***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose Encouraging office workers to ‘ sit less and move more ’ encompasses two public health priorities . However , there is little evidence on the effectiveness of workplace interventions for reducing sitting , even less about the longer term effects of such interventions and still less on dual-focused interventions . This study assessed the short and mid-term impacts of a workplace web-based intervention ( Walk@WorkSpain , W@WS ; 2010 - 11 ) on self-reported sitting time , step counts and physical risk factors ( waist circumference , BMI , blood pressure ) for chronic disease . Methods Employees at six Spanish university campuses ( n=264 ; 42±10 years ; 171 female ) were r and omly assigned by worksite and campus to an Intervention ( used W@WS ; n=129 ; 87 female ) or a Comparison group ( maintained normal behavior ; n=135 ; 84 female ) . This phased , 19-week program aim ed to decrease occupational sitting time through increased incidental movement and short walks . A linear mixed model assessed changes in outcome measures between the baseline , ramping ( 8 weeks ) , maintenance ( 11 weeks ) and follow-up ( two months ) phases for Intervention versus Comparison groups . Results A significant 2 ( group ) × 2 ( program phases ) interaction was found for self-reported occupational sitting ( F[3]=7.97 , p=0.046 ) , daily step counts ( F[3]=15.68 , p=0.0013 ) and waist circumference ( F[3]=11.67 , p=0.0086 ) . The Intervention group decreased minutes of daily occupational sitting while also increasing step counts from baseline ( 446±126 ; 8,862±2,475 ) through ramping ( + 425±120 ; 9,345±2,435 ) , maintenance ( + 422±123 ; 9,638±3,131 ) and follow-up ( + 414±129 ; 9,786±3,205 ) . In the Comparison group , compared to baseline ( 404±106 ) , sitting time remained unchanged through ramping and maintenance , but decreased at follow-up ( -388±120 ) , while step counts diminished across all phases . The Intervention group significantly reduced waist circumference by 2.1cms from baseline to follow-up while the Comparison group reduced waist circumference by 1.3cms over the same period . Conclusions W@WS is a feasible and effective evidence -based intervention that can be successfully deployed with sedentary employees to elicit sustained changes on “ sitting less and moving more ” Background Excessive sitting time is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity independent of physical activity . This aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sit-st and workstation on sitting time , and vascular , metabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes in office workers , and to investigate workstation acceptability and feasibility . Methods A two-arm , parallel-group , individually r and omised controlled trial was conducted in one organisation . Participants were asymptomatic full-time office workers aged ≥18 years . Each participant in the intervention arm had a sit-st and workstation installed on their workplace desk for 8 weeks . Participants in the control arm received no intervention . The primary outcome was workplace sitting time , assessed at 0 , 4 and 8 weeks by an ecological momentary assessment diary . Secondary behavioural , cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed . Acceptability and feasibility were assessed via question naire and interview . ANCOVA and magnitude-based inferences examined intervention effects relative to controls at 4 and 8 weeks . Participants and research ers were not blind to group allocation . Results Forty-seven participants were r and omised ( intervention n = 26 ; control n = 21 ) . Relative to the control group at 8 weeks , the intervention group had a beneficial decrease in sitting time ( −80.2 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI = −129.0 , −31.4 ) ; p = 0.002 ) , increase in st and ing time ( 72.9 min/8-h workday ( 21.2 , 124.6 ) ; p = 0.007 ) and decrease in total cholesterol ( −0.40 mmol/L ( −0.79 , −0.003 ) ; p = 0.049 ) . No harmful changes in musculoskeletal discomfort/pain were observed relative to controls , and beneficial changes in flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure were observed . Most participants self-reported that the workstation was easy to use and their work-related productivity did not decrease when using the device . Factors that negatively influenced workstation use were workstation design , the social environment , work tasks and habits . ConclusionS hort-term use of a feasible sit-st and workstation reduced daily sitting time and led to beneficial improvements in cardiometabolic risk parameters in asymptomatic office workers . These findings imply that if the observed use of the sit-st and workstations continued over a longer duration , sit-st and workstations may have important ramifications for the prevention and reduction of cardiometabolic risk in a large proportion of the working population .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02496507 Background Prolonged sitting time has been associated with adverse health outcomes . Interventions at work may contribute to reduced sitting . The objective was to test if a multicomponent work-based intervention can reduce sitting time and the number of prolonged sitting periods ( > 30 min ) , increase the number of sit-to-st and transitions and decrease  waist circumference and body fat percentage among office workers . Primary outcomes were : change in sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and sit-to-st and transitions at follow-up 1 month later . Methods At four workplaces , 19 offices ( 317 workers in total ) were cluster r and omized for intervention or control . The intervention included the appointment of local ambassadors , management support , environmental changes , a lecture and a workshop . Sitting time was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh . Data were processed using Acti4 software providing data on time spent sitting , st and ing and doing other activities . Control participants were instructed to behave as usual . Follow-up measurements were obtained after 1 and 3 months . Results At 1 and 3 months , total sitting time was 71 ( P < 0.001 ) and 48 min ( P < 0.001 ) lower per 8-h workday in the intervention group compared with the control group . At 1 month , the number of prolonged sitting periods was lower ( -0.79/8-h workday , P < 0.001 ) and sit-to-st and transitions were higher ( + 14%/sitting hour , P = 0.001 ) in the intervention compared with the control group . After 3 months , trends persisted . The body fat percentage was lower by 0.61 percentage points ( P = 0.011 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group after 3 months . Conclusions The multicomponent workplace-based intervention was effective in reducing sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and body fat percentage , and in increasing the number of sit-to-st and transitions Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-month treadmill desk intervention in eliciting changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior among overweight/obese office workers . Methods : A r and omized controlled trial was conducted among overweight/obese office workers ( n = 41 ; mean age = 40.1 ± 10.1 years ) at a private workplace . Participants were r and omly assigned to a shared-treadmill desk intervention ( n = 21 ) or a usual working condition control group ( n = 20 ) . Accelerometer-determined physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured before and after the intervention . Results : Compared with the control group , the intervention group increased daily steps ( 1622 steps/day ; P = 0.013 ) and light physical activity ( 1.6 minutes/hour ; P = 0.008 ) , and decreased sedentary time ( −3.6 minutes/hour ; P = 0.047 ) during working hours . Conclusions : Shared-treadmill desks in the workplace can be effective at promoting favorable changes in light physical activity ( specifically 40 to 99 steps/minute ) and sedentary behavior among overweight/obese office workers Background Prolonged sitting time is detrimental for health . Individuals with desk-based occupations tend to sit a great deal and sit-st and workstations have been identified as a potential strategy to reduce sitting time . Hence , the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of using sit-st and workstations on office workers ’ sitting time at work and over the whole day . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial pilot with crossover design and waiting list control in Sydney , Australia from September 2011 to July 2012 ( n = 42 ; 86 % female ; mean age 38 ± 11 years ) . Participants used a sit-st and workstation for four weeks in the intervention condition . In the time-matched control condition , participants received nothing and crossed over to the intervention condition after four weeks . The primary outcomes , sitting , st and ing and walking time at work , were assessed before and after using the workstations with ActivPALs and self-report question naires . Secondary outcomes , domain-specific sitting over the whole day , were assessed by self-report . Linear mixed models estimated changes in outcomes adjusting for measurement time , study grouping and covariates . Results Intervention participants significantly reduced objective ly assessed time spent sitting at work by 73 min/workday ( 95 % CI : -106,-39 ) and increased st and ing time at work by 65 min/workday ( 95 % CI : 47 , 83 ) ; these changes were significant relative to controls ( p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Total sitting time significantly declined in intervention participants ( -80 min/workday ; 95 % CI : -155 , -4 ) . Conclusions This study shows that introducing sit-st and workstations in the office can reduce desk-based workers ’ sitting time at work in the short term . Larger scale studies on more representative sample s are needed to determine the public health impact of sit-st and workstations . Trial registration Background Interventions design ed to increase workplace physical activity may not automatically reduce high volumes of sitting , a behaviour independently linked to chronic diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes . This study compared the impact two different walking strategies had on step counts and reported sitting times . Methods Participants were white-collar university employees ( n = 179 ; age 41.3 ± 10.1 years ; 141 women ) , who volunteered and undertook a st and ardised ten-week intervention at three sites .  Pre-intervention step counts  ( Yamax SW-200 ) and  self-reported sitting times  were measured over five consecutive workdays . Using pre-intervention step counts , employees at each site were r and omly allocated to a control group ( n = 60 ; maintain normal behaviour ) , a route-based walking group ( n = 60 ; at least 10 minutes sustained walking each workday ) or an incidental walking group ( n = 59 ; walking in workday tasks ) . Workday step counts and reported sitting times were re-assessed at the beginning , mid- and endpoint of intervention and group mean± SD steps/day and reported sitting times for pre-intervention and intervention measurement points compared using a mixed factorial ANOVA ; paired sample -t-tests were used for follow-up , simple effect analyses . Results A significant interactive effect ( F = 3.5 ; p < 0.003 ) was found between group and step counts . Daily steps for controls decreased over the intervention period ( -391 steps/day ) and increased for route ( 968 steps/day ; t = 3.9 , p < 0.000 ) and incidental ( 699 steps/day ; t = 2.5 , p < 0.014 ) groups . There were no significant changes for reported sitting times , but average values did decrease relative to the control ( routes group = 7 minutes/day ; incidental group = 15 minutes/day ) . Reductions were most evident for the incidental group in the first week of intervention , where reported sitting decreased by an average of 21 minutes/day ( t = 1.9 ; p < 0.057 ) . Conclusion Compared to controls , both route and incidental walking increased physical activity  in white-collar employees . Our data suggests that workplace walking , particularly through incidental movement , also has the potential to decrease employee sitting times , but there is a need for on-going research using concurrent and objective measures of sitting , st and ing and walking Objective : This study was conducted to determine whether installation of sit-st and desks ( SSDs ) could lead to decreased sitting time during the workday among sedentary office workers . Methods : A r and omized cross-over trial was conducted from January to April , 2012 at a business in Minneapolis . 28 ( nine men , 26 full-time ) sedentary office workers took part in a 4 week intervention period which included the use of SSDs to gradually replace 50 % of sitting time with st and ing during the workday .  Physical activity was the primary outcome . Mood , energy level , fatigue , appetite , dietary intake , and productivity were explored as secondary outcomes . Results : The intervention reduced sitting time at work by 21 % ( 95 % CI 18%–25 % ) and sedentary time by 4.8 min/work-hr ( 95 % CI 4.1–5.4 min/work-hr ) . For a 40 h work-week , 
    Output:
    
Furthermore , interventions focusing on sedentary behaviour only and studies using objective measurement tools showed more often positive interventions effects .
Conclusions There are many promising interventions to reduce sitting time at the office workplace .
However , there is insufficient evidence if the effects of these interventions are sustainable in the long term .