***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The number of African American ( AA ) patients living with heart failure ( HF ) has been increasing , especially among the economically disadvantaged . Yoga therapy has been found to improve physical and psychological parameters among healthy individuals , but its effect in patients with HF remains unknown . The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of yoga therapy on cardiovascular endurance ( VO2peak ) , flexibility , quality of life ( QoL ) , and inflammatory markers on medically stable HF patients . METHODS Forty patients ( 38 AA , 1 Asian , and 1 Caucasian ) with systolic or diastolic HF were r and omized to the yoga group ( YG , n = 21 ) or the control group ( CG , n = 19 ) . All patients were asked to follow a home walk program . Premeasurement and postmeasurement included a treadmill stress test to peak exertion , flexibility , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . QoL was assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLwHFQ ) . RESULTS The statistical analyses ( assessed by ANOVA and t-tests ) were significant for favorable changes in the YG , compared with those in the CG , for flexibility ( P = 0.012 ) , treadmill time ( P = 0.002 ) , VO2peak ( P = 0.003 ) , and the biomarkers ( IL-6 , P = 0.004 ; CRP , P = 0.016 ; and EC-SOD , P = 0.012 ) . Within the YG , pretest to posttest scores for the total ( P = 0.02 ) and physical subscales ( P < 0.001 ) of the MLwHFQ were improved . CONCLUSIONS Yoga therapy offered additional benefits to the st and ard medical care of predominantly AA HF patients by improving cardiovascular endurance , QoL , inflammatory markers , and flexibility OBJECTIVES To observe the effect of regular yogic practice s and self-discipline in reducing body fat and elevated lipids in CAD patients . METHOD In this study one hundred seventy ( 170 ) subjects , of both sexes having coronary artery disease were r and omly selected form Department of Cardiology . Subjects were divided in to two groups r and omly in yoga group and in non-yoga group , eighty five ( 85 ) in each group . Out of these ( 170 subjects ) , one hundred fifty four ( 154 ) completed the study protocol . TIME LINE : The yogic intervention consisted of 35 - 40 min/day , five days in a week till six months in the Department of Physiology CSMMU UP Lucknow . Body fat testing and estimation of lipid profile were done of the both groups at zero time and after six months of yogic intervention in yoga group and without yogic intervention in non yoga group . RESULTS In present study , BMI ( p<0.04 ) , fat % ( p<0.0002 ) , fat free mass ( p<0.04 ) , SBP ( p<0.002 ) , DBP ( p<0.009 ) , heart rate ( p<0.0001 ) , total cholesterol ( p<0.0001 ) , triglycerides ( p<0.0001 ) , HDL ( p<0.0001 ) and low density lipoprotein ( p<0.04 ) were changed significantly . CONCLUSION Reduction of SBP , DBP , heart rate , body fat% , total cholesterol , triglycerides and LDL after regular yogic practice s is beneficial for cardiac and hypertensive patients . Therefore yogic practice s included in this study are helpful for the patients of coronary artery disease BACKGROUND Because as many as 46 % of implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD ) patients experience clinical symptoms of shock anxiety , this r and omized controlled study evaluated the efficacy of adapted yoga ( vs usual care ) in reducing clinical psychosocial risks shown to impact morbidity and mortality in ICD recipients . METHODS Forty-six participants were r and omized to a  control group  or an 8-week adapted yoga group  that followed a st and ardized protocol with weekly classes and home practice . Medical and psychosocial data were collected at baseline and follow-up , then compared and analyzed . RESULTS Total shock anxiety decreased for the yoga group and increased for the control group , t(4.43 , 36 ) , P < 0.0001 , with significant differences between these changes . Similarly , consequential anxiety decreased for the yoga group but increased for the control group t(2.86,36 ) P = 0.007 . Compared to the control , the yoga group had greater overall self-compassion , t(-2.84,37 ) , P = 0.007 , and greater mindfulness , t(-2.10,37 ) P = 0.04 , at the end of the study . Exploratory analyses utilizing a linear model ( R(2 ) = 0.98 ) of observed device-treated ventricular ( DTV ) events revealed that the expected number of DTV events in the yoga group was significantly lower than in the control group ( P < 0.0001 ) . Compared to the control , the yoga group had a 32 % lower risk of experiencing device-related firings at end of follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated psychosocial benefits from a program of adapted yoga ( vs usual care ) for ICD recipients . These data support continued research to better underst and the role of complementary medicine to address ICD-specific stress in cardiac outcomes In this study 258 patients from the Department of Cardiology in Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University , Lucknow were selected to participate . All had been diagnosed with coronary artery disease . They were r and omly divided into 2 groups , the yoga group and the non-yoga group , 129 in each group ; 208 completed the study protocol . The yogic intervention consisted of 35 - 40 min/day , 5 days a week over a period of 18 months in the Department of Physiology . Autonomic function testing was done in both the groups at zero time and after 18 months . We observed a statistically significant reduction in body mass index , waist circumference , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and heart rate ( P < 0.05 ) , i.e. , a significant positive effect was observed when yoga therapy was used as an adjunct in patients with coronary artery disease BACKGROUND Ultralow-fat diets are known to reduce high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels . In the setting of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention program , relationships between exercise variables and HDL-C levels were examined to determine whether exercise moderates this dietary effect on serum lipids and apolipoproteins . METHODS We performed a 3-month , prospect i ve , nonr and omized  lifestyle intervention study ( < or = 10 % dietary fat ; aerobic exercise [ 180 min/wk ] , group support , and yoga [ 60 min/day ] ) in 120 subjects with or at risk for coronary artery disease . RESULTS After 3 months , dietary fat intake was reduced to 8.7 % + /- 2.6 % of total intake and the median weekly exercise time was 194 minutes . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 8.3 + /- 11.3 mg/dL ( P < .001 ) , and triglyceride levels increased by 17.6 + /- 102.7 mg/dL ( P = .026 ) . A small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) phenotype emerged indicated by a 13.8 % LDL-C reduction accompanied by only a 2.3 % reduction in apolipoprotein B levels ( P = .064 ) . Among subjects with exercise amounts less than those of the group median , HDL-C reductions were greater in those with more than ( -13.5 + /- 16.0 mg/dL ) versus less than ( -2.5 + /- 7.5 mg/dL ) the median reductions in fat intake ( P = .026 ) . Even among subjects who exercised > 194 min/wk , HDL-C was reduced compared with baseline ( -7.4 + /- 7.9 mg/dL , P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS An ultralow-fat diet as a component of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention induces reductions in HDL-C and the emergence of a dyslipidemic lipid profile .  Aerobic exercise only partially mitigates this effect OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention on risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and markers of inflammation and endothelial function in overweight and obese men . DESIGN Nonr and omized prospect i ve lifestyle intervention study with pre-post design . SETTING AND LOCATION : Integral Health Clinic , an outpatient facility providing yoga-based lifestyle intervention programs for prevention and management of chronic diseases . SUBJECTS Overweight and obese men ( n=51 ) were enrolled in the study . Subjects who were physically unable to participate and those participating in other interventions were excluded from the study . INTERVENTION A pretested intervention program including asanas ( physical postures ) , pranayama ( breathing exercises ) , group discussion s , lectures , and individualized advice . OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was weight loss , and the secondary outcome measures were clinical and laboratory correlates of CVD risk , levels of interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , adiponectin , and endothelin-1 ( ET-1 ) . RESULTS Men ( n=51 , body mass index [ BMI ] 26.26±2.42 kg/m(2 ) ) were enrolled and underwent a yoga-based lifestyle intervention for 10 days . Of 51 subjects , 30 completed the study . There was a significant reduction in weight from Baseline to Day 10 ( 74.60±7.98 , 72.69±8.37 kg , p<0.001 , respectively ) , BMI ( 26.26±2.42 , 25.69±2.47 kg/m(2 ) , p<0.001 , respectively ) , and systolic BP ( 121.73±11.58 , 116.73±9.00 , p=0.042 , respectively ) . There was a significant reduction in plasma IL-6 from Baseline to Day 10 ( median 2.24 vs. 1.26 pg/mL , respectively , p=0.012 ) . There was a significant increase in the plasma adiponectin from Baseline to Day 10 ( median 4.95 vs. 6.26 μg/mL , respectively , p=0.014 ) . Plasma ET-1 level remained unchanged . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that even a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention may be an important modality to reduce the risk for CVD as indicated by weight loss , reduction in systolic blood pressure , an increase in adiponectin , and decrease in IL-6 in overweight and obese men Background : Lung functions are found to be impaired in coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , congestive heart failure , left ventricular dysfunction , and after cardiac surgery . Diffusion capacity progressively worsens as the severity of CAD increases due to reduction in lung tissue participating in gas exchange . Aims and Objectives : Pranayama breathing exercises and yogic postures may play an impressive role in improving cardio-respiratory efficiency and facilitating gas diffusion at the alveolo-capillary membrane . This study was done to see the effect of yoga regimen on lung functions particularly diffusion capacity in CAD patients . Material s and Methods : A total of 80 stable CAD patients below 65 years of age of both sexes were selected and r and omized into two groups of 40 each . Group I CAD patients were given yoga regimen for 3 months which consisted of yogic postures , pranayama breathing exercises , dietary modification , and holistic teaching along with their conventional medicine while Group II CAD patients were put only on conventional medicine .  Lung functions including diffusion capacity were recorded thrice in both the groups : 0 day as baseline , 22nd day and on 90th day by using computerized MS medisoft Cardio-respiratory Instrument , HYP’AIR Compact model of cardio-respiratory testing machine was manufactured by P K Morgan , India . The recorded parameters were statistically analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey 's test in both the groups . Cardiovascular parameters were also compared before and after intervention in both the groups . Results : Statistically significant improvements were seen in slow vital capacity , forced vital capacity , peak expiratory flow rate , maximum voluntary ventilation , and diffusion factor/ transfer factor of lung for carbon monoxide after 3 months of yoga regimen in Group I. Forced expiratory volume in 1st sec ( FEV1 ) , and FEV1 % also showed a trend toward improvement although not statistically significant . HR , SBP and DBP also showed significant improvement in Group-I patients who followed yoga regimen . Conclusions : Yoga regimen was found to improve lung functions and diffusion capacity in CAD patients besides improving cardiovascular functions . Thus , it can be used as a complimentary or adjunct therapy along with the conventional medicine for their treatment and rehabilitation BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It is well known that a hall mark 
    Output:
    
Despite the limitations , this review demonstrates the clear potential yoga has as an alternative and complementary means to improve cardiovascular disease risk