***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate a computerized touch-screen version of the asthma-specific quality -of-life ( cA-QOL ) question naire against the conventional paper- and -pencil version ( pA-QOL ) for equivalence , time for completion , user preference , and ease of use . METHODS A total of 261 patients were recruited . A r and omized cross-over design was used . Patients in group A completed the cA-QOL first while waiting to see a physician , and completed the pA-QOL version after seeing the physician . Patients allocated in group B completed these question naires in the reverse order . The patients were asked questions about user preference and ease of use of the cA-QOL . The time taken to complete both versions of the question naire was measured . RESULTS Weighted kappa coefficients of all items showed almost perfect agreement . The time required to complete the pA-QOL  is faster than the time for cA-QOL . The patients who preferred the  cA-QOL  were 37.5 % , while those who preferred the pA-QOL were 29.9 % . Most patients reported that the  cA-QOL  was " easy " or " very easy " to complete . CONCLUSION The cA-QOL is the computerized equivalent of the pA-QOL . The findings herein demonstrate that the cA-QOL can be helpful to nurses in busy practice s for assessing , collecting , and evaluating their patients ' health related quality of life Aims In this study we evaluated indicators of the feasibility , reliability , and validity of the Child Health Question naire-Child Form ( CHQ-CF ) . We compared the results in a subgroup of adolescents who completed the st and ard paper version of the CHQ-CF  with the results in another subgroup of adolescents who completed an internet version , i.e. , an online , web-based CHQ-CF question naire . Methods Under supervision at school , 1,071 adolescents were r and omized to complete the CHQ-CF and items on chronic conditions by a paper question naire or by an internet administered question naire . Results The participation rate was 87 % ; age range 13–7 years . The internet administration result ed in fewer missing answers . All but one multi-item scale showed internal consistency reliability ( Cronbach ’s α > 0.70 ) . All scales clearly discriminated between adolescents with no , a few , or many self-reported chronic conditions . The paper administration result ed in statistically significant , higher scores on 4 of 10 CHQ-CF scales compared with the internet administration ( P < 0.05 ) , but Cohen ’s effect sizes d were ≤0.21 . Mode of administration interacted significantly with age ( P < 0.05 ) on four CHQ-CF scales , but Cohen ’s effect sizes for these differences were also ≤0.21 . Conclusion This study supports the feasibility , internal consistency reliability of the scales , and construct validity of the CHQ-CF administered by either a paper question naire or online question naire . Given Cohen ’s suggested guidelines for the interpretation of effect sizes , i.e. , 0.20–.50 indicates a small effect , differences in CHQ-CF scale scores between paper and internet administration can be considered as negligible or small Purpose To test the impact of method of administration ( MOA ) on the measurement characteristics of items developed in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System ( PROMIS ) . Methods Two non-overlapping parallel 8-item forms from each of three PROMIS domains ( physical function , fatigue , and depression ) were completed by 923 adults ( age 18–89 ) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , depression , or rheumatoid arthritis . In a r and omized cross-over design , subjects answered one form by interactive voice response ( IVR ) technology , paper question naire ( PQ ) , personal digital assistant ( PDA ) , or personal computer ( PC ) on the Internet , and a second form by PC , in the same administration . Structural invariance , equivalence of item responses , and measurement precision were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory methods . Results Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported equivalence of factor structure across MOA . Analyses by item response theory found no differences in item location parameters and strongly supported the equivalence of scores across MOA . Conclusions We found no statistically or clinical ly significant differences in score levels in IVR , PQ , or PDA administration as compared to PC . Availability of large item response theory-calibrated PROMIS item banks allowed for innovations in study design and analysis BACKGROUND The feasibility and validity of Web-based assessment s in Parkinson 's disease is unknown . The objectives of this study were to develop and to compare home Web-based assessment s with office-based assessment s. METHODS We tested feasibility and validity using a longitudinal , r and omized crossover design . Patients were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks using both assessment s including the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale , the Unified Dyskinesia Rating scale , timed tests , and quality -of life and Non-Motor Symptoms question naires . RESULTS Forty-two patients were included ( 22 men , 20 women ; mean age , 64.7 ± 9.0 years ) . Only 2 patients ( 5 % ) dropped out . The mean intraclass correlation coefficient between Web- and office-based assessment s ranged from 0.67 ( first visit ) to 0.75 ( last visit ) and 0.81 and 0.82 for doctor- and patient-administered scales , respectively . No differences in responsiveness ( P = 0.63 ) , and data precision ( P = 0.11 ) were found , but Web-based assessment s had fewer missing values ( P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Web-based assessment s offer a feasible format for assessing PD-related impairment from home Background When evaluating hearing rehabilitation , it is reasonable to use self-report question naires as outcome measure . Question naires used in audiological research are developed and vali date d for the paper- and -pencil format . As computer and Internet use is increasing , st and ardized question naires used in the audiological context should be evaluated to determine the viability of the online administration format . The aim of this study was to compare administration of question naires online versus paper- and pencil of four st and ardised question naires used in hearing research and clinic . We included the Hearing H and icap Inventory for the Elderly ( HHIE ) , the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids ( IOI-HA ) , Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life ( SADL ) , and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) . Methods A cross-over design was used by r and omly letting the participants complete the question naires either online or on paper . After 3 weeks the participants filled out the same question naires again but in the other format . A total of 65 hearing-aid users were recruited from a hearing clinic to participate on a voluntary basis and of these 53 completed both versions of the question naires . Results A significant main effect of format was found on the HHIE ( p < 0.001 ) , with participants reporting higher scores on the online format than in the paper format . There was no interaction effect . For the other question naires were no significant main or interaction effects of format . Significant correlations between the two ways of presenting the measures was found for all question naires ( p<0.05 ) . The results from reliability tests showed Cronbachs α ’s above .70 for all four question naires and differences in Cronbachs α between administration formats were negligible . Conclusions For three of the four included question naires the participants ’ scores remained consistent across administrations and formats . For the fourth included question naire ( HHIE ) a significant difference of format with a small effect size was found . The relevance of the difference in scores between the formats depends on which context the question naire is used in . On balance , it is recommended that the administration format remain stable across assessment points BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction is a symptom of major depression , as well as a common complication of treatment with many classes of antidepressants . Nonetheless , the various forms of sexual dysfunction continue to be underreported in clinical practice , despite the availability of vali date d scales such as the Changes in Sexual Functioning Question naire ( CSFQ ) . The current study was design ed to evaluate the validity of obtaining CSFQ data using interactive voice response ( IVR ) technology . METHOD Sexually active , healthy male volunteers ( N = 99 ; mean age of 31 years ) were r and omly assigned to 3 weeks of double-blind , parallel-group treatment with paroxetine ( 20 mg/day ) ; CP-448,187 ( 3 mg/day ) ; or placebo . Patients completed both paper- and -pencil and IVR versions of the 14-item CSFQ at baseline and on treatment days 8 , 15 , and 21 . Additional IVR assessment s were obtained at days 2 , 4 , and 6 , permitting assessment of changes between office visits . This study was conducted between March and May 2001 . RESULTS The overall correlation between the paper and IVR CSFQ total score was r = 0.96 ( p < .0001 ) . Similarly , high correlations were found between paper and IVR assessment methods on the individual CSFQ subscales : pleasure ( r = 0.88 ) , frequency ( r = 0.88 ) , interest ( r = 0.93 ) , arousal ( r = 0.89 ) , and orgasm ( r = 0.92 ; p < .0001 for all comparisons ) . Both assessment methods were able to detect a statistically significant between-group difference in sexual functioning by day 8 , which remained significant throughout the remainder of the study . Both assessment methods found SSRI-related sexual dysfunction to include significant effects on all CSFQ domains . Assessment s using IVR collected from subjects at home on days 2 , 4 , and 6 identified onset of sexual dysfunction by day 4 , before it was detected during scheduled office visits . CONCLUSION Interactive voice response assessment of sexual dysfunction on the CSFQ was found to be highly correlated with previously vali date d paper- and -pencil assessment . Interactive voice response provides a valid , easy-to-administer alternative method for obtaining systematic data on the impact of antidepressant treatment on sexual functioning . More frequent assessment by IVR enables more precise evaluation of symptom onset Background Augmenting vali date d paper versions of existing outcome measures with an equivalent online version may offer substantial research advantages ( cost , rapidity and reliability ) . However , equivalence of online and paper question naires can not be assumed , nor can acceptability to respondents . The aim was to test whether online and written versions of the Rol and Morris Disability Question naire  ( RMDQ ) , a st and ard measure of functional disability in back pain , are equivalent at both group and individual levels to establish whether they can be used interchangeably . Methods This is a within- participants equivalence study . 167 participants with back pain fully completed both the paper and online versions of the RMDQ  in r and om order . Participants were recruited from a chiropractic clinic and patient support groups in Southern Engl and . Limits of equivalence were pre-defined as 0.5 RMDQ points , the Bl and -Altman range was calculated , and participants ' comments were examined using content analysis . Results The mean score difference was 0.03 ( SD = 1.43 ) , with the 95 % Confidence Interval falling entirely within our limits of equivalence ( -0.19 to 0.25 ) . The Bl and -Altman range was -2.77 to 2.83 RMDQ points . Participants identified unique advantages and disadvantages associated with each version of the RMDQ . Conclusions The group and individual level data suggest that online and paper versions of the RMDQ are equivalent and can be used interchangeably . The Bl and -Altman range appears to reflect the known measurement properties of the RMDQ . Furthermore , participants ' comments confirmed the potential value to be had from offering them the choice of completing the RMDQ online or on paper Background To compare data based on touch screen to data based on traditional paper versions of question naires frequently used to examine patient reported outcomes in knee osteoarthritis patients and to examine the impact of patient characteristics on this comparison Methods Participants were recruited from an ongoing trial ( http:// Clinical Trials . Gov Identifier : NCT00655941 ) . 20 female participants , mean age 67 ( SD 7 ) , completed KOOS , VAS pain , function and patient global , SF-36 , Physical Activity Scale , painDETECT , and the ADL Taxonomy . Patients were r and omly assigned to one of two subgroups , completing either the paper or touch screen version first . Mean , mean differences ( 95 % CI ) , median , median differences and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ( ICCs ) were calculated for all question naires . Results ICCs between data based on computerized and paper versions ranged from 0.86 to 0.99 . Analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between versions of the ADL Taxonomy , but not for the remaining question naires . Age , computer experience or education-level had no significant impact on the results . The computerized question naires were reported to be easier to use . Conclusion The computerized question naires gave comparable results to answers given on paper . Patient characteristics did not influence results and implementation was feasible Background In clinical and research practice linked to prostate cancer treatment , frequent monitoring of patient health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) is essential . Practical and analytic limitations of paper question naire data capture may be overcome with the use of self-administered personal digital assistant ( PDA ) data collection . The objective of this study was to assess the reliability , validity , and feasibility of using PDA in place of paper versions of the International Prostate Symptom Score ( IPSS ) , the Patient Oriented Prostate Cancer Utility Survey ( PORPUS ) , and the International Index of Erectile Function-5 ( IIEF-5 ) in a prostate cancer clinic setting . Methods 152 participants were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions : 1 ) paper followed by PDA survey ; 2 ) PDA followed by paper survey ; or 3 ) PDA followed by P 
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Conclusion The present study supports the conclusion of Gwaltney ’s previous meta- analysis showing that PROMs administered on paper are quantitatively comparable with measures administered on an electronic device .
It also confirms the ISPOR Taskforce´s conclusion that quantitative equivalence studies are not required for migrations with minor change only .