***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives We aim ed to use simple clinical questions to group women and provide their specific rates of miscarriage , preterm delivery , and stillbirth for reference . Further , our purpose was to describe who has experienced particularly low or high rates of each event . Methods Data were collected as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women 's Health , a national prospect i ve cohort . Reproductive histories were obtained from 5806 women aged 31–36 years in 2009 , who had self-reported an outcome for one or more pregnancy . Age at first birth , number of live births , smoking status , fertility problems , use of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) , education and physical activity were the variables that best separated women into groups for calculating the rates of miscarriage , preterm delivery , and stillbirth . Results Women reported 10,247 live births , 2544 miscarriages  , 1113 preterm deliveries , and 113 stillbirths . Miscarriage was correlated with stillbirth ( r = 0.09 , P<0.001 ) . The calculable rate of miscarriage ranged from 11.3 to 86.5 miscarriages per 100 live births . Women who had high rates of miscarriage typically had fewer live births , were more likely to smoke and were more likely to have tried unsuccessfully to conceive for ≥12 months . The highest proportion of live preterm delivery ( 32.2 % ) occurred in women who had one live birth , had tried unsuccessfully to conceive for ≥12 months , had used IVF , and had 12 years education or equivalent . Women aged 14–19.99 years at their first birth and reported low physical activity had 38.9 stillbirths per 1000 live births , compared to the lowest rate at 5.5 per 1000 live births . Conclusion Different groups of women experience vastly different rates of each adverse pregnancy event . We have used simple questions and established reference data that will stratify women into low- and high-rate groups , which may be useful in counselling those who have experienced miscarriage , preterm delivery , or stillbirth  , plus women with fertility intent This r and omized controlled pilot trial examined the feasibility , acceptability , and preliminary efficacy of an adapted interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) for  major depressive disorder ( MDD ) following perinatal loss ( miscarriage , stillbirth , or early neonatal death ) . Fifty women who experienced a perinatal loss within the past 18 months , whose current depressive episode onset occurred during or after the loss , were r and omized to the group IPT adapted for perinatal loss ( the Group IPT for Major Depression Following Perinatal Loss manual developed for this study is available at no cost by contacting either of the first two authors ) or to the group Coping with Depression ( CWD ) , a cognitive behavioral treatment which did not focus on perinatal loss nor social support . Assessment s occurred at baseline , treatment weeks 4 and 8 , post-treatment , and 3 and 6 months after the end of treatment . IPT was feasible and acceptable in this population . Although some participants were initially hesitant to discuss their losses in a group ( as occurred in IPT but not CWD ) , end of treatment satisfaction scores were significantly ( p = 0.001 ) higher in IPT than in CWD . Confidence intervals around between-groups effect sizes favored IPT for reductions in depressive symptoms during treatment as well as for improvement in mode-specific targets ( social support , grief symptoms ) and recovery from a post-traumatic stress disorder over follow-up . This group IPT treatment adapted for MDD after perinatal loss is feasible , acceptable , and possibly efficacious AIMS The purpose of this r and omized controlled clinical trial was to examine the effects of three couples-focused interventions and a control condition on women and men 's resolution of depression and grief during the first year after miscarriage . METHODS Three hundred forty-one couples were r and omly assigned to nurse caring ( NC ) ( three counseling sessions ) , self-caring ( SC ) ( three video and workbook modules ) , combined caring ( CC ) ( one counseling session plus three SC modules ) , or control ( no treatment ) . Interventions , based on Swanson 's Caring Theory and Meaning of Miscarriage Model , were offered 1 , 5 , and 11 weeks after enrollment . Outcomes included depression ( CES-D ) and grief , pure grief ( PG ) and grief-related emotions ( GRE ) . Differences in rates of recovery were estimated via multilevel modeling conducted in a Bayesian framework . RESULTS Bayesian odds ( BO ) ranging from 3.0 to 7.9 favored NC over all other conditions for accelerating women 's resolution of depression . BO of 3.2 - 6.6 favored NC and no treatment over SC and CC for resolving men 's depression . BO of 3.1 - 7.0 favored all three interventions over no treatment for accelerating women 's PG resolution , and BO of 18.7 - 22.6 favored NC and CC over SC or no treatment for resolving men 's PG . BO ranging from 2.4 to 6.1 favored NC and SC over CC or no treatment for hastening women 's resolution of GRE . BO from 3.5 to 17.9 favored NC , CC , and control over SC for resolving men 's GRE . CONCLUSIONS NC had the overall broadest positive impact on couples ' resolution of grief and depression . In addition , grief resolution ( PG and GRE ) was accelerated by SC for women and CC for men Summary Stress and negative mood during pregnancy increase risk for poor childbirth outcomes and postnatal mood problems and may interfere with mother – infant attachment and child development . However , relatively little research has focused on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to reduce stress and negative mood during pregnancy . In this study , we developed and pilot tested an eight-week mindfulness-based intervention directed toward reducing stress and improving mood in pregnancy and early postpartum . We then conducted a small r and omized trial ( n = 31 ) comparing women who received the intervention during the last half of their pregnancy to a wait-list control group .  Measures of perceived stress , positive and negative affect , depressed and anxious mood , and affect regulation were collected prior to , immediately following , and three months after the intervention ( postpartum ) . Mothers who received the intervention showed significantly reduced anxiety ( effect size , 0.89 ; p < 0.05 ) and negative affect ( effect size , 0.83 ; p < 0.05 ) during the third trimester in comparison to those who did not receive the intervention . The brief and nonpharmaceutical nature of this intervention makes it a promising c and i date for use during pregnancy BACKGROUND Responses to miscarriage range from relief to devastation , yet there have been no r and omized controlled studies that demonstrate significant effects of counseling with women who miscarry . OBJECTIVE To test the effects of caring-based counseling , measurement , and time on the integration of loss ( miscarriage impact ) and women 's emotional well-being ( moods and self-esteem ) in the first year after miscarrying . METHOD ANCOVA was used in this r and omized , longitudinal Solomon four-group experimental investigation . Enrolled were 242 ; 185 completed . Outcomes included : self-esteem , overall emotional disturbance , anger , depression , anxiety , confusion , overall miscarriage impact , personal significance , devastating event , lost baby , and isolated . RESULTS During the first year after loss ( a ) caring was effective in reducing overall emotional disturbance , anger , and depression ; and ( b ) time passing led to increased self-esteem and decreased anxiety , depression , anger , confusion , and personal significance of loss . CONCLUSION Caring , measurement , and time had some positive and significant effects on the integration of loss and enhancement of well-being in the first year subsequent to miscarrying Introduction Recurrent miscarriage ( RM ) is diagnosed when a woman has had three or more miscarriages . Increased levels of distress and anxiety are common during the waiting period of any subsequent pregnancies , posing a significant threat to psychological well-being . However , only limited support and therapy are available for these women , and many are left to cope alone . The Positive Re appraisal Coping Intervention ( PRCI ) is a novel self-administered supportive technique which has been shown to be effective in patients awaiting the outcome of in vitro fertilisation treatment . The primary objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the PRCI in improving quality of life in the difficult waiting period which women with previous RM endure before an ongoing pregnancy can be confirmed . Methods and analysis A r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) feasibility study will establish the viability of conducting a multicentre RCT to definitively test the effects of the PRCI on the psychological well-being of women who have experienced RM during the initial waiting period of a subsequent pregnancy . A second component consists of a qualitative process evaluation exploring the initial experience of pregnancy following repeated miscarriages . Participants ( n=50 ) will be r and omised into one of two groups . The PRCI intervention group will receive the PRCI card and weekly question naires to assess their psychological well-being during the waiting period of their new pregnancy . The non-intervention group will be asked to complete the same weekly question naires . The qualitative process analysis will employ semistructured interviews ( n=20 ) to address relevant aspects of the study objectives . Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been obtained from the National Research Ethics Service Committee South Central —Hampshire A. Participating centres have given National Health Service R&D approval . Study findings will be disseminated through peer review ed journals , national and international conferences and lay user groups . Trial registration number IS RCT N43571276 . This study was registered with the IS RCT N 18/02/2014 following adoption onto the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network ( UKCRN ) portfolio . Recruitment of the first participant occurred 04/02/2014 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the psychologic impact and client satisfaction of routine surgical evacuation of the uterus with medical evacuation in cases of spontaneous abortion . STUDY DESIGN This was a prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . Two hundred eighteen women who were admitted to a university teaching hospital after spontaneous abortion and who consented to the study were r and omized to routine surgical evacuation  or medical evacuation of the uterus with the use of misoprostol .  General psychologic well-being , level of depression , fatigue symptoms , psychiatric morbidity , social functioning , client satisfaction , and acceptance were measured in the 2 groups . RESULTS The 2 groups did not differ in any of the measured psychological outcomes . Significantly more participants who experienced successful evacuation of the uterus with the misoprostol protocol would choose the same mode of treatment if they were able to choose again . However , participants for whom the medical treatment failed to evacuate the uterus and subsequent surgical evacuation was required are significantly less satisfied with the treatment . CONCLUSION Medical treatment of spontaneous abortion with misoprostol is psychologically safe and more compatible with the ethnomedical beliefs of our Chinese participants .  Client satisfaction and acceptance should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of treatment outcomes This r and omised controlled pilot trial tested a six-week mindfulness-based intervention in a sample of pregnant women experiencing high levels of perceived stress and pregnancy anxiety . Forty-seven women enrolled between 10 and 25 weeks gestation were r and omly assigned to either a series of weekly Mindful Awareness Practice s classes ( n = 24 ) with home practice or to a reading control condition ( n = 23 ) . Hierarchical linear models of between-group differences in change over time demonstrated that participants in the mindfulness intervention experienced larger decreases from pre-to post-intervention in pregnancy-specific anxiety and pregnancy-related anxiety ( PRA ) than participants in the reading control condition . However , these effects were not sustained through follow-up at six weeks post-intervention . Participants in both groups experienced increased mindfulness , as well as decreased perceived stress and state anxiety over the course of the intervention and follow-up periods . This study is one of the first r and omised controlled pilot trials of a mindfulness meditation intervention during pregnancy and provides some evidence that mindfulness training during pregnancy may effectively reduce PRA and worry . We discuss some of the dilemmas in pursuing this translational strategy and offer suggestions for research ers interested in conducting mind-body interventions during pregnancy Background Mindfulness interventions to reduce psychological distress are well-suited to pregnancy , due to their brief and non-pharmacological nature , but there is a need for more robust evidence determining their usefulness . This pilot study was design ed to explore the feasibility of a r and omised controlled trial of a mindfulness intervention to reduce antenatal depression , anxiety and stress . Methods The study was design ed in two parts 1 ) a non-r and omised trial targeting women at risk of mental health problems ( a selected population ) and 2 ) a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) of a universal population . Process evaluation focused on feasibility of recruitment pathways , participant retention , acceptability of study measures , and engagement with mindfulness practice s. Measurement of psychological distress was taken pre and post intervention through the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised , the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 , the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , and the Perceived Stress Scale . Results 20 women were recruited to the non-r and omised trial , and 32 to the RCT . Recruitment through a mailed study brochure at the time of booking-in to the hospital result ed in the largest number of participants in the RCT ( 16/32 ; 50 % ) , and result ed in considerably earlier recruitment ( 50 % in first trimester , 50 % second trimester ) compared to recruitment through the antenatal clinic waiting room ( 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Cohort studies and RCTs in non-pregnant women suggest that support and psychological interventions may improve pregnant women ’s  psychological well-being after miscarriage .
This improvement may reduce adverse pregnancy-related outcomes in subsequent pregnancies .