***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) is a potential cause of serious morbidity and even mortality among children undergoing hematopoietic SCT ( HSCT ) . Contrary to the available information regarding the aerosolized formulation of ribavirin , there is a paucity of published studies using i.v . ribavirin in adults , and very few single reports on pediatric patients . Aerosolized drug administration has been limited by potential toxicity and special air-flow requirements . In this regard , i.v . ribavirin could prevent these disadvantages , but its efficacy and safety remain controversial in the pediatric HSCT setting . The present study describes the outcome of six pediatric patients undergoing HSCT with nine episodes of proven RSV . Four episodes corresponded to lower respiratory tract infection ( LRTI ) and five presented with  upper respiratory tract infection ( URTI ) . All LRTI patients showed favorable clinical responses , with 100 % survival and no progression to LRTI in the remaining five URTI . No side effects were documented during ribavirin administration . We conclude that ribavirin was well tolerated intravenously , without associated side effects , and was effective in the treatment of RSV in this limited number of pediatric HSCT patients . The role and efficacy of i.v . ribavirin needs to be further clarified by prospect i ve controlled trials in pediatric population Prospect i ve cohort studies show that Down 's syndrome ( DS ) is an independent risk factor for hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis . It is unknown whether this observation has been translated into specific management for DS children . The primary goal was to assess the knowledge of healthcare providers in the European Union about RSV infection in DS children and to determine whether it influenced the implementation of prophylaxis . DS caregivers were surveyed using a st and ardized question naire , and country-specific guidelines were obtained . Fifty-three caregivers participated . Thirty-nine ( 86.7 % ) had knowledge of the increased risk of severe RSV infection in DS children , and 30 ( 71.4 % ) grade d that it was important to have a statement on the use of RSV prophylaxis in existing guidelines . Twenty-eight participants had a local DS guideline ; hard copies of twelve unique guidelines were obtained . Only one ( 8.3 % ) contained a statement on  RSV prophylaxis for DS , and five considered such a statement for the next version . Conclusion . Most pediatricians had knowledge that DS children have an increased risk of severe RSV infection . Despite the lack of a specific RSV prophylaxis trial in DS , they felt that a statement on RSV prophylaxis in DS guidelines was important , but this was rarely present in current guidelines BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Palivizumab effectively prevents severe respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) disease in preterm infants . Our objective was to test whether palivizumab prophylaxis given to preterm infants during the first RSV season reduces the incidence of subsequent recurrent wheezing up to 3 years of life . METHODS : We conducted an observational prospect i ve multicenter ( 52 registered hospitals in Japan ) case-control study in preterm infants with a gestational age between 33 and 35 weeks followed for 3 years . During the 2007–2008 RSV season , the decision to administer palivizumab was made based on st and ard medical practice . In April 2008 , 52 hospitals were recruited . Study participants were prospect ively followed to the age of 3 years . Parents of study subjects reported the infants ’ physician ’s assessment of recurrent wheezing , used a report card and a novel mobile phone-based reporting system by using the Internet . The primary end point was the incidence of physician-diagnosed recurrent wheezing . RESULTS : Of 444 preterm infants enrolled , 349 received palivizumab during the first 6 months of life and 95 infants did not . Physician-diagnosed recurrent wheezing was observed in 6.4 % and 18.9 % of infants in the treated and untreated groups , respectively ( P < .001 ) . This difference remained significant after adjustment for known risk factors of recurrent wheezing ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Palivizumab prophylaxis administered to preterm infants 33 to 35 weeks ’ gestational age is associated with a significantly lower incidence of recurrent wheezing during the first 3 years of life Abstract To evaluate the effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on hospitalization for acute respiratory tract infections ( RTI ) in preterm infants , a prospect i ve study was performed on a cohort of preterm infants [ gestational age ( GA ) ≤32weeks ] , admitted at birth to a Neonatology Intensive Care Unit ( NICU ) ( follow-up : 30-month after discharge ) . 154 palivizumab-recipients and 71 palivizumab-non-recipients were evaluated . During follow-up , a similar rate of hospitalization for RTI was found in the two groups ( 11.3 % in palivizumab-non-recipients and 15.58 % in palivizumab-recipients , P=0.39 ) . However , when only infants hospitalized during their first respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) epidemic season and with a chronological age < 6 months at admission were considered , the incidence rates for hospitalization was six-fold lower in the palivizumab-recipients ( P=0.007 ) . This study contributes to the definition of epidemiological data on RTI among preterm infants in Italy . These data support the usefulness of palivizumab prophylaxis for prevention of hospitalization for RTI in young preterm infants during the expected RSV epidemic season BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children . We aim ed to assess the safety and efficacy of an anti-RSV monoclonal antibody ( motavizumab ) in healthy term ( ≥36 weeks ' gestational age ) infants for the prevention of medically attended RSV acute lower respiratory tract infections . METHODS This phase 3 , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised trial enrolled healthy Native American infants aged 6 months or younger who were born at 36 weeks ' gestational age in southwestern USA , on the Navajo Nation , the White Mountain Apache reservation , and the San Carlos Apache Indian reservation . Participants were r and omly assigned ( 2:1 ) to receive either five monthly intramuscular doses of motavizumab ( 15 mg/kg ) or placebo . They were followed up for 150 days after the first dose , and the primary endpoints were respiratory admission to hospital with a positive result for RSV by RT-PCR and death caused by RSV . Participants were followed up for medically attended wheezing until they reached age 3 years . Analysis was by intention to treat ( ITT ) . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00121108 . FINDINGS During the autumn seasons ( October to December ) between 2004 and 2007 , 2127 infants of the 2596 infants enrolled were r and omly assigned to receive either motavizumab ( 1417 ) or placebo ( 710 ) . After ITT analysis , motavizumab result ed in an 87 % relative reduction ( relative risk [ RR ] 0·13 , 95 % CI 0·08 - 0·21 ) in the proportion of infants admitted to hospital with RSV ( 21 [ 2 % ] of 1417 participants who received motavizumab ; 80 [ 11 % ] of 710 participants who received placebo , p<0·0001 ) . Serious adverse events were less common in particpants taking motavizumab ( 212 [ 15 % ] ) than particpants on placebo ( 148 [ 21 % ] ) . Six deaths occurred in study participants ( motavizumab , n=4 [ 0·3 % ] ; placebo , n=2 [ 0·3 % ] ) ; none were deemed to be related to the study product . Hypersensitivity events were more common in patients given motavizumab ( 208 [ 14·7 % ] ) than in placebo recipients ( 87 [ 12·3 % ] ; p=0·14 ) . There was no effect on rates of medically attended wheezing in children aged 1 - 3 years ( 190 [ 14·9 % ] of participants r and omly assigned to receive motavizumab vs 90 [ 14·0 % ] participants r and omly assigned to receive placebo ) . INTERPRETATION To our knowledge , this is the only trial of an anti-RSV antibody to prevent serious RSV disease in healthy term infants . Motavizumab significantly reduced the RSV-associated inpatient and outpatient burden and set a benchmark for the efficacy of RSV prevention strategies . The findings do not support a direct , generalisable , causal association between RSV lower respiratory tract infection and subsequent long-term wheezing  in term infants . FUNDING MedImmune ABSTRACT Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) illness in infants is a major public health priority , but there is no approved vaccine . Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody that provides RSV prophylaxis but requires 5 monthly injections and is approved only for infants who experience the greatest morbidity and mortality from RSV . Thus , there remains a significant unmet medical need for prevention of RSV disease in healthy infants .  MEDI8897 is a recombinant human RSV monoclonal antibody with a modified Fc region that extends its half-life and is being developed as RSV prophylaxis for all infants . In this phase 1 , first-in-human , placebo-controlled study , 136 healthy adults were r and omized to receive a single dose of MEDI8897  ( n = 102 ) or placebo ( n = 34 ) in 1 of 5 cohorts ( 300 , 1,000 , or 3,000 mg intravenously or 100 or 300 mg intramuscularly [ i.m . ] ) and were monitored for 360 days . The mean half-life of MEDI8897 was 85 to 117 days across dose groups , and bioavailability after 300-mg i.m . dose administration was 77 % . Time to maximum concentration following i.m . dosing was 5 to 9 days . Antidrug antibody ( ADA ) responses were detected in a similar proportion of placebo ( 15.2 % ) and MEDI8897 ( 13.7 % ) recipients . The safety profile of MEDI8897 was similar to that of the placebo . These results support clinical studies of the i.m . administration of a single dose of MEDI8897 in the target population of infants to provide protection for the duration of the RSV season . ( This study has been registered at Clinical Trials.gov under identifier NCT02114268 . The national observational multicenter cohort study presented here was conducted over two respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) seasons ( 2001–2003 ) in Austria to collect data on  RSV-related rehospitalizations in premature infants of 29 –32-weeks ’ gestational age . The results revealed an overall RSV hospitalization rate of 4.5 % ( 36/801 ) . Risk factors were discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit between the months of October and December , birth between June and December 2002 , and neurological disease . Palivizumab prophylaxis was given to 238 ( 29.7 % ) infants , and 148 infants received inadequate or incomplete courses . Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) infection represents a major cause of rehospitalization during the first year of life in preterm infants [ 1 ] . Recommendations for RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab [ 2 ] have been adopted without major modifications in Austria [ 3 ] , and they suggest that decisions regarding this drug ’s administration should be based on local epidemiological data . Currently , very limited data are available on the risk of RSV-related rehospitalization in Austria [ 4 ] . Due to the fact that insurance companies allocate and reimburse prophylaxis with palivizumab in this group of premature infants differently from published recommendations and with great local variation , we initiated a nationwide observational cohort study . The study was aim ed at collecting data on  RSV-related rehospitalization of premature infants of 29–32-weeks ’ gestational age in order to analyze associated risk factors and to assess the use of palivizumab prophylaxis in this population . Infants were included if their gestational age was between 29 ( 29 + 0 ) and 32 ( 32 + 6 ) weeks and if they were born between 1 June 2001 and 31 December 2002 . All infants were followed up until 1 June 2003 . For the first RSV season , data on all rehospitalizations were collected retrospectively from medical charts and by telephone calls : for the second RSV season , which occurred after the study was initiated in February 2002 , data were collected prospect ively . In cases of rehospitalization due to respiratory illness , the following data were collected : patient age in months , the month in which rehospitalization occurred , severity of respiratory illness ( determined using the modified clinical lower respiratory illness/infection score [ 5 ] ) , length of stay , number of days with supplemental oxygen , number of days at the intensive 
    Output:
    
Palivizumab has also shown to be effective in reducing recurrent wheezing following RSVH ( high SOE ) .
Treatment of RSV with ribavirin has conflicting success ( moderate SOE ) .