***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Chronic fatigue is common in the general population . Complementary therapies are often used by patients with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome to manage their symptoms . Purpose This study aim ed to assess the effect of a 4-month qigong intervention program among patients with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome . Methods Sixty-four participants were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group or a wait list control group . Outcome measures included fatigue symptoms , physical functioning , mental functioning , and telomerase activity . Results Fatigue symptoms and mental functioning were significantly improved in the qigong group compared to controls . Telomerase activity increased in the qigong group from 0.102 to 0.178 arbitrary units ( p < 0.05 ) . The change was statistically significant when compared to the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Qigong exercise may be used as an alternative and complementary therapy or rehabilitative program for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effect of a Chinese traditional exercise program , Qigong Yi Jinjing ( QYJJ ) , on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . METHODS One hundred and thirty eligible COPD patients were r and omly divided into three groups : the QYJJ group ( n = 42 ) , the self-management exercise group ( n = 43 ) , and the control group ( n = 45 ) . Data were collected and analyzed at baseline and again at one , three , and six months . A pulmonary rehabilitation index , consisting of pulmonary function , six-minute walk test , Regulatory Emotion Self-Efficacy question naire , and exercise of the COPD Assessment Test widely used to evaluate health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) in participants with COPD , was measured . RESULTS Compared with the other groups , participants in QYJJ group had significantly better lung function ( forced expiratory volume in one second : F = 8.96 , p = 0.000 ; forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity : F = 11.55 , p = 0.000 ; the percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second in prediction : F = 24.27 , p = 0.000 ) ; walked a longer distance ( F = 152.52 , p = 0.000 ) , and had more satisfactory HRQL ( F = 14.08 , p = 0.000 ) . QYJJ training also contributed to improving the ability of emotion regulation ( F = 36.56 , p = 0.000 ) . There were significant positive changes in expressing positive affect ( F = 56.25 , p = 0.000 ) and managing despondency/distress ( F = 21.58 , p = 0.000 ) , apart from the ability to regulate anger/irritation ( F = 1.20 , p = 0.305 ) . The longer QYJJ is practice d , the more effective the influence is on the pulmonary rehabilitation-related index measures . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that QYJJ exercise produced positive effects on pulmonary function , physical activity , emotion regulation self-efficiency ( modulating the expression of despondency or distress and experiencing and expressing positive affect ) , and HRQL in patients with COPD OBJECTIVES Qigong exercise has been shown to improve physical and psychological well-being in adults with chronic conditions , but little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of engaging in a qigong exercise program in community-dwelling older adults in the United States . The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility , acceptance , and adherence to an 8-week qigong exercise intervention in community-dwelling American older adults . DESIGN An exploratory study design . SETTING Two senior centers in southern Connecticut . SUBJECTS Forty-five community-dwelling older adults aged 65 to 85 years enrolled . INTERVENTION A supervised 1-h health qigong exercise session twice weekly for 8 weeks . OUTCOME MEASURES An investigator- design ed question naire with seven items that were rated on a 1 to 6 scale , with higher scores indicating better results , and nine open-ended questions were used to obtain data on feasibility and acceptability . Adherence was calculated as the proportion of the 16 planned sessions attended . RESULTS Of the 45 older adults enrolled , 6 never started and 6 withdrew , with 33 evaluable at the end of the intervention . The mean age of the sample was 74.8 years ; the majority were female ( 84.4 % ) and white ( 91.1 % ) . Mean scores on aspects of difficulty , acceptability , suitability , or effectiveness of qigong exercise were all ≥5 . Participants identified benefits of qigong exercise , such as calming and relaxing feelings , inner peace , better balance , and flexibility . Attendance rate was 78.8 % , with 94 % performing qigong exercise at least once weekly outside the class . All participants indicated that they would recommend qigong exercise to others . No adverse events occurred . CONCLUSION An 8-week qigong exercise program was feasible , acceptable , and safe for American older adults . Future robust r and omized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings Objectives . To evaluate the effectiveness of Baduanjin Qigong exercise on  sleep , fatigue , anxiety , and depressive symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome- ( CFS- ) like illness and to determine the dose-response relationship . Methods . One hundred fifty participants with CFS-like illness ( mean age = 39.0 , SD = 7.9 ) were r and omly assigned to Qigong and waitlist . Sixteen 1.5-hour Qigong lessons were arranged over 9 consecutive weeks . Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) , Chalder Fatigue Scale ( ChFS ) , and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) were assessed at baseline , immediate posttreatment , and 3-month posttreatment . The amount of Qigong self- practice was assessed by self-report . Results . Repeated measures analyses of covariance showed a marginally nonsignificant ( P = 0.064 ) group by time interaction in the PSQI total score , but it was significant for the " subjective sleep quality " and " sleep latency " items , favoring Qigong exercise . Improvement in " subjective sleep quality " was maintained at 3-month posttreatment . Significant group by time interaction was also detected for the ChFS and HADS anxiety and depression scores . The number of Qigong  lessons attended and the amount of Qigong self- practice were significantly associated with sleep , fatigue , anxiety , and depressive symptom improvement . Conclusion . Baduanjin Qigong was an efficacious and acceptable treatment for  sleep disturbance in CFS-like illness . This trial is registered with Hong Kong Clinical Trial Register : HKCTR-1380 Objectives . To evaluate the sustaining effects of Tai Chi Qigong ( TCQ ) in improving the psychosocial health in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) patients in the sixth month . Background . COPD affects both physical and emotional aspects of life . Measures to minimize patients ' suffering need to be implemented . Methods . 206 COPD patients were r and omly assigned into three groups : TCQ group , exercise group , and control group . The TCQ group completed a three-month TCQ program , the exercise group practice d breathing and walking exercise , and the control group received usual care . Results . Significant group-by-time interactions in quality of life ( QOL ) using St. George 's respiratory question naire ( P = 0.002 ) and the perceived social support from friends using multidimensional scale of perceived social support ( P = 0.04 ) were noted . Improvements were observed in the TCQ group only . Conclusions . TCQ has sustaining effects in improving psychosocial health ; it is also a useful and appropriate exercise for COPD patients Background . Anxiety/depressive symptoms are common in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome- ( CFS- ) like illness .  Qigong as a modality of complementary and alternative therapy has been increasingly applied by patients with chronic illnesses , but little is known about the effect of Qigong on anxiety/depressive symptoms of the patients with CFS-like illness . Purpose . To investigate the effects of Qigong on fatigue , anxiety , and depressive symptoms in patients with CFS-illness . Methods . One hundred and thirty-seven participants who met the diagnostic criteria for CFS-like illness were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group or a waitlist control group . Participants in the intervention group received 10 sessions of Qigong training twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks , followed by home-based practice for 12 weeks . Fatigue , anxiety , and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and postintervention . Results . Total fatigue score [ F(1,135 ) = 13.888 , P < 0.001 ] , physical fatigue score [ F(1,135 ) = 20.852 , P < 0.001 ] and depression score [ F(1,135 ) = 9.918 , P = 0.002 ] were significantly improved and mental fatigue score [ F(1,135 ) = 3.902 , P = 0.050 ] was marginally significantly improved in the Qigong group compared to controls . The anxiety score was not significantly improved in the Qigong group . Conclusion . Qigong may not only reduce the fatigue symptoms , but also has antidepressive effect for patients with CFS-like illness . Trial registration HKCTR-1200 Objective : To evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Qigong training on the quality of life and physical function of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee . Design : A preliminary , single-blind , r and omized controlled trial . Setting : General community , performed at Hwaseong City Health Center . Participants : Forty-four elderly subjects ( mean age , 69.1 ± 5.4 years ) with knee osteoarthritis . Intervention : The patients were r and omized ( 2:1 ) to : ( 1 ) an eight-week Tai Chi Qigong training programme or ( 2 ) a waiting list control group . The programme involved eight weeks of group Tai Chi Qigong sessions , with 60 minutes per session twice a week . Main outcome measures : The primary outcome was quality of life measured with the Short Form 36 ( SF-36 ) at baseline and week 8 . Secondary outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC ) and 6-m walking time . Results : The training group had statistically significant improvements in the quality of life ( changes of SF-36 , Qigong versus control : 21.6 ± 16.8 versus 9.8 ± 13.6 , P<0.05 ) and 6-m walking test ( change in walking time , Qigong versus control : —1.6 ± 1.7 versus —0.2 ± 0.8 s , P<0.01 ) . The WOMAC scores in the training group were markedly improved , although the differences were not statistically significant . Conclusions : Tai Chi Qigong training appears to have beneficial effects in terms of the quality of life and physical functioning of elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis . However , more rigorous trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of this training for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee Background : Inflammatory cytokine levels are often elevated in people with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) . People with PD often experience  sleep disturbances that significantly impact quality of life . Past studies suggest inflammatory cytokines may be associated with various symptoms of PD . Benefits of Qigong , a mind – body exercise , have been shown in different neurological conditions , but there is still a lack of clinical evidence in the PD population . Methods : Ten people with PD were recruited and r and omly assigned into two groups receiving six weeks of Qigong ( experimental group ) or sham Qigong ( control group ) intervention . The levels of TNF-α , IL-1β , and IL-6 in subjects ’ serum and sleep quality were measured before and after the intervention . Results : After the intervention , the serum level of TNF-α in the experimental group was significantly decreased in all subjects , while the level in the control group showed a trend to increase . Qigong exercise significantly improved sleep quality at night . There was a strong correlation between changes in the level of TNF-α and sleep quality . Conclusion : Qigong exercise  decreased TNF-α level in people with PD and helped improve sleep quality . TNF-α may have a potential to influence the sleep quality in people with PD OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of a 6-month Liuzijue qigong ( LQG ) program in promoting physical and psychosocial function in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . DESIGN Single-blind , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Seven hospital respiratory care centers in Beijing . PARTICIPANTS Individuals with COPD ( N = 126 ; mean age 71.1 ± 2.7 , range 65 - 85 ) . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : LQG ( n = 63 ) and control ( n = 63 ) . Subjects in the LQG group received a LQG program consisting of four 45-minute sessions each week and daily walking for 30 minutes for 6 months . Control subjects walked daily for 30 minutes . Data collection was performed at baseline , at 6 weeks , and at 6 months . Primary outcomes involved functional capacity , and secondary outcomes involved quality of life . RESULTS The LQG group had greater improvements in the 6-minute walk test ( P = .02 ) ; specific airway conductance ( P = .02 ) ; monitored functional task evaluation ( P 
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Results : This overview will identify any adverse events associated with nonst and ardized Qigong and related therapies procedures based on current relevant literature evidence of safety for Qigong .