***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Effective interventions to influence workplace sitting are needed , as office-based workers demonstrate high levels of continued sitting , and sitting too much is associated with adverse health effects . Therefore , we developed a theory-driven , Web-based , interactive , computer-tailored intervention aim ed at reducing and interrupting sitting at work . Objective The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of this intervention on objective ly measured sitting time , st and ing time , and breaks from sitting , as well as self-reported context -specific sitting among Flemish employees in a field-based approach . Methods Employees ( n=213 ) participated in a 3-group r and omized controlled trial that assessed outcomes at baseline , 1-month follow-up , and 3-month follow-up through self-reports . A sub sample ( n=122 ) were willing to wear an activity monitor ( activPAL ) from Monday to Friday . The tailored group received an automated Web-based , computer-tailored intervention including personalized feedback and tips on how to reduce or interrupt workplace sitting . The generic group received an automated Web-based generic advice with tips . The control group was a wait-list control condition , initially receiving no intervention . Intervention effects were tested with repeated- measures multivariate analysis of variance . Results The tailored intervention was successful in decreasing self-reported total workday sitting ( time × group : P<.001 ) , sitting at work ( time × group : P<.001 ) , and leisure time sitting ( time × group : P=.03 ) , and in increasing objective ly measured breaks at work ( time × group : P=.07 ) ; this was not the case in the other conditions . The changes in self-reported total nonworkday sitting , sitting during transport , television viewing , and personal computer use , objective ly measured total sitting time , and sitting and st and ing time at work did not differ between conditions . Conclusions Our results point out the significance of computer tailoring for sedentary behavior and its potential use in public health promotion , as the effects of the tailored condition were superior to the generic and control conditions . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov NCT02672215 ; http:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02672215 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6glPFBLWv Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) , a serious and prevalent chronic disease , is traditionally associated with older age . However , due to the rising rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles , it is increasingly being diagnosed in the younger population . Sedentary ( sitting ) behaviour has been shown to be associated with greater risk of cardio-metabolic health outcomes , including T2DM . Little is known about effective interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in younger adults at risk of T2DM . We aim ed to investigate , through a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) design , whether a group-based structured education workshop focused on sitting reduction , with self-monitoring , reduced sitting time . Methods Adults aged 18–40 years who were either overweight ( with an additional risk factor for T2DM ) or obese were recruited for the Sedentary Time ANd Diabetes ( ST AND ) RCT . The intervention programme comprised of a 3-hour group-based structured education workshop , use of a self-monitoring tool , and follow-up motivational phone call . Data were collected at three time points : baseline , 3 and 12 months after baseline . The primary outcome measure was accelerometer-assessed sedentary behaviour after 12 months . Secondary outcomes included other objective ( activPAL ) and self-reported measures of sedentary behaviour and physical activity , and biochemical , anthropometric , and psycho-social variables . Results 187 individuals ( 69 % female ; mean age 33 years ; mean BMI 35 kg/m2 ) were r and omised to intervention and control groups . 12 month data , when analysed using intention-to-treat analysis ( ITT ) and per- protocol analyses , showed no significant difference in the primary outcome variable , nor in the majority of the secondary outcome measures . Conclusions A structured education intervention design ed to reduce sitting in young adults at risk of T2DM was not successful in changing behaviour at 12 months . Lack of change may be due to the brief nature of such an intervention and lack of focus on environmental change . Moreover , some participants reported a focus on physical activity rather than reductions in sitting per se . The habitual nature of sedentary behaviour means that behaviour change is challenging . Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com IS RCT Background As adults age , their physical activity decreases and sedentary behavior increases , leading to increased risk of negative health outcomes .  Wearable electronic activity monitors have shown promise for delivering effective behavior change techniques . However , little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of non-Fitbit wearables ( Fitbit , Inc , San Francisco , California ) combined with telephone counseling among adults aged more than 55 years . Objective The purpose of our study was to determine the feasibility , acceptability , and effect on physical activity of an intervention combining a wearable physical activity monitor , tablet device , and telephone counseling  among adults aged 55 - 79 years . Methods Adults ( N=40 , aged 55 - 79 years , body mass index=25 - 35 , < 60 min of activity per week ) were r and omized to receive a 12-week intervention or to a wait list control . Intervention participants received a Jawbone Up24 monitor , a tablet with the Jawbone Up app installed , and brief weekly telephone counseling . Participants set daily and weekly step goals and used the monitor ’s idle alert to notify them when they were sedentary for more than 1 h. Interventionists provided brief counseling once per week by telephone .  Feasibility was measured using observation and study records , and acceptability was measured by self-report using vali date d items . Physical activity and sedentary time were measured using ActivPAL monitors following st and ard protocol s. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans , and fitness was measured using a 6-min walk test . Results Participants were 61.48 years old ( SD 5.60 ) , 85 % ( 34/40 ) female , 65 % ( 26/40 ) white .  Average activity monitor wear time was 81.85 ( SD 3.73 ) of 90 days . Of the 20 Up24 monitors , 5 were reported broken and 1 lost . No related adverse events were reported . Acceptability items were rated at least 4 on a scale of 1 - 5 . Effect sizes for most outcomes were small , including stepping time per day ( d=0.35 ) , steps per day ( d=0.26 ) , sitting time per day ( d=0.21 ) , body fat ( d=0.17 ) , and weight ( d=0.33 ) . Conclusions The intervention was feasible and acceptable in this population . Effect sizes were similar to the sizes found using other wearable electronic activity monitors , indicating that when combined with telephone counseling , wearable activity monitors are a potentially effective tool for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT01869348 ; https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01869348 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6odlIolqy Background Office workers engage in high levels of sitting time . Effective , context -specific , and scalable strategies are needed to support widespread sitting reduction . This study aim ed to evaluate organisational-support strategies alone or in combination with an activity tracker to reduce sitting in office workers . Methods From one organisation , 153 desk-based office workers were cluster-r and omised ( by team ) to organisational support only ( e.g. , manager support , emails ; ‘ Group ORG ’ , 9 teams , 87 participants ) , or organisational support plus LUMOback activity tracker ( ‘ Group ORG + Tracker ’ , 9 teams , 66 participants ) . The waist-worn tracker provided real-time feedback and prompts on sitting and posture . ActivPAL3 monitors were used to ascertain primary outcomes ( sitting time during work- and overall hours ) and other activity outcomes : prolonged sitting time ( ≥30 min bouts ) , time between sitting bouts , st and ing time , stepping time , and number of steps . Health and work outcomes were assessed by question naire . Changes within each group ( three- and 12 months ) and differences between groups were analysed by linear mixed models . Missing data were multiply imputed . Results At baseline , participants ( 46 % women , 23–58 years ) spent ( mean ± SD ) 74.3 ± 9.7 % of their workday sitting , 17.5 ± 8.3 % st and ing and 8.1 ± 2.7 % stepping . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) reductions in sitting time ( both work and overall ) were observed within both groups , but only at 12 months . For secondary activity outcomes , Group ORG significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , time between sitting bouts and st and ing time , and overall prolonged sitting time ( 12 months ) , and in overall st and ing time ( three- and 12 months ) ; while Group ORG + Tracker , significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , st and ing , stepping and overall st and ing time ( 12 months ) . Adjusted for confounders , the only significant between-group differences were a greater stepping time and step count for Group ORG + Tracker relative to Group ORG ( + 20.6 min/16 h day , 95 % CI : 3.1 , 38.1 , p = 0.021 ; + 846.5steps/16 h day , 95 % CI : 67.8 , 1625.2 , p = 0.033 ) at 12 months . Observed changes in health and work outcomes were small and not statistically significant . Conclusions Organisational-support strategies with or without an activity tracker result ed in improvements in sitting , prolonged sitting and st and ing ; adding a tracker enhanced stepping changes . Improvements were most evident at 12 months , suggesting the organisational-support strategies may have taken time to embed within the organisation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry : ACTRN12614000252617 . Registered 10 March 2014 Background Maintaining physical activity is an important goal with positive health benefits , yet many people spend most of their day sitting . Our Everyday Activity Supports You ( EASY ) model aims to encourage movement through daily activities and utilitarian walking . The primary objective of this phase was to test study feasibility ( recruitment and retention rates ) for the EASY model . Methods This 6-month study took place in Vancouver , Canada , from May to December 2013 , with data analyses in February 2014 . Participants were healthy , inactive , community-dwelling women aged 55–70 years . We recruited through advertisements in local community newspapers and r and omized participants using a remote web service . The model included the following : group-based education and social support , individualized physical activity prescription ( called Activity 4 - 1 - 1 ) , and use of a Fitbit activity monitor . The control group received health-related information only . The main outcome measures were descriptions of study feasibility ( recruitment and retention rates ) . We also collected information on activity patterns ( ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers ) and health-related outcomes such as body composition ( height and weight using st and ard techniques ) , blood pressure ( automatic blood pressure monitor ) , and psychosocial variables ( question naires ) . Results We advertised in local community newspapers to recruit participants . Over 3 weeks , 82 participants telephoned ; following screening , 68 % ( 56/82 ) met the inclusion criteria and 45 % ( 25/56 ) were r and omized by remote web-based allocation . This included 13 participants in the intervention group and 12 participants in the control group ( education ) . At 6 months , 12/13 ( 92 % ) intervention and 8/12 ( 67 % ) control participants completed the final assessment . Controlling for baseline values , the intervention group had an average of 2,080 [ 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) 704 , 4,918 ] more steps/day at 6 months compared with the control group . There was an average between group difference in weight loss of −4.3 [ 95 % CI −6.22 , −2.40 ] kg and reduction in diastolic blood pressure of −8.54 [ 95 % CI −16.89 , −0.198 ] mmHg , in favor of EASY . Conclusions The EASY pilot study was feasible to deliver ; there was an increase in physical activity and reduction in weight and blood pressure for intervention participants at 6 months . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier : BACKGROUND Sitting time ( ST ) , a form of sedentary behavior , has been identified as a highly prevalent risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS)-related morbidity . There is limited information on the efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing ST in persons with MS . PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for reducing ST in persons with MS in a pilot RCT . METHODS Seventy MS patients were r and omly assigned to intervention and waitlist control conditions . The behavioral intervention was delivered April-September 2012 via the Internet and consisted of a dedicated website and one-on-one Skype video chats that taught participants the skills , techniques , and strategies for reducing sedentary behavior based on social cognitive theory . ST was measured by questions on the abbreviated International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) before and after the 6-month RCT . Data were analyzed in SPSS , version 21.0 in March 2014 . RESULTS ANCOVA was performed on post-intervention scores controlling for pre-intervention values using an intent-to-treat analysis . The group main effect was statistically significant ( F[1 , 67]=4.03 , p<0. 
    Output:
    
No significant intervention effects were found on the number of breaks in sedentary behavior .
Conclusions Despite the small sample sizes , and the large heterogeneity , results of the current meta- analysis suggested that interventions using self-monitoring as a behavior change technique have the potential to reduce sedentary behavior in adults .
If future – preferably large-scale studies – can prove that the reductions in sedentary behavior are attributable to self-monitoring and can confirm the sustainability of this behavior change , multi-level interventions including self-monitoring may impact public health by reducing sedentary behavior