***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This study assessed the percentage of the amount of dentifrice loaded onto the toothbrush that is ingested by children , taking into account age , the amount of dentifrice used during toothbrushing , and the dentifrice flavor . METHODS The sample consisted of 155 children of both genders attending public kindergartens and schools in Bauru , Brazil , divided into 5 groups ( n = 30 - 32 ) of children aged 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 years old . The dentifrices used were Sorriso ™ ( 1219 ppm F , peppermint-flavored ) and T and y ™ ( 959 ppm F , tutti-frutti-flavored ) . The assessment of fluoride intake from dentifrices was carried out six times for each child , using 0.3 , 0.6 , and 1.2 g of each dentifrice , following a r and om , crossover distribution . Brushing was performed by the children or their parents/caregivers according to the home habits and under the observation of the examiner . Fluoride present in the expectorant and on toothbrush was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode after HMDS-facilitated diffusion . Fluoride ingestion was indirectly derived . Results were analyzed by 3-way repeated- measures anova and Tukey 's tests ( P < 0.05 ) using the percent dentifrice ingested as response variable . RESULTS Age and percent dentifrice ingested for both dentifrices , and the three amounts used were inversely related ( P < 0.0001 ) . Percent dentifrice ingested was significantly higher after the use of T and y ™ under all conditions of the study when compared with Sorriso ™ ( P < 0.0001 ) . Significant differences were observed when brushing with 0.3 g when compared with 1.2 g , for both dentifrices tested ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that all variables tested must be considered in preventive measures aim ing to reduce the amount of fluoride ingested by young children The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement was developed to improve the reporting of r and omised controlled trials . It was initially published in 1996 and focused on the reporting of parallel group r and omised controlled trials . The statement was revised in 2001 , with a further up date in 2010 . A separate CONSORT statement for the reporting of abstract s was published in 2008 . In earlier papers we considered the implication s of the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement for the reporting of cluster r and omised trial . In this paper we provide up date d and extended guidance , based on the 2010 version of the CONSORT statement and the 2008 CONSORT statement for the reporting of abstract s. To investigate the effectiveness of 3 caries-preventive measures on high– and low – caries risk occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars over 3 y. This cluster-r and omized controlled clinical trial covered 242 schoolchildren , 6 to 7 y old , from low socioeconomic areas . At baseline , caries risk was assessed at the tooth surface level , through a combination of ICDAS II ( International Caries Detection and Assessment System ) and fissure depth codes . High – caries risk occlusal surfaces were treated according to daily supervised toothbrushing ( STB ) at school and 2 sealants : composite resin ( CR ) and atraumatic restorative treatment – high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement ( ART-GIC ) . Low – caries risk occlusal surfaces received STB or no intervention . Evaluations were performed after 0.5 , 1 , 2 , and 3 y. A cavitated dentine carious lesion was considered a failure . Data were analyzed according to the proportional hazard rate regression model with frailty correction , Wald test , analysis of variance , and t test , according to the jackknife procedure for calculating st and ard errors . The cumulative survival rates of cavitated dentine carious lesion – free , high – caries risk occlusal surfaces were 95.6 % , 91.4 % , and 90.2 % for STB , CR , and ART-GIC , respectively , over 3 y , which were not statistically significantly different . For low – caries risk occlusal surfaces , no statistically significant difference was observed between the cumulative survival rate of the STB group ( 94.8 % ) and the no-intervention group ( 92.1 % ) over 3 y. There was neither a difference among STB , CR , and ART-GIC on school premises in preventing cavitated dentine carious lesions in high – caries risk occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars nor a difference between STB and no intervention for low – caries risk occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars over 3 Children in the London Boroughs of Kensington , Chelsea and Westminster have one of the highest levels of caries in Engl and and Wales . In 1997/98 , the mean dmft for 5-year-old children was 2.83 with only 45.9 % of the children being caries free . The aim of this study was to determine whether teacher-supervised toothbrushing , once a day , at school , during term time , with commercial toothpaste containing 1,450 ppm fluoride , could reduce dental caries in primary school children when compared with children from the same community who did not receive this intervention . A total of 517 children ( mean age 5.63 years ) were recruited for the study . Class teachers were trained individually by the same dental hygienist in an appropriate toothbrushing technique for young children . Children in the intervention group brushed once a day at school . All examinations were by visual assessment only . All teeth present were assessed using the BASCD criteria . For children in the intervention group , the overall caries increment ( 2.60 ) was significantly less ( 10.9 % ; p < 0.001 ) than for children in the non-intervention group ( 2.92 ) . Among different tooth surfaces , the difference in caries increment between the intervention group ( 0.78 ) and the non-intervention group ( 1.03 ) was greatest for the proximal surfaces ( 21.4 % ; p < 0.01 ) . In conclusion , this study suggests that a programme of daily teacher-supervised toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste can be effectively targeted into socially deprived communities and a significant reduction in dental caries can thereby be achieved especially among caries-susceptible children Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an intensified preventive programme in kindergartens . Material s and methods Two thous and two hundred twenty-eight 2- to 4-year-old children attending kindergartens in two counties in northern Hesse were r and omly allocated to two groups . Children in the test group participated in daily tooth brushing with 500 ppm fluoride toothpaste , which was supervised by specially trained dental nurses . Children in the control group received tooth brushing instructions three to four times a year . Caries experience was recorded using WHO criteria . The basic survey was performed from October 2006 to April 2007 , with the final examinations between March and July 2009 . The statistical evaluation was performed by means of the software package SPSS 17.0 . To compare the mean Δdmf values of the test and control groups , Mann-Whitney U tests were performed . Results Two thous and one hundred twelve children ( test group , 1096 ; control group , 1048 ) participated in the final examinations . The caries increment of the test group ( Δdmf-s = 1.55 ) was 24 % lower than the increment of the control group ( Δdmf-s = 2.02 , p = 0.043 ) . Based on Δdmf-t values , the corresponding figures were 0.79 for the test group and 1 for the control group ( p = 0.44 ) . High increment values ( Δdmf-s > 7 ) were observed in the control group twice as often as in the test group . Conclusion The results show that an intensified preventive programme in kindergartens , based on supervised daily tooth brushing , has a positive effect on the dental health of preschool children . Clinical relevance It is sufficient to offer such programmes in socially deprived areas Scottish children have one of the highest levels of caries experience in Europe . Only 33 % of 5-year-old children in Dundee who developed caries in their first permanent molars by 7  brushed their teeth twice a day . High-caries-risk children should benefit if they brush more often with fluori date d toothpaste . The aim of this clinical trial was to determine the reduction in 2-year caries increment that can be achieved by daily supervised toothbrushing on school-days with a toothpaste containing 1,000 ppm fluoride ( as sodium monofluorophosphate ) and 0.13 % calcium glycerophosphate , combined with recommended daily home use , compared to a control group involving no intervention other than 6-monthly clinical examinations . Five hundred and thirty-four children , mean age 5.3 , in schools in deprived areas of Tayside were recruited . Each school had two parallel classes , one r and omly selected to be the brushing class and the other , the control . Local mothers were trained as toothbrushing supervisors . Children brushed on school-days and received home supplies . A single examiner undertook 6-monthly examinations recording plaque , caries ( D1 level ) , and used FOTI to supplement the visual caries examination . For children in the brushing classes , the 2-year mean caries increment on first permanent molars was 0.81 at D1 and 0.21 at D3 compared to 1.19 and 0.48 for children in the control classes ( significant reductions of 32 % at D1 and 56 % at D3 ) . In conclusion , high-caries-risk children have been shown to have significantly less caries after participating in a supervised toothbrushing programme with a fluori date d toothpaste OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of a 2-year oral health education and caries prevention program implemented in kindergartens in China . METHODS Seven hundred and thirty-one 3-year-old children were recruited from 10 kindergartens in Miyun County , Beijing , China . The kindergartens were r and omly divided into two groups . Oral health education was provided to teachers in the test kindergartens every 3 months . Oral health education sessions were conducted for the test children monthly and for their parents semiannually . Children in the test kindergarten brushed their teeth twice daily with fluori date d toothpaste ( 1100 ppm F- ) in their kindergarten under the supervision of teachers during weekdays . No oral health education session and no supervised tooth brushing activities were carried out in the control kindergartens . A clinical examination of the study children and a question naire survey of their parents were conducted at baseline and after a 2-year program . RESULTS Five hundred and fourteen children remained in the study after 2 years . The mean caries increments of the test group ( n = 258 ) and the control group ( n = 256 ) were 2.47 and 3.56 dmfs , respectively . The reduction in dmfs increment was 30.6 % ( P = 0.009 ) . At the evaluation , a significantly higher percentage of children in the test group than in the control group reported brushing their teeth twice a day ( 87.6 % vs. 69.0 % ; P < 0.001 ) . Parents of children in the test group had better oral health knowledge and attitude than the parents of children in the control group . CONCLUSION This oral health education program was effective in establishing good oral health habits among preschool children and in increasing oral health knowledge of their parents , in conjunction with supervised daily tooth brushing with fluori date d toothpaste , which could reduce the development of new dental caries in preschool children in China 
    Output:
    
There is no conclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of supervised toothbrushing on caries incidence