***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Enhanced recovery following physical activity and exercise-induced muscle damage ( EIMD ) has become a priority for athletes . Consequently , a number of post-exercise recovery strategies are used , often without scientific evidence of their benefits . Within this framework , the purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of whole body cryotherapy ( WBC ) , far infrared ( FIR ) or passive ( PAS ) modalities in hastening muscular recovery within the 48 hours after a simulated trail running race . In 3 non-adjoining weeks , 9 well-trained runners performed 3 repetitions of a simulated trail run on a motorized treadmill  , design ed to induce muscle damage . Immediately ( post ) , post 24 h , and post 48 h after exercise , all participants tested three different recovery modalities ( WBC , FIR , PAS ) in a r and om order over the three separate weeks . Markers of muscle damage ( maximal isometric muscle strength , plasma creatine kinase [ CK ] activity and perceived sensations [ i.e. pain , tiredness , well-being ] ) were recorded before , immediately after ( post ) , post 1 h , post 24 h , and post 48 h after exercise . In all testing sessions , the simulated 48 min trail run induced a similar , significant amount of muscle damage . Maximal muscle strength and perceived sensations were recovered after the first WBC session ( post 1 h ) , while recovery took 24 h with FIR , and was not attained through the PAS recovery modality . No differences in plasma CK activity were recorded between conditions . Three WBC sessions performed within the 48 hours after a damaging running exercise accelerate recovery from EIMD to a greater extent than FIR or PAS modalities The aim of this study was to investigate whether post-exercise vitamin C supplementation influences recovery from an unaccustomed bout of exercise . Sixteen male subjects were allocated to either a placebo ( P ; n=8 ) or vitamin C ( VC ) group ( n=8 ) . Subjects performed a prolonged ( 90-min ) intermittent shuttle-running test , and supplementation began after the cessation of exercise . Immediately after exercise the VC group consumed 200 mg of VC dissolved in a 500 ml drink , whereas the subjects in the P group consumed the drink alone . Later on the same day and then in the morning and evening of the following 2 days , subjects consumed additional identical drinks . Plasma VC concentrations in the VC group increased above those in the P group 1 h after exercise and remained above P values for the 3 days after exercise . Nevertheless , post-exercise VC supplementation was not associated with improved recovery . Post-exercise serum creatine kinase activities and myoglobin concentrations were unaffected by supplementation . Muscle soreness and the recovery of muscle function in the leg flexors and extensors were not different in VC and P groups . Furthermore , although plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and malondialdehyde increased following exercise , there was no difference between VC and P groups . These results suggest that either free radicals are not involved in delaying the recovery process following a bout of unaccustomed exercise , or that the consumption of VC wholly after exercise is unable to deliver this antioxidant to the appropriate sites with sufficient expediency to improve recovery PURPOSE The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion ( COLD ) and contrast water therapy ( CWT ) on posttraining recovery in Australian football ( AF ) . METHOD Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of st and ardized training . After week 1 training , all players completed a passive recovery ( PAS ) . During week 2 , COLD or CWT was r and omly assigned . Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3 . Repeat-sprint ability ( 6 × 20 m ) , countermovement and squat jumps , perceived muscle soreness , and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining . RESULTS Immediately posttraining , groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines . At 24 h , repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1 % for PAS and 1.0 % for CWT but was fully restored by COLD ( 0.0 % ) . At 24 and 48 h , both COLD and CWT  attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4 ) more effective than CWT ( 1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7 ) and PAS having minimal effect ( 5.5 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.5 ) . Similarly , after 24 and 48 h , COLD and CWT both effectively reduced changes in perceived fatigue , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.6 ) being more successful than CWT ( 0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6 ) and PAS having the smallest effect ( 2.2 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.6 ) . CONCLUSIONS AF training can result in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits persisting for up to 48 h. For restoring physical-performance and psychometric measures , COLD was more effective than CWT , with PAS being the least effective . Based on these results the authors recommend that 14 min of COLD be used after AF training The objectives of the present investigation was to analyze the effect of two different recovery modalities on classical markers of exercise-induced muscle damage ( EIMD ) and inflammation obtained after a simulated trail running race . Endurance trained males ( n = 11 ) completed two experimental trials separated by 1 month in a r and omized crossover design ; one trial involved passive recovery ( PAS ) , the other a specific whole body cryotherapy ( WBC ) for 96 h post-exercise ( repeated each day ) . For each trial , subjects performed a 48 min running treadmill exercise followed by PAS or WBC .  The Interleukin ( IL ) -1 ( IL-1 ) , IL-6 , IL-10 , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , protein C-reactive ( CRP ) and white blood cells count were measured at rest , immediately post-exercise , and at 24 , 48 , 72 , 96 h in post-exercise recovery . A significant time effect was observed to characterize an inflammatory state ( Pre vs. Post ) following the exercise bout in all conditions ( p<0.05 ) . Indeed , IL-1β ( Post 1 h ) and CRP ( Post 24 h ) levels decreased and IL-1ra ( Post 1 h ) increased  following WBC when compared to PAS .  In WBC condition ( p<0.05 ) , TNF-α , IL-10 and IL-6 remain unchanged compared to PAS condition . Overall , the results indicated that the WBC  was effective in reducing the inflammatory process . These results may be explained by vasoconstriction at muscular level , and both the decrease in cytokines activity pro-inflammatory , and increase in cytokines anti-inflammatory The aim of this investigation was to eluci date the efficacy of repeated cold water immersions ( CWI ) in the recovery of  exercise induced muscle damage . A r and omised group consisting of eighteen males , mean ± s age , height and body mass were 24 ± 5 years , 1.82 ± 0.06 m and 85.7 ± 16.6 kg respectively , completed a bout of 100 drop jumps . Following the bout of damaging exercise , participants were r and omly but equally assigned to either a 12 min CWI ( 15 ± 1 ° C ; n = 9 ) group who experienced immersions immediately post-exercise and every 24 h thereafter for the following 3 days , or a control group ( no treatment ; n = 9 ) . Maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) of the knee extensors , creatine kinase activity ( CK ) , muscle soreness ( DOMS ) , range of motion ( ROM ) and limb girth were measured pre-exercise and then for the following 96 h at 24 h increments . In addition MVC was also recorded immediately post-exercise . Significant time effects were seen for MVC , CK , DOMS and limb girth ( p < 0.05 ) indicating muscle damage was evident , however there was no group effect or interaction observed showing that CWI did not attenuate any of the dependent variables ( p > 0.05 ) . These results suggest that repeated CWI do not enhance recovery from a bout of damaging eccentric contractions . Key pointsCryotherapy , particularly cold water immersions are one of the most common interventions used in order to enhance recovery post-exercise . There is little empirical evidence demonstrating benefits from cold water immersions . Research evidence is equivocal , probably due to method ological inconsistencies . Our results show that the cryotherapy administered did not attenuate any markers of EIMD or enhance the recovery of function . We conclude that repeated cold water immersions are ineffective in the recovery from heavy plyometric exercise and suggest athletes and coaches should use caution before using this intervention as a recovery strategy OBJECTIVE Contrast therapy has a long history of use in sports medicine . Edema and ecchymosis reduction , vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels , blood flow changes , and influences on the inflammatory response are physiologic effects attributed to the ability of this modality to evoke tissue temperature fluctuations . Our purpose was to measure the change in human gastrocnemius intramuscular tissue temperature during a typical contrast therapy treatment . DESIGN AND SETTING A r and omized-group design was used to examine differences between 2 groups of subjects following a 31-minute warm whirlpool ( control ) and a 31-minute contrast therapy ( experimental ) treatment . A hydrotherapy room in a small- college sports medicine facility served as the test environment . SUBJECTS Twenty ( 7 females and 13 males ) healthy college students ( age = 20.9 + /- 1.2 years ; ht = 178.5 + /- 11.1 cm ; wt = 79.2 + /- 21.7 kg ) volunteered to participate in this study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either a control or a treatment group . MEASUREMENTS Intramuscular tissue temperatures in the gastrocnemius were recorded every 30 seconds . RESULTS There was a significant difference in mean overall temperature change between the experimental group ( 0.85 degrees C + /- 0.60 degrees C ) and the control group ( 2.10 degrees C + /- 1.50 degrees C ) . In addition , there were significant differences between the 2 groups at 10 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 30 , and 31 minutes . At each recording point , the control group temperature change was significantly higher than that of the experimental group . There was no difference in absolute temperatures at the 11-minute recording point between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Contrast therapy did not lead to significant fluctuations in muscle tissue temperature at 4 cm below the skin 's surface . Therefore , it seems unlikely that the physiologic effects attributed to these fluctuations occur . A 1-minute exposure to a cold whirlpool during a typical contrast treatment does not appear to be long enough to significantly decrease tissue temperature after exposure to the warm hydrotherapy environment Kinugasa , T and Kilding , AE . A comparison of post-match recovery strategies in youth soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 23(5 ) : 1402 - 1407 , 2009-The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 3 post-match recovery modalities on physical performance , physiological measures , and players ' perceptions of recovery after 90-minute soccer match play . On separate days , 28 young ( age : 14.3 ± 0.7 years ) soccer players played 3 soccer matches each r and omly followed by 1 of 3 recovery modalities : ( a ) CONT-cold ( 12 ° C ) water immersion and hot ( 38 ° C ) shower , ( b ) COMB-cold water immersion and active recovery using a cycle ergometer , and ( c ) PASS-a passive post-match routine ( stretching and leg raise )  . Performance ( vertical jump height ) , physiological ( heart rate and tympanic temperature ) , and perceptual measures ( perceived quality of recovery ) were determined before each match , 10 minutes after each match , after each recovery method , and after 24 hours . There was a 0.6 ± 6.7 % drop in immediately after a match , but there was no difference in vertical jump height after 24 hours ( p = 0.997 ) . Perceived quality of recovery immediately after COMB was substantially higher than CONT and PASS , but the effect did not last more than 24 hours . The players perceived lighter legs after COMB , compared with the PASS , at post-24 hours . In conclusion , a combined recovery modality ( cold water immersion and active recovery ) after a soccer match did not have a substantial effect on vertical jump height performance when compared with contrast water immersion and passive recovery alone . However , the observed positive effects on perceived recovery ( higher quality of recovery and lighter legs ) after the combined modality ( cold water immersion and active recovery ) suggest that this approach may be effective for young players after intense soccer match play Cryotherapy is an effective treatment for acute sports injury to soft tissue , although the effect of cryotherapy on exercise-induced muscle damage is unclear . The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage following strenuous eccentric exercise . After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise ( eight sets of five maximal reciprocal contractions at 0.58 rad x s(-1 ) ) of the elbow flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer , 15 females aged 22.0+/-2.0 years ( mean + /- s ) were allocated to a control group ( no treatment , n = 7 ) or a cryotherapy group ( n = 
    Output:
    
Pooled data also showed that CWT significantly reduced muscle strength loss at each follow-up time ( < 6 , 24 , 48 , 72 and 96 hours ) in comparison to passive recovery .
Despite comparing CWT to a large number of other recovery interventions , including cold water immersion , warm water immersion , compression , active recovery and stretching , there was little evidence for a superior treatment intervention .
The current evidence base shows that CWT is superior to using passive recovery or rest after exercise ; the magnitudes of these effects may be most relevant to an elite sporting population .
There seems to be little difference in recovery outcome between CWT and other popular recovery interventions