***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform Exercise is an effective intervention for treating hypertension and arterial stiffness , but little is known about which exercise modality is the most effective in reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure in hypertensive subjects . Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of continuous vs. interval exercise training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in hypertensive patients . Sixty-five patients with hypertension were r and omized to 16 weeks of continuous exercise training ( n=26 ) , interval training ( n=26 ) or a sedentary routine ( n=13 ) . The training was conducted in two 40-min sessions a week . Assessment of arterial stiffness by carotid – femoral pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( ABPM ) were performed before and after the 16 weeks of training . At the end of the study , ABPM blood pressure had declined significantly only in the subjects with higher basal values and was independent of training modality . PWV had declined significantly only after interval training from 9.44±0.91 to 8.90±0.96 m s−1 , P=0.009 ( continuous from 10.15±1.66 to 9.98±1.81 m s−1 , P = ns ; control from 10.23±1.82 to 10.53±1.97 m s−1 , P = ns ) . Continuous and interval exercise training were beneficial for blood pressure control , but only interval training reduced arterial stiffness in treated hypertensive subjects Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies Aims : Exercise is recommended as prevention , management , and control of all stages of hypertension . There are still controversies about the optimal training dose , frequency , and intensity . We aim ed to study the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure and myocardial function in hypertensive patients . Methods and results : A total of 88 patients ( 52.0 ± 7.8 years , 39 women ) with essential hypertension were r and omized to aerobic interval training ( AIT ) ( > 90 % of maximal heart rate , correlates to 85–90 % of VO2max ) , isocaloric moderate intensity continuous training ( MIT ) ( ∼70 % of maximal heart rate , 60 % of VO2max ) , or a control group . Exercise was performed on a treadmill , three times per week for 12 weeks . Ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure ( ABP ) was the primary endpoint . Secondary endpoints included maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , mean heart rate/24 hour , flow mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , total peripheral resistance ( TPR ) , and myocardial systolic and diastolic function by echocardiography . Systolic ABP was reduced by 12 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 4.5 mmHg ( p = 0.05 ) in MIT . Diastolic ABP was reduced by 8 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 3.5 mmHg ( p = 0.02 ) in MIT . VO2max improved by 15 % ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 5 % ( p < 0.01 ) in MIT . Systolic myocardial function improved in both exercise groups , diastolic function in the AIT group only . TPR reduction and increased FMD were only observed in the AIT group . Conclusions : This study indicates that the blood pressure reducing effect of exercise in essential hypertension is intensity dependent . Aerobic interval training is an effective method to lower blood pressure and improve other cardiovascular risk factors BACKGROUND Peak oxygen uptake ( Vo(2peak ) ) strongly predicts mortality in cardiac patients . We compared the effects of aerobic interval training ( AIT ) versus moderate continuous training ( MCT ) on Vo(2peak ) and quality of life after  coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) . METHODS Fifty-nine CABG patients were r and omized to either AIT at 90 % of maximum heart rate or MCT at 70 % of maximum heart rate , 5 d/wk , for 4 weeks at a rehabilitation center . Primary outcome was Vo(2peak ) , at baseline , after rehabilitation ( 4 weeks ) , and after 6 months of home-based exercise ( 6 months ) . RESULTS Vo(2peak ) increased between baseline and 4 weeks in AIT ( 27.1 + /- 4.5 vs 30.4 + /- 5.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) and MCT ( 26.2 + /- 5.2 vs 28.5 + /- 5.6 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ; group difference , not significant ) . Aerobic interval training increased Vo(2peak ) between 4 weeks and 6 months ( 30.4 + /- 5.5 vs 32.2 + /- 7.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) , with no significant change in MCT ( 28.5 + /- 5.6 vs 29.5 + /- 5.7 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) ) . Quality of life improved in both groups from baseline to 4 weeks , remaining improved at 6 months . There were no changes in echocardiographic systolic and diastolic left ventricular function . Adiponectin increased between 4 weeks and 6 months in both groups ( group differences , not significant ) . CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of intense training increased Vo(2peak ) significantly after both AIT and MCT . Six months later , the AIT group had a significantly higher Vo(2peak ) than MCT . The results indicate that AIT and MCT increase Vo(2peak ) similarly in the short term , but with better long-term effect of AIT after CABG We found that interval training provides an effective means to improve the cardiovascular fitness and health status of highly functional patients with coronary artery disease . We also revealed that interval training improves anaerobic tolerance to a greater extent than the traditional exercise training model without increasing the risk to the patient . This research supports the implementation of interval training for highly functional patients with coronary artery disease Background Prolonged oxygen uptake kinetics ( O2 kinetics ) , following the onset of a constant workload of exercise has been associated with a poor prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure . This study aim ed to determine both continuous and interval training effects on the different O2-kinetics phases in these patients . Design Twenty-one patients ( 60 ± 8 years ) with stable chronic heart failure participated in a 36-session exercise rehabilitation program ( three times weekly ) . Patients were r and omly assigned to interval training ( n = 11 ; 100 % of peak work rate for 30 s , alternating with 30s-rest ) and to continuous training ( n = 10 ; 50 % of peak work rate ) . Methods Before and after the completion of the program , all patients performed both incremental symptom-limited and constant workload submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests . Phase I O2-kinetics was evaluated by time ( t ) , from the start of exercise until the onset of decreased respiratory exchange ratio and phase II by the time constant ( τ ) of the response from the end of phase I until steady state . Results After training , there was a significant increase in peak oxygen uptake and peak work rate in both continuous ( 15.3 ± 4.4 vs. 16.6 ± 4.5 ml/kg per min ; P=0.03 and 81.8 ± 40.1 vs. 94.7 ± 46.1 W ; P=0.03 ) and interval training groups ( 14.2 ± 3.1 vs. 15.4 ± 4.2 ml/kg per min ; P=0.03 and 82.5 ± 24.1 vs. 93.7 ± 30.1 W ; P=0.04 ) . Patients who underwent interval training had a significant decrease in t ( 39.7 ± 3.7 to 36.1 ± 6.9s ; P=0.05 ) , but not τ ( 59.6 ± 9.4 to 58.9 ± 8.5 s ; P = ns ) , whereas those assigned to continuous training had a significant decrease in both t ( 40.6 ± 6.1 to 36.4 ± 5.4 s ; P=0.01 ) and τ ( 63.3 ± 23.6 to 42.5 ± 16.7 s ; P=0.03 ) . Conclusions Exercise training improves O2 kinetics in chronic heart failure patients . Both continuous and interval training improve phase I O2-kinetics , but continuous training results in superior improvement of the phase II O2-kinetics , an indirect index of muscle oxidative capacity Aerobic capacity , measured as the peak oxygen uptake , is a strong predictor of survival in cardiac patients .  Aerobic interval training ( AIT ) , walking/running four times four minutes at 85–95 % of peak heart rate , has proven to be effective in increasing peak oxygen uptake in coronary heart disease patients . As some patients do not attend organized rehabilitation programs , home-based exercise should be an alternative . We investigated whether AIT could be performed effectively at home , and compared the effects on peak oxygen uptake with that observed after a st and ard care , four-week residential rehabilitation . Thirty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were r and omized to resident 
    Output:
    
HIIT significantly increases CRF by almost double that of MICT in patients with lifestyle-induced chronic diseases