***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effect of television viewing ( TVV ) and pubertal status of 9- to 14-y-old girls on mealtime food intake ( FI ) after a premeal glucose drink was determined . On four separate mornings , girls r and omly received equally sweetened drinks containing Sucralose ( control ) or glucose ( 1.0 g/kg body weight ) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a st and ardized breakfast . FI from an ad libitum pizza meal was measured 30 min later with or without TVV . Appetite was measured at 15 min intervals to lunch and postmeal .  TVV  at mealtime had no effect on FI , however , glucose suppressed FI more with no TVV compared with TVV ( 24 versus 10 % , p < 0.001 ) , primarily because of its effect in peripubertal girls ( p < 0.028 ) . In postpubertal girls ( n = 8)  , glucose reduced FI by ∼27 % in both the no TVV and TVV conditions , but in peripubertal girls ( n = 17 )  , reduction in FI was 22 % without TVV and only 1 % while TVV . Appetite correlated with FI at 30 min only in postpubertal girls . TVV at mealtime reduced caloric compensation after consumption of the glucose drink in peripubertal , but not postpubertal , girls , with no effect on mealtime FI . ( Clinical trial number NCT01025687 . The long-term physiological effects of refined carbohydrates on appetite and mood remain unclear . Reported effects when subjects are not blind may be due to expectations and have rarely been studied for more than 24 h. The present study compared the effects of supplementary soft drinks added to the diet over 4 weeks on dietary intake , mood and BMI in normal-weight women ( n 133 ) . Subjects were categorised as ' watchers ' or ' non-watchers ' of what they ate then received sucrose or artificially sweetened drinks ( 4 x 250 ml per d ) . Expectancies were varied by labelling drinks ' sugar ' or ' diet ' in a counter-balanced design . Sucrose supplements provided 1800 kJ per d and sweetener supplements provided 67 kJ per d. Food intake was measured with a 7 d diary and mood with ten single Likert scales . By 4 weeks , sucrose supplements significantly reduced total carbohydrate intake ( F(1,129 ) = 53.81 ; P<0.001 ) , fat ( F(2,250 ) = 33.33 ; P<0.001 ) and protein intake ( F(2,250 ) = 28.04 ; P<0 - 001 ) compared with sweetener supplements .  Mean daily energy intake increased by just under 1000 kJ compared with baseline ( t ( 67 df ) = 3.82 ; P < 0.001 ) and was associated with a non-significant trend for those receiving sucrose to gain weight . There were no effects on appetite or mood . Neither dietary restraint status as measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Question naire nor the expectancy procedure had effects . Expectancies influenced mood only during baseline week . It is concluded that sucrose satiates , rather than stimulates , appetite or negative mood in normal-weight subjects The objective was to compare the effects of ad libitum consumption of commonly consumed meal-time beverages on energy and fluid intakes and post-meal average subjective appetite and blood glucose in healthy adults . In a r and omized controlled design , 29 males and females consumed to satiation an ad libitum pizza meal with one of five beverages in unlimited amount including water ( 0 kcal ) , 1 % milk ( 44 kcal/100 ml ) , regular cola ( 44 kcal/100 ml ) , orange juice ( 44 kcal/100 ml ) and diet cola ( 0 kcal ) . Food and fluid intakes were measured at the meal . Average subjective appetite and blood glucose were measured before and for 2h after the meal . Although energy intake from pizza was similar among all beverage treatments , the amount of fluid consumed ( g ) varied among the beverages with intake of orange juice higher than regular and diet cola , but not different from water or milk . Meal-time ingestion of caloric beverages , milk , orange juice and regular cola , led to higher total meal-time energy intakes compared to either water or diet cola .  Post-meal blood glucose area under the curve ( AUC ) was lower after milk than after meals with water , orange juice and regular cola and post-meal average subjective appetite AUC was lower after milk than after meals with water . Meal intakes of nutrients including protein , calcium , phosphorus , zinc , vitamins B12 , A and D were higher at the meal with milk compared to the other beverages . Thus , caloric beverages consumed ad libitum during a meal add to total meal-time energy intake , but 1 % milk favors a lower post-meal blood glucose and average subjective appetite score and adds to nutrient intake BACKGROUND The consumption of beverages that contain sugar is associated with overweight , possibly because liquid sugars do not lead to a sense of satiety , so the consumption of other foods is not reduced . However , data are lacking to show that the replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages diminishes weight gain . METHODS We conducted an 18-month trial involving 641 primarily normal-weight children from 4 years 10 months to 11 years 11 months of age . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive 250 ml ( 8 oz ) per day of a sugar-free , artificially sweetened beverage ( sugar-free group ) or a similar sugar-containing beverage that provided 104 kcal ( sugar group ) . Beverages were distributed through schools . At 18 months , 26 % of the children had stopped consuming the beverages ; the data from children who did not complete the study were imputed . RESULTS The z score for the body-mass index ( BMI , the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ) increased on average by 0.02 SD units in the sugar-free group and by 0.15 SD units in the sugar group ; the 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) of the difference was -0.21 to -0.05 . Weight increased by 6.35 kg in the sugar-free group as compared with 7.37 kg in the sugar group ( 95 % CI for the difference , -1.54 to -0.48 ) . The skinfold-thickness measurements , waist-to-height ratio , and fat mass also increased significantly less in the sugar-free group . Adverse events were minor . When we combined measurements at 18 months in 136 children who had discontinued the study with those in 477 children who completed the study , the BMI z score increased by 0.06 SD units in the sugar-free group and by 0.12 SD units in the sugar group ( P=0.06 ) . CONCLUSIONS Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-weight children . ( Funded by the Netherl and s Organization for Health Research and Development and others ; DRINK Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00893529 . ) To examine whether artificial sweeteners aid in the control of long-term food intake and body weight , we gave free-living , normal-weight subjects 1150 g soda sweetened with aspartame ( APM ) or high-fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) per day . Relative to when no soda was given , drinking APM-sweetened soda for 3 wk significantly reduced calorie intake of both females ( n = 9 ) and males ( n = 21 ) and decreased the body weight of males but not of females . However , drinking HFCS-sweetened soda for 3 wk significantly increased the calorie intake and body weight of both sexes . Ingesting either type of soda reduced intake of sugar from the diet without affecting intake of other nutrients . Drinking large volumes of APM-sweetened soda , in contrast to drinking HFCS-sweetened soda , reduces sugar intake and thus may facilitate the control of calorie intake and body weight This study investigated whether the addition of the high-intensity sweetener aspartame to a multidisciplinary weight-control program would improve weight loss and long-term control of body weight .  One hundred sixty-three obese women were r and omly assigned to consume or to abstain from aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during 16 wk of a 19-wk weight-reduction program ( active weight loss ) , a 1-y maintenance program , and a 2-y follow-up period . Women in both treatment groups lost approximately 10 % of initial body weight ( 10 kg ) during active weight loss . Among women assigned to the aspartame-treatment group , aspartame intake was positively correlated with percentage weight loss during active weight loss ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.01 ) . During maintenance and follow-up , participants in the aspartame group experienced a 2.6 % ( 2.6 kg ) and 4.6 % ( 4.6 kg ) regain of initial body weight after 71 and 175 wk , respectively , whereas those in the no-aspartame group gained an average of 5.4 % ( 5.4 kg ) and 9.4 % ( 9.4 kg ) , respectively . The aspartame group lost significantly more weight overall ( P = 0.028 ) and regained significantly less weight during maintenance and follow-up ( P = 0.046 ) than did the no-aspartame group . Percentage weight losses at 71 and 175 wk were also positively correlated with exercise ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.34 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) and self-reported eating control ( r = 0.37 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.33 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) . These data suggest that participation in a multidisciplinary weight-control program that includes aspartame may facilitate the long-term maintenance of reduced body weight Using a within-subjects design , we gave over-weight and normal-weight subjects a 500-mL drink of fructose , glucose , or aspartame diluted in lemon-flavored water or plain water in a r and omized fashion at about weekly intervals . Food intake was assessed at a buffet lunch that began 38 min after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose , insulin , glucagon , and free fatty acid . When subjects drank the fructose preload , they subsequently ate fewer overall calories and fewer grams of fat than when they drank any of the other preloads . The aspartame load did not stimulate intake beyond the plain-water control . The effects of the oxidation of fructose as a possible mechanism for the reduction in food intake is discussed . The effects of insulin in stimulating intake are also discussed The extent and time course of caloric compensation for surreptitious dilutions and supplements to the energy value of the diet were examined in free-living normal-weight adults . Ten subjects were provided lunches containing approximately 66 % more or less calories than their customary midday meal for 2-wk periods which were interposed between 1-wk baseline or recovery periods . Diet records were kept throughout the study . Total energy intakes did not differ among the three control periods ( weeks 1 , 4 , and 7 ) or between any of these periods and when subjects were provided the low-calorie meal .  Total energy intake was significantly higher relative to all other periods when subjects ingested the high-calorie meal . To the extent that compensation occurred , it was apparent immediately and did not appear to change over the 2-wk study periods . The results suggest that humans compensate more readily for decreases than for increases in caloric intake BACKGROUND Sensory-specific satiety has been found to play an important role in food choice and meal termination , and it might be a factor contributing to obesity . OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that obese and normal-weight people have different sensitivities to sensory-specific satiety for high-fat foods . DESIGN Sensory-specific satiety was measured in 21 obese [ x body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) : 33.1 ] and 23 normal-weight ( BMI : 22.8 ) women who were matched for restrained eating behavior , physical activity , age , and smoking behavior .  Food intake , appetite ratings , and liking scores before and after an ad libitum lunch were measured . Products differed in fat content and taste ( ie , low-fat sweet , low-fat savory , high-fat sweet , and high-fat savory ) , and the subjects tested all 4 products . In the first study , s and wiches were tested ; in the second study , snacks were tested . RESULTS Sensory-specific satiety for all products was observed in both subject groups . No significant differences were observed between the obese and normal-weight subjects in either sensory-specific satiety or food intake for any of the products or product categories tested . Taste ( sweet or savory ) had a significantly ( P < 0.05 ) stronger effect on sensory-specific satiety than did fat content . Appetite ratings strongly decreased after lunch , and appetite for a meal or snack after lunch was significantly higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects , whereas scores before lunch did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS Obese and normal-weight people do not differ in 
    Output:
    
The preponderance of evidence from all human r and omized controlled trials indicates that LES do not increase EI or BW , whether compared with caloric or non-caloric ( for example , water ) control conditions .
Overall , the balance of evidence indicates that use of LES in place of sugar , in children and adults , leads to reduced EI and BW , and possibly also when compared with water