***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Bipolar disorders ( BD ) are mainly characterized by emotional and cognitive processing impairment . The cerebral substrate explaining BD impairment and the action mechanisms of therapies are not completely understood , especially for psychosocial interventions . This fMRI study aims at assessing cerebral correlates of euthymic bipolar patients ( EBP ) before and after  psychoeducation therapy .  Sixteen EBP and 16 matched healthy subjects ( HS ) performed a word-face emotional Stroop task in two separate fMRI sessions at 3-month interval . Between fMRI sessions , EBP underwent psychoeducation . Before psychoeducation , the comparison of EBP vs. HS in fMRI data revealed ( a ) significant decreased activity of cognitive control regions such as bilateral inferior and left superior frontal gyri , right insula , right fusiform gyrus and bilateral occipital gyri and ( b ) significant increased activity of emotion-related processing regions such as bilateral hippocampus , parahippocampal gyri and the left middle temporal gyrus . After psychoeducation , EBP showed significant clinical improvement , increased activity of inferior frontal gyri and a tendency toward decreased activity of right hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus . These results suggest that the imbalance between cognitive control and emotion processing systems characterizing BD acute episodes may persist during euthymic periods . Moreover , this imbalance may be improved by psychoeducation , which enhances the cognitive control and modulates emotional fluctuations in EBP The main objective of this structural magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) study was to investigate , using diffusion tensor imaging , whether a neurofeedback training ( NFT ) protocol design ed to improve sustained attention might induce structural changes in white matter ( WM ) pathways , purportedly implicated in this cognitive ability . Another goal was to examine whether gray matter ( GM ) volume ( GMV ) might be altered following NFT in frontal and parietal cortical areas connected by these WM fiber pathways . Healthy university students were r and omly assigned to an experimental group ( EXP ) , a sham group , or a control group . Participants in the EXP group were trained to enhance the amplitude of their β1 waves at F4 and P4 . Measures of attentional performance and MRI data were acquired one week before ( Time 1 ) and one week after ( Time 2 ) NFT . Higher scores on visual and auditory sustained attention were noted in the EXP group at Time 2 ( relative to Time 1 ) . As for structural MRI data , increased fractional anisotropy was measured in WM pathways implicated in sustained attention , and GMV increases were detected in cerebral structures involved in this type of attention . After 50 years of research in the field of neurofeedback , our study constitutes the first empirical demonstration that NFT can lead to microstructural changes in white and gray matter Patients with anxiety disorders exhibit excessive neural reactivity in the amygdala , which can be normalized by effective treatment like cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) . Mechanisms underlying the brain ’s adaptation to anxiolytic treatments are likely related both to structural plasticity and functional response alterations , but multimodal neuroimaging studies addressing structure – function interactions are currently missing . Here , we examined treatment-related changes in brain structure ( gray matter ( GM ) volume ) and function ( blood – oxygen level dependent , BOLD response to self-referential criticism ) in 26 participants with social anxiety disorder r and omly assigned either to CBT or an attention bias modification control treatment . Also , 26 matched healthy controls were included . Significant time × treatment interactions were found in the amygdala with decreases both in GM volume ( family-wise error ( FWE ) corrected PFWE=0.02 ) and BOLD responsivity ( PFWE=0.01 ) after successful CBT . Before treatment , amygdala GM volume correlated positively with anticipatory speech anxiety ( PFWE=0.04 ) , and CBT-induced reduction of amygdala GM volume ( pre – post ) correlated positively with reduced anticipatory anxiety after treatment ( PFWE⩽0.05 ) . In addition , we observed greater amygdala neural responsivity to self-referential criticism in socially anxious participants , as compared with controls ( PFWE=0.029 ) , before but not after CBT . Further analysis indicated that diminished amygdala GM volume mediated the relationship between decreased neural responsivity and reduced social anxiety after treatment ( P=0.007 ) . Thus , our results suggest that improvement-related structural plasticity impacts neural responsiveness within the amygdala , which could be essential for achieving anxiety reduction with CBT Mindfulness has been suggested to impact emotional learning , but research on these processes is scarce . The classical fear conditioning/extinction/extinction retention paradigm is a well-known method for assessing emotional learning . The present study tested the impact of mindfulness training on fear conditioning and extinction memory and further investigated whether changes in white matter fiber tracts might support such changes . The uncinate fasciculus ( UNC ) was of particular interest in the context of emotional learning . In this pilot study , 46 healthy participants were quasi-r and omized to a  Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR , N = 23 ) or waitlist control  ( N = 23 ) group and underwent a two-day fear conditioning , extinction learning , and extinction memory protocol before and after the course or control period .  Skin conductance response ( SCR ) data served to measure the physiological response during conditioning and extinction memory phases . Diffusion tensor imaging ( DTI ) data were analyzed with probabilistic tractography and analyzed for changes of fractional anisotropy in the UNC . During conditioning , participants were able to maintain a differential response to conditioned vs. not conditioned stimuli following the MBSR course ( i.e. , higher sensitivity to the conditioned stimuli ) , while controls dropped the response . Extinction memory results were not interpretable due to baseline differences . MBSR participants showed a significant increase in fractional anisotropy in the UNC , while controls did not ( group by time interaction missed significance ) . Pre-post changes in UNC were correlated with changes in the response to the conditioned stimuli . The findings suggest effects of mindfulness practice on the maintenance of sensitivity of emotional responses and suggest underlying neural plasticity . ( Clinical Trials.gov , Identifier NCT01320969 , https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01320969 ) Poor cognitive-behavioral flexibility is considered a trait marker in anorexia nervosa ( AN ) that can be improved by cognitive remediation therapy ( CRT ) . The present pilot study aim ed at identifying changes in brain function potentially associated with CRT in AN . Data was obtained from a r and omized , controlled trial . Twenty-four patients were assessed before and after 30 sessions of either CRT or a non-specific neurocognitive therapy .  Voxel-wise analysis of whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was applied . Brain activation was measured during response inhibition and task switching . Although results did not reach significance , we found tentative support for CRT-related  increases in brain activation in the dorsal putamen during task switching and in the dorsolateral prefrontal , sensorimotor and temporal cortex during response inhibition . These pilot findings provide viable pathways for future research on brain changes underlying CRT in AN OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine whether two weeks of short-term motor training led to changes of cortical activation patterns and white matter integrity in cortical and subcortical structures according to motor skill acquisition , using functional MRI ( fMRI ) and diffusion tensor image ( DTI ) . METHODS We enrolled twenty healthy volunteers , who were r and omly assigned to training and control groups . The training group was trained with a serial reaction time ( SRT ) task , one hour a day for 10 days within two weeks , whereas the control group had no training .  Movement accuracy ( MA ) and movement time ( MT ) were tested twice before and after training , while fMRI was scanned during SRT task . Immediately after these tests , DTI was conducted . RESULTS The training group showed significant differences in the increase of MA and the reduction of MT , compared with control group . The activated volume of cortices related to motor function was gradually decreased in the training group , according to motor skill acquisition . DTI analysis showed no significant differences between pre- and post-tests in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that short-term motor training led to cortical activation patterns of the cerebral cortex according to implicit motor learning . However , changes of white matter integrity were not observed . It seems that short-term motor training may not be enough to change white matter architectures , due to lack of the training period It is unknown whether lifestyle , including mental stimulation , and appropriate training interventions , may directly improve spatial navigation performance and its underlying neural substrates . Here we report that healthy younger and older men performing a cognitively dem and ing spatial navigation task every other day over 4 months display navigation-related gains in performance and stable hippocampal volumes that were maintained 4 months after termination of training . In contrast , control groups displayed volume decrements consistent with longitudinal estimates of age-related decline . Hippocampal barrier density , as indicated by mean diffusivity estimated from diffusion tensor imaging , showed a quadratic shape of increased density after training followed by a return to baseline in the right hippocampus , but declined in the control groups and in the left hippocampus . We conclude that sustained experiential dem and s on spatial ability protect hippocampal integrity against age-related decline . These results provide the first longitudinal evidence indicating that spatial navigation experience modifies hippocampal volumes in humans , and confirm epidemiological results suggesting that mental stimulation may have direct effects on neural integrity Cognitive remediation training has been shown to improve both cognitive and social cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia , but the mechanisms that support this behavioral improvement are largely unknown . One hypothesis is that intensive behavioral training in cognition and /or social cognition restores the underlying neural mechanisms that support targeted skills . However , there is little research on the neural effects of cognitive remediation training . This study investigated whether a 50 h ( 10-week ) remediation intervention which included both cognitive and social cognitive training would influence neural function in regions that support social cognition . Twenty-two stable , outpatient schizophrenia participants were r and omized to a treatment condition consisting of auditory-based cognitive training ( AT ) [ Brain Fitness Program/auditory module ~60 min/day ] plus social cognition training ( SCT ) which was focused on emotion recognition [ ~5 - 15 min per day ] or a placebo condition of non-specific computer games ( CG ) for an equal amount of time . Pre and post intervention assessment s included an fMRI task of positive and negative facial emotion recognition , and st and ard behavioral assessment s of cognition , emotion processing , and functional outcome . There were no significant intervention-related improvements in general cognition or functional outcome . fMRI results showed the predicted group-by-time interaction . Specifically , in comparison to CG , AT+SCT participants had a greater pre-to-post intervention increase in post central gyrus activity during emotion recognition of both positive and negative emotions . Furthermore , among all participants , the increase in post central gyrus activity predicted behavioral improvement on a st and ardized test of emotion processing ( MSCEIT : Perceiving Emotions ) . Results indicate that combined cognition and social cognition training impacts neural mechanisms that support social cognition skills First-generation antipsychotics have been associated with striatal volume increases . The effects of second-generation antipsychotics ( SGAs ) on the striatum are unclear . Moreover , SGAs may have neuroprotective effects on the hippocampus . Dose-dependent volumetric effects of individual SGAs have scarcely been investigated . Here we investigated structural brain changes in  antipsychotic-naive , first-episode schizophrenia patients after 6 months treatment with the SGA , quetiapine .  We have recently reported on baseline volume reductions in the cau date nucleus and hippocampus . Baseline and follow-up T1-weighted images ( 3 T ) from 22 patients and 28 matched healthy controls were analysed using tensor-based morphometry . Non-parametric voxel-wise group comparisons were performed . Small volume correction was employed for striatum , hippocampus and ventricles . Dose-dependent medication effects and associations with psychopathology were assessed . Patients had significant bilateral striatal and hippocampal loss over the 6-month treatment period . When compared to controls the striatal volume loss was most pronounced with low quetiapine doses and less apparent with high doses . Post-hoc analyses revealed that the striatal volume loss was most pronounced in the cau date and putamen , but not in accumbens . Conversely , hippocampal volume loss appeared more pronounced with high quetiapine doses than with low doses . Clinical ly , higher baseline positive symptoms were associated with more striatal and hippocampal loss over time . Although patients ' ventricles did not change significantly , ventricular increases correlated with less improvement of negative symptoms . Progressive regional volume loss in quetiapine-treated , first-episode schizophrenia patients may be dose-dependent and clinical ly relevant . The mechanisms underlying progressive brain changes , specific antipsychotic compounds and clinical symptoms warrant further research Cognitive training is increasingly used in the treatment of schizophrenia , but it remains unknown how this training affects functional neuroanatomy . Practice on specific cognitive tasks generally leads to automaticity and decreased prefrontal cortical activity , yet broad-based cognitive training programs may avoid automaticity and increase prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) activity . This study used quasi-r and omized , placebo-control design and pre/post neuroimaging to examine functional plasticity associated with attention and working memory-focused cognitive training in patients with schizophrenia . Twenty-one participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder split into two demographically and performance matched groups ( nine scanned per group ) and nine control participants were tested 6–8 weeks apart . Compared with both patient controls and healthy controls , patients receiving cogn 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Non‐pharmacological interventions can induce changes in WM .
DWI is a relevant correlate of e.g. cognitive training in prospect i ve , long‐term RCTs of psychiatric patients .
HIGHLIGHTSNon‐pharmacological interventions can induce changes in white matter .
Minimal intervention duration of 8 weeks is required to induce consistent WM‐changes .
Associations between cognitive interventions and WM is substantiated .
DWI is a relevant correlate of cognitive training in RCTs of psychiatric patients