***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To conduct a feasibility study to compare the effects of top-down Strategic Memory and Reasoning Training ( SMART ) versus information-based Brain Health Workshop ( BHW , control ) on gist-reasoning ( ie , abstract ing novel meaning from complex information ) , memory , executive functions , and daily function in adults with traumatic brain injury . Participants : Twenty-eight participants ( of the 35 recruited ) , 16 men & 12 women , aged 20 to 65 years ( M = 43 , SD = 11.34 ) at chronic stages posttraumatic brain injury ( 2 years or longer ) completed the training . Fourteen participants that received SMART and 14 participants that completed BHW were assessed both pre- and posttraining . Thirteen of the SMART trained and 11 from BHW participated in a 6-month testing . Design : The study was a single blinded r and omized control trial . Participants in both groups received a minimum of 15 hours of training over 8 weeks . Results : The SMART group significantly improved gist-reasoning as compared to the BHW group . Benefits of the SMART extended to untrained measures of working memory and participation in functional activities . Exploratory analyses suggested potential transfer effects of SMART  on memory and executive functions . The benefits of the SMART program as compared to BHW were evident at immediately posttraining and 6 months posttraining . Conclusion : This study provides preliminary evidence that short-term intensive training in top-down modulation of information benefits gist-reasoning and generalizes to measures of executive function and real life function at chronic stages of post-TBI OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of compensatory prospect i ve memory training , preceded by self-awareness training for adults with traumatic brain injury . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with 4 intervention groups : ( i ) self-awareness plus compensatory prospect i ve memory training ; ( ii ) self-awareness training plus active control ; ( iii ) active control plus compensatory prospect i ve memory training ; and ( iv ) active control only . SUBJECTS Forty-five rehabilitation patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury living in the community . METHODS Four groups of participants completed an 8-session individual intervention programme with pre- and post- assessment by a blind assessor on a st and ardized test of prospect i ve memory , actual strategy use , relatives ' ratings of prospect i ve memory failure , and level of psychosocial reintegration . RESULTS Larger changes in prospect i ve memory test score and strategy use were found in groups with compensatory prospect i ve memory training compared with those groups without . CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that prospect i ve memory can be improved in patients with traumatic brain injury using a compensatory approach in a relatively short duration and low intensity intervention We aim ed to determine whether group-based Cognitive Strategy Training ( CST ) for combat veterans with mild cognitive disorder and a history of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) has significant posttreatment effects on self-reported compensatory strategy usage , functioning , and psychiatric symptoms .  Participants included 21 veterans returning from conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan with a diagnosis of Cognitive Disorder , Not Otherwise Specified and a history of combat-related TBI . Participants attended 6- to 8-week structured CST groups design ed to provide them training in and practice with a variety of compensatory cognitive strategies , including day planner usage . Of the participants , 16 completed pre- and posttreatment assessment measures . Following CST , participants reported significantly increased use of compensatory cognitive strategies and day planners ; an increased perception that these strategies were useful to them ; increased life satisfaction ; and decreased depressive , memory , and cognitive symptom severity .  Group-based CST is a promising intervention for veterans with mild cognitive disorder , and r and omized controlled trials are required to further evaluate its efficacy Despite the frequency of prospect i ve memory ( PM ) problems in the traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) population , there are only a few rehabilitation programmes that have been specifically design ed to address this issue , other than those using external compensatory strategies . In the present study , a PM rehabilitation programme based on visual imagery techniques expected to strengthen the cue – action association was developed . Ten moderate to severe chronic TBI patients learned to create a mental image representing the association between a prospect i ve cue and an intended action within progressively more complex and naturalistic PM tasks . We hypothesised that compared to TBI patients ( n = 20 ) who received a short session of education ( control condition )  , TBI patients in the rehabilitation group would exhibit a greater improvement on the event-based than on the time-based condition of a PM ecological task . Results revealed however that this programme was similarly beneficial for both conditions . TBI patients in the rehabilitation group and their relatives also reported less everyday PM failures following the programme , which suggests generalisation . The PM improvement appears to be specific since results on cognitive control tasks remained similar . Therefore , visual imagery techniques appear to improve PM functioning by strengthening the memory trace of the intentions and inducing an automatic recall of the intentions Objective : To compare the relative effectiveness of a modelling and a moulding instructional technique for teaching action sequences to participants with brain injury in rehabilitation setting s. Design : R and omized crossover design . Setting : Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Unit . Subjects : Sixteen participants with an acquired brain injury undergoing early inpatient rehabilitation . Intervention : Participants were instructed to recall two different sequences of seven h and movements after a short ( 5 minutes ) and longer delay ( 30 minutes ) . Participants were taught the sequences using moulding and modelling techniques . Main outcome measure : Participants ’ recall of the sequence measured after the short and longer delay for each instructional technique . Results : Participants recalled the sequence after the longer delay ( 30 minutes ) significantly more accurately ( Z = 1.91 , P = 0.028 ) when taught using the modelling instructional technique ( mean 2.63 , SD 1.55 ) compared to the moulding technique ( mean 1.56 , SD 1.63 ) . There were no significant differences between the participants ’ recall scores after a short delay . Participants who scored lower on a delayed memory subtest of a neuropsychological test benefitted more from the modelling technique . Conclusion : The use of a modelling instructional technique to teach brain-injured participants an action sequence during their rehabilitation may be more effective for their longer term performance than a moulding instructional technique Objective To evaluate the effects of participation in a memory group intervention focusing on internal strategy use on persons with traumatic brain injury – related memory impairment . Participants Ninety-four adults with traumatic brain injury ( 54 in the experimental group and 40 controls ) and result ing memory impairment , with severities ranging from mild to severe . All participants were at least 18 years of age at the time of injury and at least 1 year post injury at the time of study . Design Non r and omized pre/posttest group comparison design . Main Outcome Measures Hopkins Verbal Learning Test — Revised and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test II . Results Participation in the memory group intervention was associated with improved memory performance immediately postintervention , and improvements were maintained 1 month postintervention . Severe injury was associated with less improvement in memory outcomes than mild and moderate injuries . Age and preinjury education were not related to outcome . Conclusions Individuals with traumatic brain injury may benefit from memory group intervention focusing on internal strategy use . Study hypotheses should be retested using a r and omized , controlled design , and further research is needed to better delineate influences on intervention c and idacy and outcomes The objective of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a customised personal digital assistant ( PDA ) as a cognitive aid for people with acquired brain injury , using a r and omised parallel-group study . The participants were 34 patients with acquired brain injury in a cognitive rehabilitation setting . The experimental group used a customised PDA , while the control group received care-as-usual ( paper- and -pencil aids ) . Measurements were conducted at baseline ( T0 ) , after 8 hours of training ( T1 ) , after 16 hours of training ( T2 ) , and at 5-month follow-up ( T3 ) . The main outcome was the attainment of individualised goals . Both groups showed a significant increase in goal attainment ( GAS ) ( p < .001 ) . There were no significant differences between the groups at T1 or T2 on any of the other outcome measures . It was concluded that the customised PDA was as effective as paper- and -pencil aids , and may therefore serve as a useful alternative when choosing the optimal rehabilitation strategy for a patient Assistive technologies for cognition ( ATC ) provide an effective means to compensate for prospect i ve memory failures among adults with acquired brain injury ( ABI ; de Joode , van Heugten , Verhey , & van Boxtel , 2010 ; Sohlberg et al. , 2007 ) . This study evaluated a novel ATC device , the Television Assisted Prompting ( TAP ) system , which provides audiovisual reminders at scheduled prospect i ve times on a person 's home television . A r and omised , controlled crossover design evaluated task completion for two preferred , two non-preferred , and two structured experimental tasks among 23 adults with ABI between two conditions : TAP prompting or typical ( TYP ) practice , without TAP reminders . Main outcomes showed a significant advantage of prospect i ve memory prompting ( 72 % completion ) over no prompting ( 43 % completion ) and higher task completion with  TAP prompting for research er-assigned experimental tasks ( 81 % ) compared to self-selected preferred ( 68 % ) or non-preferred ( 68 % ) tasks . Results are discussed in the context of ATC efficacy to support prospect i ve memory prompting following ABI , with contributions and future directions for continued investigation of customisation of prompts to maximise task completion A single-blind within-subjects trial was used to test the efficacy of sending SMS text messages to patients with a traumatic brain injury as a means of improving their recall of rehabilitation goals .  Eleven participants were recruited from two community-based rehabilitation centres and were sent text messages relating to three r and omly selected goals from a selection of six current goals three times per day for 14 days . Participants ’ recall of their rehabilitation goals was assessed at baseline , seven days , and 14 days via free recall and cued recall procedures . Results showed that goals in the “ text ” condition were recalled better than goals in the “ no text ” condition . Practical applications and extensions are discussed The goal of this study was to evaluate experimentally systematic instruction compared with trial- and -error learning ( conventional instruction ) applied to assistive technology for cognition ( ATC ) , in a double-blind , pre-test – post-test , r and omised controlled trial . Twenty-nine persons with moderate – severe cognitive impairments due to acquired brain injury ( 15 in systematic instruction group ; 14 in conventional instruction ) completed the study . Both groups received 12 , 45-minute individual training sessions targeting selected skills on the Palm Tungsten E2 personal digital assistant ( PDA ) . A criterion-based assessment of PDA skills was used to evaluate accuracy , fluency/efficiency , maintenance , and generalisation of skills . There were no significant differences between groups at immediate post-test with regard to accuracy and fluency . However , significant differences emerged at 30-day follow-up in favour of systematic instruction . Furthermore , systematic instruction participants performed significantly better at immediate post-test generalising trained PDA skills when interacting with people other than the instructor . These results demonstrate that systematic instruction applied to ATC results in better skill maintenance and generalisation than trial- and -error learning for individuals with moderate – severe cognitive impairments due to acquired brain injury . Implication s , study limitations , and directions for future research are discussed Objective : The evidence for the effectiveness of memory rehabilitation is inconclusive . The aim was to compare the effectiveness of two group memory rehabilitation programmes with a self-help group control . Design : Single-blind r and omized controlled trial . Participants : Participants with memory problems following traumatic brain injury , stroke or multiple sclerosis were recruited from community setting s. Interventions : Participants were r and omly allocated , in cohorts of four , to compensation or restitution group treatment programmes or a self-help group control . All programmes were manual-based and comprised two individual and ten weekly group sessions . Main measures : Memory functions , mood , and activities of daily living were assessed at baseline and five and seven months after r and omization . Results : There were 72 participants ( mean age 47.7 , SD 10.2 years ; 32 men ) . There was no significant effect of treatment on the Everyday Memory Question naire ( P = 0.97 ) . At seven months the mean scores were comparable ( restitution 36.6 , compensation 41.0 , self-help 44.1 ) . However , there was a significant difference between groups on the Internal Memory Aids Question naire ( P = 0.002 ) . The compensation and restitution groups each used significantly more internal memory aids than the self-help group ( P < 0.01 ) . There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on measures of mood , adjustment and activities of daily living ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : There results show few statistically significant effects of either compensation or restitution memory group treatment as compared with a self-help group control . Further r and omized trials of memory rehabilitation are needed OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Short-Term Executive Plus ( STEP ) cognitive rehabilitation program improves executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) . DESIGN R and omized , waitlist controlled trial with minimization and blinded outcome assessment . SETTING Community . PARTICIPANTS Participants with TBI and executive dysfunction ( N=98 ; TBI severity 50 % moderate/severe ; mean time since injury ± SD , 12±14y ; mean age ± SD , 45±14y ; 62 % women ; 76 % white ) . INTERVENTION STEP program : 12 weeks ( 9h/wk ) of group training in problem solving and emotional regulation and individual sessions of attention and compensatory strategies training . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES F 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Strong evidence supports use of direct attention training , dual-task training , and strategy training to optimize executive functioning , encoding , and use of memory compensations , including assistive technology .
However , in most studies , occupational performance was a secondary outcome , if it was evaluated at all .