***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To examine the effects of aerobic interval training on the decline in short-passing ability caused by a short bout of high-intensity intermittent activities . For this r and omized controlled trial , 26 junior soccer players ( mean age , 17.8 + /- 0.6 years ; mean height , 178 + /- 5 cm ; mean body mass , 74.5 + /- 6.9 kg ) were recruited . After baseline measurements , subjects were r and omly allocated to 1 of 2 groups : the control group ( CG ) or the aerobic interval training group ( ITG ) . The ITG completed 4 weeks of high-intensity aerobic training , consisting of 4 bouts of running for 4 min at 90%-95 % of maximal heart rate , with 3 min of active recovery between sets , in addition to normal training .  Maximum oxygen uptake , Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 ( YYIRT ) , and short-passing ability ( measured using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test ( LSPT ) ) were measured before and after a 5 min high-intensity simulation ( HIS ) , reproducing the most intense phase of a match . The ITG ( n = 11 ) , but not the CG ( n = 10 ) , showed a significant 12 % and 4 % increase in YYIRT and maximal oxygen consumption after training , respectively , and reduced the worsening in LSPT penalty time after the HIS ( p < 0.05 ) . The relative exercise intensity during HIS decreased in the ITG only ( p < 0.01 ) . Our results demonstrated that junior soccer players may benefit from aerobic training to attenuate the decline in short-passing ability caused by a short bout of intermittent activities completed at the same pretraining workload The effects of high-intensity , short- duration , re-warm-ups on team-sport-related performance were investigated . In a r and omised , cross-over study , participants performed 2 × 26-min periods of an intermittent activity protocol ( IAP ) on a non-motorized treadmill , interspersed by 15-min of passive recovery ( CON ) ; 3-min small-sided game ( SSG ) ; or a 5RM leg-press . Measures included counter-movement jump , repeated-sprint , the Loughborough soccer passing test ( LSPT ) , blood lactate concentration , heart-rate , and perceptual measures . Data were analyzed using effect size ( 90 % confidence intervals ) , and percentage change ; determining magnitudes of effects . A 5RM re-warm-up improved flight-time to contraction-time ratio when compared to SSG ( 9.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 ) and CON ( ES : 9.4 % , 0.7±0.5 ) re-warm-ups , remaining higher following the second IAP ( 8.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 and 10.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 , respectively ) . Relative-maximum rate-of-force development was greater in the 5RM condition following the second IAP compared to SSG ( 29.3 % , ES ; 0.7±0.5 ) and CON ( 16.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 ) . Repeated-sprint ability during the second IAP improved in the 5RM re-warm-up ; peak velocity , mean velocity , and acceleration were 4 , 3 , and 18 % greater , respectively . Within groups , the SSG re-warm-up improved LSPT performance post-intervention ; 6.4 % ( ES : 0.6±0.8 ) and following the second IAP 6.2 % ( ES : 0.6±0.6 ) , compared to pre-intervention . A 5RM leg-press re-warm-up improved physical performance , while a SSG re-warm-up enhanced skill execution following st and ardized intermittent exercise The aim of this experiment was to evaluate bilateral motor performance effects from training the non-dominant leg of competitive soccer players . The subjects were 39 soccer players , 15 - 20 years of age , performance-matched and r and omly divided into a training group  ( n = 18 ) and a control group ( n = 21 ) both belonging to the same team . Both groups were tested by using two st and ardised foot-tapping tests and three soccer-specific tests . The training intervention consisted of the experimental group participating in all parts of their soccer training except full play , using the non-dominant leg for 8 weeks . Statistical analyses for the soccer-specific tests revealed that the experimental group improved significantly as compared to the control group from the pre-test to the post-test period in their use of the trained non-dominant leg . Somewhat unexpectedly , the experimental group also improved significantly in the tests , which made use of the dominant side . The st and ardised foot-tapping tests revealed similar results . The results might be explained by improved generalised motor programmes , or from a Dynamic Systems Approach , indicating that the actual training relates to the h and ling of all the information available to the subject in the situation , and that the body self-organises the motor performance Abstract Reliability refers to the reproducibility of values of a test , assay or other measurement in repeated trials on the same individuals . Better reliability implies better precision of single measurements and better tracking of changes in measurements in research or practical setting s. The main measures of reliability are within-subject r and om variation , systematic change in the mean , and retest correlation . A simple , adaptable form of within-subject variation is the typical ( st and ard ) error of measurement : the st and ard deviation of an individual ’s repeated measurements . For many measurements in sports medicine and science , the typical error is best expressed as a coefficient of variation ( percentage of the mean ) . A biased , more limited form of within-subject variation is the limits of agreement : the 95 % likely range of change of an individual ’s measurements between 2 trials . Systematic changes in the mean of a measure between consecutive trials represent such effects as learning , motivation or fatigue ; these changes need to be eliminated from estimates of within-subject variation . Retest correlation is difficult to interpret , mainly because its value is sensitive to the heterogeneity of the sample of participants . Uses of reliability include decision-making when monitoring individuals , comparison of tests or equipment , estimation of sample size in experiments and estimation of the magnitude of individual differences in the response to a treatment . Reasonable precision for estimates of reliability requires approximately 50 study participants and at least 3 trials . Studies aim ed at assessing variation in reliability between tests or equipment require complex design s and analyses that research ers seldom perform correctly . A wider underst and ing of reliability and adoption of the typical error as the st and ard measure of reliability would improve the assessment of tests and equipment in our disciplines UNLABELLED There is little evidence regarding the benefits of caffeine ingestion on cognitive function and skillful actions during sporting performance , especially in sports that are multifaceted in their physiological , skill , and cognitive dem and s. PURPOSE To examine the influence of caffeine on performance during simulated soccer activity . METHODS Twelve male soccer players completed two 90-min soccer-specific intermittent running trials interspersed with tests of soccer skill ( LSPT ) . The trials were separated by 7 days and adhered to a r and omized crossover design . On each occasion participants ingested 6 mg/kg body mass ( BM ) of caffeine ( CAF ) or a placebo ( PLA ) in a double-blind fashion 60 min before exercise .  Movement time , penalties accrued , and total time were recorded for the LSPT . Physiological and performance markers were measured throughout the protocol . Water ( 3 ml/kg BM ) was ingested every 15 min . RESULTS Participants accrued significantly less penalty time in the CAF trial ( 9.7 + /- 6.6 s vs. PLA 11.6 + /- 7.4 s ; p = .02 ) , leading to a significantly lower total time in this trial ( CAF 51.6 + /- 7.7 s vs. PLA 53.9 + /- 8.5 s ; p = .02 ) . This decrease in penalty time was probably attributable to an increased passing accuracy in the CAF trial ( p = .06 ) . Jump height was 2.7 % ( + /- 1.1 % ) higher in the CAF trial ( 57.1 + /- 5.1 cm vs. PLA 55.6 + /- 5.1 cm ; p = .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Caffeine ingestion before simulated soccer activity improved players '  passing accuracy and jump performance without any detrimental effects on other performance parameters PURPOSE To investigate the effects of mental fatigue on soccer-specific physical and technical performance . METHODS This investigation consisted of two separate studies . Study 1 assessed the soccer-specific physical performance of 12 moderately trained soccer players using the  Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test , Level 1 ( Yo-Yo IR1 ) . Study 2 assessed the soccer-specific technical performance of 14 experienced soccer players using the Loughborough Soccer Passing and Shooting Tests ( LSPT , LSST ) . Each test was performed on two occasions and preceded , in a r and omized , counterbalanced order , by 30 min of the Stroop task ( mentally fatiguing treatment ) or 30 min of reading magazines ( control treatment ) . Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after treatment , and mental effort and motivation were measured after treatment . Distance run , heart rate , and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during the Yo-Yo IR1 . LSPT performance time was calculated as original time plus penalty time . LSST performance was assessed using shot speed , shot accuracy , and shot sequence time . RESULTS Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were higher after the Stroop task in both studies ( P < 0.001 ) , whereas motivation was similar between conditions . This mental fatigue significantly reduced running distance in the Yo-Yo IR1 ( P < 0.001 ) . No difference in heart rate existed between conditions , whereas ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher at iso-time in the mental fatigue condition ( P < 0.01 ) . LSPT original time and performance time were not different between conditions ; however , penalty time significantly increased in the mental fatigue condition ( P = 0.015 ) . Mental fatigue also impaired shot speed ( P = 0.024 ) and accuracy ( P < 0.01 ) , whereas shot sequence time was similar between conditions . CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific running , passing , and shooting performance This study aim ed to investigate whether isolated or combined carbohydrate ( CHO ) and caffeine ( CAF ) supplementation have beneficial effects on performance during soccer-related tests performed after a previous training session . Eleven male , amateur soccer players completed 4 trials in a r and omized , double-blind , and crossover design . In the morning , participants performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test ( LIST ) . Then , participants ingested ( i ) 1.2 g·kg(-1 ) body mass·h(-1 ) CHO in a 20 % CHO solution immediately after and 1 , 2 , and 3 h after the LIST ; ( ii ) CAF ( 6 mg·kg(-1 ) body mass ) 3 h after the LIST ; ( iii ) CHO combined with CAF ( CHO+CAF ) ; and ( iv ) placebo . All drinks were taste-matched and flavourless . After this 4-h recovery , participants performed a countermovement jump ( CMJ ) test , a Loughborough Soccer Passing Test ( LSPT ) , and a repeated-sprint test . There were no main effects of supplementation for CMJ , LSPT total time , or best sprint and total sprint time from the repeated-sprint test ( p>0.05 ) . There were also no main effects of supplementation for heart rate , plasma lactate concentration , rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , pleasure-displeasure , and perceived activation ( p>0.05 ) . However , there were significant time effects ( p<0.05 ) , with heart rate , plasma lactate concentration , RPE , and perceived activation increasing with time , and pleasure-displeasure decreasing with time . In conclusion , isolated and /or combined CHO and CAF supplementation is not able to improve soccer-related performance tests when performed after a previous training session Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity . Ten elite football players participated in three different trials : control , low-intensity resistance exercise ( 4 sets , 8–10 repetitions/set , 65–70 % 1 repetition maximum [ 1RM ] ) and high-intensity resistance exercise ( 4 sets , 4–6 repetitions/set , 85–90 % 1RM ) in a counterbalanced manner . In each experimental condition , participants were evaluated pre , post , and at 24 , 48 , 72 h post exercise time points . Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test , long passing , dribbling , shooting and heading . Delayed onset muscle soreness , knee joint range of motion , and muscle strength ( 1RM ) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers . Blood sample s analysed for creatine kinase activity , C-reactive protein , and leukocyte count . Passing and shooting performance declined ( P < 0.05 ) post-exercise following resistance exercise . Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise . Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner . These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session Abstract In this study , we examined the reliability and construct validity of new soccer skills tests .  Twenty soccer players ( 10 professional and 10 recreational ) repeated trials of passing , shooting , and dribbling skills on different days . Passing and shooting skills required players to kick a moving ball , delivered at constant speed , towards one of 
    Output:
    
Good discriminative validity was found between playing levels and ages .
The LSPT was positively correlated with sprint , dribbling , and agility test ; however , a weak correlation was established with in-game performance .
The findings indicate that the  LSPT  has acceptable test-retest reliability and discriminative validity .
However , it may not be a feasible and effective way to interpret the intra-individual change of skill performance in practice .