***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea or hydrolysed formula , each used individually in the treatment of infantile colic . BACKGROUND The term colic describes a group of symptoms that occur frequently in infants , consisting of paroxysmal abdominal pain and severe crying . Infant colic is of importance for both parents and the community health services that provide families with care , and is therefore an important clinical problem that is amenable to nursing interventions . DESIGN This prospect i ve and r and omised-controlled study involved 175 infants in Turkey . METHODS Data were gathered by using Wessel criteria ; parents wrote a daily structured diary , recording the onset and duration of crying . Patients were assigned r and omly into four different intervention groups ( massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula ) and control group .  Duration of crying following each intervention was recorded in the diary by parents for a one week period . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in crying hours per day in all intervention groups . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than massage , sucrose and herbal tea group . The difference between mean duration of total crying(hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in massage group was found lower than other intervention groups and all groups . CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that varied interventions such as administration of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula are effective in the treatment of colic . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than other intervention groups . Hydrolysed formula was the most effective in reducing the duration of crying ( hours/day ) when compared with the other intervention groups . Massage intervention yielded the least symptomatic improvement among all the interventions . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Colic treatment models used in this study can be used by nurses in neonatal and primary healthcare setting s as an aid to families for the treatment of infantile colic Infant massage by the mother  has been popular in many cultures , especially India , and is growing in popularity in the West . Mothers with postnatal depression often have problems interacting with their infants . A small controlled study has shown that attending a massage class can help such mothers  relate better to their babies . The mechanisms by which this is achieved are not clear but may include learning to underst and their babies ' cues and the release of oxytocin PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Yakson therapy as a pain management tool on the physiologic and behavioral responses of infants with a painful heelstick procedure . METHOD Infants were r and omly assigned to a group that underwent a series of Yakson therapy and a control that received nothing before a heelstick .  Heart rate , oxygen saturation , and NIPS were compared between the experimental ( n=16 ) and control ( n=16 ) infants during an undisturbed baseline and after a st and ard heelstick procedure . Yakson therapy consisted of laying a h and on the back , and caressing the abdomen by h and for 5 minutes . RESULT The pain scores of the Yakson group were lower than the control group . For oxygen saturation , there were statistically significant differences between groups . For heart rate , there were no statistically significant differences between groups . CONCLUSION This data suggests that Yakson therapy had a pain relief effect in behavior responses and SaO2 . Accordingly , Yakson therapy should be used as a nursing intervention for simple pain management for a heel prick The effects of depressed mothers ' touching on their infants ' behavior were investigated during the still-face situation . 48 depressed and nondepressed mothers and their 3-month-old infants were r and omly assigned to control and experimental conditions . 4 successive 90-sec periods were implemented : ( A ) normal play , ( B ) still-face-no-touch , ( C ) still-face-with-touch , and ( A ) normal play .  Depressed and nondepressed mothers were instructed and shown how to provide touch for their infants during the still-face-with-touch period . Different affective and attentive responses of the infants of depressed versus the infants of nondepressed mothers were observed . Infants of depressed mothers showed more positive affect ( smiles and vocalizations ) and gazed more at their mothers ' h and s during the still-face-with-touch period than the infants of nondepressed mothers , who grimaced , cried , and gazed away from their mothers ' faces more often . The results suggest that by providing touch stimulation for their infants , the depressed mothers can increase infant positive affect and attention and , in this way , compensate for negative effects often result ing from their typical lack of affectivity ( flat facial and vocal expressions ) during interactions OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of infant massage compared with that of a crib vibrator in the treatment of infantile colic . METHODS Infants < 7 weeks of age and perceived as colicky by their parents were r and omly assigned to an infant massage group ( n = 28 ) or a crib vibrator group ( n = 30 ) . Three daily intervention periods were recommended in both groups . Parents recorded infant crying and given interventions in a structured cry diary that was kept for 1 week before ( baseline ) and for 3 weeks during the intervention . Parents were interviewed after the first and third weeks of intervention to obtain their evaluation of the effectiveness of the given massage or crib vibration . RESULTS At baseline , the mean amount of total crying was 3.6 ( st and ard deviation : 1.4 ) hours/day in the massage group infants and 4.2 ( 2.0 ) hours/day in the vibrator group infants . The mean amount of colicky crying was 2.1 ( st and ard deviation : 1.1 ) hours/day and 2.9 ( 1.5 ) hours/day , respectively . The mean number of daily intervention periods was 2.2 in both groups . Over the 4-week study , the amount of total and colicky crying decreased significantly in both intervention groups . The reduction in crying was similar in the study groups : total crying decreased by a mean 48 % in the massage group and by 47 % in the vibrator group , and colicky crying decreased by 64 % and 52 % , respectively . The amount of other crying ( total crying minus colicky crying ) remained stable in both groups over the intervention . Ninety-three percent of the parents in both groups reported that colic symptoms decreased over the 3-week intervention , and 61 % of the parents in the massage group and 63 % of the parents in the crib vibrator group perceived the 3-week intervention as colic reducing . CONCLUSIONS Infant massage was comparable to the use of a crib vibrator in reducing crying in colicky infants . We suggest that the decrease of total and colicky crying in the present study reflects more the natural course of early infant crying and colic than a specific effect of the interventions Assigned r and omly 28 neonates born to HIV-positive mothers to a massage therapy  or control group . The treatment infants were given three 15-minute massages daily for 10 days . The massaged group showed superior performance on almost every Brazelton newborn cluster score and had a greater daily weight gain at the end of the treatment period unlike the control group who showed declining performance The effects of unimodal and multimodal stimulation on mental , psychomotor , and behavioral development of healthy full-term infants were examined longitudinally . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a stroking procedure , placement on a multisensory hammock during sleep periods , or a combination of the two treatments . Interventions were conducted during the first 3 months of life . Data are presented on 49 infants who were available for 24-month follow up . The experimental conditions did not significantly affect scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development . Eyberg 's Child Behavior Inventory , the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scales , or the HOME . These findings suggest that supplementary stimulation provided no benefits beyond those associated with natural caregiving and raise questions about the value of the interventions with nonrisk infants in middle-class families . Additional studies need to be conducted with larger sample s of healthy infants to test sensory stimulation protocol s before they are advocated for widespread consumer use OBJECTIVE To determine whether clinical trials originating in certain countries always have positive results . DATA SOURCES Abstract s of trials from Medline ( January 1966-June 1995 ) . STUDY SELECTION Two separate studies were conducted . The first included trials in which the clinical outcome of a group of subjects receiving acupuncture  was compared to that of a group receiving placebo , no treatment , or a nonacupuncture intervention . In the second study , r and omized or controlled trials of interventions other than  acupuncture  that were published in China , Japan , Russia/USSR , or Taiwan were compared to those published in Engl and . DATA EXTRACTION Blinded review ers determined inclusion and outcome and separately classified each trial by country of origin . DATA SYNTHESIS In the study of acupuncture  trials , 252 of 1085 abstract s met the inclusion criteria . Research conducted in certain countries was uniformly favorable to acupuncture ; all trials originating in China , Japan , Hong Kong , and Taiwan were positive , as were 10 out of 11 of those published in Russia/USSR . In studies that examined interventions other than acupuncture , 405 of 1100 abstract s met the inclusion criteria . Of trials published in Engl and , 75 % gave the test treatment as superior to control . The results for China , Japan , Russia/USSR , and Taiwan were 99 % , 89 % , 97 % , and 95 % , respectively . No trial published in China or Russia/USSR found a test treatment to be ineffective . CONCLUSIONS Some countries publish unusually high proportions of positive results . Publication bias is a possible explanation . Research ers undertaking systematic review s should consider carefully how to manage data from these countries Eighty-one healthy , full-term infants were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a cephalocaudal stroking procedure ; placement on a multisensory hammock that provided auditory , vestibular , and tactile stimulation during expected sleep cycles ; and a combination of the prior two treatments . All interventions were given during the first 3 months of life . Infants in the control group received the natural stimulation provided in their home environments without additional supplementation . Four- and 8-month assessment s were done using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Revised Infant Temperament Question naire . There were no significant treatment effects on weight or psychomotor development . Although infants receiving unimodal stimulation obtained lower 8-month cognitive development scores than infants in other experimental and control groups , their scores were within normal range . Control group infants achieved the most optimum mood and distractibility scores at both 4 and 8 months CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The evaluation of adrenocortical function with the use of therapeutic massage has been little studied in Brazil . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salivary cortisol levels before and after Shantala massage therapy on healthy infants . DESIGN AND SETTING Prospect i ve case series , in a public nursery , in São Paulo . METHODS Saliva was obtained from 11 infants at the times of 8:00 - 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 - 5:00 p.m. in a nursery and 9:00 - 10:00 p.m. at home . They received a 15-minute therapeutic massage on two consecutive days , and saliva was collected before and after the massage . The procedure was repeated after a one-week interval . Cortisol values ( intra-assay < 5 % ; inter-assay < 10 % ) at different times of the day were compared by ANOVA . RESULTS The mean cortisol values ( nmol/l + /- SD ) on the first day were : morning ( M ) = 14.1 + /- 5.7 , afternoon ( A ) = 8.3 + /- 2.7 , night ( N ) = 3.3 + /- 1.1 ; after two consecutive days of therapeutic massage : M = 22.3 + /- 13.5 , A = 13.4 + /- 6.0 , N = 5.8 + /- 3.5 ; after a one-week interval : M = 15.8 + /- 7.7 , A = 14.3 + /- 7.7 , N = 3.4 + /- 2.0 . CONCLUSION There was a modification in the salivary cortisol values following massage , thus reflecting possible adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ABSTRACT . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of massage therapy on phase adjustment of rest-activity and melatonin secretion rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants . Rest-activity cycles of infants ( measurement 1 , n = 16 ) were measured by actigraphy before and after 14 days of massage therapy ( starting at age 10 [ ±4 ] d ) and subsequently at 6 and 8 weeks of age . 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin excretion was assessed in urine sample s at 6 , 8 , and 12 weeks of age ( measurement 2 , n = 21 ) . At 8 weeks the controls revealed one peak of activity at approximately 12 midnight ( 11 p.m.–3 a.m. ) and another one at approximately 12 noon ( 11 a.m.–3 p.m. ) , whereas in the treated group , a major peak was early in the morning ( 3 a.m.–7 a.m. ) 
    Output:
    
No significant differences were found for a range of aspects of infant temperament , parent-infant interaction and mental development .
These findings do not currently support the use of infant massage with low-risk groups of parents and infants .