***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Informed consent allows patients to make treatment decisions based on the best possible information . The current study examines the long-term impact of the informed consent process on schizophrenic patients . Patients were administered a baseline question naire and were given an information form , which was read aloud to them by the investigator . Patients were re-administered the question naire at 4 weeks and were r and omly assigned to no review ( single-session group ) or a review of the information ( educational review group ) . All patients were administered the question naire at 2-year follow-up . Both the single session and the educational review process significantly increase the schizophrenic  patient 's knowledge about the benefits and risks of neuroleptic medication . No previous study has examined the impact of informed consent for anti-psychotic medication at 2-year follow-up Highly effective neuroleptic drugs have been available for the past 40 years , but 50 % of schizophrenic patients , under normal treatment conditions , relapse within 1 year after their latest episode , frequently spending 15 - 20 % of their time in psychiatric institutions . The term relapse usually refers to a deterioration or recurrence of positive rather than negative features , and relapses appear to impair the course of the disease . Impairment is often longer than expected for those patients who discontinue antipsychotic medication and then relapse to their prediscontinuation clinical state of function . Drug therapy is an important defense against relapse . Marked differences in relapse rate between patients receiving placebo and neuroleptic drugs  have been observed ( approximately 69 % after 1 year for the placebo group versus 26 % for the neuroleptic group ) . First-year relapse rates can be reduced from 75 % to 15 % with prophylactic treatment with neuroleptics . Follow-up studies suggest that noncompliance with medication , pharmacological factors , psychosocial factors and alcohol and drug abuse contribute to setting off new psychotic episodes . The most important of these is noncompliance with medication . The overwhelming majority of schizophrenic patients who suffered a clinical exacerbation and required hospitalization ( 73 % ) did not comply with the treatment prescribed . The effect of new antipsychotic agents should be examined in patients who relapse despite maintenance treatment with conventional neuroleptics . We have found that the rate of current drug abuse among patients with schizophrenic relapse ( 44 % ) was significantly higher than that in schizophrenic patients who regularly attended outpatient clinics . Also , the rate of alcohol and substance abuse is higher in males ( 79 % ) than in females ( 21 % ) . Psychiatric units should integrate addiction treatments with psychotic-relapse management Relapse rates averaging 41 % in the first year after discharge among schizophrenic patients receiving maintenance neuroleptic treatment  led to the development of two disorder-relevant treatments : a patient-centered behavioral treatment and a psychoeducational family treatment . Following hospital admission , 103 patients residing in high expressed emotion ( EE ) households who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were r and omly assigned to a two-year aftercare study of family treatment and medication , social skills training and medication , their combination , or a drug-treated condition .  First-year relapse rates among those exposed to treatment demonstrate a main effect for family treatment ( 19 % ) , a main effect for social skills training ( 20 % ) , and an additive effect for the combined conditions ( 0 % ) relative to controls ( 41 % ) . Effects are explained , in part , by the absence of relapse in any household that changed from high to low EE . Only the combination of treatment sustains a remission in households that remain high in EE . Continuing study , however , suggests a delay of relapse rather than prevention This study showed that both a single educational session and an educational review process were effective in increasingstable  schizophrenic patients ' knowledge about the side effects of neuroleptic medication . In addition , neither intervention result ed in clinical deterioration or decreased compliance .  Structured informing processes using printed information and a multiple-choice question naire have several advantages . Allowing patients to read the information while it isbeing read aloud facilitates learning . Physicians can use the st and ardized printed information form to document more precisely what was said to patients during the informed consent process . In addition , the printed information provides a core to which other educational material s may be added . The question naire can be used to assess which information should be reinforced . Printed information may also be translated into other language s , can be review ed by patients at home , and can be shared with relatives and other advisers and support OBJECTIVE The study evaluated the effects of a brief manualized treatment program that taught patients skills to re-enter the community and actively follow through with their own care . METHODS A total of 59 recently admitted in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were r and omly assigned to either the community re-entry program or an equally intensive regimen of occupational therapy . The community re-entry program consisted of eight 45-minute sessions conducted with groups of six to eight patients on a continuous , twice-a-day , four-day-a-week schedule . The effects were measured by a review of the records of aftercare services that patients received in the month after discharge from the inpatient facility . Patients ' knowledge and performance of the specific material taught in the community reentry program was ascertained through assessment s conducted before and after training . RESULTS Results indicated that patients in the community re-entry program significantly improved their knowledge and performance of the skills taught in the sessions , compared with patients in the occupational therapy group . Community re-entry participants were also significantly more likely to attend their first aftercare appointment than were occupational therapy participants ( 85 percent versus 37 percent ) . CONCLUSIONS Not only can patients learn relatively complex material during a brief typical inpatient stay despite the acuteness of their illnesses , but they can also meaningfully improve the continuity of their own care by participating in a brief and highly structured training program . The program fits well within the time and staffing constraints of typical inpatient facilities 
    Output:
    
Psychoeducation does seem to reduce relapse , readmission and encourage medication compliance , as well as reduce the length of hospital stay in these hospital-based studies of limited quality .
The true size of effect is likely to be less than demonstrated in this review - but , nevertheless , some sort of psychoeducation could be clinical ly effective and potentially cost beneficial .