***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We show that during visual working memory , the electroencephalographic ( EEG ) process producing 5 - 7 Hz frontal  midline theta ( fmtheta ) activity exhibits multiple spectral modes involving at least three frequency b and s and a wide range of amplitudes . The process accounting for the fmtheta increase during working memory was separated from 71-channel data by clustering on time/frequency transforms of components returned by independent component analysis ( ICA ) . Dipole models of fmtheta component scalp maps were consistent with their generation in or near dorsal anterior cingulate cortex . From trial to trial , theta power of fmtheta components varied widely but correlated moderately with theta power in other frontal and left temporal processes . The weak mean increase in frontal midline theta power with increasing memory load , produced entirely by the fmtheta components , largely reflected progressively stronger theta activity in a relatively small proportion of trials . During presentations of letter series to be memorized or ignored , fmtheta components also exhibited 12 - 15 Hz low-beta activity that was stronger during memorized than during ignored letter trials , independent of letter duration . The same components produced a brief 3-Hz burst 500 ms after onset of the Probe letter following each letter sequence . A new decomposition method , log spectral ICA , applied to normalized log time/frequency transforms of fmtheta component Memorize-letter trials , showed that their low-beta activity reflected harmonic energy in continuous , sharp-peaked theta wave trains as well as independent low-beta bursts . Possibly , the observed fmtheta process variability may index dynamic adjustments in medial frontal cortex to trial-specific behavioral context and task dem and This study compared EEG and autonomic patterns during  transcending to " other " experiences during Transcendental Meditation ( TM ) practice .  To correlate specific meditation experiences with physiological measures , the experimenter rang a bell three times during the TM session . Subjects categorized their experiences around each bell ring . Transcending , in comparison to " other " experiences during TM practice , was marked by : ( 1 ) significantly lower breath rates ; ( 2 ) higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitudes ; ( 3 ) higher EEG alpha amplitude ; and ( 4 ) higher alpha coherence . In addition , skin conductance responses to the experimenter-initiated bell rings were larger during transcending . These findings suggest that monitoring patterns of physiological variables may index dynamically changing inner experiences during meditation practice . This could allow a more precise investigation into the nature of meditation experiences and a more accurate comparison of meditation states with other eyes-closed conditions Electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures of human brain activity have been shown to distinguish between episodes of encoding items that are later recalled versus those that are not recalled ( Paller and Wagner , 2002 ) . Using  intracranial recordings  from 793 widespread cortical and subcortical sites in 10 epileptic patients undergoing invasive monitoring  , we compared oscillatory power at frequencies ranging from 2 to 64 Hz as participants studied lists of common nouns . Significant increases in oscillatory power during encoding predicted subsequent recall , with this effect predominantly in the 4 - 8 Hz ( theta ) and 28 - 64 Hz ( gamma ) frequency b and s. Sites exhibiting increased theta activity during successful encoding were clustered in right temporal and frontal cortex , whereas those exhibiting increased gamma activity appeared bilaterally at widespread cortical locations . These findings implicate theta and gamma oscillatory activity , across a widespread network of cortical regions , in the formation of new episodic memories This study examines whether 4 - 8-Hz theta oscillations can be seen in the human hippocampus , and whether these oscillations increase during virtual movement and search ing , as they do in rodents . Recordings from both hippocampal and neocortical depth electrodes were analyzed while six epileptic patients played a virtual taxi-driver game .  During the game , the patients alternated between search ing for passengers , whose locations were r and om , and delivering them to stores , whose locations remained constant . In both hippocampus and neocortex , theta increased during virtual movement in all phases of the game . Hippocampal and neocortical theta activity were also significantly correlated with each other , but this correlation did not differ between neocortex and hippocampus and within disparate neocortical electrodes . Our findings demonstrate the existence of movement-related theta oscillations in human hippocampus , and suggest that both cortical and hippocampal oscillations play a role in attention and sensorimotor integration Objective Mindfulness meditation training has been previously shown to enhance behavioral measures of executive control ( e.g. , attention , working memory , cognitive control ) , but the neural mechanisms underlying these improvements are largely unknown . Here , we test whether mindfulness training interventions foster executive control by strengthening functional connections between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)—a hub of the executive control network— and frontoparietal regions that coordinate executive function . Methods Thirty-five adults with elevated levels of psychological distress participated in a 3-day r and omized controlled trial of intensive mindfulness meditation or relaxation training . Participants completed a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan before and after the intervention . We tested whether mindfulness meditation training increased resting state functional connectivity ( rsFC ) between dlPFC and frontoparietal control network regions . Results Left dlPFC showed increased connectivity to the right inferior frontal gyrus ( T = 3.74 ) , right middle frontal gyrus ( MFG ) ( T = 3.98 ) , right supplementary eye field ( T = 4.29 ) , right parietal cortex ( T = 4.44 ) , and left middle temporal gyrus ( T = 3.97 , all p < .05 ) after mindfulness training relative to the relaxation control . Right dlPFC showed increased connectivity to right MFG ( T = 4.97 , p < .05 ) . Conclusions We report that mindfulness training increases rsFC between dlPFC and dorsal network ( superior parietal lobule , supplementary eye field , MFG ) and ventral network ( right IFG , middle temporal/angular gyrus ) regions . These findings extend previous work showing increased functional connectivity among brain regions associated with executive function during active meditation by identifying specific neural circuits in which rsFC is enhanced by a mindfulness intervention in individuals with high levels of psychological distress . Clinical Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov , NCT01628809 Electrode grids on the cortical surface of epileptic patients provide a unique opportunity to observe brain activity with high temporal – spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio during a cognitive task . Previous work showed that large-amplitude theta frequency oscillations occurred intermittently during a maze navigation task , but it was unclear whether theta related to the spatial or working memory components of the task . To determine whether theta occurs during a nonspatial task , we made recordings while subjects performed the Sternberg working memory task .  Our results show event-related theta and reveal a new phenomenon , the cognitive “ gating ” of a brain oscillation : at many cortical sites , the amplitude of theta oscillations increased dramatically at the start of the trial , continued through all phases of the trial , including the delay period , and decreased sharply at the end . Gating could be seen in individual trials and varying the duration of the trial systematic ally varied the period of gating . These results suggest that theta oscillations could have an important role in organizing multi-item working memory Mindfulness meditation techniques are increasingly popular both as a life-style choice and therapeutic adjunct for a range of mental and physical health conditions . However , little is known about the mechanisms through which mindfulness meditation and its constituent practice s might produce positive change in cognition and emotion . Our study directly compared the effects of Focused Attention ( FA ) and Open-Monitoring ( OM ) meditation on alerting , orienting and executive attention network function in healthy individuals . Participants were r and omized to three intervention groups : open-focused meditation , focused attention , and relaxation control . Participants completed an emotional variant of the Attention Network Test ( ANT ) at baseline and post-intervention . OM and FA practice improved executive attention , with no change observed in the relaxation control group . Improvements in executive attention occurred in the absence of change in subjective/self-report mood and cognitive function . Baseline levels of dispositional/trait mindfulness were positively correlated with executive control in the ANT at baseline . Our results suggest that mindfulness meditation might usefully target deficits in executive attention that characterise mood and anxiety disorders Previous studies have shown a close interrelation between emotional processing and memory processes using facial stimuli and applying the concept of oscillatory brain dynamics . Amending prior findings the influence of neural correlates related to the emotional state termed " romantic love " was investigated . Specifically , the effect of feelings of love on face perception was of interest .  Pictures of a " loved person " were presented to female subjects and the elicited responses were compared with responses to pictures showing faces of a " known and appreciated person " or an " unknown person " during  EEG recordings ( n=20 females ) . As a control condition light stimulation was employed . The sequence of faces shown was presented in r and om and block- design . EEG data was analyzed considering maximum amplitudes and topographical differences within the conventional frequency b and s of delta , theta , alpha , beta and gamma . Differences between light and face stimuli were found in the delta and theta b and s and differences between the face types and the two design s were found in the delta b and . The delta response to the picture of the " loved person " showed significantly higher amplitude values , not only in comparison with the " unknown person " , but also with the picture of the " appreciated person " . Frontal lobes appear to react to different types of facial stimuli with specific increases in delta responses . The difference between the response to the " loved person " and of the " known and appreciated person " reflects the component of the emotion denoted as love . The findings and their interpretations are discussed within the framework of event-related oscillations and complex stimulus processing emphasizing the concept of dynamic localization Previous rodent studies demonstrate movement-related increases in theta oscillations , and recent evidence suggests that multiple navigationally relevant variables are reflected in this activity . Human invasive recordings have revealed movement-related modulations in delta and theta activity , although it is unclear whether additional behavioral variables are responsible for modulating this neural activity during navigation . We tested the role of delta and theta oscillations during navigation by addressing whether spatial-related processing , in addition to speed and task variables , modulates delta and theta activity .  Recording from 317 hippocampal intracranial electrodes in 10 patients undergoing seizure monitoring  , we observed increasing delta and theta power with increasing virtual speed at significantly more electrodes than would be expected by chance , replicating previous findings in nonhuman mammals .  Delta and theta power were more consistently modulated , however , as a function of spatial view , including when subjects looked at stores in the virtual environment both to find a relevant goal or for spatial updating . A significantly larger proportion of electrodes showed view-related effects than speed-related modulations . Although speed , task , and spatial view affected delta and theta activity , individual electrodes were most frequently modulated by only one variable , rather than a combination of variables . These electrodes likely sample d independent delta and theta generators , which reflected movement-related and allocentric processing , respectively . These results extend previous findings in nonhuman mammals and humans , exp and ing our knowledge of the role of human hippocampal low-frequency oscillations in navigation One component of mindfulness training ( MT ) is the development of interoceptive attention ( IA ) to visceral bodily sensations , facilitated through daily practice s such as breath monitoring . Using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , we examined experience-dependent functional plasticity in accessing interoceptive representations by comparing graduates of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course to a  waitlisted control group .  IA to respiratory sensations was contrasted against two visual tasks , controlling for attentional requirements non-specific to IA such as maintaining sensation and suppressing distraction . In anatomically partitioned analyses of insula activity , MT predicted greater IA-related activity in anterior dysgranular insula regions , consistent with greater integration of interoceptive sensation with external context . MT also predicted decreased recruitment of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex ( DMPFC ) during IA , and altered functional connectivity between the DMPFC and the posterior insula , putative primary interoceptive cortex . Furthermore , meditation practice compliance predicted greater posterior insula and reduced visual pathway recruitment during IA . These findings suggest that interoceptive training modulates task-specific cortical recruitment , analogous to training-related plasticity observed in the external senses . Further , DMPFC modulation of IA networks may be an important mechanism by which MT alters information processing in the brain , increasing the contribution of interoception to perceptual experience oscillations in the rat hippocampus have been implicated in sensorimotor integration ( Bl and , 1986 ) , especially during exploratory and wayfinding behavior . We propose that human cortical activity coordinates sensory information with a motor plan to guide wayfinding behavior to known goal locations . To test this hypothesis , we analyzed invasive recordings from epileptic patients while they performed a spatially immersive , virtual taxi driver task .  Consistent with this hypothesis , we found oscillations during both exploratory search and goal -seeking behavior and , in particular , during virtual movement , when sensory information and motor planning were both in flux , compared with periods of self-initiated stillness . oscillations had different topographic and spectral characteristics during search ing than during goal -seeking , suggesting that different cortical networks exhibit depending on which cognitive functions are driving behavior ( spatial learning during exploration vs orienting to a learned representation during goal -seeking ) . In contrast , oscillations in the beta b and appeared to be related to simple motor planning , likely a variant of the Rol and ic mu rhythm . These findings suggest that human cortical oscillations act to coordinate sensory and motor brain activity in various brain regions to facilitate exploratory learning and navigational planning Cognitive control processes influence how motor sequence information is utilised and represented . Since cognitive control processes are shared amongst goal -oriented tasks , motor sequence learning and performance might be influenced by preceding cognitive tasks such as focused-attention meditation ( FAM ) . Prior to a serial reaction time task ( SRTT ) , participants completed either a single-session of 
    Output:
    
Results : FA , OM , TM , and LK meditation are associated with global increases in oscillatory activity in meditators compared to meditation-naïve adults , with larger changes occurring as the length of meditation training increases .
While FA and OM are related to increases in anterior theta activity , only FA is associated with changes in posterior theta oscillations .
Alpha activity increases in posterior brain regions during both FA and OM .
In anterior regions , FA shows a bilateral increase in alpha power , while OM shows a decrease only in left-sided power .
Gamma activity in these meditation practice s is similar in frontal regions , but increases are variable in parietal and occipital regions .
Conclusions : The current literature suggests distinct differences in neural oscillatory activity among FA , OM , TM , and LK meditation practice s. Further characterizing these oscillatory changes may better eluci date the cognitive and therapeutic effects of specific meditation practice s , and potentially lead to the development of novel neuromodulation targets to take advantage of their benefits