***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose , meat , and fat , and anthropometric , lifestyle , hormonal , and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence , data were analyzed from a prospect i ve cohort study of 35,215 Iowa ( United States ) women , aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer , who completed mailed dietary and other question naires in 1986 . Through 1990 , 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented . Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors . Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included : ( i ) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk ;  relative risks ( RR ) across the quintiles=1.00 , 1.73 , 1.56 , 1.54 , and 2.00 ( 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0 ) ; ( ii ) sucrose ; RR across the quintiles=1.00 , 1.70 , 1.81 , 1.82 , and 1.45 ( CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0 ) ; ( iii ) height ; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile ( P for trend-0.02 ) ; ( iv ) body mass index ; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile ( P for trend=0.03 ) ; and ( v ) number of livebirths , RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none ( P for trend=0.04 ) . These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk ; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk ; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age , cigarette smoking , or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy ; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat , fat , protein , and physical activity . Cancer Causes and Control 1994 , 5 , 38–52 Studies of colon cancer risk in males have reported strong positive associations with obesity , particularly with central adiposity . The association has been weaker and less consistent for women . In a prospect i ve cohort study of women , body measurements were taken directly ; fat mass and fat‐free mass being estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and central adiposity by waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio ( WHR ) . Among 24,072 women followed on average for 10.4 years , 212 colon cancers were ascertained via the population cancer registry . We review ed medical records of all cases and classified them according to anatomic site and stage . The central adiposity measures of WHR ( hazard ratio per 0.1 unit increase = 1.31 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.08–1.58 ) and waist circumference ( hazard ratio per 10 cm increase = 1.14 , 95 % CI 1.02–1.28 ) were positively associated with colon cancer risk . There was little or no association between other anthropometric measures and risk of colon cancer . There was some evidence that the associations were stronger for proximal tumors , but no evidence that risk differed by stage for any of the anthropometric measures . Central adiposity  appears to be associated with colon cancer risk in women . © 2005 Wiley‐Liss , The authors chose to examine the association between body mass index ( BMI ) and incident colorectal cancer across the spectrum of BMI , including underweight persons , because detailed prospect i ve cohort data on this topic in Asians is scarce , as is data on underweight persons ( BMI , < 18.5 kg/m2 ) in any population BACKGROUND Several studies of male colon cancer have found positive associations with body size and composition . It is uncertain whether this relationship is due to non-adipose mass , adipose mass , distribution of adipose mass such as central adiposity , or all three . METHODS In a prospect i ve cohort study of men aged 27 - 75 at recruitment in 1990 - 1994 , body measurements were taken by interviewers .  Fat mass and fat-free mass ( FFM ) were estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis . Waist circumference and waist-to-hips ratio ( WHR ) estimated central adiposity . Incident colon cancers were ascertained via the population cancer registry . Altogether , 16,556 men contributed 145,433 person-years and 153 colon cancers . RESULTS Rate ratios ( RRs ) comparing men in the fourth quartile with those in the first quartile were as follows : FFM 2.3 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.4 - 3.7 ] ; height 1.9 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 3.1 ) ; waist circumference 2.1 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 3.5 ) ; WHR 2.1 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 3.4 ) ; fat mass 1.8 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 3.0 ) ; and body mass index 1.7 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 2.8 ) . When continuous measures of FFM and WHR were modeled together , the RR for FFM per 10 kg was 1.37 ( 95 % CI 1.04 - 1.80 ) and the RR for WHR per 0.1 unit was 1.65 ( 95 % CI 1.28 - 2.13 ) . After adjustment for FFM and WHR , the RRs for fat mass and body mass index were no longer statistically significant . CONCLUSION Male colon cancer appears to be related to body size and composition by two different pathways , via central adiposity and via non-adipose mass In most studies , body mass index ( BMI ) has been associated with increased risk of colorectal or colon cancer in men , but the relation is weaker and less consistent for women , possibly because of interactions with age or hormone replacement therapy . The authors examined the relation between BMI and colorectal cancer incidence in a large , prospect i ve US cohort of 307,708 men and 209,436 women from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study . During follow-up of the cohort from 1995 to 2000 , 2,314 cases of colorectal cancer were observed in men and 1,029 in women .  BMI was related to increased risk of incident colon cancer , but not rectal cancer , for both men and women . For men , relative risks of colon cancer for a BMI of 18.5-<23 , 23-<25 , 25-<27.5 , 27.5-<30 , 30-<32.5 , 32.5-<35 , 35-<40 , and > or = 40 kg/m(2 ) were 1.0 ( referent ) , 1.11 , 1.22 , 1.44 , 1.53 , 1.57 , 1.71 , and 2.39 , respectively ( 95 % confidence interval : 1.59 , 3.58 ; p-trend < 0.0005 ) . Corresponding relative risks for women were 1.0 , 1.20 , 1.29 , 1.31 , 1.28 , 1.13 , 1.46 , and 1.49 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.98 , 2.25 ; p-trend = 0.02 ) . BMI was related to colon cancer risk for younger ( aged 50 - 66 years ) but not older ( aged 67 - 71 years ) women . The association was not modified by hormone replacement therapy in women or physical activity in men or women Abstract Objective : Epidemiologic data relating obesity to risk  of colorectal cancer in women have been inconclusive . Two recent studies have suggested that the association may be modified by estrogen status ; BMI was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk among women with high estrogen exposures [ premenopausal women , and postmenopausal women who currently received postmenopausal hormone therapy ( PMH ) ]  . We prospect ively investigated the role of BMI in colorectal cancer risk along with the modifying effects of estrogen in a large cohort from the Women 's Health Study . Methods : Among 39,876 apparently healthy women aged ≥45 years at baseline ( 54 % of them were postmenopausal ) , 37,671 were eligible for the present study . During an average of 8.7 years of follow-up , 202 women had a confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer . Baseline BMI was calculated by dividing self-reported weight in kilograms by height in meters squared . Results : The multivariate relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) of colorectal cancer were 1.72 ( 1.12–2.66 ) for 27–29.9 kg/m2 , and 1.67 ( 1.08–2.59 ) for ≥30 kg/m2 , as compared with BMI < 23 kg/m2(p for trend = 0.02 ) . This positive association was seen primarily in the proximal colon ( p for trend = 0.004 ) . When the association was further examined according to PMH use among postmenopausal women , we found that both current and never users with higher BMI were at a greater risk of colorectal cancer ( p for interaction between BMI and PMH use = 0.33 ) . As compared with BMI < 23 kg/m2 , the multivariate RRs and 95 % CI for 27–29.9 and ≥30 kg/m2 were 1.98 ( 0.98–3.99 ) and 1.41 ( 0.65–3.06 ) among current users , and 1.05 ( 0.42–2.65 ) and 2.91 ( 1.40–6.06 ) among never users . Conclusions : These data suggest that higher BMI was associated with an elevated risk of colorectal cancer , and the positive relationship was not altered by estrogen exposure among postmenopausal women Objective To examine the relation between body mass index ( kg/m2 ) and  cancer incidence and mortality . Design Prospect i ve cohort study . Participants 1.2 million UK women recruited into the Million Women Study , aged 50 - 64 during 1996 - 2001 , and followed up , on average , for 5.4 years for cancer incidence and 7.0 years for cancer mortality . Main outcome measures Relative risks of incidence and mortality for all cancers , and for 17 specific types of cancer , according to body mass index , adjusted for age , geographical region , socioeconomic status , age at first birth , parity , smoking status , alcohol intake , physical activity , years since menopause , and use of hormone replacement therapy . Results 45 037 incident cancers and 17 203 deaths from cancer occurred over the follow-up period . Increasing body mass index was associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer ( trend in relative risk per 10 units=2.89 , 95 % confidence interval 2.62 to 3.18 ) , adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus ( 2.38 , 1.59 to 3.56 ) , kidney cancer ( 1.53 , 1.27 to 1.84 ) , leukaemia ( 1.50 , 1.23 to 1.83 ) , multiple myeloma ( 1.31 , 1.04 to 1.65 ) , pancreatic cancer ( 1.24 , 1.03 to 1.48 ) , non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma ( 1.17 , 1.03 to 1.34 ) , ovarian cancer ( 1.14 , 1.03 to 1.27 ) , all cancers combined ( 1.12 , 1.09 to 1.14 ) , breast cancer in postmenopausal women ( 1.40 , 1.31 to 1.49 ) and colorectal cancer in premenopausal women ( 1.61 , 1.05 to 2.48 ) . In general , the relation between body mass index and mortality was similar to that for incidence . For colorectal cancer , malignant melanoma , breast cancer , and endometrial cancer , the effect of body mass index on risk differed significantly according to menopausal status . Conclusions Increasing body mass index is associated with a significant increase in the risk of cancer for 10 out of 17 specific types examined . Among postmenopausal women in the UK , 5 % of all cancers ( about 6000 annually ) are attributable to being overweight or obese . For endometrial cancer and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus , body mass index represents a major modifiable risk factor ; about half of all cases in postmenopausal women are attributable to overweight or obesity BACKGROUND Several recent large prospect i ve cohort studies have failed to demonstrate the presumed protective effect of fruit , vegetable , and dietary fiber consumption on colorectal cancer risk . To further explore this issue , we have examined these associations in a population that consumes relatively low amounts of fruit and vegetables and high amounts of cereals .  METHODS We examined data obtained from a food-frequency question naire used in a population -based prospect i ve mammography screening study of women in central Sweden . Women with colorectal cancer diagnosed through December 31 , 1998 , were identified by linkage to 
    Output:
    
Both of general and central obesity were positively associated with the risk of CRC  in this meta- analysis