***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract : We performed a prospect i ve study to evaluate the normal changes in bone mineral density ( BMD ) in the forearm , hip , spine and total body , and to study the agreement between changes in BMD estimated from cross-sectional data and the actual longitudinal changes . Six hundred and twenty subjects ( 398 women , 222 men ; age 20–89 years ) without diseases or medication known to affect bone metabolism undertook baseline evaluations , and 525 ( 336 women , 189 men ) completed the study .  BMD was measured twice 2 years apart by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . From cross-sectional evaluations the only premenopausal bone loss ( < 0.003 g/cm2/year ) was found in the hip . In women after menopause and in men an age-related bone loss ( 0.002–0.006 g/cm2/year ) was found at all sites . The data from the longitudinal evaluation showed a small bone loss in women before menopause at the hip and lumbar spine ( < 0.4%/year ( < 0.004 g/cm2/year ) ) ; this bone loss nearly tripled in the early postmenopausal years ( < 10 years since menopause ) , and thereafter decreased to the premenopausal rate for the hip , and to zero for the lumbar spine . The most pronounced bone loss after menopause occurred in the forearm ( 1.2 % /year ( 0.006 g/cm2/year ) ) , and it remained constant throughout life . In men there was a small longitudinal bone loss in the hip throughout life , and a small bone loss in the distal forearm after the age of 50 years . In all groups , except for the early postmenopausal women , we found a small increase in total body BMD with age . When comparing the changes in BMD estimated from cross-sectional data with the longitudinal changes , only the hip and forearm generally displayed agreement , whereas the changes in the total body and spine generally were incongruous . In conclusion , the hip and forearm appear to be the sites with the best agreement between the cross-sectional estimated and the longitudinal age-related changes in BMD Summary Our r and omized controlled trial in prematurely menopausal breast cancer survivors showed that impact + resistance training prevented increases in percentage of body fat compared with controls and also improved BMD at the hip and prevented BMD loss at the spine among exercise-trained women who were menopausal for > 1 year . Introduction Cancer treatment-related menopause worsens bone health and body composition in breast cancer survivors ( BCS ) . We investigated whether impact + resistance training could improve bone mineral density ( BMD ) , reduce bone turnover , build muscle , and decrease fat mass in BCS with premature menopause . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial in 71 BCS ( mean age , 46.5 years ) within 5 years of treatment-related menopause . Women were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : ( 1 ) impact + resistance training ( prevent osteoporosis with impact + resistance ( POWIR ) ) or ( 2 ) exercise placebo ( FLEX ) 3 × /week for 1 year . Outcomes were hip and spine BMD ( in grams per square centimeter ) and body composition ( percent body fat ( % BF ) and lean and fat mass ( in kilograms ) ) by DXA and bone turnover markers ( serum osteocalcin ( in nanograms per milliliter ) and urinary deoxypryrodinoline ( in nanomoles per milliliter ) . Results There were no significant group × time interactions for bone outcomes when using an intent-to-treat approach on the full sample . In analyses restricted to BCS who were menopausal for ≥1 year , POWIR increased BMD at the hip and slowed BMD loss at the spine compared with FLEX ( femoral neck — POWIR , 0.004 ± 0.093 g/cm2 vs. FLEX , −0.010 ± 0.089 g/cm2 ; p < 0.01 ; spine — POWIR , −0.003 ± 0.114 g/cm2 vs. FLEX , −0.020 ± 0.110 g/cm2 ; p = 0.03 ) . POWIR prevented increases in % BF ( POWIR , 0.01 % vs. FLEX , 1.3 % ; p < 0.04 ) . Women with attendance to POWIR at ≥64 % had better improvements in % BF than women attending less often ( p < 0.03 ) . Conclusion Impact + resistance training may effectively combat bone loss and worsening body composition from premature menopause in BCS INTRODUCTION Exercise can increase bone strength , but to be effective in reducing fracture risk , exercise must be feasible enough to be adopted into daily life and influence potentially vulnerable skeletal sites such as the superolateral cortex of the femoral neck , where thinning is associated with increased fracture risk . Brief , high-impact exercise increases femoral neck bone density but the optimal frequency of such exercise and the location of bone accrual is unknown . This study thus examined ( 1 ) the effectiveness of different weekly frequencies of exercise on femoral neck BMD and ( 2 ) whether BMD change differed between hip sites using a high-impact , unilateral intervention . METHODS Healthy premenopausal women were r and omly assigned to exercise 0 , 2 , 4 , or 7 days/week for 6 months . The exercise intervention incorporated 50 multidirectional hops on one r and omly selected leg . BMD was measured by DXA at baseline and after 6 months of exercise . Changes in the exercise leg were compared between groups using ANCOVA , with change in the control leg and baseline BMD as covariates . RM-MANOVA was conducted to determine whether bone changes from  exercise  differed between hip sites . RESULTS 61 women ( age 33.6+/-11.1 years ) completed the intervention .  Compliance amongst exercisers was 86.7+/-10.6 % . Peak ground reaction forces during exercise increased from 2.5 to 2.8 times body weight . The change in femoral neck BMD in the exercise limb ( adjusted for change in the control limb and baseline BMD ) differed between groups ( p=0.015 ) , being -0.3 % ( -1.2 to 0.6 ) , 0.0 % ( -1.0 to 1.0 ) , 0.9 % ( -0.1 to 2.0 ) and 1.8 % ( 0.8 to 2.8 ) in those exercising 0 , 2 , 4 and 7 days per week , respectively . When BMD changes at upper neck , lower neck and trochanter were compared using RM-MANOVA , a significant exercise effect was observed ( p=0.048 ) , but this did not differ significantly between sites ( p=0.439 ) despite greatest mean increases at the upper femoral neck . CONCLUSIONS Brief , daily hopping exercises increased femoral neck BMD in premenopausal women but less frequent exercise was not effective . Brief high-impact exercise may have a role in reducing hip fragility , but may need to be performed frequently for optimal response PURPOSE To examine the effect of progressive resistance training on muscle function , functional performance , balance , body composition , and muscle thickness in men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer . METHODS Ten men aged 59 - 82 yr on and rogen deprivation for localized prostate cancer undertook progressive resistance training for 20 wk at 6- to 12-repetition maximum ( RM ) for 12 upper- and lower-body exercises in a university exercise rehabilitation clinic . Outcome measures included muscle strength and muscle endurance for the upper and lower body , functional performance ( repeated chair rise , usual and fast 6-m walk , 6-m backwards walk , stair climb , and 400-m walk time ) , and balance by sensory organization test . Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle thickness at four anatomical sites by B-mode ultrasound . Blood sample s were assessed for prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) , testosterone , growth hormone ( GH ) , cortisol , and hemoglobin . RESULTS Muscle strength ( chest press , 40.5 % ; seated row , 41.9 % ; leg press , 96.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) and muscle endurance ( chest press , 114.9 % ; leg press , 167.1 % ; P < 0.001 ) increased significantly after training . Significant improvement ( P < 0.05 ) occurred in the 6-m usual walk ( 14.1 % ) , 6-m backwards walk ( 22.3 % ) , chair rise ( 26.8 % ) , stair climbing ( 10.4 % ) , 400-m walk ( 7.4 % ) , and balance ( 7.8 % ) . Muscle thickness increased ( P < 0.05 ) by 15.7 % at the quadriceps site . Whole-body lean mass was preserved with no change in fat mass . There were no significant changes in PSA , testosterone , GH , cortisol , or hemoglobin . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise has beneficial effects on muscle strength , functional performance and balance in older men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer and should be considered to preserve body composition and reduce treatment side effects This work analyses the short-term physiological and neurophysiological effects of a brisk walking programme in ageing , healthy , active men . Twenty-one men 63 to 72 years of age were recruited and separated into 2 groups . One group performed a walking programme ( WP ) ( n = 11 ) and another served as control ( C ) group ( n = 10 ) . The walking programme lasted for twelve weeks and included five sessions per week . Several parameters were assessed before and after the programme for the WP group . The same tests were performed ( separated by twelve weeks ) in group C. During each assessment , the subjects were put through static and dynamic balance tests , spatio-temporal gait analysis , body composition measurements and determination of aerobic capacity and bone mineral density . The statistic analysis showed a significant improvement in dynamic balance performance , especially in lateral sway when the subjects kept their eyes open , an increase of VO(2 ) max and loss of fat mass in the WP group . However , no alterations appeared in spatiotemporal gait characteristics , static balance performance , lean mass or bone mineral density ( total body and hip ) . According to these results , this walking programme may have positive effects on preventing ageing subjects from falling BACKGROUND The beneficial role of exercise in improving bone mineral density , muscle strength and balance , has been documented predominantly in younger population s. These findings may not apply to elderly population s with limited ability to perform exercises of high intensity . OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of Tai Chi ( TC ) and resistance exercise ( RTE ) on bone mineral density ( BMD ) , muscle strength , balance and flexibility in community living elderly people . DESIGN R and omised controlled trial , using blocked r and omization with stratification by sex . SETTING A community in the New Territories Region of Hong Kong , China . SUBJECTS One hundred eighty subjects ( 90 men , 90 women ) aged 65 - 74 , were recruited through advertisements in community centres . METHODS Subjects were assigned to participate in TC , RTE three times a week , or no intervention ( C ) for 12 months . Measurements were carried out at baseline , 6 and 12 months . Analyses of covariance ( ANCOVA ) adjusted for age , and baseline values of variables that were significantly different between groups : i.e. smoking and flexibility for men ; quadriceps strength for women . RESULTS Compliance was high  ( TC 81 % , RTE 76 % ) . In women , both TC and RTE groups had less BMD loss at total hip compared with controls . No effect was observed in men . No difference in either balance , flexibility or the number of falls was observed between either intervention or controls after 12 months . CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of TC or RTE on musculoskeletal health are modest and may not translate into better clinical outcomes Summary A 1-year r and omized controlled trial of resistance training compared with a control group was undertaken in 143 men aged 55–80 years . Although hip bone mineral density , lean body mass , and function increased in both groups , lean body mass and function but not bone density increased more in the resistance group . Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated a positive effect of resistance training on bone mineral density ( BMD ) in postmenopausal women , but the effect in men is unclear . The aim was to examine the effect of a 1-year resistance training program on bone and lean body mass in 143 men aged 55–80 years , r and omized to either resistance training or active control . Methods Resistance exercises were selected to provide loading at the hips . Measurements were taken at 0 , 6 , and 12 months for BMD ( whole body , hip , and spine ) , lean body mass , strength , and functional fitness . Results The intervention showed a significant increase in total hip BMD for both groups at 12 months ( active control , 1,014–1,050 mg/cm2 ; resistance , 1,045–1,054 mg/cm2 , p < 0.05 ) with no increased effect of resistance training compared to active control . However , compared to the active control group , the resistance group increased their lean body mass ( active control , 0.1 ± 2.1 % ; resistance , 1.5 ± 2.7 % , p < 0.05 ) , fitness ( active control , 4.6 ± 11.1 % ; resistance , 13.0 ± 13.4 % , p < 0.05 ) , and lower limb muscle strength ( active control , 14.3 ±  
    Output:
    
It appears that resistance training alone or in combination with impact-loading activities are most osteogenic for this population , whereas the walking trials had limited effect on BMD .