***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Schoolgirls shown to have covert bacteriuria ( CB ) by a screening programme and followed up for 5 years to assess whether chemotherapy had any beneficial effect , underwent a further assessment of renal function at the age of 18 years and during subsequent pregnancies . At age 18 , glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) and urine concentrating ability were the same as in controls , but fractional reabsorption of glucose was significantly reduced in those who had previously been prescribed  chemotherapy because of renal scarring or who had been r and omly allocated not to receive prophylactic chemotherapy .  Those who had had CB as schoolgirls had a higher frequency of CB in pregnancy than did controls , whether or not prophylactic chemotherapy had been given to the subjects when they were schoolgirls . Furthermore , compared with girls who had had such treatment , untreated patients had smaller increments in GFR , reduced fractional reabsorption of glucose , and more than usual degree of glycosuria during pregnancy . This suggests that sub clinical renal damage may be prevented by prophylactic chemotherapy but this advantage is unmasked only by the physiological dem and s of pregnancy Abstract .We prospect ively examined the incidence of bacteriuria in malnourished patients between 6 months and 5 years of age . For each patient , a normally nourished control matched for age , sex , and presence of fever and diarrhea was included . Of 112 patients ( 65 boys ) , 55 had moderate and 57 had severe malnutrition ; 43 had diarrhea and 35 had fever .  Clean-catch and suprapubic urine specimens  were examined microscopically and cultured . Significant bacteriuria was found in 17 ( 15.2 % ) malnourished and 2 ( 1.8 % ) control subjects ( P<0.01 ) . The incidence of bacteriuria in malnourished and normally nourished subjects with fever was 28.6 % and 5.7 % , respectively ( P<0.05 ) . The risk of bacteriuria increased significantly with the severity of malnutrition and in patients with diarrhea . Bacteriuria was associated with symptoms ( 70.6 % ) and elevated levels of acute-phase reactants ( 88.2 % ) , indicating the presence of urinary tract infections ( UTI ) rather than asymptomatic colonization . Our observations show that malnourished children , particularly those with fever , are at risk for UTI . Urinalysis is useful for screening for UTI in these subjects . Urine culture should be performed in patients showing an abnormal urinalysis , and if the likelihood of detecting bacteriuria is high ( as in patients with fever or diarrhea ) . Significant bacteriuria in malnourished subjects should be treated with appropriate antimicrobials Eighteen girls between the ages of 3 and 13 years -- with a history of at least three culture-documented episodes of bacteriuria in the previous year , but without radiologic evidence of major urinary tract abnormality -- were placed on a double-blind , crossover study comparing the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals against a placebo in preventing the recurrence of bacteriuria . Each child was placed on a daily low dose of nitrofurantoin ( 1.2 to 2.4 mg/kg/day ) or an identical-appearing placebo for six months . Each child was then placed on the opposite capsule for a similar period . There were 35 episodes of bacteriuria ( 4.2 episodes/patient/yr ) in the patients taking the placebo , which compared with a rate of 3.8 episodes/patient/yr during the year prior to the study . Only two episodes ( 0.2 episodes/patient/yr ) occurred in the patients taking the drug . The difference in the rate of recurrent bacteriuria between the girls on placebo and on medication is significant at the 0.01 level using the Wilcoxin matched-pairs test . There were no adverse reactions to the drug . Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals in a single daily low dose appear to be a safe , effective method of preventing recurrent bacteriuria in girls at high risk Sixty-three girls with covert bacteriuria were included in a controlled trial of therapy . Recurrent infection in the treated group was common and was not significantly different from the rate of persistent infection in the untreated control group . Two children in each group developed clinical pyelonephritis ; the others have remained healthy and all of them have a normal rate of growth . 2 years after diagnosis three of the thirty-four children in the control group and one of twenty-six children in the treated group have radiological evidence of new scars of pyelonephritis . These changes were relatively minor and in both groups of children renal growth was similar to that in normal children . It is suggested that for most of these children therapy is not essential , and that when renal changes occur they are of little or no significance . Prescriptive screening for cobert bacteriuria of childhood can not be recommended at present 
    Output:
    
It appears that antibiotic treatment for covert bacteriuria is unlikely to benefit children in the long term