***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of short-term forest bathing on human health . METHODS Twenty healthy male university students participated as subjects and were r and omly divided into two groups of 10 . One group was sent on a two-night trip to a broad-leaved evergreen forest , and the other was sent to a city area . Serum cytokine levels reflecting inflammatory and stress response , indicators reflecting oxidative stress , the distribution of leukocyte subsets , and plasma endothelin-1 ( ET-1 ) concentrations were measured before and after the experiment to evaluate the positive health effects of forest environments . A profile of mood states ( POMS ) evaluation was used to assess changes in mood states . RESULTS No significant differences in the baseline values of the indicators were observed between the two groups before the experiment . Subjects exposed to the forest environment showed reduced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory level , as evidence d by decreased malondialdehyde , interleukin-6 , and tumor necrosis factor a levels compared with the urban group . Serum cortisol levels were also lower than in the urban group . Notably , the concentration of plasma ET-1 was much lower in subjects exposed to the forest environment . The POMS evaluation showed that after exposure to the forest environment , subjects had lower scores in the negative subscales , and the score for vigor was increased . CONCLUSION Forest bathing is beneficial to human health , perhaps through preventive effects related to several pathological factors OBJECTIVE To examine associations between the densities of available parkl and , parkl and provided per capita , and levels of  physical activity ( PA ) and overweight in urban United States . DESIGN Cross-sectional correlation research using data drawn from the Trust for Public L and 's 2010 City Park Facts and The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) . City Park Facts is a report containing " basic information on urban park systems -- from acreage , to facilities , to staffing , to budgets , to usership , and more " for America 's 85 largest cities . The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a state-based surveillance system that collects information on health risk behaviors , preventive health practice s , and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury . SETTING Sixty-seven metropolitan statistical areas in the United States that provided data for both reports . PARTICIPANTS R and omly selected adults aged 18 years and older who participated in the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey in the 67 metropolitan statistical areas . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Total parkl and per acre of metropolitan area was correlated to inactivity , engaging in recommended levels of moderate or vigorous PA , engaging in recommended levels of vigorous PA , and body weight . Parkl and acreage per 1000 residents was correlated to these same variables . Multilevel models considered these relationships while controlling for race , family income , and age of respondents and accounting for clustering by metropolitan statistical area . RESULTS There were significant , positive correlations between park density and PA ( r(s ) = 0.37 , n = 67 , P < .01 ) and between park density and exercise ( r(s ) = 0.35 , n = 67 , P < .01 ) , and a negative correlation between park density and being above normal weight ( r(s ) = -0.32 , n = 67 , P < .01 ) . Adjusted multilevel models showed that parkl and density in the highest versus lowest quartile was associated with significantly higher odds of meeting PA guidelines ( aOR = 1.19 , 95 % CI : 1.08 - 1.30 ) and reduced odds of being overweight/obese ( aOR = 0.85 , 95 % CI : 0.76 - 0.95 ) . CONCLUSIONS Each of these findings substantiates the need for providing parkl and in a community . As such , this research helps to support the notion that the development of a strong park system may lead to positive PA and health outcomes for that community BACKGROUND This study examines the relationship between distance to green space and the  level of physical activity among the population of Denmark . In addition , the relationship between distance to green space and obesity is investigated . METHODS Data derived from the Danish National Health Interview Survey 2005 , a cross-sectional survey based on a region-stratified r and om nationally representative sample of 21,832 Danish adults . All data are self-reported . RESULTS Respondents living more than 1 km from green space had lower odds of  using green space to exercise and keep in shape compared with persons living closer than 300 m to green space ( OR : 0.71 ; 95 % CI : 0.60 - 0.83 ) . A relationship between moderate/vigorous physical activity during leisure time and distance to green space can also be found . Persons living more than 1 km from green space had higher odds of being obese ( BMI ≥ 30 ) than those living less than 300 m from green space ( OR : 1.36 ; 95 % CI : 1.08 - 1.71 ) . CONCLUSIONS Self-reported distance to green space is related to self-reported physical activity and obesity . To exercise and keep in shape is an important reason for visiting green space , and distance to green space is associated with moderate/vigorous physical activity in leisure time Stress-relieving effects of gardening were hypothesized and tested in a field experiment . Thirty allotment gardeners performed a stressful Stroop task and were then r and omly assigned to 30 minutes of outdoor gardening or indoor reading on their own allotment plot . Salivary cortisol levels and self-reported mood were repeatedly measured . Gardening and reading each led to decreases in cortisol during the recovery period , but decreases were significantly stronger in the gardening group . Positive mood was fully restored after gardening , but further deteriorated during reading . These findings provide the first experimental evidence that gardening can promote relief from acute stress Canadian research examining the combined effects of social and built environments on  physical activity ( PA ) and obesity is limited . The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among built and social environments and  PA and overweight/obesity in 85 Ottawa neighbourhoods .  Self-reported PA , height and weight were collected from 3,883 adults using the International PA Question naire from the 2003–2007 sample s of the Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System . Data on neighbourhood characteristics were obtained from the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study ; a large study of neighbourhoods and health in Ottawa .  Two-level binomial logistic regression models stratified by sex were used to examine the relationships of environmental and individual variables with PA and overweight/obesity while using survey weights . Results identified that approximately half of the adults were insufficiently active or overweight/obese . Multilevel models identified that for every additional convenience store , men were two times more likely to be physically active ( OR = 2.08 , 95 % CI : 1.72 , 2.43 ) and with every additional specialty food store women were almost two times more likely to be overweight or obese ( OR = 1.77 , 95 % CI : 1.33 , 2.20 ) . Higher green space was associated with a reduced likelihood of PA  ( OR = 0.93 , 95 % CI : 0.86 , 0.99 ) and increased odds of overweight and obesity in men ( OR = 1.10 , 95 % CI : 1.01 , 1.19 ) , and decreased odds of overweight/obesity in women ( OR = 0.66 , 95 % CI : 0.44 , 0.89 ) . In men , neighbourhood socioeconomic scores , voting rates and sense of community belonging were all significantly associated with overweight/obesity . Intraclass coefficients were low , but identified that the majority of neighbourhood variation in outcomes was explained by the models . Findings identified that green space , food l and scapes and social cohesiveness may play different roles on  PA  and overweight/obesity in men and women and future prospect i ve studies are needed Aims : To investigate the associations between green space and health , health-related quality of life and stress , respectively . Methods : Data were derived from the 2005 Danish Health Interview Survey and are based on a region-stratified r and om sample of 21,832 adults . Data were collected via face-to-face interviews followed by a self-administered question naire , including the SF-36 , which measures eight dimensions of health and the Perceived Stress Scale , which measures self-reported stress . A total of 11,238 respondents completed the interview and returned the question naire . Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between distance to green space and self-perceived stress . Results : Danes living more than 1 km away from the nearest green space report poorer health and health-related quality of life , i.e. lower mean scores on all eight SF-36 dimensions of health than respondents living closer . Respondents living more than 1 km away from a green space have 1.42 higher odds of experiencing stress than do respondents living less than 300 m from a green space . Respondents not reporting stress are more likely to visit a green space than are respondents reporting stress . Reasons for visiting green spaces differ significantly depending on whether or not respondents experience stress . Respondents reporting stress are likely to use green spaces to reduce stress . Conclusions : An association between distance to a green space and health and health-related quality of life was found . Further , the results indicate awareness among Danes that green spaces may be of importance in managing stress and that green spaces may play an important role as health-promoting environments Background The burden of ill-health due to inactivity has recently been highlighted . Better studies on environments that support physical activity are called for , including longitudinal studies of environmental interventions . A programme of residential street improvements in the UK ( Sustrans ‘ DIY Streets ’ ) allowed a rare opportunity for a prospect i ve , longitudinal study of the effect of such changes on older adults ’ activities , health and quality of life . Methods Pre – post , cross-sectional surveys were carried out in locations across Engl and , Wales and Scotl and ; participants were aged 65 + living in intervention or comparison streets . A question naire covered health and quality of life , frequency of outdoor trips , time outdoors in different activities and a 38-item scale on neighbourhood open space . A cohort study explored changes in self-report activity and well-being postintervention . Activity levels were also measured by accelerometer and accompanying diary records . Results The cross-sectional surveys showed outdoor activity predicted by having a clean , nuisance-free local park , attractive , barrier-free routes to it and other natural environments nearby . Being able to park one 's car outside the house also predicted time outdoors . The environmental changes had an impact on perceptions of street walkability and safety at night , but not on overall activity levels , health or quality of life .  Participants  ’ moderate-to-vigorous activity levels rarely met UK health recommendations . Conclusions Our study contributes to methodology in a longitudinal , pre – post design and points to factors in the built environment that support active ageing . We include an example of knowledge exchange guidance on age-friendly built environments for policy-makers and planners In Canada , there is limited research examining the associations between objective ly measured neighborhood environments and  physical activity ( PA ) and obesity . The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between variables from built and social environments and PA and overweight/obesity across 86 Ottawa , Canada neighborhoods . Individual-level data including  self-reported leisure-time PA ( LTPA ) , height , and weight were examined in a sample of 4,727 adults from four combined cycles ( years 2001/03/05/07 ) of the Canadian Community Health Survey ( CCHS ) . Data on neighborhood characteristics were obtained from the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study ( ONS ) ; a large study of neighborhoods and health in Ottawa , Canada . Binomial multivariate multilevel models were used to examine the relationships between environmental and individual variables with LTPA and overweight/obesity using survey weights in men and women separately . Within the sample , ~75 % of the adults were inactive ( < 3.0 kcal/kg/day ) while half were overweight/obese . Results of the multilevel models suggested that for females greater park area was associated with increased odds of LTPA and overweight/obesity . Greater neighborhood density of convenience stores and fast food outlets were associated with increased odds of females being overweight/obese . Higher crime rates were associated with greater odds of LTPA in males , and lower odds of male and female overweight/obesity . Season was significantly associated with PA  in men and women ; the odds of LTPA in winter months were half that of summer months . Findings revealed that park area , crime rates , and neighborhood food outlets may have different roles with LTPA and overweight/obesity in men and women and future prospect i ve studies are needed OBJECTIVE Increased proximity to parkl and is associated with  physical activity ( PA ) .  This study explored the extent to which self- selection --the idea that active persons simply seek out neighborhoods more endowed with active re sources --influences the relationship between park availability and  PA . METHOD In August 2007 , measures of parkl and availability within 1 km , importance placed on living near parks , and park-based PA participation were assessed for 585 adults in Waterloo , Ontario . RESULTS Logistic regression revealed that ( i ) participants who placed greater importance on neighborhood open space were not more likely to live near more parkl and ; ( ii ) both park importance and park space availability were associated with increased , and relatively equal , odds of engaging in at least some  park-based PA ;  and ( iii ) participants who placed a low importance on living near parks but had a higher amount of park space nearby were significantly more likely to engage in park-based PA  than participants who also placed a low importance on parks but had less nearby park space . CONCLUSION The issue of self- selection does not solely account for the relationship frequently observed between park space availability  and PA .  Future prospect i ve and intervention studies are needed to draw more definitive conclusions about causality Locational data , logged on portable GPS units and matched with accelerometer data , 
    Output:
    
Results People ’s experiences in using the NE can enhance attitudes toward PA and perceived behavioural control via positive psychological states and stress-relieving effects , which lead to firmer intentions to engage in PA .
Individual and environmental barriers , as expressions of social support and actual behavioural control , impact the process via subjective norm and perceived behavioural control .
Instrumental beliefs such as a desire to enjoy nature and the expected health benefits also influence the process via attitudes .
Different patterns have been identified for neighbourhood-based  PA  and outdoor recreations that take place in a NE .
Conclusions The availability of a NE and attractive views of nature within an individual ’s living environment are important contributors to PA , yet attention should focus on personal characteristics and environmental barriers .