***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess the efficacy of an innovative smoking cessation intervention targeted to a multiethnic , economically disadvantaged HIV-positive population . Design : A two-group r and omized clinical trial compared a smoking cessation intervention delivered by cellular telephone with usual care approach . Methods : Current smokers from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS care center were recruited and r and omized to receive either  usual care or  a  cellular telephone intervention . The usual care group received brief physician advice to quit smoking , targeted self-help written material s and nicotine replacement therapy . The cellular telephone intervention received eight counseling sessions delivered via cellular telephone in addition to the usual care components .  Smoking-related outcomes were assessed at a 3-month follow-up . Results : The trial had 95 participants and 77 ( 81.0 % ) completed the 3-month follow-up assessment . Analyses indicated biochemically verified point prevalence smoking abstinence rates of 10.3 % for the usual care group and 36.8 % for the cellular telephone group ; participants who received the cellular telephone intervention were 3.6 times ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.3 - 9.9 ) more likely to quit smoking compared with participants who received usual care ( P = 0.0059 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that individuals living with HIV/AIDS are receptive to , and can be helped by , smoking cessation treatment . In addition , smoking cessation treatment tailored to the special needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS , such as counseling delivered by cellular telephone , can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates over that achieved by usual care Mounting evidence suggests that smokers living with HIV/AIDS have a significantly increased risk of numerous adverse health outcomes ( both AIDS- and non-AIDS-related ) compared with HIV-positive nonsmokers . Therefore , efforts to design and implement effective cessation programs for this ever-growing special population are warranted . The present study assessed the effects of a cell phone intervention ( CPI ) on hypothesized mediators ( i.e. , changes in depression , anxiety , social support , and self-efficacy ) demonstrated to influence cessation outcomes in other population s. Ninety-five participants from an inner-city AIDS clinic were r and omized to receive either the CPI or recommended st and ard of care ( RSOC ) smoking cessation treatment . Participants r and omized to the RSOC group ( n=47 ) received brief advice to quit , a 10-week supply of nicotine patches , and self-help material s. Participants r and omized to the CPI group ( n=48 ) received RSOC components plus a series of eight proactive counseling sessions delivered via cell phones . A series of regression analyses ( linear and logistic ) was used to assess the relationships between treatment group , the hypothesized mediators , and biochemically confirmed smoking cessation outcomes . Results indicated that the CPI group experienced greater reductions in anxiety and depression , and increases in self-efficacy compared with the RSOC group . Further , changes in depression , anxiety , and self-efficacy weakened the association between treatment group and cessation outcome . The mediator hypothesis , however , for social support was rejected , as the difference score was not significantly associated with treatment group . These results suggest that the efficacy of the CPI is at least partially mediated by its ability to decrease symptoms of distress while increasing self-efficacy INTRODUCTION Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) represents a significant public health concern . However , few efforts to assess smoking cessation interventions targeting this population have been reported . In this brief report , 3-month outcomes from an ongoing treatment trial for PLWHA who smoke are described . METHODS Study participants were recruited from a large HIV care center serving a diverse population of PLWHA . A two-group r and omized design was used to compare the efficacy of usual-care ( UC ) smoking cessation treatment versus a cell phone intervention ( CPI ) . Follow-ups were conducted at the HIV clinic 3 months postenrollment . Using an intent-to-treat approach , a series of multiple regression models were used to compare smoking outcomes in the 2 groups . RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-four participants were enrolled and r and omized , UC ( n = 238 ) and CPI ( n = 236 ) . Mean age in the sample was 44.8 ( SD = 8.1 ) years , and the majority were male ( 70.0 % ) , Black ( 76.6 % ) , and had an education level of high school or less ( 77.5 % ) . At follow-up , participants in the CPI group were 4.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.9 , 9.8 ) times more likely to be abstinent ( 7 day ) compared with those in the UC group . Similarly , significant point estimates were observed for the other smoking outcomes of interest . CONCLUSIONS Findings from this preliminary report indicate that a smoking cessation intervention for PLWHA consisting of cell phone-delivered proactive counseling results in significantly higher abstinence rates compared with a st and ard care approach . Evaluation of the long-term ( 6-month and 12-month ) efficacy of the CPI approach is ongoing INTRODUCTION Identifying successful smoking treatment interventions and methods of delivery is critical given the smoking rates among HIV-positive population s and the medical implication s of smoking in this population . This study compared the efficacy of 3 smoking cessation interventions provided in HIV clinical treatment setting s. METHODS Following a baseline assessment , 209 HIV-positive smokers were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions in a parallel group design . Treatment conditions were individual counseling plus nicotine replacement treatment ( NRT ) , a computer-based Internet smoking treatment plus NRT , and self-help plus NRT .  Smoking status was determined at follow-up assessment s completed at 12 , 24 , 36 , and 52 weeks following treatment initiation . RESULTS Cessation rates ranged from 15 % to 29 % ; however , no statistically significant differences in abstinence were found among the treatment conditions over time . Those employed , those who reported a greater desire to quit , or those with lower mood disturbance scores were more likely to achieve abstinence ( p < .01 ) . The number of cigarettes participants reported smoking in the 24hr prior to each assessment significantly declined over time ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although we found no differences in abstinence rates across groups , the results indicate that integration of smoking cessation interventions is feasible in HIV clinical treatment setting s , and cessation results are promising . The overall abstinence rates we report are comparable to those found in similar treatment studies across multiple population s. Further research is warranted OBJECTIVE To measure biopsychosocial domains related to tobacco use in persons living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHAs ) . METHODS Cross-sectional interview study of 60 PLWHA smokers r and omly selected from an HIV clinic . RESULTS Participants averaged 14.4 cigarettes daily . Sixty-five percent were moderately or highly nicotine dependent , and most were motivated to quit . Substance use and depression were very common . Most reported that smoking helped them cope with depression , anxiety , and anger . Twenty-seven percent thought ( mistakenly ) that smoking raised their T-cell counts and /or helped fight infections . Referrals to quitlines or cessation programs were uncommon . CONCLUSIONS Smoking among PLWHAs is a challenging problem requiring targeted intervention strategies Persons living with HIV/AIDS who are current smokers are more likely to develop disease-related adverse health outcomes compared to nonsmokers with HIV/AIDS . However , the impact of smoking cessation on health outcomes such as symptom status and health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) has not yet been assessed within this population . This study examined the effects of changes in smoking status on HIV-related symptom burden and health-related quality of life outcomes in a multiethnic , low-income population of persons living with HIV/AIDS . Patients ( n = 95 ) from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS clinic were enrolled in a smoking cessation trial providing nicotine replacement therapy , counseling , and self-help written material s. Biochemically verified smoking status , length of smoking abstinence , HIV-related symptom burden , and HRQOL were assessed approximately 3-months posttrial enrollment . A series of multiple linear regression models was performed to assess the associations between the smoking status variables and the health outcomes at follow-up while controlling for baseline levels . Length of smoking abstinence was significantly associated ( p = 0.02 ) with HIV-related symptom burden . Specifically , increasing number of consecutive days of smoking abstinence during the 3-month follow-up period was associated with lower levels of HIV-related symptom burden at the time of follow-up . However , 24-hour smoking prevalence was not significantly ( p > 0.05 ) associated with changes in either HIV-related symptom burden or HRQOL . These findings suggest that smoking cessation can significantly improve symptom burden for individuals living with HIV/AIDS . Moreover , these benefits are observable as early as 3 months after quitting and are positively correlated with the length of abstinence Objective : To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a Web-based tobacco treatment for persons living with HIV ( PLWH ) . Design : Prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . Setting : HIV-care center in the Bronx , New York . Subjects : Eligibility criteria included HIV infection , current tobacco usage , interest in quitting , and access to a computer with internet . One hundred thirty-eight subjects enrolled , and 134 completed the study . Intervention : Positively Smoke Free on the Web ( PSFW ) , an 8-session , 7-week targeted tobacco treatment program for PLWH  , was compared with st and ard care ( brief advice to quit and self-help brochure ) . All subjects were offered nicotine patches . Main Outcome Measures : The main feasibility outcomes were number of sessions logged into , number of Web pages visited , number of interactive clicks , and total time logged in . The main efficacy outcome was biochemically verified , 7-day point prevalence abstinence 3 months after intervention . Results : PSFW subjects logged into a mean of 5.5 of 8 sessions and 26.2 of 41 pages . They executed a mean of 10 interactive clicks during a mean total of 59.8 minutes logged in . Most required reminder phone calls to complete the sessions . Educational level , anxiety score , and home access of the Web site were associated with Web site usage . Ten percent of the PSFW group vs. 4.3 % of controls achieved the abstinence end point . Among those who completed all 8 sessions , 17.9 % were abstinent , and among women completers , 30.8 % were abstinent . Conclusions : Web-based treatment is a feasible strategy for PLWH smokers , and preliminary findings suggest therapeutic efficacy Background : More than half of the persons living with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ; PLWH ) in the US smoke cigarettes , and tobacco use is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in this group . Little is known about the efficacy of tobacco treatment strategies in PLWH . Design : R and omized controlled trial comparing Positively Smoke Free ( PSF ) , an intensive group-therapy intervention targeting HIV-infected smokers , to st and ard care . Methods : A cohort of 145 PLWH smokers , recruited from an HIV-care center in the Bronx , New York , were r and omized 1:1 into the PSF program or st and ard care . All were offered a 3-month supply of nicotine replacement therapy . PSF is an 8-session program tailored to address the needs and concerns of HIV-infected smokers . The sessions were cofacilitated by a graduate student and an HIV-infected peer . The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed , 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 3 months . Results : In the intention-to-treat analysis , PSF condition subjects had nearly double the quit rate of controls ( 19.2 % vs. 9.7 % , P = 0.11 ) . In the complete case , as-treated analysis , assignment to PSF was associated with increased odds of quitting ( odds ratioadj 3.55 , 95 % confidence interval 1.04 to 12.0 ) . Latino ethnicity and lower loneliness score were predictive of abstinence . The subjects in the PSF condition exhibited significant decreases in daily cigarette consumption and significant increases in self-efficacy and in motivation to quit . Attendance of ≥7 sessions was associated with higher quit rates . Conclusions : These findings suggest a positive effect of PSF on cessation rates in PLWH smokers .  Loneliness and self-efficacy are influential factors in the smoking behaviors of PLWH Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarett 
    Output:
    
The effect of tailoring the intervention for PLWHA was unclear .
There is moderate quality evidence that combined tobacco cessation interventions provide similar outcomes to controls in PLWHA in the long-term .
There is very low quality evidence that combined tobacco cessation interventions were effective in helping PLWHA achieve short-term abstinence .