***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Despite public health efforts , folate deficiency is still largely prevalent in poor , rural population s and continues to cause a large burden of disease . The present paper determines and compares consumer preferences for two folate strategies : folic acid supplementation v. folate biofortification , i.e. the enhancement of the folate content in staple crops . DESIGN Experimental auctions with non-repeated information rounds are applied to rice in order to obtain willingness-to-pay for folate products . Thereby , GM or non-GM folate-biofortified rice ( FBR ) is auctioned together with rice that is supplemented with free folic acid pills ( FAR ) . SETTING Shanxi Province ( China ) as a high-risk region of folate deficiency . SUBJECTS One hundred and twenty-six women of childbearing age , divided into a school ( n 60 ) and market sample ( n 66 ) . RESULTS Despite differences according to the targeted sample , a general preference for folate biofortification is observed , regardless of the applied breeding technology . Premiums vary between 33·9 % ( GM FBR ) , 36·5 % ( non-GM FBR ) and 19·0 % ( FAR ) . Zero bidding behaviour as well as the product choice question , respectively , support and vali date these findings . The targeted sample , the timing of the auction , the intention to consume GM food and the responsibility for rice purchases are considered key determinants of product choice . A novel ex-post negative valuation procedure shows low consistency in zero bidding . CONCLUSIONS While the low attractiveness of FAR provides an additional argument for the limited effectiveness of past folic acid supplementation programmes , the positive reactions towards GM FBR further support its potential as a possible complementary micronutrient intervention β-Carotene-rich orange sweet potato ( OSP ) has been shown to improve vitamin A status of infants and young children in controlled efficacy trials and in a small-scale effectiveness study with intensive exposure to project inputs . However , the potential of this important food crop to reduce the risk of vitamin A deficiency in deficient population s will depend on the ability to distribute OSP vines and promote its household production and consumption on a large scale . In rural Mozambique , we conducted a r and omised , controlled effectiveness study of a large-scale intervention to promote household-level OSP production and consumption using integrated agricultural , dem and creation/behaviour change and marketing components . The following two intervention models were compared : a low-intensity ( 1 year ) and a high-intensity ( nearly 3 years ) training model . The primary nutrition outcomes were OSP and vitamin A intakes by children 6 - 35 months and 3 - 5·5 years of age , and women . The intervention result ed in significant net increases in OSP intakes ( model 1 : 46 , 48 and 97 g/d ) and vitamin A intakes ( model 1 : 263 , 254 and 492 μg retinol activity equivalents/d ) among the younger children , older children and women , respectively . OSP accounted for 47 - 60 % of all sweet potato consumed and , among reference children , provided 80 % of total vitamin A intakes . A similar magnitude of impact was observed for both models , suggesting that group-level trainings in nutrition and agriculture could be limited to the first project year without compromising impact . Introduction of OSP to rural , sweet potato-producing communities in Mozambique is an effective way to improve vitamin A intakes Background Biofortification of cassava with pro-vitamin A can potentially reduce vitamin A deficiency in low-income countries . However , little is known about consumer acceptance of this deep yellow variety of cassava compared to the commonly available white varieties . We aim ed to determine the sensory and cultural acceptability of the consumption of pro-vitamin A rich cassava in order to identify key factors predicting the intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava by families with school-aged children in Eastern Kenya . Methods Sensory acceptability was measured by replicated discrimination tests and paired preference tests among 30 children ( 7–12 yr ) and 30 caretakers ( 18–45 yr ) in three primary schools .  Cultural acceptability was assessed with a question naire based on the combined model of The Theory of Planned Behavior and The Health Belief Model in one primary school among 140 caretakers of children aged 6 to 12 years . Correlations and multivariate analyses were used to determine associations between summed scores for model constructs . Results Caretakers and children perceived a significant difference in taste between white and pro-vitamin A rich cassava . Both preferred pro-vitamin A rich cassava over white cassava because of its soft texture , sweet taste and attractive color . Knowledge about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and it 's relation to health ( ‘ Knowledge ’ ( ( β = 0.29 , P = < .01 ) ) was a strong predictor of ‘ Health behavior identity ’ . Worries related to bitter taste and color ( ‘ Perceived barriers 1 ’ ( β = −0.21 , P = .02 ) ) , the belief of the caretaker about having control to prepare cassava ( ‘ Control beliefs ’ ( β = 0.18 , P = .02 ) ) and activities like information sessions about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and recommendations from health workers ( ‘ Cues to action’(β = 0.51 , P = < .01 ) ) were the best predictors of intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava . Conclusions Pro-vitamin A rich cassava is well accepted by school children in our study population Vitamin A deficiency ( VAD ) persists in Ug and a and the consumption of β-carotene-rich orange sweet potato ( OSP ) may help to alleviate it . Two large-scale , 2-y intervention programs were implemented among Ug and an farmer households to promote the production and consumption of OSP . The programs differed in their inputs during year 2 , with one being more intensive ( IP ) and the other being reduced ( RP ) . A r and omized , controlled effectiveness study compared the impact of the IP and RP with a control on  OSP  and  vitamin A intakes among children aged 6 - 35 mo ( n = 265 ) and 3 - 5 y ( n = 578 ) , and women ( n = 573 ) , and IP compared with control on vitamin A status of 3- to 5-y-old children ( n = 891 ) and women ( n = 939 ) with serum retinol < 1.05 μmol/L at baseline . The net OSP intake increased in both the IP and RP groups ( P < 0.01 ) , accounting for 44 - 60 % of vitamin A intake at follow-up . The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake was reduced in the IP and RP groups compared with controls among children 6 - 35 mo of age ( > 30 percentage points ) and women ( > 25 percentage points ) ( P < 0.01 ) , with no differences between the IP and RP groups of children ( P = 0.75 ) or women ( P = 0.17 ) . There was a 9.5 percentage point reduction in prevalence of serum retinol < 1.05 μmol/L for children with complete data on confounding factors ( n = 396 ; P < 0.05 ) . At follow-up , vitamin A intake from OSP was positively associated with vitamin A status ( P < 0.05 ) . Introduction of OSP to Ug and an farming households  increased vitamin A intakes among children and women and was associated with improved vitamin A status among children 
    Output:
    
Overall , sensory acceptance was good , and availability and information on health benefits of the crops were the most important determinants of acceptance and adoption .
Conclusions : Changes to the sensory qualities of a crop , including changes in color , did not act as an obstacle to acceptance of biofortified crops .