***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose The clinical effects of osteoporosis include pain , fractures , and physical disability , causing a loss of independence and necessitating long-term care . Whereas the effects of exercise therapy in decreasing body mass index and preventing fractures are well established , there is no consensus on back pain and quality of life in women with osteoporosis . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a brief course of rehabilitation , comprising group-adapted physical exercises , with regard to back pain , disability , and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who had no evidence of fractures . Methods The enrolled patients were r and omized into two groups : the treatment group underwent ten sessions of rehabilitative exercises , and the control group received an instructional booklet with descriptions and figures of exercises that were to be performed at home . Results Sixty patients completed the trial and assessment s , including a 6-month follow-up . The treatment was effective versus the control group , significantly improving pain ( Visual Analogue Scale : p < 0.001 at the end of the treatment and at the follow-up ; McGill Pain Question naire : p = 0.018 at the follow-up ) , disability ( Oswestry Disability Question naire : p < 0.001 at the end and follow-up ) , and quality of life ( Shortened Osteoporosis Quality of Life Question naire : p = 0.021 at the end of treatment ; p = 0.005 at follow-up ) . Conclusions Our results suggest that group rehabilitation reduces back pain and improves functional status and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis , maintaining these outcomes for 6 months . The use of physical exercises might strengthen the habit to training Summary The aim of this prospect i ve r and omized single-center study was to investigate whether sling exercise therapy is superior to conventional exercises in osteoporosis patients . Background Patients with osteoporosis frequently experience fractures of the vertebral body , which may cause chronic back pain  and other symptoms . These , in turn , may lead to immobilization , muscular atrophy , and restrictions in activities of daily living . The situation can be improved with specific medication and physiotherapy . We explored the effects of a variety of physical treatments on activities of daily living in patients with osteoporosis . Method Fifty patients were r and omly allocated to two treatment groups . Group A received traditional physiotherapy ( PT ) while group B underwent sling exercise therapy ( ST ) . Both treatments were given twice a week for three months . The results of the treatment were registered on the quality of life question naire ( Qualeffo-41 ) devised by the International Osteoporosis Foundation . After a further three months with no specific exercise treatment , we again tested all patients in order to draw conclusions about the long-term effects of both types of exercise . Results Forty-four patients ( 88 % ) completed the study . Patients were assigned to small groups ( a maximum of 5 patients in each group ) and thus received individual attention and motivation . Quality of life was improved in both groups ; a significantly greater improvement was registered in patients who performed sling exercises ( Global score Qualeffo : p = 0.002 ) . Conclusion The test results confirm the known positive effects of physical therapy on the quality of life of osteoporosis patients , as well as the fact that sling exercises are a sound alternative treatment for this condition Objective : To evaluate the effects of a balance training program including dual- and multi-task exercises on fall-related self-efficacy , fear of falling , gait and balance performance , and physical function in older adults with osteoporosis with an increased risk of falling and to evaluate whether additional physical activity would further improve the effects . Design : R and omized controlled trial , including three groups : two intervention groups ( Training , or Training+Physical activity ) and one Control group , with a 12-week follow-up . Setting : Stockholm County , Sweden . Participants : Ninety-six older adults , aged 66 - 87 , with verified osteoporosis . Interventions : A specific and progressive balance training program including dual- and multi-task three times/week for 12 weeks , and physical activity for 30 minutes , three times/week . Main measures : Fall-related self-efficacy ( Falls Efficacy Scale-International ) , fear of falling ( single-item question – ‘ In general , are you afraid of falling ? ’ ) , gait speed with and without a cognitive dual-task at preferred pace and fast walking ( GAITRite ® ) , balance performance tests ( one-leg stance , and modified figure of eight ) , and physical function ( Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument ) . Results : Both intervention groups significantly improved their fall-related self-efficacy as compared to the controls ( p ≤ 0.034 , 4 points ) and improved their balance performance . Significant differences over time and between groups in favour of the intervention groups were found for walking speed with a dual-task ( p=0.003 ) , at fast walking speed ( p=0.008 ) , and for advanced lower extremity physical function ( p=0.034 ) . Conclusions : This balance training program , including dual- and multi-task , improves fall-related self-efficacy , gait speed , balance performance , and physical function in older adults with osteoporosis There are contradictory reports regarding the effect of soy protein isolate on bone health in menopause . The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of soy isolate protein intake and resistance exercises on isokinetic muscle strength , endurance , power , and bone health parameters in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women . Sixty osteoporotic sedentary women ( mean age 54.55 years ) were r and omly assigned to three groups : soy isolate protein ( Group A ) , soy + exercise group ( Group B ) , and control group ( Group C ) . Group B performed supervised progressive resistance exercises 4 times/week for 12 weeks . Muscle performance was measured by isokinetic dynamometry , and bone health was measured by ultrasound densitometry . Analysis of variance showed significant bone and muscle strength gains ( p < .05 ) both in Group A and B , with the improvements more pronounced in Group B. Significant muscle performance changes , after intervention , were evident and bone strength increases may parallel changes in muscle strength OBJECTIVE The present study aim ed to evaluate the effects of Pilates exercise program on pain , functional status and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis . DESIGN The study was performed as a r and omized , prospect i ve , controlled and single-blind trial . PARTICIPATIONS : Seventy women ( age range , 45 - 65 years ) with the diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis were included . METHODS AND INTERVENTIONS Patients were r and omly allocated into two groups ( home and Pilates exercise groups ) . Patients in the Pilates exercise group underwent a supervised Pilates exercise program twice a week for one year . Patients in the home exercise group were asked to perform a home exercise program consisting of thoracic extension exercises . Patients were evaluated at baseline and after one year of participation in the exercise programs . MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Visual Analog Scale for pain , six-minute walking and sit-to-st and tests for functional status , and the Qualeffo-41 Question naire and the Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) for quality of life . Patients were also asked to report the number of falls during the intervention . RESULTS At the end of the study , the results of 60 patients were analyzed . A significant improvement was noted in all evaluation parameters at the end of the exercise program in the Pilates exercise group . Except for Qualeffo- Leisure Time Activities , SF-36 physical role limitation and emotional role limitation subscales , a significant improvement was noted in all other evaluation parameters at the end of the exercise program in the home exercise group . Improvement was significantly greater in the Pilates exercise group compared to the home exercise group in all parameters . CONCLUSION Pilates exercises may be a safe and an effective treatment alternative for the quality of life in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis Objective : To assess the effectiveness of 12 weekly physical therapy sessions for urinary incontinence ( UI ) compared with a control intervention , for reducing the number of UI episodes measured with the 7-day bladder diary , at 3 months and 1 year postr and omization . Methods : A single parallel-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted at one outpatient public health center , in postmenopausal women aged 55 years and over with osteoporosis or low bone density and UI . Women were r and omized to physical therapy ( PT ) for UI or osteoporosis education . The primary outcome measure was number of leakage episodes on the 7-day bladder diary , assessed at baseline , after treatment and at 1 year . The secondary outcome measures included the pad test and disease-specific quality of life and self-efficacy question naires assessed at the same timepoints . Results : Forty-eight women participated ( 24 per group ) . Two participants dropped out of each group and one participant was deceased before 3-month follow-up . Intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken . At 3 months and 1 year , there was a statistically significant difference in the number of leakage episodes on the 7-day bladder diary ( 3 mo : P = 0.04 ; 1 y : P = 0.01 ) in favor of the PT group . The effect size was 0.34 at 1 year . There were no harms reported . Conclusions : After a 12-week course of PT once per week for UI , PT group participants had a 75 % reduction in weekly median number of leakage episodes , whereas the control group 's condition had no improvement . At 1 year , the PT group participants maintained this improvement , whereas the control group 's incontinence worsened The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of 18-week Tai Chi training on body balance in dynamic trial among elderly men . The study covered 49 subjects from age 60 to 82.1 years , who had osteopenia or osteoporosis . The subjects were recruited from the community by direct mailings and community efforts to participate in studies . The participants were r and omly assigned to either the exercise intervention ( n = 25 ) or control groups ( n = 24 ) . The Tai Chi group participated in an 18-week exercise class held for 45 min , twice a week . Body balance was assessed using a Computer Posturographic System PE 90 produced by the Military Institute of Aviation Medicine in Warsaw with modified software made in Pro-Med . During the measurement of body balance , the capacity to perform specific tasks was analyzed ( deflections in the set scope and direction ) . In the Tai Chi group , an increase ( p < or = 0.01 ) in effectiveness of balance task performance was noted from 80.95 % to 84.45 % after the training . In the control group , no statistically significant improvement in the level of body balance was found in the same period . Thus , an 18-week period of Tai Chi exercises twice a week for 45 min is beneficial for dynamic balance . It can be important for reducing fall risk factors BACKGROUND Exercise programs improve balance , strength and agility in elderly people and thus may prevent falls . However , specific exercise programs that might be widely used in the community and that might be " prescribed " by physicians , especially for patients with osteoporosis , have not been evaluated . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of such a program design ed specifically for women with osteoporosis . METHODS We identified women 65 to 75 years of age in whom osteoporosis had been diagnosed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in our hospital between 1996 and 2000 and who were not engaged in regular weekly programs of moderate or hard exercise .  Women who agreed to participate were r and omly assigned to participate in a twice-weekly exercise class or to not participate in the class . We measured baseline data and , 20 weeks later , changes in static balance ( by dynamic posturography ) , dynamic balance ( by a timed figure-eight run ) and knee extension strength ( by dynamometry ) . RESULTS Of 93 women who began the trial , 80 completed it . Before adjustment for covariates , the intervention group tended to have greater , although nonsignificant , improvements in static balance ( mean difference 4.8 % , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] -1.3 % to 11.0 % ) , dynamic balance ( mean difference 3.3 % , 95 % CI -1.7 % to 8.4 % ) and knee extension strength ( mean difference 7.8 % , 95 % CI -5.4 % to 21.0 % ) . Mean crude changes in the static balance score were -0.85 ( 95 % CI -2.91 to 1.21 ) for the control group and 1.40 ( 95 % CI -0.66 to 3.46 ) for the intervention group . Mean crude changes in figure-eight velocity ( dynamic balance ) were 0.08 ( 95 % CI 0.02 to 0.14 ) m/s for the control group and 0.14 ( 95 % CI 0.08 to 0.20 ) m/s for the intervention group . For knee extension strength , mean changes were -0.58 ( 95 % CI -3.02 to 1.81 ) kg/m for the control group and 1.03 ( 95 % CI -1.31 to 3.34 ) kg/m for the intervention group . After adjustment for age , physical activity and years of estrogen use , the improvement in dynamic balance was 4.9 % greater for the intervention group than for the control group ( p = 0.044 ) . After adjustment for physical activity , cognitive status and number of fractures ever , the improvement in knee extension strength was 12.8 % greater for the intervention group than for the control group ( p = 0.047 ) . The intervention group also had a 6.3 % greater improvement in static balance after adjustment for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis , but this difference was not significant 
    Output:
    
The most commonly reported barriers were lack of time and transportation .
Reporting of methods to promote and measure exercise adherence were low .