***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether health beliefs influenced the outcome of the three alternate modalities of reducing cigarette consumption . The study r and omized volunteers either to a control group or to one of three cessation programs , using behavior modification , health education , or hypnosis . A question naire was used to document health beliefs , demographic characteristics , and smoking history . Blood sample s were taken before and after the completion of intervention programs to measure changes in serum thiocyanate . A follow-up question naire was used to assess smoking behavior after 6 months . Statistically significant decreases in serum thiocyanate levels followed participation in each of the three programs . Factor analysis and reliability tests were used to identify four scales reflecting major variable dimensions in the health belief model . Significant correlations between change in serum thiocyanate and two of the scales ( general health concern and perceived vulnerability ) were found only for the group r and omly assigned to the health education intervention program BACKGROUND This study examined the 1-year effects of a minimal-contact smoking cessation intervention for cardiac in patients . METHODS The multicenter study included cardiac in patients who had smoked prior to hospitalization . A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used . Patients ' experimental condition depended on the hospital they were assigned to . The design was partially r and omized : 4 of the 11 hospitals selected the experimental condition themselves ( 2 experimental , 2 control ) , while the remaining 7 hospitals were r and omly assigned . The experimental group consisted of patients of 5 hospitals ( N = 388 ) . Patients of 6 other hospitals served as the control group ( N = 401 ) . The intervention included stop-smoking advice by the cardiologist , brief counseling by the nurse , the provision of self-help material s , and aftercare by the cardiologist . RESULTS Logistic regression analyses controlling for baseline differences and covariates did not show significant intervention effects on point prevalence and continuous abstinence . The study also showed that the outcomes were not significantly related to the way hospitals were assigned to the experimental condition . CONCLUSIONS While short-term effects were found , the minimal-contact intervention did not result in significant effects after 12 months , at least if patients lost to follow-up were treated as posttest smokers . Efforts should be made to improve the intervention , especially the aftercare Background : Guidelines recommend that smoking cessation interventions are offered in all clinical setting s to all smokers willing to make a quit attempt . Since the effectiveness of routine provision of behavioural counselling and nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) to smokers admitted to hospital has not been established , a r and omised controlled trial of these interventions given together compared with counselling alone or minimal intervention was performed in hospital in patients . Methods : Medical and surgical in patients who were current smokers at the time of admission were r and omised to receive either usual care ( no additional advice at admission ) , counselling alone ( 20 minute intervention with written material s ) , or NRT plus counselling ( counselling intervention with a 6 week course of NRT ) .  Continuous and point prevalence abstinence from smoking ( vali date d by exhaled carbon monoxide < 10 ppm ) was measured at discharge from hospital and at 3 and 12 months , and self-reported reduction in cigarette consumption in smokers was assessed at 3 and 12 months . Results : 274 inpatient smokers were enrolled .  Abstinence was higher in the NRT plus counselling group ( n=91 ) than in the counselling alone ( n=91 ) or usual care ( n=92 ) groups . The difference between the groups was significant for vali date d point prevalence abstinence at discharge ( 55 % , 43 % , 37 % respectively , p=0.045 ) and at 12 months ( 17 % , 6 % , 8 % , p=0.03 ) . The respective differences in continuous vali date d abstinence at 12 months were 11 % , 4 % , 8 % ( p=0.25 ) . There was no significant difference between counselling alone and usual care , or in reduction in cigarette consumption between the treatment groups . Conclusions : NRT given with brief counselling to hospital in patients is an effective routine smoking cessation intervention Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stage-matched repeated individual behavioral counseling as an intervention for the cessation of smoking . Methods We conducted a multisite r and omized controlled trial that enrolled smokers unselected for their readiness to quit . There were 979 smokers with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia recruited from 72 study sites and r and omly allocated to the intervention or control group . Smokers in the intervention group received stage-matched individual counseling consisting of a 40 minute initial session and four 20–30 minute follow-up sessions . Smokers in the control group received individual behavioral counseling for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia . Results The point prevalence abstinence rate at 6 months , vali date d by carbon monoxide testing , in the intervention group ( 13.6 % ) was 5.4 times higher ( p<0.001 ) than that in the control group ( 2.5 % ) . When the data were analyzed based on the baseline stage of change , there were significant differences in the abstinence rates at 6 months in smokers versus controls with each stage of change except in immotives . The odds ratio was 6.4 ( p<0.001 ) in precontemplators , 6.7 ( p<0.001 ) in contemplators , and 6.2 ( p<0.01 ) in preparators . There was a positive , consistent effect of the intervention regardless of study site ( worksite or community ) or the presence of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia . Conclusions We showed the effects of an intervention with repeated individual behavioral counseling on the cessation of smoking in smokers unselected for their readiness to quit . This result suggests that stage-matched individual counseling , based on the transtheoretical model , is effective in smokers with a lower motivation to quit as well as those ready to quit AIMS In an additive design , test the efficacy of cue exposure treatment for  smoking relapse prevention as an adjunct to current st and ard cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatments . DESIGN R and omized , controlled clinical trial . SETTING Outpatient behavioral medicine clinic . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and twenty-nine cigarette smokers recruited through newspaper advertisements . INTERVENTION After receiving an initial counseling session for cessation and setting a quit day , 129 smokers were r and omly assigned to one of four relapse prevention treatment conditions : ( 1 ) brief cognitive behavioral ; ( 2 ) cognitive behavioral and nicorette gum ; ( 3 ) cognitive behavioral and cue exposure ; and ( 4 ) cognitive behavioral and cue exposure with nicorette gum . All smokers met individually with their counselor for six RP sessions . MEASURES Seven-day , point-prevalence abstinence rates ( CO verified ) taken at 1 , 3 , 6 and 12-months post-treatment and time to first slip . FINDINGS All manipulation checks and process measures suggested that the treatments were delivered as intended . There were no significant differences between conditions in point-prevalence abstinence rates or in time to first slip . CONCLUSIONS These results call into question the utility of cue exposure treatment for smoking relapse prevention Many patients attempt to stop smoking during hospitalization , but most relapse after discharge . This study developed and evaluated a brief smoking-cessation and relapse-prevention program for hospitalized smokers . All hospitalized smokers ( n=1,119 ) were identified by question naire at hospital admission and then received either usual care or usual care plus a hospital-based smoking- cessation intervention regardless of interest in stopping smoking . Intervention components included a 20-minute bedside counseling session , a 12-minute videotape , a variety of self-help material s , and a follow-up telephone call . Special attention was given to techniques for preventing relapse after hospital discharge . Defining ex-smokers as those who reported no tobacco use at both 3- and 12-month follow-up assessment s , and counting those lost to follow-up as smokers , the intervention increased the proportion of patients who quit smoking by one half ( 9.2%vs 13.5 % , P<0.05 ) . These results demonstrate the efficacy of a brief in-hospital intervention and suggest that relapse-prevention efforts are needed to convert temporary cessation during hospitalization into longterm abstinence Smoking treatment for newly recovering drug and alcohol-dependent smokers in a residential rehabilitation program was examined . The r and omly assigned conditions ( n = 50 each ) were multicomponent smoking treatment ( MST ) , MST plus generalization training of smoking cessation to drug and alcohol cessation ( MST+G ) , or usual care ( UC ) .  Fifty participants who declined smoking treatment ( treatment refusers ) also were studied . Both treatment conditions achieved continuous smoking abstinence rates ( MST : 12 % , MST+G : 10 % , at 12-month follow-up ) that were significantly higher than in the UC condition ( 0 % ) . The MST condition had a continuous drug and alcohol abstinence rate that was significantly higher than that of the MST+G condition ( 40 % vs. 20 % at 12-month follow-up ) although neither differed significantly from that of the UC condition ( 33 % ) . These results support the feasibility of smoking treatment for this population and provide information regarding appropriate treatment components OBJECTIVE To evaluate a peer counseling intervention for pregnant smokers . METHODS One hundred forty-two pregnant , predominantly Hispanic women were assigned to a peer-led smoking cessation program or to usual care . RESULTS Compared with usual care , peer counseling  reduced smoking ( −9.1 versus −4.5 cigarettes daily , P = .03 ) , but did not affect absolute quit rates ( 24 % versus 21 % ) at 36 weeks ' gestation . Infant birth weight negatively correlated with cigarettes smoked per day ( r = −0.29 , P < .01 ) and expired carbon monoxide ( r = −0.39 , ( P < .001 ) at delivery . Birth weight for infants born to women who quit smoking averaged 7.2 lb versus 6.8 and 6.3 lb for mothers smoking one to six and more than six cigarettes per day at delivery ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSION Peer counseling  reduced the number of cigarettes smoked daily but did not increase cigarette abstinence rates . Infant birth weight increases with both smoking cessation and smoking reduction , suggesting that peer counseling intervention programs may improve newborn health despite their failure to affect smoking cessation Periodic health examinations are an excellent opportunity to counsel smokers to quit . The impact of a specialized smoking cessation counselor on the smoking behavior of patients having periodic health examinations was studied in a general internal medicine practice . One hundred fifty-five smokers having periodic health examinations were r and omly assigned to a control group who received usual physician advice or an intervention group who received usual physician advice and two counseling sessions with a smoking cessation counselor . The two groups were similar in all demographic variables , smoking-related baseline variables , and baseline levels of motivation and intention to quit smoking . The smoking status of 97 % of the subjects was assessed 6 months later . In the intervention group , 46 % made quit attempts and 19 % quit , compared with 34 % and 12 % , respectively , in the control group . Intervention-group smokers made more quit attempts ( mean + /- SD , 5.0 + /- 2.5 vs 1.8 + /- 0.2 ) and had a greater reduction in daily cigarette use ( 8.4 + /- 1.5 vs 3.5 + /- 1.3 ) . Of the 74 % of smokers with higher levels of motivation to quit smoking , more intervention-group smokers attempted to quit ( 70.8 % vs 45.5 % ) and succeeded in quitting at the 6-month follow-up ( 27.1 % vs 10.9 % ) . Periodic health examinations are an excellent opportunity to counsel smokers to quit , especially those smokers with higher levels of motivation to quit smoking In Japan , the prevalence of smoking among males and females was 56.1 % and 14.2 % , respectively , in 1997 . Male smoking prevalence was exceedingly high as compared to those in other industrialized countries . We conducted a r and omized controlled intervention study on smoking cessation for all smokers in a worksite regardless of their willingness to quit smoking . All of the male smokers in a radiator manufacturing factory ( n=263 ) were r and omly allocated to an intervention group ( n=132 ) or a control group ( n=131 ) . Subjects in the intervention group received individual counseling by a doctor , and those who signed a Smoking Cessation Declaration underwent a five-month intervention . Subjects in the control group received equivalent delayed intervention for four months . The cessation rate after the original intervention was 12.9 % ( 17/132 ) and 3.1 % ( 4/131 ) in the intervention and control groups , respectively ( p=0.003 ) . Among those who once succeeded in quitting , 48.6 % ( 18/37 ) maintained cessation at the long-term survey . Overall , the cessation rate was 8.4 % ( 22/263 ) and the prevalence of smoking among males significantly decreased from 62.9 to 56.7 % ( p=0.03 
    Output:
    
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation counselling can assist smokers to quit