***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The serum concentrations of the cell adhesion molecules E-selectin , intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) were investigated in 63 patients with colorectal cancer and in 51 controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . Their relationship to clinicopathological variables and patient survival and changes in their levels after surgery were examined . Colorectal cancer patients showed significantly higher serum levels of E-selectin , ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 compared with healthy controls . There was a significant association between the serum levels of these molecules , disease stage and the presence of both lymph node and distant metastases . Both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels correlated with serum E-selectin and carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) levels . Serum levels of all three molecules decreased significantly after radical resection of the tumour . Elevated pre-operative E-selectin , ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were significant prognostic factors , although not independent of stage , for patient survival . These findings suggest that serum concentrations of E-selectin , ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 may reflect tumour progression and metastasis . Since these markers are linked to CEA levels , it is uncertain whether their measurement will prove cost-effective in colorectal cancer management PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus cisplatin and etoposide in patients with extensive-stage disease , small-cell lung cancer ( ED-SCLC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase II trial , 63 patients were treated with bevacizumab 15 mg/kg plus cisplatin 60 mg/m(2 ) and etoposide 120 mg/m(2 ) , which was followed by bevacizumab alone until death or disease progression occurred . The primary end point was the proportion of patients alive at 6 months without disease progression ( ie , progression-free survival [ PFS ] ) . Secondary end points included overall survival ( OS ) , objective response rate , and toxicity . Correlative studies were performed to explore the relationship between baseline and changes in plasma vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , soluble cell adhesion molecules ( ie , vascular cell adhesion molecule [ VCAM ] , intercellular cell adhesion molecule [ ICAM ] , and E-selectin ) and basic fibroblast growth factor and outcome . RESULTS The 6-month PFS was 30.2 % , the median PFS was 4.7 months , and OS was 10.9 months . The response rate was 63.5 % . The most common adverse event was neutropenia ( 57.8 % ) . Only one patient had grade 3 pulmonary hemorrhage . Patients who had high baseline VCAM had a higher risk of progression or death compared with those who had low baseline VCAM levels . No relationships between outcome and any other biomarkers were seen . CONCLUSION The addition of bevacizumab to cisplatin and etoposide in patients with ED-SCLC results in improved PFS and OS relative to historical controls who received this chemotherapy regimen without bevacizumab . This regimen appears to be well tolerated and has minimal increase in toxicities compared with chemotherapy alone . Baseline VCAM levels predicted survival , but no other relationships among treatment , biomarkers , and outcome were identified PURPOSE There is an unmet need for biomarkers for identifying patients likely to benefit from anticancer treatments , selecting dose , and underst and ing mechanisms of resistance . Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and soluble VEGF receptor 2 ( sVEGFR-2 ) are known to be modulated by VEGF pathway inhibitors . It is unknown whether chemotherapy or VEGFR inhibitor/chemotherapy combinations induce changes in these or other cytokines and angiogenic factors ( CAFs ) and whether such changes could be markers of benefit . METHODS Thirty-five plasma CAFs were analyzed using multiplexed bead arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from 123 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer in a r and omized phase II study who received v and etanib , a VEGFR and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor , monotherapy carboplatin and paclitaxel ( CP ) , or the combination ( VCP ) .  Changes in CAFs at days 8 , 22 , and 43 from baseline were correlated with progression risk . RESULTS VEGF increased and sVEGFR-2 decreased by day 43 in the v and etanib arm , whereas a distinct pattern was observed in the CP and VCP arms , with significant decreases in interleukin ( IL ) -12 , IL-1 receptor antagonist , and matrix metalloproteinase 9 ( MMP-9 ) and increased macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 . In each treatment arm , changes in different markers were associated with progression risk . For example , increases in IL-8 with VCP , MMP-9 with CP , and VEGF with v and etanib monotherapy were associated with increased progression risk , and increase in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 with v and etanib was associated with decreased risk . CONCLUSION V and etanib and chemotherapy treatment led to distinct patterns of CAF changes ; the combination resembled chemotherapy alone . Changes in specific CAFs correlated with clinical outcome , but markers differed for each treatment arm . CAF profiling may provide insights into the biologic effects of treatment and identify drug-specific markers of activity and clinical benefit BACKGROUND This study assesses the predictive and prognostic roles of serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) and vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) during chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS Changes in serum levels of sICAM-1 and VEGF during first-line conventional chemotherapy were studied prospect ively using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and after every two courses of therapy in 124 patients who have advanced NSCLC . Data were correlated with radiologic objective response and survival . RESULTS The prognostic values of serum sICAM-1 and VEGF were explored in 115 advanced NSCLC patients and 61 patients were evaluated for radiologic and serologic responses after two chemotherapy courses . Of the 115 patients , 79 patients had baseline serum sICAM-1 levels greater than 232.84 ng/mL , which is the cut-off value for distinguishing malignant tumors from benign . Statistically significant correlations were observed between baseline sICAM-1 levels and odds ratios and between a sICAM-1 response and odds ratios ( 8.05 and 5.40 , respectively ) . However , there was no correlation between baseline VEGF levels and odds ratios ( P = .543 ) . The median progression-free survival from response assessment was 4 months . In a multivariate analysis , performance status ( hazard ratio [ HR ] , 1.47 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] ( 95 % CI ) , 1.03 - 2.10 ) , disease stage ( HR , 1.43 ; 95 % CI , 1.07 - 1.90 ) , baseline sICAM-1 ( HR , 1.12 ; 95 % CI , 1.01 - 1.21 ) , and sICAM-1 response ( HR , 0.58 ; 95%CI , 0.39 - 0.88 ) , were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for survival . CONCLUSION Baseline sICAM-1 and sICAM-1 responses appeared to be reliable surrogate markers of chemotherapy efficacy and were prognostic factors in patients with advanced NSCLC Background : E4599 was a phase II/phase III trial , in which 878 patients with advanced non – small cell lung cancer were r and omized to carboplatin + paclitaxel ( PC arm ) or PC + bevacizumab ( BPC arm ) . Survival and progression-free survival were superior on the BPC arm . The rationale for markers used in this correlative study was based on elevated vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) and E-selectin in a variety of malignances and changes in response to endothelial cell apoptosis . Material s and Methods : Prospect i ve correlates included measurements of pretreatment plasma VEGF , as well as pretreatment and week 7 , bFGF , ICAM , and E-selectin . Low and high levels were defined as less than or equal to or more than the median . Results : E-selectin ( P < 0.0001 ) showed a decrease and bFGF showed an increase ( P = 0.004 ) from baseline at week 7 , which were similar in both arms . Baseline ICAM showed significant associations with response and survival in both groups . Patients with low baseline ICAM had a higher response rate ( 32 % versus 14 % ; P = 0.02 ) , better overall survival ( P = 0.00005 ) , and better 1-year survival ( 65 % versus 25 % ) than those with high ICAM , respectively , regardless of treatment arm . Patients with high VEGF levels were more likely to respond to BPC compared with PC , but this was not predictive of survival . The results also suggest a benefit from bevacizumab for patients with low baseline ICAM levels ( 53 % reduction in the progression-free survival hazard rate ) . Conclusions : In this study , baseline ICAM levels were prognostic for survival and predictive of response to chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab .  VEGF levels were predictive of response to bevacizumab but not survival 
    Output:
    
And we revealed that the circulating concentration of  sICAM-1  in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls .
Additionally , baseline sICAM-1 levels apparently were associated with ECOG performance status , gender , histology type and disease stages .
Furthermore , there seems to be a significantly inverse association between sICAM-1 levels , prognosis and response rate in NSCLC patients .
In conclusion ,  sICAM-1  appeared to be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in lung cancer patients .