***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A Play Street is a street that is reserved for children ’s safe play for a specific period during school vacations . It was hypothesized that a Play Street near children ’s home can increase their moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) and decrease their sedentary time . Therefore , the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Play Streets on children ’s MVPA and sedentary time .  A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to determine the effects of Play Streets on children ’s MVPA and sedentary time . Data were collected in Ghent during July and August 2013 . The study sample consisted of 126 children ( 54 from Play streets , 72 from control streets ) . Children wore an accelerometer for 8 consecutive days and their parents fill out a question naire before and after the measurement period . During the intervention , streets were enclosed and reserved for children ’s play . Four-level ( neighborhood – household – child – time of measurement ( no intervention or during intervention ) ) linear regression models were conducted in MLwiN to determine intervention effects . Positive intervention effects were found for sedentary time ( β = -0.76 ± 0.39 ; χ2 = 3.9 ; p = 0.05 ) and MVPA ( β = 0.82 ± 0.43 ; χ2 = 3.6 ; p = 0.06 ) . Between 14h00 and 19h00 , MVPA from children living in Play Streets increased from 27 minutes during normal conditions to 36 minutes during the Play Street intervention , whereas control children ’s MVPA decreased from 27 to 24 minutes . Sedentary time from children living in the Play Street decreased from 146 minutes during normal conditions to 138 minutes during the Play Street intervention , whereas control children ’s sedentary time increased from 156 minutes to 165 minutes . The intervention effects on MVPA ( β = -0.62 ± 0.25 ; χ2 = 6.3 ; p = 0.01 ) and sedentary time ( β = 0.85 ± 0.0.33 ; χ2 = 6.6 ; p = 0.01 ) remained significant when the effects were investigated during the entire day , indicating that children did not compensate for their increased MVPA and decreased sedentary time , during the rest of the day . Creating a safe play space near urban children ’s home by the Play Street intervention is effective in increasing children ’s MVPA and decreasing their sedentary time Study objective : To assess the secondary health impacts of a traffic calming scheme on a community . Methods : Prospect i ve cohort study of a r and omly selected sample of the local community using postal question naires and pedestrian counts on the affected road six months before and six months after the implementation of the scheme . The setting was a community in which a traffic calming scheme was built in the main road ( 2587 households ) . The Short Form 36 version 2 was included in the question naire and summary measures of physical health ( physical component summary ) and mental health ( mental component summary ) calculated . A r and om sample of 750 households was initially posted the pre-intervention question naire . Main results : There were increases in observed pedestrian activity in the area after the introduction of the traffic calming scheme . Physical health improved significantly but mental health did not change . Traffic related problems improved , while other local nuisances were reported to be worse . Conclusions : The introduction of a traffic calming scheme is associated with improvements in health and health related behaviours . It is feasible to prospect ively evaluate broader health impacts of similar transport interventions although poor response rates may limit the validity of results Background Systematic review s ( SRs ) can help decision makers interpret the deluge of published biomedical literature . However , a SR may be of limited use if the methods used to conduct the SR are flawed , and reporting of the SR is incomplete . To our knowledge , since 2004 there has been no cross-sectional study of the prevalence , focus , and completeness of reporting of SRs across different specialties . Therefore , the aim of our study was to investigate the epidemiological and reporting characteristics of a more recent cross-section of SRs . Methods and Findings We search ed MEDLINE to identify potentially eligible SRs indexed during the month of February 2014 . Citations were screened using prespecified eligibility criteria . Epidemiological and reporting characteristics of a r and om sample of 300 SRs were extracted by one review er , with a 10 % sample extracted in duplicate . We compared characteristics of Cochrane versus non-Cochrane review s , and the 2014 sample of SRs versus a 2004 sample of SRs . We identified 682 SRs , suggesting that more than 8,000 SRs are being indexed in MEDLINE annually , corresponding to a 3-fold increase over the last decade . The majority of SRs addressed a therapeutic question and were conducted by authors based in China , the UK , or the US ; they included a median of 15 studies involving 2,072 participants .  Meta- analysis was performed in 63 % of SRs , mostly using st and ard pairwise methods . Study risk of bias/ quality assessment was performed in 70 % of SRs but was rarely incorporated into the analysis ( 16 % ) . Few SRs ( 7 % ) search ed sources of unpublished data , and the risk of publication bias was considered in less than half of SRs . Reporting quality was highly variable ; at least a third of SRs did not report use of a SR protocol , eligibility criteria relating to publication status , years of coverage of the search , a full Boolean search logic for at least one data base , methods for data extraction , methods for study risk of bias assessment , a primary outcome , an abstract conclusion that incorporated study limitations , or the funding source of the SR . Cochrane SRs , which accounted for 15 % of the sample , had more complete reporting than all other types of SRs . Reporting has generally improved since 2004 , but remains suboptimal for many characteristics . Conclusions An increasing number of SRs are being published , and many are poorly conducted and reported . Strategies are needed to help reduce this avoidable waste in research BACKGROUND The built environment in which a person lives and works is thought to have a strong influence on his or her level of physical activity . However , this belief is largely based on cross-sectional studies underlining the need for prospect i ve studies using natural experiments . DESIGN This study adopted a quasi-experimental research design with multiple control neighborhoods and was conducted between 2005 and 2007 . Data were analyzed in 2008 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS The subjects were children , adolescents , and adults in free-living conditions within one experimental and two control neighborhoods . INTERVENTION An urban greenway/trail was retrofitted in a neighborhood that lacked connectivity of the residential pedestrian infrastructure to nonresidential destinations . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes were 2-hour counts of directly observed physical activity in the general neighborhood and , at the school level , active transport to school . RESULTS At the neighborhood level , the 2-hour counts of physical activity significantly increased between 2005 and 2007 ( p=0.000 ) in the intervention neighborhood , with a median increase of 8.0 counts . The control neighborhoods had a significant decrease in counts ( p=0.000 ) . The pre- and post-intervention changes between experimental and control neighborhoods were significantly different for total physical activity ( p=0.001 ) ; walking ( p=0.001 ) ; and cycling ( p=0.038 ) . There was no noted change over time for active transport to school in either the intervention or control neighborhoods . CONCLUSIONS Changes to the pedestrian connectivity of the built environment infrastructure may lead to greater levels of physical activity . However , this positive effect was limited to physical activity at the neighborhood level and not to active transport to school We examined prospect ively whether persons who perceive their objective ly measured high walkable environment as low walkable decrease their walking more and gain more weight than those with matched perceptions . Walkability was measured objective ly using GIS . Corresponding perceptions were collected using the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale from 1027 urban Australian adults . Objective and perceived measures were dichotomized and categories of match and mismatch were created . Overall , walking levels decreased and BMI increased significantly over the four year follow-up period . Those who perceived high walkability , dwelling density or l and use mix as low decreased their walking for transport significantly more than those with matched perceptions . Those who perceived high walkability , l and use mix or retail density as low increased their BMI significantly more than those with concordant perceptions . These prospect i ve findings corroborate recommendations from previous cross-sectional studies . Interventions to improve negative perceptions of walkability among those living in high walkable areas may be a relevant public health intervention to increase physical activity and support weight maintenance BACKGROUND Previous research has observed a positive correlation between having greenways or trails proximate to homes and the physical  activity behaviors among residents . Few studies using a pre-post research design have been conducted , and each has pointed to the need for more rigorous studies which incorporate an appropriate control group . METHODS Residents from households living within 1 mile of a proposed greenway and those from a control neighborhood located between 2 and 3 miles of the proposed greenway were r and omly selected to participate in the study . Participants were mailed a survey before the onset of construction and again 1 year after the trail was opened . Outcomes were the number of days during the previous week that respondents reported participating in walking , moderate activity , and vigorous activity . RESULTS Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in days of walking , moderate activity , or vigorous activity before and after the greenway was constructed . CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that building a greenway did not affect the physical activity behaviors of proximate residents . Other studies should consider different trail types from a variety of setting s to determine whether physical activity behavior changes may be context specific BACKGROUND The school journey is a common context for child pedestrian injuries in New Zeal and , with children from low socioeconomic , Maori or Pacific families being at increased risk . The extent to which evidence -based environmental strategies that can address this problem are equitably implemented is unclear . AIM To determine if there is a difference in the distribution of traffic-calming modifications  around schools in areas of high and low socioeconomic deprivation in Auckl and and Manukau Cities , New Zeal and . METHODS From a list of the most and least socioeconomically deprived schools in Auckl and and Manukau Cities , 40 of each were r and omly selected . The number of modifications within a 1 km radius of these schools was recorded in December 2009 or January 2010 . The association of deprivation and region with the numbers of  traffic-calming modifications  was examined using a general linear model . RESULTS Socioeconomically least deprived schools had more  traffic-calming interventions  than the most deprived schools ( least square mean ( LSM ) : 25 versus 18 ; p=0.05 ) , and Auckl and schools had more interventions than Manukau schools ( LSM : 27 versus 16 ; p=0.001 ) . CONCLUSION  Traffic-calming measures  were observed more commonly in less deprived areas where the risks of child pedestrian injuries are generally lower . This apparent paradox could result in increasing socioeconomic inequities in the distribution of child pedestrian injuries 
    Output:
    
Findings showed a positive effect of walkability components , provision of quality parks  and playgrounds  , and installation of or improvements in active transport infrastructure on active transport , physical activity , and visits or use of setting s. There was some indication that infrastructure improvements may predominantly benefit socioeconomically advantaged groups .
Conclusions Improving neighbourhood walkability , quality of parks and playgrounds , and providing adequate active transport infrastructure is likely to generate positive impacts on activity in children and adults .