***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more The authors tested the hypothesis that early physical abuse is associated with later externalizing behavior outcomes and that this relation is mediated by the intervening development of biased social information-processing patterns . They assessed 584 r and omly selected boys and girls from European American and African American background s for the lifetime experience of physical abuse through clinical interviews with mothers prior to the child 's matriculation in kindergarten . Early abuse increased the risk of teacher-rated externalizing outcomes in Grade s 3 and 4 by fourfold , and this effect could not be accounted for by confounded ecological or child factors . Abuse was associated with later processing patterns ( encoding errors , hostile attributional biases , accessing of aggressive responses , and positive evaluations of aggression ) , which , in turn , predicted later externalizing outcomes With more than 200,000 veterans incarcerated , a significant need exists for the development of technologies that help veterans with felony histories return to employment . This study evaluated the effect of three methods of vocational assistance on competitive employment over a 6 mo follow-up period : ( 1 ) basic vocational services , ( 2 ) self- study using a vocational manual design ed for formerly incarcerated veterans , and ( 3 ) a group led by vocational staff using the vocational manual . We evaluated 111 veterans for time to obtain and total time of competitive employment . The group format was expected to be superior to the self- study and the self- study superior to basic services . Findings indicated that the group format was associated with quicker employment and more total employment than the basic and self- study conditions . Limitations and directions for future refinement are discussed Compared 11 probationers with a history of psychiatric referral to a r and omly selected group of unemployed persons from the State Unemployment Office in a number of job interview assessment situations . The probationers were rated as less skillful and also rated themselves as less likely to obtain employment than did the control Ss . After this pretest , the probationers were assigned to one of two treatment groups in which either monetary incentives for job interviews were provided or a skills training program was initiated . Posttest scores indicated that the skills program was most effective in changing behavioral and cognitive responses . These results generalized during the follow-up period ; the skills training group obtained employment more frequently than did the incentive group . Implication s for training critical skill deficits are discussed in terms of a response acquisition model BACKGROUND The value of the individual placement and support ( IPS ) programme in helping people with severe mental illness gain open employment is unknown in Europe . Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of IPS  , and to examine whether its effect is modified by local labour markets and welfare systems . METHODS 312 patients with severe mental illness were r and omly assigned in six European centres to receive IPS ( n=156 ) or vocational services ( n=156 ) . Patients were followed up for 18 months . The primary outcome was the difference between the proportions of people entering competitive employment in the two groups . The heterogeneity of IPS effectiveness was explored with prospect i ve meta-analyses to establish the effect of local welfare systems and labour markets . Analysis was by intention to treat . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , with the number NCT00461318 . FINDINGS IPS was more effective than vocational services for every vocational outcome , with 85 ( 55 % ) patients assigned to IPS  working for at least 1 day compared with 43 ( 28 % ) patients assigned to vocational services ( difference 26.9 % , 95 % CI 16.4 - 37.4 ) . Patients assigned to vocational services were significantly more likely to drop out of the service and to be readmitted to hospital than were those assigned to IPS ( drop-out 70 [ 45 % ] vs 20 [ 13 % ] ; difference -32.1 % [ 95 % CI -41.5 to -22.7 ] ; readmission 42 [ 31 % ] vs 28 [ 20 % ] ; difference -11.2 % [ -21.5 to -0.90 ] ) . Local unemployment rates accounted for a substantial amount of the heterogeneity in IPS effectiveness . INTERPRETATION Our demonstration of the effectiveness of IPS in widely differing labour market and welfare context s confirms this service to be an effective approach for vocational rehabilitation in mental health that deserves investment and further investigation 
    Output:
    
Collectively they provided limited evidence that work skills programmes increase the likelihood of people with mental disorder who are offenders obtaining employment in the short term , but there are insufficient studies to determine the long-term impact of work skills programmes .
There is modest evidence to support inclusion of specific work skills programmes in the treatment of offenders with mental disorder .