***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The optimal volume of resistance exercise to prescribe for trained individuals is unclear . The purpose of this study was to r and omly assign resistance trained individuals to 6-weeks of squat exercise , prescribed at 80 % of a 1 repetition-maximum ( 1-RM ) , using either one , four , or eight sets of repetitions to failure performed twice per week . Participants then performed the same peaking program for 4-weeks . Squat 1-RM , quadriceps muscle activation , and contractile rate of force development ( RFD ) were measured before , during , and after the training program . 32 resistance-trained male participants completed the 10-week program .  Squat 1-RM was significantly increased for all groups after 6 and 10-weeks of training ( P < 0.05 ) . The 8-set group was significantly stronger than the 1-set group after 3-weeks of training ( 7.9 % difference , P < 0.05 ) , and remained stronger after 6 and 10-weeks of training ( P < 0.05 ) . Peak muscle activation did not change during the study . Early ( 30 , 50 ms ) and peak RFD was significantly decreased for all groups after 6 and 10-weeks of training ( P < 0.05 ) . Peak isometric force output did not change for any group . The results of this study support resistance exercise prescription in excess of 4-sets ( i.e. 8-sets ) for faster and greater strength gains as compared to 1-set training . Common neuromuscular changes are attributed to high intensity squats ( 80 % 1-RM ) combined with a repetition to failure prescription . This prescription may not be useful for sports application owing to decreased early and peak RFD . Individual responsiveness to 1-set of training should be evaluated in the first 3-weeks of training We investigated the firing rate of motor units in the vastus lateralis muscle in five healthy young men ( mean = 21.4 yr , SD = 0.9 ) during a sequence of isometric constant-torque contractions repeated to exhaustion . The contractions were sustained at 20 % of the maximal voluntary level , measured at the beginning of the test sequence .  Electromyographic ( EMG ) signals  were recorded via quadrifilar fine-wire electrodes and subsequently decomposed into their constituent motor unit action potentials to obtain the motor unit firing times . In addition , we measured the whole muscle mechanical properties during the fatigue task using electrical stimulation . The firing rate of motor units first decreased within the first 10 - 20 % of the endurance time of the contractions and then increased . The firing rate increase was accompanied by recruitment of additional motor units as the force output remained constant . The elicited twitch and tetanic torque responses first increased and then decreased . The two processes modulated in a complementary fashion at the same time . Our data suggest that , when the vastus lateralis muscle is activated to maintain a constant torque output , its motoneuron pool receives a net excitatory drive that first decreases to compensate for the short-lived potentiation of the muscle force twitch and then increases to compensate for the diminution of the force twitch . The underlying inverse relationship between the firing rate and the recruitment threshold that has been reported for nonfatigued contractions is maintained . We , therefore , conclude that the central nervous system control of vastus lateralis motor units remains invariant during fatigue in submaximal isometric isotonic contractions We have reported that the acute postexercise increases in muscle protein synthesis rates , with differing nutritional support , are predictive of longer-term training-induced muscle hypertrophy . Here , we aim ed to test whether the same was true with acute exercise-mediated changes in muscle protein synthesis . Eighteen men ( 21 ± 1 yr , 22.6 ± 2.1 kg/m(2 ) ; means ± SE ) had their legs r and omly assigned to two of three training conditions that differed in contraction intensity [ % of maximal strength ( 1 repetition maximum ) ] or contraction volume ( 1 or 3 sets of repetitions ) : 30%-3 , 80%-1 , and 80%-3 . Subjects trained each leg with their assigned regime for a period of 10 wk , 3 times/wk . We made pre- and posttraining measures of strength , muscle volume by magnetic resonance ( MR ) scans , as well as pre- and posttraining biopsies of the vastus lateralis , and a single postexercise ( 1 h ) biopsy following the first bout of exercise , to measure signaling proteins . Training-induced increases in MR-measured muscle volume were significant ( P < 0.01 ) , with no difference between groups : 30%-3 = 6.8 ± 1.8 % , 80%-1 = 3.2 ± 0.8 % , and 80%-3= 7.2 ± 1.9 % , P = 0.18 . Isotonic maximal strength gains were not different between 80%-1 and 80%-3 , but were greater than 30%-3 ( P = 0.04 ) , whereas training-induced isometric strength gains were significant but not different between conditions ( P = 0.92 ) . Biopsies taken 1 h following the initial resistance exercise bout showed increased phosphorylation ( P < 0.05 ) of p70S6 K only in the 80%-1 and 80%-3 conditions . There was no correlation between phosphorylation of any signaling protein and hypertrophy . In accordance with our previous acute measurements of muscle protein synthetic rates a lower load lifted to failure result ed in similar hypertrophy as a heavy load lifted to failure The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of 11 wk of resistance training to failure vs. nonfailure , followed by an identical 5-wk peaking period of maximal strength and power training for both groups as well as to examine the underlying physiological changes in basal circulating anabolic and catabolic hormones . Forty-two physically active men were matched and then r and omly assigned to either a training to failure ( RF ; n = 14 ) , nonfailure ( NRF ; n = 15 ) , or control groups ( C ; n = 13 ) . Muscular and power testing and blood draws to determine basal hormonal concentrations were conducted before the initiation of training ( T0 ) , after 6 wk of training ( T1 ) , after 11 wk of training ( T2 ) , and after 16 wk of training ( T3 ) . Both RF and NRF result ed in similar gains in 1-repetition maximum bench press ( 23 and 23 % ) and parallel squat ( 22 and 23 % ) , muscle power output of the arm ( 27 and 28 % ) and leg extensor muscles ( 26 and 29 % ) , and maximal number of repetitions performed during parallel squat ( 66 and 69 % ) . RF group experienced larger gains in the maximal number of repetitions performed during the bench press . The peaking phase ( T2 to T3 ) after NRF result ed in larger gains in muscle power output of the lower extremities , whereas after RF it result ed in larger gains in the maximal number of repetitions performed during the bench press . Strength training leading to RF result ed in reductions in resting concentrations of IGF-1 and elevations in IGFBP-3 , whereas NRF result ed in reduced resting cortisol concentrations and an elevation in resting serum total testosterone concentration . This investigation demonstrated a potential beneficial stimulus of NRF for improving strength and power , especially during the subsequent peaking training period , whereas performing sets to failure result ed in greater gains in local muscular endurance . Elevation in IGFBP-3 after resistance training may have been compensatory to accommo date the reduction in IGF-1 to preserve IGF availability Balancing exercises on instable bases ( sensorimotor training [ SMT ] ) are often used in the rehabilitation process of an injured athlete to restore joint function . Recently it was shown that SMT was able to enhance rate of force development ( RFD ) in a maximal voluntary muscle contraction . The purpose of this study was to compare adaptations on strength capacity following ballistic strength training ( BST ) with those following an SMT during a training period of 1 microcycle ( 4 weeks ) . Maximum voluntary isometric strength ( MVC ) , maximum RFD ( RFDmax ) and the corresponding neural activation of M. soleus ( SOL ) , M. gastrocnemius ( GAS ) , and M. tibialis anterior ( TIB ) were measured during plantar flexion in 33 healthy subjects . The subjects were r and omly assigned to a SMT , BST , or control group . RFDmax increased significantly stronger following BST ( 48 ± 16 % ; p < 0.01 ) compared to SMT ( 14 ± 5 % ; p < 0.05 ) , whereas MVC remained unchanged in both groups . Median frequencies of the electromyographic power spectrum during the first 200 ms of contraction for GAS increased following both BST ( 45 ± 21 % ; p < 0.05 ) and SMT ( 45 ± 22 % ; p < 0.05 ) , but median frequencies for SOL increased only after SMT ( 13 ± 4 % ; p < 0.05 ) . Additionally , mean amplitude voltage increased following BST for SOL ( 38 ± 12 % ; p < 0.01 ) and for GAS ( 73 ± 23 % ; p < 0.01 ) during the first 100 ms , whereas it remained unchanged after SMT . It is concluded that BST and SMT may induce different neural adaptations that specifically affect recruitment and discharge rates of motor units at the beginning of voluntary contraction . Specific neural adaptations indicate that SMT might be used complementarily to BST , especially in sports that require contractile explosive properties in situations with high postural dem and s , e.g. , during jumps in ball sports The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of training leading to repetition failure in the performance of 2 different tests : 6 repetition maximum ( 6RM ) bench press strength and 40-kg bench throw power in elite junior athletes . Subjects were 26 elite junior male basketball players ( n = 12 ; age = 18.6 ± 0.3 years ; height = 202.0 ± 11.6 cm ; mass = 97.0 ± 12.9 kg ; mean ± SD ) and soccer players ( n = 14 ; age = 17.4 ± 0.5 years ; height = 179.0 ± 7.0 cm ; mass = 75.0 ± 7.1 kg ) with a history of greater than 6 months ' strength training . Subjects were initially tested twice for 6RM bench press mass and 40-kg Smith machine bench throw power output ( in watts ) to establish retest reliability . Subjects then undertook bench press training with 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks , using equal volume programs ( 24 repetitions × 80–105 % 6RM in 13 minutes 20 seconds ) . Subjects were assigned to one of two experimental groups design ed either to elicit repetition failure with 4 sets of 6 repetitions every 260 seconds ( RF4 × 6 ) or allow all repetitions to be completed with 8 sets of 3 repetitions every 113 seconds ( NF8 × 3 ) . The RF4 × 6 treatment elicited substantial increases in strength ( 7.3 ± 2.4 kg , 19.5 % , p < 0.001 ) and power ( 40.8 ± 24.1 W , 110.6 % , p < 0.001 ) , while the NF8 × 3 group elicited 3.6 ± 3.0 kg ( 15.0 % , p < 0.005 ) and 25 ± 19.0 W increases ( 16.8 % , p < 0.001 ) . The improvements in the RF4 × 6 group were greater than those in the repetition rest group for both strength ( p < 0.005 ) and power ( p < 0.05 ) . Bench press training that leads to repetition failure induces greater strength gains than nonfailure training in the bench press exercise for elite junior team sport athletes OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Overall , the results suggest that despite statistically significant effects on muscular strength being found for non-failure compared with failure training , the small percentage of improvement shown for non-failure training is unlikely to be meaningful .
Therefore , it appears that similar increases in muscular strength can be achieved with failure and non-failure training .