***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM This study investigated the effect of repeated infusions of recombinant human erythropoietin ( EPO ) on markers of inflammation in patients with affective disorders and whether any changes in inflammatory markers were associated with improvements on verbal memory . METHODS In total , 83 patients were recruited : 40 currently depressed patients with treatment-resistant depression ( TRD ) ( Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 items ( HDRS-17 ) score > 17 ) ( sub- study 1 ) and 43 patients with bipolar disorder ( BD ) in partial remission ( HDRS-17 and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)⩽14 ) ( sub- study 2 ) . In both sub- studies , patients were r and omised in a double-blind , parallel-group design to receive eight weekly intravenous infusions of EPO ( Eprex ; 40,000IU/ml ) or saline ( 0.9 % NaCl ) . Plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin 18 ( IL-18 ) and high sensitive c-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) were measured at week 1 ( baseline ) and weeks 5 , 9 and 14 . HDRS-17 and neuropsychological function was assessed at weeks 1 , 9 and 14 using a test battery including the RAVLT Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( primary depression and primary cognition outcomes in the original trial ) . RESULTS EPO had no cumulative effect on plasma levels of IL-6 or IL-18 but increased hsCRP levels in patients with TRD ( mean±SD change in ng/L : EPO : 0.43±1.64 ; Saline : -0.90±2.43 ; F(1,39)=4.78 , p=0.04 ) . EPO had no effects on inflammatory markers in BD . There was no correlation between change in inflammatory markers and change in verbal memory . CONCLUSIONS Repeated EPO infusions had no effect on IL-6 and IL-18 levels but produced a modest increase in hsCRP levels in patients with TRD . Changes over time in inflammatory markers were not correlated with changes in cognition suggesting that modulation of the inflammatory pathway is not a putative mechanism of the EPO-associated improvement of cognition in affective disorders Although the cost of poor treatment outcomes of depression is staggering , we do not yet have clinical ly useful methods for selecting the most effective antidepressant for each depressed person . Emotional brain activation is altered in major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and implicated in treatment response . Identifying which aspects of emotional brain activation are predictive of general and specific responses to antidepressants may help clinicians and patients when making treatment decisions . We examined whether amygdala activation probed by emotion stimuli is a general or differential predictor of response to three commonly prescribed antidepressants , using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . A test – retest design was used to assess patients with MDD in an academic setting as part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression . A total of 80 MDD out patients were scanned prior to treatment and 8 weeks after r and omization to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors escitalopram and sertraline and the serotonin – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor , venlafaxine-extended release ( XR ) . A total of 34 matched controls were scanned at the same timepoints . We quantified the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of the amygdala during subliminal and supraliminal viewing of facial expressions of emotion . Response to treatment was defined by ⩾50 % symptom improvement on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale . Pre-treatment amygdala hypo-reactivity to subliminal happy and threat was a general predictor of treatment response , regardless of medication type ( Cohen ’s d effect size 0.63 to 0.77 ; classification accuracy , 75 % ) . Responders showed hypo-reactivity compared to controls at baseline , and an increase toward ‘ normalization ’ post-treatment . Pre-treatment amygdala reactivity to subliminal sadness was a differential moderator of non-response to venlafaxine-XR ( Cohen ’s d effect size 1.5 ; classification accuracy , 81 % ) . Non-responders to venlafaxine-XR  showed pre-treatment hyper-reactivity , which progressed to hypo-reactivity rather than normalization post-treatment , and hypo-reactivity post-treatment was abnormal compared to controls . Impaired amygdala activation has not previously been highlighted in the general vs differential prediction of antidepressant outcomes . Amygdala hypo-reactivity to emotions signaling reward and threat predicts the general capacity to respond to antidepressants . Amygdala hyper-reactivity to sad emotion is involved in a specific non-response to a serotonin – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor . The findings suggest amygdala probes may help inform the personal selection of antidepressant treatments This is a secondary data analysis from our erythropoietin ( EPO ) trials . We examine ( I ) whether EPO improves speed of complex cognitive processing across bipolar and unipolar disorder , ( II ) if objective and subjective baseline cognitive impairment increases patients ׳ chances of treatment-efficacy and ( III ) if cognitive improvement correlates with better subjective cognitive function , quality of life and socio-occupational capacity . Patients with unipolar or bipolar disorder were r and omized to eight weekly EPO ( N=40 ) or saline ( N=39 ) infusions .  Cognition , mood , quality of life and socio-occupational capacity were assessed at baseline ( week 1 ) , after treatment completion ( week 9 ) and at follow-up ( week 14 ) . We used repeated measures analysis of covariance to investigate the effect of EPO on speed of complex cognitive processing . With logistic regression , we examined whether baseline cognitive impairment predicted treatment-efficacy . Pearson correlations were used to assess associations between objective and subjective cognition , quality of life and socio-occupational capacity . EPO  improved speed of complex cognitive processing across affective disorders at weeks 9 and 14 ( p≤0.05 ) . In EPO-treated  patients , baseline cognitive impairment increased the odds of treatment-efficacy on cognition at weeks 9 and 14 by a factor 9.7 ( 95 % CI:1.2 - 81.1 ) and 9.9 ( 95 % CI:1.1 - 88.4 ) , respectively ( p≤0.04 ) . Subjective cognitive complaints did not affect chances of treatment-efficacy ( p≥0.45 ) . EPO-associated cognitive improvement correlated with reduced cognitive complaints but not with quality of life or socio-occupational function . As the analyses were performed post-hoc , findings are only hypothesis-generating . In conclusion , pro-cognitive effects of EPO occurred across affective disorders . Neuropsychological screening for cognitive dysfunction may be warranted in future cognition trials This pilot aims to better underst and the market for childcare in Saudi Arabia – both the supply and dem and sides – and to design a r and omized controlled experiment to test whether access to affordable day care ( in the form of subsidies , for example ) would incentivize Saudi mothers to search actively for employment and to remain employed once they are hired . In addition , the study seeks to underst and the degree to which employment early on in one ’s life impacts employment in later stages . The pilot will provide information on the groups of women the experiment should target , appropriate levels for the childcare subsidy , and the quality and current geographic locations of daycare sites . Expected Impact Determine the effects of facilitating childcare access on Saudi women ’s employment . PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS  Boston University Patricia Cortes  Harvard University Claudia Goldin  Swarthmore College Jennifer OBJECTIVE The ABCB1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein , which limits brain concentrations of certain antidepressants . ABCB1 variation has been associated with antidepressant efficacy and side effects in small- sample studies . Cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder predicts poor treatment outcome , but ABCB1 genetic effects in patients with cognitive impairment are untested . The authors examined ABCB1 genetic variants as predictors of remission and side effects in a large clinical trial that also incorporated cognitive assessment . METHOD The authors genotyped 10 ABCB1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in 683 patients with major depressive disorder treated for at least 2 weeks , of whom 576 completed 8 weeks of treatment with escitalopram , sertraline , or extended-release venlafaxine  ( all substrates for P-glycoprotein ) in a large r and omized , prospect i ve , pragmatic trial . Antidepressant efficacy was assessed with the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated ( QIDS-SR ) , and side effects with a rating scale for frequency , intensity , and burden of side effects . General and emotional cognition was assessed with a battery of 13 tests . RESULTS The functional SNP rs10245483 upstream from ABCB1 had a significant effect on remission and side effect ratings that was differentially related to medication and cognitive status . Common homozygotes responded better and had fewer side effects with escitalopram and sertraline . Minor allele homozygotes responded better and had fewer side effects with venlafaxine , with the better response most apparent for patients with cognitive impairment . CONCLUSIONS The functional polymorphism rs10245483 differentially affects remission and side effect outcomes depending on the antidepressant . The predictive power of the SNP for response or side effects was not lessened by the presence of cognitive impairment OBJECTIVE There is no established efficacious treatment for cognitive dysfunction in unipolar and bipolar disorder . This may be partially due to lack of consensus regarding the need to screen for cognitive impairment in cognition trials or which screening criteria to use . We have demonstrated in 2 r and omized placebo-controlled trials that 8 weeks of erythropoietin ( EPO ) treatment has beneficial effects on verbal memory across unipolar and bipolar disorder , with 58 % of  EPO-treated  patients displaying a clinical ly relevant memory improvement as compared to 15 % of those treated with placebo . METHODS We reassessed the data from our 2 EPO trials conducted between September 2009 and October 2012 to determine whether objective performance-based memory impairment or subjective self-rated cognitive impairment at baseline was related to the effect of EPO on cognitive function as assessed by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( RAVLT ) total recall with multiple logistic regression adjusted for diagnosis , age , gender , symptom severity , and education levels . RESULTS We included 79 patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of unipolar or bipolar disorder , of whom 39 received EPO and 40 received placebo ( saline ) . For EPO-treated patients with objective memory dysfunction at baseline ( n = 16 ) ( defined as RAVLT total recall ≤ 43 ) , the odds of a clinical ly relevant memory improvement were increased by a factor of 290.6 ( 95 % CI , 2.7 - 31,316.4 ; P = .02 ) compared to patients with no baseline impairment ( n = 23 ) . Subjective cognitive complaints ( measured with the Cognitive and Physical Functioning Question naire ) and longer illness duration were associated with small increases in patients ' chances of treatment efficacy on memory ( 53 % and 16 % increase , respectively ; P ≤ .04 ) . Diagnosis , gender , age , baseline depression severity , and number of mood episodes did not significantly change the chances of EPO treatment success ( P ≥ .06 ) . In the placebo-treated group , the odds of memory improvement were not significantly different for patients with or without objective ly defined memory dysfunction ( P ≥ .59 ) or subjective complaints at baseline ( P ≥ .06 ) . CONCLUSIONS Baseline objective ly assessed memory impairments and -to a lesser degree-subjective cognitive complaints increased the chances of treatment efficacy on cognition in unipolar and bipolar disorder . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT00916552 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to inform the first-line treatment choice between cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) or an antidepressant medication for treatment-naive adults with major depressive disorder by defining a neuroimaging biomarker that differentially identifies the outcomes of remission and treatment failure to these interventions . METHOD Functional MRI resting-state functional connectivity analyses using a bilateral subcallosal cingulate cortex ( SCC ) seed was applied to 122 patients from the Prediction of Remission to Individual and Combined Treatments ( PReDICT ) study who completed 12 weeks of r and omized treatment with CBT or antidepressant medication .  Of the 122 participants , 58 achieved remission ( Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [ HAM-D ] score ≤7 at weeks 10 and 12 ) , and 24 had treatment failure ( < 30 % decrease from baseline in HAM-D score ) . A 2 × 2 analysis of variance using voxel-wise subsampling permutation tests compared the interaction of treatment and outcome . Receiver operating characteristic curves constructed using brain connectivity measures were used to determine possible classification rates for differential treatment outcomes . RESULTS The resting-state functional connectivity of the following three regions with the SCC was differentially associated with 
    Output:
    
Results : Lower baseline responsivity in limbic regions coupled with heightened medial and dorsal prefrontal responses to emotional stimuli were the most consistent predictors of response to pharmacotherapy for depression .
In contrast , heightened limbic and ventral prefrontal reactivity to emotional stimuli seemed to predict efficacy of psychological interventions .
Early modulation of fronto-limbic activity and reduction in negative bias were also associated with treatment response .
Better performance on non-emotional tests at baseline was relatively consistently associated with efficacy on mood symptoms , whereas the association between neural activity during non-emotional tests and treatment response was less clear .
Other baseline factors associated with treatment response were greater white matter integrity , resting state functional connectivity , more prefrontal gray matter volume as well as an early increase following short administered treatment .
Finally , emerging evidence indicates that baseline cognitive deficits are associated with greater chances of achieving treatment efficacy on cognition .
Conclusions : Patients ' profile of emotional and non-emotional cognition and neural activity- and the early treatment-associated changes in neural and cognitive function-may be useful for guiding treatments for depression .