***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND : Patients on dietary , weight-reducing treatment commonly are advised against alcohol consumption . In light of the widespread use of alcoholic beverages and the well-established benefits of light to moderate alcohol consumption in risk reduction , a revision of dietary treatment recommendations may be warranted . OBJECTIVE : To investigate whether daily consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol influences the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight and obese subjects . DESIGN : A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial was conducted , with a 3-months intervention period and two isocaloric dietary regimens containing 6.3 MJ ( 1500 kcal ) each , one with 10 % of energy from white wine and one with 10 % of energy from grape juice . The trial was performed in obese subjects being recruited from the Obesity Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital , Ulm , who all habitually consumed moderate amounts of alcohol . Out of 87 patients , 49 were eligible to participate and 40 completed the study ( age 48.1±11.4 y , BMI 34.2±6.4 kg/m2 ) . Efficacy parameters were body weight and biomarkers of good health . RESULTS : All subjects achieved significant body weight reduction . Weight loss in the grape juice group and white wine group was 3.75±0.46 and 4.73±0.53 kg , respectively . Percent body fat , waist circumference , blood pressure , blood glucose , insulin , triglycerides , and cholesterol were reduced . The antioxidant status was unchanged , as were liver enzyme activities and other safety parameters . There were no significant differences between the groups . CONCLUSIONS : An energy-restricted diet is effective in overweight and obese subjects used to drinking moderate amounts of alcohol . A diet with 10 % of energy derived from white wine is as effective as an isocaloric diet with 10 % of energy derived from grape juice CONTEXT Epidemiologic data demonstrate that moderate alcohol intake is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic individuals . No controlled-diet studies have addressed the effects of daily moderate alcohol consumption on fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity . OBJECTIVE To determine whether daily consumption of low to moderate amounts of alcohol influences fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic postmenopausal women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized controlled crossover trial of 63 healthy postmenopausal women , conducted at a clinical research center in Maryl and between 1998 and 1999 . INTERVENTIONS Participants were r and omly assigned to consume 0 , 15 , or 30 g/d of alcohol for 8 weeks each as part of a controlled diet . All foods and beverages were provided during the intervention . An isocaloric beverage was provided in the 0-g/d arm . Energy intake was adjusted to maintain constant body weight . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting insulin , triglyceride , and glucose concentrations , measured at the end of each dietary period ; insulin sensitivity , estimated with a published index of glucose disposal rate corrected for fat-free mass based on fasting insulin and fasting triglyceride concentrations , compared among treatments with a mixed-model analysis of variance . RESULTS A complete set of plasma sample s was collected and analyzed for 51 women who completed all diet treatments . Consumption of 30 g/d of alcohol compared with 0 g/d reduced fasting insulin concentration by 19.2 % ( P = .004 ) and triglyceride concentration by 10.3 % ( P = .001 ) , and increased insulin sensitivity by 7.2 % ( P = .002 ) . Normal-weight , overweight , and obese individuals responded similarly . Only fasting triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced when comparing 0 and 15 g/d of alcohol ( 7.8 % ; P = .03 ) , and no difference was found between consumption of 15 and 30 g/d of alcohol ; however , there was a significant linear trend ( P = .001 ) . Fasting glucose concentrations were not different across treatments . CONCLUSIONS Consumption of 30 g/d of alcohol ( 2 drinks per day ) has beneficial effects on insulin and triglyceride concentrations and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic postmenopausal women Epidemiologic studies indicate that alcohol consumption is associated with improved insulin sensitivity ; however , scant experimental evidence confirms this observation . To determine the effects of regular moderate wine consumption on insulin sensitivity , 20 overweight women ( body mass index [ BMI ] , 29.8 + /- 2.2 kg/m2 ) participated in a 20-week free-living r and omized crossover trial . The subjects , serving as their own controls , consumed wine ( 190 mL red wine , 13 % vol/vol ethanol , 5 days per week ) for 10 weeks and abstained for 10 weeks or vice versa . The dependent variables ( body weight , BMI , percent body fat , blood pressure , fasting blood glucose and insulin , blood lipids , dietary intake , and insulin sensitivity by intravenous glucose tolerance test [ IVGTT ] ) were measured at the pretest , at the 10-week crossover , and at the 20-week completion of the study . Data were analyzed at the pretest and at completion of the wine drinking and abstention periods of the study using ANOVA by order of treatment . Fasting glucose remained unchanged ( mean + /- SD ; P > .05 ) throughout the experiment ( pretest , drinking , and abstention , 91.1 + /- 9.2 , 91.6 + /- 9.1 , and 88.5 + /- 11.2 mg/dL ) , as did the measures of insulin sensitivity , fasting insulin ( pretest , drinking , and abstention , 8.6 + /- 3.3 , 8.6 + /- 4.1 , and 9.1 + /- 4.7 microU/mg ) and the insulin sensitivity index ( 3.60 + /- 2.96 , 3.25 + /- 2.17 , and 3.30 + /- 1.84 ) . Body composition and blood lipids also remained unchanged ( P > .05 ) during treatment . Moderate wine consumption at this dose in overweight women did not improve or impair insulin sensitivity , nor did it change any of the known correlates of insulin sensitivity , including body weight and composition , blood lipids , and blood pressure OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fat distribution , adipose tissue secreted proteins ( adiponectin and resistin ) , and insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men with abdominal obesity . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty-four healthy men between 35 and 70 years old , with increased waist circumference ( > or = 94 cm ) , participated in a r and omized , controlled cross-over design trial . They drank 450 mL of red wine ( 40 grams of alcohol ) or 450 mL of de-alcoholized red wine daily during 4 weeks . At the end of each treatment period , fat distribution , adipose tissue proteins , and insulin sensitivity index ( ISI ) were measured . RESULTS Subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents and body weight did not change after 4 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption . Liver fat ( quip index ) was slightly higher after consumption of red wine ( 6.8 + /- 0.1 ) as compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 6.5 + /- 0.1 ) but not significantly different ( p = 0.09 ) . Plasma adiponectin concentration increased ( p < 0.01 ) to 6.0 + /- 0.1 microg/mL after 28 days of moderate alcohol consumption compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 5.5 + /- 0.1 microg/mL ) . Serum resistin concentrations and ISI were not affected by alcohol consumption . Percentage changes in serum resistin correlated significantly with changes in ISI ( r = -0.69 , p < 0.01 ) , whereas this correlation was not present between changes in plasma adiponectin and ISI ( r = 0.31 , p = 0.22 ) . DISCUSSION Moderate alcohol consumption for 4 weeks is not associated with differences in subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents or body weight . Thus , the 10 % increase in adiponectin was not associated with a change in fat distribution or body weight change Objectives . To eluci date whether consumption of two Chinese liquors , tea-flavor liquor ( TFL ) and traditional Chinese liquor ( TCL ) have protective effects on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors in healthy human subjects . Methods . Forty-five healthy subjects ( 23 men , 22 women ) , aged 23–28 , were recruited and r and omized into two groups : TFL and TCL , and consumed 30 mL/day ( 45 % ( v/v ) alcohol ) of either liquor for 28 days . Results . Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C/LDL-C ) and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly increased , and total cholesterol ( TC ) and TC/HDL-C were significantly decreased after the intervention in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Serum uric acid ( P = 0.004 for TFL , P = 0.001 for TCL ) , glucose ( P < 0.001 for TFL , P < 0.001 for TCL ) and endothelial adhesion molecules ( P < 0.05 ) were significantly decreased after the intervention . ADP-induced whole blood platelet aggregation was also significantly decreased after the intervention in both TFL and TCL groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions . TFL and TCL consumption had protective effects on CVD risk factors in young humans . However , the results were valid only for 28 days , and that the possibility of adverse effect ( liver , kidney ) of chronic alcohol consumption should be considered Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased concentrations of adiponectin . Whether this is the case for both total and high-molecular-weight ( HMW ) adiponectin is uncertain . Furthermore , the rate at which this increase occurs is unclear . Therefore , we examined the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on total and HMW adiponectin . In a r and omized , crossover trial , 24 premenopausal women who were regular alcohol consumers received beer ( ∼26 g alcohol ) or alcohol-free beer daily for 3 weeks preceded by a 1-week washout . Blood sample s were collected weekly after an overnight fast for measurement of total and HMW adiponectin and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism . There was a significant interaction ( P < .05 ) between the 2 treatments over time for both plasma HMW and total adiponectin concentrations . Within 3 weeks , plasma total ( 8.2 % , P = .01 ) and HMW ( 8.2 % , P = .02 ) adiponectin levels were higher after moderate alcohol consumption compared with abstention . Changes over time in total adiponectin were positively associated with changes in HMW adiponectin during the nonalcoholic beer ( r = 0.80 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.55 - 0.92 ) and beer ( r = 0.82 ; 0.58 - 0.93 ) intervention . Alcohol consumption did not affect the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin or the serum glucose , insulin , hemoglobin A(1c ) , or triglyceride levels compared with abstention during the intervention periods . Both total and HMW adiponectin concentrations are higher after moderate alcohol consumption compared with abstention in premenopausal women . These effects were evident after at least 3 weeks of consumption and occurred concomitantly OBJECTIVE —In a r and omized controlled trial , we assessed the effect of daily moderate alcohol intake on glycemic control in the fasting and postpr and ial states in patients with type 2 diabetes who previously had abstained from alcohol . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We r and omly assigned 109 patients ( 41–74 years old ) with established type 2 diabetes who abstained from alcohol to receive 150 ml wine ( 13 g alcohol ) or nonalcoholic diet beer ( control ) each day during a 3-month multicenter trial . The beverages were consumed during dinner . Diet and alcohol consumption were monitored . RESULTS —During the intervention , 17 % of participants ( 12 % from the alcohol group ) dropped out , leaving 91 who completed the trial . Within the alcohol group , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) decreased from 139.6 ± 41 to 118.0 ± 32.5 mg/dl after 3 months compared with 136.7 ± 15.4 to 138.6 ± 27.8 mg/dl in the control subjects ( Pv = 0.015 ) . However , alcohol consumption had no effect on 2-h postpr and ial glucose levels ( difference of 18.5 mg/dl in the control group vs. 17.7 mg/dl in the alcohol 
    Output:
    
Although the studies had small sample sizes and were of short duration , the current evidence suggests that moderate alcohol consumption may decrease fasting insulin and HbA1c concentrations  among nondiabetic subjects .
Alcohol consumption might improve insulin sensitivity among women but did not do so overall