***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We studied which physiological and kinanthropometric characteristics determine climbing performance in 16 high-level sports climbers aged 29.9 ± 4.9 years . Body composition parameters were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner . We also measured kinanthropometric and physical fitness parameters . The sex-specific 75th percentile value of onsight climbing ability was used to divide the sample into expert ( < 75th ) and elite ( ≥75th ) climbers . All the analyses were adjusted by sex . The 75th percentile value of onsight climbing ability was 7b in women and 8b in men . There were no differences between expert and elite climbers in the studied variables , except in climbing time to exhaustion and bone mineral density . Elite climbers had a significantly higher time to exhaustion than the expert group ( 770.2 ± 385 vs. 407.7 ± 150 s , respectively , P = 0.001 ) . These results suggest that , among climbers with a high level of performance , as those analysed in this study , climbing time to exhaustion is a major determinant of climbing performance White , DJ and Olsen , PD . A time motion analysis of bouldering style competitive rock climbing . J Strength Cond Res 24(5 ) : 1356 - 1360 , 2010-Limited research has been performed on competitive bouldering . The aim of this study was to quantify the movement dynamics of elite boulder climbers . Six climbers were filmed during a national competition consisting of 5 novel climbing problems or routes . Two problems were r and omly selected and film footage was analyzed using K and le Swinger Pro software to determine type and duration ( seconds ) of bouldering movements . All subjects provided consent , and the study had ethical approval . The mean ± SD were determined for number of attempts per problem , duration of attempt , time on hold , and time to reach between holds . Exercise : recovery ratios were also calculated . On average , climbers attempted a problem 3.0 ± 0.5 times , with an attempt lasting 28.9 ± 10.8 seconds and rest periods of 114 ± 31 seconds between attempts . Average time gripping holds was 7.9 ± 1.3 seconds , with approximately 0.5 ± 0.1 seconds recovery between reaching for holds . The exercise-to-recovery ratio was ∼1:4 for attempting a problem and ∼13:1 for forearm muscles during climbing . The exercise-to-recovery ratios allow sufficient time for recovery during and after a problem . However , the prolonged contraction of forearm muscles indicates the importance of strength and endurance in these muscles . Video analysis was found to be a useful tool for the quantification of movement characteristics of competitive elite boulders . Data collected could be utilized in the design of sport-specific tests and training programs . Future research could examine a larger number of athletes and problems and help develop performance tests and training interventions for bouldering OBJECTIVES To assess oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) , blood lactate concentration ( [ La(b ) ] ) , and heart rate ( HR ) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing . METHODS Seven climbers aged 25 ( SE 1 ) years , with a personal best ascent without p review or fall ( on sight ) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock h and /foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue . On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb grade d 5c and taking 7 min 36 s ( SE 33 s ) to complete . Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [ La(b ) ] collected at rest and after climbing . RESULTS Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake ( VO2climb-peak ) and peak HR ( HRpeak ) of 43.8 ( SE 2.2 ) ml/kg/min and 190 ( SE 4 ) bpm , respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [ La(b ) ] from 1.4 ( 0.1 ) to 10.2 ( 0.6 ) mmol/l ( p < 0.05 ) . During outdoor climbing  VO2 and HR increased to about 75 % and 83 % of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak , respectively . [ La(b ) ] increased from 1.3 ( 0.1 ) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l ( p < 0.05 ) at 2 min 32 s ( 8 s ) after completion of the climb . CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes ' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak . The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [ La(b ) ] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions , particularly from the arm and forearm muscles Abstract Medernach , JPJ , Kleinöder , H , Lötzerich , HHH . Fingerboard in competitive bouldering : Training effects on grip strength and endurance . J Strength Cond Res 29(8 ) : 2286–2295 , 2015—Bouldering ( BL ) is an independent discipline of sport climbing , with grip strength and endurance as key factors . Although the sport has grown increasingly popular and competitive , limited research has been conducted on commonly used training methods to maximize BL performance . The purpose of this study was to investigate the training effects of 4 weeks of fingerboarding ( FB ) on grip strength and endurance in competitive BL . Twenty-three highly advanced male boulderers ( 25.6 ± 4.4 y ; 1.78 ± 0.05 m ; 70.1 ± 5.4 kg ; 6.2 ± 2.8 y climbing ; 7b+ Fb mean ability ) were r and omly allocated to a 4-week FB ( n = 11 ) or BL ( n = 12 ) training regimen . Pretests and posttests ( 50-min duration ) involved ( a ) h and held dynamometry ( GS ) to assess grip strength , ( b ) dead hangs ( DH ) , and ( c ) intermittent finger hangs ( IFH ) to assess grip endurance . After the 4-week regimen , GS increased significantly in the FB group ( 2.5 ± 1.4 kg , p < 0.001 ) but not in the BL group ( 1.4 ± 2.8 kg , p = 0.109 ) . The mean increase in DH ranged from 5.4 to 6.7 seconds in the FB group and was significantly ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) higher than that in the BL group ( 3.0–3.9 seconds ) . Finally , significantly higher IFH gains were observed in the FB group ( p = 0.004 ) , with a mean gain of 26 seconds , but not in the BL group ( p = 0.168 ) . These results suggest that FB is highly effective in increasing grip strength and endurance in competitive BL Performing intra-session recovery is important in rock climbing due to the multiple efforts that climbers are required to make in competitions , as well as repeated climbing trials that they carry out during training sessions . Active recovery has been shown to be a better option than passive recovery . However , the type of active recovery that should be done and the influence of the type and quantity of muscle mass activated are not clear . The aim of this study was to compare the effects of  recovering with easy climbing ( CR ) or walking ( WR )  on markers of fatigue and climbing performance . For this purpose , 14 subjects participated in this r and omly assigned crossover protocol completing three two-minute climbing trials separated by two minutes of active recovery with the assigned method . Seven days later participants carried out the same protocol with the other recovery method . Blood lactate ( La(- ) ) , rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , and heart rate ( HR ) were analyzed as markers of fatigue and recovery , while meters climbed ( MC ) and h and grip force ( HF ) were analyzed for performance . La- values before the last climbing trial ( p < 0.05 ; d = 0.69 ) and Peak La- values ( p < 0.05 ; d = 0.77 ) were lower for CR than for WR . Climbers were able to ascend more meters in the set time when following the CR protocol ( p < 0.01 ; d = 0.6 ) , which shows the important role of the active recovery method carried out on climbing performance . There were no differences in HR , HF or RPE between protocol s. A more sport-specific recovery protocol , in addition to moving great muscle mass ( e.g. lower limbs ) , seems to enhance recovery and to facilitate lactate removal . For this reason , CR appears to be a more effective active recovery method than WR in sport rock climbing . Key pointsClimbing recovery improved lactate removal in comparison with walking recovery . Subjects were able to climb more meters in a determined time when easy climbing instead of walking during recoveries . Activating both great muscle mass like that of the lower limbs as well as the main fatigue producing muscles ( forearms in climbing ) seems more effective for recovering than activating just great muscle mass One of the main objectives of the experiment reported in this article was to analyze the arrangement of the forces applied to the holds accompanying a voluntary right foot release in the hanging rock climber . The three dimensional reaction forces applied to the holds were measured using four holds equipped with strain gauges . The force arrangement after the release consisted of a tripedal stance on the three remaining holds for the vertical forces , and of a bipedal stance on two laterally opposite holds ( left foot and left holds ) for the horizontal forces . The general significance of the results was analyzed with respect to the mechanism of static equilibrium . However , before conclusions can be drawn , other climbing movements and positions must be analyzed There is limited information on the anthropometry , strength , endurance and flexibility of female rock climbers . The aim of this study was to compare these characteristics in three groups of females : Group 1 comprised 10 elite climbers aged 31.3 ± 5.0 years ( mean ± s ) who had led to a st and ard of ‘ hard very severe ’ ; Group 2 consisted of 10 recreational climbers aged 24.1 ± 4.0 years who had led to a st and ard of ‘ ; severe ’ ; and Group 3 comprised 10 physically active individuals aged 28.5 ± 5.0 years who had not previously rock-climbed . The tests included finger strength ( grip strength , finger strength measured on climbing-specific apparatus ) , flexibility , bent arm hang and pull-ups . Regression procedures ( analysis of covariance ) were used to examine the influence of body mass , leg length , height and age . For finger strength , the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values ( P < 0.05 ) than the recreational climbers and non-climbers ( four fingers , right h and : elite 321 ± 18 N , recreational 251 ± 14 N , non-climbers 256 ± 15 N ; four fingers , left h and : elite 307 ± 14 N , recreational 248 ± 12 N , non-climbers 243 ± 11 N ) . For grip strength of the right h and , the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values than the recreational climbers only ( elite 338 ± 12 N , recreational 289 ± 10 N , non-climbers 307 ± 11 N ) . The results suggest that elite climbers have greater finger strength than recreational climbers and non-climbers PURPOSE Considering the development of rock climbing as a competitive sport , we aim ed at investigating the influence of four recovery methods on subsequent maximal climbing performance . METHODS In a r and omly assigned crossover design , 13 female well-trained climbers ( 27.1 + /- 8.9 yr ) came to the climbing center on four occasions separated by 1 wk . On each occasion , they had to perform two climbing tests ( C1 and C2 ) until volitional exhaustion on a pre practice d route ( overhanging wall , level 6b ) . These two tests were separated by 20 min of recovery . Four recovery methods were used in r and omized order : passive recovery , active recovery ( cycle ergometer , 30 - 40 W ) , electromyostimulation on the forearm muscles ( bisymmetric TENS current ) , or cold water immersion of the forearms and arms ( three periods of 5 min at 15 + /- 1 degrees C ) . Climbing tests ' performance was reflected by the number of arm movements and climb duration . RESULTS Using active recovery and cold water immersion , performance at C2 was maintained in comparison with C1 , whereas C2 performance was impaired compared with C1 ( P < 0.01 ) using electromyostimulation and passive recovery ( recovery method -by-climb interaction , P < 0.05 ) . Blood lactate decreased during recovery , with the greatest decrease occurring during active recovery ( time-by-recovery method interaction , P < 0.001 ) . Arms and forearms ' skin temperatures were lower throughout the cold water immersion compared with the other three methods ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Active recovery and cold water immersion are two means of preserving performance when repeating acute exhausting climbing trails in female climbers . These positive effects are accompanied by a greater lactate removal and a decrease in subcutaneous tissues temperatures , respectively The aim of the present work was to characterize the modifications of the  postural adjustments  during a climbing task as a function of postural and /or movement constraints . The  variations of the horizontal and vertical forces and momentum  were analyzed for different movement amplitudes and types of holds . The results show that the horizontal momentum is influenced by all experimental conditions before the onset of movement . By contrast , the vertical momentum is only influenced by the amplitude of the movement , after its onset . These results confirm the hypothesis of a dual function of the anticipatory postural adjustments . The horizontal momentum is 
    Output:
    
Results A low skinfold thickness , body fat and large forearm volume were anthropometric traits in successful climbers .
Well-trained forearm flexors with high aerobic capacities lead to an efficient style .
H and grip strength and endurance , postural stability and optimized kinematic motions were favourable .
Elite climbers had long finger and bent-arm hang times .
Psychologically , an " iceberg profile " was typical .
Constant training with fingerboard and dynamic eccentric-concentric training helped to push the " red-point grade " .
Conclusion H and , forearm strength and endurance are highly important elements in elite climbers .
An efficient climbing style with perpetual focus and accuracy , high speed and low exhaustion due to adaption to repeated isometric exercise is helpful in the ascent , while low body fat and a large bone-to-tip pulp make it easier .