***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Increased levels of the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein predict cardiovascular events . Since statins lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as well as cholesterol , we hypothesized that people with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels but without hyperlipidemia might benefit from statin treatment . METHODS We r and omly assigned 17,802 apparently healthy men and women with low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels of less than 130 mg per deciliter ( 3.4 mmol per liter ) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels of 2.0 mg per liter or higher to rosuvastatin , 20 mg daily , or placebo and followed them for the occurrence of the combined primary end point of myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , arterial revascularization , hospitalization for unstable angina , or death from cardiovascular causes . RESULTS The trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 1.9 years ( maximum , 5.0 ) . Rosuvastatin reduced LDL cholesterol levels by 50 % and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels by 37 % . The rates of the primary end point were 0.77 and 1.36 per 100 person-years of follow-up in the rosuvastatin and placebo groups , respectively ( hazard ratio for rosuvastatin , 0.56 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.46 to 0.69 ; P<0.00001 ) , with corresponding rates of 0.17 and 0.37 for myocardial infa rct ion ( hazard ratio , 0.46 ; 95 % CI , 0.30 to 0.70 ; P=0.0002 ) , 0.18 and 0.34 for stroke ( hazard ratio , 0.52 ; 95 % CI , 0.34 to 0.79 ; P=0.002 ) , 0.41 and 0.77 for revascularization or unstable angina ( hazard ratio , 0.53 ; 95 % CI , 0.40 to 0.70 ; P<0.00001 ) , 0.45 and 0.85 for the combined end point of myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , or death from cardiovascular causes ( hazard ratio , 0.53 ; 95 % CI , 0.40 to 0.69 ; P<0.00001 ) , and 1.00 and 1.25 for death from any cause ( hazard ratio , 0.80 ; 95 % CI , 0.67 to 0.97 ; P=0.02 ) . Consistent effects were observed in all subgroups evaluated . The rosuvastatin group did not have a significant increase in myopathy or cancer but did have a higher incidence of physician-reported diabetes . CONCLUSIONS In this trial of apparently healthy persons without hyperlipidemia but with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels , rosuvastatin significantly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00239681 . BACKGROUND Recipients of renal transplantation ( RT ) exhibit disturbances of serum lipids and apoproteins that may contribute to their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . In our renal transplant department the hypercholesterolaemia prevalence at the first and fifth year of RT is 70.0 % and 81.2 % , respectively . Lipid-lowering therapy has been utilized in many Transplant Units . The aim of our study was to evaluate post-RT hyperlipidaemia control with simvastatin or fish oil . METHODS Forty-three RT patients ( 26 men and 17 women ) with persistent hypercholesterolaemia and stable graft function which were resistant to a lipid-lowering diet ( American Heart Association Step Two ) were r and omized into two groups and treated for 3 months with simvastatin ( S ) ( 10mg/day ; n = 25 ) and fish oil ( F ) ( 6 g/day ; n = 18 ) . Total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , lipoprotein a ( Lp(a ) ) , apolipoprotein A1 ( Apo A1 ) , and apolipoprotein B ( Apo B ) were monitored and at the study baseline they were similar between the two groups . RESULTS No side effects were detected after 3 months of therapy . In group S , the concentrations of TC ( 271 + /- 46 mg% vs 228 + /- 49 mg% ; P < 0.001 ) , TG ( 180 + /- 78 vs 134 + /- 45 ; P < 0.01 ) , LDL-C ( 177 + /- 40 vs 144 + /- 43 ; P < 0.01 ) and Apo B ( 96 + /- 18 vs 82 + /- 16 ; P < 0.001 ) were significantly reduced , and Apo A1 concentration had increased ( 135 + /- 24 vs 149 + /- 30 ; P < 0.01 ) . In group F , the concentrations of TC ( 266 + /- 25 vs 240 + /- 31 ; P < 0.001 ) , TG ( 203 + /- 105 vs 156 + /- 72 ; P = 0.02 ) and HDL-C ( 63 + /- 15 vs 53 + /- 12 ; P < 0.01 ) were significantly reduced . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that low-dose simvastatin and fish oil are both effective and safe in correcting post-RT hyperlipidaemia . Further prospect i ve studies with larger follow-up are needed to clarify whether this therapy has an impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in RT patients Lipoprotein patterns in renal transplant patients : a comparison between FK 506 and cyclosporine A patients The high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in kidney transplant recipients probably contributes to the high cardiovascular mortality in these patients . Except for diet , there is no generally recommended cholesterol-lowering treatment . We conducted a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study with low-dose simvastatin in 40 ciclosporin (CS)-treated kidney transplant recipients during 16 weeks , focusing on side effects and dose finding . In the simvastatin group , the mean serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations decreased by 23 and 33 % , respectively , and the mean serum HDL cholesterol concentration increased by 12 % , after 4 weeks of treatment with simvastatin 10 mg daily . Increasing the dose to 20 mg daily in a few patients only result ed in marginal further reductions of the serum cholesterol concentrations at the expense of doubling the plasma simvastatin 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity concentrations . The differences between the changes in the serum cholesterol concentrations in the simvastatin group and the negligible changes in the placebo group were statistically significant . There was no case of proximal myopathy and the serum creatine kinase concentrations did not differ between treatment groups . In conclusion , low-dose simvastatin appears to be a well tolerated and efficacious cholesterol-lowering treatment in CS-treated kidney transplant recipients .  Simvastatin 10 mg daily seems to be the most suitable dose for the majority of these patients Background : With current techniques , renal failure patients are now able to regain near‐normal health following renal transplantation . However , the development of premature cardiovascular disease is a major problem . Dyslipidaemia may be an important contributor to this . The use of lipid lowering agents in renal allograft recipients has been limited by potential interaction of these agents with the now widely used immunosuppressive agent , cyclosporine . Aim : This study was design ed to investigate efficacy and safety of simvastatin in subjects taking either cyclosporine or azothioprine post renal transplantation . Methods : Fifty‐one subjects ( 32 females , 19 males – mean age 51±12.5 yr ) who were at least 1 yr post transplant , had creatinine ≤2.5 mmol/L and a total cholesterol ≥6 mmol/L were enrolled in a prospect i ve , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled study . After an initial 10‐wk dietary period , the last 4 wk on placebo , subjects were r and omised to receive either 5 mg simvastatin/d for 6 wk followed by 10 mg simvastatin/d for 6 wk , or matching placebo . After this 12‐wk double‐blind phase , there was an open‐label phase when all subjects were treated with 10 mg simvastatin/d for a period of 36 wk . Results : Compared to placebo , 5 mg simvastatin/d significantly decreased total cholesterol by 20 % ( p<0.01 ) , low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL cholesterol ) by 29 % ( p<0.01 ) , and Apolipoprotein B ( ApoB ) by 26 % ( p<0.01 ) . Increasing simvastatin to 10 mg/d did not lead to further significant changes . But high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL cholesterol ) increased by 9 % ( p<0.01 ) and Apolipoprotein A1 ( ApoA1 ) by 7 % ( p<0.01 ) only on 10 mg simvastatin/d . During the open‐label phase , subjects previously r and omised to placebo achieved similar significant changes to their lipoprotein profile . The benefits achieved from simvastatin were maintained to the end of the study . There were three withdrawals from the study , all from the simvastatin/cyclosporine  group . Two subjects had musculoskeletal pain and 1 had abdominal pain . Minor adverse events were similar in both the simvastatin‐ and placebo‐treated groups . Conclusion : Low‐dose simvastatin is an effective and well‐tolerated agent in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in renal allograft recipients Children with hyperlipidemia secondary to renal disease develop premature atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis . The aims of this pilot study were to find the dosage and short-term efficacy of simvastatin and potential adverse events in children with chronic kidney diseases . This was a r and om , double-blind , placebo-controlled , cross-over clinical trial performed on children with hyperlipidemia secondary to kidney disorders . After being placed on a diet for 3 months , patients were r and omly placed in one of two balanced group blocks and treated with diet plus placebo or simvastatin at doses of 5 mg for children weighing 30 kg or less and 10 mg for children weighing over 30 kg , for 1 month , and then doubled for two more months . After this treatment , patients were placed on a diet for a 3-month washout period . During the last trial phase , patients previously treated with simvastatin were administered a placebo , and vice versa . A total of 25 patients with ages ranging from 4 years to 17 years were included in the study . A significant decrease in the levels of serum cholesterol ( 26.4 % ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) ( 35.4 % ) and triglycerides ( 23.1 % ) was noted during the study , primarily during the simvastatin treatments , in which case cholesterol , LDL and triglycerides decreased by 23.3 % , 33.7 % and 21 % , respectively . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels increased moderately ( 10.7 % ) during the study but without differences during simvastatin treatment . No differences were found across groups with respect to adverse events . In the short-term the combination of diet and simvastatin was effective in lowering hyperlipidemia in children with renal disorders Summary Background Lowering LDL cholesterol with statin regimens reduces the risk of myocardial infa rct ion , ischaemic stroke , and the need for coronary revascularisation in people without kidney disease , but its effects in people with moderate-to-severe kidney disease are uncertain . The SHARP trial aim ed to assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of simvastatin plus ezetimibe in such patients . Methods This r and omised double-blind trial included 9270 patients with chronic kidney disease ( 3023 on dialysis and 6247 not ) with no known history of myocardial infa rct ion or coronary revascularisation . Patients were r and omly assigned to simvastatin 20 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg daily versus matching placebo . The key prespecified outcome was first major atherosclerotic event ( non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion or coronary death , non-haemorrhagic stroke , or any arterial revascularisation procedure ) . All analyses were by intention to treat . This trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov , NCT00125593 , and IS RCT N54137607 . Findings 4650 patients were assigned to  receive sim 
    Output:
    
Statins may reduce cardiovascular events in kidney transplant recipients , although treatment effects are imprecise .
Statin treatment has uncertain effects on overall mortality , stroke , kidney function , and toxicity outcomes in kidney transplant recipients .