***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The continued high mortality and morbidity rates for unintentional childhood injuries remain a public health concern . This article reports on the influence of a home visitation programme ( HVP ) on household hazards associated with unintentional childhood injuries in a South African low-income setting . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial ( n=211 households ) was conducted in a South African informal settlement . Community members were recruited and trained as paraprofessional visitors . Four intervention visits were conducted over 3 months , focusing on child development , and the prevention of burn , poison , and fall injuries . The HVP , a multi-component intervention , included educational inputs , provision of safety devices , and an implicit enforcement strategy . The intervention effect ( IE ) was measured with a st and ardised risk assessment index that compared post-intervention scores for intervention and control households . RESULTS A significant reduction was observed in the hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances , as well as in hazards related to poisoning . Non-significant changes were observed for burn safety household practice s and fall injury hazards . CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that a multi-component HVP effectively reduced household hazards associated with electrical and paraffin appliances and poisoning among children in a low-income South African setting Objective : To access an underserved , mobile segment of a monolingual Spanish speaking population and to improve maternal self efficacy for home safety behaviors using a culturally appropriate intervention . Design : A pre- and post-test experimental design tested differences in maternal childhood injury health beliefs ( MCIHB ) and controllable safety hazards ( CHS ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to experimental and control groups . Baseline data assessed demographic and study variables comparability . The intervention included counseling , assessment of maternal safety practice s , and provision of safety items . Setting : A non-urban area in Texas where low income , largely migrant Hispanics represent the majority of residents . Participants : Eighty two mothers of 1–4 year old children . Results : The 95 % retention rate of an itinerant , hard to reach population suggests that minority participants may be receptive to culturally appropriate home visits . The intervention group demonstrated improved self efficacy for home safety behaviors ( F ( 2 , 77 ) = 7.50 , p = 0.01 ) . Mothers with stronger self efficacy and fewer perceived barriers had fewer accessible in-home hazards . Observed home hazard predictors were : ( a ) never being married ; ( b ) poor home repair , ( c ) lower self efficacy for safety behaviors ; and ( d ) control group status . Conclusions : Safety items coupled with a home visit tailored to child age and maternal culture was an effective intervention in a hard to reach population . This study contributes to design ing research for a monolingual population with limited local language proficiency and community residency . Injuries represent a major source of health disparities in these neglected population OBJECTIVE To determine whether educational baby books are an effective method for increasing  low-income , first-time mothers ' safety practice s during their child 's first 18 months . METHODS Primiparous women ( n = 167 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups : an educational book group , a noneducational book group , or a no-book group . Home visits and interviews measured safety practice s when women were in their third trimester of pregnancy ( baseline ) and when their children were 2 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 12 , and 18 months of age . RESULTS Women in the educational book group had fewer risks in their homes and exercised more safety practice s than the no-book group ( - 20 % risk reduction ; effect size = -.30 ) . When the safety practice s involved little time or expense ( eg , putting away sharp objects ) , the educational book group was significantly more likely to engage in these behaviors than the no-book group ( 40 % higher practice s ; effect size = 0.19 ) or noneducational book group ( 27 % higher practice s ; effect size = 0.13 ) . However , no differences were found between groups for behaviors that required high effort in time , money , or hassle ( eg , installing latches on cabinets ) . CONCLUSIONS Educational baby books appear to be an easy and low-cost way to increase the safety practice s of new mothers , especially if the practice s involve little to no time , money , or hassle OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of installing safety devices in the homes of young children on total injury rates and on injuries deemed a priori modifiable by the installation of these devices . DESIGN A nested , prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Indoor environment of housing units . PARTICIPANTS Mothers and their children from birth to 3 years old participating in the Home Observation and Measures of the Environment study . Among 8878 prenatal patients , 1263 ( 14.2 % ) were eligible , 413 ( 32.7 % ) agreed to participate , and 355 were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 181 ) or control ( n = 174 ) groups . INTERVENTION Installation of multiple passive measures ( eg , stair gates , cabinet locks , and smoke detectors ) to reduce exposure to injury hazards . Injury hazards were assessed at home visits by teams of trained research assistants using a vali date d survey . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Modifiable and medically attended injury ( ie , telephone calls , office visits , and emergency visits for injury ) . RESULTS The mean age of children at intervention was 6.3 months . Injury hazards were reduced in the intervention homes but not in the control homes at 1 and 2 years ( P < .004 ) . There was no difference in the rate for all medically attended injuries in intervention children compared with controls : 14.3 injuries ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 9.7 - 21.1 injuries ) vs 20.8 injuries ( 95 % CI , 14.4 - 29.9 injuries ) per 100 child-years ( P = .17 ) ; but there was a significant reduction in the rate of modifiable medically attended injuries in intervention children compared with controls : 2.3 injuries ( 95 % CI , 1.0 - 5.5 injuries ) vs 7.7 injuries ( 95 % CI , 4.2 - 14.2 injuries ) per 100 child-years ( P = .03 ) . CONCLUSION An intervention to reduce exposure to hazards in homes led to a 70 % reduction in the rate of modifiable medically attended injury . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00129324 OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of an emergency department (ED)-based home safety intervention on caregivers ' behaviors and practice s related to home safety . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , clinical trial of 96 consecutive caregivers of children who were younger than 5 years and presented to an urban pediatric ED for evaluation of an acute unintentional injury sustained in the home . After completing a structured home safety question naire via face-to-face interview , caregivers were r and omly assigned to receive either comprehensive home safety education and free safety devices or focused , injury-specific ED discharge instructions . Participants were contacted by telephone 2 months after the initial ED visit for repeat administration of the safety question naire . The pretest and posttest question naires were scored such that the accrual of points correlated with reporting of safer practice s. Scores were then normalized to a 100-point scale . The overall safety score reflected performance on the entire question naire , and the 8 category safety scores reflected performance in single areas of home injury prevention ( fire , burn , poison , near-drowning , aspiration , cuts/piercings , falls , and safety device use ) . The main outcome was degree of improvement in safety practice s as assessed by improvement in safety scores . RESULTS The intervention group demonstrated a significantly higher average overall safety score at follow-up than the control group ( 73.3 % + /- 8.4 % vs 66.8 % + /-11.1 ) and significant improvements in poison , cut/piercing , and burns category scores .  Caregivers in the intervention group also demonstrated greater improvement in reported use of the distributed safety devices . CONCLUSIONS This educational and device disbursement intervention was effective in improving the home safety practice s of caregivers of young children . Moreover , the ED was used effectively to disseminate home injury prevention information Objective : to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based injury prevention program . Design : Cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting : 20 primary schools in Nottingham , UK . Participants : 459 children aged 7 to 10 years . Intervention : The “ Risk Watch ” program delivered by teachers , aim ed at improving bike and pedestrian , falls , poisoning and fire and burns safety . Main outcome measures : Safety knowledge , observed safety skills and self-reported safety behaviour . Results : At follow-up , intervention group children correctly answered more fire and burn prevention knowledge questions than control group children ( difference between means 7.0 % ( 95 % CI 1.5 % to12.6 % ) ) . Children in intervention group schools were more likely to know the correct actions to take if clothes catch fire and the correct way to wear a cycle helmet ( difference between school means 35.3 % ( 95 % CI 22.7 % to 47.9 % ) and 6.3 % ( 95 % CI 1.4 % to 11.1 % ) respectively ) . They were also more likely to know the correct actions to take in a house fire and on finding tablets ( OR 2.80 ( 95 % CI 1.08 to 7.22 ) and OR 3.50 ( 95 % CI 1.18 to 10.38 ) respectively ) and correctly demonstrated more safety skills than control group children ( difference between means 11.9 % ( 95 % CI 1.4 % to 22.5 % ) ) . There was little evidence to suggest the first year of the program impacted on self-reported safety behaviours . Conclusions : The Risk Watch program delivered by teachers in primary schools increased some aspects of children ’s safety knowledge and skills and primary schools should consider delivering this program . Longer term , larger scale evaluations are required to examine retention of knowledge and skills and impact on safety behaviours and child injury rates Abstract Objective To assess the effectiveness of safety advice and safety equipment in reducing unintentional injuries for families with children aged under 5 years and living in deprived areas . Design R and omised controlled trial . Setting 47 general practice s in Nottingham . Participants 3428 families with children under 5 . Intervention A st and ardised safety consultation and provision of free and fitted stair gates , fire guards , smoke alarms , cupboard locks , and window locks . Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures were whether a child in the family had at least one injury that required medical attendance and rates of attendance in primary and secondary care and of hospital admission for injury over a two year period . Secondary outcome measures included possession of safety equipment and safety practice s. Results No significant difference was found in the proportion of families in which a child had a medically attended injury ( odds ratio 1.14 , 95 % confidence interval 0.98 to 1.50 ) or in the rates of attendance in secondary care ( incidence rate ratio 1.02 , 0.90 to 1.13 ) or admission to hospital ( 1.02 , 0.70 to 1.48 ) . However , children in the intervention arm had a significantly higher attendance rate for injuries in primary care ( 1.37 , 1.11 to 1.70 , P = 0.003 ) . At both one and two years ' follow up , families in the intervention arm were significantly more likely to have a range of safety practice s , but absolute differences in the percentages were relatively small . Conclusions The intervention result ed in significant improvements in safety practice s for up to two years but did not reduce injuries that necessitated medical attendance . Although equipment was provided and fitted free of charge , the observed changes in safety practice s may not have been large enough to affect injury rates Objective : To investigate the effectiveness of a paraprofessional home visitation program ( HVP ) to improve home safety and prevent injuries among children living in low-income setting s. Methods : The HVP was implemented in two low-income communities in South Africa . In each community , approximately 200 households were r and omly selected for the trial . Eligible households were those with children aged ⩽10 years . Intervention households received four visits , one every two weeks , by trained paraprofessionals that focused on a specific injury topic and consisted of : information dissemination about specific injury prevention practice s ; home inspection accompanied by information about home hazards ; and the supply of safety devices . The key outcomes to measure the presence of home hazards were scores for burns ( safety practice s , paraffin , and electrical ) , poisoning , and falls . Results : Significant reductions were found for injury risks related to burn safety practice s. For injury risks related to electrical burns , paraffin burns , and poisoning , a decline was also noted although this was not statistically significant . No decline was noted for fall-related risks . Conclusions : Subject to further replication and evaluation , home visits by paraprofessionals providing safety education , home inspection , and safety devices be considered for integration into a comprehensive child injury prevention strategy in low-income communities BACKGROUND During the 20-month period September 1993 to April 1995 , a health education injury prevention programme focusing on home injuries among the young ( < or = 18 years old ) and elderly ( > or = 65 years old ) on the Greek isl and of Naxos was undertaken , its effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the subsequent injury experience in sentinel population groups in Naxos as well as in Spetses , another isl and of similar sociodemographic profile , where no such intervention programme had been formally implemented . METHODS On the isl and -of Naxos an injury prevention campaign was initially undertaken involving virtually all opinion leaders and implemented through lectures , workshops and publicity in 
    Output:
    
There was a lack of evidence that interventions reduced poisoning rates .