***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Web-based and mobile health interventions ( also called “ Internet interventions ” or " eHealth/mHealth interventions ") are tools or treatments , typically behaviorally based , that are operationalized and transformed for delivery via the Internet or mobile platforms . These include electronic tools for patients , informal caregivers , healthy consumers , and health care providers . The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement was developed to improve the suboptimal reporting of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . While the CONSORT statement can be applied to provide broad guidance on how eHealth and mHealth trials should be reported , RCTs of web-based interventions pose very specific issues and challenges , in particular related to reporting sufficient details of the intervention to allow replication and theory-building . Objective To develop a checklist , dubbed CONSORT-EHEALTH ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials of Electronic and Mobile HEalth Applications and onLine TeleHealth ) , as an extension of the CONSORT statement that provides guidance for authors of eHealth and mHealth interventions . Methods A literature review was conducted , followed by a survey among eHealth experts and a workshop . Results A checklist instrument was constructed as an extension of the CONSORT statement . The instrument has been adopted by the Journal of Medical Internet Research ( JMIR ) and authors of eHealth RCTs are required to su bmi t an electronic checklist explaining how they addressed each subitem . Conclusions CONSORT-EHEALTH has the potential to improve reporting and provides a basis for evaluating the validity and applicability of eHealth trials . Subitems describing how the intervention should be reported can also be used for non- RCT evaluation reports . As part of the development process , an evaluation component is essential ; therefore , feedback from authors will be solicited , and a before-after study will evaluate whether reporting has been improved Background The prevalence of amphetamine-type stimulant use is greater than that of opioids and cocaine combined . Currently , there are no approved pharmacotherapy treatments for amphetamine-type stimulant problems , but some face-to-face psychotherapies are of demonstrated effectiveness . However , most treatment services focus on alcohol or opioid disorders , have limited reach and may not appeal to users of amphetamine-type stimulants . Internet interventions have proven to be effective for some substance use problems but none has specifically targeted users of amphetamine-type stimulants . Design / method The study will use a r and omized controlled trial design to evaluate the effect of an internet intervention for amphetamine-type stimulant problems compared with a waitlist control group . The primary outcome will be assessed as amphetamine-type stimulant use ( baseline , 3 and 6 months ) . Other outcomes measures will include ‘ readiness to change ’ , quality of life , psychological distress ( K-10 score ) , days out of role , poly-drug use , help-seeking intention and help-seeking behavior . The intervention consists of three modules requiring an estimated total completion time of 90 minutes . The content of the modules was adapted from face-to-face clinical techniques based on cognitive behavior therapy and motivation enhancement .  The target sample is 160 men and women aged 18 and over who have used amphetamine-type stimulants in the last 3 months . Discussion To our knowledge this will be the first r and omized controlled trial of an internet intervention specifically developed for users of amphetamine-type stimulants . If successful , the intervention will offer greater reach than conventional therapies and may engage clients who do not generally seek treatment from existing service providers . Trial registration Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.anzctr.org.au/ ) Background Internet interventions have the potential to address many of the health problems that produce the greatest global burden of disease . We present a study illustrating this potential . The Spanish/English San Francisco  Stop Smoking Internet site , which yielded quit rates of 20 % or more at 12 months in published r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) , was modified to make it accessible to Spanish- and English-speaking smokers 18 years of age or older anywhere in the world . Objective To illustrate that Internet interventions design ed to conduct RCTs can be adapted to serve as universal health care re sources . We also examine quit rates obtained in the current participant preference study ( in which users could choose from all elements tested in previous RCTs ) to determine whether they differ from the quit rates found in the RCTs . Methods We modified the San Francisco Stop Smoking Internet site so that , instead of being r and omly assigned to a specific intervention , participants could personalize the site by choosing among nine site elements ( eg , stop smoking guide , reminder emails , journal , mood management intervention , or virtual group ) . Participants completed a baseline assessment , and reported smoking and mood data at 1- , 3- , 6- , and 12-month follow-ups . We assessed the modified website ’s reach and outcomes ( quit rates ) , and compared the quit rates of the current participant preference study with those of the previous RCTs . Results In the first year of recruitment , 94,158 individuals from 152 countries and territories visited the site ; 13,488 participants left some data ; 9173 signed consent ; 7763 completed the baseline survey ; and 1955 , 1362 , 1106 , and 1096 left 1- , 3- , 6- , and 12-month data , respectively . Observed quit rates were 38.1 % ( n = 668 ) , 44.9 % ( n = 546 ) , 43.6 % ( n = 431 ) , and 45.4 % ( n = 449 ) , respectively . The current participant preference study yielded higher observed quit rates ( odds ratio 1.30 ) than the previous RCT when controlling for individuals ’ demographic and smoking characteristics . Conclusions After strict RCTs are completed , Internet intervention sites can be made into worldwide health intervention re sources without reducing their effectiveness . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov NCT00721786 ; http:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00721786 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/66npiZF4y Smoking  cessation interventions are needed for young adults . Innovative approaches to behavior change for this population should be tested . Formative research and process evaluation of those approaches would result in more effective programs . This paper presents the development process and process evaluation of a web-based  smoking cessation program . A description of the stages of development is presented with formative research , development of the web-based intervention , formative evaluation , and process evaluation . The smokers reported high usage of the intervention and satisfaction with the intervention in that it helped to raise their consciousness about quitting , encouraged them to set behavioral goals , provided stages of change feedback , and offered interactivity in presenting information and strategies about quitting . The Internet may be a promising tool for patient education according to the process results To further develop tailored interventions , their working mechanisms must be identified . In the present study , three tailored messages that each contained one potential working mechanism -- personalization , adaptation or feedback -- were compared with a st and ard information condition .  Two hundred and two students who smoked tobacco daily were r and omly divided over four conditions . After the computer pre-test question naire , they read the information in their condition and filled in the immediate post-test . After 4 months , they were sent a follow-up question naire assessing their quitting activity . The data show that personalization ( 44.5 % ) and feedback ( 48.7 % ) , but not adaptation ( 28.6 % ) , led to significantly more quitting activity after 4 months than did the st and ard information ( 22.9 % ) . Moreover , the effect of condition on quitting activity was completely mediated by individuals ' evaluations of the tailoring Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly Objectives : To determine the effectiveness of a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme . Design : R and omised controlled trial Setting : New Zeal and Participants : 1705 smokers from throughout New Zeal and who wanted to quit , were aged over 15 years , and owned a mobile phone were r and omised to an intervention group that received regular , personalised text messages providing smoking cessation advice , support , and distraction , or to a control group . All participants received a free month of text messaging ; starting for the intervention group on their quit day to assist with quitting , and starting for the control group at six months to encourage follow up . Follow up data were available for 1624 ( 95 % ) at six weeks and 1265 ( 74 % ) at six months . Main outcome measures : The main trial outcome was current non-smoking ( that is , not smoking in the past week ) six weeks after r and omisation . Secondary outcomes included current non-smoking at 12 and 26 weeks . Results : More participants had quit at six weeks in the intervention compared to the control group : 239 ( 28 % ) v 109 ( 13 % ) , relative risk 2.20 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.79 to 2.70 ) , p < 0.0001 . This treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by age , sex , income level , or geographic location ( p homogeneity > 0.2 ) . The relative risk estimates were similar in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data and salivary cotinine verification tests . Reported quit rates remained high at six months , but there was some uncertainty about between group differences because of incomplete follow up . Conclusions : This programme offers potential for a new way to help young smokers to quit , being affordable , personalised , age appropriate , and not location dependent . Future research should test these findings in different setting s , and provide further assessment of long term quit rates Despite clear need , brief web-based interventions for marijuana-using college students have not been evaluated in the literature . The current study was design ed to evaluate a brief , web-based personalized feedback intervention for at-risk marijuana users transitioning to college . All entering first-year students were invited to complete a brief question naire . Participants meeting criteria completed a baseline assessment ( N = 341 ) and were r and omly assigned to web-based personalized feedback or assessment -only control conditions . Participants completed 3-month ( 95.0 % ) and 6-month ( 94.4 % ) follow-up assessment s. Results indicated that although there was no overall intervention effect , moderator analyses found promising effects for those with a family history of drug problems and , to a smaller extent , students who were higher in contemplation of changing marijuana use at baseline . Implication s of these findings for selective intervention of college marijuana use and web-based interventions in general are discussed Community college students represent 44 % of all students enrolled in U.S. higher education facilities . To our knowledge , no previous smoking cessation intervention has targeted community college students . Previous studies suggest that a motivational smoking cessation intervention could be successful for young adult smokers . Combining motivational interviewing sessions with personalized health feedback is likely to increase participants ' motivation to quit and movement through the stages of change . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a smoking cessation program based on these premises . We design ed a computer-assisted , counselor-delivered smoking cessation program that addresses personal health risks and readiness to change smoking behavior among community college students . A group-r and omized , controlled trial was used to assess the intervention in a sample of 426 students ( 58.5 % females ; mean age , 22.8+/-4.7 years ) from 15 pair-matched campuses . At the 10-month follow-up assessment , the cotinine-vali date d smoking cessation rates were 16.6 % in the experimental condition and 10.1 % in the st and ard care condition ( p=0.07 ) . Our results indicate that our computer-assisted intervention holds considerable promise in reducing smoking among community college students Several forms of treatment for nicotine dependence that combine the classical smoking cessation strategies with new Virtual Reality ( VR ) exposure techniques to smoking-related cues are in development . In this line , the main goal of our study was to develop a virtual platform in order to induce cravings in smokers . Sixty undergraduate students were r and omly assigned to two different virtual environments ( high-arousal cues and low-arousal cues ) . Both environments were based on a three-room 
    Output:
    
However , the improvement shown in abstinence from tobacco use has the potential to impact substantially on morbidity and mortality