***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sumatriptan , a 5-hydroxytryptamine1 ( 5-HT1 ) receptor agonist at enteric neuronal 5-HT receptors , causes a relaxation of the gastric fundus and inhibition of antral contractile activity . The present study examined the effect of sumatriptan on gastric emptying of solids and liquids in humans . In eight healthy subjects the gastric emptying rate for liquids and solids was measured using the carbon-labeled glycine and octanoic acid breath test after subcutaneous administration of placebo or sumatriptan . Sumatriptan increased the gastric half-emptying time of liquids ( P < 0.0005 ) and induced a prolonged lag phase for liquids ( P < 0.0005 ) in all subjects . Sumatriptan increased gastric half-emptying time ( P < 0.005 ) and the lag phase of solids ( P < 0.05 ) in all subjects . In two healthy subjects gastric emptying of liquids and solids after subcutaneous administration of sumatriptan was studied by radioscintigraphy . Radioscintigraphy confirmed the delayed emptying and the prolonged lag phases after sumatriptan . In conclusion , sumatriptan delays gastric emptying of solids and liquids in healthy subjects . Moreover , sumatriptan induces a lag phase for liquids . The mechanism by which sumatriptan alters gastric emptying remains to be studied To verify the influence of food consistency on satiety mechanisms we evaluated the effects of the same meal in solid-liquid ( SM ) and homogenized ( HM ) form on satiety sensation , gastric emptying rate and plasma cholecystokinin ( CCK ) concentration .  Eight healthy men , aged 21 - 28 ( mean 24.5 ) years were given two meals ( cooked vegetables 250 g , cheese 35 g , croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g , total energy 2573 kJ , with water 300 ml ) differing only in physical state : SM and HM . The subjects consumed the meals in r and omized order on non-consecutive days . The sensations of fullness , satiety and desire to eat were evaluated by means of a question naire , gastric emptying was assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of antral area , and plasma CCK concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay . The vegetable-rich meal was significantly more satiating ( P < 0.05 ) when in the HM form than when eaten in a SM state . Furthermore , the overall gastric emptying time was significantly slowed ( 255 ( SEM 11 ) min after HM v. 214 ( SEM 12 ) min after SM ; P < 0.05 ) and CCK peak occurred later ( 94 ( SEM 12 ) min after HM v. 62 ( SEM 11 ) min after SM ; NS ) when the food was consumed in the HM form . Independently of the type of meal , antral area was significantly related to fullness sensations ( r2 0.46 , P = 0.004 ) . These results demonstrate that meal consistency is an important physical food characteristic which influences both gastric emptying rate and satiety sensation . Moreover , the relationship observed between antral area and fullness sensation confirms that antral distension plays a part in the regulation of eating behaviour To ascertain the effect of gastric emptying on the symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia ( NUD ) patients , we r and omly selected 60 NUD patients and , as control , 26 dyspepsia-free volunteers . We measured the gastric emptying time of mixed food ( 270 kcal ) , using real-time ultrasonography in two ways . NUD patients were divided r and omly into two groups and given domperidone or placebo in a double-blind trial . Of the NUD patients 48 % had delayed gastric emptying times and associated epigastric pain , bloating , early satiety , and regurgitation . A prokinetic agent not only improved emptying time but also relieved some of the symptoms of the NUD patients . Real-time ultrasonography proved a useful method for evaluating gastric emptying Duodenal lipid exacerbates gastrointestinal sensations  during gastric distension . Using luminal application of the local anesthetic benzocaine , we investigated the role of intestinal receptors in the induction of these sensations . Nine healthy subjects were studied on five occasions , during which isotonic saline or 20 % lipid ( 2 kcal/min ) , combined with ( duodenal or jejunal ) 0.75 % benzocaine or vehicle at 2.5 ml/min , was infused intraduodenally before and during gastric distension . Intragastric pressures and volumes , gastrointestinal sensations , and plasma CCK levels were determined . Duodenal lipid combined with vehicle increased gastric volume ( in ml : saline , -10 + /- 18 ; lipid/vehicle , 237 + /- 30 ) and plasma CCK [ mean levels ( pmol/l ) : saline , 2.0 + /- 0 . 2 ; lipid/vehicle , 8.0 + /- 1.6 ] and , during distensions , induced nausea ( scores : saline , 3 + /- 2 : lipid/vehicle , 58 + /- 19 ) and decreased pressures at which fullness and discomfort occurred . Duodenal but not jejunal benzocaine attenuated the effect of lipid on gastric volume , plasma CCK , and nausea during distension ( 135 + /- 38 and 216 + /- 40 ml , 4.6 + /- 0.6 pmol/l and not assessed , and 37 + /- 12 and 64 + /- 21 for lipid + duodenal benzocaine and lipid + jejunal benzocaine , respectively ) and on pressures for sensations . In conclusion , intestinal receptors modulate gastrointestinal sensations associated with duodenal lipid and gastric distension . There is also the potential for local neural mechanisms to regulate CCK release and thereby reduce afferent activation indirectly Sumatriptan , a 5HT1 receptor agonist , inhibits antral motor activity , delays gastric emptying and relaxes the gastric fundus . The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of sumatriptan on transpyloric flow and gastric accommodation during and immediately after ingestion of a liquid meal using duplex sonography . Ten healthy subjects were investigated twice on separate days . In r and om order either sumatriptan 6 mg ( Imigran 0.5 mL ) or a placebo were given s.c . 15 min before ingesting 500 mL of a meat soup . The subjects were examined during the 3-min period before ingestion of the liquid meal , the 3-min spent drinking the meal and 10 min postpr and ially . Sumatriptan caused a significant widening of both the gastric antrum ( P=0.02 ) and the proximal stomach ( P=0.01 ) 10 min postpr and ially as compared with placebo . It caused no significant differences in time to initial gastric emptying ( P=0.2 ) , but significantly delayed commencement of peristaltic-related transpyloric flow ( P=0.04 ) . Sumatriptan had no significant effect on mean abdominal symptom scores , but after sumatriptan there was a significant negative correlation between width of postpr and ial antral area and postpr and ial nausea and between width of postpr and ial antral area and postpr and ial bloating . We therefore conclude that sumatriptan causes a postpr and ial dilatation of both the distal and the proximal stomach with no change in dyspeptic symptoms nor in length of time to first gastric emptying . Time to commencement of peristaltic-related emptying is delayed The role of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) in the regulation of gastric emptying and pancreatic enzyme secretion was evaluated by infusing the CCK-receptor antagonist loxiglumide .  Gastric emptying rates and pancreatic secretory outputs were measured in five healthy volunteers by the double-indicator perfusion technique using a multiple-lumen tube in the duodenum . Placebo or loxiglumide ( 22 mumol.kg-1.h-1 ) was infused throughout each experiment . Five hundred-milliliter liquid intragastric meals of ( a ) fat , protein , and glucose ( Ensure ; Abbott , Chicago , IL ) ; ( b ) glucose , 20 g/dL ; and ( c ) guar gum , 1.1 g/dL , were given in r and om order . In addition , the effect of a physiologic CCK-8 dose ( 20 pmol.kg-1.h-1 ) after an intragastric 500-mL saline meal ( 0.154 mol/L ) was tested . Intravenous CCK-8 induced a marked retardation of the gastric emptying rate of the saline solution ( P less than 0.05 ) while stimulating pancreatic secretory outputs ; both effects were completely abolished by the infusion of loxiglumide . Loxiglumide markedly accelerated the gastric emptying rates ( by approximately 40 % ) and simultaneously diminished lipase ( by approximately 75 % ) and trypsin ( by approximately 50 % ) outputs of both the mixed meal ( P less than 0.01 ) and the pure glucose meal ( P less than 0.05 ) . Additional experiments using gamma camera scintigraphy confirmed the accelerating effect of loxiglumide on gastric emptying of the mixed meal ( P less than 0.01 ) . The gastric emptying rate of the guar meal , which did not release CCK , was not influenced by the infusion of loxiglumide . Loxiglumide distinctly augmented plasma CCK levels after the mixed ( 2.6 times ) and the pure glucose ( 2.1 times ) meals while markedly reducing ( approximately 76 % ) pancreatic polypeptide release ( P less than 0.02 ) . It is concluded that endogeneous CCK exerts a major role in the regulation of both gastric liquid emptying and pancreatic secretion in humans The factors influencing appetite in humans are poorly understood . There is a weak relation between appetite and gastric emptying in normal subjects . Recent studies have shown that fasting and postpr and ial antral areas increase in patients with functional dyspepsia compared with normal subjects . We evaluated the hypothesis that antral area , and hence antral distention , is a significant determinant of postpr and ial fullness . Fourteen normal subjects had simultaneous measurements of  gastric emptying by scintigraphy and antral area by ultrasound after ingestion of 350 mL 20 % glucose .  Fullness and hunger were assessed by visual analog scales . Measurements of the gastric-emptying half time ( t1/2 ) by scintigraphy and ultrasound were not significantly different ( 129.6 + /- 11.8 min compared with 115.6 + /- 11.4 min ) . Fullness increased ( P < 0.001 ) and hunger decreased ( P < 0.001 ) after the drink . Both fullness and the magnitude of the increase in fullness after the drink were related to antral area ( r > 0.56 , P < 0.05 ) , the increase in antral area ( r > 0.59 , P < 0.05 ) , and the scintigraphic content of the distal stomach ( r > 0.57 , P < 0.05 ) , but not to the ultrasound or scintigraphic t1/2 values . In contrast , hunger and the magnitude of the decrease in hunger after the drink were not related to either antral area , the increase in antral area , or the rate of gastric emptying . We conclude that postpr and ial fullness , but not hunger , was closely related to antral distention in normal subjects BACKGROUND : Peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) for four hours , to normal weight and obese humans , decreases food intake and suppresses appetite . OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an eight hour infusion of GLP-1 on appetite and energy intake at lunch and dinner in obese subjects . DESIGN : R and omised , blinded cross-over design with intravenous infusion of GLP-1 ( 0.75 pmol·kg−1·min−1 ) or saline . SUBJECTS : Eight obese ( body mass index , BMI , 45.5±2.3 kg/m2 ) male subjects . MEASUREMENTS : Ad libitum energy intake at lunch ( 12.00 h ) and dinner ( 16.00 h ) after an energy fixed breakfast ( 2.4 MJ ) at 08.00 h. Appetite sensations using visual analogue scales , ( VAS ) immediately before and after meals and hourly in-between . Blood sample s for the analysis of glucose , insulin , C-peptide , GLP-1 and peptide YY . Gastric emptying after breakfast and lunch using a paracetamol absorption technique . RESULTS : Hunger ratings were significantly lower with GLP-1 infusion . The summed ad libitum energy intake at lunch and dinner was reduced by 1.7±0.5 MJ ( 21±6 % ) by GLP-1 infusion ( P=0.01 ) . Gastric emptying was delayed by GLP-1 infusion , and plasma glucose concentrations decreased ( baseline : 6.6±0.35 mmol/L ; nad 
    Output:
    
Dietary assessment s have frequently implicated fatty foods in symptom induction , and these findings are supported by laboratory-based studies , particularly the demonstration that FD patients more often experience symptoms after intraduodenal infusions of fat , than glucose .