***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: A case-control study was conducted within Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound to evaluate the relation between prior  vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer . Cases consisted of 175 men newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed prostate cancer during 1989 - 1991 . A total of 258 controls , matched to cases on birth year and membership status , were r and omly selected from the general membership of the plan . Information was collected from mailed question naires and medical records on medical history , including prior  vasectomy  , anthropometric measures , family history of prostate cancer , personal habits , and medical care utilization , and demographic factors . Conditional logistic regression analyses showed that the odds ratio for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy  was 0.86 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.57 - 1.32 ) after adjustment for confounders . The odds ratio estimate did not differ substantially by age at vasectomy or time since vasectomy . However , the odds ratio estimate for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy  tended to be increased among men who had a father or brother with prostate cancer . Nevertheless , the increased risk may be related to detection bias or differential participation rates due to both vasectomy status and a family history of prostate cancer . These results suggest no overall association between vasectomy and prostate cancer OBJECTIVES CP/CPPS is a commonly observed distress in male patients . Because of its little-known etiology , no effective therapy has been developed which has promising outcomes . Therefore , there is a need to develop a valid model which can mimic the etiology of CP/CPPS . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty male C57BL/6 mice were r and omly and averagely divided into 5 groups of 10 mice each . The control group was injected with 0.9 % NaCl solution . Aluminum hydroxide and T2 groups were injected with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and T2 peptide . T2 plus complete Freund adjuvant ( CFA ) with aluminum hydroxide group was injected with a mixture of T2 , CFA and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant . At the same time , CFA group was injected with complete Freund adjuvant . Hematoxylin-eosin stain and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate inflammatory lesion and expression of IL-β1 . Furthermore , TNF-α and CRP protein levels were evaluated by using commercially available ELISA kits . The ANOVA test was used to compare the statistical differences among groups . RESULTS Prostates from a mixture of T2 plus CFA with aluminum hydroxide immunized mice showed elevated lesions and high level of inflammatory cells infiltration compared to the other groups . In addition , the levels of TNF-α , IL-β1 , and CRP were also higher in the T2 plus CFA with aluminum hydroxide group as compared to the other groups . CONCLUSION Our results showed that T2 with CFA plus aluminum hydroxide adjuvant injection could successfully induce CP/CPPS in mice . This autoimmune novel model provides a useful , economic , safer , and easy tool for exploring the etiology and pathophysiology of CP/CPPS which will improve the therapeutic outcomes PURPOSE Black men are diagnosed with prostate cancer more often than white men , present with more advanced disease and have worse stage specific survival . Given the high risk of incidence and mortality in this population , determining potentially modifiable factors is important . Recent studies have suggested a link between chronic inflammation and development of prostate cancer . In concurrence , population based studies of white men have revealed an increased risk of prostate cancer with history of sexually transmitted diseases and prostatitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We explored the chronic inflammation hypothesis of prostate cancer development among black men by examining sexual activity , sexually transmitted diseases and prostatitis in a population based study  of 129 patients and 703 controls 40 to 79 years old . RESULTS After adjusting for age , income , cigarette smoking , and history of digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen tests in the last 5 years , we observed that a history of gonorrhea infection and prostatitis increased the odds of prostate cancer 1.78-fold ( 95 % CI 1.13 , 2.79 ) and 4.93-fold ( 95 % CI 2.79 , 8.74 ) , respectively . Men reporting 25 or more sexual partners were 2.80 ( 95 % CI 1.29 , 6.09 ) times more likely to be diagnosed with cancer compared to men with 5 or fewer partners . CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the significance of prior sexual practice s , exposure to sexually transmitted microbial agents and history of prostatic infection in the natural history of prostate cancer in black men . Additional prospect i ve research incorporating serological markers of infectious agents or predictive markers of chronic inflammation should serve to eluci date the possible causal pathway of recurring or persistent infection in the etiology of prostate cancer in black men Background Prostatitis and sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) have been positively associated with prostate cancer in previous case-control studies . However , results from recent prospect i ve studies have been inconclusive . Method ogy/Principal Findings We investigated the association between prostatitis , STDs , and prostate cancer among African American , Asian American , Latino , and White participants of the California Men 's Health Study . Our analysis included 68,675 men , who completed a detailed baseline question naire in 2002–2003 . We identified 1,658 incident prostate cancer cases during the follow-up period to June 30 , 2006 . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals . Overall , men having a history of prostatitis had an increased risk of prostate cancer than men with no history ( RR = 1.30 ; 95 % CI : 1.10–1.54 ) . Longer duration of prostatitis symptoms was also associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer ( P trend = 0.003 ) . In addition , among men screened for prostate cancer ( 1 or 2 PSA tests ) , a non-significant positive association was observed between prostatitis and prostate cancer ( RR = 1.10 ; 95 % CI : 0.75–1.63 ) . STDs were not associated with overall prostate cancer risk . In racial/ethnic stratified analysis , Latinos reporting any STDs had an increased risk of disease than those with no STDs ( RR = 1.43 ; 95 % CI : 1.07–1.91 ) . Interestingly , foreign-born Latinos displayed a larger risk associated with STDs ( RR = 1.87 ; 95 % CI : 1.16–3.02 ) than U.S. born Latinos ( RR = 1.15 ; 95 % CI : 0.76–3.02 ) . Conclusion In summary , results from this prospect i ve study suggest that prostatitis and STDs may be involved in prostate cancer susceptibility . While we can not rule out the possible influence of incidental detection , future studies are warranted to further investigate the role of infectious agents related to prostatitis and STDs in prostate cancer development Background : The incidence of prostate cancer is much lower in Asian men than in Western men . This study investigated whether prostate cancer is associated with prostatitis , benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) , and other medical conditions in the low-incidence population . Methods : From the cl aims data obtained from the universal National Health Insurance of Taiwan , we identified 1184 patients with prostate cancer diagnosed from 1997 to 2008 . Controls comprised 4736 men r and omly selected from a cancer-free population . Both groups were 50 years of age or above . Medical histories between the two groups were compared . Results : Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that prostatitis and BPH had stronger association with prostate cancer than the other medical conditions tested . Compared with men without prostatitis and BPH , a higher odds ratio ( OR ) for prostate cancer was associated with BPH ( 26.2 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 20.8–33.0 ) than with prostatitis ( 10.5 , 95 % CI=3.36–32.7 ) . Men with both conditions had an OR of 49.2 ( 95 % CI=34.7–69.9 ) . Conclusion : Men with prostate cancer have strong association with prostatitis and /or BPH . Prostatitis interacts with BPH , result ing in higher estimated relative risk of prostate cancer in men suffering from both conditions AIMS Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome ( IC/BPS ) is a prevalent disorder that may contribute to bladder cancer ( BC ) . This cohort study set out to investigate the association between IC/BPS and BC by using a population -based data set . METHODS The data for this study were source d from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program . The case cohort comprised 7,562 patients with IC/BPS , and 22,686 r and omly selected subjects were used as a comparison cohort . A Cox proportional hazards regression model ( stratified by age group , geographic location , urbanization level , and the index year ) was constructed to estimate the risk of subsequent BC following a diagnosis of IC/BPS . We also ran the analysis utilizing an alternative comparison cohort composed of patients with urinary incontinence ( UI ) . RESULTS In the study sample of 30,248 patients , 96 patients ( 0.32 % ) received a diagnosis of BC during the 3-year follow-up period ; 48 ( 0.63 % of patients with IC/BPS ) were from the study cohort ; and 48 ( 0.21 % of patients without IC/BPS ) were from the comparison cohort . The incidence rate of BC was 2.12 ( 95 % CI : 1.58 - 2.78 ) per 1,000 person-years in patients with IC/BPS and 0.70 ( 95 % CI : 0.52 - 0.92 ) per 1,000 person-years in comparison patients . Cox proportional analysis revealed that the adjusted HR for BC during the 3-year follow-up period for patients with IC/BPS was 2.95 ( 95 % CI : 1.97 - 4.41 ) that of comparison subjects . When performing the analysis with the alternative UI comparison cohort , the adjusted HR for BC was 1.96 ( 95 % CI : 1.14 - 3.39 ) . CONCLUSIONS This investigation detected a novel association between BC and prior IC/BPS A population -based case-control study of prostate cancer was performed in King County , Washington , in White men and Black men aged 40 - 64 years , between 1993 and 1996 . Incident prostate cancer cases ( n = 753 ) were identified from the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance , Epidemiology , and End Results ( SEER ) cancer registry . Controls ( n = 703 ) were identified through r and om digit dialing and were frequency matched to cases on age . Sexual behavior , medical history , and other potential prostate cancer risk factors were ascertained through an in-person interview . There was no relation between sexual orientation and prostate cancer , although the number of men who had sex with men was small . Risk estimates increased directly with the lifetime number of female sexual partners ( trend p < 0.001 ) but not with male partners ( trend p = 0.62 ) . Risk also increased with decreasing age at first intercourse , but this effect disappeared after adjusting for the number of female partners . Prior infection with gonorrhea was positively associated with risk ( odds ratio = 1.50 ; 95 % confidence interval : 1.0 , 2.2 ) , but no effect was seen among men with other sexually transmitted diseases . No relation between lifetime frequency of sexual intercourse and risk of prostate cancer was apparent . These findings are consistent with previous studies that support an infectious etiology for prostate cancer OBJECTIVES To determine the risk factors for the self-reported history of prostatitis and to determine whether a self-reported history of prostatitis is related to the diagnosis of prostate cancer . METHODS R and om digit dialing was used to select a group of controls aged 40 to 64 years without prostate cancer matched by age with a group of patients with prostate cancer in a study on the epidemiology of prostate cancer . Controls were divided into those who reported a diagnosis of prostatitis ( cases ) and those who denied  ever having had prostatitis  ( controls ) . We adjusted for the time from a prostatitis diagnosis to the in-person interview . We also compared the number of men with a prostatitis diagnosis to the number of men diagnosed and not diagnosed with prostate cancer . RESULTS Of the 645 control men without a history of prostate cancer , 58 ( 9.0 % ) reported a diagnosis of prostatitis . The men with prostatitis had a mean age of 39.5 years at diagnosis . The urinary symptoms among prostatitis cases and controls was similar . Prostatitis cases more frequently reported urinary ( P < or = 0.05 ) or urethral infections ( P < or = 0.01 ) before diagnosis . Men with prostatitis were more likely to have procedures aim ed at diagnosing both prostatic and other diseases . Men with prostate cancer reported a diagnosis of prostatitis more often than the noncancer controls ( 13.6 % versus 9.0 % ) . After controlling for the number of prostate-specific antigen tests this difference disappeared . CONCLUSIONS Nine percent of a r and omly selected group of middle-aged men reported they had been diagnosed with prostatitis . The prevalence of a prostatitis diagnosis is similar in men with and without prostate cancer Background : Sexually transmissible infections ( STI ) have been variably associated with increased risks of prostate cancer , largely in case-control studies . Methods : In the Prostate , Lung , Colorectal , and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial , 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Significant correlations were revealed among prostatitis , BPH and PCa .
Prostatitis or BPH could lead to escalating risks of PCa .
Meanwhile , people with a history of prostatitis might be more vulnerable to BPH