***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Although a significant amount of evidence indicates the efficacy of some antidepressants in treating psychogenic pain and somatoform disorder , very few studies have investigated their possible therapeutic action in burning mouth syndrome ( BMS ) . The purpose of this 8-week , single-blind study was to provide preliminary data on the efficacy and tolerability of amisulpride and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) paroxetine and sertraline for patients with BMS . METHOD Seventy-six patients with BMS ( diagnosed according to the criteria in the literature and integrating the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Revised for a complete psychiatric assessment ) , with no possible local or systemic causes and without concurrent major depression , were r and omly assigned to receive amisulpride ( 50 mg/day ) , paroxetine ( 20 mg/day ) , or sertraline ( 50 mg/day ) . Efficacy assessment s included a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) for pain intensity , the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) , the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ( HAM-A ) , and the Clinical Global Impressions scale ( CGI ) . RESULTS All 3 treatment regimens result ed in a significant improvement from baseline in burning mouth symptoms at week 8 as demonstrated by the quantitative ( mean reduction in VAS , HAM-D , and HAM-A scores ) and qualitative ( percentage of responders ) analyses . Amisulpride showed a shorter response latency than the SSRIs . No serious adverse events were reported , and the incidence of side effects did not differ among the 3 groups . None of the patients who received amisulpride withdrew from the trial , whereas withdrawal from the trial occurred within the first week of treatment in 11.5 % of patients ( N = 3 ) treated with paroxetine and in 21.7 % of patients ( N = 5 ) treated with sertraline . CONCLUSION The data suggest that amisulpride and SSRIs may be effective treatments for BMS ; they are equally effective and equally well tolerated in the short-term treatment of BMS . Amisulpride is associated with better compliance within the first week of treatment and with a shorter response latency in comparison with SSRIs . This finding may indicate that amisulpride is especially useful at the beginning of drug therapy of BMS . Double-blind , placebo-controlled trials are needed to further document the efficacy of amisulpride and SSRIs in the treatment of BMS OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the topical use of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15 % oral mouthwashes in the control of burning mouth syndrome symptoms . STUDY DESIGN In this double-blind , r and omized , longitudinal investigation , each of 30 patients with burning mouth syndrome was assigned to one of 3 management modalities . Those in group A received an oral rinse solution of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15 % 3 times a day for 4 weeks , those in group B received a placebo 3 times a day for 4 weeks , and those in group C did not receive any kind of treatment . A visual analog scale was used for evaluation of the symptoms ; a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance exact test was performed on the result ing data . RESULTS The findings of this investigation failed to reveal significant differences among the groups . CONCLUSIONS The clinical application of benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses in the treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome did not demonstrate significative efficacy in comparison with use of a placebo solution AIMS An 8-week parallel , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial evaluated the efficacy of the antidepressant trazodone in the treatment of  chronic burning mouth pain .  METHODS Thirty-seven carefully selected women aged 39 to 71 ( mean 58.6 years ) were r and omized to receive either 200 mg of trazodone or a placebo in a similar manner . Pain and pain-related symptoms were evaluated on a visual analogue scale and other measures at 0 , 2 , 4 , and 8 weeks . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in treatment effects for pain or pain-related symptoms . Seven patients in the trazodone group and 2 in the placebo group failed to complete the trial because of side effects . The most common side effects were dizziness and drowsiness . CONCLUSION In this controlled trial , trazodone failed to relieve burning mouth pain The effects of local application of estrone and progesterone on the oral mucosa was studied in sixty-one patients . These included forty-one postmenopausal women with various subjective oral complaints , ten postmenopausal women with no oral complaints , and ten normally menstruating women . Subjective complaints ( dryness , bad taste , burning sensation , and viscous saliva ) , quantity of saliva , and histologic changes in buccal mucosa were evaluated before and after treatment . Treatment comprised three modalities : an ointment containing estrone alone ; another ointment of estrone and progesterone ; and a third with a placebo base . These were massaged three times daily over the gingivae and oral mucosa for 30 days . A significant increase in secretion of saliva was observed with all three treatment modalities . Biopsies showed marked proliferative changes with all three types of ointment . A moderate improvement in subjective complaints followed all types of medication . These results indicate no specific effect of female sex hormones on the factors considered in this study . It appears that simple , repeated massage with any suitable ointment base is an effective method of inducing proliferative changes in atrophic buccal mucosa , increasing salivary secretion , and alleviating some of the subjective oral complaints of postmenopausal women & NA ; Stomatodynia is characterised by a spontaneous burning pain in the oral mucosa without known cause or recognised treatment . The purpose of this double‐blind , r and omised , multicentre parallel group study was to evaluate the efficacy of the topical use of clonazepam .  Forty‐eight patients ( 4 men and 44 women , aged 65±2.1 years ) were included , of whom 41 completed the study . The patients were instructed to suck a tablet of 1 mg of either clonazepam or placebo and hold their saliva near the pain sites in the mouth without swallowing for 3 min and then to spit . This protocol was repeated three times a day for 14 days . The intensity was evaluated by a 11‐point numerical scale before the first administration and then after 14 days . Two weeks after the beginning of treatment , the decrease in pain scores was 2.4±0.6 and 0.6±0.4 in the clonazepam and placebo group , respectively ( P=0.014 ) . Similar effects were obtained in an intent‐to‐treat analysis ( P=0.027 ) . The blood concentration of clonazepam was similar whether it was measured 14 days after sucking a tablet three times a day or during the 5 h that followed sucking a single tablet ( n=5 ) . It is hypothesised that clonazepam acts locally to disrupt the mechanism(s ) underlying stomatodynia BACKGROUND Alpha-lipoic acid ( ALA ) is a potent antioxidant mitochondrial coenzyme , trometamol salt of thioctic acid , shown in clinical studies to be neuroprotective and in a preliminary study to have an effect on the symptomatology of  Burning Mouth Syndrome ( BMS ) .  METHODS We were interested in extending our studies as to whether alpha-lipoic acid might improve the symptomatology in BMS and therefore carried out a larger open controlled clinical study on the effects of alpha-lipoic acid on BMS symptomatology . RESULTS We have examined the effects on 4 groups of 20 patients with BMS of ALA  , compared with bethanecol , Biotene and placebo , and found ALA of remarkable benefit with minimal adverse effects . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that double-blind r and omized controlled multicenter studies of ALA are indicated The effect of cognitive therapy ( CT ) on  resistant burning mouth syndrome ( BMS )  was studied . Thirty patients with resistant BMS after odontological and medical treatment were r and omly divided into two equal groups ; a therapy group ( TG ) was treated with CT and an attention/placebo group ( APG ) served as a control group . The intensity of BMS , which was estimated by the use of a visual analogue scale , was significantly reduced in the TG directly after CT was completed and was further reduced in a 6-month follow-up . The APG did not show any decrease in intensity of BMS . The results of this study indicate that , in some cases , resistant BMS  probably is of psychological origin BACKGROUND Alpha-lipoic acid ( ALA ) , is a potent antioxidant mitochondrial coenzyme , the trometamol salt of thioctic acid that has been shown in clinical studies to be neuroprotective . This study examined the effect of ALA on the symptomatology of Burning mouth syndrome ( BMS ) .  SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-two patients with BMS and no clinical or laboratory evidence of organic oral disease were divided into two groups ( Test and Control ) each of 21 subjects , matched for age and sex . The Test group were given ALA ( thioctic acid ; Tiobec ) for 30 days , as 600 mg per day orally for 20 days followed by 200 mg per day for 10 days . The Control group were given cellulose starch 100 mg per day as placebo for 30 days . All BMS patients were review ed at 10-day intervals and scored for changes in symptomatology . RESULTS Significant improvements were shown in the symptomatology of BMS in up to two-thirds of patients with BMS receiving alpha-lipoic acid , in about 15 % of those using placebo and also in up to two-thirds of those who , having tried placebo , were switched to ALA It has been suggested that placebo analgesia involves both higher order cognitive networks and endogenous opioid systems . The rostral anterior cingulate cortex ( rACC ) and the brainstem are implicated in opioid analgesia , suggesting a similar role for these structures in placebo analgesia . Using positron emission tomography , we confirmed that both opioid and placebo analgesia are associated with increased activity in the rACC . We also observed a covariation between the activity in the rACC and the brainstem during both opioid and placebo analgesia , but not during the pain-only condition . These findings indicate a related neural mechanism in placebo and opioid analgesia BACKGROUND Burning mouth syndrome ( BMS ) has features of a neuropathy and could be related to the production of the toxic free radicals that are released in stress situations . Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant able to increase the levels of intracellular glutathione and eliminate free radicals . This study aim ed to examine the effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in the therapy of BMS . METHOD This was a double blind , controlled study conducted for two months on 60 patients with constant BMS . Comparing alpha-lipoic acid ( test ) with cellulose starch ( placebo ) , there was no laboratory evidence of deficiencies in iron , vitamins or thyroid function and no hyperglycaemia . RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Following treatment with alpha-lipoic acid , there was a significant symptomatic improvement , compared with placebo , with the majority showing at least some improvement after 2 months , thus supporting the hypothesis that burning mouth syndrome is a neuropathy . This improvement was maintained in over 70 % of patients at the 1 year follow-up 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSIONS The fairly high placebo effect observed is very similar to data obtained from patients affected by atypical facial pain .