***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study constituted the first step in the psychometric development of a self-report screening instrument for risk of opioid medication misuse among chronic pain patients . A 26-item instrument , the Pain Medication Question naire ( PMQ ) , was constructed based on suspected behavioral correlates of opioid medication misuse , which heretofore have received limited empirical investigation . The PMQ  was administered to 184 patients at an interdisciplinary pain treatment center .  Reliability coefficients for the PMQ were found to be of moderate but acceptable strength . Construct and concurrent validity were examined through correlation of PMQ scores to measures of substance abuse , physical and psychological functioning , and physicians ' risk assessment s. To explore high and low cutoff points for misuse risk , subgroups were formed according to the upper and lower thirds of PMQ scores and compared on validity measures . Higher PMQ scores were associated with history of substance abuse , higher levels of psychosocial distress , and poorer functioning . Future psychometric analyses will consider predictive validity and examine shortened versions of the instrument Background The objective of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a general measure of patients ' satisfaction with medication , the Treatment Satisfaction Question naire for Medication ( TSQM ) . Methods The content and format of 55 initial questions were based on a formal conceptual framework , an extensive literature review , and the input from three patient focus groups . Patient interviews were used to select the most relevant questions for further evaluation ( n = 31 ) . The psychometric performance of items and result ing TSQM scales were examined using eight diverse patient groups ( arthritis , asthma , major depression , type I diabetes , high cholesterol , hypertension , migraine , and psoriasis ) recruited from a national longitudinal panel study of chronic illness ( n = 567 ) . Participants were then r and omized to complete the test items using one of two alternate scaling methods ( Visual Analogue vs. Likert-type ) . Results A factor analysis ( principal component extraction with varimax rotation ) of specific items revealed three factors ( Eigenvalues > 1.7 ) explaining 75.6 % of the total variance ; namely Side effects ( 4 items , 28.4 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .87 ) , Effectiveness ( 3 items , 24.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .85 ) , and Convenience ( 3 items , 23.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .87 ) . A second factor analysis of more generally worded items yielded a Global Satisfaction scale ( 3 items , Eigenvalue = 2.3 , 79.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .85 ) . The final four scales possessed good psychometric properties , with the Likert-type scaling method performing better than the VAS approach . Significant differences were found on the TSQM by the route of medication administration ( oral , injectable , topical , inhalable ) , level of illness severity , and length of time on medication . Regression analyses using the TSQM scales accounted for 40–60 % of variation in patients ' ratings of their likelihood to persist with their current medication . Conclusion The TSQM is a psychometrically sound and valid measure of the major dimensions of patients ' satisfaction with medication . Preliminary evidence suggests that the TSQM may also be a good predictor of patients ' medication adherence across different types of medication and patient population Chronic GVHD ( cGVHD ) affects 30 % to 90 % of surviving allogeneic transplant recipients . Thus far , no quality -of-life instruments have been developed to measure the effect of this common complication of allogeneic transplantation on patients ' functioning and well-being . Using a prospect i ve cohort of 107 patients with active cGVHD who completed the symptom scale at enrollment and at intervals of 3 and 6 months , we developed a 30-item symptom scale with 7 subscales to capture the cGVHD-specific symptom burden . The symptom scale correlated highly with patients ' self-assessed mild , moderate , and severe cGVHD manifestations in cross-sectional analysis . Reliability ( Cronbach 's alpha = 0.79 - 0.90 ) , test-retest ( r2 = 0.28 - 0.93 ) , and convergent and discriminant validity compared to the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 ( SF-36 ) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy with BMT subscale ( FACT-BMT ) were assessed and found to be adequate . Longitudinal assessment s showed that changes in overall health status correlated best with changes in quality of life as measured by the SF-36 and FACT-BMT . In contrast , changes in cGVHD severity were best detected by changes in the symptom scale . We recommend that either the SF-36 or the FACT-BMT be combined with a cGVHD-specific symptom scale to measure the impact of cGVHD on patients ' quality of life and that this endpoint be included in clinical trials testing cGVHD interventions . The cGVHD symptom scale is a short , simple , and valid measure of cGVHD manifestations and can be used to follow complication-specific symptoms using patient self-administered question naires We developed a 12-item question naire for completion by patients having shoulder operations other than stabilisation . A prospect i ve study of 111 patients was undertaken before operation and at follow-up six months later . Each patient completed the new question naire and the SF36 form . Some filled in the Stanford Health Assessment Question naire ( HAQ ) . An orthopaedic surgeon assessed the Constant shoulder score . The single score derived from the question naire had a high internal consistency . Reproducibility , examined by test-retest reliability , was found to be satisfactory . The validity of the question naire was established by obtaining significant correlations in the expected direction with the Constant score and the relevant scales of the SF36 and the HAQ . Sensitivity to change was assessed by analysing the differences between the preoperative scores and those at follow-up . Changes in scores were compared with the patients ' responses to postoperative questions about their condition . The st and ardised effect size for the new question naire compared favourably with that for the SF36 and the HAQ . The new question naire was the most efficient in distinguishing patients who said that their shoulder was much better from all other patients . The shoulder question naire provides a measure of outcome for shoulder operations which is short , practical , reliable , valid and sensitive to clinical ly important changes Nasal symptoms are the main elements that lead to a therapeutic decision and allow for evaluating treatment effects or natural evolution . Despite availability of several question naires with good measurement qualities , no systematic assessment takes into account the specific physical and psychosocial consequences of each of the six main nasal symptoms , independently of the disease . We proposed to measure these symptoms with the use of a self-reporting question naire and to test the validity of the question naire in a large representative sample of patients attending outpatient rhinologic clinics . The study was conducted in two parts : ( 1 ) expert-based development and testing of the face validity of a question naire in French ; and ( 2 ) validity testing , including construct validity by factor analysis , reproducibility by intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and Bl and and Altman plots , and sensitivity to change by st and ardized response means , on a large sample of patients in a prospect i ve multicenter study . DyNaChron , a question naire with 78 items divided into six domains and exploring both the physical and psychosocial repercussions of CND , was developed . In total , 759 patients completed the question naire at a first visit to a clinic , and 539 again 19.5 days later , on average . The question naire structure was confirmed to be composed of six domains ( 6 factors explaining 68.7 % of the variance ) , with two dimensions in each domain . The question naire ’s convergent validity was confirmed ; the Cronbach alpha coefficient for domains was high ( 0.93–0.96 ) , the ICC ranged from 0.8 to 0.92 , and the question naire ’s sensitivity to change was greater for patients with improved health status than for those with worsened status . DyNaChron is a well-structured question naire with a high degree of internal consistency and all properties needed to be used in research . It should now be compared with other question naires and objective measures to assess whether or not DyNaChron better measures disease severity and its changes . Further work will involve shortening the instrument for use in clinical practice and create a “ patient symptomatology score ” Aims On the one h and , the survey aims at the development and validation of an auto-administered question naire design ed to measure the everyday burden caused by chronic venous disorders ( CVDs ) . On the other h and , it aims at reporting initial epidemiological and demographic data in CVD patients and their correlations . Material s and methods After identification of 66 possible items , the elimination of redundant and less relevant questions left a question naire of 36 simple items , the  Assessment of Burden in Chronic – Venous Disease ( ABC-V ) that has been applied prospect ively and consecutively to a population of 328 actual chronic venous disorder ( CVD ) patients in eight vein-specialized centres in France .  Question naires were completed by patients at home and returned by mail ( free return envelopes ) . Results Significant correlation has been found between ABC-V , the Specific Quality of life & Outcomes Response – Venous ( SQOR-V ) and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) , demonstrating the validity of the concept . ABC-V has been found increased by age ( P = 0.0127 ) and body mass index ( P < 0.001 ) , not by gender ( P = 0.8758 ) . Conclusion ABC-V is a first tool to assess the burden of CVDs , it provides with individual data and will help , for instance , determining the weight of the coefficient used in the disability-adjusted life year and quality -adjusted life year formulas , thus ensuring an accurate evaluation of the Global Burden of Chronic Venous Disorders Objectives : Within a trial of medical and surgical treatments for gastro-esophageal reflux disease ( GORD ) , involving r and omised arms and preference arms , we tested the applicability of the Beliefs about Medicines Question naire ( BMQ ) and developed and tested the validity of a new Beliefs about Surgery Question naire ( BSQ ) . Methods : Patients with GORD ( N = 43 ) were interviewed to elicit their beliefs about medical and surgical treatments . These contributed to the development of BSQ items . The  BMQ  and  BSQ  were completed by trial participants at baseline ( r and omised trial : N = 325 ; preference trial : N = 414 ) . Factor analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to assess validity . Results : Principal components analysis ( PCA ) largely replicated the four-factor BMQ structure . PCA of the combined BMQ/BSQ yielded six factors explaining 54.5 % variance . BSQ items loaded onto distinct factors , demonstrating divergence from BMQ . As predicted , BMQ/BSQ scores enabled correct classification of 78.5 % of participants to medication and surgery groups in the preference trial ( χ2(6 ) = 205.9 , p < 0.001 ) but only 54.5 % ( no better than chance ) in the r and omised trial ( χ2(6 ) = 9.4 , p = 0.154 ) . Conclusions : The BSQ is a valid measure of perceptions about surgical treatments for GORD . With the BMQ , it provides information that may guide patients ’ choices about treatment . This measure may be applicable to other conditions Perception of quality of life ( QOL ) may differ depending on the perspective . This 12-month , prospect i ve , naturalistic study compared QOL ratings in out patients on antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia both from a " subjective " patient rated and an " objective " physician rated perspective . Included were 1462 patients . Two scales were used to assess patient and physician perspectives : the  Subjective Well-being on Neuroleptics ( SWN ) scale  and the Quality of Life Scale ( QLS ) .  Linear correlation was found between both ratings : 10 points on the SWN corresponded to 9.35 points on the QLS  .  Spearman 's correlation coefficients increased over time up to r=0.71 at Month 12 . Patients were grouped into four cohorts depending on the degree of concordance between  SWN  and QLS ratings . Several factors affecting the concordance of both ratings were identified . Compared to the cohort with QLS = SWN , higher QOL ratings by the physician ( QLS>>SWN ) were more likely in females than in males ( OR=1.36 ; 95 % CI 1.00 - 1.85 ) and in older than in younger patients ( < or=30 years vs. > 50 years : OR=0.58 , 95 % CI 0.34 - 0.998 ) , but less likely in patients with high baseline CGI-severity ( CGI > 4 ; OR=0.63 ; 95 % CI 0.47 - 0.86 ) or treatment with oral typicals before baseline ( OR=0.53 ; 95 % CI 0.31 - 0.91 ) . Higher QOL ratings by the patient ( SWN>>QLS ) were less likely in patients with psychotherapy before baseline ( OR=0.54 ; 95 % CI 0.36 - 0.81 ) , medication intolerability before baseline ( OR=0.53 ; 95 % CI 0.36 - 0.78 ) or patient request of treatment change at baseline ( OR=0.64 ; 95 % CI 0.42 - 0.96 ) . The combination of several factors predicted concordant ratings , including male sex , young age , high CGI at baseline , and psychotherapy prior to the study RATIONALE Although exacerbations are an important problem in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) and a target of inter 
    Output:
    
Conclusions This review provided an overview of some of the dimensions used to explore chronic patient experience .
A large PRM diversity exists and none of the review ed and selected question naires covered all identified categories of dimensions of patient experience of chronic disease .