***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Walking is one of the fundamental motor tasks executed during aquatic therapy . Previous kinematics analyses conducted using waterproofed video cameras were limited to the sagittal plane and to only one or two consecutive steps . Furthermore , the set-up and post-processing are time-consuming and thus do not allow a prompt assessment of the correct execution of the movements during the aquatic session therapy . The aim of the present study was to estimate the 3D joint kinematics of the lower limbs and thorax-pelvis joints in sagittal and frontal planes during underwater walking using wearable inertial and magnetic sensors .  Eleven healthy adults were measured during walking both in shallow water and in dry-l and conditions .  Eight wearable inertial and magnetic sensors were inserted in waterproofed boxes and fixed to the body segments by means of elastic modular b and s. A vali date d protocol ( Outwalk ) was used . Gait cycles were automatically segmented and selected if relevant intraclass correlation coefficients values were higher than 0.75 . A total of 704 gait cycles for the lower limb joints were normalized in time and averaged to obtain the mean cycle of each joint , among participants . The mean speed in water was 40 % lower than that of the dry-l and condition . Longer stride duration and shorter stride distance were found in the underwater walking . In the sagittal plane , the knee was more flexed ( ≈ 23 ° ) and the ankle more dorsiflexed ( ≈ 9 ° ) at heel strike , and the hip was more flexed at toe-off ( ≈ 13 ° ) in water than on l and . On the frontal plane in the underwater walking , smoother joint angle patterns were observed for thorax-pelvis and hip , and ankle was more inversed at toe-off ( ≈ 7 ° ) and showed a more inversed mean value ( ≈ 7 ° ) . The results were mainly explained by the effect of the speed in the water as supported by the linear mixed models analysis performed . Thus , it seemed that the combination of speed and environment triggered modifications in the joint angles in underwater gait more than these two factors considered separately . The inertial and magnetic sensors , by means of fast set-up and data analysis , can supply an immediate gait analysis report to the therapist during the aquatic therapy session This paper presents an analysis of spatio-temporal gait parameters during overground walking based upon a method that needs only lower trunk accelerations . Twenty-six healthy young subjects and 15 healthy elderly subjects participated in an experiment where overground walking was studied at different speeds .  Accelerations of the lower trunk were measured by a tri-axial accelerometer connected to a portable data logger carried on the body . An analysis of trunk acceleration data produced temporal gait parameters ( duration of subsequent stride cycles and left/right steps ) and convincing estimations of spatial parameters ( step length and walking speed ) . Typical differences in spatio-temporal gait parameters between young and elderly subjects could be demonstrated , i.e. a limited range of walking speeds , smaller step lengths , and a somewhat higher variability of temporal parameters in elderly subjects . It is concluded from these results that essential spatio-temporal gait parameters can be determined during overground walking using only one tri-axial accelerometer . The method is easy-to-use and does not interfere with regular walking patterns . Both the accelerometer and the data logger can be miniaturised to one small instrument that can be carried on the trunk during hours of walking . Thus , the method can easily be incorporated in current activity monitors so that 24-h monitoring of postures and activities can be combined with assessment of gait characteristics during these monitoring periods . In addition , the presented method can be a basis for more sophisticated gait analyses during overground walking , e.g. an analysis of kinematic signals or muscle activity within subsequent stride cycles Clinical scores and motion-capturing gait analysis are today 's gold st and ard for outcome measurement after knee arthroplasty , although they are criticized for bias and their ability to reflect patients ' actual quality of life has been question ed . In this context , mobile gait analysis systems have been introduced to overcome some of these limitations . This study used a previously developed mobile gait analysis system comprising three inertial sensor units to evaluate daily activities and sports . The sensors were taped to the lumbosacral junction and the thigh and shank of the affected limb . The annotated raw data was evaluated using our vali date d proprietary software . Six patients undergoing knee arthroplasty were examined the day before and 12 months after surgery . All patients reported a satisfactory outcome , although four patients still had limitations in their desired activities . In this context , feasible running speed demonstrated a good correlation with reported impairments in sports-related activities . Notably , knee flexion angle while descending stairs and the ability to stop abruptly when running exhibited good correlation with the clinical stability and proprioception of the knee . Moreover , fatigue effects were displayed in some patients . The introduced system appears to be suitable for outcome measurement after knee arthroplasty and has the potential to overcome some of the limitations of stationary gait labs while gathering additional meaningful parameters regarding the force limits of the knee OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a checklist that provides a profile of the paper , alerting review ers to its particular method ological strengths and weaknesses . Further work is required to improve the checklist and the training of raters in the assessment of external validity Background and aims : To establish gait analysis as part of routine clinical diagnoses , physicians dem and accurate and flexible motion capture ( Mocap ) . Currently , popular optical , mechanical and acoustic Mocap systems offer acceptable repeatability , but fall short of the spatial and economic benefits accompanying inertial motion capture ( IMC ) . However , IMC is considered adolescent due to limited testing in gait analysis . This paper aims to address this hindrance through within-day and between test day repeatability studies . Methods : To determine the repeatability of  IMC  , routine gait studies were done on 30 able-bodied males . Repeatability was quantified using the coefficient of multiple determination ( CMD ) and the coefficient of multiple correlation ( CMC ) . Results :  IMC-recorded kinematics were highly repeatable for within-day ( CMD : 0.786–0.984 or CMC : 0.881–0.992 ) and between-day trials ( CMD : 0.771–0.991 or CMC : 0.872–0.995 ) . The results compare well to those from similar repeatability studies in the literature based on optical Mocap systems A new method for the detection of gait cycle phases using only two miniature accelerometers together with a light , portable digital recorder is proposed . Each subject is asked to walk on a walkway at his/her own preferred speed . Gait analysis was performed using an original method of computing the values of temporal parameters from accelerometer signals . First , to vali date the accelerometric method , measurements are taken on a group of healthy subjects . No significant differences are observed between the results thus obtained and those from pressure sensors attached under the foot . Then , measurements using only accelerometers are performed on a group of 12 patients with unilateral hip osteo-arthritis . The gait analysis is carried out just before hip arthroplasty and again , three , six and nine months afterwards . A mean decrease of 88 % of asymmetry of stance time and especially a mean decrease of 250 % of asymmetry of double support time are observed , nine months after the operation . These results confirm the validity of the proposed method for healthy subjects and its efficiency for functional evaluation of gait improvement after arthroplasty 
    Output:
    
This is a shortcoming since hip and trunk motion potentially contain clinical ly relevant information , in terms of identifying (mal)adaptive compensatory movement strategies .