***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS Despite widespread prevention efforts to decrease adolescent risk-taking , substance use and driving after drinking ( DD ) are prevalent in the United States . The current study compared the efficacy of an abbreviated version of Drug Abuse and Resistance Education ( DARE-A ) to a new Risk Skills Training Program ( RSTP ) . DESIGN Adolescent participation in drinking , drug use , DD and riding with a drunk driver was examined longitudinally . After baseline assessment s , adolescents were r and omly assigned to the RSTP . DARE-A or a no intervention control group and then completed 2-month post-test and 6-month follow-up assessment s. SETTING Adolescents attended a mid-sized suburban high school . PARTICIPANTS The sample ( N = 300 ) was comprised of 58 % females and the age range was 14 - 19 years . INTERVENTION The RSTP was developed to target several risk behaviors and to examine the feasibility of conducting a brief personalized prevention program in a group setting . DARE-A focused on increasing knowledge and underst and ing the deleterious effects of substance use . MEASUREMENTS Risk-taking behavior , perception of peer risk-taking and positive and negative alcohol expectancies were assessed . FINDINGS RSTP participants decreased participation in several risk behaviors at post-test , but reductions were not maintained at 6-month follow-up . The control and DARE-A groups increased their positive and decreased their negative alcohol expectancies . The control group increased their alcohol consumption . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a brief , personalized , group prevention program is a feasible approach to reducing adolescent risk-taking . Strategies must be developed to solidify these positive changes so that they are longer-lasting This study evaluated the short-term ( eight-week ) benefits of brief intervention ( BI ) in students aged 14 - 19 years old who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for methamphetamine ( MA ) dependence or abuse . The participants were r and omly assigned to receive two 20-minute sessions of BI or one 15-minute session of psychoeducation ( PE ) . Primary outcomes of interest were the decrease of MA use in days of use ( per week ) units and MA tablets used ( per day when used ) . All outcomes were assessed at baseline ( week 0 ) , week 4 , and week 8 ( endpoint ) . A total of 48 participants were enrolled in the study ( 24 on  BI  and 24 on  PE  treatment ) . At week 4 , the numbers of dropouts in the BI and PE groups were 7 and 5 , respectively . The frequency and amount of MA use decreased significantly in both groups . At week 8 , the days of MA use had decreased in the BI group by a significantly larger number than in the PE group ( t=2 , df=34 , p=0.04 ) . BI appears to have some minimal short-term benefits for adolescents with MA use disorders . It may decrease the number of days that MA is used Group motivational interviewing ( MI ) interventions that target youth at-risk for alcohol and other drug ( AOD ) use may prevent future negative consequences . Youth in a teen court setting [ n=193 ; 67 % male , 45 % Hispanic ; mean age 16.6 ( SD=1.05 ) ] were r and omized to receive either a group MI intervention , Free Talk , or usual care ( UC ) . We examined client acceptance , and intervention feasibility and conducted a preliminary outcome evaluation . Free Talk teens reported higher quality and satisfaction ratings , and MI integrity scores were higher for Free Talk groups . AOD use and delinquency decreased for both groups at 3 months , and 12-month recidivism rates were lower but not significantly different for the Free Talk group compared to UC . Results contribute to emerging literature on MI in a group setting . A longer term follow-up is warranted The authors evaluated the efficacy of a brief image-based prevention intervention and assessed current drug use as a moderator of intervention effects . In a clinical trial , 416 high school-age adolescents were r and omized to either the brief intervention or usual care control , with data collected at baseline and 3-month follow-up . The brief intervention consisted of a tailored in-person communication and a series of parent/guardian print material s based on the behavior-image model .  Health behavior goal setting increased for participants receiving the brief intervention , with an effect size in the small range ( d = 0.33 ) . Overall effect sizes for cigarette smoking frequency and quantity and alcohol use frequency and quantity were small ( ds = 0.16 - 0.21 ) and in favor of the brief intervention . However , adolescents reporting current substance use who received the brief intervention reduced their frequency and heavy use of alcohol , frequency and quantity of cigarette smoking , and reported fewer alcohol/drug problems , with larger effects ranging from small to approaching medium in size ( ds = 0.32 - 0.43 , ps < .01 ) . This study suggests that brief image-based messages may increase health behavior goal setting and reduce substance use , particularly among drug-using older adolescents This study investigated the effects of social-cognitive group intervention on violence avoidance beliefs among at-risk adolescents . Fifty high school students were r and omly assigned to an experimental or a control group . The experimental group participated in ten , 2-hour weekly sessions of a social-cognitive intervention . Both groups were administered a question naire before , immediately following , and 3 months after the intervention . Findings showed that the social-cognitive intervention did not result in significant differences between the groups on violence avoidance beliefs at posttest or follow-up . In addition , drug/alcohol users and nonusers , fighters and nonfighters , and students threatened at school and those not threatened were compared . Students who used drugs/alcohol and fought in school had significantly lower scores ( i.e. , a greater belief in using violence as a coping technique ) than did students who did not engage in those behaviors OBJECTIVE To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) alone or with " boosters " could enhance ( either broaden or sustain or both ) the effect of a small group , face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . METHODS A longitudinal , r and omized , community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income , community-based , in-town setting s. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied . After completion of baseline measures , youths were r and omized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone ( FOK only ) , a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention ( FOK plus ImPACT ) , or both of the above plus boosters ( FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters ) .  Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention . RESULTS At 6 months ' follow-up , youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse , sex without a condom , alcohol use , and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of " risky sexual behavior " compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only . At 12 months after intervention , rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths . With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months , 2 risk behaviors -- use of crack/cocaine and drug selling -- were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters . The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS The results of this r and omized , controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only . At the same time , the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine use has become a growing problem in a number of countries over the past two decades , but has only recently emerged in South Africa . This study investigated the prevalence of methamphetamine  use among high-school students in Cape Town and whether students reporting methamphetamine use were more likely to be at risk for mental health and aggressive behavior problems . METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 15 r and omly selected high schools in Cape Town , of 1561 males and females grade 8 - 10 students ( mean age 14.9 ) , was conducted using the  Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers ( POSIT ) and the  Beck Depression Inventory  ( BDI ) . RESULTS Findings indicated that 9 % of the students had tried methamphetamine at least once . Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that methamphetamine use in the past year was significantly associated with higher aggressive behavior scores ( OR=1.81 , 95 % CI : 1.04 - 3.15 , p<0.05 ) , mental health risk scores ( OR=2.04 , 95 % CI : 1.26 - 3.31 , p<0.01 ) and depression scores ( OR=2.65 , 95 % CI : 1.64 - 4.28 , p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Methamphetamine use has become a serious problem in Cape Town , particularly among adolescents . Screening adolescents in school setting s for methamphetamine use and behavior problems may be useful in identifying youth at risk for substance misuse , providing an opportunity for early intervention . These findings have implication s for other parts of the world where methamphetamine use may be occurring at younger ages and highlight the importance of looking at co-morbid issues related to methamphetamine use OBJECTIVE Alcohol consumption in adolescence is associated with problem drinking in later life , and there is a need to develop evidence -based interventions to reduce adolescent alcohol consumption . The aims of the present study were to test the ability of a very brief intervention based on self-affirmation theory to reduce alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents and to examine potential mediators of the effects . METHOD 67 adolescents were r and omly allocated either to form a self-affirming implementation intention or to complete a distractor task . All participants were exposed to a threatening message concerning the health risks of alcohol consumption . The main outcome measure was subsequent alcohol intake , but message processing ( operationalized as perceived threat and message derogation ) , behavioral intention , and self-efficacy were also measured as potential mediators . RESULTS The intervention produced a significant decrease in alcohol consumption : Participants in the self-affirming implementation intention condition consumed 2.48 fewer grams of pure alcohol per day at the end of the study than adolescents who completed the distractor task . The effect was not mediated by perceived threat , message derogation , behavioral intention , or self-efficacy . CONCLUSIONS The findings provide support for the efficacy of the self-affirming implementation intention for promoting health behavior change and extend previous research by testing an adolescent sample and observing longer term effects . Further research is needed to find out what mediates the effects of self-affirming implementation intentions on health behavior change This paper reports on the evaluation of a culturally grounded prevention intervention targeting substance use among urban middle-school students . The curriculum consists of 10 lessons promoting antidrug norms and teaching resistance and other social skills , reinforced by booster activities and a media campaign . Three versions were delivered : Mexican American , combined African American and European American , and Multicultural . Thirty-five middle schools were r and omly assigned to 1 of the 3 versions or the control . Students completed baseline and follow-up question naires over a 2-year period ( total 6,035 respondents ) . Analyses utilizing a generalized estimating equations approach assessed the overall effectiveness of cultural grounding and the cultural matching hypothesis . Support was found for the intervention 's overall effectiveness , with statistically significant effects on gateway drug use as well as norms , attitudes , and resistance strategies but with little support for the cultural matching hypothesis . Specific contrasts found the Mexican American and Multicultural versions impacted the most outcomes AIM To test whether beneficial effects of a single session of Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) on alcohol , tobacco and illicit drug use apparent after 3 months were maintained until 12 months . DESIGN Cluster r and omized trial , allocating 200 young people in the natural groups in which they were recruited to either MI ( n = 105 ) or to an assessment -only control condition  ( n = 95 ) . SETTING Ten further education colleges across inner London . PARTICIPANTS Two hundred young people who were current users of illegal drugs ( age range 16 - 20 years ) with whom contact was established through peers trained for the project . INTERVENTION The intervention was adapted from MI in the form of a topic-based 1-hour single-session discussion . MEASUREMENTS Changes in cigarette , alcohol , cannabis and other drug use and perceptions of risk and harm between the time of recruitment and follow-up interviews after 3 and 12 months . FINDINGS A satisfactory follow-up rate ( 81 % ) was achieved . After 12 months , 3-month differences between MI and assessment -only groups have disappeared almost entirely . Unexpected improvements by the assessment -only control group on a number of outcomes suggest the possibility of reactivity to the research assessment at 3-month follow-up . CONCLUSION In the terms of the original experiment , there is little evidence of enduring intervention effectiveness shown by between-group differences after 12 months . Deterioration of effect is the most probable explanation , although reactivity to 3-month assessment , a late Hawthor 
    Output:
    
The primary outcomes were reduction or cessation of substance use .
They also did not have a significant effect on delinquent-type behaviour outcomes among adolescents .
We found low- or very low- quality evidence that brief school-based interventions may be more effective in reducing alcohol and cannabis use than the assessment -only condition and that these reductions were sustained at long-term follow-up .
We found moderate- quality evidence that , when compared to information provision , brief interventions probably did not have a significant effect on substance use outcomes .
It is premature to make definitive statements about the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions for reducing adolescent substance use .