***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose . The main aim of this study was to describe the thoughts and feelings of future working life related to return to work ( RTW ) in sick-listed persons due to musculoskeletal disorders ( MSD ) . Further aim was to compare these descriptions with the person 's actual working situation 1 , 5 and 10 years after a rehabilitation period . Methods . This study consisted of two parts . The first part had an explorative design , and qualitative content analysis was chosen in order to analyse the response to an open question regarding future working life answered before , persons sick-listed due to MSD ( n = = 320 ) , took part in a rehabilitation programme 10 years ago . The second part had a prospect i ve design and quantitative analysis was used to compare the results of the qualitative analysis with RTW and the working situation 1 , 5 and 10 years after baseline . Results . Three categories emerged from the data with a total of nine subcategories . In the categories Motivation and optimism and Limitations to overcome , there were significantly more persons who had RTW 1 year after baseline when compared with the category Hindrance and hesitation . There were also some significant differences between the subcategories . Conclusions . The question , regarding thoughts and feelings of future working life , may be a simple screening method to predict RTW in persons sick-listed with MSD . This will guide the rehabilitation team to adjust the rehabilitation to each person 's needs and facilitating RTW Introduction The present study aim ed to gain insight in the predictors of full return to work ( RTW ) among employees on long-term sick leave due to three different self-reported reasons for sick leave : physical , mental or co-morbid physical and mental problems . This knowledge can be used to develop diagnosis-specific interventions that promote earlier RTW . Methods This prospect i ve cohort study with a two-year follow-up employs a sample of 682 Dutch employees , sick-listed for 19 weeks ( SD = 1.68 ) , who filled out two question naires : at 19 weeks and 2 years after the start of sick leave . The dependent measure was duration until full RTW , the independent measures were cause of sick leave , health characteristics , individual characteristics and work characteristics . Results Reporting both physical and mental problems as reasons for sick leave was associated with a longer duration until full RTW . Nonparametric Cox survival analysis showed that partial RTW at baseline and lower age were strong predictors of earlier RTW in all three groups , and that RTW self-efficacy predicted earlier RTW in two groups . Other predictors of full RTW varied among groups . Conclusions Tailoring for different reasons for sick leave might improve the effects of new interventions because the predictors of full RTW differ among groups . Enhancement of partial RTW and RTW self-efficacy may be relevant components of any intervention , as these were predictors of full RTW in at least two groups Purpose The present study investigated the relations between work characteristics , depressive symptoms and duration until full return to work ( RTW ) among long-term sick-listed employees . This knowledge may add to the development of effective interventions and prevention , especially since work characteristics can be subjected to interventions more easily than many disorder-related or personal factors . Methods this prospect i ve cohort study with a two-year follow-up employs a sample of 883 Dutch employees who had been sick-listed for at least 13 weeks at baseline , who filled out three question naires : at 19 weeks , 1 and 2 years after the start of sick leave . The dependent measure was duration until full RTW . Results not working ( partially ) at baseline , low decision authority , high psychological dem and s , low supervisor support and low RTW self-efficacy were related to more depressive symptoms . The duration until full RTW was longer for employees with depressive symptoms . Low physical exertion , high RTW self-efficacy , working partially at baseline , being married or cohabiting , and young age were related to less time until full RTW . Other work characteristics appeared no independent predictors of RTW . Conclusions although the role of job dem and s and job re sources in the RTW process is limited for long-term sick-listed employees with depressive symptoms , a few work characteristics are prognostic factors of full RTW . Focus on these elements in the selection or development of interventions may be helpful in preventing sickness absence , and in supporting long-term sick-listed employees towards full RTW Background The aim of this prospect i ve , longitudinal cohort study was to analyze the association between the three behavioral determinants of the theory of planned behavior ( TPB ) model — attitude , subjective norm and self-efficacy— and the time to return-to-work ( RTW ) in employees on long-term sick leave . Methods The study was based on a sample of 926 employees on sickness absence ( maximum duration of 12 weeks ) . The employees filled out a baseline question naire and were subsequently followed until the tenth month after listing sick . The TPB-determinants were measured at baseline . Work attitude  was measured with a Dutch language version of the Work Involvement Scale . Subjective norm was measured with a self-structured scale reflecting a person ’s perception of social support and social pressure . Self-efficacy was measured with the three subscales of a st and ardised Dutch version of the general self-efficacy scale ( ALCOS ) : willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior , persistence in the face of adversity , and willingness to initiate behavior . Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify behavioral determinants of the time to RTW . Results Median time to RTW was 160 days . In the univariate analysis , all potential prognostic factors were significantly associated ( P < 0.15 ) with time to RTW : work attitude , social support , and the three subscales of self-efficacy . The final multivariate model with time to RTW as the predicted outcome included work attitude , social support and willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior as significant predictive factors . Conclusions This prospect i ve , longitudinal cohort- study showed that work attitude , social support and willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior are significantly associated with a shorter time to RTW in employees on long-term sickness absence . This provides suggestive evidence for the relevance of behavioral characteristics in the prediction of duration of sickness absence . It may be a promising approach to address the behavioral determinants in the development of interventions focusing on RTW in employees on long-term sick leave Background : Predicting outcome after mild traumatic brain injury ( MTBI ) is notoriously difficult . Although it is recognised that milder head injuries do not necessarily mean better outcomes , less is known about the factors that do enable early identification of patients who are likely to recover well . Objective : To develop and internally vali date two prediction rules for identifying patients who have the highest chance for good  6 month recovery . Methods : A prospect i ve cohort study was conducted among patients with MTBI admitted to the emergency department . Apart from MTBI severity indices , a range of pre- , peri- and early post-injury variables were considered as potential predictors , including emotional and physical functioning . Logistic regression modelling was used to predict the absence of postconcussional symptoms ( PCS ) and full return to work ( RTW ) . Results : At follow-up , 64 % of the 201 participating patients reported full recovery . Based on our prediction rules , patients without premorbid physical problems , low levels of PCS and post-traumatic stress early after injury had a 90 % chance of remaining free of PCS .  Patients with over 11 years of education , without nausea or vomiting on admission , with no additional extracranial injuries and only low levels of pain early after injury had a 90 % chance of full RTW . The discriminative ability of the prediction models was satisfactory , with an area under the curve > 0.70 after correction for optimism . Conclusions : Early identification of patients with MTBI who are likely to have good 6 month recovery was feasible on the basis of relatively simple prognostic models . A score chart was derived from the models to facilitate clinical application Background Work disability following motor vehicle related orthopaedic trauma is a significant contributor to the burden of injury and disease . Early identification of predictors for return to work ( RTW ) is essential for developing effective interventions to prevent work disability . The study aim was to determine the predictors ( including compensation related factors ) of time to RTW following motor vehicle related orthopaedic trauma . Methods Admitted patients were recruited prospect ively from two trauma hospitals with upper and /or lower extremity fractures following a motor vehicle crash . Baseline and follow up data were collected by written question naire . For baseline , this occurred in person within 2 weeks of injury . For follow up , this occurred by mail at six , 12 and 24 months . Additional demographic and injury-related information was retrieved from hospital data bases . Analysis involved : descriptive statistics ; logrank test to detect survival distributions of categorical variables ; and Cox proportional hazards regression models for risks of time to RTW using baseline characteristic and compensation related variables ( at 6 months ) . Results Of 452 study participants 334 ( 74 % ) were working pre-injury : results are based on this subset . Baseline characteristics were mean age 36 years ( 13.9 St and ard Deviation [ SD ] ) , 80 % male ; 72 % self-assessed very good-excellent pre-injury health , 83 % household income > AU$40,000 ( Australian Dollar ) . Follow up data was available for 233 ( 70 % ) , 210 ( 63 % ) , and 182 ( 54 % ) participants at six , 12 and 24 months respectively . Significant risks of a longer time to RTW were greater injury severity , as measured by the New Injury Severity Score ( NISS ) ( Hazards Rate Ratio [ HRR ] = 0.54 , 95 % CI 0.35 - 0.82 ) ; and lower occupational skill levels ( HRR = 0.53 , 95 % CI 0.34 - 0.83 ) . Significant risks of a shorter time to RTW were : recovery expectations for usual activities within 90 days ( HRR = 2.10 , 95 % CI 1.49 - 2.95 ) ; full-time pre-injury work hours ( HRR = 1.99 , 95 % CI 1.26 - 3.14 ) ; and very good self-assessed pre-injury health status ( HRR = 1.41 , 95 % CI 0.98 - 2.02 ) . Legal representation ( analysed at six months only ) was not associated with time to RTW . At each time period , there were 146 ( 63 % ) , 149 ( 71 % ) , and 137 ( 76 % ) working participants . Conclusions A longer time to RTW was associated with greater injury severity and lower occupational skill levels ; while a shorter time to RTW was associated with recovery expectations for usual activities within 90 days , full-time pre-injury work hours , and very good self-assessed pre-injury health status . Our findings reinforce existing research . There is an opportunity to trial interventions that address potentially modifiable factors . The issues surrounding legal representation are complex and require further research Purpose This study aim ed to identify self-perception variables which may predict return to work ( RTW ) in orthopedic trauma patients 2 years after rehabilitation . Methods A prospect i ve cohort investigated 1,207 orthopedic trauma in patients , hospitalised in rehabilitation , clinics at admission , discharge , and 2 years after discharge . Information on potential predictors was obtained from self administered question naires . Multiple logistic regression models were applied . Results In the final model , a higher likelihood of RTW was predicted by : better general health and lower pain at admission ; health and pain improvements during hospitalisation ; lower impact of event ( IES-R ) avoidance behaviour score ; higher IES-R hyperarousal score , higher SF-36 mental score and low perceived severity of the injury . Conclusion RTW is not only predicted by perceived health , pain and severity of the accident at the beginning of a rehabilitation program , but also by the changes in pain and health perceptions observed during hospitalisation UNLABELLED Pain catastrophizing and fear of movement have been identified as key predictors of prolonged work disability after whiplash injury . However , little is known about the processes by which pain catastrophizing and fear of movement affect return to work . This study investigated the mediating role of expectancies on the relations between pain catastrophizing and return to work , and between fear of movement and return to work after whiplash injury . The study sample consisted of 154 individuals with whiplash injury who were enrolled in a multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program . Participants completed measures of pain catastrophizing , fear of movement , and return-to-work expectancies after admission to a rehabilitation program . A follow-up telephone interview was used to assess work status 1 year after discharge . Consistent with previous research , analyses revealed that expectancies , pain catastrophizing , and fear of movement were significant predictors of return to work at 1-year follow-up . Regression analyses ( bootstrapping ) revealed that expectancies partially mediated the relation between catastrophizing and return to work . Expectancies completely mediated the relation between fear of movement and return to work . The significant predictive and mediating role of expectancies on return to work argues for the inclusion of expectancies as a specific target of intervention for individuals with whiplash injury . PERSPECTIVE The findings suggest that expectancies might be part of the pathways by which pain catastrophizing and fear of movement affect return-to-work outcomes after whiplash injury . The findings argue for greater attention to return-to-work expectancies as a risk factor for problematic recovery outcomes as well as a target of intervention Background Many studies on low back pain ( LBP ) have identified prognostic factors , but prediction models for use in secondary health care are not available . The purpose of this cohort study , based on a r and omised clinical study , was to identify risk factors for unsuccessful return to work ( U-RTW ) in sick-listed LBP patients with or without radiculopathy and to vali date a prediction model for U-RTW . Methods 325 sick-listed LBP 
    Output:
    
The factors positively associated with work participation were positive expectations regarding recovery or return to work , optimism , self-efficacy , motivation , feelings of control , and perceived health .
The factors negatively associated with work participation were fear-avoidance beliefs , perceived work-relatedness of the health problem , and catastrophizing .
Different coping strategies had a negative or a positive relationship with work participation .
Conclusions The results of this review provide more insight into the associations between different cognitions and perceptions and work participation .