreover , those with a history of major depressive episodes , but not currently depressed , reported an even higher abstinence rate in the Guía-plus-mood management condition , compared to the Guía-only condition ( 31 vs. 11 % , z = 1.8 , p = .04 , one-tailed ) . We conclude that the mood management mail intervention substantially increases abstinence rates , especially for those with a history of major depressive episodes During the postpartum period , ethnic minority women have higher rates of inactivity/under-activity than white women . The Nā Mikimiki ( “ the active ones ” ) Project is design ed to increase  moderate-to-vigorous physical activity  over 18 months among multiethnic women with infants 2–12 months old . The study was design ed to test , via a r and omized controlled trial , the effectiveness of a tailored telephone counseling of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity intervention compared to a print/website material s-only condition .  Healthy , underactive women ( mean age = 32 ± 5.6 years ) with a baby ( mean age = 5.7 ± 2.8 months ) were enrolled from 2008–2009 ( N = 278 ) . Of the total sample , 84 % were ethnic minority women , predominantly Asian – American and Native Hawaiian . Mean self-reported baseline level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was 40 minutes/week with no significant differences by study condition , ethnicity , infant 's age , maternal body mass index , or maternal employment . Women had high scores on perceived benefits , self-efficacy , and environmental support for exercise but low scores on social support for exercise . This multiethnic sample 's demographic and psychosocial characteristics and their perceived barriers to exercise were comparable to previous physical activity studies conducted largely with white postpartum women . The Nā Mikimiki Project 's innovative tailored technology-based intervention and unique population are significant contributions to the literature on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in postpartum women Purpose . To examine the efficacy of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention among low-income African-Americans . Methods . 207 participants were r and omly assigned to groups and administered baseline measures . Intervention participants were mailed stage-targeted physical activity information , whereas control participants received low-sodium diet brochures . Measures were readministered by phone 1 and 6 months later , with response rates of 69 % and 46 % , respectively . Results . 69 % of participants were African-American and 64 % had a monthly household income of < $ 1000 . A doubly-multivariate analysis of variance indicated that intervention participants reported more physical activity than control participants at 1 month ( F(1 , 204 ) = 4.03 , p < .05 ) . Unlike control participants , intervention participants reported significant stage progression at 1 month , according to a McNemar χ2 test . Gains attenuated by 6 months . Conclusions . The current study supports the use of this intervention among low-income African-Americans . Limitations include use of self-report measures and small sample size Background Tailored health communications to date have been based on a rather narrow set of theoretical constructs . Purpose This study was design ed to test whether tailoring a print-based fruit and vegetable ( F & V ) intervention on relatively novel constructs from self-determination theory ( SDT ) and motivational interviewing ( MI ) increases intervention impact , perceived relevance , and program satisfaction . The study also aim ed to explore possible user characteristics that may moderate intervention response . Methods African American adults were recruited from two integrated health care delivery systems , one based in the Detroit Metro area and the other in the Atlanta Metro area , and then r and omized to receive three tailored  newsletters over 3 months . One set of newsletters was tailored only on demographic and social cognitive variables ( control condition ) , whereas the other ( experimental condition ) was tailored on SDT and MI principles and strategies . The primary focus of the newsletters and the primary outcome for the study was fruit and vegetable intake assessed with two brief self-report measures . Preference for autonomy support was assessed at baseline with a single item : “ In general , when it comes to my health I would rather an expert just tell me what I should do ” . Most between-group differences were examined using change scores . Results A total of 512 ( 31 % ) eligible participants , of 1,650 invited , were enrolled , of which 423 provided complete 3-month follow-up data . Considering the entire sample , there were no significant between-group differences in daily F & V intake at 3 month follow-up . Both groups showed similar increases of around one serving per day of F & V on the short form and half a serving per day on the long form . There were , however , significant interactions of intervention group with preference for autonomy-supportive communication as well as with age . Specifically , individuals in the experimental intervention who , at baseline , preferred an autonomy-supportive style of communication increased their F & V intake by 1.07 servings compared to 0.43 servings among controls . Among younger controls , there was a larger change in F & V intake , 0.59 servings , than their experimental group counterparts , 0.29 servings . Conversely , older experimental group participants showed a larger change in F & V , 1.09 servings , than older controls , 0.48 . Conclusion Our study confirms the importance of assessing individual differences as potential moderators of tailored health interventions . For those who prefer an autonomy-supportive style of communication , tailoring on values and other motivational constructs can enhance message impact and perceived relevance Background Hypertension is more prevalent and clinical ly severe among African – Americans than whites . Several health behaviors influence blood pressure ( BP ) control , but effective , accessible , culturally sensitive interventions that target multiple behaviors are lacking . Purpose We evaluated a culturally adapted , automated telephone system to help hypertensive , urban African – American adults improve their adherence to their antihypertensive medication regimen and to evidence -based guidelines for dietary behavior and physical activity . Methods We r and omized 337 hypertensive primary care patients to an 8-month automated , multi-behavior intervention or to an education-only control . Medication adherence , diet , physical activity , and BP  were assessed at baseline and every 4 months for 1 year . Data were analyzed using longitudinal modeling . Results The intervention was associated with improvements in a measure of overall diet quality ( + 3.5 points , p < 0.03 ) and in energy expenditure ( + 80 kcal/day , p < 0.03 ) . A decrease in systolic BP between groups was not statistically significant ( −2.3 mmHg , p = 0.25 ) . Conclusions Given their convenience , scalability , and ability to deliver tailored messages , automated telecommunications systems can promote self-management of diet and energy balance in urban African – Americans OBJECTIVE Many targeted interventions have been developed and tested with African Americans ( AA ) ; however , AAs are a highly heterogeneous group . One characteristic that varies across AAs is Ethnic Identity ( EI ) . Little research has been conducted on how to incorporate EI into 
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Neither found significant differences between the groups ( low quality evidence ) .
Evidence on behavioural changes , and knowledge and attitudes typically found some effects in favour of receiving personalised content or no significant differences between groups ( very low quality evidence ) .
The available evidence is inadequate for underst and ing whether mass media interventions targeted toward ethnic minority population s are more effective in changing health behaviours than mass media interventions intended for the population at large .
When compared to no intervention , a targeted mass media intervention may increase the number of calls to smoking quit line , but the effect on health behaviours is unclear .
These studies could not distinguish the impact of different components , for instance the effect of hearing a message regarding behavioural change , the cultural adaptation to the ethnic minority group , or increase reach to the target group through more appropriate mass media channels .