***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM The purpose of this study was to compare hemodynamic responses during low-intensity resistance exercise , with ( LI-BFR ) and without ( LI ) blood flow restriction , with high-intensity resistance exercise ( HI ) . METHODS In a r and omized crossover design , 17 healthy subjects performed 3 sets ( 15 repetitions , 20 % 1RM , 45-second rest interval between sets ) of 45 ° bilateral leg press exercises for the LI-BFR and LI protocol s ; and 3 sets ( 8 repetitions ; 80 % 1RM ; 1-minute rest interval between sets ) for the HI protocol . The BFR was established using two sphygmomanometers ( 18x90 cm ) inflated to partially occlude blood flow to the femoral artery . Systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) , heart rate ( HR ) , stroke volume ( SV ) , cardiac output ( CO ) and total peripheral resistance ( TPR ) were evaluated continuously and noninvasively by beat-to-beat measurements during each protocol . RESULTS Significantly smaller values were demonstrated during the LI-BFR session versus the HI session between the first and second sets for SBP ; during the first , second and third sets for DBP ; during the first set for HR ; during the first , second and third sets for SV ; during the first set for CO , and during the second set for TPR . Conversely , perceived exertion was significantly higher in the LI-BFR session versus the HI session . CONCLUSION The LI-BFR session was associated with significantly reduced cardiovascular responses versus the HI session , but showed higher values of subjective perceived exertion Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) and the heart rate ( HR ) before , during and after training at moderate intensity ( MI , 50%-1RM ) and at low intensity with blood flow restriction ( LIBFR ) . In a r and omized controlled trial study , 14 subjects ( average age 45±9,9 years ) performed one of the exercise protocol s during two separate visits to the laboratory . SBP , DBP and HR measurements were collected prior to the start of the set and 15 , 30 , 45 and 60 minutes after knee extension exercises . Repeated measures of analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) were used to identify significant variables ( 2 x 5 ; group x time ) . The results demonstrated a significant reduction in SBP in the LIBFR group . These results provide evidence that strength training performed acutely alters hemodynamic variables . However , training with blood flow restriction is more efficient in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive individuals than training with moderate intensity We investigated the hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise ( STLIRE )  with the reduction of muscle blood flow . Eleven untrained men performed bilateral leg extension exercise under the reduction of muscle blood flow of the proximal end of both legs pressure-applied by a specially design ed belt  ( a b and ing pressure of 1.3 times higher than resting systolic blood pressure , 160–180 mmHg ) , named as Kaatsu . The intensity of STLIRE was 20 % of one repetition maximum . The subjects performed 30 repetitions , and after a 20-seconds rest , they performed three sets again until exhaustion . The superficial femoral arterial blood flow and hemodynamic parameters were measured by using the ultrasound and impedance cardiography  . Serum concentrations of growth hormone ( GH ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , noradrenaline ( NE ) , insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 , ghrelin , and lactate were also measured . Under the conditions with Kaatsu , the arterial flow was reduced to about 30 % of the control . STLIRE with Kaatsu significantly increased GH ( 0.11±0.03 to 8.6±1.1 ng/ml , P < 0.01 ) , IGF-1 ( 210±40 to 236±56 ng/ml , P < 0.01 ) , and VEGF ( 41±13 to 103±38 pg/ml , P < 0.05 ) . The increase in GH was related to neither NE nor lactate , but the increase in VEGF was related to that in lactate ( r = 0.57 , P < 0.05 ) . Ghrelin did not change during the exercise . The maximal heart rate ( HR ) and blood pressure ( BP ) in STLIRE with Kaatsu were higher than that without Kaatsu . Stroke volume ( SV ) was lower due to the decrease of the venous return by Kaatsu , but , total peripheral resistance ( TPR ) did not change significantly . These results suggest that STLIRE with Kaatsu significantly stimulates the exercise-induced GH , IGF , and VEGF responses with the reduction of cardiac preload during exercise , which may become a unique method for rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular diseases Introduction : Several established tools are available to assess study quality and reporting of r and omized controlled trials ; however , these tools were design ed with clinical intervention trials in mind . In exercise training intervention trials some of the traditional study quality criteria , such as participant or research er blinding , are extremely difficult to implement . Methods : We developed the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise ( TESTEX ) – a study quality and reporting assessment tool , design ed specifically for use in exercise training studies . Our tool is a 15-point scale ( 5 points for study quality and 10 points for reporting ) and addresses previously unmentioned quality assessment criteria specific to exercise training studies . Results : There were no systematic differences between the summated TESTEX scores of each observer [ H(2 ) = 0.392 , P = 0.822 ] . There was a significant association between the summated TESTEX scores of the three observers , with almost perfect agreement between observers 1 and 2 [ intra-class correlation coefficient ( ICC ) = 0.93 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.82–0.97 , P < 0.001 ] , observers 1 and 3 ( ICC = 0.96 , 95 % CI 0.89–0.98 , P < 0.001 ) and observers 2 and 3 ( ICC = 0.91 , 95 % CI 0.75–0.96 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : The TESTEX scale is a new , reliable tool , specific to exercise scientists , that facilitates a comprehensive review of exercise training trials Abstract The hemodynamics of light‐load exercise with an applied blood‐flow restriction ( BFR ) have not been extensively compared between light‐intensity , BFR , and high‐intensity forms of both resistance and aerobic exercise in the same participant population . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to use a r and omized crossover design to examine the hemodynamic responses to resistance and aerobic BFR exercise in comparison with a common high‐intensity and light‐intensity non‐BFR exercise . On separate occasions participants completed a leg‐press ( resistance ) or treadmill ( aerobic ) trial . Each trial comprised a light‐intensity bout ( LI ) followed by a light‐intensity bout with BFR ( 80 % resting systolic blood pressure ( LI+BFR ) ) , then a high‐intensity bout ( HI ) . To characterize the hemodynamic response , measures of cardiac output , stroke volume , heart rate and blood pressure were taken at baseline and exercise for each bout . Exercising hemodynamics for leg‐press LI+BFR most often resembled those for HI and were greater than LI ( e.g. for systolic blood pressure LI+BFR = 152 ± 3 mmHg ; HI = 153 ± 3 ; LI = 143 ± 3 P < 0.05 ) . However , exercising hemodynamics for treadmill LI+BFR most often resembled those for LI and were lower than HI ( e.g. for systolic pressure LI+BFR = 124 ± 2 mmHg ; LI = 123 ± 2 ; HI = 140 ± 3 P < 0.05 ) . In conclusion , the hemodynamic response for light aerobic ( walking ) BFR exercise suggests this mode of BFR exercise may be preferential for chronic use to develop muscle size and strength , and other health benefits in certain clinical population s that are contraindicated to heavy‐load resistance exercise Light-load exercise training with blood flow restriction ( BFR ) increases muscle strength and size . However , the hemodynamics of BFR exercise appear elevated compared with non-BFR exercise . This questions the suitability of BFR in special/ clinical population s. Nevertheless , hemodynamics of st and ard prescription protocol s for BFR and traditional heavy-load exercise have not been compared . We investigated the hemodynamics of two common BFR exercise methods and two traditional resistance exercises .  Twelve young males completed four unilateral elbow flexion exercise trials in a balanced , r and omized crossover design : ( a ) heavy load [ HL ; 80 % one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) ] ; ( b ) light load ( LL ; 20 % 1-RM ) ; and two other light-load trials with BFR applied ( c ) continuously at 80 % resting systolic blood pressure ( BFR-C ) or ( d ) intermittently at 130 % resting systolic blood pressure ( BFR-I ) . Hemodynamics were measured at baseline , during exercise , and for 60-min post-exercise . Exercising heart rate , blood pressure , cardiac output , and rate-pressure product were significantly greater for HL and BFR-I compared with LL . The magnitude of hemodynamic stress for BFR-C was between that of HL and LL . These data show reduced hemodynamics for continuous low-pressure BFR exercise compared with intermittent high-pressure BFR in young healthy population s. BFR remains a potentially viable method to improve muscle mass and strength in special/ clinical population Low-intensity blood flow restricted ( LI-BFR ) resistance training has been shown to produce comparable increases in muscle hypertrophy to traditional high-intensity ( HI ) resistance training . However , a comparison of the acute vascular responses between the two types of exercise has not been made . The purpose of this study is to compare the acute vascular responses  of HI , low-intensity ( LI ) , and LI-BFR resistance exercise . Using a r and omized , cross-over design , 11 young ( 28 ± 5 years ) males completed three acute resistance exercise bouts ( HI , LI and LI-BFR ) . Before ( Pre ) , and starting at 15- and 45-min after each exercise bout , large ( LAEI ) and small ( SAEI ) artery compliance and calf blood flow were assessed . Calf blood flow was normalized per unit pressure as calf vascular conductance ( CVC ) . Repeated measures ( condition × time ) ANOVA revealed a main time effect for LAEI and a main condition effect for SAEI . LAEI increased following exercise but returned to baseline at 45-min post . SAEI was greater during the HI condition compared to the LI or LI-BFR conditions . There was a significant condition × time interaction for CVC . CVC was elevated at 15- and 45-min post during the HI condition and at 15-min following the LI condition . CVC was not altered following the LI-BFR condition . These results suggest that HI , LI , and LI-BFR resistance exercise cause similar acute increases in large artery compliance but HI causes greater increases in small artery compliance and calf vascular conductance  than LI or LI-BFR resistance exercise Abstract Paulo CA , Roschel H , Ugrinowitsch C , Kobal R and Tricoli V. Influence of different resistance exercise loading schemes on mechanical power output in work to rest ratio – equated and –nonequated conditions . J Strength Cond Res 26(5 ) : 1308–1312 , 2012—It is well known that most sports are characterized by the performance of intermittent high-intensity actions , requiring high muscle power production within different intervals . In fact , the manipulation of the exercise to rest ratio in muscle power training programs may constitute an interesting strategy when considering the specific performance dem and of a given sport modality . Thus , the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different schemes of rest intervals and number of repetitions per set on muscle power production in the squat exercise between exercise to rest ratio – equated and –nonequated conditions . Nineteen young males ( age : 25.7 ± 4.4 years ; weight : 81.3 ± 13.7 kg ; height : 178.1 ± 5.5 cm ) were r and omly su bmi tted to 3 different resistance exercise loading schemes , as follows : short-set short-interval condition ( SSSI ; 12 sets of 3 repetitions with a 27.3-second interval between sets ) ; short-set long-interval condition ( SSLI ; 12 sets of 3 repetitions with a 60-second interval between sets ) ; long-set long-interval ( LSLI ; 6 sets of 6 repetitions with a 60-second rest interval between sets ) . The main finding of the present study is that the lower exercise to rest ratio protocol ( SSLI ) result ed in greater average power production ( 601.88 ± 142.48 W ) when compared with both SSSI and LSLI ( 581.86 ± 113.18 W ; 578 ± 138.78 W , respectively ) . Additionally , both the exercise to rest ratio – equated conditions presented similar performance and metabolic results . In summary , these findings suggest that shorter rest intervals may fully restore the individual 's ability to produce muscle power if a smaller exercise volume per set is performed and that lower exercise to rest ratio protocol s result in greater average power production when compared with higher ratio ones Low intensity resistance exercise ( RE ) with blood flow restriction ( B 
    Output:
    
Significance : Although resistance exercise with BFR result ed in greater post‐exercise hypotension  than traditional exercise  , higher SBP and /or DBP values were observed during exercise with BFR compared to traditional exercise , especially in hypertensive individuals .