***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: We investigated factors associated with falls in a community-based prospect i ve study of 761 subjects 70 years and older . The group experienced 507 falls during the year of monitoring . On entry to the study a number of variables had been assessed in each subject . Variables associated with an increased risk of falling differed in men and women . In men , decreased levels of physical activity , stroke , arthritis of the knees , impairment of gait , and increased body sway were associated with an increased risk of falls . In women , the total number of drugs , psychotropic drugs and drugs liable to cause postural hypotension , st and ing systolic blood pressure of less than 110 mmHg , and evidence of muscle weakness were also associated with an increased risk of falling . Most falls in elderly people are associated with multiple risk factors , many of which are potentially remediable . The possible implication s of this in diagnosis and prevention are discussed Background In line with a rapidly ageing global population , the rise in the frequency of falls will lead to increased healthcare and social care costs . This study will be one of the few r and omized controlled trials evaluating a multifaceted falls intervention in a low-middle income , culturally-diverse older Asian community . The primary objective of our paper is to evaluate whether individually tailored multifactorial interventions will successfully reduce the number of falls among older adults . Methods Three hundred community-dwelling older Malaysian adults with a history of ( i ) two or more falls , or ( ii ) one injurious fall in the past 12 months will be recruited . Baseline assessment will include cardiovascular , frailty , fracture risk , psychological factors , gait and balance , activities of daily living and visual assessment s. Fallers will be r and omized into 2 groups : to receive tailored multifactorial interventions ( intervention group ) ; or given lifestyle advice with continued conventional care ( control group ) . Multifactorial interventions will target 6 specific risk factors . All participants will be re-assessed after 12 months . The primary outcome measure will be fall recurrence , measured with monthly falls diaries . Secondary outcomes include falls risk factors ; and psychological measures including fear of falling , and quality of life . Discussion Previous studies evaluating multifactorial interventions in falls have reported variable outcomes . Given likely cultural , personal , lifestyle and health service differences in Asian countries , it is vital that individually-tailored multifaceted interventions are evaluated in an Asian population to determine applicability of these interventions in our setting . If successful , these approaches have the potential for widespread application in geriatric healthcare services , will reduce the projected escalation of falls and fall-related injuries , and improve the quality of life of our older community . Trial registration IS RCT Summary The present study was conducted to determine the effect of 5-month exercise program on the prevention of falls in the elderly . The exercise training , which consisted of calisthenics , body balance training , muscle power training , and walking ability training 3 days/week improved the indices of the flexibility , body balance , muscle power , and walking ability and reduced the incidence of falls compared with non-exercise controls . The present study showed the beneficial effect of the exercise program aim ed at improving flexibility , body balance , muscle power , and walking ability in preventing falls in the elderly . Introduction The present study was conducted to determine the effect of exercise on the prevention of falls in the elderly . Methods Sixty-eight elderly ambulatory volunteers were r and omly divided into two groups : the exercise and control groups . The daily exercise , which consisted of calisthenics , body balance training ( t and em st and ing , t and em gait , and unipedal st and ing ) , muscle power training ( chair-rising training ) , and walking ability training ( stepping ) , were performed 3 days/week only in the exercise group . No exercise was performed in the control group . Results After the 5-month exercise program , the indices of the flexibility , body balance , muscle power , and walking ability significantly improved in the exercise group compared with the control group . The incidence of falls was significantly lower in the exercise group than in the control group ( 0.0 % vs. 12.1 % , P = 0.0363 ) . The exercise program was safe and well tolerated in the elderly . Conclusions The present study showed the beneficial effect of the exercise program aim ed at improving flexibility , body balance , muscle power , and walking ability in preventing falls in the elderly AIM To examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural strategies with/without intense Tai Chi exercise in reducing fear of falling among community-dwelling elderly adults . Background . Fear of falling is a major health problem among community-dwelling older persons . The prevalence of this fear ranges from 29 % to 77 % , indicating the importance of developing effective strategies to reduce fear of falling among elderly adults . METHODS Data were collected from January to December 2007 . A r and omized controlled trial with three groups ( control , cognitive-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural with Tai Chi ) . Participants were assessed at baseline for  demographic data , falls-related history , and fear of falling . Data on these variables plus falls , mobility , social support behaviour and satisfaction , and quality of life were also collected at 2 and 5 months after interventions . RESULTS Participants in the three groups differed significantly in both measures of fear of falling ( F = 20·89 , P < 0·001 ; F = 6·09 , P < 0·001 ) and mobility ( F = 30·33 , P < 0·001 ) , social support behaviour and satisfaction ( F = 3·32 , P < 0·05 and F = 6·35 , P < 0·001 , respectively ) , and quality of life ( F = 16·66 , P < 0·001 ) . In addition , participants who received the cognitive-behavioural intervention with Tai Chi had significantly lower fear of falling scores ( P < 0·001 ) and higher mobility ( P < 0·001 ) , social support satisfaction ( P < 0·01 ) and quality of life ( P < 0·001 ) than the cognitive-behavioural alone and control groups at 5 months . The three groups did not differ significantly in falls . CONCLUSION The results of this trial suggest that the cognitive-behavioural intervention with Tai Chi exercise helped community-dwelling elderly adults to enhance their mobility , to manage their fear of falling and to increase their quality of life Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Background Interventions for preventing  falls in older people often involve several components , multidisciplinary teams , and implementation in a variety of setting s. We have developed a classification system ( taxonomy ) to describe interventions used to prevent falls in older people , with the aim of improving the design and reporting of clinical trials of fall-prevention interventions , and synthesis of evidence from these trials . Methods Thirty three international experts in falls prevention and health services research participated in a series of meetings to develop consensus . Robust techniques were used including literature review s , expert presentations , and structured consensus workshops moderated by experienced facilitators . The taxonomy was refined using an international test panel of five health care practitioners . We assessed the chance corrected agreement of the final version by comparing taxonomy completion for 10 r and omly selected published papers describing a variety of fall-prevention interventions . Results The taxonomy consists of four domains , summarized as the " Approach " , " Base " , " Components " and " Descriptors " of an intervention . Sub-domains include ; where participants are identified ; the theoretical approach of the intervention ; clinical targeting criteria ; details on assessment s ; descriptions of the nature and intensity of interventions . Chance corrected agreement of the final version of the taxonomy was good to excellent for all items . Further independent evaluation of the taxonomy is required . Conclusions The taxonomy is a useful instrument for characterizing a broad range of interventions used in falls prevention . Investigators are encouraged to use the taxonomy to report their interventions BACKGROUND Decreased fitness of the lower extremities is a potentially modifiable fall risk factor . This study aim ed to compare two exercise programs -- square-stepping exercise ( SSE ) , which is a low-cost indoor program , and walking -- for improving the fitness of the lower extremities . METHODS We r and omly allocated 68 community-dwelling older adults ( age 65 - 74 years ) to either the SSE or walking group ( W group ) . During the 12-week regimen , the SSE group participated in 70-minute exercise sessions conducted twice a week at a local health center , and the W group participated in outdoor supervised walking sessions conducted weekly . The W group was instructed to increase the number of daily steps . Prior to and after the program , we obtained information on 11 physical performance tests for known fall risk factors and 3 self-reported scales . The fall incidence was followed-up for 8 months . RESULTS At 12 weeks postregimen , significant differences were observed between the two exercise groups with respect to leg power ( 1 item ) , balance ( 2 items ) , agility ( 2 items ) , reaction time ( 2 items ) , and a self-reported scale ( 1 item ) ; the SSE group demonstrated a marked improvement in the above-mentioned items with Group x Time interactions . Significant time effects were observed in the tests involving chair st and s , functional reach , and st and ing up from a lying-down position without Group x Time interactions . During the follow-up period , the fall rates per person-year in the SSE and W groups were 23.4 % and 33.3 % , respectively ( p = .31 ) . CONCLUSION Although further studies are required , SSE is apparently more effective than walking in reducing fall risk factors , and it appears that it may be recommended as a health promotion exercise in older adults Background Intervention strategies for ‘ prevention of conditions leading to the need for long-term care ’ ( prevention of long-term care status ) that have physically and mentally proven effects are needed . Objective The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to clarify the physical and psycho-social effects of an exercise program , easily performed at home and in communities using inexpensive equipments for prevention of long-term care status . Methods A cluster of 196 participants was r and omly assigned to the intervention group that performed the exercise for 8 weeks and the control group . Both groups received tests for physical strength and endurance and interview surveys at baseline and 9 weeks later . The exercise consisted of six types of stretching exercises , six types of muscle strength training , two types of balance training and toe stretching in order to improve ambulatory , balance and stability ability of elderly . The physical aspects of the subjects were assessed by balance assessment , activities of daily living ( ADL ) , timed up- and -go test ( TUG ) , functional reach test ( FRT ) , sit and reach . The psycho-social aspects were assessed by the fall prevention self-efficacy scale ( FPSE ) , instrumental activities of daily living ( IADL ) , degree of houseboundness , and assessment at the end of intervention . Results The intervention and control groups consisted of 101 and 81 persons at the baseline and 92 and 74 after intervention , respectively . The intervention group showed significantly higher values than the control group after exercise in the FRT , the FPSE and degree of houseboundness . Conclusion This exercise program can promote physical and psycho-social aspects of the health in the elderly , and may reduce the amount of care that the elderly require Background Institutionalized older persons have a poor functional capacity . Including physical exercise in their routine activities decreases their frailty and improves their quality of life . Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) training is a type of exercise that seems beneficial in frail older persons to improve their functional mobility , but the evidence is inconclusive . This trial will compare the results of exercise with WBV and exercise without WBV in improving body balance , muscle performance and fall prevention in institutionalized older persons . Methods / Design An open , multicentre and parallel r and omized clinical trial with blinded assessment . 160 nursing home residents aged over 65 years and of both sexes will be identified to participate in the study . Participants will be central ly r and omised and allocated to interventions ( vibration or exercise group ) by telephone . The vibration group will perform static/dynamic exercises ( balance and resistance training ) on a vibratory platform ( Frequency : 30 - 35 Hz ; Amplitude : 2 - 4 mm ) over a six-week training period ( 3 sessions/week ) . The exercise group will perform the same exercise protocol but without a vibration stimuli platform . The primary outcome measure is the static/dynamic body balance . Secondary outcomes are muscle strength and , number of new falls . Follow-up measurements will be collected at 6 weeks and at 6 months after r and omization . Efficacy will be analysed on an intention-to-treat ( ITT ) basis and ' per protocol ' . The effects of the intervention will be evaluated using the " t " test , Mann-Witney test , or Chi-square test , depending on the type of outcome . The final analysis will be performed 6 weeks and 6 months after r and omization . Discussion This study will help to clarify whether WBV training improves body balance , gait mobility and muscle strength in frail older persons living in nursing homes . As far as we know , this will be the first study to evaluate the efficacy of WBV for the prevention of falls . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : AIM The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a  discharge plan  in hospitalized elderly patients with hip fracture due to falling . BACKGROUND Hip fractures are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among older people . Hip fracture patients require ongoing medical and long-term care services . Discharge plan services can play a very important role for these patients , since the services improved their outcome conditions . METHODS Hip fracture patients aged 65 years and older ( n = 126 ) , hospitalized due to falling and discharged from a medical centre in northern Taiwan , were r and omly assigned to either a comparison group ( the routine care ) or experimental group ( the discharge planning intervention ) . The outcomes used to determine the effectiveness 
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Conclusion There is a small but growing research base of falls prevention RCTs from Asian countries , with exercise approaches being most research ed and effective .