***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A new technique for assessing the effects of  dentifrices  on the growth of human dental plaque is described . Laboratory personnel brushed their teeth with the dentifrices and a new plaque index , the Gingival margin Plaque Index , was used to measure plaque growth over the next 16 hours . The index estimates the proportion of the length of the buccal gingival margin in contact with disclosed plaque on the surface of each tooth . Dentifrices containing 0.4 , 0.8 and 1.2 % chlorhexidine digluconate caused a lower plaque growth than a placebo paste . The differences were highly significant ( P < 0.001 ) . The size of the reduction depended on the concentration of chlorhexidine in the dentifrices . The disclosing reagent had no major effect on plaque growth . The coefficient of linear correlation between results from two examiners was 0.89 for the measurement of plaque growth . Dentifrices containing a quaternary ammonium salt also reduced plaque growth A method measuring plaque by area has been developed which can be used to evaluate the antiplaque effect of agents such as dentifrices when used in combination with toothbrushing . The extent of disclosed plaque 24 hours after treatment on tooth surfaces previously cleaned of all observable plaque was drawn by the examiner onto accurate enlarged scale drawings of the outline of the labial surfaces of all incisors , canines , premolars and 1st molars . Areas were then measured by an electronically recording planimeter . Three separate blind crossover trials were performed using this plaque area measurement in which a minimum of 15 subjects brushed normally on one occasion only , with either a calcium carbonate dentifrice or water .  Compared with when subjects brushed with water , a statistically significant reduction of 45%-52 % in plaque was observed in subjects 24 hours after brushing with the dentifrice in each of the three trials . In a study with 27 subjects , the periodontal condition of the papillae was found to be related to plaque present on labial surfaces on adjacent teeth as measured by this method . The teeth adjacent to papillae which bled on probing had 77 % greater plaque area than teeth adjacent to papillae which did not bleed . Plaque area measured by this method on a continuous scale has a sensitivity advantage over the commonly used four-point plaque indices , especially when comparing effective antiplaque treatments or combination of treatments BACKGROUND Inconclusive evidence exists in the literature with regard to the additional effect of the use of dentifrice on plaque removal .  The present study was undertaken to test whether the use of dentifrice during toothbrushing contributes to the instant cleaning efficacy of the brushing procedure . METHODS Three groups of patients , 40 subjects each , were r and omly assigned to one of three dentifrices that differed with respect to the relative dentin abrasivity ( RDA ) value . After a 48-hour plaque accumulation , subjects brushed under supervision in a split-mouth order with or without the use of dentifrice ( total time=2 minutes ) . RESULTS Plaque reductions varied between 51 % and 58 % for the three dentifrices . The overall analysis showed a mean difference of 3 % in plaque reduction in favor of brushing without dentifrice ( P=0.017 ) . The type of dentifrice did not influence this observed difference ( P=0.506 ) . Also , the order of the brushing procedure ( starting the brushing procedure with or without dentifrice ) had no interaction with the effect of dentifrice on the brushing ( P=0.187 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of dentifrice does not contribute to the instant mechanical plaque removal during manual toothbrushing . A higher dentifrice abrasivity does not seem to contribute to increased plaque removal with a manual toothbrush . It appears that the mechanical action provided by the use of a toothbrush is the main factor in the plaque-removing process The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the home care of noncompliant adolescent orthodontic patients with " poor " oral hygiene could be improved through the use of a deception strategy design ed to intentionally induce the Hawthorne effect . This effect is often cited as being responsible for oral health improvements of control groups that receive placebo treatments . It is thought that participating in and fulfilling the requirements of a study alters subjects ' behavior , thereby contributing to the improvement . Forty patients with histories of poor oral hygiene were assigned , in a quasi-r and om fashion , to two groups . Experimental subjects ( n = 20 ) were presented with a situation that simulated participation in an experiment . These included the use of a consent form ; distribution of tubes of toothpaste labeled " experimental " ; instructions to brush twice a day for two minutes using a timer ; and a request to return unused toothpaste .  Control subjects ( n = 20 ) had no knowledge of study participation . Tooth surface area covered with plaque was used as a proxy measure of home care behavior . It was measured at baseline , three months , and six months . Mean percentages of tooth surface covered with plaque for the experimental and control groups were 71 ( + /- 11.52 ) and 74 ( + /- 11.46 ) at baseline ; 54 ( + /- 13.79 ) and 78 ( + /- 12.18 ) at three months ; and 52 ( + /- 13.04 ) and 79 ( + /- 10.76 ) at six months . No statistically significant difference ( p > .05 ) was obtained between groups at baseline . Statistically significant differences ( p < .05 ) were found between groups at three and six months . Significant differences ( p < .05 ) were also found only for the experimental subjects between baseline and each of the two subsequent observation periods . The efficiency and potential effectiveness of this strategy suggest that additional research be conducted to assess oral health improvements and possible applications to the private practice setting Abstract Evidence suggests that brushing with a toothpaste may slow plaque reformation over 24 h. This study measured the effect of toothpaste alone on plaque regrowth over a 96 h period and compared the effect with water and the known antiplaque agent chlorhexidine . At 9 a.m. at the beginning of 7,4-day no oral hygiene periods , 10 volunteers were scaled and polished . Al 5 p.m. subjects brushed their own teeth with water until plaque free . Each subject rinsed for I min with 10 ml of a r and omly allocated rinse . Rinsing was repeated at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. on subsequent days . The rinses were water , chlorhexidine 0.2 % or 3 g/10 ml slurries of toothpastes containing ( 1 ) monofluorophosphate(MFP ) , ( 2 ) monofluorophosphate + sodium fluoride ( MFP+NaF ) ( 3 ) monofluorophosphate + zinc citrate ( MFP+ZCT ) ( 4 ) stannous fluoride ( SnF2 ) ( 5 ) sodium fluoride ( NaF ) . At 16 , 24 , 48 and 72 h plaque on the buccal surface of the upper and lower premolars , canines and incisors was scored by the Gingival Margin Plaque Index ( GMPI ) and gram films of plaque sample s made . At 96 h plaque was recorded diagraromatically and areas of coverage measured visually ( Debris Index ) and by planimetry . Progressive plaque formation to a Gingival Margin Plaque Index of 100 % at 72 h was observed for toothpaste and water rinses . For chlorhexidine the Gingival Margin Plaque Index at 72 h was 6 % , At 96 h plaque areas were significantly less with toothpaste rinses compared with water . Chlorhexidine very significantly reduced plaque areas compared with toothpaste and water . The bacteriological assessment of smears revealed essentially similar plaque development during toothpaste and water rinses and was consistent with previous reports . However , with chlorhexidine the densities of organisms in the smears were greatly reduced . It was concluded that the small effect of toothpaste rinses on plaque accumulation compared with chlorhexidine would not alone represent a true antiplaque effect result ing in therapeutic benefit The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical ly three commercially available dentifrices and to determine any surface effects on tooth or gingival surfaces . Sixty-four participants were included in this study and were allocated r and omly to one of four treatment groups by an independent person to ensure the investigators were unaware of the brushing material used . All toothbrushes and dentifrices were distributed by this independent person . The treatment groups were : Group 1 - -brush with water ; Group 2 - -brush with Colgate ( Baking Soda and Peroxide ) ; Group 3 - -brush with Macleans ( Whitening ) ; Group 4 - -brush with Colgate ( Sensation Whitening ) . All participants were requested to brush both morning and evening in their customary fashion using only the design ated toothpaste , or water , for four weeks . All participants were required to use the same toothbrush type . No other oral hygiene products such as mouth rinses or dental floss were used during the trial period . Prior to commencement of the brushing period , all participants received a full clinical examination recording the status of the soft and hard tissues including a gingival index ( Löe and Silness ) to record gingival condition . A polyvinyl siloxane impression was taken of the six anterior teeth and gingival tissues at the commencement of the trial . After four weeks , a second full clinical examination was made and further silicone impressions were taken of the anterior teeth . All impressions were cast in epoxy resin for investigation with light and electron microscopy . Participants were also asked to answer a question naire relating to the toothpaste used . The results of this study indicated that no significant clinical differences were recorded for any dentifrice or water and there was no significant difference in gingival index scores over the four week period . Patient responses to each dentifrice varied according to individual patient preferences and expectations and no consistent findings could be determined . Light and electron microscopy indicated that tooth and gingival surface changes that occurred over the four week period with any of the dentifrices were similar to , and not significantly different from , changes seen with the use of water alone . These results indicate that none of the dentifrices tested was harmful to teeth or soft tissues AIM This study assessed the plaque inhibiting effect of a 0.2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) solution ( Corsodyl ) with three different rinsing times following a 72 h non-brushing period . MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical investigation was a single-blind , r and omised study involving 90 volunteer students ( 40 male and 50 female , mean age 23.2 years ) . Subjects were r and omly allocated to one of three groups for which the protocol only differed with respect to the duration of rinsing . At the start of the trial , all participants received a dental prophylaxis to remove all plaque deposits . Subjects refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene procedures , but rinsed two times per day for the allocated duration with CHX mouth rinse over a period of 72 h. The chlorhexidine preparation was of 0.2 % concentration used at a dose of 10 ml for either 15 , 30 or 60 s. After 72 h , the Quigley & Hein plaque index ( PI ) from all volunteers was recorded at six sites per tooth . All participants received a question naire to evaluate their perception of rinsing duration . RESULTS After 72 h , the mean whole-mouth PI was 1.33 , 1.18 and 1.24 , respectively , for the 15 , 30 and 60 s rinsing group . The difference in plaque scores between the three groups was not statistically significant . Results from the question naire showed a significant difference between the groups for their perception of rinsing duration . CONCLUSIONS No significant difference was observed in the level of plaque after 72 h of non-brushing whether the subjects rinsed for 15 , 30 or 60 s with 0.2 % chlorhexidine Toothpastes have been shown to have an antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo ; this activity variably translates into a plaque inhibitory effect in vivo . Commercially available toothpastes have a complex chemical make-up and some contain additional chemicals for which improved effects against plaque have been cl aim ed . The aim of this study was to assess the plaque inhibitory properties of  5 commercially available toothpastes  compared to a rinse of water over 4 days . The study was a r and omised , single-blind , cross-over design balanced for residual effects . Volunteers were rendered plaque-free at each baseline and rinsed for 1 min , under the supervision of an assistant , 2x a day with the allocated mouthrinse or toothpaste slurry . At the end of the 4-day test period , the plaque was disclosed and measured by plaque index and plaque area . The plaque measurements indicated a significant difference between the toothpastes . The order of efficacy was Colgate Total , Crest regular , Crest Tartar , Colgate regular , Colgate 0 - 6 gel and water . This confirms previously reported data confirming the plaque inhibitory properties of certain toothpastes compared to water . These data indicate that the choice of control toothpaste with which to compare toothpastes formulated for plaque control is important and could influence conclusions drawn from clinical trials of such products Dentifrices have typically been formulated as pastes . Recently however , a number of liquid products have become available . The chemical plaque inhibitory activity of such products has so far received little attention . The aim of this study was to determine the plaque inhibitory effect of a proprietary liquid dentifrice by comparison to a negative control ( water ) and a conventional fluoride toothpaste . The study design was a r and omised single centre , single blind 3-way cross-over trial with the objective of validating cl aims of plaque inhibition for the liquid dentifrice .  Volunteers were rendered plaque free then asked to brush for one minute with one of the three test products , following which they abstained from oral hygiene for the subsequent 24 
    Output:
    
Based on three different indices , overall plaque regrowth was significantly ( P < 0.01 ) inhibited for 0.25 or more by the use of a dentifrice slurry as compared to water .
The results of this review demonstrate moderate- quality evidence for a weak inhibitory effect on plaque regrowth in favour of the use of a dentifrice intended for daily use