***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This is the first in vivo demonstration of an association between endogenous neurotransmitter release and conscious experience . Using 11C-raclopride PET we demonstrated increased endogenous dopamine release in the ventral striatum during Yoga Nidra meditation . Yoga Nidra is characterized by a depressed level of desire for action , associated with decreased blood flow in prefrontal , cerebellar and subcortical regions , structures thought to be organized in open loops subserving executive control . In the striatum , dopamine modulates excitatory glutamatergic synapses of the projections from the frontal cortex to striatal neurons , which in turn project back to the frontal cortex via the pallidum and ventral thalamus . The present study was design ed to investigate whether endogenous dopamine release increases during loss of executive control in meditation . Participants underwent  two 11C-raclopride PET scans : one while attending to speech with eyes closed , and one during active meditation .  The tracer competes with endogenous dopamine for access to dopamine D2 receptors predominantly found in the basal ganglia . During meditation , 11C-raclopride binding in ventral striatum decreased by 7.9 % . This corresponds to a 65 % increase in endogenous dopamine release . The reduced raclopride binding correlated significantly with a concomitant increase in EEG theta activity , a characteristic feature of meditation . All participants reported a decreased desire for action during meditation , along with heightened sensory imagery . The level of gratification and the depth of relaxation did not differ between the attention and meditation conditions . Here we show increased striatal dopamine release during meditation associated with the experience of reduced readiness for action . It is suggested that being in the conscious state of meditation causes a suppression of cortico-striatal glutamatergic transmission . To our knowledge this is the first time in vivo evidence has been provided for regulation of conscious states at a synaptic level Sahaj Yoga is a meditative technique that has been found to have beneficial effects in some psycho-somatic illnesses . The study was carried out on 30 cases ( 19 Males , 11 females , age 18 - 45 years ) of major depression diagnosed on the basis of DSM IV criteria . The patients were then r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 Males & 5 Females ) Patients who were practising Sahaj Yoga and also received conventional anti-depressants . Group 2 : ( 9 Males & 6 Females ) Patients who were only receiving conventional anti-depressants .  Training in Sahaj yoga was conducted under the supervision of a trained Sahaj Yogi for 8 weeks . At start of the study , all the patients were subjected to Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ( HAM-A ) . Above scales were again assessed after two months of treatment . There was significant improvement in HAM-D as well as HAM-A scores in both Group 1 and Group 2 patients ( P<0.001 ) . However , percentage improvement in HAM-D scores and HAM-A scores in patients receiving Sahaj Yoga was significantly higher than in Group 2 patients . The number of patients who went into remission after two months of intervention were also significantly higher in Group 1 patients ( P=0.02 ) . The present study demonstrates that Sahaj Yoga has got a potential role as a component in the management of depressive disorders Cognitive functions are impaired in Major Depression . Studies on the effects of Yoga on cognitive functions have shown improvement in memory , vigilance and anxiety levels . 30 patients suffering from Major depression ( age 18 to 45 years ) were r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 males and 5 Females ) Patients who practised Sahaj Yoga meditation and also received conventional anti-depressant medication . Group 2 : ( 9 males and 6 Females ) Patients who only received conventional antidepressant medication .  Group 1 patients were administered Sahaj Yoga practice for 8 weeks . Neuro-cognitive test battery consisting of Letter cancellation test ( LCT ) , Trail making test ' A ' ( TTA ) , Trail making test ' B ' ( TTB ) , Ruff figural fluency test ( RFFT ) , Forward digit span ( FDS ) & Reverse digit span test ( RDS ) was used to assess following cognitive domains : Attention span , visuo-motor speed , short-term memory , working memory and executive functions . After 8 weeks , both Group 1 and Group 2 subjects showed significant improvement in LCT , TTA & TTB but improvement in LCT was more marked in Group 1 subjects . Also , there was significant improvement in RDS scores in only Group 1 subjects ( P < 0.05 ) . The results thereby , demonstrate that Sahaj Yoga practice in addition to the improvement in various other cognitive domains seen with conventional anti-depressants , can lead to additional improvement in executive functions like manipulation of information in the verbal working memory and added improvement in attention span and visuo-motor speed of the depressives Background : Emotional insecurity , stress , depressive or/ and anxiety symptoms are common with variable severity among patients with menstrual disorder . Yogic relaxation therapy ( Yoga Nidra ) leads to conscious and subconscious recognition of these underlying psychological factors and helps releasing of suppressed conflicts . Objective : To evaluate the effect of Yoga Nidra on anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual disorders . Material s and Methods : Subjects were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , C.S.M. Medical University ( erstwhile KGMU ) , Lucknow Uttar Pradesh , India . The subjects were r and omly divided in to two groups : Intervention group ( with yogic intervention ) and control group ( without yogic intervention ) . Assessment s of all subjects were carried out by administering Hamilton anxiety scale ( HAM-A ) and Hamilton rating scale for depression ( HAM-D ) at baseline and after six months . Results : The mean age with S.D of the intervention group was 27.67 ± 7.85 years , and for control group was 26.58 ± 6.87 years ( among completed intervention group nn = 65 and control group nn = 61 ) . There was significant reduction of scores in HAM-A ( P<0.003 ) and HAM-D ( P<0.02 ) respectively in subjects with mild to moderate anxiety and depressive symptoms after six months of yoga therapy ( Yoga Nidra ) in intervention group in comparison to control group . Conclusion : The patients with mild to moderate anxiety and depressive symptoms  improve significantly with ‘ Yoga Nidra ’ intervention . There is no significant improvement in the patients with severe anxiety and depressive symptoms OBJECTIVES Yoga and exercise have beneficial effects on  mood and anxiety .  γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic activity is reduced in mood and anxiety disorders . The practice of yoga postures is associated with increased brain GABA levels . This study addresses the question of whether changes in mood , anxiety , and GABA levels are specific to yoga or related to physical activity . METHODS Healthy subjects with no significant medical/psychiatric disorders were r and omized to yoga or a metabolically matched walking intervention for 60 minutes 3 times a week for 12 weeks . Mood and anxiety scales were taken at weeks 0 , 4 , 8 , 12 , and before each magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan . Scan 1 was at baseline . Scan 2 , obtained after the 12-week intervention , was followed by a 60-minute yoga or walking intervention , which was immediately followed by Scan 3 . RESULTS The  yoga subjects ( n = 19 ) reported greater improvement in mood and greater decreases in anxiety than the walking group ( n = 15 ) . There were positive correlations between improved mood and decreased anxiety and thalamic GABA levels . The yoga group had positive correlations between changes in mood scales and changes in GABA levels . CONCLUSIONS The 12-week yoga intervention was associated with greater improvements in mood and anxiety than a metabolically matched walking exercise . This is the first study to demonstrate that increased thalamic GABA levels are associated with improved mood and decreased anxiety . It is also the first time that a behavioral intervention ( i.e. , yoga postures ) has been associated with a positive correlation between acute increases in thalamic GABA levels and improvements in mood and anxiety scales . Given that pharmacologic agents that increase the activity of the GABA system are prescribed to improve mood and decrease anxiety , the reported correlations are in the expected direction . The possible role of GABA in mediating the beneficial effects of yoga  on mood and anxiety warrants further study BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of brief daily yogic meditation on mental health , cognitive functioning , and immune cell telomerase activity in family dementia caregivers with mild depressive symptoms . METHODS Thirty-nine family dementia caregivers ( mean age 60.3 years old ( SD = 10.2 ) ) were r and omized to practicing Kirtan Kriya or listening to relaxation music for 12 min per day for 8 weeks . The severity of depressive symptoms , mental and cognitive functioning were assessed at baseline and follow-up . Telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PMBC ) was examined in peripheral P BMC pre-intervention and post-intervention . RESULTS The meditation group showed significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms and greater improvement in mental health and cognitive functioning compared with the relaxation group . In the meditation group , 65.2 % showed 50 % improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating scale and 52 % of the participants showed 50 % improvement on the Mental Health Composite Summary score of the Short Form-36 scale compared with 31.2 % and 19 % , respectively , in the relaxation group ( p < 0.05 ) . The meditation group showed 43 % improvement in telomerase activity compared with 3.7 % in the relaxation group ( p = 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION This pilot study found that brief daily meditation practice s by family dementia caregivers can lead to improved mental and cognitive functioning and lower levels of depressive symptoms . This improvement is accompanied by an increase in telomerase activity suggesting improvement in stress-induced cellular aging . These results need to be confirmed in a larger sample The CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omized , controlled trials . Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating experience . OBJECTIVES This study investigated the perceived influence of yoga on body perception and psychosocial aspects of life for patients with chronic neck pain . DESIGN This qualitative study was conducted using semist and ardized interviews . SETTING The interventions and interviews took place in a referral center 's research department . SUBJECTS Eighteen ( 18 ) patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain were recruited from a larger r and omized controlled trial of yoga for chronic neck pain . INTERVENTIONS Participants attended 90 minutes of Iyengar yoga once a week for 9 weeks . OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed a drawing of their neck and shoulder regions to reflect their subjective body perceptions before and after their yoga program . Semist and ardized interviews were used to explore their body perception , emotional status , everyday life and coping skills , as well as any perceived changes in these dimensions postparticipation . An interdisciplinary group analyzed the study data using content analysis techniques . RESULTS Participants reported change on five dimensions of human experience : physical , cognitive , emotional , behavioral , and social . Physically , most participants cited renewed body awareness , both during their yoga practice and in their daily lives . Such change was echoed in their postparticipation body drawings . Cognitively , participants reported increased perceived control over their health . Emotionally , they noted greater acceptance of their pain and life burdens . Behaviorally , they described enhanced use of active coping strategies . Finally , socially , they reported renewed participation in an active life . CONCLUSIONS Participants linked yoga to change on all dimensions of human experience , attributing reduced pain levels , increased coping ability , better pain acceptance and increased control to it . Body awareness appeared a key mechanism in these changes Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy BACKGROUND Laughter Yoga founded by M. Kataria is a combination of unconditioned laughter and yogic breathing . Its effect on mental and physical aspects of healthy individuals was shown to be beneficial . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Kataria 's Laughter Yoga and group exercise therapy 
    Output:
    
Subgroup analyses revealed evidence for effects in patients with depressive disorders and in individuals with elevated levels of depression .
Despite method ological drawbacks of the included studies , yoga could be considered an ancillary treatment option for patients with depressive disorders and individuals with elevated levels of depression