***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The authors prospect ively explored whether a reduction in the volume of the hippocampus occurs in recent trauma survivors who develop posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . METHOD Thirty-seven survivors of traumatic events were assessed within a week of the traumatic event and 6 months later . The assessment included magnetic resonance imaging of the brain ( including 124 coronal slices of 1.5-mm thickness ) , psychometric testing , and structured clinical interviews . The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale conferred PTSD diagnoses at 6 months . RESULTS Ten subjects ( 27 % ) had PTSD at 6 months . The subjects with PTSD did not differ from those without PTSD in hippocampal volume ( right or left ) at 1 week or 6 months . There was no reduction in hippocampal volume in the PTSD subjects between 1 week and 6 months . CONCLUSIONS Smaller hippocampal volume is not a necessary risk factor for developing PTSD and does not occur within 6 months of expressing the disorder . This brain abnormality might occur in individuals with chronic or complicated PTSD This retrospective study examined the association between abuse history and neurological abnormalities in 115 consecutive patients admitted to a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit . Increased electrophysiological abnormalities were found in abused patients compared with non-abused patients ( 54.4 % vs. 26.9 % , P = 0.021 ) , predominantly in the left side of the frontal , temporal , or anterior region ( P = 0.036 ) . This may support the hypothesis that early abuse alters brain development , particularly limbic structures . However , a large-scale prospect i ve longitudinal assessment study is needed to interpret this association . Possible clinical consequences of relatively preserved right frontal function are discussed BACKGROUND Childhood abuse has been associated with abnormalities in brain development , particularly corpus callosum ( CC ) morphology . The impact of neglect has not been assessed , though it is the most prevalent form of childhood maltreatment . METHODS Regional CC area was measured from magnetic resonance imaging scans in 26 boys and 25 girls admitted for psychiatric evaluation ( 28 with abuse or neglect ) and compared with CC area in 115 healthy control subjects .  Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance , with age and midsagittal area as covariates . RESULTS Total CC area of the abused/neglected patients was 17 % smaller than in control subjects ( p = .0001 ) and 11 % smaller than in psychiatric patients who had not been abused or neglected ( contrast group ; p = .01 ) . Control subjects and the contrast group did not differ in total CC area . Neglect was the strongest experiential factor and was associated with a 15%-18 % reduction in CC regions 3 , 4 , 5 , and 7 ( all p < .02 ) . In contrast , sexual abuse seemed to be the strongest factor associated with reduced CC size in girls . CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with animal research that demonstrated reduced CC size in nursery-reared compared with semi-naturally reared primates . Early experience might also affect the development of the human CC BACKGROUND Two studies found morphological differences in the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) of individuals with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . We sought to replicate and extend these findings in a sample of individuals with acute PTSD . METHODS The ACCs of individuals with acute PTSD ( n = 14 ) and matched healthy control subjects ( n = 14 ) were compared using voxel-based morphometry ( VBM ) , semi-automated volumetric analyses , and probabilistic maps . Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis was ascertained by a psychologist using a structured interview . RESULTS Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed significantly less gray-matter density in the right pregenual ACC and in the left insula of the PTSD group . However , volumetric analyses of the ACC revealed no significant differences between groups . Probabilistic maps of the labels of the pregenual ACC indicated that the difference between groups in gray matter density was due to shape differences . CONCLUSIONS Although there are no volumetric differences in the ACC of acute PTSD individuals compared with normal control subjects , significant shape differences exist , which might indicate volumetric differences in the surrounding structures 
    Output:
    
GM reduction was identified in the medial prefrontal cortex in PTSD compared to both TEC and HC .
Additional GM reduction was also observed in PTSD in the left hippocampus , left middle temporal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus compared with TEC .
Additionally , GM decreased in the left occipital cortex in PTSD compared with HC .
The present study delimited the significant differences among VBM results in PTSD research when different control groups were chosen