***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background : Smoking behavior among couples is often similar . Purpose : The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the partner ’s smoking status and the intention to stop smoking of the index person . Method : Cross-sectional data of 1,044 patients in a r and om sample of 34 general medical practice s in northeastern Germany were analyzed . Results : Among smokers with a non-smoking partner ( SNP ) , more intended to quit smoking in the next six months ( 37.0 % vs. 31.4 % ) , compared to smokers with a smoking partner ( SSP ) . Also , more SNP intended to quit in the next four weeks ( 4.7 % vs. 2.7 % ) compared to SSP . SNP were more active in the use of self-change strategies than SSP . Conclusion : The data confirm that the partner ’s smoking status is related to the intention to quit smoking . Interventions should address the different needs of both smokers with a smoking partner and those with a non-smoking partner Aims To assess whether associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation  are due to intrauterine mechanisms . Design Comparison of associations of  maternal and partner smoking behaviour during pregnancy with  offspring smoking initiation using partner smoking as a negative control ( n = 6484 ) and a Mendelian r and omization analysis ( n = 1020 ) , using a genetic variant in the mothers as a proxy for smoking cessation during pregnancy . Setting A longitudinal birth cohort in South West Engl and . Participants Participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( ALSPAC ) . Measurements  Smoking status during pregnancy  was self-reported by mother and partner in question naires administered at pregnancy . Latent classes of offspring smoking initiation ( non-smokers , experimenters , late-onset regular smokers and early-onset regular smokers ) were previously developed from question naires administered at 14–16 years . A genetic variant , rs1051730 , was genotyped in the mothers . Findings Both mother and partner smoking were similarly positively associated with offspring smoking initiation classes , even after adjustment for confounders . Odds ratios ( OR ) [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ] for class membership compared with non-smokers were : experimenters : mother OR = 1.33 ( 95 % CI = 1.06 , 1.67 ) , partner OR = 1.28 ( 95 % CI = 1.06 , 1.55 ) , late-onset regular smokers : mother OR = 1.80 ( 95 % CI = 1.43 , 2.26 ) , partner OR = 1.86 ( 95 % CI = 1.52 , 2.28 ) and early-onset regular smokers : mother OR = 2.89 ( 95 % CI = 2.12 , 3.94 ) , partner OR = 2.50 ( 95 % CI = 1.85 , 3.37 ) . There was no clear evidence for a dose – response effect of either mother or partner smoking heaviness on class membership . Maternal rs1051730 genotype was not clearly associated with offspring smoking initiation class in pre-pregnancy smokers ( P = 0.35 ) . Conclusion The association between smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation does not appear to operate through intrauterine mechanisms OBJECTIVE Smoking during pregnancy is an important problem in the Netherl and s. We tested the effectiveness of a health counseling method by midwives using a RCT . METHODS Four provinces with 42 practice s including 118 midwives were r and omly assigned to the experimental or control condition . Midwives in the experimental group provided brief health counseling , self-help material s on smoking cessation during pregnancy and early postpartum , and a partner booklet . Controls received routine care . The main outcome measures were 7-day abstinence , continuous abstinence , and partner smoking at 6 weeks post-intervention ( T1 ) and 6 weeks postpartum ( T2 ) . RESULTS Multi-level analysis revealed significant differences between both conditions at T1 and T2 using intention-to-treat analysis . Nineteen percent of the experimental group reported 7-day abstinence compared to 7 % of the control group at T1 , and 21 and 12 % , respectively , at T2 . For continuous abstinence these percentages were 12 % in the experimental group and 3 % in the control group . The partner intervention was not successful . CONCLUSION The intervention result ed in significant effects on smoking behavior for pregnant women , but not for partner smoking . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S The program realized short-term effects . An important precondition is that midwives need a proper training Six hundred and thirty smokers who intended to quit smoking themselves completed pre-cessation measures of self-efficacy , partner support , daily stresses and demographics . Subjects were contacted at 2 , 7 , 14 , 30 , 90 and 180 days post-cessation to determine smoking status and to re-administer the measures at 7 , 14 and 30 days post-cessation . A series of logistic regression examined which prospect i ve factors best predicted relapse between 0 - 2 days , 3 - 7 days , 8 - 14 days , 15 - 30 days , 31 - 90 days and 91 - 180 days . Relapse was predicted by different variables at different times ; however , self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of relapse over time BACKGROUND Pediatric well-care visits provide a clinical opportunity to counsel new mothers about their smoking and the deleterious effects of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) on infant health . METHODS Forty-nine Oregon pediatric offices enrolled 2,901 women who were currently smoking or had quit for pregnancy , using a brief survey at the newborn 's first office visit . R and omly assigned offices provided advice and material s to mothers at each well-care visit during the first 6 months postpartum to promote quitting or relapse prevention . RESULTS The intervention reduced smoking ( 5.9 % vs 2.7 % ) and relapse ( 55 % vs 45 % ) at 6-month follow-up , but logistic regression analysis at 12 months revealed no significant treatment effect . The intervention had a positive effect on secondary outcome variables , such as readiness to quit and attitude toward and knowledge of ETS . Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that husb and /partner smoking was the strongest predictor of maternal quitting or relapse . CONCLUSIONS A pediatric office-based intervention can significantly affect smoking and relapse prevention for mothers of newborns , but the effect decreases with time . Consistent prompting of the provider to give brief advice and material s at well-care visits could provide a low-cost intervention to reduce infant ETS exposure CONTEXT Poor family functioning affects psychosocial adjustment and the occurrence of morbidity following bereavement in the context of a family 's coping with advanced cancer . Family functioning typologies assist with targeted family-centered assessment and intervention to offset these complications in the palliative care setting . OBJECTIVES Our objective was to identify the number and nature of potential types in an American palliative care patient sample . METHODS Data from patients with advanced cancer ( N = 1809 ) screened for eligibility for a larger r and omized clinical trial were used . Cluster analyses determined whether patients could be classified into clinical ly meaningful and coherent groups , based on similarities in their perceptions of family functioning across the cohesiveness , expressiveness , and conflict resolution subscales of the Family Relations Index . RESULTS Patients ' reports of perceived family functioning yielded a model containing five meaningful family types . CONCLUSION Cohesiveness , expressiveness , and conflict resolution appear to be useful dimensions by which to classify patient perceptions of family functioning . " At risk " American families may include those we have called hostile , low-communicating , and less-involved . Such families may benefit from adjuvant family-centered psychosocial services , such as family therapy BACKGROUND A partner 's provision of support and smoking status has been consistently associated with women 's likelihood of smoking cessation during pregnancy and relapse in postpartum . DESIGN A three-group r and omized controlled intervention trial was conducted in 1996 to 2001 , with 583 women and their partners r and omized to usual care ( UC ) , woman-only ( WO ) , or partner-assisted ( PA ) intervention .  Follow-ups occurred at 28 weeks of pregnancy , and 2- , 6- , and 12-months postpartum . SETTING Womack Army Medical Center ( WAMC ) at Fort Bragg in Fayetteville , North Carolina . INTERVENTION Women in the UC condition received provider advice to quit and a self-help guide . The WO condition received UC components plus a late-pregnancy relapse prevention kit ( booklet and gift items ) and six counseling calls ( three in pregnancy and three postpartum ) initiated by a health advisor . Women in the PA condition received the WO intervention , and their partners received telephone counseling and a support guide emphasizing skills to help the woman build and maintain her confidence to quit smoking . Partners who smoked also received cessation aids and related counseling . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Seven-day self-reported abstinence from smoking at each follow-up . RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses showed no significant differences by condition in women 's reports of abstinence at any follow-up . In late pregnancy , more partners were abstinent in the PA condition ( 15 % ) than in the UC condition ( 5 % ) , p = 0.02 . CONCLUSIONS Partner-assisted smoking-cessation interventions need further refinement . Influencing young couples ' support patterns may require more intensive and conjoint intervention . Partners who smoke could benefit from support for their cessation efforts Exposure to prosmoking media ( e.g. , smoking in movies , advertising in magazines ) contributes to smoking in young people . However , the extent to which the impact of exposure depends on the social context in which those exposures occur has not been investigated . This study used ecological momentary assessment to examine the moderating role of social context in the relationship between college students ' exposure to prosmoking media and their smoking refusal self-efficacy and intention to smoke .  College students ( n = 134 )  carried h and held computers for 21 days , recording their exposure to all forms of prosmoking media during the assessment period . They also responded to three investigator-initiated control prompts ( programmed to occur r and omly ) each day of the assessment . After each exposure to prosmoking media and after each control prompt , participants answered questions about smoking refusal self-efficacy and their intentions to smoke ; they also indicated whether they were with friends , with family , with a romantic partner , or alone ( i.e. , their social context ) . When participants were with friends , prosmoking media exposures were associated with stronger smoking intentions and lower smoking refusal self-efficacy ; these associations were not present when participants were alone . Being with family members or with a romantic partner did not moderate the impact of prosmoking media exposure on either dependent variable . These results suggest a new role for peers in the development of youth smoking BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to assess the effect of parental and partner 's education and smoking behavior on an individual 's chance of smoking cessation over the life course . METHODS Self-reported life histories of smoking behavior , education , and relationships were recorded in face-to-face interviews with a r and om general- population sample of 850 respondents and their partners ( if present ) . The data were collected in 2000 . A discrete-time event history model is applied in the analyses of cessation over the life course . RESULTS Parents ' education and smoking behavior  ( during adolescence ) and partners ' education have no significant influence on cessation . Living with an ex-smoker or never-smoker increases the likelihood of quitting , compared to being single or living with a partner who smokes . Respondents whose partners were ex-smokers are almost five times more likely to quit smoking than single respondents . They are almost twice as likely to quit compared to those living with a never-smoker . CONCLUSIONS The difference between having and not having a partner seems as important for cessation as the difference between having a partner who smokes , has never smoked , or has stopped smoking . An ex-smoking partner stimulates cessation more than a partner who has never smoked . Studies into cessation should take into account partners ' smoking histories Perceptions of support for cessation of smoking during pregnancy , likelihood of quitting , and partner smoking status were explored in a sample of 688 pregnant smokers ( 372 baseline smokers and 316 baseline quitters ) . Women with nonsmoking partners were significantly more likely to be baseline quitters than women with partners who smoked . Baseline quitters reported significantly more positive support from their partners than did continuing smokers ( p = .02 ) . Neither partner smoking status nor partner support at baseline was associated with cessation or relapse later in pregnancy . Women reported greater support , both positive and negative , from nonsmoking partners than from partners who smoked ( p = .001 ) . Among partner smokers , those who were trying to quit were perceived to be particularly supportive .  Cessation interventions for expectant fathers may increase pregnant women 's success at quitting 16 202 men , aged 40 - 49 years , were screened for coronary risk factors , Of these , 1232 healthy , normotensive men at high risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) were selected for a 5-year r and omised trial to show whether lowering of serum lipids and cessation of smoking could reduce the incidence of CHD . Men were admitted to 
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Conclusions We have yet to develop family-based  smoking cessation  interventions that harness or re-direct the influence of family members on smoking behaviour in a positive way .
Thus , it is likely that individualised-approaches to smoking cessation will prevail