***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives Primary : To compare the effectiveness of intensive group and individual interventions for  smoking cessation in a primary health care setting ; secondary : to identify the variables associated with smoking cessation . Methods Three-pronged clinical trial with r and omisation at the individual level . We performed the following : an intensive individual intervention ( III ) , an intensive group intervention ( IGI ) and a minimal intervention ( MI ) . Included in the study were smokers who were prepared to quit smoking . Excluded from the study were individuals aged less than 18 years or with severe mental conditions or terminal illnesses . The outcome measure was continued abstinence at 12 months confirmed through CO-oximetry ( CO ) . The analysis was based on intention to treat . Results In total , 287 smokers were recruited : 81 in the III , 111 in the IGI , and 95 in the MI .  Continued abstinence at 12 months confirmed through CO was 7.4 % in the III , 5.4 % in the IGI , and 1 % in the MI . No significant differences were noted between III and MI on the one h and , and between IGI and MI on the other [ RR 7.04 ( 0.9 - 7.2 ) and RR 5.1 ( 0.6 - 41.9 ) , respectively ] . No differences were noted between IGI and III [ RR 0.7 ( 0.2 - 2.2 ) ] . In multivariate analysis , only overall visit length showed a statistically significant association with smoking cessation . Conclusions The effectiveness of intensive smoking interventions in this study was lower than expected . No statistically significant differences were found between the results of individual and group interventions .Trial registration numberIS RCT Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly OBJECTIVE To evaluate the smoking cessation efficacy of nicotine patch therapy as an adjunct to low-intensity , primary care intervention . DESIGN R and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , multisite trial . SETTING S Twenty-one primary care sites in Nebraska . PATIENTS A total of 369 smokers of 20 or more cigarettes per day . INTERVENTION Two brief primary care visits for smoking intervention with 10 weeks of active or placebo-patch therapy . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Confirmed self-reported abstinence 3 , 6 , and 12 months after the quit day . RESULTS Compared with placebo control subjects , participants assigned nicotine patches had higher 3-month ( 23.4 % vs 11.4 % ; P < .01 ) and 6-month ( 18.5 % vs 10.3 % ; P < .05 ) abstinence rates . The 1-year abstinence rates for the active and placebo patch groups were 14.7 % and 8.7 % , respectively ( P = .07 ) . Of smokers aged 45 years and older , 9 ( 18.8 % ) of 48 using active patches compared with 0 of 31 using placebo patches achieved 12-month abstinence ( chi 2 = 6.56 ; P < .05 ) . Among those with high nicotine dependency scores ( Fagerstrom score > or = 7 ) , 1-year abstinence rates were significantly higher in the nicotine patch group ( 19.1 % ) compared with the placebo group ( 5.0 % ) ( chi 2 = 10.7 ; P = .001 ) . However , there was no significant difference in 1-year quit rates for participants with low Fagerstrom scores ( < 7 ) . CONCLUSIONS Nicotine patch therapy enhanced 6 month quit rates as an adjunct to brief primary care intervention . The highest quit rates were achieved by participants who specifically contacted the site to enroll in the study or to obtain a prescription for nicotine patches . Differences in participant selection factors may account , in part , for the lower smoking cessation rates associated with primary care intervention . Duration of counseling , patient age , and Fagerstrom scores may be important factors related to the long-term smoking cessation success of nicotine patch therapy Background Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . But a fewer smoking cessation measures were conducted in communities for smokers with COPD in China . The aim of our study was to assess the preventive effects of behavioral interventions for smoking cessation and potential impact factors in smokers with COPD in China . Methods In a r and omised controlled smoking cessation trial 3562 patients with COPD who were current smoker were allocated to intervention group received behavioral intervention and control group received the usual care for two years . The primary efficacy endpoint was the complete and continuous abstinence from smoking from the beginning of month 24 to the end of month 30 . Participants were followed up at month 48 . Results Continuous smoking abstinence rates from month 24 to 30 were significantly higher in participants receiving behavioral intervention than in those receiving usual care ( 46.4 % vs 3.4 % , p < 0.001 ) . Continuous abstinence rates from months 24 to 36 ( 45.8 % vs 4.0 % ) and months 24 to 48 ( 44.3 % vs 5.1 % ) were also higher in participants receiving behavioral intervention than in those control group . Family members or family physicians/nurses smoking were first identified to influence smoking cessation . Conclusions Behavioral intervention doubled the smoking cessation rate in patients with COPD and was complied well by the general practitioners . The family members and family physicians/nurses smoking were the main risk factors for smoking cessation . Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trials Registration ( ChiCTR-TRC-12001958 ) Background Although effective smoking cessation interventions exist , information is limited about their cost-effectiveness and cost-utility . Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of an Internet-based multiple computer-tailored smoking cessation program and tailored counseling by practice nurses working in Dutch general practice s compared with an Internet-based multiple computer-tailored program only and care as usual . Methods The economic evaluation was embedded in a r and omized controlled trial , for which 91 practice nurses recruited 414 eligible smokers . Smokers were r and omized to receive multiple tailoring and counseling ( n=163 ) , multiple tailoring only ( n=132 ) , or usual care ( n=119 ) . Self-reported cost and quality of life were assessed during a 12-month follow-up period . Prolonged abstinence and 24-hour and 7-day point prevalence abstinence were assessed at 12-month follow-up . The trial-based economic evaluation was conducted from a societal perspective . Uncertainty was accounted for by bootstrapping ( 1000 times ) and sensitivity analyses . Results No significant differences were found between the intervention arms with regard to baseline characteristics or effects on abstinence , quality of life , and addiction level . However , participants in the multiple tailoring and counseling group reported significantly more annual health care – related costs than participants in the usual care group . Cost-effectiveness analysis , using prolonged abstinence as the outcome measure , showed that the mere multiple computer-tailored program had the highest probability of being cost-effective . Compared with usual care , in this group € 5100 had to be paid for each additional abstinent participant . With regard to cost-utility analyses , using quality of life as the outcome measure , usual care was probably most efficient . Conclusions To our knowledge , this was the first study to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of an Internet-based smoking cessation program with and without counseling by a practice nurse . Although the Internet-based multiple computer-tailored program seemed to be the most cost-effective treatment , the cost-utility was probably highest for care as usual . However , to ease the interpretation of cost-effectiveness results , future research should aim at identifying an acceptable cutoff point for the willingness to pay per abstinent participant Background The prevalence of smoking in Spain is high in both men and women . The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of gender in the effectiveness of a specific smoking cessation intervention conducted in Spain . Methods This study was a secondary analysis of a cluster r and omized clinical trial in which the r and omization unit was the Basic Care Unit ( family physician and nurse who care for the same group of patients ) . The intervention consisted of a six-month period of implementing the recommendations of a Clinical Practice Guideline . A total of 2,937 current smokers at 82 Primary Care Centers in 13 different regions of Spain were included ( 2003 - 2005 ) . The success rate was measured by a six-month continued abstinence rate at the one-year follow-up . A logistic mixed-effects regression model , taking Basic Care Units as r and om-effect parameter , was performed in order to analyze gender as a predictor of smoking cessation . Results At the one-year follow-up , the six-month continuous abstinence quit rate was 9.4 % in men and 8.5 % in women ( p = 0.400 ) . The logistic mixed-effects regression model showed that women did not have a higher odds of being an ex-smoker than men after the analysis was adjusted for confounders ( OR adjusted = 0.9 , 95 % CI = 0.7 - 1.2 ) . Conclusions Gender does not appear to be a predictor of smoking cessation at the one-year follow-up in individuals presenting at Primary Care Centers . Clinical Trials.gov IdentifierNCT00125905 OBJECTIVES To determine the long-term effect of a community-based risk reduction intervention at five years after completion of a one-year r and omized clinical trial and to determine the sustainability of the beneficial effects seen one year after the intervention . METHODS 30- to 59- year-old African American siblings of prob and s with premature coronary heart disease ( CHD ) were r and omized for care of multiple CHD risk factors to either one year of community-based care ( CBC ) provided by a nurse practitioner/community health worker team or enhanced usual care ( EUC ) . At five years , 307 ( 84.6 % ) of the siblings returned for reevaluation . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in and achievement of goal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( SBP and DBP , respectively ) , and smoking cessation at five years . RESULTS No significant differences were seen between groups in mean LDL-C , SBP , and DBP or in the overall percentages achieving goal LDL-C , blood pressure , or smoking status . Changes after completion of the intervention suggest that the CBC group lost the beneficial effects for mean LDL-C and for percentage at goal LDL-C , while the EUC group continued to improve . CBC was associated with greater sustainability and less refractoriness of one-year results for LDL-C and blood pressure goals . CONCLUSIONS Although no group differences were found in mean risk factor levels at five years , data indicate that CBC is both feasible and associated with earlier sustainability of positive risk factor changes compared with EUC BACKGROUND Smoking-related morbidity and mortality , and benefits associated with quitting , extend across the life span . Health care provider interventions enhance quitting . The present study examined perceived influence of physician advice to quit and characteristics of subjects receiving this advice . METHODS Subjects were 1,454 smokers ages 50 + with at least one physician visit in the past year . Subjects were surveyed at baseline for receipt of and reactions to physician advice to quit and for smoking , health , and demographic characteristics . RESULTS Over half of subjects welcomed physician advice to quit , about half said the advice influenced their quitting decision " extremely " or " quite a lot , " and about one-third indicated that it increased their confidence in quitting . Physicians were more likely to advise sicker patients , indicated by poorer health status , at least one past year hospitalization , and presence of cardiovascular , cerebrovascular , or respiratory diseases . CONCLUSIONS Midlife and older smokers 
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Behavioural interventions were effective and had a dose – response effect .
Both nicotine replacement and bupropion therapy were safe and effective , with no observed differences .
Conclusions Multicomponent/complex interventions in PC are effective and safe , appearing to achieve greater long-term continuous smoking cessation than usual care and counselling alone .
Our results show that smoking interventions should include more than one component and a strong follow-up of the patient to maximise results