***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Raisins are a significant source of dietary fiber and polyphenols , which may reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk by affecting lipoprotein metabolism and inflammation . Walking represents a low intensity exercise intervention that may also reduce CVD risk . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of consuming raisins , increasing steps walked , or a combination of these interventions on blood pressure , plasma lipids , glucose , insulin and inflammatory cytokines . Results Thirty-four men and postmenopausal women were matched for weight and gender and r and omly assigned to consume 1 cup raisins/d ( RAISIN ) , increase the amount of steps walked/d ( WALK ) or a combination of both interventions ( RAISINS + WALK ) . The subjects completed a 2 wk run-in period , followed by a 6 wk intervention . Systolic blood pressure was reduced for all subjects ( P = 0.008 ) . Plasma total cholesterol was decreased by 9.4 % for all subjects ( P < 0.005 ) , which was explained by a 13.7 % reduction in plasma LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( P < 0.001 ) . Plasma triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations were decreased by 19.5 % for WALK ( P < 0.05 for group effect ) . Plasma TNF-α was decreased from 3.5 ng/L to 2.1 ng/L for RAISIN ( P < 0.025 for time and group × time effect ) . All subjects had a reduction in plasma sICAM-1 ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion This research shows that simple lifestyle modifications such as adding raisins to the diet or increasing steps walked have distinct beneficial effects on CVD risk Folklore has suggested that consuming grapefruit may promote weight control . Sparse data exist to support this hypothesis , although there is some evidence of health promotion effects with regard to blood pressure control and modulation of circulating lipids . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to prospect ively evaluate the role of grapefruit in reducing body weight and blood pressure and in promoting improvements in the lipid profile in overweight adults ( N = 74 ) . Following a 3-week washout diet low in bioactive-rich fruits and vegetables , participants were r and omized to either the control diet ( n = 32 ) or daily grapefruit ( n = 42 ) in the amount of one half of a fresh Rio-Red grapefruit with each meal ( 3 × daily ) for 6 weeks . No differences between group in weight , blood pressure , or lipids were demonstrated . Grapefruit consumption was associated with modest weight loss ( -0.61 ± 2.23 kg , P = .097 ) , a significant reduction in waist circumference ( -2.45 ± 0.60 cm , P = .0002 ) , and a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure ( -3.21 ± 10.13 mm Hg , P = .03 ) compared with baseline values . Improvements were observed in circulating lipids of those consuming grapefruit , with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein significantly decreasing by -11.7 mg/dL ( P = .002 ) and -18.7 mg/dL ( P < .001 ) , respectively , compared with baseline values . This study suggests that consumption of grapefruit daily for 6 weeks does not significantly decrease body weight , lipids , or blood pressure as compared with the control condition . However , the improvements in blood pressure and lipids demonstrated in the intervention group suggest that grapefruit should be further evaluated in the context of obesity and cardiovascular disease prevention OBJECTIVE : To examine the long-term relationship between changes in water and beverage intake and weight change . SUBJECTS : Prospect i ve cohort studies of 50 013 women aged 40–64 years in the Nurses ’ Health Study ( NHS , 1986–2006 ) , 52 987 women aged 27–44 years in the NHS II ( 1991–2007 ) and 21 988 men aged 40–64 years in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1986–2006 ) without obesity and chronic diseases at baseline . MEASURES : We assessed the association of weight change within each 4-year interval , with changes in  beverage intakes and other  lifestyle behaviors  during the same period . Multivariate linear regression with robust variance and accounting for within-person repeated measures were used to evaluate the association . Results across the three cohorts were pooled by an inverse-variance-weighted meta- analysis . RESULTS : Participants gained an average of 1.45 kg ( 5th to 95th percentile : −1.87 to 5.46 ) within each 4-year period . After controlling for age , baseline body mass index and changes in other lifestyle behaviors ( diet , smoking habits , exercise , alcohol , sleep duration , TV watching ) , each 1 cup per day increment of water intake was inversely associated with weight gain within each 4-year period ( −0.13 kg ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : −0.17 to −0.08 ) . The associations for other beverages were : sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) ( 0.36 kg ; 95 % CI : 0.24–0.48 ) , fruit juice ( 0.22 kg ; 95 % CI : 0.15–0.28 ) , coffee ( −0.14 kg ; 95 % CI : −0.19 to −0.09 ) , tea ( −0.03 kg ; 95 % CI : −0.05 to −0.01 ) , diet beverages ( −0.10 kg ; 95 % CI : −0.14 to −0.06 ) , low-fat milk ( 0.02 kg ; 95 % CI : −0.04 to 0.09 ) and whole milk ( 0.02 kg ; 95 % CI : −0.06 to 0.10 ) . We estimated that replacement of 1 serving per day of SSBs by 1 cup per day of water was associated with 0.49 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.32–0.65 ) less weight gain over each 4-year period , and the replacement estimate of fruit juices by water was 0.35 kg ( 95 % CI : 0.23–0.46 ) . Substitution of SSBs or fruit juices by other beverages ( coffee , tea , diet beverages , low-fat and whole milk ) were all significantly and inversely associated with weight gain . CONCLUSION : Our results suggest that increasing water intake in place of SSBs or fruit juices is associated with lower long-term weight gain Background The ability to reduce inflammation in overweight and obese individuals may be valuable in preventing the progression to metabolic syndrome with associated risks for heart disease and diabetes . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple dosages of a proprietary Mangosteen Juice blend on indicators of inflammation and antioxidant levels in obese patients with elevated C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels . Methods The study was an 8 week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study with a pre- study 2 week washout period . The study included four groups including placebo and three difference doses of the test product , XanGo Juice ™ : 3 , 6 or 9 oz twice daily . The primary outcome measure of this study was high-sensitivity (HS)-CRP . Secondary outcome measures included other biochemical indicators of inflammation , anthropomorphic measures and a safety evaluation . Results One hundred twenty two ( 122 ) persons were screened for the study , 44 were r and omized and 40 completed the study . HS-CRP measurements dropped after 8 weeks treatment compared to baseline in all 3 dose groups and increased in the placebo group . The changes from baseline were not significant but the comparison of change from baseline was significant for the 18 oz group when compared to placebo ( p = 0.02 ) . Other markers of inflammation ( inflammatory cytokines ) and a marker for lipid peroxidation ( F2 isoprostane ) did not show any significant differences when compared with placebo . There was a trend towards a decrease in BMI in the juice groups . There were no side effects reported in any of the groups and none of the laboratory or EKG safety assessment s indicated clinical ly significant changes for any subject . Conclusion In this pilot , dose-finding study , a proprietary mangosteen juice blend ( XanGo Juice ™ ) reduced CRP levels ( increased change from baseline ) compared to placebo for those taking the highest dose of 18 oz per day . Further studies with a larger population are required to confirm and further define the benefits of this juice . The juice was administered safely . Trial Registration IS RCT OBJECTIVE : To examine the changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women . DESIGN : Prospect i ve cohort study with 12 y of follow-up conducted in the Nurses ' Health Study .SUBJECTS : A total of 74 063 female nurses aged 38–63 y , who were free of cardiovascular disease , cancer , and diabetes at baseline in 1984 . MEASUREMENTS :  Dietary information  was collected using a vali date d food frequency question naire , and body weight and height were self-reported . RESULTS : During the 12-y follow-up , participants tended to gain weight with aging , but those with the largest increase in fruit and vegetable intake had a 24 % of lower risk of becoming obese ( BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) compared with those who had the largest decrease in intake after adjustment for age , physical activity , smoking , total energy intake , and other lifestyle variables ( relative risk ( RR ) , 0.76 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.69–0.86 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) . For major weight gain ( ≥25 kg ) , women with the largest increase in intake of fruits and vegetables had a 28 % lower risk compared to those in the other extreme group ( RR , 0.72 ; 95 % CI , 0.55–0.93 ; P=0.01 ) . Similar results were observed for changes in intake of fruits and vegetables when analyzed separately . CONCLUSIONS : Our findings suggest that increasing intake of fruits and vegetables may reduce long-term risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women OBJECTIVE : Dietary factors , independent of total energy , may be important in promoting obesity . We examined prospect ively the relationship between baseline diet composition and weight gain among adult men and women from southeastern New Engl and . DESIGN : The prospect i ve association of nutrient consumption and weight change was examined in a r and omly selected cohort examined four years apart . SUBJECTS : Adults aged 18 through 64 years from two communities in Southeastern New Engl and were r and omly selected for the study after being interviewed in their homes . The present investigation is based on a subgroup of 465 individuals who completed a food-frequency question naire in 1986 or 1987 and were reinterviewed four years later . STATISTICAL ANALYSES : Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association of weight change with different nutrients and food groups after adjusting for age , smoking status , baseline body mass index , physical activity level , and total energy . RESULTS : Total energy was positively associated with weight gain and age was inversely associated with weight gain . None of the nutrients or food groups were significantly related to weight gain . CONCLUSIONS : These findings indicate that weight gain increased with increasing baseline total energy intake , particularly in the young . Future research is required to determine ways of decreasing energy intake in younger individuals OBJECTIVE Despite the alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity , epidemiologic studies that prospect ively examine the fruit and vegetable consumption and other lifestyle factors in relation to weight gain ( WG ) are still insufficient . We explored the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and WG over a 10-year period in an adult Mediterranean population . METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed a 10-year follow-up study with healthy participants ( n = 206 ) aged 15 - 80 years at baseline in 1994 , who participated in a nutrition survey in Valencia , Spain . Data on diet , lifestyle factors , and body weight were obtained in 1994 and 2004 using a food frequency question naire ( FFQ ) and direct measurements . RESULTS The average WG over the study period was 3.41 ( s.d . 6.9 ) kg . In multivariate analyses , participants in the third quartile of fruit intake at baseline in 1994 had lower risk of WG > or = 3.41 kg compared to those in the lowest quartile ( oddsratio ( OR ) = 0.31 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.11 - 0.85 ; P trend = 0.044 ) . Regarding vegetable intake , the risk of WG was lowest in participants of the fourth quartile ( > 333 g/day ) , which had an 84 % reduced risk of gaining 3.41 kg weight ( OR = 0.18 , 95 % CI , 0.05 - 0.66 ; P trend = 0.017 ) . When the intake of fruits and vegetables was combined , the risk of WG decreased across quartiles , with the lowest risk among those in the fourth quartile ( OR = 0.22 , 95 % CI , 0.06 - 0.81 ; P trend = 0.022 ) . Further adjustment for an increased intake of 
    Output:
    
Consumption of whole fruit was found to contribute to a reduced risk for long-term weight gain in middle-aged adults .
Experimental trials suggest this beneficial effect of whole fruit is mediated by a reduction in total energy intake .
Fruit juice , however , had an opposing effect , promoting weight gain over the long term .