***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Biochemical markers of inflammation have been used in recent physical activity intervention studies . However , these same biochemical markers , mainly proinflammatory cytokines , may also be influenced by the individual ’s level of stress and mood . Accordingly , this pilot study was implemented to determine the effect of a physical activity intervention on perceived stress , mood , quality of life , serum interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and cortisol among 10 older adults , age 60 to 90 . The results were compared to those of 10 older adults who were not engaging in regular physical activity . The 10-week intervention was applied using  student nurses who taught the older adults how to calculate 60 % of their maximum heart rate while ambulating for 30-min intervals . After the 10-week period , the participants in the exercise group reported significant improvements in stress , mood , and several quality of life indices . They also demonstrated a significant decrease in serum IL-6 . Stress , mood , and quality of life scores in the exercise group were also significantly improved compared to the control group . This study adds information on the specific intensity , duration , and frequency of exercise necessary to achieve improvements in psychological variables and IL-6 levels . It also supports the need to measure psychological stress in physical activity intervention studies . Although the psychological variables were highly correlated , there were only weak correlations found with IL-6 , suggesting that other factors are likely involved in reducing IL-6 when engaging in low-impact physical activity PURPOSE To analyze , both by a retrospective and prospect i ve study design , the relationship of  maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2max )  and  physical activity ( PA )  to upper respiratory tract infections ( URTI ) symptomatology in elderly subjects . METHODS 61 ( 33 men and 28 women ) healthy and weight-stable active elderly volunteers aged 66 - 84 yr participated in the study .  PA  was evaluated by a question naire QAPSE ( Question naire d'Activite Physique Saint-Etienne ) and expressed by two QAPSE activity indices : MHDEE ( mean habitual daily energy expenditure ) and sports activity ( daily energy expenditure corresponding to leisure time sports activities ) . Log books for daily recording of URTI symptomatology were used in prospect i ve design . RESULTS In a 1-yr retrospective study a significant correlation was found between number of weeks with URTI per year and Sports activity index ( r = -0.27 , P = 0.037 ) . In a prospect i ve 12-month follow-up , the number of episodes per year and number of days with URTI per year were significantly negatively associated with sports activity index ( r = -0.29 , P = 0.022 and r = -0.26 , P = 0.041 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS In healthy active elderly subjects the symptomatology of URTI over long periods of time is inversly related to energy expenditure utilized during moderately intensive physical exercise OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that physical exercise induces an antiinflammatory response that is associated with reduced chronic activation of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha system in frail elders and that the increase in muscle strength after resistance training is limited by systemic low- grade inflammation . DESIGN A 12-week controlled resistance-training study . SETTING Nursing homes in Copenhagen , Denmark . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one frail nursing home residents aged 86 to 95 completed the study . INTERVENTION Ten participants were r and omized to a program of resistance training of knee extensors and flexors three times a week for 12 weeks ; the remaining 11 participants served as a control group who joined social activities supervised by an occupation therapist . MEASUREMENTS Muscle strength , plasma levels of TNF-alpha , soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)-1 , and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured before and at the end of the intervention period . RESULTS The training program improved muscle strength but did not affect plasma levels of TNF-alpha and sTNFR-I or IL-6 . However , plasma levels of sTNFR-I at baseline were inversely correlated with the increase in muscle strength . CONCLUSION Low- grade activation of the TNF system could limit the increase in muscle strength after resistance training in the oldest old . Furthermore , data suggest that the antiinflammatory response induced by 12 weeks of resistance training is not sufficient to reduce chronic activation of the TNF system , but the small sample size limited this interpretation BACKGROUND Aging is associated with decline in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity and may contribute to increased incidence and severity of infections in frail elderly .  Exercise , depending on intensity , has significant effects on the immune system . We conducted a r and omized , controlled clinical trial of a 32-week functionally oriented exercise program in frail elderly living in nursing homes and determined whether the exercise intervention was associated with a change in immune parameters in this frail elderly nursing home population . METHODS Nursing home residents were r and omly assigned to an intervention ( n = 94 ) and control group ( n = 96 ) . The intervention consisted of a functionally oriented endurance and resistance exercise training that was provided every 2 hours from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM for 5 days a week for 8 months . Lymphocyte sub population s , including activation markers ( CD28 , CD25 , HLA-DR ) , in vitro proliferation , and soluble products of cytokine activity ( neopterin and sTNF-RII ) in serum were measured by taking blood sample s at baseline and after 8 weeks and 32 weeks of the intervention . RESULTS Exercise training did not induce changes in lymphocyte sub population s , activation markers ( CD28 , CD25 , HLA-DR ) , in vitro proliferation , and soluble products of cytokine activity ( neopterin and sTNF-RII ) in serum . CONCLUSIONS A 32-week exercise intervention did not bring about beneficial or detrimental effects on immune parameters in the frail elderly nursing home population and may explain why the intervention was not associated with a change in the incidence of infections in the intervention group compared with the control group The primary goal of this study was to determine whether exercise-associated improvements of the immune response to influenza vaccination were mediated by improvements in psychosocial factors in older adults . At baseline , prior to the exercise intervention , older adult participants were immunized with influenza vaccine .  Blood sample s collected pre-immunization , 1 , 4 , and 12 weeks post-immunization were analyzed for anti-influenza antibody , whereas influenza-specific cytokine ( IFNgamma ) was evaluated at 1 week post-immunization . Depression and sense of coherence were measured pre-immunization . Four weeks post-immunization , participants were r and omly assigned to either an aerobic exercise group ( n=14 ) or a control group ( n=14 ) . After a 10-month exercise intervention , the immunization , blood collection s , and psychosocial measures were repeated . At the post-intervention evaluation , exercise participants had improved scores on depression and sense of coherence . Also post-intervention , exercise participants had a greater increase in antibody and IFNgamma production . After controlling for the effect of both psychosocial measures , the exercise treatment remained significant with respect to antibody titer suggesting that the increases in antibody were not mediated by improvement in the psychosocial factors . In contrast , the enhancement of IFNgamma appeared to be mediated at least in part by the psychosocial factors . After controlling for psychosocial factors , exercise treatment was no longer significantly related to the change in IFNgamma . Taken together , our findings may suggest that the mechanism(s ) of exercise-induced improvement in immunocompetence involve both physiological and psychological pathways PURPOSE To determine the effect of a 12-month moderate resistance training program on phenotypic and functional immunological parameters of previously sedentary , clinical ly healthy , elderly women . METHODS A total of 42 clinical ly healthy , sedentary females ( aged 60 - 77 yr old ) were r and omly assigned to either a moderate-intensity resistance training program or a control group during a 12-month longitudinal , r and omized , controlled , intervention study . Resistance training program consisted of three sets of 12 repetitions at 54.9 + /- 2.4 % 1RM for five different exercises performed three times per week during 12 months . Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity ( NKCA ) , lymphoproliferative response to the mitogen phytohemaglutinin ( PHA ) , and quantification of the lymphocytes ( CD3 , CD3CD19 , CD56 ) and sub population s ( CD4 , CD8 , CD56 , CD56 ) as well as cellular expression molecules ( CD25 , CD28 , CD45RA , CD45RO , CD69 , CD95 , HLA-DR ) were determined by immunological assays . RESULTS The experimental group increased muscle strength in 44 % and 48 % after 6 and 12 months , respectively ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no statistically significant differences between the groups or according to the time for quantitative ( CD3 , CD3CD19 , CD56 , CD4 , CD8 , CD45RA , CD45RO , CD56 , CD56 , CD95 , CD28 , CD25 , CD69 , HLA-DR ) and functional immunological parameters ( natural killer cell cytotoxic activity and lymphoproliferative response ) . CONCLUSION A 12-month moderate resistance training program increases muscle strength , but it does not change immune phenotypic and functional parameters of previously sedentary , clinical ly healthy , elderly women Women aged 67 - 84 yr were r and omly assigned to either resistance exercise ( RE , n = 15 ) or control group ( C , n = 14 ) . RE group completed 10 wk of resistance training , whereas C group maintained normal activity . Blood sample s were obtained from the RE group ( at the same time points as for resting C ) at rest , immediately after resistance exercise , and 2 h after exercise before ( week 0 ) and after ( week 10 ) training . Mononuclear cell ( CD3 + , CD3+CD4 + , CD3+CD8 + , CD19 + , and CD3-CD16+CD56 + ) number , lymphocyte proliferative ( LP ) response to mitogen , natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity ( NCMC ) , and serum cortisol levels were determined . Strength increased significantly in RE subjects ( % change 8-repetition maximum = 148 % ) . No significant group , exercise time , or training effects were found for CD3 + , CD3+CD4 + , or CD3+CD8 + cells , but there was a significant exercise time effect for CD3-CD16+CD56 + cells . LP response was not different between groups , across exercise time , or after training . NCMC was increased immediately after exercise for RE subjects at week 0 and for RE and C groups at week 10 . The week 0 and week 10 NCMC values were above baseline for both RE and C groups 2 h after exercise . In conclusion , acute resistance exercise did not result in postexercise suppression of NCMC or LP , and 10 wk of resistance training did not influence resting immune measures in women aged 67 - 84 yr OBJECTIVES To determine whether an intervention that combines low-intensity exercise and incontinence care offsets some of its costs by reducing the incidence of selected health conditions in nursing home residents . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial with the incidence and costs of selected , acute conditions compared between a 6-month baseline and an 8-month intervention phase . SETTING Four nursing homes . PARTICIPANTS One hundred ninety incontinent , long-stay nursing home residents . INTERVENTION Low-intensity , functionally oriented exercise and incontinence care were provided every 2 hours from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. for 5 days a week for 8 months . MEASUREMENTS Predefined acute conditions hypothesized to be related to physical inactivity , incontinence , or immobility were abstract ed from residents ' medical records by blinded observers during a 6-month baseline period and throughout the 8-month intervention . Conditions included those in the dermatological , genitourinary , gastrointestinal , respiratory and cardiovascular systems ; falls ; pain ; and psychiatric and nutritional disturbances . Costs were determined using Current Procedural Terminology Center and Medicare allowable cost reimbursement at a rate of 80 % . RESULTS The intervention group had significantly better functional outcomes than the control group ( strength , mobility endurance , urinary and fecal incontinence ) and a reduction of 10 % in the incidence of the acute conditions , which was not significant . There were no significant differences between groups in the cost of assessing and treating these acute conditions between baseline and intervention . CONCLUSION The intervention , which is consistent with federal and clinical practice guidelines , significantly improved functional outcomes but did not reduce the incidence and costs of selected acute health conditions . The cost of implementing these labor-intensive interventions for frail nursing home residents will have to be justified based on functional and quality -of-life outcomes and are unlikely to be offset by savings in medical care costs in this population We assessed the prognostic role of plasma levels of beta2-microglobulin , TNF-alpha , sTNFR-II , and IFN-gamma on the progression to AIDS in patients mostly treated with combination antiretroviral therapies . HIV-1-infected patients with advanced HIV disease ( baseline CD4 + cell count between 50 and 250 x 10(6)/L ) were included in a prospect i ve cohort followed up for 36 months . In the 113 patients included , 22 first AIDS-defining events were reported . Cumulative probability of AIDS was 12 % 
    Output:
    
DATA SYNTHESIS Available data provide no clear evidence of acute or chronic effects of exercise on lymphocyte or natural killer ( NK ) cell numbers or phenotype ( ie , surface markers)/activity , with 2 exceptions : ( 1 ) strength or endurance exercise may cause an acute transient elevation in circulating CD8 + T cells , and ( 2 ) regular aerobic exercise appears to enhance immunologic memory in the context of vaccination .
The effects of strength training on NK cell activity are unclear .
Furthermore , regular aerobic exercise appears to be associated with a reduction in chronic inflammation .
Overall , in healthy older adults , regular , particularly aerobic , exercise appears to be a friend of the immune system , helping to offset diminished adaptive responses and chronic inflammation .