***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Patients attending an accident and emergency department may exhibit psychological disturbances post-injury . Early interventions have been suggested to reduce the risk of post-injury disorder , including psychoeducation . AIMS We assessed the efficacy of providing such self-help information . METHOD Patients who had experienced trauma were r and omised to two groups : those given ( n=75 ) and not given ( n=67 ) a  self-help booklet .  Psychological assessment s were completed within 2 , 10 - 12 and 24 - 26 weeks . RESULTS Post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , anxiety and depression decreased ( P < 0.05 ) with time but there were no group differences in PTSD or anxiety . The controls were less depressed ( P < 50.05 ) at follow-up . There was a reduction in PTSD caseness within the control ( 50 % ) compared with the intervention ( 20 % ) group which was almost significant ( P < 0.06 ) . CONCLUSIONS This trial failed to support the efficacy of providing self-help information as a preventive strategy to ameliorate PTSD The current study examined psychological and physical health outcomes of the written disclosure paradigm and the hypothesis that the principles of therapeutic exposure account for the beneficial effects of the paradigm . Participants were r and omly assigned to either a  written disclosure condition  or a control condition .  Reactivity to the writing sessions was examined using both subjective and physiological measures . Measures of psychological and physical health were completed before and 1 month after the sessions . Participants assigned to the disclosure condition reported fewer psychological and physical symptoms at follow-up compared with control participants , though reductions were clinical ly significant for only 1 outcome measure . Physiological activation to the 1st disclosure session was associated with reduced psychological symptoms at follow-up for disclosure participants . Subjective reports of emotional responding corresponded with physiological reactivity . Implication s of these findings are discussed Background : Writing assignments have shown promising results in treating traumatic symptomatology . Yet no studies have compared their efficacy to the current treatment of choice , cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) . The present study evaluated the efficacy of structured writing therapy ( SWT ) and CBT as compared to a waitlist control condition in treating acute stress disorder ( ASD ) and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Methods : A r and omized controlled trial was conducted at an outpatient clinic . Participants ( n = 125 ) ( a ) satisfied DSM-IV criteria for ASD or PTSD , ( b ) were 16 years or older , ( c ) were sufficiently fluent in Dutch or English , ( d ) had no psychiatric problems except ASD or PTSD that would hinder participation or required alternative clinical care , and ( e ) received no concurrent psychotherapy .  Treatment consisted of five 1.5-hour sessions of CBT or SWT for participants with ASD or acute PTSD and ten 1.5-hour sessions for participants with chronic PTSD . Outcome measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV , Impact of Event Scale , Beck Depression Inventory , State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale . Results : At posttest and follow-up , treatment was associated with improved diagnostic status and lower levels of intrusive symptoms , depression and state anxiety , while a trend was noted for the reduction of avoidance symptoms . Treatment did not result in lower levels of trait anxiety or dissociation . No differences in efficacy were detected between CBT and SWT . Conclusions : The present study confirmed the efficacy of CBT for ASD and PTSD and identified SWT as a promising alternative treatment Acute stress disorder ( ASD ) is a precursor of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Twenty-four participants with ASD following civilian trauma were given 5 sessions of either cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) or supportive counseling ( SC ) within 2 weeks of their trauma . Fewer participants in CBT ( 8 % ) than in SC ( 83 % ) met criteria for PTSD at posttreatment . There were also fewer cases of PTSD in the CBT condition ( 17 % ) than in the SC condition ( 67 % ) 6 months posttrauma . There were greater statistically and clinical ly significant reductions in intrusive , avoidance , and depressive symptomatology among the CBT participants than among the SC participants . This study represents the 1st demonstration of successful treatment of ASD with CBT and its efficacy in preventing chronic PTSD To study the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR ) with traumatized young women , 60 women between the ages of 16 and 25 were r and omly assigned to two sessions of either EMDR or an active listening ( AL ) control . Factorial ANOVA interaction effects and simple main effects for outcome measures ( Beck Depression Inventory , State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Penn Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , Impact of Event Scale , Tennessee Self-Concept Scale ) indicated significant improvement for both groups and significantly greater pre-post change for EMDR-treated participants . Pre-post effect sizes for the EMDR group averaged 1.56 compared to 0.65 for the AL group . Despite treatment brevity , the posttreatment outcome variable means of EMDR-treated participants compared favorably with nonpatient or successfully treated norm groups on all measures Introduction Patients recovering from critical illness have been shown to be at risk of developing Post Traumatic Stress disorder ( PTSD ) . This study was to evaluate whether a prospect ively collected diary of a patient 's intensive care unit ( ICU ) stay when used during convalescence following critical illness will reduce the development of new onset PTSD . Methods Intensive care patients with an ICU stay of more than 72 hours were recruited to a r and omised controlled trial examining the effect of a diary outlining the details of the patients ICU stay on the development of acute PTSD . The intervention patients received their ICU diary at 1 month following critical care discharge and the final assessment of the development of acute PTSD was made at 3 months . Results 352 patients were r and omised to the study at 1 month . The incidence of new cases of PTSD was reduced in the intervention group compared to the control patients ( 5 % versus 13 % , P = 0.02 ) . Conclusions The provision of an ICU diary is effective in aiding psychological recovery and reducing the incidence of new PTSD.Trial registration NCT00912613 UNLABELLED Adverse childbirth experiences can evoke fear and overwhelming anxiety for some women and precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder . The objective of this study was to assess a midwife-led brief counseling intervention for postpartum women at risk of developing psychological trauma symptoms . METHOD Of 348 women screened for trauma symptoms , 103 met inclusion criteria and were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 50 ) or a control ( n = 53 ) group . The intervention group received face-to-face counseling within 72 hours of birth and again via telephone at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum . Main outcome measures were posttraumatic stress symptoms , depression , self-blame , and confidence about a future pregnancy . RESULTS At 3-month follow-up , intervention group women reported decreased trauma symptoms , low relative risk of depression , low relative risk of stress , and low feelings of self-blame . Confidence about a future pregnancy was higher for these women than for control group women . Three intervention group women compared with 9 control group women met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 months postpartum , but this result was not statistically significant . DISCUSSION A high prevalence of postpartum depression and trauma symptoms occurred after childbirth . Although most women improved over time , the intervention markedly affected participants ' trajectory toward recovery compared with women who did not receive counseling . CONCLUSIONS A brief , midwife-led counseling intervention for women who report a distressing birth experience was effective in reducing symptoms of trauma , depression , stress , and feelings of self-blame . The intervention is within the scope of midwifery practice , caused no harm to participants , was perceived as helpful , and enhanced women 's confidence about a future pregnancy CONTEXT Recent trauma survivors with acute stress disorder ( ASD ) are likely to subsequently develop chronic posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) .  Cognitive behavioral therapy for ASD may prevent PTSD , but trauma survivors may not tolerate exposure-based therapy in the acute phase . There is a need to compare nonexposure therapy techniques with prolonged exposure for ASD . OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of exposure therapy or trauma-focused cognitive restructuring in preventing chronic PTSD relative to a wait-list control group . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A r and omized controlled trial of civilians who experienced trauma and who met the diagnostic criteria for ASD ( N = 90 ) seen at an outpatient clinic between March 1 , 2002 , and June 30 , 2006 . INTERVENTION Patients were r and omly assigned to receive 5 weekly 90-minute sessions of either imaginal and in vivo exposure ( n = 30 ) or cognitive restructuring ( n = 30 ) , or assessment at baseline and after 6 weeks ( wait-list group ; n = 30 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measures of PTSD at the 6-month follow-up visit by clinical interview and self-report assessment s of PTSD , depression , anxiety , and trauma-related cognition . RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that at posttreatment , fewer patients in the exposure group had PTSD than those in the cognitive restructuring or wait-list groups ( 33 % vs 63 % vs 77 % ; P = .002 ) . At follow-up , patients who underwent exposure therapy were more likely to not meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD than those who underwent cognitive restructuring ( 37 % vs 63 % ; odds ratio , 2.10 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.12 - 3.94 ; P = .05 ) and to achieve full remission ( 47 % vs 13 % ; odds ratio , 2.78 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.14 - 6.83 ; P = .005 ) . On assessment s of PTSD , depression , and anxiety , exposure result ed in markedly larger effect sizes at posttreatment and follow-up than cognitive restructuring . CONCLUSIONS Exposure-based therapy leads to greater reduction in subsequent PTSD symptoms in patients with ASD when compared with cognitive restructuring . Exposure should be used in early intervention for people who are at high risk for developing PTSD On-line therapy offers many advantages over face-to-face setting s. Interapy includes psycho-education , screening , effect measures and protocol -driven treatment via the Internet for clients . The present paper reports the results of a controlled trial on the Interapy treatment of posttraumatic stress and grief in students , gaining course credits . The participants in the experimental condition ( n = 13 ) improved significantly than the participants in the waiting-list control condition ( n = 12 ) , on trauma-related symptoms and general psychopathology . The effect sizes were large . Eighty percent of the treated participants showed clinical ly significant improvement after treatment . The possibilities for future research with Interapy , including studies into moderating variables , are discussed Following the 2005 London bombings , a novel public health program was instituted to address the mental health needs of survivors . In this article , the authors describe the rationale for the program , characteristics of individuals assessed within the program , and preliminary outcome data . In addition to vali date d screening instruments and routine service usage data , st and ardized question naire outcome measures were collected . Seventy-one percent of individuals screened positive for a mental disorder . Of those receiving a more detailed clinical assessment , PTSD was the predominant diagnosis . Preliminary outcome data on 82 patients revealed large effect sizes for treatment comparable to those previously obtained in r and omized controlled trials . The program succeeded in its aim of generating many more referrals of affected individuals  than came through normal referral channels Based on therapeutic studies revealing positive prognostic factors and on research findings revealing how trauma is processed , we developed the memory structuring intervention ( MSI ) in attempt to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . The MSI attempts to shift processing of traumatic memory from uncontrollable somatosensory and affective processes to more controlled linguistic and cognitive processes by providing patients organization , labeling , and causality . In a single-blind r and omized – controlled pilot study , 17 traffic accident victims at risk for PTSD ( heart rate > 94 BPM ) were assigned to two MSI or two supportive-listening control sessions . Three months later , MSI patients reported significantly less frequent intrusive , arousal , and total PTSD symptoms than controls . A replication study with a larger sample is underway A prospect i ve longitudinal study assessed 967 consecutive patients who attended an emergency clinic shortly after a motor vehicle accident , again at 3 months , and at 1 year . The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) was 23.1 % at 3 months and 16.5 % at 1 year . Chronic PTSD was related to some objective measures of trauma severity , perceived threat , and dissociation during the accident , to female gender , to previous emotional problems , and to litigation . Maintaining psychological factors , that is , negative interpretation of intrusions , rumination , thought suppression , and anger cognitions , enhanced the accuracy of the prediction . Negative interpretation of intrusions , persistent medical problems , and rumination at 3 months were the most important predictors of PTSD symptoms at  
    Output:
    
There was no evidence supporting the efficacy of this intervention .
The results suggest that no psychological intervention can be recommended for routine use following traumatic events and that multiple session interventions , like single session interventions , may have an adverse effect on some individuals .