***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a 12-week aerobic and muscular strength training program on selected dance performance and fitness-related parameters in modern dance students . The sample consisted of 32 men and women ( age 19 ± 2.2 years ) who were r and omly assigned into exercise ( n = 19 ) and control ( n = 13 ) groups .  Anthropometric and flexibility assessment s , treadmill ergometry , strength measurements , and —on a separate day — a dance technique test  were conducted pre and postexercise training in both groups . After the end of the program , the exercise group revealed significant increases in dance ( p > 0.02 ) , & OV0312;O2max ( p > 0.04 ) , flexibility ( p > 0.01 ) , and leg strength ( p > 0.001 ) tests compared to controls . It is concluded that in modern dance students ( a ) a 3-month aerobic and strength training program has positive effects on selected dance performance and fitness-related parameters , ( b ) aerobic capacity and leg strength improvements do not hinder dance performance as studied herein , and ( c ) the dance-only approach does not provide enough scope for physical fitness enhancements PURPOSE The aim of this study was to generate and vali date a prediction equation for estimating the body composition in dancers using the bioelectrical impedance analysis ( BIA ) as a method of assessment . METHODS The fat-free mass ( FFM ) of 42 young female professional dance students was estimated by four different methods : dual x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , BIA , simple anthropometry , and skinfold thickness ; DXA was used as a criterion method . RESULTS The dancers ' FFM was 42.6 kg ( SD : 3.3 ) and , on the average , body fat represented the 19.4 % ( SD : 4.3 ) of their body weight . Two dancer-specific BIA equations for the prediction of FFM ( E(BIA ) ) were developed by multiple regression analysis using weight , height , resistance index , and triceps as predictor variables ( E(BIA ) and E(BIA-TRICEPS ) ) . The validity of these equations as well as of those previously reported was assessed in two r and omly selected subgroups of the initial study group , as described by the Bl and -Altman analysis . The bias and the limits of agreement of the equations developed in the present study were lower than those result ing from the application of the previously used equations of Segal et al. and Hergenroeder et al. It was also found that , when vali date d against DXA , skinfolds measurements did not accurately predict body fatness in this group of young females . CONCLUSION The new equations allow for an accurate routine assessment of body composition in young female dancers by using the method of BIA . Further studies are needed for the cross-validation of the equations in various groups of dancers OBJECTIVES To compare the hip and ankle range of motion and hip muscle strength in 8 - 11 year old novice female ballet dancers and controls . METHODS Subjects were 77 dancers and 49 controls ( mean ( SD ) age 9.6 ( 0.8 ) and 9.6 ( 0.7 ) years respectively ) .  Supine right active hip external rotation ( ER ) and internal rotation ( IR ) were measured using an inclinometer . A turnout protractor was used to assess st and ing active turnout range . The measure of ER achieved from below the hip during turnout ( non-hip ER ) was calculated by subtracting hip ER range from turnout range , and hip ER : IR was derived by dividing ER range by IR range . Range of right weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion was measured in a st and ing lunge using two methods : the distance from the foot to the wall ( in centimetres ) and the angle of the shank to the vertical via an inclinometer ( in degrees ) . Right  calf muscle range  was measured in weight bearing using an inclinometer . A manual muscle tester was used to assess right isometric hip flexor , internal rotator , external rotator , abductor , and adductor strength . RESULTS Dancers had less ER ( p<0.05 ) and IR ( p<0.01 ) range than controls but greater ER : IR ( p<0.01 ) . Although there was no difference in turnout between groups , the dancers had greater non-hip ER . Dancers had greater range of ankle dorsiflexion than controls , measured in both centimetres ( p<0.01 ) and degrees ( p<0.05 ) , but similar calf muscle range . After controlling for body weight , controls had stronger hip muscles than dancers except for hip abductor strength which was similar . Regression analyses disclosed a moderate relation between turnout and hip ER ( r = 0.40 ) . There were no significant correlations between range of motion and training years and weekly training hours . CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal follow up will assist in determining whether or not hip and ankle range in young dancers is genetically fixed and unable to be improved with further balletic training This study evaluated the body composition ( underwater weighing ) and cardiorespiratory function ( VO(2)max and O(2)debt max measured by the  treadmill exercise test ) in 12 members of the women 's volleyball team ( mean age 17.4 years ) and 11 members of the women 's basketball team ( mean age 17.6 years ) that won the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meeting . We also examined differences in the physical abilities between the members of the top teams of different events . The following results were obtained . ( 1 ) The mean values of the height and body weight were 168.7+/-5.89 cm and 59.7+/-5.73 kg in the volleyball players and 166.5+/-7.87 cm and 58.8+/-6.85 kg in the basketball players . ( 2 ) The mean % Fat was 18.4+/-3.29 % in the volleyball players and 15.7+/-5.05 % in the basketball players , and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players . ( 3 ) The mean VO(2)max was 2.78+/-0.32 L x min(-1 ) ( 46.5+/-2.90 ml x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) in the volleyball players and 3.32+/-0.31 L x min(-1 ) ( 56.7+/-4.17 ml x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) in the basketball players , and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players . ( 4 ) The mean O(2)debt max was 6.18+/-1.15 L ( 103.2+/-12.40 ml x kg(-1 ) ) in the volleyball players and 7.92+/-1.80 L ( 134.3+/-23.24 ml x kg(-1 ) ) in the basketball players . These values were 2.6 times and 3.3 times as high as the average values in high school students in general . ( 5 ) No significant difference was observed in any measured item of the physique , skinfold thickness , or body composition between the volleyball players and basketball players . ( 6 ) The VO(2)max and O(2)debt max were 22 % and 28 % higher in the basketball players than in the volleyball players . From these results , the female volleyball players and basketball players evaluated in this study had the physical abilities needed to win the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meets , i.e. a large FFM and excellent aerobic and anaerobic work capacities . Also , basketball appears to require higher aerobic and anaerobic work capacities than volleyball & NA ; Wyon , M.A. , A. Grant , E. Redding , A. Head , and N.C.C. Sharp . Oxygen uptake during modern dance class  , rehearsal , and performance . J. Strength Cond . Res . 18(3):646–649 . 2004.—The aim of the present study was to examine whether the workload , expressed in oxygen uptake and heart rate , during dance class and rehearsal prepared the dancer for performance . Previous research on the dem and s of class and performance has been affected by equipment limitations and could only provide limited insight into the physiological dem and s placed on the dancer . The present study noted that dance performance had significantly greater mean oxygen uptake and heart rate than noted in both class and rehearsal ( p < 0.05 ) . Further analysis noted that , during class and rehearsal , heart rates were rarely within the aerobic training zone ( 60–90%HRmax , where HRmax is the maximum heart rate ) . Dance performance placed a greater dem and on the aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic energy systems than seen during class and rehearsal , which placed a greater emphasis on the adenosine triphosphate‐creatine phosphate system . Practical implication s suggest the need to supplement training within dance companies to overcome this deficit in training dem and BACKGROUND Carried out to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic response during various  gymnastic  routines [ Pommel Horse ( PH ) , Roman Ring ( RR ) , Parallel Bar ( PB ) , Horizontal Bar ( HB ) and Floor Exercise ( FE ) ] . METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN comparative and r and omized . SETTING General purpose , applicable on gymnastics training . Participants . Five male volunteers drawn from students attending sports coaching course in gymnastics at NIB , Patiala . A mixed population from all over India who had competitive experience of 6 to 10 years . INTERVENTIONS no interventions . MEASURES presence of heart rate overshooting , high lactate levels and individual characteristics of the gymnastics routines . RESULTS In all the routines peak HR was much lower than maximum heart rate ( HRmax ) of the gymnasts . Mean HR was lowest in first set and highest in the final ( 3rd set ) on all the apparatuses . Highest mean HR was recorded in HB followed by FE , RR , PB and PH respectively . After both first and third sets blood lactic acid ( La ) was highest in FE followed by RR , PB , HB and PH . La levels following the first set were 7.11 , 6.77 , 6.23 , 5.97 and 5.18 mM/l , respectively . Third set values were 10.54 , 10.16 , 8.95 , 8.74 and 8.04 mM/l . CONCLUSIONS ( a ) Cardiovascular load in various gymnastic routines is considerably less than maximal running ; ( b ) HR overshoot is common at the end of all the men 's gymnastic routines ; training evaluation or performance evaluation in gymnastics through heart rate should consider this fact to avoid any misinterpretation ; ( c ) PH is physiologically least dem and ing among the five while FE and RR are most stressful ; ( d ) repetition of gymnastic exercise routines with short rest pause may lead the gymnast to reach nearer to his lactate tolerance ; ( e ) gymnastics activity is dominated by anaerobic metabolism 
    Output:
    
At a professional level , it appears that contemporary dancers demonstrate higher maximal oxygen uptake and higher scores in muscular endurance than ballet dancers .
However , contemporary dance students are equally fit compared to their ballet counterparts and their body composition is also very similar .
Further research is needed in order to confirm preliminary data , which suggest that the implementation of additional fitness training is beneficial for contemporary dance students to achieve a better performance outcome