***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies With this study we tested the hypothesis that 6 wk of endurance training  increases maximal cardiac output ( Qmax ) relatively more by elevating blood volume ( BV ) than by inducing structural and functional changes within the heart . Nine healthy but untrained volunteers ( Vo2max 47 ± 5 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1 ) )  underwent supervised training ( 60 min ; 4 times weekly at 65 % Vo2max for 6 wk ) , and Qmax was determined by inert gas rebreathing during cycle ergometer exercise before and after the training period . After the training period , blood volume ( determined in duplicates by CO rebreathing ) was reestablished to pretraining values by phlebotomy and Qmax was quantified again . Resting echography revealed no structural heart adaptations as a consequence of the training intervention . After the training period , plasma volume ( PV ) , red blood cell volume ( RBCV ) , and BV increased ( P < 0.05 ) by 147 ± 168 ( 5 ± 5 % ) , 235 ± 64 ( 10 ± 3 % ) , and 382 ± 204 ml ( 7 ± 4 % ) , respectively . Vo2max was augmented ( P < 0.05 ) by 10 ± 7 % after the training period and decreased ( P < 0.05 ) by 8 ± 7 % with phlebotomy . Concomitantly , Qmax was increased ( P < 0.05 ) from 18.9 ± 2.1 to 20.4 ± 2.3 l/min ( 9 ± 6 % ) as a consequence of the training intervention , and after normalization of BV by phlebotomy Qmax returned to pretraining values ( 18.1 ± 2.5 l/min ; 12 ± 5 % reversal ) . Thus the exercise  training-induced increase in BV is the main mechanism increasing Qmax after 6 wk of endurance training in previously untrained subjects Gender differences in maximal accumulated oxygen deficit ( MAOD ) were examined before and after 4 and 8 wk of high-intensity interval training .  Untrained men ( n = 7 ) and women ( n = 7 ) cycled at 120 % of pretraining peak oxygen uptake ( VO2 peak ) to exhaustion ( MAOD test ) pre- , mid- , and posttraining . A posttraining timed test was also completed at the MAOD test power output , but this test was stopped at the time to exhaustion achieved during the pretraining MAOD test . The 14.3 + /- 5.2 % increase in MAOD observed in men after 4 wk of training was not different from the 14.0 + /- 3.0 % increase seen in women ( P > 0.05 ) . MAOD increased by a further 6.6 + /- 1.9 % in men , and this change was not different from the additional 5.1 + /- 2.3 % increase observed in women after the final 4 wk of training . VO2 peak measured during incremental cycling increased significantly ( P < 0.01 ) in male but not in female subjects after 8 wk of training . Moreover , the accumulated oxygen ( AO2 ) uptake was higher in men during the posttraining timed test compared with the pretraining MAOD test ( P < 0.01 ) . In contrast , the AO2 uptake was unchanged from pre- to posttraining in female subjects . The increase in MAOD with training was not different between men and women , suggesting an enhanced ability to produce ATP anaerobically in both groups . However , the increase in VO2 peak and AO2 uptake obtained in male subjects after training indicates improved oxidative metabolism in men but not in women . We conclude that there are basic gender differences that may predispose men and women to specific metabolic adaptations after a period of intense interval training We investigated the effect of endurance training on whole body substrate , glucose , and glycerol utilization during 90 min of exercise at 60 % peak O2 consumption ( VO2(peak ) ) in males and females .  Substrate oxidation was determined before and after 7 wk of endurance training on a cycle ergometer , with posttesting performed at the same absolute ( ABS , W ) and relative ( REL , VO2(peak ) ) intensities . [6,6 - 2H]glucose and [1,1,2,3,3 - 2H]glycerol tracers were used to calculate the respective substrate tracee flux . Endurance training result ed in an increase in VO2(peak ) for both males and females of 17 and 22 % , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . Females demonstrated a lower respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) both pretraining and posttraining compared with males during exercise ( P < 0.001 ) . Glucose rate of appearance ( R(a ) ) and rate of disappearance ( R(d ) ) were not different between males and females . Glucose metabolic clearance rate ( MCR ) was lower at 75 and 90 min of exercise for females compared with males ( P < 0.05 ) . Glucose R(a ) and R(d ) were lower during exercise at both ABS and REL posttraining exercise intensities compared with pretraining ( P < 0.001 ) . Females had a higher exercise glycerol R(a ) and R(d ) compared with males both pre- and posttraining ( P < 0.001 ) . Glycerol R(a ) was not different at either the ABS or REL posttraining exercise intensities compared with pretraining . We concluded that females oxidize proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate during exercise compared with males both pre- and posttraining , which was cotemporal with a higher glycerol R(a ) in females . Furthermore , endurance training result ed in a decrease in glucose flux at both ABS and REL exercise intensities after endurance exercise training In perinatal psychiatry , r and omized controlled trials are often not feasible on ethical grounds . Many studies are observational in nature , while others employ large data bases not design ed primarily for research purpose s. Quality assessment of the result ing research is complicated by a lack of st and ardized tools specifically for this purpose . The aim of this paper is to describe the  Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research ( SAQOR )  , a quality assessment tool our team devised for a series of systematic review s and meta‐analyses of evidence ‐based literature regarding risks and benefits of antidepressant medication during pregnancy . Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons , We studied the effects of a 38-day endurance exercise training program on leucine turnover and substrate metabolism during a 90-min exercise bout at 60 % peak O(2 ) consumption ( VO(2 peak ) ) in 6 males and 6 females . Subjects were studied at both the same absolute ( ABS ) and relative ( REL ) exercise intensities posttraining . Training result ed in a significant increase in whole body VO(2 peak ) and skeletal muscle citrate synthase ( CS ; P < 0.001 ) , complex I-III ( P < 0.05 ) , and total branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase ( BCOAD ; P < 0.001 ) activities . Leucine oxidation increased during exercise for the pretraining trial ( PRE , P < 0.001 ) ; however , there was no increase for either the ABS or REL posttraining trial . Leucine oxidation was significantly lower for females at all time points during rest and exercise ( P < 0.01 ) . The percentage of BCOAD in the activated state was significantly increased after exercise for both the PRE and REL exercise trials , with the increase in PRE being greater ( P < 0.001 ) compared with REL ( P < 0.05 ) . Females oxidized proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate during exercise compared with males . In conclusion , we found that 38 days of endurance exercise training significantly attenuated both leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during 90 min of endurance exercise at 60 % VO(2 peak ) for both ABS and REL exercise intensities . Furthermore , females oxidize proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate compared with males during endurance exercise UNLABELLED There is a wide individual heterogeneity in the maximal aerobic fitness ( V x O 2max ) response to exercise training . PURPOSE To examine predictors of V x O 2max nonresponse after aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women . METHODS The Dose Response to Exercise in Women ( DREW ) study was a r and omized , controlled trial examining the effects of incremental training doses on sedentary postmenopausal women ( 45 - 75 yr ) . Participants were r and omized to one of three exercise treatment groups ( 4 , 8 , or 12 kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) ) for 6 months . Participants exercised 3 - 4 d x wk(-1 ) at 50 % V x O 2max . Predictors of baseline V x O 2max were determined by ANOVA . We used a logistic regression analyses with categorical ( ethnicity and treatment group ) and st and ardized continuous variables ( age , body mass index [ BMI ] , and baseline V x O 2max ) to determine predictors of nonresponse ( Delta < or= 0 L x min(-1 ) ) . Our analysis included 310 women because the control group was excluded . RESULTS A total of 44.9 % , 23.8 % , and 19.3 % of the 4- , the 8- , and the 12-kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) treatment groups ( P < 0.0001 ) , respectively , were nonresponders . Maximal effort , BMI , age , and race significantly predicted baseline V x O 2max . Treatment group ( 8 and 12 kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) vs 4 kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) ; P = 0.0003 ) , baseline V x O 2max ( P < 0.0001 ) , and age ( P < 0.05 ) were significant predictors of nonresponse . Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were 2.13 ( 1.53 - 2.95 ) for baseline V x O 2max ; 1.35 ( 1.00 - 1.83 ) for age ; 0.45 ( 0.24 - 0.85 ) for the 8- versus the 4-kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) group ; and 0.27 ( 0.13 - 0.53 ) for the 12- versus the 4-kcal x kg(-1 ) x wk(-1 ) group . CONCLUSION Women that were younger , less fit , or exercised more during the DREW trial had greater odds of improving their fitness with training . The most important finding of this study was that greater volumes of exercise were associated with a lower probability of being a nonresponder INTRODUCTION In this prospect i ve r and omized trial , we examined the effect of three popular exercise training modalities on maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max ) in overweight and obese individuals . In addition , we examined possible concomitant adaptations in endurance exercise performance ( time to exhaustion ( TTE ) ) , citrate synthase ( CS ) activity , venous and arterial function , blood volume , and calculated stroke volume ( SV ) . METHODS Thirty subjects were recruited ( age , 41 ± 9 yr ; weight , 91 ± 1 
    Output:
    
Pooled evidence demonstrates greater improvements in VO2max in healthy men compared with women in response to a given dose of ET , suggesting the presence of sexual dimorphism in the trainability of aerobic capacity