***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women . 29 untrained , non-hypertensive elderly women were r and omly assigned to 2 groups : an intervention group  ( n=15 , 65.5±5.0 years , 57.3±6.5 kg , 156.7±5.1 cm ) that underwent a supervised resistance training program ( 8 exercises , 2 sets , 10 - 15 repetitions , 3 times/week ) or a control group  ( n=14 , 66.2±4.1 years , 61.1±11.7 kg , 157.5±7.1 cm ) that participated in a supervised stretching program ( 25 - 30 min/session , 2 times/week ) . Resting auscultatory blood pressure , heart rate variability , evaluated from short recordings in a seated position , and maximal dynamic strength ( 1-RM test ) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks . A group x time ANOVA revealed that muscular strength increased significantly in the resistance training group ( + 10.2 % for bench press and + 12.7 % for leg extension , P<0.05 ) . Systolic blood pressure was reduced significantly in the resistance training group from pre- to post-intervention period ( - 5 mmHg ; P<0.05 ) , while no significant effect was noted for diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability indexes ( P>0.05 ) . None of these variables changed in the control group throughout the study . In conclusion , a supervised resistance training program  improved muscular strength and reduced systolic blood pressure without affecting diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 16 wk of resistance training ( RT ) , endurance training ( ET ) , and concurrent training ( CT ) on inflammatory markers , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and functional capacity in sedentary middle-age men . METHODS Healthy subjects were r and omized into  RT ( n = 11 ) , ET ( n = 12 ) , CT ( n = 11 ) , and  a control group ( n = 13 ) . The subjects performed three weekly sessions lasting about 60 min for 16 wk . Maximal strength was tested in bench press and leg press . The peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) was measured in an incremental exercise test . Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and CRP levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . RESULTS Maximal strength was increased after 16 wk , with no differences between RT and CT . VO2peak increased in ET and CT  comparing before and after training . There were no significant differences in TNF-α , IL-6 , and CRP comparing before and after training . CONCLUSIONS Sixteen weeks of RT , ET , or CT in middle-age healthy men has not affected low and moderate IL-6 , TNF-α , and CRP levels . CT performed in the same weekly frequency and session duration of ET and RT was effective in increasing both maximal strength and VO2peak , in addition to improvements in lipid profile Purpose Resistance exercise is promoted in older adults for its ability to improve muscle mass , strength and , hence , in reducing falls . However , its effects on blood lipids and CVD risk are less well established , particularly in this age group . This study aim ed to investigate whether a 1-year resistance exercise program improves lipid profile and chylomicron concentration in older men . Methods Participants were r and omised to either three , 1 h resistance training sessions per week ( RE ) or an active control group [ asked to undertake three 30 min walking sessions per week ( AC ) ] . Fasting blood sample s were collected at 0 , 6 , and 12 months for determination of lipid profile and glycaemic control . Diet , morphological and activity data were also collected at these time points . Results Following 12 months , the RE intervention group had greater improvements in cholesterol profile ; LDL-cholesterol concentration significantly decreased by 0.2 ( 0.2 ) mM [ mean ( SEM ) ] compared to control ( P < 0.05 ) . The RE group also exhibited a significant increase in lean body mass of 0.9 ( 1.3 ) kg after 12 months compared to the AC group ( P < 0.05 ) . There was no treatment or time effect on other anthropometric measures or fasting triacylglycerol , glucose , insulin or chylomicron concentrations . Conclusion The observed improvements in lean body mass and cholesterol profile promote the implementation of a resistance exercise intervention in this population This study aim ed at examined the effect of a 12-week whole body vibration ( WBV ) training program on leg blood flow and body composition in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Forty participants were r and omly assigned to either a WBV training group ( WBV ; n = 20 ) or usual-care control group ( CON ; n = 20 ) . Body composition [ waist circumference , waist to hip ratio ( WHR ) , weight , height , percentage of body fat and fat-free mass ] , heart rate , and blood flow [ femoral artery diameter , maximum systolic velocity , maximum diastolic velocity ( DV ) , time averaged mean , pulsatility index and resistance index ( RI ) , mean velocity ( Vmed ) , and peak blood velocities ( PBV ) ] were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . There were significant increases in the blood flow ( p = 0.046 ) , Vmed ( p = 0.050 ) , and DV ( p = 0.037 ) after WBV compared with CON . Within-group analysis showed significant differences in Vmed , PBV , and DV in the WBV group . Significant decreases after the intervention in weight ( p < 0.001 ) , waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , WHR ( p < 0.05 ) , and body fat ( p < 0.05 ) were also found , with significant between-groups decreases in all these outcomes in the WBV group . Significant correlations existed between changes in percent body fat and blood flow [ blood flow ( −0.761 ) , Vmed ( −0.607 ) , PBV ( −0.677 ) , and RI ( 0.0510 ) ] . WBV training can be considered an effective means to increase leg blood flow and to reduce adiposity in patients with T2DM Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Background — In coronary artery disease , exercise training ( ET ) is associated with an improvement in endothelial function , but little is known about the relative effect of different types of training . The purpose of this study was to prospect ively evaluate the effect of different types of ET on endothelial function in 209 patients after a first recent acute myocardial infa rct ion . Methods and Results — Endothelial function was evaluated before and after 4 weeks of different types of ET and after 1 month of detraining by measuring flow-mediated dilation and von Willebr and factor levels at baseline and after ET . Patients were r and omized into 4 groups : group 1 , aerobic ET ( n=52 ) ; group 2 , resistance training ( n=54 ) ; group 3 , resistance plus aerobic training ( n=53 ) ; and group 4 , no training ( n=50 ) . At baseline , flow-mediated dilation was 4.5±2.6 % in group 1 , 4.01±1.6 % in group 2 , 4.4±4 % in group 3 , and 4.3±2.3 % in group 4 ( P = NS ) . After ET , flow-mediated dilation increased to 9.9±2.5 % in group 1 , 10.1±2.6 % in group 2 , and 10.8±3 % in group 3 ( P<0.01 versus baseline for all groups ) ; it also increased in group 4 but to a much lesser extent ( to 5.1±2.5 % ; P<0.01 versus trained groups ) . The von Willebr and factor level after ET decreased by 16 % ( P<0.01 ) similarly in groups 1 , 2 , and 3 but remained unchanged in group 4 . Detraining returned flow-mediated dilation to baseline levels ( P<0.01 versus posttraining ) . Conclusion — In patients with recent acute myocardial infa rct ion , ET was associated with improved endothelial function independently of the type of training , but this effect disappeared after 1 month of detraining BACKGROUND We aim ed to evaluate whether reduced cardiovascular fitness has a direct or indirect effect for the development of cardiovascular disease . METHODS We investigated 15,595 men and women who were annually screened in a tertiary medical center . All subjects were free of ischemic heart disease and had completed maximal exercise stress test according to the Bruce protocol at their first visit . Fitness was categorized into age- and sex-specific quintiles ( Q ) according to Bruce protocol treadmill time with Q1 as lowest fitness . Subjects were categorized at baseline into 3 groups : low fitness ( Q1 ) , moderate fitness ( Q2-Q4 ) , and high fitness ( Q5 ) . The primary end point of the current analysis was the development of a first cardiovascular event during follow-up . RESULTS Mean age of study patients was 48 ± 10 years , and 73 % were men . A total of 679 events occurred during 92,092 person-years of follow-up . Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the cumulative probability of cardiovascular events at 6 years was significantly higher among subjects with low fitness ( P < .001 ) . Low fitness was associated with known cardiovascular risk factors , including hypercholesterolemia ( odds ratio [ OR ] 1.58 , 95 % CI 1.31 - 1.89 ) , diabetes mellitus ( OR 2.32 , 95 % CI 1.58 - 3.41 ) , and obesity ( OR 10.46 , 95 % CI 8.43 - 12.98 ) . The effect of low fitness on cardiovascular events was no longer significant when including diabetes mellitus , hypercholesterolemia , and obesity as mediators ( hazard ratio 0.99 , 95 % CI 0.82 - 1.19 ) . CONCLUSIONS The association between cardiovascular fitness and adverse cardiovascular outcomes may be modulated through traditional cardiovascular risk factors . These findings need to be further vali date d in prospect i ve clinical trials Background This pilot study examined long-term pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) and peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) outcomes following a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic or resistance training programme in kidney transplant recipients . Method Single-blind , bi-centre r and omised controlled parallel trial . 42 out of 60 participants completed a 9-month follow-up assessment  ( Aerobic training = 12 , Resistance training = 10 and usual care = 20 ) . Participants completed 12 weeks of twice-weekly supervised aerobic or resistance training . Following the 12-week exercise intervention , participants were transitioned to self-managed community exercise activity using motivational interviewing techniques . Usual care participants received usual encouragement for physical activity during routine clinical appointments in the transplant clinic . PWV , VO2peak , blood pressure and body weight were assessed at 12 weeks and 12 months , and compared to baseline . Results ANCOVA analysis , covarying for baseline values , age , and length of time on dialysis pre-transplantation , revealed a significant mean between-group difference in PWV of -1.30 m/sec ( 95%CI -2.44 to -0.17 , p = 0.03 ) between resistance training and usual care groups . When comparing the aerobic training and usual care groups at 9-month follow-up , there was a mean difference of -1.05 m/sec ( 95%CI -2.11 to 0.017 , p = 0.05 ) . A significant mean between-group difference in relative VO2peak values of 2.2 ml/kg/min ( 95 % CI 0.37 to 4.03 , p = 0.02 ) when comparing aerobic training with usual care was revealed . There was no significant between group differences in body weight or blood pressure . There were no significant adverse effects associated with the interventions . Conclusions Significant between-group differences in 9-month follow-up PWV existed when comparing resistance exercise intervention with usual care . A long-term between-group difference in VO2peak was only evident when comparing aerobic intervention with usual care . This pilot study , with a small sample size , did not aim to eluci date mechanistic mediators related to the exercise interventions . It is however suggested that a motivational interviewing approach , combined with appropriate transition to community training programmes , could maintain the improvements gained from the 12-week exercise interventions and further research in this area is therefore warranted . Trial registration study number : IS RCT N43892586 OBJECTIVE --To determine the effectiveness of group- vs home-based exercise training of higher and lower intensities among healthy , sedentary older adults . DESIGN --Year-long r and omized , controlled trial comparing ( 1 ) higher-intensity group-based exercise training ; ( 2 ) higher-intensity home-based exercise training ; ( 3 ) lower-intensity home-based exercise training ; or ( 4 
    Output:
    
The effects were greater in those with elevated cardiometabolic risk or disease compared with younger healthy adults .
There was limited evidence of adverse events .
CONCLUSIONS RET may be effective for inducing improvements in cardio metabolic health outcomes in healthy adults and those with an adverse cardio metabolic risk profile .