***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The study examined the effectiveness of a three-month structured outpatient intervention developed for women with severe depression and childhood trauma that used brief psychodynamic psychotherapy by comparing it to st and ard treatment recommended in clinical guidelines issued by the Chilean Ministry of Health . METHODS Eighty-seven women who sought treatment from a public health service in Curicó , Chile , and who had severe depression and a history of childhood traumatic experiences were r and omly assigned to receive either the intervention ( N=44 ) or st and ard treatment ( N=43 ) . The participants were assessed at baseline and at three months ( completion of the intervention ) and six months with use of the  Hamilton Depression Scale ( Ham-D ) ; Lambert 's Outcome Question naire ( OQ-45.2 ) , which rates psychiatric symptoms , interpersonal relationships , and social role functioning ; and the Post-traumatic Stress Treatment Outcome scale  ( PTO 8) , which assesses symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder . An intent-to-treat design was used with multiple analyses of variance . RESULTS At three months significant differences were found in favor of the intervention group in Ham-D scores ( p<.001 ) and OQ-45.2 scores ( p<.05 ) . At six months a significantly greater proportion of the intervention group had indicators of remission as measured by the OQ-45.2 ( 39 % versus 14 % , p<.05 ) and by the Ham-D ( 22 % versus 5 % , p<.05 ) . Scores on the PTO 8 indicated significant improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at six months , although there were no significant differences between the groups . CONCLUSIONS An outpatient intervention that screened for and focused on childhood traumas and that helped patients underst and current psychosocial difficulties as a repetition of past traumas was effective in reducing psychiatric symptoms and improving interpersonal relationships and social role functioning among women with severe depression and a history of childhood trauma Background : Although many evidence s suggest the presence of specific therapeutic factors in brief dynamic therapy ( BDT ) , few studies have investigated its efficacy in the treatment of depressive disorders in comparison to other psychotherapies . The aim of this study was to determine whether BDT is more effective than brief supportive psychotherapy ( BSP ) and waiting list condition in the treatment of minor depressive disorders . Method : Thirty patients with primary DSM-IV dysthymic disorder , depressive disorder not otherwise specified or adjustment disorder with depressed mood completed a r and omized controlled trial with three treatment groups ( BDT , BSP , waiting list condition ) . A 6-month follow-up was performed for patients treated with both psychotherapeutic approaches . Other psychiatric treatments were not permitted throughout the treatment period and the 6-month follow-up . Symptoms were assessed at baseline , at the end of treatment , and after 6 months of follow-up . Results : Patients treated with both psychotherapeutic approaches showed a significant improvement after treatment in comparison to non-treated controls , but BDT was more effective at follow-up evaluation . Conclusions : BDT is a promising treatment for minor depressive disorders . This study also suggests that BDT is more effective than supportive psychotherapy in improving the long-term outcome of depressive disorders Background : Until now no studies have investigated the benefits of adding brief dynamic therapy ( BDT ) to medication in obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , while a number of recent investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of supplemental BDT among patients with major depressive disorders ( MDD ) . The objective of the present study was to explore the efficacy of BDT combined with pharmacotherapy in comparison with pharmacotherapy alone in the treatment of OCD with concurrent MDD . Methods : A 12-month r and omized clinical trial compared a st and ard selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment with ( n = 27 ) or without  ( n = 30 ) supplemental BDT in patients with OCD and concurrent MDD .  Supplemental BDT was added during the first 16-week trial ; all patients continued to be treated with only pharmacotherapy in the following continuation phase . The primary efficacy assessment s were the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ; the secondary efficacy measures included the Clinical Global Impression scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning . The data analysis was conducted on the ‘ intent-to-treat ( ITT ) efficacy patient sample ’ . Results : Fifty patients completed the study . No difference between the 2 treatment groups was found at any point by any assessment method in the ITT study sample . Conclusions : Supplemental BDT in the treatment of patients with OCD with concurrent MDD who are receiving effective medication has no significant clinical effect on both obsessive and depressive symptoms Purpose To examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for the prevention of  postpartum depression ( PPD ) in " at risk " women . Material s and Methods We recruited 927 pregnant women in 6 obstetric and gynecology clinics and screened them using Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) . Ninety-nine of the screened women who had significantly high scores in BDI ( a score above 16 ) were selected for the study . They were contacted through by telephone , and 27 who had consented to participate in the study were interviewed via SCID-IV-I. Twenty-seven eligible women were r and omly assigned to the CBT intervention ( n = 15 ) and control condition ( n = 12 ) . All participants were required to complete written question naires , assessing demographic characteristics , depressive symptoms , negative thoughts , dyadic communication satisfaction , and global marital satisfaction prior to treatment and approximately 1 month postpartum . The 15 women in the CBT condition received 9 bi-weekly 1-hour individual CBT sessions , targeting and modifying negative patterns of thinking and behaviors occurring in the context of the dyadic relationship . Results The analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) showed that there were significant differences in all postpartum measures between the 2 groups , indicating that our antenatal intervention with CBT was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving marital satisfaction , which lasted until the postpartum period . Conclusion Our pilot study has provided preliminary empirical evidence that antenatal CBT intervention can be an effective preventive treatment for PPD . Further study in this direction was suggested The purpose of this study was to provide an experimental test of the theory of change put forth by A. T. Beck , A. J. Rush , B. F. Shaw , and G. Emery ( 1979 ) to explain the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CT ) for depression . The comparison involved r and omly assigning 150 out patients with major depression to a treatment focused exclusively on the  behavioral activation ( BA ) component of CT  , a treatment that included both BA and the teaching of skills to modify automatic thoughts ( AT ) , but excluding the components of CT focused on core schema , or the full CT treatment . Four experienced cognitive therapists conducted all treatments . Despite excellent adherence to treatment protocol s by the therapists , a clear bias favoring CT , and the competent performance of CT , there was no evidence that the complete treatment produced better outcomes , at either the termination of acute treatment or the 6-month follow-up , than either component treatment . Furthermore , both BA and AT treatments were just as effective as CT at altering negative thinking as well as dysfunctional attributional styles . Finally , attributional style was highly predictive of both short- and long-term outcomes in the BA condition , but not in the CT condition A total of 117 depressed clients , stratified for severity , completed 8 or 16 sessions of manualized treatment , either cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy ( CB ) or psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy ( PI ) . Each of 5 clinician-investigators treated clients in all 4 treatment conditions . On most measures , CB and PI were equally effective , irrespective of the severity of depression or the duration of treatment . However , there was evidence of some advantage to CB on the Beck Depression Inventory ( Beck , Ward , Mendelson , Mock , & Erbaugh , 1961 ) . There was no evidence that CB 's effects were more rapid than those of PI , nor did the effects of each treatment method vary according to the severity of depression . There was no overall advantage to 16-session treatment over 8-session treatment . However , those presenting with relatively severe depression improved substantially more after 16 than after 8 sessions OBJECTIVES This study provides an empirical evaluation of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT ) alone vs Treatment as usual ( TAU ) alone ( generally pharmacotherapy ) for late life depression in a UK primary care setting . METHOD General Practitioners in Fife and Glasgow referred 114 Participants to the study with 44 meeting inclusion criteria and 40 participants providing data that permitted analysis . All participants had a diagnosis of mild to moderate Major Depressive Episode . Participants were r and omly allocated to receive either TAU alone or CBT alone . RESULTS Participants in both treatment conditions benefited from treatment with reduced scores on primary measures of mood at end of treatment and at 6 months follow-up from the end of treatment . When adjusting for differences in baseline scores , gender and living arrangements , CBT may be beneficial in levels of hopelessness at 6 months follow-up . When evaluating outcome in terms of numbers of participants meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for depression , there were significant differences favouring the CBT condition at the end of treatment and at 3 months follow-up after treatment . CONCLUSIONS CBT alone and TAU alone produced significant reductions in depressive symptoms at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow-up . CBT on its own is shown to be an effective treatment procedure for mild to moderate late life depression and has utility as a treatment alternative for older people who can not or will not tolerate physical treatment approaches for depression BACKGROUND Patients with chronic forms of major depression are difficult to treat , and the relative efficacy of medications and psychotherapy is uncertain . METHODS We r and omly assigned 681 adults with a chronic nonpsychotic major depressive disorder to 12 weeks of outpatient treatment with  nefazodone ( maximal dose , 600 mg per day ) , the cognitive behavioral- analysis system of psychotherapy ( 16 to 20 sessions ) , or both . At base line , all patients had scores of at least 20 on the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( indicating clinical ly significant depression ) . Remission was defined as a score of 8 or less at weeks 10 and 12 . For patients who did not have remission , a satisfactory response was defined as a reduction in the score by at least 50 percent from base line and a score of 15 or less . Raters were unaware of the patients ' treatment assignments . RESULTS Of the 681 patients , 662 attended at least one treatment session and were included in the analysis of response . The overall rate of response ( both remission and satisfactory response ) was 48 percent in both the nefazodone group and in the psychotherapy group , as compared with 73 percent in the combined-treatment group . ( P<0.001 for both comparisons ) . Among the 519 subjects who completed the study , the rates of response were 55 percent in the nefazodone group and 52 percent in the psychotherapy group , as compared with 85 percent in the combined-treatment group ( P<0.001 for both comparisons ) . The rates of withdrawal were similar in the three groups . Adverse events in the nefazodone group were consistent with the known side effects of the drug ( e.g. , headache , somnolence , dry mouth , nausea , and dizziness ) . CONCLUSIONS Although about half of patients with chronic forms of major depression have a response to short-term treatment with either nefazodone or a cognitive behavioral- analysis system of psychotherapy , the combination of the two is significantly more efficacious than either treatment alone AIMS To evaluate computer- versus therapist-delivered psychological treatment for people with comorbid depression and alcohol/cannabis use problems . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Community-based participants in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven people with comorbid major depression and alcohol/cannabis misuse . INTERVENTION All participants received a brief intervention ( BI ) for depressive symptoms and substance misuse , followed by r and om assignment to : no further treatment ( BI alone ) ; or nine sessions of motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy ( intensive MI/CBT ) . Participants allocated to the intensive MI/CBT condition were selected at r and om to receive their treatment ' live ' ( i.e. delivered by a psychologist ) or via a computer-based program ( with brief weekly input from a psychologist ) . MEASUREMENTS Depression , alcohol/cannabis use and hazardous substance use index scores measured at baseline , and 3 , 6 and 12 months post-baseline assessment . FINDINGS ( i ) Depression responded better to intensive MI/CBT compared to BI alone , with ' live ' treatment demonstrating a strong short-term beneficial effect which was matched by computer-based treatment at 12-month follow-up ; ( ii ) problematic alcohol use responded well to BI alone and even better to the intensive MI/CBT intervention ; ( iii ) intensive MI/CBT was significantly better than BI alone in reducing cannabis use and hazardous substance use , with computer-based therapy showing the largest treatment effect . CONCLUSIONS Computer-based treatment , targeting both depression and substance use simultaneously , results in at least equivalent 12-month outcomes relative to a ' live ' intervention . For clinicians treating people with comorbid depression and alcohol problems , BIs addressing both issues appear to be an appropriate and efficacious treatment option . Primary care of those with comorbid depression and cannabis use problems could involve computer-based integrated interventions 
    Output:
    
CBT techniques were often used in studies identified as either CBT or STPP .
However , STPP techniques were only used in STPP-identified studies .
Empirical clustering of treatment descriptions did not confirm the original distinction of CBT versus STPP , but instead showed substantial heterogeneity within both approaches .