***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The authors of this study evaluated a structured 10-session psychosocial support group intervention for newly HIV-diagnosed pregnant South African women . Participants were expected to display increases in HIV disclosure , self-esteem , active coping and positive social support , and decreases in depression , avoidant coping , and negative social support .  Three hundred sixty-one pregnant HIV-infected women were recruited from four antenatal clinics in Tshwane townships from April 2005 to September 2006 . Using a quasi-experimental design , assessment s were conducted at baseline and two and eight months post-intervention . A series of r and om effects regression analyses were conducted , with the three assessment points treated as a r and om effect of time . At both follow-ups , the rate of disclosure in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the comparison group ( p < 0.001 ) . Compared to the comparison group at the first follow-up , the intervention group displayed higher levels of active coping ( t = 2.68 , p < 0.05 ) and lower levels of avoidant coping ( t = −2.02 , p < 0.05 ) , and those who attended at least half of the intervention sessions exhibited improved self-esteem ( t = 2.11 , p < 0.05 ) . Group interventions tailored for newly HIV positive pregnant women , implemented in re source -limited setting s , may accelerate the process of adjusting to one 's HIV status , but may not have sustainable benefits over time Background Partner services ( PSs ) are a long-st and ing component of HIV control programs in the United States and some parts of Europe . Small r and omized trials suggest that HIV PS can be effective in identifying persons with undiagnosed HIV infection . However , the scalability and effectiveness of HIV PS in low-income countries are unknown . Methods We used data collected from 2009 to 2010 through a large HIV PS program in Cameroon to evaluate HIV PS in a developing country . HIV-positive index cases diagnosed in antenatal care , voluntary counseling and testing , and inpatient facilities were interviewed to collect information on their sexual partners . Partners were contacted via telephone or home visit to notify , test , and enroll those found to be HIV positive in medical care . Results Health advisors interviewed 1462 persons with HIV infection during the evaluation period ; these persons provided information about 1607 sexual partners . Health advisors notified 1347 ( 83.8 % ) of these partners , of whom 900 ( 66.8 % ) were HIV tested . Of partners tested , 451 ( 50.1 % ) were HIV positive , of whom 386 ( 85.6 % ) enrolled into HIV medical care . An average 3.2 index cases needed to be interviewed to identify 1 HIV case . Conclusions HIV PS can be successfully implemented in a developing country and is highly effective in identifying persons with HIV infection  and linking them to care Care and support should play a critical role in assisting people who are HIV-positive to underst and the need for prevention and to enable them to protect others . Differences in sexual risk reduction among 154 newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals from semi-urban Tanzania were examined using a r and omized control design , which assigned a control group to regular health services and an experimental group to enhanced care and support . Data were collected at baseline , three months and six months on self-reported sexual risk behaviours , disclosure of serostatus , reproductive health and psychosocial support . Over the six-month period , significant risk reduction occurred among both groups , with most of the behaviour change occurring during the first three months , e.g. 86 respondents ( 56 % ) reported condom use at last intercourse at 3 months compared with 24(16 % ) at baseline ( p = 0.05 ) . Extra care and support did not lead to increased risk reduction among the experimental group . The study population as a whole significantly changed their behaviour , suggesting that in the short term , learning one is HIV-positive has an impact on risk reduction The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of group counseling , using a problem-solving therapy approach , on reducing depressive symptoms and increasing prenatal disclosure rates of HIV status among HIV-positive pregnant women living in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . A r and omized controlled trial was performed comparing a six-week structured nurse – midwife facilitated psychosocial support group with the st and ard of care . Sixty percent of women in the intervention group were depressed post-intervention , versus 73 % in the control group [ Relative Risk ( RR ) = 0.82 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.67–1.01 , p=0.066 ] . HIV disclosure rates did not differ across the two study arms . However , among those women who disclosed , there was a significantly higher level of overall personal satisfaction with the response to disclosure from family and friends among women in the treatment ( 88 % ) compared to the control group ( 62 % ; p=0.004 ) . The results indicate reductions in the level of depressive symptoms comparable with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) for HIV-positive pregnant women participating in a group counseling intervention . Although the psychosocial group counseling did not significantly increase disclosure rates , an improvement in the level of personal satisfaction result ing from disclosure was associated with the intervention . This suggests that the counseling sessions have likely reduced the burden of depression and helped clients better manage partner reactions to disclosure . Public agencies and non-governmental organizations working in Tanzania and similar setting s should consider offering structured psychosocial support groups to HIV-positive pregnant women to prevent poor mental health outcomes , promote early childhood development , and potentially impact HIV-related disease outcomes in the long term Background : Sexual partners of persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection require HIV counseling , testing and , if necessary , evaluation for therapy . However , many African countries do not have a st and ardized protocol for partner notification , and the effectiveness of partner notification has not been evaluated in developing countries . Methods : Individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection presenting to sexually transmitted infection clinics in Lilongwe , Malawi , were r and omized to 1 of 3 methods of partner notification : passive referral , contract referral , or provider referral . The passive referral group was responsible for notifying their partners themselves . The contract referral group was given seven days to notify their partners , after which a health care provider contacted partners who had not reported for counseling and testing . In the provider referral group , a health care provider notified partners directly . Results : Two hundred forty-five index patients named 302 sexual partners and provided locator information for 252 . Among locatable partners , 107 returned for HIV counseling and testing ; 20 of 82 [ 24 % ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 15 % to 34 % ] partners returned in the passive referral arm , 45 of 88 ( 51 % ; 95 % CI : 41 % to 62 % ) in the contract referral arm , and 42 of 82 ( 51 % ; 95 % CI : 40 % to 62 % ) in the provider referral arm ( P < 0.001 ) . Among returning partners ( n = 107 ) , 67 ( 64 % ) of were HIV infected with 54 ( 81 % ) newly diagnosed . Discussion : This study provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of partner notification in sub-Saharan Africa . Active partner notification was feasible , acceptable , and effective among sexually transmitted infections clinic patients . Partner notification will increase early referral to care and facilitate risk reduction among high-risk uninfected partners Mpumalanga Province , South Africa has one of the highest HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates among pregnant women ( ~29.4 % ) . This study sought to enhance male involvement in pregnancy to increase HIV disclosure , sexual communication , HIV knowledge and reduce unprotected sex .  Participants attending Antenatal Clinics ( ANC ) completed HIV counseling and testing and were enrolled with male partners ( n=239 couples , 478 individuals ) . Twelve ANCs were r and omly assigned to provide a prevention of mother-to-child transmission ( PMTCT ) intervention or the st and ard of care , health education sessions plus PMTCT . Participants were assessed at baseline and post-intervention ( approximately 6–8 weeks post-baseline ) on demographics , sexual behavior , HIV-related knowledge , and conflict resolution strategies . Experimental participants increased HIV knowledge , use of negotiation , and decreased intimate partner violence . Additionally , they were more likely to have increased condom use from baseline to post-intervention ( OR=5.1 , 95 % CI=[2.0 , 13.3 ] ) . Seroconversions in the control condition exceeded experimental ( 6 vs. 0 ) . HIV serostatus disclosure to partner did not increase over time for men or women within the experimental or control condition . Male involvement in pregnancy may be an important strategy to reduce sexual risk behavior and HIV transmission . Results support the utility of group interventions to enhance communication and HIV knowledge among pregnant couples 
    Output:
    
Findings on disclosure were mixed , with most effect sizes being relatively small , and some more rigorous studies showing no effect .
Partner notification interventions had the strongest evidence of impact .
The existing evidence base for interventions to increase disclosure is limited and shows variable results .