***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE : To estimate the efficacy of a psycho-behavioral intervention in reducing intimate partner violence recurrence during pregnancy and postpartum and in improving birth outcomes in African-American women . METHODS : We conducted a r and omized controlled trial for which 1,044 women were recruited . Women were r and omly assigned to receive either intervention ( n=521 ) or usual care ( n=523 ) . Individually tailored counseling sessions were adapted from evidence -based interventions for intimate partner violence and other risks . Logistic regression was used to model intimate partner violence victimization recurrence and to predict minor , severe , physical , and sexual intimate partner violence . RESULTS : Women r and omly assigned to the intervention group were less likely to have recurrent episodes of intimate partner violence victimization ( odds ratio [ OR ] 0.48 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 0.29–0.80 ) . Women with minor intimate partner violence were significantly less likely to experience further episodes during pregnancy ( OR 0.48 , 95 % CI 0.26–0.86 , OR 0.53 , 95 % CI 0.28–0.99 ) and postpartum ( OR 0.56 , 95 % CI 0.34–0.93 ) . Numbers needed to treat were 17 , 12 , and 22 , respectively , as compared with the usual care group . Women with severe intimate partner violence showed significantly reduced episodes postpartum ( OR 0.39 , 95 % CI 0.18–0.82 ) ; the number needed to treat was 27 . Women who experienced physical intimate partner violence showed significant reduction at the first follow-up ( OR 0.49 , 95 % CI 0.27–0.91 ) and postpartum ( OR 0.47 , 95 % CI 0.27–0.82 ) ; the numbers needed to treat were 18 and 20 , respectively . Women in the intervention group had significantly fewer very preterm neonates ( 1.5 % intervention group , 6.6 % usual care group ; P=.03 ) and an increased mean gestational age ( 38.2±3.3 intervention group , 36.9±5.9 usual care group ; P=.016 ) . CONCLUSION : A relatively brief intervention during pregnancy had discernible effects on intimate partner violence and pregnancy outcomes . Screening for intimate partner violence as well as other psychosocial and behavioral risks and incorporating similar interventions in prenatal care is strongly recommended . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION : Clinical Trials.gov , www . clinical trials.gov , NCT00381823 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : OBJECTIVES : Intimate partner violence ( IPV ) during pregnancy affects 0.9 % to 17 % of women and affects maternal health significantly . The impact of IPV extends to the health of children , including an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and the neonatal period , mental health problems , and cognitive delays . Despite substantial sequelae , there is limited research substantiating best practice s for engaging and retaining high-risk families in perinatal home visiting ( HV ) programs , which have been shown to improve infant development and reduce maltreatment . METHODS : The Domestic Violence Enhanced Home Visitation Program ( DOVE ) is a multistate longitudinal study testing the effectiveness of a structured IPV intervention integrated into health department perinatal HV programs . The DOVE intervention , based on an empowerment model , combined 2 evidence -based interventions : a 10-minute brochure-based IPV intervention and nurse home visitation . RESULTS : Across all sites , 689 referrals were received from participating health departments . A total of 339 abused pregnant women were eligible for r and omization ; 42 women refused , and 239 women were r and omly assigned ( 124 DOVE ; 115 usual care ) , result ing in a 71 % recruitment rate .  Retention rates from baseline included 93 % at delivery , 80 % at 3 months , 76 % at 6 months , and 72 % at 12 months . CONCLUSIONS : Challenges for HV programs include identifying and retaining abused pregnant women in their programs . DOVE strategies for engaging and retaining abused pregnant women should be integrated into HV programs ’ federal government m and ates for the appropriate identification and intervention of women and children exposed to IPV Background Research has shown that treatments that solely addressed intimate partner violence ( IPV ) perpetration were not very effective in reducing IPV , possibly due to neglecting individual differences between IPV perpetrators . A large proportion of IPV perpetrators is diagnosed with co-occurring substance use disorders and it has been demonstrated that successful treatment of alcohol dependence among alcohol dependent IPV perpetrators also led to less IPV . The current study investigated the relative effectiveness of Integrated treatment for Substance abuse and Partner violence ( I-StoP ) to cognitive behavioral treatment addressing substance use disorders including only one session addressing partner violence ( CBT-SUD+ ) among patients in substance abuse treatment who repeatedly committed IPV .  Substance use and IPV perpetration were primary outcome measures . Method Patients who entered substance abuse treatment were screened for IPV . Patients who disclosed at least 7 acts of physical IPV in the past year ( N = 52 ) were r and omly assigned to either I-StoP or CBT-SUD+ . Patients in both conditions received 16 treatment sessions . Substance use and IPV perpetration were assessed at pretreatment , halfway treatment and posttreatment in blocks of 8 weeks . Both completers and intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analyses were performed . Results Patients ( completers and ITT ) in both conditions significantly improved regarding substance use and IPV perpetration at posttreatment compared with pretreatment . There were no differences in outcome between conditions . Completers in both conditions almost fully abstained from IPV in 8 weeks before the end of treatment . Conclusions Both I-StoP and CBT-SUD+ were effective in reducing substance use and IPV perpetration among patients in substance abuse treatment who repeatedly committed IPV and self-disclosed IPV perpetration . Since it is more cost and time-effective to implement CBT-SUD+ than I-StoP , it is suggested to treat IPV perpetrators in substance abuse treatment with CBT-SUD+.Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : BACKGROUND Most clinicians have no training about domestic violence , fail to identify patients experiencing abuse , and are uncertain about management after disclosure . We tested the effectiveness of a programme of training and support in primary health-care practice s to increase identification of  women experiencing domestic violence  and their referral to specialist advocacy services . METHODS In this cluster r and omised controlled trial , we selected general practice s in two urban primary care trusts , Hackney ( London ) and Bristol , UK . Practice s in which investigators from this trial were employed or those who did not use electronic records were excluded . Practice s were stratified by proportion of female doctors , postgraduate training status , number of patients registered , and percentage of practice population on low incomes . Within every primary care trust area , we r and omised practice s with a computer-minimisation programme with a r and om component to intervention or control groups . The intervention programme included practice -based training sessions , a prompt within the medical record to ask about abuse , and a referral pathway to a named domestic violence advocate , who also delivered the training and further consultancy . The primary outcome was recorded referral of patients to domestic violence advocacy services . The prespecified secondary outcome was recorded identification of domestic violence in the electronic medical records of the general practice . Poisson regression analyses accounting for clustering were done for all practice s receiving the intervention . Practice staff and research associates were not masked and patients were not aware they were part of a study . This study is registered at Current Controlled Trials , IS RCT N74012786 . FINDINGS We r and omised 51 ( 61 % ) of 84 eligible general practice s in Hackney and Bristol . Of these , 24 received a training and support programme , 24 did not receive the programme , and three dropped out before the trial started . 1 year after the second training session , the 24 intervention practice s recorded 223 referrals of patients to advocacy and the 24 control practice s recorded 12 referrals ( adjusted intervention rate ratio 22·1 [ 95 % CI 11·5 - 42·4 ] ) . Intervention practice s recorded 641 disclosures of domestic violence and control practice s recorded 236 ( adjusted intervention rate ratio 3·1 [ 95 % CI 2·2 - 4·3 ) . No adverse events were recorded . INTERPRETATION A training and support programme targeted at primary care clinicians and administrative staff improved referral to specialist domestic violence agencies and recorded identification of women experiencing domestic violence . Our findings reduce the uncertainty about the benefit of training and support interventions in primary care setting s for domestic violence and show that screening of women patients for domestic violence is not a necessary condition for improved identification and referral to advocacy services . FUNDING Health Foundation BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence ( IPV ) during pregnancy poses a significant health risk to the mother and developing fetus . Practice guidelines recommend that prenatal providers screen for and counsel their patients about IPV , yet many physicians express reluctance or discomfort regarding such discussion s. The Health in Pregnancy ( HIP ) computer program was design ed to improve prenatal providers ' counseling about behavioral risks . METHODS English-speaking women 18 years or older , less than 26-weeks pregnant , and receiving prenatal care at one of the five participating clinics in the San Francisco area , were r and omized in parallel groups in a controlled trial ( June 2006-present ; data analyzed June 2007 ) . Participants reporting one or more risks were r and omized to intervention or control in stratified blocks . Providers received summary " cueing sheets " alerting them to their patient 's risk(s ) and suggesting counseling statements . RESULTS Thirteen percent ( 37/286 ) of the sample reported current IPV . Provider cueing result ed in 85 % of the IPV-intervention group reporting discussion s with their provider , compared to 23.5 % of the control group ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS IPV discussion s were influenced strongly by cueing providers . Provider cueing is an effective and appropriate adjunct to routine risk counseling in prenatal care Background Gender-based violence against women , including intimate partner violence ( IPV ) , is a pervasive health and human rights concern . However , relatively little intervention research has been conducted on how to reduce IPV in setting s impacted by conflict . The current study reports on the evaluation of the incremental impact of adding “ gender dialogue groups ” to an economic empowerment group savings program on levels of IPV . This study took place in north and northwestern rural Côte d’Ivoire . Methods Between 2010 and 2012 , we conducted a two-armed , non-blinded r and omized-controlled trial ( RCT ) comparing group savings only ( control ) to “ gender dialogue groups ” added to group savings ( treatment ) . The gender dialogue group consisted of eight sessions that targeted women and their male partner . Eligible Ivorian women ( 18 + years , no prior experience with group savings ) were invited to participate . 934 out of 981 ( 95.2 % ) partnered women completed baseline and endline data collection . The primary trial outcome measure was an overall measure of past-year physical and /or sexual IPV . Past year physical IPV , sexual IPV , and economic abuse were also separately assessed , as were attitudes towards justification of wife beating and a woman ’s ability to refuse sex with her husb and . Results Intent to treat analyses revealed that compared to groups savings alone , the addition of gender dialogue groups result ed in a slightly lower odds of reporting past year physical and /or sexual IPV ( OR : 0.92 ; 95 % CI : 0.58 , 1.47 ; not statistically significant ) . Reductions in reporting of physical IPV and sexual IPV were also observed ( not statistically significant ) . Women in the treatment group were significantly less likely to report economic abuse than control group counterparts ( OR = 0.39 ; 95 % CI : 0.25 , 0.60 , p < .0001 ) . Acceptance of wife beating was significantly reduced among the treatment group ( β = -0.97 ; 95 % CI : -1.67 , -0.28 , p = 0.006 ) , while attitudes towards refusal of sex did not significantly change Per protocol analysis suggests that compared to control women , treatment women attending more than 75 % of intervention sessions with their male partner were less likely to report physical IPV ( a OR : 0.45 ; 95 % CI : 0.21 , 0.94 ; p = .04 ) and report fewer justifications for wife beating ( adjusted β = -1.14 ; 95 % CI : -2.01 , -0.28 , p = 0.01 ) ; and both low and high adherent women reported significantly decreased economic abuse ( a OR : 0.31 ; 95 % CI : 0.18 , 0.52 , p < 0.0001 ; a OR : 0.47 ; 95 % CI : 0.27 , 0.81 , p = 01 , respectively ) . No significant reductions were observed for physical and /or sexual IPV , or sexual IPV alone . Conclusions Results from this pilot RCT suggest the importance of addressing household gender inequities alongside economic programming , because this type of combined intervention has potential to reduce levels of IPV . Additional large-scale intervention research is needed to replicate these findings .Trial registration Registration Number : NCT01629472 OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of the Strength at Home Men 's 
    Output:
    
We identified an opportunity to improve reporting quality by encouraging adherence to reporting guidelines .