***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet is recommended for the prevention of atherosclerosis , because it reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations . However , such a diet can increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations -- an undesirable side effect . The addition of nondigestible carbohydrate could reduce the risk of elevated triacylglycerol concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether the addition of a moderate dose of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet would decrease hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and have a cholesterol-lowering action . DESIGN Eight healthy subjects were studied twice in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study after consuming for 3 wk a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet ( 55 % of total energy ) plus an oral placebo or 10 g high-performance inulin/d .  Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis ( deuterated water method ) , plasma lipid concentrations , fatty acid synthase , acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 , and sterol responsive element binding protein 1c messenger RNA concentrations were measured in adipose tissue at the end of the 2 diet periods . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis were lower after inulin than after placebo ingestion ( P < 0.05 ) , but cholesterol synthesis and plasma cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups . None of the adipose tissue messenger RNA concentrations changed significantly after inulin ingestion . CONCLUSIONS The addition of high-performance inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet has a beneficial effect on plasma lipids by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations . These results support the use of nondigestible carbohydrate for reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis BACKGROUND In single-meal studies , dietary protein does not result in an increase in glucose concentrations in persons with or without type 2 diabetes , even though the result ing amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis . OBJECTIVE The metabolic effects of a high-protein diet were compared with those of the prototypical healthy ( control ) diet , which is currently recommended by several scientific organizations . DESIGN The metabolic effects of both diets , consumed for 5 wk each ( separated by a 2 - 5-wk washout period ) , were studied in 12 subjects with untreated type 2 diabetes . The ratio of protein to carbohydrate to fat was 30:40:30 in the high-protein diet and 15:55:30 in the control diet . The subjects remained weight-stable during the study . RESULTS With the fasting glucose concentration used as a baseline from which to determine the area under the curve , the high-protein diet result ed in a 40 % decrease in the mean 24-h integrated glucose area response . Glycated hemoglobin decreased 0.8 % and 0.3 % after 5 wk of the high-protein and control diets , respectively ; the difference was significant ( P < 0.05 ) . The rate of change over time was also significantly greater after the high-protein diet than after the control diet ( P < 0.001 ) . Fasting triacylglycerol was significantly lower after the high-protein diet than after the control diet . Insulin , C-peptide , and free fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different after the 2 diets . CONCLUSION A high-protein diet lowers blood glucose postpr and ially in persons with type 2 diabetes and improves overall glucose control . However , longer-term studies are necessary to determine the total magnitude of response , possible adverse effects , and the long-term acceptability of the diet Reliable tables of glycemic index ( GI ) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI , glycemic load , and health . The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate ( as simple or complex , as sugars or starches , or as available or unavailable ) , permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health . Several prospect i ve observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load ( GI x dietary carbohydrate content ) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and certain cancers . This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table ( first published in this Journal in 1995 ) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources , representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of st and ard methods . The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Objective : To investigate in adult male volunteers the effect of a new fermented milk product , fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharides added , on blood lipids . Design : R and omized placebo-controlled double-blind two-way cross over trial with two treatment periods of three weeks , separated by a wash-out period of one week . Setting : the study was performed at the TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute in Zeist , The Netherl and s . Subects : Thirty normal healthy men , aged 33–64 y ( mean serum total cholesterol level : 5.23±1.03 ( s.d . ) ) , were selected for this study . Normal health was assessed by pre study screening . All subjects were used to an average Dutch food pattern . Interventions : During the treatment periods subjects consumed three times daily a 125 ml of either test or reference product as a part of their habitual diet . The test product was a milk , fermented by yogurt starters and Lactobacillus acidophilus , and contained 2.5 % fructo-oligosaccharides , 0.5 % vegetable oil and 0.5 % milk fat . The reference product was a traditional yogurt ( milk fermented only by yogurt strains ) , containing 1 % milk fat . Blood sample s for serum lipid analysis and blood glucose measurements were taken before the start of the experiment and at the end of both treatment periods . Results : As compared to the reference product , consumption of the test product result ed in significantly lower values for serum total cholesterol ( P<0.001 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( P<0.005 ) , and the LDL/HDL-ratio ( P<0.05 ) by 4.4 , 5.4 and 5.3 % respectively . Levels of serum HDL-cholesterol , triglycerides and blood glucose remained essentially unchanged . The beneficial effects of the test product on serum cholesterol were largely related to an increase of this parameter during the consumption of the reference product . Conclusions : As compared to traditional yogurt , daily consumption of three times 125 ml of test product specifically lowered serum LDL-cholesterol levels in normal healthy male adult subjects with borderline elevated levels of serum total cholesterol within three weeks . Sponsorship : The study was sponsored by Danone , France Ageing is associated with changes in physiology and morphology ; nutritional strategies to decrease morbidity and to prolong life are of high interest . The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of lifelong supplementation with an oligofructose-enriched inulin on morphological and biological markers and lifespan in male and female rats . Male and female rats , age 3 months , were r and omised into two groups to receive either a diet with 10 % of an oligofructose-enriched inulin ( Synergy 1 ) or a st and ard diet ( control ) for 27 months . The rats were weighed every 2 weeks and their food intake was evaluated on four successive days every 4 - 6 weeks . Sample s were taken at 12 , 18 and 24 months of age . During the whole intervention period , male rats receiving Synergy 1 ( SYN1-M ) displayed lower body weight , cholesterol and plasma triacylglycerolaemia compared with the controls ( Cont-M ) . The survival rate at 24 months of age of SYN1-M rats was 35.3 % greater than that of Cont-M rats . In female rats , the Synergy 1 supplementation ( SYN1-F ) group also reduced body weight , cholesterol and triacylglycerolaemia levels , but results were less consistent over the experiment . The survival rate at 24 months of age in SYN1-F rats was 33.3 % greater compared with that of the control ( Cont-F ) group . To conclude , lifelong intervention with Synergy 1 improved biological markers during ageing and survival rate ( lifespan ) of rats There has been interest in the effect of various types and amounts of dietary carbohydrates and proteins on blood glucose . On the basis of our previous data , we design ed a high-protein/low-carbohydrate , weight-maintaining , nonketogenic diet . Its effect on glucose control in people with untreated type 2 diabetes was determined . We refer to this as a low-biologically-available-glucose ( LoBAG ) diet .  Eight men were studied using a r and omized 5-week crossover design with a 5-week washout period . The carbohydrate : protein : fat ratio of the control diet was 55:15:30 . The test diet ratio was 20:30:50 . Plasma and urinary beta-hydroxybutyrate were similar on both diets . The mean 24-h integrated serum glucose at the end of the control and LoBAG diets was 198 and 126 mg/dl , respectively . The percentage of glycohemoglobin was 9.8 + /- 0.5 and 7.6 + /- 0.3 , respectively . It was still decreasing at the end of the LoBAG diet . Thus , the final calculated glycohemoglobin was estimated to be approximately 6.3 - 5.4 % . Serum insulin was decreased , and plasma glucagon was increased . Serum cholesterol was unchanged . Thus , a Lo 
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CONCLUSION Based on the present systematic review , it does not appear that inulin-type fructans have a significant lowering effect on serum glucose in humans .
More RCT are needed to determine whether inulin-type fructans , inulin , and oligofructose have beneficial effects on blood glucose in humans