***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Anemia is a major health problem worldwide . Because of health and socioeconomic problems , the prevalence of anemia is higher in developing countries . Children and pregnant women are the most vulnerable groups to anemia . The aim of the present study was to determine the magnitude of anemia among school children . Methods A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in January 2011 on 423 children , aged 6–14 years , selected through systematic r and om sampling method .  Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected using a pre-tested question naire . Capillary blood was taken from the fingertip of each child and  hemoglobin was measured using HaemoCue digital photometer . All the necessary safety measures were taken during blood collection . Anthropometric indicators were measured using WHO ’s guideline . Data analysis was made using SPSS Version 16.0 for Windows . The association between predictors and outcome variables were measured by a stepwise logistic regression model . Ethical permission was obtained ; consent of the parents/guardian was taken and confidentiality was maintained . Result A total of 404 children were studied . The mean age was 10.21(SD ± 1.89 ) years . The proportion of females was 217(53.7 % ) .  The mean hemoglobin level for both sexes was 11.59(SD ± 1.97 g/dl ) . The current prevalence of anemia was 152(37.6 % ) , out of which , 73(18.1 % ) had mild while 79(19.6 % ) of them had moderate anemia . The prevalence of anemia among the age group of 6–11 years was 118(40.5 % ) while the prevalence among the group of 12–14 years old children was 34(30.1 % ) . Among the selected variables in the logistic regression analysis , low family income [ OR = 4.925 , 95 % CI(1.063,22.820 ) ] , mothers ’ education [ OR = 4.621 , 95 % CI(1.383,15.439 ) ] , intake of plant food [ OR = 3.847 , 95 % CI(2.068 , 7.157 ) ] and intake of animal food [ OR = 2.37 , 95 % CI(1.040,5.402 ) ] were significantly and independently associated with anemia . Conclusion Anemia is a moderate public health problem in the study area . Family income , educational status of parents and inadequate plant and animal food intake are the predictors of anemia . Improving the economic status of the family , women education and health education about balanced animal and plant food consumption are recommended strategies to reduce the burden of anemia Background Causes of child undernutrition are diverse and change in space and time . Investigating current determinants of undernutrition remains vital to design an effective intervention strategy . The study assessed prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among children living in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 459 school age children and their parents or caregivers living in Lideta sub-city , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Participants were selected using a multi-stage simple r and om sampling technique . Height and weight of children was measured and their parents or care givers were interviewed for factors associated with undernutrition . Results About 31 % ( n = 141 ) of the children were undernourished ( 19.6 % stunted , 15.9 % underweight ) . Being male , higher birth order ( > 2 ) , larger family size ( 6–8 ) , low meal frequency ( ≤3 times ) in a day prior to the survey and mud floor house were significantly associated with undernutrition . Similarly , the risk of underweight increased significantly with an increase in age , birth order , family size and also the absence of h and washing facilities . The odds of undernutrition was lower in children born to 20–30 years old mothers compared to those born to mothers younger than 20 years . Conclusions Undernutrition is prevalent among school age children living in Lideta sub city , Addis Ababa . Policy makers should consider school age children in their nutrition policy documents and implement screening program and intervention strategy Background The interaction between malaria and under-nutrition is not well eluci date d in Ethiopia . The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of under-nutrition and its correlation with malaria among under-five children in south-west Ethiopia . Methods This cross-sectional study was undertaken during March – February , 2009 as part of the baseline assessment of a cluster r and omized trial around Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric dam , south-west Ethiopia . A total of 2410 under-five children were included for anthropometric measurement and blood investigation for the diagnosis of malaria and anemia . The nutritional status of children was determined using the International Reference Population defined by the U.S National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) . Blood film was used to identify malaria parasite and haemoglobin concentration was determined by Hemo Cue analyzer ( HemoCue Hb 301 , Sweden ) . Results Significant proportion ( 40.4 % ) of under-five children were stunted ( height-for-age<−2SD ) . The prevalence of under-weight was 34.2 % . One third and one tenth of the children had anemia and malaria parasite respectively . Older children were more likely to have under-nutrition . There was no association between malaria and under-nutrition . Children who had malaria parasite were 1.5 times more likely to become anaemic compare to children who had no malaria parasite , [ OR = 1.5 , ( 95 % CI : 1.1–2.0 ) ] . Conclusion In this study , there is no association between malaria and under-nutrition . Children who have malaria are more likely to be anaemic . Malaria prevention and control program should consider nutrition interventions particularly anemia Background Anemia during childhood impairs physical growth , cognitive development and school performance . Identifying the causes of anemia in specific context s can help efforts to prevent negative consequences of anemia among children . The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and identify correlates of anemia among school children in Eastern Ethiopia . Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2012 to February 2012 in Kersa , Eastern Ethiopia . The study included r and omly selected primary school students .  Hemoglobin concentration was measured using a Hemocue haemoglobinometer .  A child was identified as anemic if the hemoglobin concentration was < 11.5 g/dl for children ( 5–11 yrs ) and < 12 g/dl for child older than 12 years age . Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios . Result The overall prevalence of anemia was 27.1 % ( 95 % CI : 24.98 , 29.14 ) : 13.8 % had mild , 10.8 % moderate , and 2.3 % severe anemia . Children with in the age group of 5 - 9 years ( APR , 1.083 ; 95 % CI , 1.044- 1.124 ) were at higher risk for anemia . Paternal education ( Illiterate , 1.109 ; 1.044 - 1.178 ) was positively associated with anemia . Children who had irregular legume consumption ( APR , 1.069 ; 95 % CI , 1.022 -1.118 ) were at higher risk for anemia . Conclusion About a quarter of school children suffer from anemia and their educational potential is likely to be affected especially for those with moderate and severe anemia . Child age , irregular legume consumption , and low paternal schooling were associated with anemia . Intervention programmes aim ed to reduce anemia among school children are crucial to ensure proper growth and development of children Background Child malnutrition during the first 1,000 days , commencing at conception , can have lifetime consequences . This study assesses the prevalence of anemia and undernutrition among children aged 6–23 months in midl and and lowl and agroecological zones of rural Ethiopia . Methods Cross-sectional data examining sociodemographic , anthropometry , hemoglobin levels , and meal frequency indicators  were collected from 216 children aged 6–23 months and their mothers r and omly selected from eight rural kebele ( villages ) . Results Of 216 children , 53.7 % were anemic , and 39.8 % , 26.9 % , and 11.6 % were stunted , underweight , and wasted , respectively . The prevalence of anemia was higher in the lowl and agroecological zone ( 59.5 % ) than the midl and ( 47.6 % ) . Among those children who were stunted , underweight , and wasted , 63.5 % , 66.7 % , and 68.0 % were anemic , respectively . Child anemia was significantly associated with the child not achieving minimum meal frequency , sickness during the last 2 weeks before the survey , stunting and low body mass index , and with maternal hemoglobin and h and washing behavior . The prevalence of stunting was higher in the lowl and agroecological zone ( 42.3 % ) than the midl and ( 36.2 % ) . The predictors of stunting were age and sex of the child , not achieving MMF , maternal body mass index , and age . As maternal height increases , the length for age of the children increases ( P=0.003 ) . Conclusion The overall prevalence of anemia and undernutrition among children aged 6–23 months in these study areas is very high . The prevalence was higher in the lowl and agro-ecological zone . Health information strategies focusing on both maternal and children nutrition could be sensible approaches to minimize stunting and anemia Introduction . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and determinant factors among children aged 6–59 months living in Kilte Awulaelo Woreda , eastern zone . Method . A community based cross-sectional study was conducted during February 2013 among 6 tabias of Kilte Awulaelo Woreda , northern Ethiopia . A total of 568 children were selected by systematic r and om sampling method . Anthropometric data and blood sample were collected . Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors related to anemia . Result . The mean hemoglobin level was 11.48 g/dl and about 37.3 % of children were anemic . Children who were aged 6–23 months [ AOR = 1.89 : 95 % CI ( 1.3 , 2.8 ) ] , underweight [ AOR = 2.05 : 95 % CI ( 1.3 , 3.3 ) ] , having MUAC less than 12 cm [ AOR = 3.35 : 95 % CI ( 2.1 , 5.3 ) ] , and from households with annual income below 10,000 Ethiopian birr [ AOR = 4.86 : 95 % CI ( 3.2 , 7.3 ) ] were more likely to become anemic . Conclusion . The prevalence of anemia among the children is found to be high . It was associated with annual household income , age , and nutritional status of the child . So , improving family income and increasing awareness of the mother/caregiver were important intervention Background . Globally , about 47.4 % of children under five are suffering from anemia . In Ethiopia , 60.9 % of children under two years are suffering from anemia . Anemia during infancy and young childhood period is associated with poor health and impaired cognitive development , leading to reduced academic achievement and earnings potential in their adulthood life . However , there is scarcity of information showing the magnitude of iron deficiency anemia among young children in Ethiopia . Therefore , this study aim ed at assessing prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency anemia among children under two ( 6–23 months ) . Methods . Institution based cross-sectional study was carried out from March to May , 2014 , at Tsitsika Health Center in Wag-Himra Zone , Northeast Ethiopia . Systematic r and om sampling technique was employed . Automated hemoglobin machine was used to determine the hemoglobin level . Socioeconomic and demographic data were collected by using a pretested and structured question naire . Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors and odds ratio with 95 % CI was computed to assess the strength of association . Results . Total of 347 children participated in this study . The overall prevalence of anemia was 66.6 % . In multivariate logistic regression analysis , male sex ( AOR = 3.1 ( 95 % CI : 1.60–5.81 ) ) , 9–11 months of age ( AOR = 9.6 ( 95 % CI : 3.61–25.47 ) ) , poor dietary diversity ( AOR = 3.2 ( 95 % CI : 1.35–7.38 ) ) , stunting ( AOR = 2.7 ( 95 % CI : 1.20–6.05 ) ) , diarrhea ( AOR = 4.9 ( 1.63–14.59 ) ) , no formal education ( AOR = 2.6 ( 95 % CI : 1.26–5.27 ) ) , early initiation of complementary food ( AOR = 11.1 ( 95 % CI : 4.08–30.31 ) ) , and lowest wealth quintile ( AOR = 3.0 ( 95 % CI : 1.01–8.88 ) ) were significantly associated with anemia . Conclusion . The overall prevalence of  anemia among children who aged 6–23 months has sever public health importance in the study area . Integrated efforts need to be prioritized to improve health as well as appropriate 
    Output:
    
Conclusion The pooled prevalence of anemia among children was high , indicating that it had been continuing to be a public health problem .