***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Approximately 10 million Americans enter jails annually . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends routine opt-out HIV testing in these setting s. The logistics for performing routine opt-out HIV testing within jails , however , remain controversial . The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to routinely HIV test newly incarcerated jail detainees using an opt-out strategy . Methods This prospect i ve , controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 298 newly incarcerated male inmates in an urban men 's jail in New Haven , Connecticut . 298 sequential entrants to the men 's jail over a three week period in March and April 2008 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration : immediate ( same day , n = 103 ) , early ( next day , n = 98 ) , or delayed ( 7 days , n = 97 ) . The primary outcome was the proportion of men in each group consenting to testing . Results  Routine opt-out HIV testing  was significantly higher for the early ( 53 % : AOR = 2.6 ; 95 % CI = 1.5 to 4.7 ) and immediate ( 45 % : AOR = 2.3 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 to 4.0 ) testing groups compared to the delayed ( 33 % ) testing group . The immediate and early testing groups , however , did not significantly differ ( p = 0.67 ) . In multivariate analyses , factors significantly associated with routine opt-out  HIV testing were assignment to the ‘ early ’ testing group ( p = 0.0003 ) and low ( bond ≥$5,000 , immigration or federal charges or pre-sentencing > 30 days ) likelihood of early release ( p = 0.04 ) . Two subjects received preliminary positive results and one of them was subsequently confirmed HIV seropositive . Conclusions In this men 's jail where attrition was high , routine opt-out HIV testing was not only feasible , but result ed in the highest rates of HIV testing when performed within 24 hours of incarceration . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Ten million Americans enter jails annually . The objective was to evaluate new CDC guidelines for routine opt-out HIV testing and examine the optimal time to implement routine opt-out HIV testing among newly incarcerated jail detainees . Methods This prospect i ve , controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 323 newly incarcerated female inmates in Connecticut 's only women 's jail . 323 sequential entrants to the women 's jail over a five week period in August and September 2007 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration : immediate ( same day , n = 108 ) , early ( next day , n = 108 ) , or delayed ( 7 days , n = 107 ) . The primary outcome was the proportion of women in each group consenting to testing . Results  Routine opt-out HIV testing  was significantly highest ( 73 % ) among the early testing group compared to 55 % for immediate and 50 % for 7 days post-entry groups . Other factors significantly ( p = 0.01 ) associated with being HIV tested were younger age and low likelihood of early release from jail based on bond value or type of charge for which women were arrested . Conclusions In this correctional facility , routine opt-out HIV testing in a jail setting was feasible , with highest rates of testing if performed the day after incarceration . Lower testing rates were seen with immediate testing , where there is a high prevalence of inability or unwillingness to test , and with delayed testing , where attrition from jail increases with each passing day . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Background : The prevalence of hepatitis C ( HCV ) is elevated within prison population s , yet diagnosis in prisons remains low . Dried blood spot testing ( DBST ) is a simple procedure for the detection of HCV antibodies ; its impact on testing in the prison context is unknown . Methods : We carried out a stepped-wedge cluster-r and omized control trial of DBST for HCV among prisoners within five male prisons and one female prison . Each prison was a separate cluster . The order in which the intervention ( training in use of DBST for HCV testing and logistic support ) was introduced was r and omized across clusters . The outcome measure was the HCV testing rate by prison . Imputation analysis was carried out to account for missing data . Planned and actual intervention times differed in some prisons ; data were thus analysed by intention to treat ( ITT ) and by observed step times . Results : There was insufficient evidence of an effect of the intervention on testing rate using either the ITT intervention time ( OR : 0.84 ; 95 % CI : 0.68–1.03 ; P = 0.088 ) or using the actual intervention time ( OR : 0.86 ; 95 % CI : 0.71–1.06 ; P = 0.153 ) . This was confirmed by the pooled results of five imputed data sets . Conclusions : DBST as a st and -alone intervention was insufficient to increase HCV diagnosis within the UK prison setting . Factors such as staff training and allocation of staff time for regular clinics are key to improving service delivery . We demonstrate that prisons can conduct rigorous studies of new interventions , but data collection can be problematic . Trial registration : International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number Register ( IS RCT N number IS RCT N05628482 ) OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the preventive healthcare needs of incarcerated women in the following areas : cervical cancer and breast cancer screening , sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) screening , hepatitis screening and vaccination , and smoking cessation . METHODS A cross-sectional interview survey of a r and om sample of 100 incarcerated women at the Rhode Isl and Department of Corrections ( RIDOC ) in Cranston , Rhode Isl and , was conducted . RESULTS Participants were 62 % white , 11 % African American , 13 % Hispanic , and 14 % of mixed race . Mean age was 35 years . Of those surveyed , 67 % reported having had a Papanicolou ( Pap ) smear in the past year , the strongest predictor of which was having received a Pap smear while incarcerated . Of the inmates > 40 years old , 58 % reported having had a mammogram in the past 2 years . The majority ( 88 % ) reported testing for STIs in the past , and 39 % desired testing during their current incarceration . As for hepatitis C , 70 % had been tested previously and 37 % of those reported testing positive . Hispanics were less likely than whites to have been tested for hepatitis C ( OR 0.1 ) . Over half ( 54 % ) of the women who reported testing positive for hepatitis C also reported having completed the hepatitis A and B vaccine series . Among smokers ( 80 % of all survey participants ) , 61 % were interested in quitting . Those who had been incarcerated multiple times were less likely to want to quit smoking ( OR 0.1 ) . CONCLUSIONS Incarceration presents a unique opportunity to provide preventive healthcare to high-risk , medically underserved women OBJECTIVES In 2010 only 30.9 % , of the Puy-de-Dome prison detainees were screened for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) and hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) . Our goal was then to promote these assesments , as well as to identify addictive behaviour using FAGERSTROM ,  Cannabis Abuse Screening Test and  CAGE tests , diagnose fibrosis by means of Fibrometer or Fibroscan in hepatic virus carriers and heavy drinkers , and perform HBV vaccinations . SETTING This prospect i ve study of adult detainees in the prisons of Puy-de-Dome , France , took place from June 2012 to December 2013 . RESULTS Of the 702 incarcerated individuals , 396(56.4 % ) were screened and 357(50.9 % ) enrolled .  HIV prevalence was 0.3 % , HCV 4.7 % and HBV 0.6 % . While 234/294(79.6 % ) smokers and 115/145(79.3 % ) cannabis users were screened for dependence , excessive alcohol consumption was tested for in 91/179(50.8 % ) cases . Fibrosis was screened for in 75/80(93.7 % ) individuals selected with 16.0 % presenting with moderate to severe fibrosis , 4/9(44.4 % ) HCV carriers and 8/65(12.3 % ) excessive alcohol consumers .  HBV vaccination  was given to 81/149(54.4 % ) individuals with no serological markers . A total of nine HIV tests were conducted at the 57 discharge consultations , involving 215 detainees being released , all of which were negative . CONCLUSION The promotion of these evaluations proved beneficial , although viral screening could be achieved for only approaching half of the detainees , as could alcohol consumption assessment and HBV vaccination for those concerned . Fibrosis screening revealed lesions in HCV carriers yet also in heavy drinkers , who are typically less likely to be assessed . Consultations and HIV screening on release were found to be rarely possible We sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of  self-reported HIV testing  among inmates in correctional centers in Ontario , Canada . A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a stratified r and om sample of 597 male and female adult inmates . The participation rate was 89 % . Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze HIV testing . Fifty-eight percent had ever been tested , and 21 % had voluntarily tested while incarcerated in the past year . Having ever been tested was more common among those at risk for HIV through injection drug use ( IDU ) or sexual behavior . Testing while incarcerated in the past year was independently associated with being single ( OR = 2.6 ) , frequent IDU ( OR = 4.0 ) , not having casual sex partners prior to incarceration ( OR = 0.53 ) , a history of hepatitis ( OR = 2.4 ) , previous HIV testing ( OR = 3.7 ) , a close relationship with an HIV-positive person in the outside community ( OR = 1.7 ) , knowing an HIV-positive person inside ( OR = 2.7 ) , a perceived chance of being infected during incarceration ( OR = 2.2 ) , and support of m and atory testing ( OR = 2.0 ) . The predominant motivations for testing while incarcerated were IDU or fears of infection inside , possibly through contact with blood , during fights , or even by casual contact . Voluntary HIV testing in prison should be encouraged , and inmates should receive appropriate counseling and information to allow realistic assessment of risk SETTING The correctional system in the United States is large and growing . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend baseline and annual testing of employees in correctional facilities for latent tuberculosis infection ( LTBI ) . OBJECTIVE To describe the extent of and factors associated with LTBI testing practice s for jail correctional officers . DESIGN A national survey of 1760 r and omly selected jails was conducted . We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine factors associated with testing officers in a guideline -concordant manner and having a written policy . RESULTS A total of 1174 ( 67 % ) surveys were returned . Only 52 % of jails had a written policy on LTBI testing of officers , and 51 % screened officers at least annually ( guideline concordance ) . Large jails ( OR 2.41 , 95%CI 1.67 - 3.49 ) and jails in states with a high tuberculosis incidence ( OR 1.67 , 95%CI 1.17 - 2.38 ) and in the Midwest ( OR 1.58 , 95%CI 1.07 - 2.33 ) were more likely to screen in a guideline -concordant manner . CONCLUSION Screening for LTBI among correctional officers in the United States was inconsistent . Strategies to improve LTBI testing among correctional officers are needed OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of testing for hepatitis C ( HCV ) among former injecting drug users ( IDUs ) . DATA SOURCES Electronic data bases 1996-October 2004 . Trent Regional Data base Study . Routine UK mortality data . REVIEW METHODS A decision analytic model was developed to investigate the impact of case-finding and treatment on progression of HCV disease in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 people . This was compared with a cohort in whom no systematic case-finding is implemented but spontaneous presentation for testing is allowed to occur . A group of epidemiological and clinical experts informed the structure of the model , which has three main components : ( 1 ) testing and diagnosis , ( 2 ) treatment , and ( 3 ) long-term consequences of infection . A fourth component , case-finding strategies , examines the potential impact of case-finding in three setting s : prisons , general practice and drug services . RESULTS Case-finding for HCV is likely to prevent , for 1000 people approached , three cases of decompensated cirrhosis , three deaths due to HCV and one case of hepatocellular cancer ( at 30 years ) . Twenty-five additional people are likely to undergo combination therapy as a result of initial case-finding . One liver transplant is likely to be prevented for 10,000 people included in case-finding . Case-finding 
    Output:
    
Provider-initiated opt-in testing was the most frequently investigated modality .
Testing at entry and provider-initiated testing were reported to result in comparatively higher uptake ranges .
However , no comparative studies were identified that reported statistically significant differences between testing modalities .
Positivity rates among tested inmates ranged broadly but were generally high for all diseases .
Scale-up of provider-initiated testing in European correctional facilities could substantially reduce the undiagnosed fraction and , hence , prevent additional disease transmission in both prison setting s and the community at large