***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE In this radiographic and microbiologic split-mouth clinical trial , efficacy of a diode laser as an adjunct to conventional scaling in the nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis was investigated . BACKGROUND DATA Eradication of pathogenic bacteria and infected sulcular epithelium presents a significant challenge in the nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Ten patients ( mean age , 55.1 years ; SD , 11.4 ) with 48 two piece , rough-surface implants and diagnosed with peri-implantitis were recruited ( NCT02362854 ) . In addition to conventional scaling and debridement ( control group ) , crevicular sulci and the corresponding surfaces of 24 r and om implants were lased by a diode laser running at 1.0 W power at the pulsed mode ( λ , 810 nm ; energy density , 3 J/cm(2 ) ; time , 1 min ; power density , 400 mW/cm2 ; energy , 1.5 J ; and spot diameter , 1 mm ) ; ( laser group ) . Healing was assessed via periodontal indexes ( baseline and after 1 and 6 months after the intervention ) , microbiologic specimens ( baseline and after 1 month ) , and radiographs ( baseline and after 6 months ) . RESULTS Baseline mean pocket depths ( 4.71 , SD , 0.67 ; and 4.38 , SD 0.42 mm ) and marginal bone loss ( 2.71 , SD 0.11 ; and 2.88 , SD 0.18 mm ) were similar ( p = 0.09 and p = 0.12 ) between the control and laser groups , respectively . After 6 months , the laser group revealed higher marginal bone loss ( 2.79 , SD 0.48 ) than the control groups ( 2.63 , SD 0.53 ) ( p < 0.0001 ) . However , in both groups , the microbiota of the implants was found unchanged after 1 month . CONCLUSIONS In this clinical trial , adjunct use of diode laser did not yield any additional positive influence on the peri-implant healing compared with conventional scaling alone OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to compare the clinical , microbiological and host-derived effects in the non-surgical treatment of initial peri-implantitis with either adjunctive local drug delivery ( LDD ) or adjunctive photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) after 12 months . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty subjects with initial peri-implantitis , that is , pocket probing depths ( PPD ) 4 - 6 mm with bleeding on probing ( BoP ) and radiographic bone loss ≤2 mm , were r and omly assigned to two treatment groups . All implants were mechanically debrided with titanium curettes and with a glycine-based powder airpolishing system . Implants in the test group ( N = 20 ) received adjunctive PDT , whereas minocycline microspheres were locally delivered into the peri-implant pockets of control implants ( N = 20 ) . At sites with residual BoP , treatment was repeated after 3 , 6 , 9 and 12 months . The primary outcome variable was the change in the number of peri-implant sites with BoP. Secondary outcome variables included changes in PPD , clinical attachment level ( CAL ) , mucosal recession ( REC ) and in bacterial counts and crevicular fluid ( CF ) levels of host-derived biomarkers . RESULTS After 12 months , the number of BoP-positive sites decreased statistically significantly ( P < 0.05 ) from baseline in both groups ( PDT : 4.03 ± 1.66 - 1.74 ± 1.37 , LDD : 4.41 ± 1.47 - 1.55 ± 1.26 ) . A statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) decrease in PPD from baseline was observed at PDT-treated sites up to 9 months ( 4.19 ± 0.55 mm to 3.89 ± 0.68 mm ) and up to 12 months at LDD-treated sites ( 4.39 ± 0.77 mm to 3.83 ± 0.85 mm ) . Counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia decreased statistically significantly ( P < 0.05 ) from baseline to 6 months in the PDT and to 12 months in the LDD group , respectively . CF levels of IL-1β decreased statistically significantly ( P < 0.05 ) from baseline to 12 months in both groups . No statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) were observed between groups after 12 months with respect to clinical , microbiological and host-derived parameters . CONCLUSIONS Non-surgical mechanical debridement with adjunctive PDT was equally effective in the reduction of mucosal inflammation as with adjunctive delivery of minocycline microspheres up to 12 months . Adjunctive PDT may represent an alternative approach to LDD in the non-surgical treatment of initial peri-implantitis Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants . As the global number of individuals that undergo restorative therapy through dental implants increases , peri-implantitis is considered as a major and growing problem in dentistry . A r and omly selected sample of 588 patients who all had received implant-supported therapy 9 y earlier was clinical ly and radiographically examined . Prevalence of peri-implantitis was assessed and risk indicators were identified by multilevel regression analysis . Forty-five percent of all patients presented with peri-implantitis ( bleeding on probing/suppuration and bone loss > 0.5 mm ) . Moderate/severe peri-implantitis ( bleeding on probing/suppuration and bone loss > 2 mm ) was diagnosed in 14.5 % . Patients with periodontitis and with ≥4 implants , as well as implants of certain br and s and prosthetic therapy delivered by general practitioners , exhibited higher odds ratios for moderate/severe peri-implantitis . Similarly , higher odds ratios were identified for implants installed in the m and ible and with crown restoration margins positioned ≤1.5 mm from the crestal bone at baseline . It is suggested that peri-implantitis is a common condition and that several patient- and implant-related factors influence the risk for moderate/severe peri-implantitis ( Clinical Trials.gov NCT01825772 ) Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more AIM To determine the incidence of peri-implantitis in individuals with mucositis in a 5-year follow-up study . MATERIAL AND METHODS A sample of 212 partially edentulous individuals , rehabilitated with dental implants , underwent periodontal and peri-implant clinical examinations in 2005 ( baseline ) . Five years later , 80 individuals who had been diagnosed with mucositis in the baseline examination were re-examined . These individuals were divided into two groups : one group with preventive maintenance during the study period ( GTP ; n = 39 ) , and another group without preventive maintenance ( GNTP ; n = 41 ) . The following parameters were clinical ly evaluated : plaque index , bleeding on periodontal and peri-implant probing , periodontal and peri-implant probing depth , suppuration and peri-implant bone loss . The influence of biological and behavioural risk variables associated with the occurrence of peri-implantitis was analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses . RESULTS The incidence of peri-implantitis in the global sample was 31.2 % ( GNTP = 43.9 % and GTP = 18.0 % ) . CONCLUSION The absence of preventive maintenance in individuals with pre-existing peri-implant mucositis was associated with a high incidence of peri-implantitis . Clinical parameters , such as bleeding on peri-implant probing , periodontal probing depth and the presence of periodontitis were associated with a higher risk of developing peri-implantitis AIM To evaluate the clinical treatment effects of a glycine powder air-polishing or ultrasonic device on peri-implant mucositis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-seven patients with one implant diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis ( probing depth ≥4 mm ( 0.2N ) and bleeding on probing ( BOP ) ( primary outcome ) ) were r and omly assigned to treatment with either glycine powder air-polishing ( GPAP ) or ultrasonic ( US ) debridement . Treatment was performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months . Professional supra gingival cleaning was performed at 9 and 12 months . Oral hygiene instructions were reinforced at each visit . RESULTS At 12 months there was a statistically significant reduction in mean plaque score , bleeding on probing and number of periodontal pockets ≥4 mm within the treatment groups compared to baseline . The percentages of diseased sites were significantly reduced for both groups . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a glycine powder air-polishing or an ultrasonic device is effective in non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis PURPOSE To evaluate possible benefits of the adjunctive use of light-activated disinfection ( LAD ) in the treatment of peri-implantitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 80 patients with at least one implant affected by peri-implantitis defined as at least 3 mm of bone loss on baseline radiographs in the presence of signs of infection ( pus exudation and /or soft tissue swelling and /or soft tissue redness ) were non-surgically or surgically treated for peri-implantitis and 50 % of them were r and omly allocated to receive an additional  LAD  treatment  ( FotoSan ) according to a parallel group design at four different centres . Only one implant per patient was considered . Outcome measures were implant failures , recurrence of peri-implantitis , complications , peri-implant marginal bone level ( RAD ) changes , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) changes and number of re-treatment sessions recorded by blinded assessors . Patients were followed up for 1 year after treatment . RESULTS Five treated patients did not fit the original inclusion criteria : 4 because they were not affected by the present definition of peri-implantitis and 1 due to being treated with antibiotics . However , they were included according to an intention-to-treat- analysis concept . Nine patients of the LAD group were treated surgically versus 10 control patients . After 1 year , 3 patients dropped out , all from the LAD group . One implant treated with the LAD therapy failed versus none of the control group . Four complications occurred : 3 in 3 patients of the LAD group and 1 in the control group . Recurrence of peri-implantitis defined as 2 mm of peri-implant bone loss or more recorded on st and ardised periapical radiographs was observed in 6 patients , 3 from each group . In total , 29 implants were re-treated 1 to 4 times in the LAD group versus 33 implants 1 to 4 times in the control group ; the difference was not statistically significant . Peri-implant marginal bone levels remained stable up to 1 year with no statistically significant differences between groups ( 0.13 mm favouring LAD therapy ; 95 % CI of difference -0.47 to 0.72 ; P = 0.68 ) . PPD significantly reduced in both groups , and at 1 year there were no significant differences between groups ( difference 0.19 mm favouring LAD therapy ; 95 % CI of difference -0.70 to 1.07 ; P = 0.68 ) . There were significant differences between centres for the number of re-treatment sessions delivered , PPD changes , plaque and marginal bleeding 1 year after treatment , but not for implant failures , complications , RAD changes and recurrence of peri-implantitis . The results did not change when removing the 5 patients who did not match the original inclusion criteria . CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive use of LAD therapy ( FotoSan ) with mechanical cleaning of implants affected by peri-implantitis did not improve any clinical outcomes when compared to mechanical cleaning alone up to 1 year after treatment AIM Supportive therapy to maintain dental implants is increasingly important . This study examined the effect of a 0.3 % triclosan/2 % copolymer dentifrice on oral biofilms and gingival inflammation ( GI ) on dental implants and peri-implant tissues . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and twenty adults with a dental implant and contra-lateral tooth were enrolled in this 6 month , double-blind , two-treatment , parallel group study . Sixty subjects were r and omly assigned to a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice test group and 60 subjects to a fluoride dentifrice control group and instructed to brush twice daily for 6 months . At baseline , 3 , and 6 months , a calibrated dentist assessed dental plaque , GI and collected supragingival dental plaque for microbiological analysis . RESULTS Subjects in the triclosan/copolymer group demonstrated significantly lower levels of dental plaque , gingivitis , and bleeding on probing at 3 and 6 months at both the implant and contra-lateral tooth compared with the fluoride group ( p<0.05 ) . There were significantly fewer Gram-negative anaerobes in the triclosan/cop 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Non-surgical treatment for peri-implant mucositis seems to be effective while modest and not-predictable outcomes are expected for peri-implantitis lesions .