***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Postnatal depression affects 10–15 % of all mothers in Western societies and remains a major public health concern for women from diverse cultures . British Pakistani and Indian women have a higher prevalence of depression in comparison to their white counterparts . Research has shown that culturally adapted interventions using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT ) may be acceptable and may help to address the needs of this population . The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability and overall experience of the Positive Health Programme by British South Asian mothers . Methods This was a nested qualitative study , part of an exploratory r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) conducted to test the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally-adapted intervention ( Positive Health Programme or PHP ) for postnatal depression in British South Asian women .  In-depth interviews ( N = 17 ) were conducted to determine the views of the participants on the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention . Results The participants found the intervention acceptable and experienced an overall positive change in their attitudes , behaviour , and increased self-confidence . Conclusions The findings suggest that the culturally adapted Positive Health Programme is acceptable to British South Asian women . These results support that culturally sensitive interventions may lead to better health outcomes and overall satisfaction . Trial registration Protocol registered on Clinical trials.gov OBJECTIVE We examined the course and predictors of  postpartum depression  in the 18 months following interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) . METHOD We enrolled 120 community women with major depression in a 12-week r and omized trial of  individual IPT during the postpartum period ( O'Hara , Stuart , Gorman , & Wenzel , 2000 ) . At 6 , 12 , and 18 months posttreatment , women participated in clinical interviews to establish the course of depression over the previous 6 months . We used survival analyses to characterize recovery and recurrence in the follow-up and growth curve modeling techniques to identify predictors of change in depression during the follow-up period . Potential predictors included severity , chronicity , and personal history of depression . RESULTS Of 35 women who recovered with acute treatment , 20 ( 57 % ) achieved sustained recovery during follow-up ; average time to recurrence was 33.40 weeks ( SD = 18.43 weeks ) . Over 80 % of women who did not recover with acute treatment experienced recovery at some point during follow-up ; average time to recovery was 28.60 weeks ( SD = 17.51 weeks ) . Time depressed each month decreased over the follow-up period . Posttreatment depressive severity and length of the index episode predicted changes in depression over time . Posttreatment depression severity , personal history of depression , and weeks of treatment in the follow-up were significant predictors of time depressed during follow-up . CONCLUSIONS IPT result ed in long-term benefits past the termination of acute treatment , even for women who did not initially recover . Though the vast majority of women who did not recover with acute treatment did recover during the follow-up period , continuation of IPT may accelerate the process BACKGROUND A prospect i ve epidemiology study evaluated the role of specific social and psychological variables in the prediction of depressive symptomatology and disorders following childbirth in a community sample . Measures of social support used previously in clinical ly depressed population s facilitated further comparison . METHODS Nulliparous pregnant women ( N = 507 ) were interviewed during pregnancy with the Interview Measure of Social Relationships ( IMSR ) and a context ual assessment of pregnancy-related support and adversity and 427 were followed up at 3 months postpartum with the 30-item GHQ , including six depression items . To establish the clinical representativeness of the GHQ , high GHQ scorers and a r and om sub sample of low scorers were interviewed using the SCAN . Regression models were developed using the  GHQ Depression scale ( GHQ-D ) , the IMSR and other risk factor data . RESULTS GHQ-D after childbirth was predicted by lack of perceived support from members of the woman 's primary group and lack of support in relation to the event becoming pregnant ; this held even after controlling for antenatal depression , neuroticism , family and personal psychiatric history and adversity . Informant-rated deficits in provision of social support also predicted later depression . The size of the primary social network group previously found to be related to depression in women , did not predict depressive symptom development . CONCLUSION Predictors of depressive symptom development differ from predictors of recovery from clinical depression in women . Interventions should be design ed to reduce specific deficits in social support observed in particular study population Few interventions for Postnatal Depression ( PND ) have focused on parenting difficulties ; the aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility and evaluate a parenting intervention ( Baby Triple P ) in women with PND . This was a pilot r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) to evaluate and determine the feasibility of the newly developed Baby Triple P compared with treatment as usual ( TAU ) in women with PND . In all , 27 female participants aged from 18 to 45 years ( mean age = 28.4 years , st and ard deviation ( SD ) = 6.1 ) , with a primary diagnosis of major depression and an infant under 12 months ( mean age = 6.2 months , SD = 3.2 months ) , were recruited from primary care trusts in Greater Manchester , United Kingdom . Participants were r and omly allocated to receive either eight Baby Triple P sessions in addition to TAU or TAU only . Outcomes were assessed at post-treatment ( Time 2 ) and 3 months post-treatment ( Time 3 ) . Self-report outcomes were as follows : Beck Depression Inventory , Oxford Happiness Inventory , What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like , Postpartum Bonding Question naire and the Brief Parenting Beliefs Scale – baby version . An assessor-rated observational measure of mother – infant interaction , the CARE Index and measure of intervention acceptability were also completed . Significant improvements from Time 1 to Time 2 and Time 1 to Time 3 were observed across both groups . Although women allocated to Baby Triple P showed more favourable improvements , the between-group differences were not significant . However , the intervention was highly acceptable to women with PND . A large-scale RCT is indicated Post-partum depression affects 10 - 13 % of Japanese women , but many do not receive appropriate treatment or support . This intervention study evaluated the effectiveness of home visits by mental health nurses for Japanese women with post-partum depression . Eighteen post-partum women met the inclusion criteria and were r and omly allocated into the intervention ( n = 9 ) or control ( n = 9 ) group at 1 - 2 months after giving birth . The intervention group received four weekly home visits by a mental health nurse . Control group participants received usual care . Two women in the intervention group did not complete the study . Depressive symptoms and quality of life were measured at 1 and 6 weeks ' postintervention . In addition , participants completed an open-ended question naire on satisfaction and meaning derived from the home visits . Women in the intervention group had significant amelioration of depressive symptoms over time and reported positive benefits from the home visits , but there were no statistically significant differences between groups . Significant differences ( P < 0.05 ) were observed at times 2 and 3 between groups in terms of increased median scores of physical , environmental , and global subscales , and the total average score of the World Health Organization/ quality of life assessment instrument . On the psychological subscale , significant differences ( P = 0.042 ) were observed between groups at time 2 . The qualitative analysis of comments about home visitation revealed four categories related to ' setting their mind at ease ' , ' clarifying thoughts ' , ' improving coping abilities ' , and ' removing feelings of withdrawal from others ' . These results suggest that home visits by mental health nurses can contribute to positive mental health and social changes for women with post-partum depression . A larger trial is warranted to test this approach to care BACKGROUND Postnatal depression is a public health problem requiring intervention . To provide effective care , information is needed on the experiences of those with high levels of depressive symptoms who are offered and accept , or decline , psychological intervention postnatally . AIM To provide the first integrated in-depth exploration of postnatal women 's experiences of the identification and management of symptoms of depression and the offer and acceptance of postnatal care by health visitors taking part in the PoNDER trial . SETTING General practice : primary care within the former Trent regional health authority , Engl and . METHOD Thirty women with 6-week Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) scores ≥ 18 and probable depression completed semi-structured interviews . All women had taken part in the Post-Natal Depression Economic Evaluation and R and omised controlled ( PoNDER ) trial where  intervention group health visitors received training in identification of depressive symptoms and provided psychologically informed sessions based on cognitive-behavioural therapy or person-centred counselling principles . RESULTS When accepted , psychological sessions were experienced as positive , effective , and ' ideal care ' . Women approved of using the EPDS but did not underst and the health visitor 's role in supporting women . Seeking help and accepting sessions depended on women 's perspectives of their health visitor as an individual . CONCLUSION Women 's experience of their health visitors providing psychological sessions to help with postnatal depressive symptoms is highly positive . Women will better accept support from health visitors if they recognise their role in postnatal depression and find them easy to relate to on personal matters . There is a case for specific enhancement of interpersonal skills in health visiting , or alternatively offering a choice of health visitors to women 
    Output:
    
Women found the process of seeking help difficult , with several barriers preventing them from both seeking and accepting professional support .
Despite this , women described the support received as beneficial and particularly valued the therapeutic relationship .
Women reported 1 ) feeling more positive and confident after receiving a psychological and /or psychosocial intervention and 2 ) experiencing better relationships with their infant and other family members .
DISCUSSION Although seeking and accepting professional support for PPD was a difficult process , women highly valued mental health care support and perceived it as beneficial .