***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Extended sitting time at work is viewed as a crucial public health issue . Encouraging workers to st and during their office hours via the installation of st and ing desks maybe one effective option to combat this . Here , we investigate whether the installation of high desks in the workplace can induce positive changes in the amount of physical activity ( PA ) and thereby lead to subsequent improvements in anthropometric parameters . Methods Thirty-two white-collar workers ( 22 men and 10 women , mean age 44.2 ) were r and omly divided into two groups . A r and omised crossover trial was performed for 13 weeks . During the experimental period , subjects completed their office work in a st and ing position using stationary high desks ( st and ing work , SW ) for 10 hours per week or more ( SW period ) . The subjects were asked to maintain their normal sitting working habits during the control period ( CONT period ) . The primary outcome was PA , which was assessed objective ly using a triaxial accelerometer during weekdays and weekends . The secondary outcomes were anthropometric measurements . For each group and each parameter , the mean values during each period were recorded and were compared by paired t test . Results The daily total PA ( 10.2 ± 2.4 vs. 9.7 ± 2.3 METs · h/day , P = 0.043 ) , MVPA ( 4.2 ± 2.2 vs. 3.7 ± 1.8 METs · h/day , P = 0.025 ) , time spent in moderate PA ( 58.2 ± 20.7 vs. 53.4 ± 17.0 min/day , P = 0.019 ) and time spent in MVPA ( 62.8 ± 25.1 vs. 57.0 ± 20.3 min/day , P = 0.019 ) were significantly higher during the SW period compared to the CONT period . A weekdays verses weekends sub analysis revealed that these parameters were significantly higher during the SW period compared to the CONT period during weekdays only . No significant differences were noted before and after SW periods for most of the anthropometric measures , except waist circumference ( 83.7 ± 7.9 vs. 83.0 ± 7.9 cm , respectively , P = 0.007 ) . Conclusions St and ing work , via the installation of high desks , significantly increases moderate to vigorous physical activity , especially on weekdays . Trial registration UMIN-CRT , UMIN000016731 , 7th March 2015 Purpose Encouraging office workers to ‘ sit less and move more ’ encompasses two public health priorities . However , there is little evidence on the effectiveness of workplace interventions for reducing sitting , even less about the longer term effects of such interventions and still less on dual-focused interventions . This study assessed the short and mid-term impacts of a workplace web-based intervention ( Walk@WorkSpain , W@WS ; 2010 - 11 ) on self-reported sitting time , step counts and physical risk factors ( waist circumference , BMI , blood pressure ) for chronic disease . Methods Employees at six Spanish university campuses ( n=264 ; 42±10 years ; 171 female ) were r and omly assigned by worksite and campus to an Intervention ( used W@WS ; n=129 ; 87 female ) or a Comparison group ( maintained normal behavior ; n=135 ; 84 female ) . This phased , 19-week program aim ed to decrease occupational sitting time through increased incidental movement and short walks . A linear mixed model assessed changes in outcome measures between the baseline , ramping ( 8 weeks ) , maintenance ( 11 weeks ) and follow-up ( two months ) phases for Intervention versus Comparison groups . Results A significant 2 ( group ) × 2 ( program phases ) interaction was found for self-reported occupational sitting ( F[3]=7.97 , p=0.046 ) , daily step counts ( F[3]=15.68 , p=0.0013 ) and waist circumference ( F[3]=11.67 , p=0.0086 ) . The Intervention group decreased minutes of daily occupational sitting while also increasing step counts from baseline ( 446±126 ; 8,862±2,475 ) through ramping ( + 425±120 ; 9,345±2,435 ) , maintenance ( + 422±123 ; 9,638±3,131 ) and follow-up ( + 414±129 ; 9,786±3,205 ) . In the Comparison group , compared to baseline ( 404±106 ) , sitting time remained unchanged through ramping and maintenance , but decreased at follow-up ( -388±120 ) , while step counts diminished across all phases . The Intervention group significantly reduced waist circumference by 2.1cms from baseline to follow-up while the Comparison group reduced waist circumference by 1.3cms over the same period . Conclusions W@WS is a feasible and effective evidence -based intervention that can be successfully deployed with sedentary employees to elicit sustained changes on “ sitting less and moving more ” Background Excessive sitting time is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity independent of physical activity . This aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sit-st and workstation on sitting time , and vascular , metabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes in office workers , and to investigate workstation acceptability and feasibility . Methods A two-arm , parallel-group , individually r and omised controlled trial was conducted in one organisation . Participants were asymptomatic full-time office workers aged ≥18 years . Each participant in the intervention arm had a sit-st and workstation installed on their workplace desk for 8 weeks . Participants in the control arm received no intervention . The primary outcome was workplace sitting time , assessed at 0 , 4 and 8 weeks by an ecological momentary assessment diary . Secondary behavioural , cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed . Acceptability and feasibility were assessed via question naire and interview . ANCOVA and magnitude-based inferences examined intervention effects relative to controls at 4 and 8 weeks . Participants and research ers were not blind to group allocation . Results Forty-seven participants were r and omised ( intervention n = 26 ; control n = 21 ) . Relative to the control group at 8 weeks , the intervention group had a beneficial decrease in sitting time ( −80.2 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI = −129.0 , −31.4 ) ; p = 0.002 ) , increase in st and ing time ( 72.9 min/8-h workday ( 21.2 , 124.6 ) ; p = 0.007 ) and decrease in total cholesterol ( −0.40 mmol/L ( −0.79 , −0.003 ) ; p = 0.049 ) . No harmful changes in musculoskeletal discomfort/pain were observed relative to controls , and beneficial changes in flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure were observed . Most participants self-reported that the workstation was easy to use and their work-related productivity did not decrease when using the device . Factors that negatively influenced workstation use were workstation design , the social environment , work tasks and habits . ConclusionS hort-term use of a feasible sit-st and workstation reduced daily sitting time and led to beneficial improvements in cardiometabolic risk parameters in asymptomatic office workers . These findings imply that if the observed use of the sit-st and workstations continued over a longer duration , sit-st and workstations may have important ramifications for the prevention and reduction of cardiometabolic risk in a large proportion of the working population .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02496507 Background Excessive time spent in sedentary behaviours ( sitting or lying with low energy expenditure ) is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and some cancers . Desk-based office workers typically accumulate high amounts of daily sitting time , often in prolonged unbroken bouts . The St and Up Victoria study aims to determine whether a 3-month multi-component intervention in the office setting reduces workplace sitting , particularly prolonged , unbroken sitting time , and results in improvements in cardio-metabolic biomarkers and work-related outcomes , compared to usual practice . Methods / Design A two-arm cluster-r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) , with worksites as the unit of r and omization , will be conducted in 16 worksites located in Victoria , Australia . Work units from one organisation ( Department of Human Services , Australian Government ) will be allocated to either the multi-component intervention ( organisational , environmental [ height-adjustable workstations ] , and individual behavioural strategies ) or to a usual practice control group . The recruitment target is 160 participants ( office-based workers aged 18–65 years and working at least 0.6 full time equivalent ) per arm . At each assessment ( 0- [ baseline ] , 3- [ post intervention ] , and 12-months [ follow-up ] ) , objective measurement via the activPAL3 activity monitor will be used to assess workplace : sitting time ( primary outcome ) ; prolonged sitting time ( sitting time accrued in bouts of ≥30 minutes ) ; st and ing time ; sit-to-st and transitions ; and , moving time . Additional outcomes assessed will include : non-workplace activity ; cardio-metabolic biomarkers and health indicators ( including fasting glucose , lipids and insulin ; anthropometric measures ; blood pressure ; and , musculoskeletal symptoms ) ; and , work-related outcomes ( presenteeism , absenteeism , productivity , work performance ) . Incremental cost-effectiveness and identification of both workplace and individual-level mediators and moderators of change will also be evaluated . Discussion St and Up Victoria will be the first cluster- RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component intervention aim ed at reducing prolonged workplace sitting in office workers . Strengths include the objective measurement of activity and assessment of the intervention on markers of cardio-metabolic health . Health- and work-related benefits , as well as the cost-effectiveness of the intervention , will help to inform future occupational practice .Trial registration BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease . Regularly interrupting sedentary behavior with activity breaks may lower this risk . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of prolonged sitting , continuous physical activity combined with prolonged sitting , and regular activity breaks on  postpr and ial metabolism . DESIGN Seventy adults participated in a r and omized crossover study . The prolonged sitting intervention involved sitting for 9 h , the physical activity intervention involved walking for 30 min and then sitting , and the regular-activity-break intervention involved walking for 1 min 40 s every 30 min . Participants consumed a meal-replacement beverage at 60 , 240 , and 420 min . RESULTS The plasma incremental area under the curve ( iAUC ) for insulin differed between interventions ( overall P < 0.001 ) . Regular activity breaks lowered values by 866.7 IU · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ( 95 % CI : 506.0 , 1227.5 IU · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ; P < 0.001 ) when compared with prolonged sitting and by 542.0 IU · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ( 95 % CI : 179.9 , 904.2 IU · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ; P = 0.003 ) when compared with physical activity . Plasma glucose iAUC also differed between interventions ( overall P < 0.001 ) . Regular activity breaks  lowered values by 18.9 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ( 95 % CI : 10.0 , 28.0 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ; P < 0.001 ) when compared with prolonged sitting and by 17.4 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ( 95 % CI : 8.4 , 26.3 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ; P < 0.001 ) when compared with physical activity . Plasma triglyceride iAUC differed between interventions ( overall P = 0.023 ) . Physical activity  lowered values by 6.3 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ( 95 % CI : 1.8 , 10.7 mmol · L(-1 ) · 9 h(-1 ) ; P = 0.006 ) when compared with regular activity breaks . CONCLUSION Regular activity breaks were more effective than continuous physical activity at decreasing postpr and ial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy , normal-weight adults . This trial was registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials registry as ACTRN12610000953033 BACKGROUND Sit-st and desks reduce workplace sitting time among healthy office workers ; however , their metabolic and behavioral impact in higher risk population s remains unknown . METHODS 25 office workers with abdominal obesity were r and omized to an intervention ( sit-st and workstation ) or control group ( seated desk ) for 12 weeks . Physical activity , sedentary behavior , and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed before and after the intervention period in both groups . RESULTS In comparison with the control group , which did not change , the intervention group experienced significant reductions in workday ( 344 ± 107 to 186 ± 101 min/day ) and total ( 645 ± 140 to 528 ± 91 min/day ) sitting time , as well as increases in work 
    Output:
    
The BCTs of social comparison , problem solving , demonstration of the behaviour , goal setting ( behaviour ) , behaviour substitution , and habit reversal , demonstrated moderate to high promise ratios .
Workplace interventions show promise for improving cardiometabolic risk markers .
The BCTs with the greatest promise of cardiometabolic risk marker improvements included social comparison , those related to individual habits , and behaviour goals .