***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To evaluate the in situ antiplaque effect after 4 days of using of 2 commercial antimicrobial agents in short term on undisturbed plaque-like biofilm . Trial Design and Participants An observer-masked , crossover r and omised clinical trial on 15 oral and systemically healthy volunteers between 20–30 years who were r and omly and sequentially allocated in the same group which performed 3 interventions in different r and omised sequences . Intervention The participants wore an appliance in 3 different rinsing periods doing mouthwashes twice a day ( 1/0/1 ) with essential oils , 0.2 % chlorhexidine or sterile water ( negative control ) . At the end of each 4-day mouthwash period , sample s were removed from the appliance . Posteriorly , after bacterial vital staining , sample s were analysed using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope . Main Outcome Measures Bacterial vitality , thickness and covering grade by the biofilm after 4 days of applying each of the mouthwashes . Results The essential oils and the 0.2 % chlorhexidine were significantly more effective than the sterile water at reducing bacterial vitality , thickness and covering grade by the biofilm . No significant differences were found between the 0.2 % chlorhexidine and the essential oils at reducing the bacterial vitality ( 13.2 % vs. 14.7 % ) . However , the 0.2 % chlorhexidine showed more reduction than the essential oils in thickness ( 6.5 μm vs. 10.0 μm ; p<0.05 ) and covering grade by the biofilm ( 20.0 % vs. 54.3 % ; p<0.001 ) . Conclusion The essential oils and 0.2 % chlorhexidine showed a high antiplaque effect . Although the 0.2 % chlorhexidine showed better results with regard to reducing the thickness and covering grade by the biofilm , both antiseptics showed a high and similar antibacterial activity . Clinical Relevance Daily essential oils or 0.2 % chlorhexidine mouthwashes are effective when reducing dental plaque formation in the short term . Although 0.2 % chlorhexidine continues to be the “ gold st and ard ” in terms of antiplaque effect , essential oils could be considered a reliable alternative . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov This study determined the in vivo interproximal bactericidal efficacy of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse ( Listerine Antiseptic ) following toothbrushing . Thirty-four generally healthy adults , aged 23 - 64 years , completed this evaluator-blind , r and omized , controlled , crossover design ed study . Subjects rinsed for 30 seconds with 20 ml of either the essential oil rinse or a negative control rinse . Five minutes later , interproximal plaque was collected using paper points , and recoverable bacterial counts were quantified using both end point dilution and spectrophotometric methods . The results from the end point dilution demonstrated a statistically significant ( p < 0.001 ) 43.8 % reduction in recoverable plaque bacteria from interproximal spaces following rinsing with the essential oil mouthrinse . This study suggests that the clinical effectiveness of the essential oil mouthrinse against plaque and gingivitis may be attributable to the rapid kill and plaque permeabilizing properties of the formulation Aim : To compare the immediate antibacterial effect of two application methods ( passive immersion and active mouthwash ) of two antiseptic solutions on the in situ oral biofilm . Material and Methods : A r and omized observer-masked crossover study was conducted . Fifteen healthy volunteers wore a specific intraoral device for 48 h to form a biofilm in three glass disks . One of these disks was used as a baseline ; another one was immersed in a solution of 0.2 % Chlorhexidine ( 0.2 % CHX ) , remaining the third in the device , placed in the oral cavity , during the 0.2 % CHX mouthwash application . After a 2-weeks washout period , the protocol was repeated using a solution of Essential Oils ( EO ) . Sample s were analyzed for bacterial viability with the confocal laser scanning microscope after previous staining with LIVE/DEAD ® BacLight ™ . Results : The EO showed a better antibacterial effect compared to the 0.2 % CHX after the mouthwash application ( % of bacterial viability = 1.16 ± 1.00 % vs. 5.08 ± 5.79 % , respectively ) , and was more effective in all layers ( p < 0.05 ) . In the immersion , both antiseptics were significantly less effective ( % of bacterial viability = 26.93 ± 13.11 % , EO vs. 15.17 ± 6.14 % , 0.2 % CHX ) ; in the case of EO immersion , there were no significant changes in the bacterial viability of the deepest layer in comparison with the baseline . Conclusions : The method of application conditioned the antibacterial activity of the 0.2 % CHX and EO solutions on the in situ oral biofilm . The in vivo active mouthwash was more effective than the ex vivo passive immersion in both antiseptic solutions . There was more penetration of the antiseptic inside the biofilm with an active mouthwash , especially with the EO . Trial registered in clinical trials.gov with the number NCT02267239 . URL : https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02267239 OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the anti-plaque effect of warm and cold chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation on matured human plaque . METHODS In a split-mouth design , the antibacterial effect of 47 degrees C " warm " 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution was compared with that of 18 degrees C " cold " rinse at the same concentration on newly-formed supragingival plaque that had been left undisturbed for 72 h. Before and 1 h after a 1-min rinse procedure , plaque was sample d from 10 test persons and vitality determined using vital fluorescence technique . RESULTS Cold and warm 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution reduced plaque vitality significantly from 99.63 % to 77.81 % ( p=0.014 ) and from 98.98 % to 51.77 % ( p<0.001 ) , respectively . Rinsing with warm chlorhexidine solution reduced plaque vitality to a significantly greater degree ( p=0.003 ) than did cold chlorhexidine . CONCLUSION In this study , warm 0.2 % chlorhexidine rinse showed a significantly more intensive anti-plaque effect than cold chlorhexidine solution at the same concentration BACKGROUND Recent research has indicated that bacteria within a biofilm may undergo changes in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents when compared to planktonic forms . This study was conducted to determine the bactericidal effect of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse ( Listerine Antiseptic ) on dental plaque bacteria in situ . METHODS 1-day-old plaque in 17 subjects was sample d at baseline from the buccal surfaces of diagonally contralateral maxillary and m and ibular bicuspids and 1st molars . Subjects were then r and omly assigned either an essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile saline negative control and rinsed under supervision with 20 ml for 30 s. 30 min later , plaque was sample d from the remaining contralateral posterior teeth . Subjects repeated these procedures with their respective alternate rinse after 1 week . Pooled plaque sample s from each subject at each sampling period were stained with a commercially-available fluorescent stain which fluoresces live and dead bacteria green and red , respectively . The stained plaque specimens were analyzed using computerized image analysis . A separate in vitro study was conducted to determine the relationship between the % red stain per sample and bacterial viability . RESULTS Analysis of vital stained plaque specimens indicated that following rinsing with the essential oil mouthrinse , 78.7 % of bacteria were dead compared to 27.9 % following rinsing with the negative control ( p<0.001 ) . The in vitro findings demonstrated that the % red stain per sample is reflective of actual bacterial kill . CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the findings of previous in vitro and in vivo studies which demonstrated the essential oil mouthrinse to have significant biocidal activity against oral micro-organisms . These studies all support the primacy of a bactericidal mechanism in producing the plaque and gingivitis reductions observed in numerous clinical trials conducted on the essential oil mouthrinse OBJECTIVES Two studies were conducted to determine the antimicrobial effect of rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single rinse and 12 h after 2 weeks of twice daily rinsing , during the daytime and overnight . MATERIAL S AND METHODS These studies utilized a r and omized , double-blind , controlled crossover design . Following baseline sampling of bacteria from supragingival plaque and the dorsum of the tongue , subjects began twice-daily rinsing with either an essential oil mouth rinse containing 0.09 % zinc chloride ( Tartar Control Listerine Antiseptic ) or a negative control rinse . Bacterial sampling was repeated 12 h after the first rinse , and again 12 h after the final rinse 14 days later . The sampling schedule was adjusted according to whether the study was investigating daytime or overnight activity . Sample s were plated on Schaedlers medium ( total anaerobes ) , Schaedlers Nalidixic/Vancomycin medium ( Gram-negative anaerobes ) , and OOPS medium ( volatile sulphur compound (VSC)-producing organisms ) . Inter-group log10 transformed colony-forming units/ml counts from sample s of supragingival plaque and tongue swabs on each of the three media were compared by analysis of covariance . RESULTS The mean bacterial counts in subjects using the essential oil mouth rinse  were significantly lower ( p < or = 0.005 ) than mean counts in subjects using the control rinse in all the comparisons , i.e. , tongue and supragingival plaque sample s on each of three media at two sampling periods in the daytime and overnight study , respectively . Mean bacterial count percent reductions for plaque sample s ranged from 56.3 to 95.3 ; percent reductions for tongue sample s ranged from 61.1 to 96.1 . There was a trend to higher reductions after 14 days ' rinsing than after the initial rinse . CONCLUSION Rinsing with the essential oil mouth rinse can have long-lasting effects in reducing anaerobic bacteria overall as well as Gram-negative anaerobes and VSC-producing bacteria . The significant reductions in numbers of these bacteria produced by the essential oil mouth rinse , both in plaque and on the dorsum of the tongue , can play a key role in explaining the essential oil mouth rinse 's effectiveness in reducing supragingival plaque and gingivitis as well as its effectiveness in controlling intrinsic oral malodor over prolonged periods Bacterial colonization of dentine is of high relevance in cariology , endodontology and periodontology . The aim of the present in situ study was to establish recent methods for visualization and quantification of initial bacterial adherence to dentine in comparison to enamel . For this purpose ,  bovine enamel and dentine slabs were fixed on buccal sites of  individual upper jaw splints worn by 6 subjects  for 30min , 120min and 360min , respectively . Adherent bacteria on the slabs were visualized and quantified with DAPI-staining ( 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ) and fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) of streptococci and eubacteria using the CLSM ( confocal laser scanning microscopy ) as well as an epifluorescence microscope . In addition , the number of colony forming units was quantified after desorption . Representative sample s were processed for SEM ( scanning electron microscopy ) and TEM ( transmission electron microscopy ) . All methods clearly indicated that a significantly higher number of bacteria adhered to dentine than to enamel . Furthermore , the amount of bacteria on the dentine increased with increasing oral exposure time , but remained rather constant on the enamel . The CLSM allowed visualization of bacteria in the dentinal tubules . Bacteria were found preferentially at the openings of the dentine tubules , but were distributed r and omly on the enamel . In conclusion , the adopted methods are suitable for visualization and quantification of bacterial adhesion to dentine . Even the initial bacterial colonization of dentine is much more pronounced than bacterial adherence to the enamel OBJECTIVES The aim of this observer-blind , controlled , three-cell cross-over study was to evaluate the influence of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride ( Meridol , 250 ppm ; ASF ) and a chlorhexidine mouthrinse ( CHX ; Chlorhexamed forte , 0.2 % ) compared with water on in situ biofilm growth . MATERIAL AND METHODS After a professional toothcleaning seven volunteers had to wear a special acrylic appliance , in which six specimens each were inserted to allow the build-up of intra-oral biofilms . The volunteers had to rinse twice daily for 1 min . with 10 ml of the allocated mouthrinse . After 48 h of wearing , the specimens with the adhering biofilms were removed from the splints and stained with two fluorescent dyes , which selectively stain vital bacter 
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Conclusions : No uniformly superior method for collecting AGOB could be discerned .
NGS platforms are preferable for AGOB analyses