***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The ciliary beating of upper respiratory tract cells cultured on cover glasses  was studied by using differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video . By culturing the cells on collagen coated cover glasses , objectives with higher magnifications could be used . With this system we could evaluate not only ciliary beat frequency , but also amplitude , wave form , orientation and synchrony of ciliary beating . Also some structural anomalies such as compound cilia and tide cilia bundles could be recognized . Ciliary beat frequency measured from 1,026 ciliated cells was 20.6 + /- 4.7 Hz ( mean + /- SD ) . The orientation of ciliary beat directions was r and om and the mean st and ard deviation for measured angles was 73.0 degrees + /- 28.9 degrees ( mean SD + /- SD ) . When the ciliary beat frequency was 20 Hz , the time used for effective phase was 0.022 + /- 0.002 s ( mean + /- SD ) , and 0.028 + /- 0.004 s ( mean + /- SD ) for the recovery phase of beat . This system is advantageous for study ing ciliary function because all parts can be studied simultaneously with higher magnification , and the effects of chemical physical mediators can be studied without disturbing effects of the autonomic nervous system or secretory cells . Also , the same cells could be observed before and after challenge with test medication and thus evaluated more accurately What effect does isoflurane have upon ciliary beat pattern : an in vivo study The effect of anaesthetic gases given via laryngeal mask on nasal ciliary beat pattern and frequency has not been studied . Anaesthetic gases such as isoflurane , halothane and enflurane are known to reduce ciliary beat frequency , but it is unknown whether they also cause cilia to beat in a dyskinetic fashion . Brush biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken pre‐ and post‐anaesthesia with isoflurane , given via a laryngeal mask  , from patients undergoing nasal surgery . The sample s were observed by light microscopy , and high‐speed digital video recordings were made to determine ciliary beat frequency . Using slow‐motion playback , the ciliary beat pattern was scored for dysmotility , and the proportion of immotile cilia in the sample was determined . We found that ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly ( P < 0.01 ) after exposure to isoflurane ( 10.24 Hz compared to 9.20 Hz ) . However , isoflurane did not alter the ciliary beat pattern or the proportion of immotile cilia The saccharin test was carried out in a r and omly selected sample of schoolchildren ( 142 boys and 153 girls , age range 11 - 14 years ) to determine the variability and reproducibility of the test and to assess whether it could be used as a screening test for nasal mucociliary clearance . Nasal mucociliary clearance times were analysed according to clinical history ( asthma , rhinitis , asthma with rhinitis , and acute upper respiratory tract infections ) , laboratory findings ( positive skin test responses and bronchial hyper-reactivity assessed by methacholine challenge ) , and parental smoking . Nasal mucociliary clearance times showed a narrow coefficient of repeatability ( six minutes ) in 50 subjects and there was substantial agreement between the two tests . Nasal mucociliary clearance times were less than 40 minutes in all the children . Normal children had nasal mucociliary clearance times of less than 24 minutes while significantly impaired nasal mucociliary clearance was detected in those with positive skin reactions and a positive response to methacholine challenge . We were unable to show that passive smoking had any consistent effect on nasal mucociliary clearance . We suggest that a time response between 30 - 60 minutes should be checked again at least two weeks later , and that children in whom repeated saccharin tests show a nasal mucociliary clearance of greater than 30 minutes should have ciliary beat frequency estimated STUDY OBJECTIVE Mucociliary clearance is an important host defense function of the upper respiratory tract that requires the coordinated beating of cilia and results in the transport of mucus to the oropharynx . Guaifenesin is a commonly prescribed drug that is reported to improve the clearance of respiratory secretions . We hypothesized that guaifenesin increases nasal mucociliary clearance related to increases in ciliary beat frequency ( CBF ) and that a direct relationship exists between nasal CBF and nasal mucociliary clearance . DESIGN Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study . PARTICIPANTS Ten healthy volunteers with a previous history of sinus disease . INTERVENTIONS Subjects received guaifenesin or placebo on days 1 to 7 or days 14 to 21 . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In vivo saccharine transit time ( STT ) was measured by noting the time in minutes required for the subject to taste a saccharin particle placed on the inferior turbinate of the naris . The CBF was determined by video microscopy on ten separate groups of beating ciliated nasal mucosal cells obtained by brushing immediately after each STT determination . We found that there was no significant change between the guaifenesin-or placebo-treated groups from baseline values of STT ( p = 0.94 ) or CBF ( p = 0.46 ) . Regression analysis demonstrated no relationship between STT and CBF for repeated measures within subjects ( mean r2 = 0.18 ; mean p = 0.66 ) and between STT and CBF when all paired measurements were combined across subjects ( r2 = 0.47 ; p = 0.46 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that guaifenesin exerts no measurable effect on in vivo nasal mucociliary clearance or ex vivo nasal ciliary motility in healthy volunteers with previous sinus disease . In addition , there appears to be no relationship between nasal STT measured in vivo and CBF measured ex vivo . The lack of correlation is most likely due to variations in CBF related to sampling artifacts introduced by the nasal brushing process OBJECTIVE There have been few reports on the effects of free oxygen radicals on ciliary mobility of nasal respiratory epithelial cells . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of free radicals and antioxidants on human nasal epithelial cells ( HNECs ) using video-computerized analysis . METHODS Human nasal epithelial cells were obtained from the nasal cavity of normal volunteers .  Ciliary beat frequency ( CBF ) was calculated as the mean value of ten r and omly selected cells . The proportion of the area with normal CBF ( above 8 Hz ) was calculated from 10 r and omly selected sites per specimen . Free radicals were produced by xanthine-xanthine oxidase enzymatic system . The generation of free radicals was confirmed by chemoilluminometer . CBF and the proportion of the area with normal CBF were measured at every 5 min for 30 min after the addition of enzyme . For the evaluation of the antioxidant effects on free radical-mediated ciliary slowing in HNECs , cells were incubated in superoxide dismutase solution ( 300 unit/ml ) for 30 min and 3-aminobenzamide ( 5 mM ) . RESULTS Superoxide produced by 0.4 mM xanthine and 400 miliunit/ml xanthine oxidase decreased CBF ( 7.71 + /- 1.91 Hz ) . A total of 2 min later , ciliary slowing was evident ( 3.87 + /- 1.10 Hz ) . Regarding the changes in proportion of epithelial area that showed normal CBF experimental group showed a significant decrease in percentage of epithelial area with normal CBF over time . Superoxide dismutase prevented ciliary slowing ( 8.76 + /- 0.99 Hz ) . Moreover , 3-aminobenzamide , an inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme poly-ADP ribose polymerase , prevented inhibition of CBF ( 8.32 + /- 0.61 Hz ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that oxygen-mediated damage to DNA may be the mechanism of the deterioration effects of oxygen radicals on the ciliated respiratory nasal epithelium Respiratory infection is a major cause of morbidity after general anaesthesia . Impairment of respiratory ciliary beat frequency ( CBF ) by different stress factors causes a decrease in mucus transport rate ( MTR ) . We have tested the effect of different concentrations of oxygen on CBF of human respiratory epithelium in a prospect i ve , r and omized , in vitro study . Sample s of superficial mucosa of the inferior nasal turbinates of 20 non-smoking healthy volunteers were harvested and exposed to three different oxygen environments ( group I = 21 % oxygen , group II = 60 % oxygen and group III = 95 % oxygen ) for 2 h. In 50 % of the sample s , exposure time was prolonged . At 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 and 240 min , light microscopic images of cilia activity were videotaped and CBF was later assessed in slow motion . Compared with baseline , group I showed no difference in CBF throughout the study . CBF was increased in group II from mean 9.7 ( SD 0.4 ) to 11.2 ( 0.4 ) Hz ( 16 % , P < 0.001 ) and in group III from 9.5 ( 0.6 ) to 12.1 ( 0.5 ) Hz ( 28 % , P < 0.001 ) at 120 min . After 240 min of exposure to 95 % oxygen , the CBF trend in group III was reduced to 11.8 ( 0.6 ) Hz but still remained above baseline . We conclude that oxygen appeared to have a dose- and time-dependent accelerating effect on CBF . Prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations reversed this trend . Direct oxygen toxicity ( " oxygen stress " ) is a possible explanation for this effect . These changes may result in impaired MTR This study was design ed to investigate whether topical solutions , as they are used in the treatment of selected cases of rhinosinusitis , influence  nasal mucociliary clearance . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the following topical solutions on the ciliary beat frequency ( CBF ) of nasal respiratory cells : ofloxacin as an antibiotic ; Betadine and hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) as antiseptic ; and amphotericin B , itraconazole , and clotrimazole as antifungal solutions . Differences are described between effects of each of these substances and we clarify whether ciliotoxic effects are dose dependent and if they can be reduced or eliminated by diluting the concentration of the applied solution . In a prospect i ve study , nasal respiratory cells were harvested from healthy individuals and CBF was measured while cells were perfused with cell culture medium and the respective topical solution , using a Dvorak/Stotler exposure chamber . Controls were perfused with cell culture medium only . Video interference contrast microscopy was used to monitor CBF . A decrease of CBF occurred after application of all topical solutions used in this study . Except for clotrimazole , all solutions showed significantly stronger effects at high concentrations compared with diluted solutions . Our results indicate that topical application of antifungal , antibiotic , and antiseptic solutions may cause a marked impairment of mucociliary clearance . The strong dose dependence of these ciliotoxic effects indicates the need for a careful selection of the adequate concentration when using topical treatment in the nose Nasal respiratory cells were harvested from 45 healthy individuals using a microcurette technique . Following harvest , cells were placed on microporous polycarbonate membranes and exposed for 30 min using a gas/liquid interface technique to a mixture of menthol , eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil ( MEP ) , eucalyptus oil alone ( ECO ) , and pine needle oil alone ( PNO ) at concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 11 g/m3 . Ambient air served as control . Ciliary beat frequency ( CBF ) was assessed before and after exposure using video-interference-contrast microscopy . Control exposure to air ( n = 10 ) did not alter CBF ( 7.1 + /- 0.9 Hz before and 7.0 + /- 0.9 Hz after exposure , -1.3 % decrease ) , whereas a dose dependent decrease of CBF following exposure to MEP ( max . decrease -22.6 % at a concentration of 10 g/m3 , p < 0.01 ) , ECO ( max . decrease -32.5 % at a concentration of 7.5 g/m3 , p < 0.01 ) and PNO ( max . decrease -56.1 % at a concentration of 9.4 g/m3 , p < 0.01 ) was observed . The data show that essential oils in high concentrations can reduce in-vitro ciliary activity of human respiratory cells not protected by a mucus layer . These effects have to be verified by in vivo investigations Human nasal cilia were perfused with aqueous solutions of two corticosteroid aerosols , beclomethasone dipropionate ( BPD ) and flunisolide , with the main preservative of flunisolide , propylene glycol , and with placebo . The concentration used were BPD 0.1 mg/ml , 0.05 mg/ml , 0.005 mg/ml and 0.0005 mg/ml , flunisolide 0.25 mg/ml , 0.05 mg/ ml , 0.025 mg/ml and 0.00025 mg 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Organisms , toxins , and drug excipients tend to show a cilioinhibitory effect , whereas substances in all other categories had mixed effects .