***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : Some epidemiological studies found a lower risk of cardiovascular disease among wine drinkers than among drinkers of other types of ethanol . This difference might be due to an effect of nonalcohol compounds in wine on important cardiovascular risk factors . The objective of this study was to compare the effect of red wine , nonalcohol compounds of red wine and placebo on established cardiovascular risk factors . Design : A parallel , four-armed intervention study .Subjects : A total of 69 healthy 38–74-y-old men and women . Interventions : Subjects were r and omised to either 1 : red wine ( males : 300 ml/day , 38.3 g alcohol/day , female subjects : 200 ml/day , 25.5 g alcohol/day ) , 2 : water+red grape extract tablets ( wine-equivalent dose ) , 3 : water+red grape extract tablets ( half dose ) , or 4 : water+placebo tablets for a period of 4 weeks . No other sources of alcohol or anthocyanin were allowed . Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio , very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol , total cholesterol , fibrinogen , factor VII coagulant activity ( FVIIc ) , blood pressure , and body weight were determined before and after intervention . Results : Wine consumption was associated with a significant 11–16 % increase in fasting HDL-C and 8–15 % decrease in fasting fibrinogen relative to not drinking wine . There were no significant treatment effects on fasting LDL-C , HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio , VLDL-triacylglycerol , total cholesterol , FVIIc , or blood pressure . Drinking wine was associated with relative body weight increments closely corresponding to the energy contributed by the alcohol component . Conclusion : Moderate red wine consumption for 4 weeks is associated with desirable changes in HDL-C and fibrinogen compared with drinking water with or without red grape extract . The impact of wine on the measured cardiovascular risk factors thus seems primarily explained by an alcohol effect . Our finding suggests that the putative difference in cardiac risk associated with wine vs other alcoholic beverages might be rather explained by other life-style confounders than by red wine contents of nonalcohol components . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Chr . Hansen A/S , Denmark To comprehend the results of a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) , readers must underst and its design , conduct , analysis , and interpretation . That goal can be achieved only through total transparency from authors . Despite several decades of educational efforts , the reporting of RCTs needs improvement . Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to help authors improve reporting by use of a checklist and flow diagram . The revised CONSORT statement presented here incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement . The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title , Abstract , Introduction , Methods , Results , and Discussion . The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting this information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect , or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings . We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT . The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial ( enrolment , intervention allocation , follow- up , and analysis ) . The diagram explicitly shows the number of participants , for each intervention group , included in the primary data analysis . Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have done an intention- to-treat analysis . In sum , the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT , enabling readers to underst and a trial 's conduct and to assess the validity of its results The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a st and ardized formulation of a polyphenolic extract of grapes ( Leucoselect-Phytosome [ LP ] ) on low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) susceptibility to oxidation in a group of heavy smokers . A r and omized , double-blind , crossover study was undertaken in 24 healthy male heavy smokers , aged > or = 50 years . Enrolled subjects were given 2 capsules twice daily for 4 weeks ( phase 1 ) . Each capsule contained 75 mg of a grape procyanidin extracts and soy-phosphatidlcholine or placebo consisiting of 75 mg lactose and soy-phosphatidlcholine . A wash out period of 3 weeks was then followed by 4 weeks of the opposite treatment ( phase 2 ) . Blood sample s were taken at baseline and at the end of each phase and assayed for plasma lipids and LDL susceptibility to oxidation . Compliance was good , and no adverse effects were recorded . Subjects did not show significant modification of total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and LDL-C during LP treatment . Among oxidative indices , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) concentration was significantly reduced in subjects taking LP ( -14.7 % + /- 21.1 % v + 5.0 % + /- 18.1 % , P < .01 ) , and the lag phase prolonged ( + 15.4 % + /- 24.4 % v -0.1 % + /- 16.0 % , P < .05 ) compared with placebo and basal values . The antioxidant potential of grape seed extract polyphenols may prove effective in a model of oxidative stress ( smoking ) ; however more investigational data are needed before use in wider clinical setting To evaluate the effects of grape polyphenols on plasma lipids , inflammatory cytokines , and oxidative stress , 24 pre- and 20 postmenopausal women were r and omly assigned to consume 36 g of a lyophilized grape powder ( LGP ) or a placebo for 4 wk . The LGP consisted of 92 % carbohydrate and was rich in flavans , anthocyanins , quercetin , myricetin , kaempferol , and resveratrol . After a 3-wk washout period , subjects were assigned to the alternate treatment for an additional 4 wk . The placebo consisted of an equal ratio of fructose and dextrose and was similar in appearance and energy content ( 554 kJ ) to LGP . Plasma triglyceride concentrations were reduced by 15 and 6 % in pre- and postmenopausal women , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) after LGP supplementation . In addition , plasma LDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins B and E were lower due to LGP treatment ( P < 0.05 ) . Further , cholesterol ester transfer protein activity was decreased by approximately 15 % with intake of LGP ( P < 0.05 ) . In contrast to these beneficial effects on plasma lipids , LDL oxidation was not modified by LGP treatment . However , whole-body oxidative stress as measured by urinary F(2)-isoprostanes was significantly reduced after LGP supplementation . LGP also decreased the levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha , which plays a major role in the inflammation process . Through alterations in lipoprotein metabolism , oxidative stress , and inflammatory markers , LGP intake beneficially affected key risk factors for coronary heart disease in both pre- and postmenopausal women Grape seed extract ( GSE ) has in vitro antioxidant activity but whether or not it works in vivo is not clear . In a fully r and omised , crossover trial with 4-week treatment periods on 36 men and women with above-average vascular risk , we aim ed to demonstrate that 2 g/day of GSE ( 1 g of polyphenols ) alone , or with 1 g/day of added quercetin in yoghurt , favourably alters vascular function , endothelial function , and degree of oxidative damage in comparison to a control yoghurt . GSE alone improved flow-mediated dilatation determined ultrasonically by an absolute 1.1 % compared with control . There was no effect of the combination of GSE with quercetin . No other blood or urine measure was altered . Thus sufficient polyphenols from GSE appear to be absorbed to influence endothelial nitric oxide production , and GSE has the potential to favourably influence vascular function Postpr and ial lipoproteins are potentially atherogenic . The aim of this study was to eluci date whether acute consumption of red wine ( RW ) and dealcoholised red wine ( DRW ) regulates postpr and ial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in 17 dyslipidaemic postmenopausal women . A mixed meal accompanied by either water , RW or DRW was consumed on three separate visits , in r and om order , 2 weeks apart . One fasting and 6 hourly postpr and ial blood sample s were taken for lipid analysis . Results showed no significant quantitative changes in postpr and ial apolipoprotein ( apo ) B48 levels following the consumption of DRW or RW compared to water . However , qualitatively , DRW may reduce arterial exposure to apoB48-containing lipoproteins over the 6-h postpr and ial period measured . DRW consumption did not significantly change postpr and ial TG or insulin levels . A 35 % ( p = 0.02 ) increase in postpr and ial triglyceride ( TG ) levels and a 54 % ( p = 0.02 ) increase in insulin levels were observed following RW consumption , compared to water . In conclusion , acute DRW consumption had no effect on postpr and ial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in dyslipidaemic postmenopausal women . However , the consumption of full-compliment RW exacerbated the postpr and ial lipaemic and insulin response over the 6-h period . Collectively , our findings suggest that neither polyphenols nor red wine reduce atherosclerotic risk by acutely modulating postpr and ial lipaemia over a 6-h period Background : The consumption of a high carbohydrate diet may be associated with an increased risk of  type 2 diabetes and obesity . Previous studies in vitro have revealed that grape seed extract ( GSE ) inhibited the intestinal α-glucosidases and α-pancreatic amylase that may delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption , result ing in the suppression of postpr and ial glycemia . The objective of the study was to assess whether consumption of GSE together with high carbohydrate meal affects postpr and ial glycemia in healthy participants . Material s and Methods : The study used acute , r and omized , controlled crossover design in which eight healthy subjects ( four female and four male , mean aged 21.25 ± 3.69 years ; body mass index = 20.28 ± 1.40 kg/m2 )  received high carbohydrate ( HC ) meal ( 73.6 % ) together with or without 100 and 300 mg GSE . Results : Results showed that postpr and ial plasma glucose concentrations at 15 min and 30 min after ingestion HC meal together with 100 mg GSE ( 5.33 ± 0.41 mmol/L and 5.62 ± 0.47 mmol/L , respectively ) and 300 mg GSE ( 5.27 ± 0.29 mmol/L ; 5.75 ± 0.44 mmol/L , respectively ) were significantly lower than that of HC meal ( P<0.05 ) . There was statistically significant difference in the 2 h area under the glucose response curve  between HC meal and HC meal plus GSE . Conclusions : GSE  reduces postpr and ial plasma glucose in healthy participants . The delayed and attenuated hyperglycemia may have a useful strategy to prevent development of diabetes in the healthy population BACKGROUND Moderate red wine has been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk , however the effects on certain CVD risk factors are unclear . In this study we have investigated the effects of dealcoholised red wine ( DRW ) and full-complement red wine ( RW ) on several cardiovascular risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women . OBJECTIVES To eluci date whether the chronic consumption of red wine polyphenols improves risk factors associated with CVD in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women . DESIGN Forty-five hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women were r and omly assigned to consume 400 mL/day of either water , DRW or RW for 6 weeks following a 4-week washout . Fasting measures of lipids , lipoproteins , insulin and glucose were taken at 0 and 6 weeks . RESULTS DRW consumption had no effect of fasting concentrations of lipids , lipoproteins , insulin and glucose . However , chronic consumption of RW significantly reduced fasting LDL cholesterol concentrations by 8 % and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations by 17 % in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women . CONCLUSIONS Collectively , regular consumption of full-complement red wine reduces CVD risk by improving fasting lipid levels in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women . This study uniquely demonstrated the LDL cholesterol-lowering effects of red wine in individuals at high CVD risk , which has not previously been shown OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical efficacy of nutritional amounts of gra 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : No compelling data exist that grape polyphenols can positively influence glycemia , blood pressure or lipid levels in individuals with or without the metabolic syndrome .
Limited evidence suggests that grape polyphenols may improve insulin sensitivity