***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess the efficacy of an innovative smoking cessation intervention targeted to a multiethnic , economically disadvantaged HIV-positive population . Design : A two-group r and omized clinical trial compared a smoking cessation intervention delivered by cellular telephone with usual care approach . Methods : Current smokers from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS care center were recruited and r and omized to receive either  usual care or  a  cellular telephone intervention . The usual care group received brief physician advice to quit smoking , targeted self-help written material s and nicotine replacement therapy . The cellular telephone intervention received eight counseling sessions delivered via cellular telephone in addition to the usual care components .  Smoking-related outcomes were assessed at a 3-month follow-up . Results : The trial had 95 participants and 77 ( 81.0 % ) completed the 3-month follow-up assessment . Analyses indicated biochemically verified point prevalence smoking abstinence rates of 10.3 % for the usual care group and 36.8 % for the cellular telephone group ; participants who received the cellular telephone intervention were 3.6 times ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.3 - 9.9 ) more likely to quit smoking compared with participants who received usual care ( P = 0.0059 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that individuals living with HIV/AIDS are receptive to , and can be helped by , smoking cessation treatment . In addition , smoking cessation treatment tailored to the special needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS , such as counseling delivered by cellular telephone , can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates over that achieved by usual care This r and omized behavioral trial examined whether youth living with HIV ( YLH ) receiving cell-phone support with study funded phone plans , demonstrated improved adherence and viral control during the 24 week intervention and 24 weeks post-intervention compared to controls . Monday through Friday phone calls confirmed medications were taken , provided problem-solving support , and referred to services to address adherence barriers . Of 37 participants ( ages 15–24 ) , 62 % were male and 70 % were African American .  Self-reported adherence was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control at 24 and 48 weeks for the past month ( P = 0.007 ) and log 10 HIV VL was significantly lower at both 24 weeks ( 2.82 versus 4.52 P = 0.002 ) and 48 weeks ( 3.23 versus 4.23 P = 0.043 ) . Adherence and viral load showed medium to large effect sizes across the 48 week study . This is the first study to demonstrate sustained clinical ly significant reductions in HIV VL using youth friendly technology . ResumenEste ensayo de comportamiento aleatorio examinó si los jóvenes que viven con el VIH ( YLH ) reciben apoyo por celular con el estudio financiado de teléfono , se demostró un mejor cumplimiento y control viral durante la intervención de 24 semanas y 24 semanas después de la intervención en comparación con los controles . De Lunes a Viernes las llamadas telefónicas confirmaron los medicamentos , apoyaron la resolución de problemas , y se refirió a los servicios para hacer frente a las barreras de adherencia . De los 37 participantes ( siglos 15–24 ) , el 62 % eran hombres y el 70 % eran afroamericanos . Adherencia auto-reportada fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de intervención en comparación con el control a las 24 y 48 semanas del mes pasado ( P = 0.007 ) y el log 10 VL VIH fue significativamente menor en ambos 24 semanas ( 2.82 versus 4.52 P = 0.002 ) y 48 semanas ( 3.23 versus 4.23 P = 0.043 ) . La adhesión y la carga viral mostraron medianas y gr and es tamaños del efecto en todo el estudio de 48 semanas . Este es el primer estudio que demuestra descensos importantes de la VL VIH utiliz and o tecnología amigable para la juventud Objective . To assess a text messaging intervention to promote tuberculosis ( TB ) treatment adherence . Methods . A mixed- methods pilot study was conducted within a public pulmonary-specialized hospital in Argentina . Patients newly diagnosed with TB who were 18 or older , and had mobile phone access were recruited and r and omized to usual care plus either medication calendar ( n = 19 ) or text messaging intervention ( n = 18 ) for the first two months of treatment . Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability ; secondary outcomes explored initial efficacy . Results . Feasibility was evidence d by high access to mobile phones , familiarity with texting , most phones limited to basic features , a low rate of participant refusal , and many describing suboptimal TB underst and ing . Acceptability was evidence d by participants indicating feeling cared for , supported , responsible for their treatment , and many self-reporting adherence without a reminder . Participants in the texting group self-reported adherence on average 77 % of the days whereas only 53 % in calendar group returned diaries . Exploring initial efficacy , microscopy testing was low and treatment outcomes were similar in both groups . Conclusion . The texting intervention was well accepted and feasible with greater reporting of adherence using text messaging than the diary . Further evaluation of the texting intervention is warranted INTRODUCTION Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) represents a significant public health concern . However , few efforts to assess smoking cessation interventions targeting this population have been reported . In this brief report , 3-month outcomes from an ongoing treatment trial for PLWHA who smoke are described . METHODS Study participants were recruited from a large HIV care center serving a diverse population of PLWHA . A two-group r and omized design was used to compare the efficacy of usual-care ( UC ) smoking cessation treatment versus a cell phone intervention ( CPI ) . Follow-ups were conducted at the HIV clinic 3 months postenrollment . Using an intent-to-treat approach , a series of multiple regression models were used to compare smoking outcomes in the 2 groups . RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-four participants were enrolled and r and omized , UC ( n = 238 ) and CPI ( n = 236 ) . Mean age in the sample was 44.8 ( SD = 8.1 ) years , and the majority were male ( 70.0 % ) , Black ( 76.6 % ) , and had an education level of high school or less ( 77.5 % ) . At follow-up , participants in the CPI group were 4.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.9 , 9.8 ) times more likely to be abstinent ( 7 day ) compared with those in the UC group . Similarly , significant point estimates were observed for the other smoking outcomes of interest . CONCLUSIONS Findings from this preliminary report indicate that a smoking cessation intervention for PLWHA consisting of cell phone-delivered proactive counseling results in significantly higher abstinence rates compared with a st and ard care approach . Evaluation of the long-term ( 6-month and 12-month ) efficacy of the CPI approach is ongoing We examined the effect of SMS text messages on compliance with iron supplementation among pregnant women . A r and omized controlled trial was conducted on 116 pregnant women referred from public health centres in Ahvaz . Their gestational age was 14 - 16 weeks . The subjects were r and omly assigned to a control group who received usual care , or to a 12-week intervention with SMS reminders in addition to usual care . Participants in both groups were provided with iron supplements and taught how to take iron tablets . Most women in the intervention group ( 94 % ) had high compliance with iron supplements compared to the control group ( 66 % ) ; this difference was significant ( P = 0.003 ) . Although haemoglobin , haematocrit and ferritin decreased significantly in each group , there was no significant difference between them . Using SMS reminders is an efficient way of improving compliance of women with iron supplementation during pregnancy . However , in the present study better compliance did not improve anaemia Objective To determine whether mobile phone based monitoring improves asthma control compared with st and ard paper based monitoring strategies . Design Multicentre r and omised controlled trial with cost effectiveness analysis . Setting UK primary care . Participants 288 adolescents and adults with poorly controlled asthma ( asthma control question naire ( ACQ ) score ≥1.5 ) from 32 practice s. Intervention Participants were central ly r and omised to twice daily recording and mobile phone based transmission of symptoms , drug use , and peak flow with immediate feedback prompting action according to an agreed plan or paper based monitoring . Main outcome measures Changes in scores on asthma control question naire and self efficacy ( knowledge , attitude , and self efficacy asthma question naire ( KASE-AQ ) ) at six months after r and omisation . Assessment of outcomes was blinded . Analysis was on an intention to treat basis . Results There was no significant difference in the change in asthma control or self efficacy between the two groups ( ACQ : mean change 0.75 in mobile group v 0.73 in paper group , mean difference in change −0.02 ( 95 % confidence interval −0.23 to 0.19 ) ; KASE-AQ score : mean change −4.4 v −2.4 , mean difference 2.0 ( −0.3 to 4.2 ) ) . The numbers of patients who had acute exacerbations , steroid courses , and unscheduled consultations were similar in both groups , with similar healthcare costs . Overall , the mobile phone service was more expensive because of the expenses of telemonitoring . Conclusions Mobile technology does not improve asthma control or increase self efficacy compared with paper based monitoring when both groups received clinical care to guidelines st and ards . The mobile technology was not cost effective . Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT00512837 Objective To assess whether customised mobile phone reminders would improve adherence to therapy and thus decrease virological failure among HIV infected patients starting antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) . Design R and omised controlled trial among HIV infected patients initiating antiretroviral treatment . Setting Three diverse healthcare delivery setting s in south India : two ambulatory clinics within the Indian national programme and one private HIV healthcare clinic . Participants 631 HIV infected , ART naïve , adult patients eligible to initiate first line ART were r and omly assigned to mobile phone intervention ( n=315 ) or st and ard care ( n=316 ) and followed for 96 weeks .. Intervention The intervention consisted of customised , interactive , automated voice reminders , and a pictorial message that were sent weekly to the patients ’ mobile phones for the duration of the study . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was time to virological failure ( viral load > 400 copies/mL on two consecutive measurements ) . Secondary outcomes included ART adherence measured by pill count , death rate , and attrition rate . Suboptimal adherence was defined as mean adherence < 95 % . Results Using an intention-to-treat approach we found no observed difference in time to virological failure between the allocation groups : failures in the intervention and st and ard care arms were 49/315 ( 15.6 % ) and 49/316 ( 15.5 % ) respectively ( unadjusted hazard ratio 0.98 , 95 % confidence interval 0.67 to 1.47 , P=0.95 ) . The rate of virological failure in the intervention and st and ard care groups were 10.52 and 10.73 per 100 person years respectively . Comparison of suboptimal adherence was similar between both groups ( unadjusted incidence rate ratio 1.24 , 95 % CI 0.93 to 1.65 , P=0.14 ) . Incidence proportion of patients with suboptimal adherence was 81/300 ( 27.0 % ) in the intervention arm and 65/299 ( 21.7 % ) in the st and ard care arm . The results of analyses adjusted for potential confounders were similar , indicating no significant difference between the allocation groups . Other secondary outcomes such as death and attrition rates , and subgroup analysis also showed comparable results across allocation groups . Conclusions In this multicentre r and omised controlled trial among ART naïve patients initiating first line ART within the Indian national programme , we found no significant effect of the mobile phone intervention on either time to virological failure or ART adherence at the end of two years of therapy . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N79261738 Background Naltrexone is a front-line treatment for alcohol use disorders , but its efficacy is limited by poor medication adherence . This r and omized controlled trial evaluated whether a mobile health intervention could improve naltrexone adherence . Methods Treatment-seeking participants with an alcohol use disorder ( N = 76 ) were r and omized to intervention and control conditions . All participants received naltrexone ( 50 mg/day ) with a medication event monitoring system ( MEMS ) and a prepaid smartphone , and received a daily text message querying medication side effects , alcohol use , and craving . Those in the intervention arm received additional medication reminders and adherence assessment via text message . Results The primary outcome , proportion of participants with adequate adherence ( defined as ≥80 % of prescribed doses taken through Week 8) , did not differ between groups in intent-to-treat analyses ( p = .34 ) . Mean adherence at study 
    Output:
    
The use of mobile-device interventions  improved forced expiratory volume in one second and hemoglobin A1c percentage in meta-analyses .
Conclusion The use of mobile-device technologies exerted modest improvements in communication and health outcomes .