***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Summary Background Many countries now offer support to teenage mothers to help them to achieve long-term socioeconomic stability and to give a successful start to their children . The Family Nurse Partnership ( FNP ) is a licensed intensive home-visiting intervention developed in the USA and introduced into practice in Engl and that involves up to 64 structured home visits from early pregnancy until the child 's second birthday by specially recruited and trained family nurses . We aim ed to assess the effectiveness of giving the programme to teenage first-time mothers on infant and maternal outcomes up to 24 months after birth . Methods We did a pragmatic , non-blinded , r and omised controlled , parallel-group trial in community midwifery setting s at 18 partnerships between local authorities and primary and secondary care organisations in Engl and . Eligible participants were nulliparous and aged 19 years or younger , and were recruited at less than 25 weeks ' gestation . Field-based research ers r and omly allocated mothers ( 1:1 ) via remote r and omisation ( telephone and web ) to FNP plus usual care ( publicly funded health and social care ) or to usual care alone . Allocation was stratified by site and minimised by gestation ( < 16 weeks vs ≥16 weeks ) , smoking status ( yes vs no ) , and preferred language of data collection ( English vs non-English ) . Mothers and assessors ( local research ers at baseline and 24 months ' follow-up ) were not masked to group allocation , but telephone interviewers were blinded . Primary endpoints were biomarker-calibrated self-reported tobacco use by the mother at late pregnancy , birthweight of the baby , the proportion of women with a second pregnancy within 24 months post-partum , and emergency attendances and hospital admissions for the child within 24 months post-partum . Analyses were by intention to treat . This trial is registered with IS RCT N , number IS RCT N23019866 . Findings Between June 16 , 2009 , and July 28 , 2010 , we screened 3251 women . After enrolment , 823 women were r and omly assigned to receive FNP and 822 to usual care . All follow-up data were retrieved by April 25 , 2014 . 304 ( 56 % ) of 547 women assigned to FNP and 306 ( 56 % ) of 545 assigned to usual care smoked at late pregnancy ( adjusted odds ratio [ AOR ] 0·90 , 97·5 % CI 0·64–1·28 ) . Mean birthweight of 742 babies with mothers assigned to FNP was 3217·4 g ( SD 618·0 ) , whereas birthweight of 768 babies assigned to usual care was 3197·5 g ( SD 581·5 ; adjusted mean difference 20·75 g , 97·5 % CI −47·73 to 89·23 . 587 ( 81 % ) of 725 assessed children with mothers assigned to FNP and 577 ( 77 % ) of 753 assessed children assigned to usual care attended an emergency department or were admitted to hospital at least once before their second birthday ( AOR 1·32 , 97·5 % CI 0·99–1·76 ) . 426 ( 66 % ) of 643 assessed women assigned to FNP and 427 ( 66 % ) 646 assigned to usual care had a second pregnancy within 2 years ( AOR 1·01 , 0·77–1·33 ) . At least one serious adverse event ( mainly clinical events associated with pregnancy and infancy period ) was reported for 310 ( 38 % ) of 808 participants ( mother – child ) in the usual care group and 357 ( 44 % ) of 810 in the FNP group , none of which were considered related to the intervention . Interpretation Adding FNP to the usually provided health and social care provided no additional short-term benefit to our primary outcomes . Programme continuation is not justified on the basis of available evidence , but could be reconsidered should supportive longer-term evidence emerge . Funding Department of Health Policy Research Programme This study investigated whether a psycho-educational program with modest dosage ( eight sessions ) , delivered in a universal framework through childbirth education programs and targeting the coparenting relationship would have a positive impact on observed family interaction and child behavior at 6-month follow-up ( child age 1 year ) . One hundred sixty-nine couples , r and omized to intervention and control conditions , participated in videotaped family observation tasks at pretest ( during pregnancy ) and at child age 1 year ( 2003–2007 ) . Coparenting , parenting , couple relationship , and child self-regulatory behaviors were coded by teams of raters . Intent-to-treat analyses of program effects controlled for age , education , and social desirability . Evidence of significant ( p < 0.05 ) program effects at follow-up emerged in all four domains . Effect sizes ranged from 0.28 to 1.01 . Targeting the coparenting relationship at the transition to parenthood represents an effective , non-stigmatizing means of promoting parenting quality and child adjustment Mothers whose infants varied in early biological characteristics ( born at term , n = 120 ; born at very low birth weight [ VLBW ] , n = 144 ) were r and omized to a target group ( n = 133 ) or developmental feedback comparison group ( n = 131 ) to determine whether learning responsive behaviors would facilitate infant development . The target condition included videotaped examples , problem-solving activities , and mothers ' critique of their own behaviors through video procedures across 10 home visits . All target versus comparison mothers showed greater increases across multiple responsiveness behaviors observed in 4 assessment s conducted across 6 - 13 months of age ; changes in emotionally supportive behaviors were strongest for target mothers of infants born at VLBW . Increased maternal responsiveness facilitated greater growth in target infants ' social , emotional , communication , and cognitive competence , supporting a causal role for responsiveness on infant development . Although benefits were generally comparable across risk groups , aspects of social and emotional skills showed greater change for those born at VLBW . Evidence for responsiveness as a multidimensional construct was provided as well as the importance of different aspects of responsiveness mediating the effect of the intervention on different infant skill domains BACKGROUND Controlling , uninvolved , and rejecting parenting in early childhood are strong predictors of later disruptive behavior disorders . However , there have been no evaluations of non-targeted groups for parents of very young children , despite their potential advantages . METHODS We r and omly assigned 79 mothers of 12- to 36-month-olds to an 8-session parent training program ( called ' COPEing with Toddler Behaviour ' ) or to a waiting list control condition . We investigated the immediate and short-term impact on  parent-reported child behavior problems , observed parent-child interaction , and self-reported parenting behavior and parent functioning . RESULTS In an intent-to-treat design , the program yielded significant effects on child behavior problems , positive parent-child interaction , and parental overreactivity and depression but not observed negative child behavior or parental laxness . Most effects were significant at both post-test and 1-month follow-up and effects sizes were small to medium for the intervention group and inverse to small for the control group . CONCLUSIONS The potential of the program to prevent later behavior problems is supported by improvements in six of the eight outcomes . As part of a community strategy , groups such as COPEing with Toddler Behaviour may promote positive parent-child interaction and children 's mental health Objective Interventions to reduce health inequalities for young children and their mothers are important : involving peers is recommended , but evidence of value for this approach is limited . The authors aim ed to examine the effect of an innovative tailored peer-mentoring programme , based on perceived needs , for first-time mothers in socio-economically deprived communities . Design R and omised controlled trial ; parallel qualitative study with purposive sample s using semistructured interviews . Setting Socio-economically disadvantaged areas , Belfast . Participants Primigravidae , aged 16–30 years , without significant co-morbidity . Intervention Peer-mentoring by a lay-worker fortnightly during pregnancy and monthly for the following year , tailored to participants ' wishes ( home visits/telephone contacts ) , additional to usual care . Main outcome measures Infant psychomotor and mental development ( Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( BSID-II ) ) at 1 year , assessed by an observer blinded to group allocation . Mothers ' health at 1 year postnatal ( SF-36 ) . Results Of 534 women invited , 343(64 % ) participated ; 85 % , with their children , completed outcome assessment s ( 140 of 172 intervention ; 152 of 171 controls ) . Intervention and control groups did not differ in BSID-II psychomotor ( mean difference 1.64 , 95 % CI −0.94 to 4.21 ) or mental ( −0.81 , −2.78 to 1.16 ) scores , nor SF-36 physical functioning ( −5.4 , −11.6 to 0.7 ) or mental health ( −1.8 , −6.1 to 2.6 ) . Women valued advice given in context of personal experience of child-rearing . Mentors gained health-related knowledge , personal skills and new employment opportunities . Conclusions Despite possible longer-term social advantage , this peer-mentoring programme showed no benefit for infant development or maternal health at 1 year . Further rigorous evaluation of important outcomes of complex interventions promoting health for children in socially disadvantaged communities is warranted . Trial registration no IS RCT N Study objective : To evaluate the effect of two forms of postnatal social support for disadvantaged inner city mothers on  maternal and child health outcomes . Design : R and omised controlled trial with economic and process evaluations and follow up at 12 and 18 months . The two intervention groups received either the offer of a year of monthly supportive listening home visits by a support health visitor ( SHV ) , or a year of support from community groups providing drop in sessions , home visiting and /or telephone support ( CGS ) . Each was compared with a control group that received st and ard health visitor services . Setting : Two disadvantaged boroughs of London , United Kingdom . Participants : 731 women from culturally diverse background s with infants . Main results : At 12 and 18 months , there was little impact for either intervention on the main outcomes : child injury ( SHV : relative risk 0.99 ; 95 % confidence intervals 0.68 to 1.45 , CGS : 0.91 ; 0.61 to1.36 ) , maternal smoking ( SHV : 0.86 ; 0.62 to 1.19 , CGS : 0.97 ; 0.72 to 1.33 ) or maternal depression ( SHV : 0.86 ; 0.62 to1.19 , CGS : 0.93 ; 0.69 to 1.27 ) . SHV women had different patterns of health service use ( with fewer taking their children to the GP ) and had less anxious experiences of motherhood than control women . User satisfaction with the SHV intervention was high . Uptake of the CGS intervention was low : 19 % , compared with 94 % for the SHV intervention . Conclusions : There was no evidence of impact on the primary outcomes of either intervention among this culturally diverse population . The SHV intervention was associated with improvement in some of the secondary outcomes OBJECTIVE : More than 200 million children globally do not attain their developmental potential . We hypothesized that a parent training program could be integrated into primary health center visits and benefit child development . METHODS : We conducted a cluster r and omized trial in the Caribbean ( Jamaica , Antigua , and St Lucia ) . Fifteen centers were r and omly assigned to the control ( n = 250 mother-child pairs ) and 14 to the intervention ( n = 251 mother-child pairs ) groups . Participants were recruited at the 6- to 8-week child health visit . The intervention used group delivery at 5 routine visits from age 3 to 18 months and comprised short films of child development messages , which were shown in the waiting area ; discussion and demonstration led by community health workers ; and mothers ’ practice of activities . Nurses distributed message cards and a few play material s. Primary outcomes were child cognition , language , and h and -eye coordination and secondary outcomes were caregiver knowledge , practice s , maternal depression , and child growth , measured after the 18-month visit . RESULTS : Eight-five percent of enrolled children were tested ( control = 210 , intervention = 216 ) . Loss did not differ by group . Multilevel analyses showed significant benefits for cognitive development ( 3.09 points ; 95 % confidence interval : 1.31 to 4.87 points ; effect size : 0.3 SDs ) . There were no other child benefits . There was a significant benefit to parenting knowledge ( treatment effect : 1.59 ; 95 % confidence interval : 1.01 to 2.17 ; effect size : 0.4 ) . CONCLUSIONS : An innovative parenting intervention , requiring no additional clinic staff or mothers ’ time , was integrated into health services , with benefits to child cognitive development and parent knowledge . This is a promising strategy that merits further evaluation at scale BACKGROUND Reading skills are critical to children 's success in school and the increasingly technologic workforce . Children from low-income families are at risk for home environments that fail to promote emergent literacy and for reading failure . A home environment that encourages learning and parents who are involved in their children 's education are important factors in school achievement . OBJECTIVE To evaluate 
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However , most studies showing positive effects were at high/unclear risk of bias , within- study effects were inconsistent and negative effects were also seen .
Conclusions There is insufficient evidence that interventions currently available to enhance health service contacts up to 24 months postpartum are effective for improving child development .