***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Healthy eating , such as the regular inclusion of fruits and vegetables in one 's diet , is essential for maintaining optimal weight , maximizing brain and immune system functioning , and reducing the risk for disease . Despite its importance , few students meet recommended guidelines for healthy dietary behavior . The current study was design ed to test the efficacy of two ehealth intervention approaches for increasing healthy eating behaviors among university students . METHODS Student volunteers from an introductory psychology class at a northeastern US university participated for class credit ( n=154 ) . Students were r and omized to either an assessment only ( AO ) , web-based nutrition intervention only ( WBO ) , or web-intervention with daily text-messaging condition ( WB+M ) . Participants completed measures of vegetable and fruit consumption and frequency of meals with design ated healthy food selection s at baseline and one-month follow-up . RESULTS Only the WB+M intervention significantly increased the likelihood of attaining vegetable consumption st and ards and increased the frequency of design ated healthy food choice options guidelines at follow-up compared to the AO condition . CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that delivering a brief web-based intervention with daily text messages about personal nutrition and fitness goals may support healthier eating patterns among students The transition to college has been identified as a critical period for increases in overweight status . Overweight college students are at-risk of becoming obese adults , and , thus prevention efforts targeting college age individuals are key to reducing adult obesity rates . The current study evaluated an Internet intervention with first year college students ( N=170 ) r and omly assigned to one of four treatment conditions : 1 ) no treatment , 2 ) 6-week online intervention 3 ) 6-week weight and caloric feedback only ( via email ) , and 4 ) 6-week combined feedback and online intervention . The combined intervention group had lower BMI s at post-testing than the other three groups . This study demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of an online intervention to prevent weight gain among college students Background : Adequate calcium consumption during early adulthood can help prevent osteoporosis in women . Purpose : The effects of gain-framed , targeted messaging on calcium intake were examined over 12 months . Methods : Young women ( 18–19 years ) not consuming sufficient calcium were r and omly assigned to receive st and ard care material s ( control ) or gain-framed , targeted material s ( experimental ) .  Health belief model ( HBM ) constructs , calcium intake and markers of bone formation , resorption and bone mineral density were assessed at various time points throughout the year . Results : Calcium intake increased significantly more in the experimental versus the control condition ( p < 0.01 ) . Self-efficacy was the only HBM construct to improve significantly more in the experimental condition versus control ( p = 0.05 ) . The HBM did not mediate changes in calcium intake . Measures of bone health did not differ between conditions by the end of this nonpharmacological intervention ( p 's > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : It is possible to increase  young women 's calcium consumption through gain-framed , targeted messages Introduction Graphic warnings ( GWs ) on cigarette packs are widely used internationally and perhaps will be in the US but their impact is not well understood . This study tested support for competing hypotheses in different subgroups of young adults defined by their history of cigarette smoking and individual difference variables ( e.g. , psychological reactance ) . One hypothesis predicted adaptive responding ( GWs would lower smoking-related intentions ) and another predicted defensive responding ( GWs would raise smoking-related intentions ) . Methods Participants were an online sample of 1,169 Americans ages 18–24 , who were r and omly assigned either to view nine GWs design ed by the FDA or to a no-label control . Both the intention to smoke in the future and the intention to quit smoking ( among smokers ) were assessed before and after message exposure . Results GWs lowered intention to smoke in the future among those with a moderate lifetime smoking history ( between 1 and 100 cigarettes ) , and they increased intention to quit smoking among those with a heavy lifetime smoking history ( more than 100 cigarettes ) . Both effects were limited to individuals who had smoked in some but not all of the prior 30 days ( i.e. , occasional smokers ) . No evidence of defensive “ boomerang effects ” on intention was observed in any subgroup . Conclusion Graphic warnings can reduce interest in smoking among occasional smokers , a finding that supports the adaptive-change hypothesis . GWs that target occasional smokers might be more effective at reducing cigarette smoking in young adults OBJECTIVES To develop and test the effectiveness of a mobile-phone based ecological momentary intervention ( EMI ) to increase fruit and vegetable ( FV ) consumption in low-consuming young adults . METHODS A two-week r and omised controlled trial of low-FV consuming young adults ages 18 - 25 years ( n = 171 ) compared three conditions : ecological momentary intervention ( EMI ) , fruit and vegetable intervention ( FVI ) , and a diet-as-usual control ( ANZCTRN12615000183583 ) . Participants in the EMI condition were sent two targeted text messages a day for 13 days and were asked to increase daily FV consumption to at least five servings . These messages were design ed , using the Health Action Process Approach , to address salient beliefs identified as effective in a preliminary focus group investigation . Participants in the FVI condition were provided two servings of FV a day ( carrots , kiwifruit or oranges , and apples ) to eat in addition to their current diet . Control participants ate their normal diet . Participants reported their daily servings of FV each evening during the study using a smartphone-delivered survey . Blood sample s testing plasma vitamin C and total carotenoids were taken pre- and post-intervention as an objective biomarker of FV intake . RESULTS Participants in the EMI and FVI conditions reported higher daily servings of FV - approximately + 1 serving per day more compared to control ( EMI = 3.7 servings/day ; FVI = 3.7 servings/day ; Control = 2.8 servings/day ) and approximately + 1.2 servings compared to baseline . Increases in objective biomarkers for the experimental conditions supported the validity of self-reported FV consumption . CONCLUSIONS Our results provide initial proof of concept that EMI strategies ( with minor financial assistance ) are as effective as giving FV in increasing FV consumption in educated , low-consuming young adults Background The college experience is often the first time when young adults live independently and make their own lifestyle choices . These choices affect dietary behaviors , exercise habits , techniques to deal with stress , and decisions on sleep time , all of which direct the trajectory of future health . There is a need for effective strategies that will encourage healthy lifestyle choices in young adults attending college . Objective This preliminary r and omized controlled trial tested the effect of coaching and text messages ( short message service , SMS ) on self-selected health behaviors in the domains of diet , exercise , stress , and sleep . A second analysis measured the ripple effect of the intervention on health behaviors not specifically selected as a goal by participants . Methods Full-time students aged 18 - 30 years were recruited by word of mouth and campuswide advertisements ( flyers , posters , mailings , university website ) at a small university in western Pennsylvania from January to May 2015 . Exclusions included pregnancy , eating disorders , chronic medical diagnoses , and prescription medications other than birth control . Of 60 participants , 30 were r and omized to receive a single face-to-face meeting with a health coach to review results of behavioral question naires and to set a health behavior goal for the 8-week study period . The face-to-face meeting was followed by SMS text messages design ed to encourage achievement of the behavioral goal . A total of 30 control subjects underwent the same health and behavioral assessment s at intake and program end but did not receive coaching or SMS text messages . Results The texting app showed that 87.31 % ( 2187/2505 ) of messages were viewed by intervention participants . Furthermore , 28 of the 30 intervention participants and all 30 control participants provided outcome data . Among intervention participants , 22 of 30 ( 73 % ) showed improvement in health behavior goal attainment , with the whole group ( n=30 ) showing a mean improvement of 88 % ( 95 % CI 39 - 136 ) . Mean improvement in any behavioral domains was not seen in the control group . Intervention participants also increased their exercise significantly compared with controls , regardless of their self-selected goal category . The increased exercise was paralleled by significantly lower fasting glucose levels . Conclusions The health coaching session plus tailored SMS text messages improved self-selected health behaviors with a modest ripple effect to include unselected health behaviors . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov NCT02476604 ; https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02476604 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6qAAryS5 t This study tests whether the effectiveness of implementation intention-based interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake in a young adult population can be enhanced using additional pre-intervention instructions and alternative formats ; namely , an ‘ if-then ’ implementation intention versus a more general , ‘ global ’ plan that does not explicitly link a situational cue with a goal -directed response . Participants ( N = 557 ) completed pre-test measures of planning , motivation and behaviour with respect to increasing their fruit and vegetable intake before being r and omised to a 3 ( intervention format : control vs. ‘ if-then ’ vs. ‘ global ’ implementation intentions ) × 2 ( pre-intervention instruction vs. no pre-intervention instruction )  between- participants design . Results revealed a significant intervention format by time interaction , such that intake significantly increased by 0.50 portions in the if-then format condition compared with 0.31 in the global format and 0.01 in the control condition . These results suggest that ‘ if-then ’ manipulations are superior in promoting behaviour change in an applied setting . The use of pre-intervention instructions had no additional effect on behaviour , providing evidence for the efficacy of implementation intentions even when experimenter dem and is reduced . Evidence is also presented to suggest that reported increases in intake are not related to dem and characteristics Background Using various models of behavior change , a number of studies in the area of nutrition education have confirmed that nutrition habits and behaviors can be improved . Objectives This study sought to determine the effects of education on patterns of dietary consumption among medical students at the military university of Tehran , with a view to correcting those patterns . Methods In this quasi-experimental study , 242 medical students from the Military University of Tehran were chosen by convenience sampling and then divided into control ( n = 107 ) and intervention groups ( n = 135 ) by block r and omization . The self-administered question naire involving six categories of item ( knowledge , perceived benefits , perceived barriers , perceived threats , self-efficacy and behavior ) has been vali date d ( Cronbach alpha > 0.7 for each ) . Results Following the educational intervention , the mean score of knowledge , health belief model ( HBM ) structure , and behavior of students in relation to healthy patterns of food intake increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) . The mean pre-intervention knowledge score was 6.76 ( 1.452 ) , referring to threats to HBM constructs including perceived threat 2.93 ( 1.147 ) , perceived benefits 7.28 ( 1.07 ) , perceived barriers 5.44 ( 1.831 ) , self- efficacy 4.28 ( 1.479 ) , and behavior 8.84 ( 2.527 ) . The post-intervention scores all improved as follows : knowledge 8.3 ( 1.503 ) , perceived threats 3.29 ( 1.196 ) , perceived benefits 7.71 ( 0.762 ) , perceived barriers 5.9 ( 1.719 ) , self- efficacy 4.6 ( 1.472 ) , and behavior 9.45 ( 2.324 ) . This difference in mean scores for knowledge , health belief structures and employee behavior before and after educational intervention was significant ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . Conclusions The significant improvement in the experimental group ’s mean knowledge , HBM structures , and behavior scores indicates the positive effect of the intervention This study evaluated the efficacy of a theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) based intervention to increase  fruit and vegetable consumption .  The extent to which fruit and vegetable consumption and change in intake could be explained by the TPB was also examined . Participants were r and omly assigned to two levels of intervention frequency matched for intervention content ( low frequency n=92 , high frequency n=102 ) . Participants received TPB-based email messages design ed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption , messages targeted attitude , subjective norm and perceived behavioural control ( PBC ) . Baseline and post-intervention measures of  TPB variables and behaviour were collected . Across the entire study cohort , fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 0.83 servings/day between baseline and follow-up . Intention , attitude , subjective norm and PBC also increased ( p<.05 ) . The TPB successfully modelled fruit and vegetable consumption at both time points but not behaviour change . The increase of fruit and vegetable consumption is a promising preliminary finding for those primarily interested in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption . However , those interested in theory development may have concerns about the use of this model to explain behaviour change in this context . More high quality experimental tests of the theory are needed to confirm this result Aim : The aim of the study was to develop and implement an obesity and weight gain prevention program targeted to a high-risk group . Method : Women , 18–28 years old , with at least one severely obese parent , were r and omized to the inter 
    Output:
    
The review highlights the potential of behavioural interventions to improve young adults ’ fruit and vegetable intake but was less convincing for other dietary outcomes .