***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objective . Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) is commonly used as a catheter material in catheters for clean intermittent catheterization ( CIC ) but , owing mainly to environmental concerns , a PVC-free material has been proposed . The objective of this study was to compare patients ' tolerability for catheters made of PVC and a newly developed PVC-free material . Material and methods . This was a prospect i ve , r and omized , crossover study in 104 male patients with maintained urethra sensibility who practised CIC . The patients evaluated in a r and omized order a PVC and a PVC-free LoFric ® catheter after 1 week 's use of each . The material properties and tolerability , i.e. reported perceived discomfort , of each catheter were compared and adverse events documented . Results . Twenty-nine ( 28 % ) and 15 ( 14 % ) patients reported discomfort when using the PVC catheter and the PVC-free LoFric catheter , respectively . A comparison showed that five patients ( 5 % ) reported discomfort with the PVC-free and not with the PVC catheter , and 19 patients ( 18 % ) reported discomfort with the PVC and not with the PVC-free catheter ( p = 0.0066 ) . Forty patients reported a total of 91 adverse events , of which the most common were discomfort in terms of pain , a burning sensation and bleeding . Conclusions . Generally low discomfort rates were reported in the study population , suggesting a high tolerance for CIC with catheters of both the PVC and the PVC-free material s. The lowest discomfort was , however , found when CIC was performed using the PVC-free LoFric catheter Study design : Interventional , multi-center , open-label , r and omized and crossover study . Objectives : The study objectives were to describe the current catheterization habits of the French neurogenic bladder patients using intermittent catheterization ( IC )  , and to evaluate the ease of use , reliability and patients ’ comfort and patients ’ acceptance of the new ‘ no-touch ’ , presumably easy-to-use VaPro catheter . Setting : Patients were recruited from 11 centers in France . Methods : In total , 106 men and women ( age 18–65 years ) with neurogenic bladder using IC at least four times a day were r and omized into two groups . All subjects were trained to use the approved ‘ no-touch ’ method . A question naire evaluating patients ’ experiences was distributed before the start of the trial and after each 15-day period of catheter use , that is , VaPro vs conventional catheter . Results : The majority of patients in this French IC user panel had very strong catheterization habits : 2/3 of them had been using IC for ⩾2 years with high ease of use and comfort . Nevertheless , > 50 % of patients would recommend the VaPro catheter to other people who need IC . More than three out of four patients felt confident and more secure with the new catheter . Men and spinal cord injury ( SCI ) patients were significantly more positive about the VaPro catheter than women and patients without SCI , respectively . Conclusion : The VaPro catheter is an acceptable and reliable alternative to the existing hydrophilic-coated ‘ no-touch ’ catheter . Sponsorship : This study was sponsored by Hollister France Study design : Prospect i ve , unblinded , multicenter , r and omized , controlled , cross-over study assessing user preference and ease of use characteristics of two gel intermittent catheters in 81 self-catheterizing wheelchair-using men . Objectives : To evaluate the male user ’s preference between a 30-cm and a 40-cm intermittent catheter ( Apogee Intermittent Catheter , Hollister Incorporated , Libertyville , IL , USA ) regarding the ease of insertion and removal , ability to control the catheter during insertion , bladder emptying confidence and ease of draining urine into a receptacle or connecting to a urine bag . Setting : Multiple institutions in the United States . Methods : Subjects were r and omized to order of catheter use , using both 10 test catheters ( 30-cm ) and 10 control catheters ( 40 cm ) . All catheters were 12 or 14 French and identical in design and composition , except length . Safety was assessed during the entire study period regarding adverse events ( AE ) and adverse device events ( ADE ) . Subjects evaluated their ease of use characteristics after each catheter use and final catheter preference . Results : Subjects preferred the Apogee 40-cm intermittent catheter ( 91.4 % ) over the 30-cm length ( 8.6 % ) . The preference was due to subject confidence of complete bladder emptying ( 70 % ) , more satisfactory length ( 74 % ) and easier to drain into a receptacle ( 58 % ) with a portable urinal being the most utilized ( 37 % ) , followed by toilet ( 35 % ) . The only AE/ADE reported was minor urethral bleeding in one subject and minor pain in another subject , both with the 30-cm catheter . None were reported with the 40-cm catheter . Conclusions : The Apogee 40-cm catheter was the preferred intermittent catheter due to subject confidence in bladder emptying , ease of catheter manipulation and the ease of draining urine into a receptacle PURPOSE We attempted to determine whether an introducer tip catheter reduces urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients on intermittent catheterization . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The introducer tip catheter bypasses the colonized 1.5 cm . of the distal urethra . Enrolled patients were prospect ively entered into the study in alternate groups depending on whether they reflex voided : group 1 - -on intermittent catheterization with the introducer tip catheter but not voiding spontaneously or wearing an external urinary catheter , group 2 - -same as group 1 but using a nonintroducer tip catheter ; group 3 - -on intermittent catheterization with the introducer tip catheter , voiding by reflex and wearing an external urinary catheter , and group 4 - -same as group 3 but using a nonintroducer tip catheter . RESULTS Statistical significance was shown when comparing patients using versus not using the introducer tip catheter regardless of whether an external urinary catheter was worn ( p = 0.0121 ) . A greater difference was noted between patients using and not using the introducer tip catheter in the intermittent catheterization only group ( p = 0.0093 ) . CONCLUSIONS The introducer tip catheter decreased urinary tract infections in hospitalized men with spinal cord injury on intermittent catheterization A clinical trial comparing two intermittent catheterization techniques used with spinal cord injured patients at Parkwood Hospital , a long-term care facility in London , ON , Canada , was conducted to evaluate the techniques ' effect on urinary tract infections ( UTIs ) . Charts were review ed retrospectively for 92 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury who were on intermittent catheterization between January 1985 and December 1988 . Nearly 80 % of these patients had more than one UTI per admission . A convenience sample of 18 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury participated in a prospect i ve study using a no-touch method of catheterization for 7 months . Preliminary findings at the completion of the study revealed that 44.4 % of this experimental group had more than one UTI per admission -- a 44.5 % reduction . The no-touch method using the O'Neil Sterile Field urinary catheter was successful in reducing the total number of infections and duration of infection for the experimental group . A nurse satisfaction question naire revealed that nursing staff preferred this method of intermittent catheterization to the traditional method Objective To evaluate the current range of hydrophilic‐coated catheters for intermittent self‐catheterization , focusing on the adherence of the catheter to the urethral mucosa at the end of catheterization Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Study design : Prospect i ve study of intermittent self-catheterization ( CIC ) with change from conventional catheter to low-friction Urocath-Gel ® catheter . Objectives : To evaluate if such catheters are well accepted and to evaluate their practical use . Methods : Thirty-nine male patients , between 19 and 74 years old , performing clean intermittent self-catheterization with conventional catheters for a neuropathic bladder for many years were included in this study after written informed consent . Exclusion criteria were clinical urinary tract infection , acute infection of urethra , prostate or epididymis , untreated urethral strictures and false passages or severe urethral bleeding occurring within the last month . During 1 month they changed to the use of the Urocath-Gel ® catheter . Complications were noted . Satisfaction was evaluated by a visual analogue scale and by question ing . Results : Four patients did not complete the study , two for side effects , two for difficulties with the catheterization technique . Time needed for CIC was not different with both techniques . Difficult introduction or difficult retreat of the catheter were not different in frequency . Impossibility to introduce the catheter was less frequent . Urethritis and urethral bleeding were less frequent than during the use of conventional catheters . Satisfaction was better with the low friction catheters . Negative satisfaction was mainly related to the availability and the use of water to lubricate the catheter , difficulty of manipulation and fear for cost . Conclusion : The hydrophilic catheter Urocath-Gel ® proved as easy to use as conventional catheters but was better tolerated . Satisfaction was better especially in patients who experienced problems with conventional catheters . Some patients were unsatisfied for reasons of practical use or for economical reasons .Spinal Cord ( 2000 ) 38 , 97–99 PURPOSE We compared a recently developed hydrophilic catheter to the st and ard polyethylene catheter in regard to hematuria , infection and patient satisfaction . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A hydrophilic LoFric or st and ard Mentor catheter was assigned at r and om to 17 and 16 boys , respectively , who were skilled in intermittent self-catheterization . They were evaluated by weekly urinalysis and a question naire . RESULTS Significantly fewer episodes of microscopic hematuria occurred in the LoFric than Mentor catheter group ( 9 episodes in 6 subjects versus 19 episodes in 11 , p < 0.05 ) . There were also fewer episodes of bacteriuria in the LoFric group but the difference was not statistically significant . Mean scores plus or minus st and ard deviation on a visual analogue scale with 0 equal to most and 10 equal to least favorable were LoFric 3.3 + /- 2.8 versus Mentor 4.9 + /- 2.7 for catheter convenience and 2.7 + /- 2.4 versus 4.2 + /- 2.6 for insertion comfort , significantly favoring the LoFric group ( p < 0.05 for both ) . Of the 16 LoFric subjects 13 preferred to continue its use , particularly those with a history of urethral trauma or sphincteric spasm . CONCLUSIONS In boys the LoFric catheter appears to cause less trauma . Although it is not reusable and is more expensive than the st and ard catheter , satisfaction is higher with the LoFric device and for select patients it has significant advantages AIMS To determine which method of intermittent urinary catheterization , sterile with a catheterization-set or the no-touch method , offers the most advantages for caregivers in a hospital setting BACKGROUND The no-touch catheter is assumed to decrease the risk for infection and increase the comfort for caregivers due to its construction , however , evidence is lacking DESIGN A cross-over experimental study was carried out from October until December 2009 , 100 nurses and 71 nursing students participated . METHOD Every participant had to catheterize as well according to the no-touch method as to the st and ard intermittent catheterization method . A r and omization programme determined whether the subjects had to catheterize a male or female simulation model . FINDINGS Multiple regression analysis shows that nurses and nursing students appear to make on average two more errors with the sterile intermittent catheterization method with set than with the no-touch method . The duration of the no-touch method  is 92 seconds less than the classical catheterization method . On a scale with 10 points for comfort , the classical sterile method with set scored on average two points lower than the no-touch method , as well for the nurses as for the students . CONCLUSIONS Compared with the classical method , both students and nurses spend less time on performing the no-touch method , less sterility errors are made and a higher score is assigned to the no-touch method . Also classical catheterization of men implies higher costs compared with the no-touch method . No-touch intermittent catheterization is thus expected to be preferred above the gold st and ard catheterization method OBJECTIVES To compare the safety and cost of  clean versus sterile intermittent bladder catheterization in male nursing home residents . To provide evidence to support the hypothesis that intermittent catheterization is a valid , alternative method of bladder management in male residents of long-term care in whom urinary retention is a documented problem . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . SETTING Three long-term care sites having predominantly male population s. PARTICIPANTS Eighty male veterans , residents of three long-term care facilities 
    Output:
    
Hydrophilic-coated catheters tended to decrease the incidence of UTI as well as urethral trauma and improve patient ’s satisfaction when compared with non-hydrophilic-coated catheters .
Similarly , prelubricated catheters were associated with better results in terms of patient satisfaction .
Sterile technique seemed to decrease the incidence of recurrent UTI ; however , these results are counter-balanced by significantly increasing cost compared with clean catheterization .
Conclusions : The present review demonstrated advantages of hydrophilic-coated catheters in decreasing risk of UTI and urethral trauma as well as improving patient ’s satisfaction .
Prelubricated catheters has been shown to be superior to conventional polyvinyl chloride catheters .