***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In order for clinicians to effectively manage their practice s , they need to know how much time they spent in carrying out procedures . The provision of two-implant overdentures for edentulous patients is becoming more prevalent as increasing evidence demonstrates their great benefit to patients . The aim of this study was to measure the number of visits and the time required during the surgical phase ( from pre-op examination to preliminary impressions ) of m and ibular two-implant overdenture treatment . Thirty edentulous patients were assigned to receive two root-form implants  in the m and ible between the mental foramen , as part of a r and omized controlled clinical trial . All visits and time spent by the oral surgeon , the surgical assistant and the prosthodontist were measured individually . The mean number of scheduled visits with the oral surgeon was four , and the mean time taken was 104 min . The mean time taken by the surgical assistant was 122 min . On average , the prosthodontist was required for two visits , with a total mean time of 36 min . In addition to the scheduled visits , 14 patients solicited additional appointments ( unscheduled visits ) for various problems ( e.g. loose healing cap ) . The average time taken for unscheduled visits was 32 min . Combining scheduled and unscheduled visits , the mean total time taken by the oral surgeon was 109 min . The surgical assistant was needed for a mean total of 125 min , and the prosthodontist spent , on average , 46 min in this phase of treatment . Results from this study will assist clinicians in establishing the total time and number of visits needed for the surgical phase of two-implant m and ibular overdenture treatment Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare immediate-loaded implant-retained m and ibular overdentures  and delayed-loaded implant-retained m and ibular overdentures .  Material s : Ten completely edentulous male patients received 40 dental implants .  Patients were r and omly divided into 2 equal groups , 5 patients each . Patients of both groups received conventional maxillary complete denture and had stage 1 surgery for placing 4 dental implant fixtures , 2 on each side anterior to the mental foramina . Group A : One-stage surgical procedure and immediate loading . Patients in this group received m and ibular bar-retained overdenture supported by 4 endosseous implants loaded immediately after implant placement . Group B : The original 2-stage concept and delayed loading . Patients in this group received m and ibular bar-retained overdenture supported by 4 endosseous implants that remained submerged for a period of 4 months before loading . The patients were evaluated clinical ly and radiographically immediately after overdenture delivery and after 6 months , 12 months , 18 months , and 24 months . Results : The results of clinical evaluation showed no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the effect of treatment . The radiographic assessment showed no statistical significant difference in mesial and distal alveolar bone loss at the different intervals of the follow-up period , except at the 12-month period , where immediately loaded implants showed a decrease in the amount of alveolar bone loss mesially and distally compared to delayed loaded implants . Conclusions : The results suggest that immediate-loaded implants provide promising results compared to delayed-loaded implants and can be a possible alternative procedure in implant dentistry This study was design ed to compare the results of immediate and delayed loading of implants with implant-retained m and ibular overdentures . Ten patients ( test group ) received 40 Brånemark System MKII implants ( 4 per patient ) placed in the interforaminal area of the m and ible . St and ard abutments were immediately screwed to the implants , rigidly connected with a bar , and immediately loaded with an overdenture . Ten patients ( control group ) received the same type and number of implants in the same area , but the implants were left to heal submerged . Four to 8 months later , st and ard abutments were screwed to the implants and the same prosthetic procedure was applied . Each implant was evaluated at the time of prosthetic loading and at 6 , 12 , and 24 months after the initial prosthetic load with the following parameters : modified Plaque Index ( MPI ) , modified Bleeding Index ( MBI ) , probing depth ( PD ) , and Periotest . Peri-implant bone resorption was evaluated on panoramic radiographs taken 12 and 24 months after initial prosthetic loading . No significant differences were found between the 2 groups regarding MPI , MBI , Periotest , peri-implant bone resorption , and PD at 6 and 24 months ( P > .05 ) . The only difference was found regarding PD values on the mesial and lingual sites at 12 months ( P < .05 ) . The cumulative success rate of implants was 97.5 % in both groups . Results from this study showed that immediate loading of endosseous implants rigidly connected with a U-shaped bar does not seem to have any detrimental effect on osseointegration . Conversely , this method significantly shortens the duration of treatment with relevant satisfaction for the patients The aim of this study was to determine the influence of age on peri-implant tissues in patients treated with implant-supported overdentures in the m and ible . A prospect i ve study was carried out with 2 groups of healthy edentulous patients . The mean age of the younger group ( n = 32 ) was 46 years ( range 35 to 50 years ) ; the mean age of the older group ( n = 26 ) was 68 years ( range 60 to 80 years ) .  Two dental implants were placed in the interforaminal region of the m and ible , and after a 3-month healing period , overdentures were fabricated . Clinical and radiographic parameters were evaluated immediately after completion of the prosthetic treatment , after 1 year , and after 3 years . The evaluated clinical parameters were implant loss , Plaque Index , Gingival Index , Bleeding Index , and probing depth . Radiographic evaluation was performed using a st and ardized long-cone technique with a direction device . Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS software . One implant in the older group was lost during the healing period . After 3 years , the mean scores for Plaque Index , Gingival Index , and Bleeding Index were between 0 and 1 for both groups ( out of possible scores of 0 to 3 ) , and the mean probing depth was 3 mm in both groups . The mean bone loss after 3 years was 1.2 mm in the younger group and 0.8 mm in the older group , but this difference was not significant . It was concluded from this study population that the clinical performance of implant-supported overdentures in the m and ible is equally successful in younger and older patients PURPOSE This r and omized controlled clinical trial aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of splinted implants versus unsplinted implants in overdenture therapy over a 10-year period . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The study sample comprised 36 completely edentulous patients , 17 men and 19 women ( mean age 63.7 years ) . In each patient , 2 implants ( Brånemark System , Nobel Biocare , Göteborg , Sweden ) were placed in the interforaminal area . Three to 5 months after placement , they were connected to st and ard abutments . The patients were then rehabilitated with ball-retained overdentures , magnet-retained overdentures , or bar-retained overdentures ( the control group ) . Patients were followed for 4 , 12 , 60 , and 120 months post-abutment connection . Group means as well as linear regression models were fitted with attachment type and time as classification variables and corrected for simultaneous testing ( Tukey ) . RESULTS After 10 years , 9 patients had died and 1 was severely ill . Over 10 years , no implants failed . Mean Plaque Index , Bleeding Index , change in attachment level , Periotest values , and marginal bone level at the end of the follow-up period were not significantly different among the groups . DISCUSSION The annual marginal bone loss , excluding the first months of remodeling , was comparable with that found around healthy natural teeth . CONCLUSION The fact that no implants failed and that overall marginal bone loss after the first year of bone remodeling was limited suggested that implants in a 2-implant m and ibular overdenture concept have an excellent prognosis in this patient population , irrespective of the attachment system used The aim of this study was to compare the success rates after 1 and 2 years of conventionally and early loaded pairs of unsplinted ITI implants supporting m and ibular overdentures in edentulous patients . Twenty-four participants ( age range 55 - 80 years ) were r and omly allocated with maximum concealment to two treatment groups . In the first group , the implants were allowed to heal for 12 weeks before being functionally loaded ( control ) and the second group had 6 weeks of healing with identical loading . All participants had new conventional complete maxillary and m and ibular dentures prior to the study . Two s and blasted large-grit acid-etched ( SLA ) surface ITI implants were placed in the m and ibular interforaminal area , following a st and ardized nonsubmerged surgical protocol . After 6 or 12 weeks of healing , matrices were processed into the fitting surface of the pre-existing m and ibular dentures and the implants loaded . Implant success was determined using mobility tests and radiographs taken at baseline and 52 and 104 weeks after surgery . Clinical peri-implant parameters were also documented . Results showed all implants successfully osseointegrated , according to accepted criteria , after 2 years . Mean loss of crestal bone height after 1 year was 0.35 + /- 0.22 mm ( control ) vs. 0.27 + /- 0.18 mm ( test ) . After 2 years this reduced to 0.09 + /- 0.06 mm ( control ) vs. 0.12 + /- 0.17 mm ( test ) . The mean Periotest value after 1 year was -4.9 ( control ) vs.-3.78 ( test ) . After 2 years , the mean resonance frequency value for the control implants was 6797 Hz [ mean implant stability quotient ( ISQ ) = 64.77 ] and for the test implants 6670 Hz ( mean ISQ = 62.0 ) . Shortened loading periods for these ITI implants did not cause any statistically significant differences in osseointegration or peri-implant parameters . We conclude that pairs of unsplinted SLA-surface ITI implants can be successfully loaded with m and ibular overdentures 6 weeks after surgery BACKGROUND Step-wise reduction in loading protocol s is necessary to evaluate early loading of implants with m and ibular overdentures . PURPOSE To compare the success rates of two different dental implant systems following conventional or early loading protocol s in patients being rehabilitated with m and ibular overdentures . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-eight edentulous participants were r and omly allocated to two different implant systems : one with a machined titanium implant surface ( Sterioss , Nobel Biocare , Yorba Linda , California , USA ) and the other with a roughened titanium surface ( Southern Implants , Irene , South Africa ) . For each system , the participants were further divided into control groups , in whom m and ibular implant overdentures and their respective matrices were inserted following a st and ard 12-week healing period , and test groups , in whom a 6-week healing period was followed prior to identical loading . Two unsplinted implants to support implant overdentures were placed in the anterior m and ible of all participants , using a st and ardized one-stage surgical procedure . Mobility tests and marginal bone levels , as well as peri-implant parameters , were evaluated at each baseline and 52 and 104 weeks after surgery . RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the success rates of the two systems in either control or test groups . At the 2-year evaluation , a success rate was found of 87.5 % and 70.8 % for the control and test Sterioss groups , respectively , and 83.3 % and 100 % for the control and test Southern Implants groups were observed . For the Sterioss groups , eight implants were lost at an early stage : seven in the test group and one in the control group . For the Southern Implants control and test groups , no failures were seen at any time interval . There were no significant differences in marginal bone loss , Periotest values , and peri-implant parameters between implant systems or between any of the control or test groups . CONCLUSIONS Early loading , with step-wise reductions in loading protocol s , of unsplinted machined Sterioss and roughened Southern Implants fixtures with m and ibular overdentures is possible for up to 2 years It is unclear whether m and ibular implant overdentures improve the nutritional state of edentulous patients better than conventional dentures . In a r and omized clinical trial , we tested for post-treatment differences in nutritional status between patients with m and ibular two-implant retained overdentures and those with conventional complete dentures . Edentulous subjects ( ages 65–75 yrs ) received two-implant m and ibular overdentures ( IOD , n = 30 ) or conventional dentures ( CD , n = 30 ) . Measures of nutritional state were gathered before and 6 mos after treatment . Significant improvements in anthropometric parameters were detected in the IOD but not in the CD group , for percent body fat ( p = 0.011 ) and skin-fold thickness at the biceps , subscapularis , and abdomen ( p < 0.05 ) , with significant decreases in waist circumference ( p < 0.0001 ) and waist-hip ratio ( p = 0.001 ) . Significant increases were seen in concentrations of serum albumin ( p = 0.015 ) , hemoglobin ( p = 0.01 ) , and B12 ( p = 0.01 ) . No significant between-group differences 
    Output:
    
Considering implant success rates and peri-implant parameters early loading protocol produces equal outcomes as with conventional loading .