***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To explore whether adding a gender and HIV training programme to microfinance initiatives can lead to health and social benefits beyond those achieved by microfinance alone . METHODS Cross-sectional data were derived from three r and omly selected matched clusters in rural South Africa : ( i ) four villages with 2-year exposure to the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity ( IMAGE ) , a combined microfinance-health training intervention ; ( ii ) four villages with 2-year exposure to microfinance services alone ; and ( iii ) four control villages not targeted by any intervention .  Adjusted risk ratios ( aRRs ) employing village-level summaries compared associations between groups in relation to indicators of economic well-being , empowerment , intimate partner violence ( IPV ) and HIV risk behaviour . The magnitude and consistency of aRRs allowed for an estimate of incremental effects . FINDINGS A total of 1409 participants were enrolled , all female , with a median age of 45 . After 2 years , both the microfinance-only group and the IMAGE group showed economic improvements relative to the control group . However , only the IMAGE group demonstrated consistent associations across all domains with regard to women 's empowerment , intimate partner violence and HIV risk behaviour . CONCLUSION The addition of a training component to group-based microfinance programmes may be critical for achieving broader health benefits . Donor agencies should encourage intersectoral partnerships that can foster synergy and broaden the health and social effects of economic interventions such as microfinance Background Women who engage in sex work are at risk for experiencing violence from numerous perpetrators , including paying partners . Empirical evidence has shown mixed results regarding the impact of participation in microfinance interventions on women ’s experiences of violence , with some studies demonstrating reductions in intimate partner violence ( IPV ) and others showing heightened risk for IPV . The current study reports on the impact of participation in a microsavings intervention on experiences of paying partner violence among women engaged in sex work in Mongolia . Methods Between 2011 and 2013 , we conducted a two-arm , non-blinded r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) comparing an HIV/STI risk reduction intervention ( HIVSRR ) ( control condition ) to a combined microsavings and HIVSRR intervention ( treatment condition ) .  Eligible women ( aged 18 or older , reported having engaged in unprotected sex with paying partner in past 90 days , expressed interest in microsavings intervention ) were invited to participate . One hundred seven were r and omized , including 50 in the control and 57 in the treatment condition . Participants completed assessment s at baseline , immediate post-test following HIVSRR , and at 3-months and 6-months after completion of the treatment group intervention . Outcomes for the current study include any violence ( physical and /or sexual ) , sexual violence , and physical violence from paying partners in the past 90 days . Results An intention-to-treat approach was utilized . Linear growth models revealed significant reductions over time in both conditions for any violence ( β = −0.867 , p < 0.001 ) , physical violence ( β = −0.0923 , p < 0.001 ) , and sexual violence ( β = −1.639 , p = 0.001 ) from paying partners . No significant differences between groups were found for any violence ( β = 0.118 , p = 0.389 ) , physical violence ( β = 0.091 , p = 0.792 ) , or sexual violence ( β = 0.379 , p = 0.114 ) from paying partners . Conclusions Microsavings participation did not significantly impact women ’s risk for paying partner violence . Qualitative research is recommended to underst and the cause for reductions in paying partner violence in both study conditions . Trial registration Evaluating a Microfinance Intervention for High Risk Women in Mongolia ; NCT01861431 ; May 20 , 2013 Intimate partner violence is widespread and represents an obstacle to human freedom and a significant public health concern . Poverty alleviation programs and efforts to economically " empower " women have become popular policy options , but theory and empirical evidence are mixed on the relationship between women 's empowerment and the experience of violence . We study the effects of a successful poverty alleviation program  on women 's empowerment and intimate partner relations and violence from 2009 to 2011 . In the first experiment , a cluster-r and omized superiority trial , 15 marginalized people ( 86 % women ) were identified in each of 120 villages ( n = 1800 ) in Gulu and Kitgum districts in Ug and a. Half of villages were r and omly assigned via public lottery to immediate treatment : five days of business training , $ 150 , and supervision and advising . We examine intent-to-treat estimates of program impact and heterogeneity in treatment effects by initial quality of partner relations . 16 months after the initial grants , the program doubled business ownership and incomes ( p < 0.01 ) ; we show that the effect on monthly income , however , is moderated by initial quality of intimate partner relations . We also find small increases in marital control ( p < 0.05 ) , self-reported autonomy ( p < 0.10 ) , and quality of partner relations ( p < 0.01 ) , but essentially no change in intimate partner violence . In a second experiment , we study the impact of a low-cost attempt to include household partners ( often husb and s ) in the process . Participants from the 60 waitlist villages ( n = 904 ) were r and omly assigned to participate in the program as individuals or with a household partner . We observe small , non-significant decreases in abuse and marital control and large increases in the quality of relationships ( p < 0.05 ) , but no effects on women 's attitudes toward gender norms and a non-significant reduction in autonomy . Involving men and changing framing to promote more inclusive programming can improve relationships , but may not change gender attitudes or increase business success . Increasing women 's earnings has no effect on intimate partner violence BACKGROUND HIV infection and intimate-partner violence share a common risk environment in much of southern Africa . The aim of the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity ( IMAGE ) study was to assess a structural intervention that combined a microfinance programme with a gender and HIV training curriculum . METHODS Villages in the rural Limpopo province of South Africa were pair-matched and r and omly allocated to receive the intervention at study onset ( intervention group , n=4 ) or 3 years later ( comparison group , n=4 ) . Loans were provided to poor women who enrolled in the intervention group . A participatory learning and action curriculum was integrated into loan meetings , which took place every 2 weeks . Both arms of the trial were divided into three groups :  direct programme participants or matched controls ( cohort one ) , r and omly selected 14 - 35-year-old household co-residents ( cohort two ) , and r and omly selected community members ( cohort three ) . Primary outcomes were experience of intimate-partner violence -- either physical or sexual -- in the past 12 months by a spouse or other sexual intimate ( cohort one ) , unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner in the past 12 months ( cohorts two and three ) , and HIV incidence ( cohort three ) . Analyses were done on a per- protocol basis . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00242957 . FINDINGS In cohort one , experience of intimate-partner violence was reduced by 55 % ( adjusted risk ratio [ aRR ] 0.45 , 95 % CI 0.23 - 0.91 ; adjusted risk difference -7.3 % , -16.2 to 1.5 ) . The intervention did not affect the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with a non-spousal partner in cohort two ( aRR 1.02 , 0.85 - 1.23 ) , and there was no effect on the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner ( 0.89 , 0.66 - 1.19 ) or HIV incidence ( 1.06 , 0.66 - 1.69 ) in cohort three . INTERPRETATION A combined microfinance and training intervention can lead to reductions in levels of intimate-partner violence in programme participants . Social and economic development interventions have the potential to alter risk environments for HIV and intimate-partner violence in southern Africa OBJECTIVES We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women 's empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in  intimate partner violence  documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity ( IMAGE ) cluster-r and omized trial in rural South Africa . METHODS The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on underst and ing HIV infection , gender norms , domestic violence , and sexuality . Outcome measures included past year 's experience of intimate partner violence and 9 indicators of women 's empowerment . Qualitative data about changes occurring within intimate relationships , loan groups , and the community were also collected . RESULTS After 2 years , the risk of past-year physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner was reduced by more than half ( adjusted risk ratio=0.45 ; 95 % confidence interval=0.23 , 0.91 ) . Improvements in all 9 indicators of empowerment were observed . Reductions in violence result ed from a range of responses enabling women to challenge the acceptability of violence , expect and receive better treatment from partners , leave abusive relationships , and raise public awareness about intimate partner violence . CONCLUSIONS Our findings , both qualitative and quantitative , indicate that economic and social empowerment of women can contribute to reductions in intimate partner violence BACKGROUND Cash transfers have been proposed as an intervention to reduce HIV-infection risk for young women in sub-Saharan Africa . However , scarce evidence is available about their effect on reducing HIV acquisition . We aim ed to assess the effect of a conditional cash transfer on HIV incidence among young women in rural South Africa . METHODS We did a phase 3 , r and omised controlled trial ( HPTN 068 ) in the rural Bushbuckridge subdistrict in Mpumalanga province , South Africa . We included girls aged 13 - 20 years if they were enrolled in school grade s 8 - 11 , not married or pregnant , able to read , they and their parent or guardian both had the necessary documentation necessary to open a bank account , and were residing in the study area and intending to remain until trial completion . Young women ( and their parents or guardians ) were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) , by use of numbered sealed envelopes containing a r and omisation assignment card which were numerically ordered with block r and omisation , to receive a monthly cash transfer conditional on school attendance ( ≥80 % of school days per month ) versus no cash transfer . Participants completed an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview ( ACASI ) , before test HIV counselling , HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 testing , and post-test counselling at baseline , then at annual follow-up visits at 12 , 24 , and 36 months . Parents or guardians completed a Computer-Assisted Personal Interview at baseline and each follow-up visit . A stratified proportional hazards model was used in an intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome , HIV incidence , to compare the intervention and control groups . This study is registered at Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01233531 ) . FINDINGS Between March 5 , 2011 , and Dec 17 , 2012 , we recruited 10 134 young women and enrolled 2537 and their parents or guardians to receive a cash transfer programme ( n=1225 ) or not ( control group ; n=1223 ) . At baseline , the median age of girls was 15 years ( IQR 14 - 17 ) and 672 ( 27 % ) had reported to have ever had sex . 107 incident HIV infections were recorded during the study : 59 cases in 3048 person-years in the intervention group and 48 cases in 2830 person-years in the control group . HIV incidence was not significantly different between those who received a cash transfer ( 1·94 % per person-years ) and those who did not ( 1·70 % per person-years ; hazard ratio 1·17 , 95 % CI 0·80 - 1·72 , p=0·42 ) . INTERPRETATION Cash transfers conditional on school attendance did not reduce HIV incidence in young women . School attendance significantly reduced risk of HIV acquisition , irrespective of study group . Keeping girls in school is important to reduce their HIV-infection risk . FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health Violence against women  is a major health and human rights problem yet there is little rigorous evidence as to how to reduce it . We take advantage of the r and omized roll-out of Ecuador 's  cash transfer program to mothers to investigate how an exogenous increase in a woman 's income affects domestic violence . We find that the effect of a cash transfer depends on a woman 's education and on her education relative to her partner 's . Our results show that for women with greater than primary school education a cash transfer significantly decreases psychological violence from her partner . For women with primary school education or less , however , the effect of a cash transfer depends on her education relative to her partner 's . Specifically , the cash transfer significantly increases emotional violence in households where the woman 's education is equal to or more than her partner 's 
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Our results showed that the impact of MP are mixed when it comes to physical and physical/sexual violence .
Even so , the review suggests that the effect of MP on sexual violence is trivial or nonexistent .
Regarding the impact of CTPs , the present study showed that the effects on physical , physical/sexual , psychological , and sexual violence were also heterogeneous .
Women more empowered and with some autonomy could be at risk .