***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Outcome measurement following surgery is increasingly the focus of attention in current health-care debates because of the rising costs of medical care and the large variety of operative options . The purpose of the present study was to correlate quality of life after volar locked plate fixation of unstable intra-articular distal radial fractures with functional and radiographic results as well as with quality -of-life data from population norms . METHODS Fifty-four consecutive patients with intra-articular distal radial fractures and a mean age of sixty-three years were managed with a volar locked plate system .  Range of motion , grip strength , and radiographs were assessed at a mean of six years postoperatively . The wrist-scoring systems of Gartl and and Werley and Castaing were adopted for the assessment of objective outcomes . The Disabilities of the Arm , Shoulder and H and and Short Form-36 question naires were completed as subjective outcome measures , and the results were compared with United States and Austrian population norms . RESULTS Functional improvement continued for two years postoperatively . At the time of the latest follow-up , > 90 % of all patients had achieved good or excellent results according to the scoring systems of Gartl and and Werley and Castaing . The results of the Short Form-36 question naire were similar to the United States and Austrian population norms . The mean Disabilities of the Arm , Shoulder and H and score was 5 points at two years , and it increased to 13 points at six years . The twenty patients with radiocarpal arthritis had significantly poorer results in the physical component summary measure of the Short Form-36 question naire ( p = 0.012 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present single-center study show that , following distal radial fracture fixation , wrist arthritis may affect the patient 's subjective well-being , as documented with the Short Form-36 , without influencing the functional outcome . Well- design ed longitudinal clinical trials are needed to confirm the findings of the present investigation in terms of quality of life after surgical treatment of intra-articular distal radial fractures Background Reduced muscular strength in the old age is strongly related to activity impairment and mortality . However , studies evaluating the gender-specific association between muscularity and mortality among older adults are lacking . Thus , the objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the association between muscular strength and mortality in a prospect i ve population -based cohort study . Methods Data used in this study derived from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA)-Age Study . The present analysis includes 1,066 individuals ( mean age 76 ± 11 SD years ) followed up over 3 years .  H and grip strength was measured using the Jamar Dynamometer . A Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine adjusted hazard ratios of mortality with 95 % confidence intervals ( 95 % CI ) for h and grip strength . Potential confounders ( i.e. age , nutritional status , number of prescribed drugs , diseases and level of physical activity ) were pre-selected according to evidence -based information . Results During the follow-up period , 56 men ( 11 % ) and 39 women ( 7 % ) died . Age-adjusted mortality rates per 1,000 person years ( 95 % CI ) were 77 ( 59–106 ) , 24 ( 13–41 ) and 14 ( 7–30 ) for men and 57 ( 39–81 ) , 14 ( 7–27 ) and 1 ( 0–19 ) for women for the first , second and third sex-specific tertile of muscular strength , respectively . Low h and grip strength was significantly associated with all-cause mortality among older men and women from the general population after controlling for significant confounders . Hazard ratios ( 95 % CI ) comparing the first and second tertile to the third tertle were 3.33 ( 1.53–7.22 ) and 1.42 ( 0.61 - 3.28 ) , respectively . Respective hazard ratios ( 95 % CI ) for mortality were higher in women than in men ( ( 5.23 ( 0.67–40.91 ) and 2.17 ( 0.27–17.68 ) versus 2.36 ( 0.97–5.75 ) and 0.97 ( 0.36–2.57 ) ) . Conclusions Grip strength is inversely associated with mortality risk in older adults , and this association is independent of age , nutritional status , number of prescribed drugs , number of chronic diseases and level of physical activity . The association between muscular strength and all-cause mortality tended to be stronger in women . It seems to be particularly important for the weakest to enhance their levels of muscular strength in order to reduce the risk of dying early A prospect i ve cohort of 120 patients with distal radius fractures completed a baseline evaluation that determined their age , sex , education level , injury compensation status , AO fracture type , prereduction radial shortening , and postreduction radial shortening . Six months later patients self-reported pain and disability using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation , and were tested for physical impairment ( grip , wrist range of motion , and dexterity ) . Univariate and forward stepwise regression analyses agreed that the most influential predictor of pain and disability at 6 months was injury compensation . Patient education level and prereduction radial shortening also contributed predictive information ( R squared = 25 % ) . Wrist impairment was moderately correlated with patient reported pain and disability ( r = 0.50 ) . Both impairment and disability measures are required to fully describe outcomes . Further work is required to delineate additional factors that contribute to outcome Subchondral hematomas have been found with arthroscopy in one third of patients with dislocated distal radial fractures . The aim of the present , prospect i ve study was to determine whether these hematomas might cause radiographic osteoarthrosis . We studied 41 patients ( age 20 - 57 years , 22 women ) with a dislocated distal radial fracture . At the time of fracture , 12 patients had subchondral hematomas in a radiocarpal compartment without a fracture line , as defined by arthroscopy .  The 1-year follow-up included clinical and radiographic examinations . At follow-up , radiographic subchondral bone plate changes occurred in unfractured compartments in 8 patients , of whom 7 had had a previous arthroscopically diagnosed subchondral hematoma ( p = 0.02 ) in the same compartment . Of the 8 patients with radiographic changes , 4 had also developed joint space narrowing ( osteoarthrosis ( OA ) grade 1 ) after 1 year and 6 after 3 years . All but 1 had had a hematoma in the same compartment . More importantly , 3 of the 16 patients with entirely extra-articular fractures had subchondral bone plate changes in a compartment corresponding to a previous subchondral hematoma ( p = 0.02 ) . One of these had also developed joint space narrowing . The patients with radiographic changes had a worse outcome , as measured with the Gartl and and Werley wrist score ( p = 0.06 ) . In conclusion , subchondral hematomas in distal radial fractures can lead to early onset of mild OA and worse outcome after 1 year BACKGROUND Reduced muscular strength , as measured by grip strength , has been associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality . Grip strength is appealing as a simple , quick , and inexpensive means of stratifying an individual 's risk of cardiovascular death . However , the prognostic value of grip strength with respect to the number and range of population s and confounders is unknown . The aim of this study was to assess the independent prognostic importance of grip strength measurement in socioculturally and economically diverse countries . METHODS The Prospect i ve Urban-Rural Epidemiology ( PURE ) study is a large , longitudinal population study done in 17 countries of varying incomes and sociocultural setting s. We enrolled an unbiased sample of households , which were eligible if at least one household member was aged 35 - 70 years and if household members intended to stay at that address for another 4 years .  Participants were assessed for grip strength , measured using a Jamar dynamometer . During a median follow-up of 4.0 years ( IQR 2.9 - 5.1 ) , we assessed all-cause mortality , cardiovascular mortality , non-cardiovascular mortality , myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , diabetes , cancer , pneumonia , hospital admission for pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , hospital admission for any respiratory disease ( including COPD , asthma , tuberculosis , and pneumonia ) , injury due to fall , and fracture . Study outcomes were adjudicated using source documents by a local investigator , and a subset were adjudicated central ly . FINDINGS Between January , 2003 , and December , 2009 , a total of 142,861 participants were enrolled in the PURE study , of whom 139,691 with known vital status were included in the analysis . During a median follow-up of 4.0 years ( IQR 2.9 - 5.1 ) , 3379 ( 2 % ) of 139,691 participants died . After adjustment , the association between grip strength and each outcome , with the exceptions of cancer and hospital admission due to respiratory illness , was similar across country-income strata . Grip strength was inversely associated with all-cause mortality ( hazard ratio per 5 kg reduction in grip strength 1.16 , 95 % CI 1.13 - 1.20 ; p<0.0001 ) , cardiovascular mortality ( 1.17 , 1.11 - 1.24 ; p<0.0001 ) , non-cardiovascular mortality ( 1.17 , 1.12 - 1.21 ; p<0.0001 ) , myocardial infa rct ion ( 1.07 , 1.02 - 1.11 ; p=0.002 ) , and stroke ( 1.09 , 1.05 - 1.15 ; p<0.0001 ) . Grip strength was a stronger predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than systolic blood pressure . We found no significant association between grip strength and incident diabetes , risk of hospital admission for pneumonia or COPD , injury from fall , or fracture . In high-income countries , the risk of cancer and grip strength were positively associated ( 0.916 , 0.880 - 0.953 ; p<0.0001 ) , but this association was not found in middle-income and low-income countries . INTERPRETATION This study suggests that measurement of grip strength is a simple , inexpensive risk-stratifying method for all-cause death , cardiovascular death , and cardiovascular disease . Further research is needed to identify determinants of muscular strength and to test whether improvement in strength reduces mortality and cardiovascular disease . FUNDING Full funding sources listed at end of paper ( see Acknowledgments ) Objectives Management of AO type B and C fractures of the distal radius is controversial . This study compares outcomes and complications of AO type B and C fractures of the distal radius treated with volar locked plating and nonoperative methods . Material s and methods Sixty-four patients with fractures of the distal radius ( AO type B and C ) were included in this study , according to inclusion criteria , and were allocated to the volar plating group or nonoperative group by alternate r and omization : 32 patients with odd numbers went into the nonoperative group and the other 32 with even numbers went into the volar plating group . Patients in the nonoperative group were managed with closed reduction of the fracture and plaster cast application under an image intensifier . Those in the volar plating group were managed by open reduction and fixation with a volar locked plate . Preoperative and postoperative serial clinico-radiological follow-up was done . The range of movement , grip strength , functional outcome scores and radiological parameters were compared . Student ’s t-test was used for statistical analysis with significance at p < 0.05 . Results Range of movement and functional scores were significantly ( p < 0.001 ) better in the volar plating group , but the difference in ulnar variance and radial and ulnar deviation was insignificant as compared to the nonoperative group . At 24 months follow-up , the nonoperative group had significantly more cases with malunion , articular incongruity and osteoarthritis . Conclusion In cases of AO type B or C fractures of the distal radius , volar locked plating provides anatomical stable fixation and early mobilization with better clinico-radiological outcome as compared to conservative treatment Introduction We aim ed to evaluate the influence of associated scapholunate ( SL ) and /or lunotriquetral ligament ( LT ) injury  on the outcome of distal radius fractures . Material s and methods This prospect i ve study included 40 patients with surgically treated distal radius fracture .  Wrist arthroscopy was used to identify associated lesions of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments and classify them according to Geissler . Patients were divided in two groups by presence ( injured group ) or absence ( intact group ) of associated injury of the SL and /or LT ligament . The patient-rated wrist evaluation ( PRWE ) and the disabilities of the arm , shoulder and h and ( DASH ) question naires were used to evaluate disability 3 and 6 months after injury . Grip strength was also evaluated . Results Wrist arthroscopy identified SL and /or LT injury in 15 patients ( 37.5 % ) . Mean total PRWE score for the intact group was  
    Output:
    
Articular incongruence was a significant predictor for PA .
Conclusions A high prevalence of PA was found in non-osteoporotic patients following a distal radius fracture .
PA following a distal radial fracture was associated with a limited radial deviation and flexion , but not with grip strength .
Articular incongruence predicted PA .