***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose To establish the safety profile and antitumor activity of the anti-programmed death 1 receptor monoclonal antibody , pembrolizumab , in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( RM-NPC ) that expressed programmed death-lig and 1 ( PD-L1 ) . Patients and Methods KEYNOTE-028 ( NCT02054806 ) is a nonr and omized , multicohort , phase Ib trial of pembrolizumab in patients with PD-L1-positive advanced solid tumors . Key eligibility criteria for the NPC cohort included unresectable or metastatic disease , failure on prior st and ard therapy , and PD-L1 expression in 1 % or more of tumor cells or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes . Patients received pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks up to 2 years or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity . Primary end point was objective response rate ( ORR ) per investigator review . Tumor response was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors ( RECIST ; version 1.1 ) every 8 weeks for the first 6 months and every 12 weeks thereafter . Results Twenty-seven patients received pembrolizumab . Median age was 52.0 years ( range , 18 to 68 years ) ; 92.6 % received prior therapies for RM-NPC ; 70.4 % had received three or more therapies .  Partial response and stable disease were observed in seven and 14 patients , respectively , for an ORR of 25.9 % ( 95 % CI , 11.1 to 46.3 ) over a median follow-up of 20 months . ORR by central review was similar ( 26.3 % ) . Drug-related adverse events that occurred in 15 % or more of patients included rash ( 25.9 % ) , pruritus ( 25.9 % ) , pain ( 22.2 % ) , hypothyroidism ( 18.5 % ) , and fatigue ( 18.5 % ) . Grade ≥ 3 drug-related adverse events occurred in eight patients ( 29.6 % ) , and there was one drug-related death ( sepsis ) . As of the data cutoff ( June 20 , 2016 ) , two patients remained on pembrolizumab treatment . Conclusion Pembrolizumab demonstrated antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with RM-NPC Purpose There are no approved treatments for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma refractory to platinum and cetuximab . In the single-arm , phase II KEYNOTE-055 study , we evaluated pembrolizumab , an anti-programmed death 1 receptor antibody , in this platinum- and cetuximab-pretreated population with poor prognosis . Methods Eligibility stipulated disease progression within 6 months of platinum and cetuximab treatment . Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks . Imaging was performed every 6 to 9 weeks . Primary end points : overall response rate ( Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1 , central review ) and safety . Efficacy was assessed in all dosed patients and in subgroups on the basis of programmed death lig and 1 ( PD-L1 ) expression and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) status . Results Among 171 patients treated , 75 % received two or more prior lines of therapy for metastatic disease , 82 % were PD-L1 positive , and 22 % were HPV positive . At the time of analysis , 109 patients ( 64 % ) experienced a treatment-related adverse event ; 26 patients ( 15 % ) experienced a grade ≥ 3 event . Seven patients ( 4 % ) discontinued treatment , and one died of treatment-related adverse events . Overall response rate was 16 % ( 95 % CI , 11 % to 23 % ) , with a median duration of response of 8 months ( range , 2 + to 12 + months ) ; 75 % of responses were ongoing at the time of analysis . Response rates were similar in all HPV and PD-L1 subgroups . Median progression-free survival was 2.1 months , and median overall survival was 8 months . Conclusion Pembrolizumab exhibited clinical ly meaningful antitumor activity and an acceptable safety profile in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma previously treated with platinum and cetuximab BACKGROUND We compared concomitant cisplatin and irradiation with radiotherapy alone as adjuvant treatment for stage III or IV head and neck cancer . METHODS After undergoing surgery with curative intent , 167 patients were r and omly assigned to receive radiotherapy alone ( 66 Gy over a period of 6 1/2 weeks ) and 167 to receive the same radiotherapy regimen combined with 100 mg of cisplatin per square meter of body-surface area on days 1 , 22 , and 43 of the radiotherapy regimen . RESULTS After a median follow-up of 60 months , the rate of progression-free survival was significantly higher in the combined-therapy group than in the group given radiotherapy alone ( P=0.04 by the log-rank test ; hazard ratio for disease progression , 0.75 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.56 to 0.99 ) , with 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival of 47 percent and 36 percent , respectively . The overall survival rate was also significantly higher in the combined-therapy group than in the radiotherapy group ( P=0.02 by the log-rank test ; hazard ratio for death , 0.70 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 0.52 to 0.95 ) , with five-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival of 53 percent and 40 percent , respectively . The cumulative incidence of local or regional relapses was significantly lower in the combined-therapy group ( P=0.007 ) . The estimated five-year cumulative incidence of local or regional relapses ( considering death from other causes as a competing risk ) was 31 percent after radiotherapy and 18 percent after combined therapy .  Severe ( grade 3 or higher ) adverse effects were more frequent after combined therapy ( 41 percent ) than after radiotherapy ( 21 percent , P=0.001 ) ; the types of severe mucosal adverse effects were similar in the two groups , as was the incidence of late adverse effects . CONCLUSIONS Postoperative concurrent administration of high-dose cisplatin with radiotherapy is more efficacious than radiotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer and does not cause an undue number of late complications BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer , there remains a need for effective treatments for progressive disease . We assessed the efficacy of pembrolizumab for patients with previously treated , PD-L1-positive , advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . METHODS We did this r and omised , open-label , phase 2/3 study at 202 academic medical centres in 24 countries . Patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 expression on at least 1 % of tumour cells were r and omly assigned ( 1:1:1 ) in blocks of six per stratum with an interactive voice-response system to receive pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2 ) every 3 weeks . The primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival both in the total population and in patients with PD-L1 expression on at least 50 % of tumour cells . We used a threshold for significance of p<0.00825 ( one-sided ) for the analysis of overall survival and a threshold of p<0.001 for progression-free survival . This trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT01905657 . FINDINGS Between Aug 28 , 2013 , and Feb 27 , 2015 , we enrolled 1034 patients : 345 allocated to pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , 346 allocated to pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , and 343 allocated to docetaxel . By Sept 30 , 2015 , 521 patients had died . In the total population , median overall survival was 10.4 months with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , 12.7 months with pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , and 8.5 months with docetaxel .  Overall survival was significantly longer for pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0.71 , 95 % CI 0.58 - 0.88 ; p=0.0008 ) and for pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( 0.61 , 0.49 - 0.75 ; p<0.0001 ) . Median progression-free survival was 3.9 months with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg , 4.0 months with pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg , and 4.0 months with docetaxel , with no significant difference for pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( 0.88 , 0.74 - 1.05 ; p=0.07 ) or for pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg versus docetaxel ( HR 0.79 , 95 % CI 0.66 - 0.94 ; p=0.004 ) . Among patients with at least 50 % of tumour cells expressing PD-L1 , overall survival was significantly longer with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg than with docetaxel ( median 14.9 months vs 8.2 months ; HR 0.54 , 95 % CI 0.38 - 0.77 ; p=0.0002 ) and with pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg than with docetaxel ( 17.3 months vs 8.2 months ; 0.50 , 0.36 - 0.70 ; p<0.0001 ) . Likewise , for this patient population , progression-free survival was significantly longer with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg than with docetaxel ( median 5.0 months vs 4.1 months ; HR 0.59 , 95 % CI 0.44 - 0.78 ; p=0.0001 ) and with pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg than with docetaxel ( 5.2 months vs 4.1 months ; 0.59 , 0.45 - 0.78 ; p<0.0001 ) . Grade 3 - 5 treatment-related adverse events were less common with pembrolizumab than with docetaxel ( 43 [ 13 % ] of 339 patients given 2 mg/kg , 55 [ 16 % ] of 343 given 10 mg/kg , and 109 [ 35 % ] of 309 given docetaxel ) . INTERPRETATION Pembrolizumab prolongs overall survival and has a favourable benefit-to-risk profile in patients with previously treated , PD-L1-positive , advanced non-small-cell lung cancer . These data establish pembrolizumab as a new treatment option for this population and vali date the use of PD-L1 selection . FUNDING Merck & Purpose Treatment options for patients with platinum-refractory recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck ( R/M SCCHN ) are limited . The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of zalutumumab in platinum-refractory R/M SCCHN . Methods Patients with platinum-refractory R/M SCCHN were enrolled if they had performance status of 0–2 , age ≥18 years and adequate organ function . Patients received weekly infusions of zalutumumab individually titrated to a grade 2 skin rash . Primary objective was overall survival ( OS ) , and secondary objectives were efficacy and safety . A subgroup analysis of OS and progression-free survival ( PFS ) was conducted for various demographic , disease-related and molecular factors . Results Ninety patients were enrolled . Twenty-three percent of patients had performance status ( PS ) 2 and 74 % had distant metastases . Median OS was 5.3 months ( 95 % CI [ 4.1 , 7.1 ] ) , and median PFS was 2.1 months ( 95 % CI [ 2.0 , 2.6 ] ) . Subgroup analysis by ECOG PS revealed median OS of 6.3 months for PS = 0–1 and 2.5 months for PS = 2 . Objective response rate was 5.7 % , and disease control rate was 39.8 % . Grade 3–4 adverse events  related to zalutumumab were observed in 19 % of patients and included skin rash ( 5 % ) , hypomagnesemia ( 4 % ) and pneumonitis ( 1 % ) . The frequency of all-cause grade 3–4 AEs was 62 % and included infections ( 14 % ) , gastrointestinal disorders ( 12 % ) and hypokalemia ( 6 % ) . Two deaths were deemed related to zalutumumab [ Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT0054230 
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CONCLUSION Programmed cell death-1 inhibitors prolonged OS in comparison with st and ard-of-care therapy in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer patients .
Human papillomavirus positive patients were superior to HPV negative patients in the treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors .