***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Ventilatory function after three types of exercise — running , cycling , and swimming — was studied in 10 control subjects and 40 asthmatic patients . All performed eight minutes of submaximal aerobic exercise during each of the programmes , which were conducted in a r and omly selected order . Biotelemetric monitoring of heart rates was used to equate the intensity of the exertion undertaken during the three systems of exercise . No control subject showed any significant variation in ventilatory capacity after exercise , and the responses after the three forms of exercise did not differ . In asthmatics exercise-induced asthma was observed after 72·5 % of running tests , 65 % of cycling tests , and 35 % of swimming tests . In addition , those patients who developed exercise-induced asthma after swimming were noted to have significantly smaller falls in FEV1 levels than were recorded after running and cycling . These results were statistically significant ( P < 0·01 ) . The unexplained aetiology of increased airways resistance after exercise in asthmatics is discussed . This study indicates that swimming should be recommended in preference to running or cycling as an exercise programme for adults and children with asthma BACKGROUND Aging compromises the ability of the central nervous system to maintain body balance and reduces the capacity for adaptive reactions . To prevent falls , the reception conditions for sensory information need to be improved . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of a structured aquatic and a non-aquatic exercise program for lower-limb muscle endurance on the static and dynamic balance of elderly people . METHODS This was a prospect i ve r and omized clinical study in which the variables were assessed before and after the training program . Thirty-six elderly people were evaluated using four tests : the Berg Balance Scale , Dynamic Gait Index , gait speed and t and em gait . The participants were r and omized into three groups : aquatic exercise group , non-aquatic exercise group and control group . The exercise groups underwent a program for lower-limb muscle endurance that consisted of 40-minute sessions twice a week for six weeks . The participants were reevaluated after six weeks . The data were analyzed statistically using the univariate ANOVA test for comparisons between the groups before and after the intervention . RESULTS The program for lower-limb muscle endurance significantly increased balance ( p<0.05 ) in the evaluation tests after the training program . CONCLUSION The muscle endurance program provided a significant improvement in static and dynamic balance among community-dwelling elderly people . It was also possible to infer that this improvement occurred regardless of the environment , i.e. aquatic or non-aquatic . Article registered in the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR ) under the number ACTRN 12609000780257 PURPOSE There is an increased prevalence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in elite athletes , particularly in swimmers .  High intensity exercise may induce airway inflammation and subsequent remodelling in these subjects . Our aim was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity training on induced-sputum cell population s in elite athletes . METHODS Swimmers and runners with hyperresponsive airways ( SH and RH ) , defined by a provocative concentration of methacholine inducing a 20 % decrease in FEV1 ( PC20 ) < 16 mg/ml or with normoresponsive airways ( PC20 > 16 mg/ml ; SN , RN ) to methacholine  were enrolled . The mean PC20 was 2.27 mg/ml in SH ( n=12 ) , 32.2 in SN ( n=10 ) , 3.25 in RH ( n=10 ) and 41.5 in RN ( n=13 ) . All athletes had two induced sputum analyses at one- to two-week intervals in r and om order : after a period of 72 hours without training , 24 hours after a training session . RESULTS PC20 was unchanged after training . The median % neutrophils and eosinophils in groups SH , SN , RH , and RN , respectively , were 26.5 - 1.6 , 8.6 - 0.3 , 28.0 - 0.03 and 25.5 - 0.1 before and 45.0 - 0.5 , 31.1 - 0.4 , 54.0 - 0.6 and 48.3 - 0.3 after training . While the magnitude of the increase in neutrophils was similar for all groups , it reached statistical significance ( pre-post-training ) only in the SH group ( P = 0.039 ) . CONCLUSION A one-hour session of high-intensity training was associated with an increase in airway neutrophils among hyperresponsive swimmer athletes , while airway responsiveness remained unchanged in all groups Swimming pool attendance and exposure to chlorination by-products showed adverse health effects on children . We assessed whether early swimming pool attendance , especially baby swimming , is related to higher rates of early infections and to the development of allergic diseases .  In 2003 - 2005 , 2192 children were analysed for the 6-year follow-up of a prospect i ve birth cohort study . Data on early swimming pool attendance , other lifestyle factors and medical history were collected by parental-administered question naire . Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations . Babies who did not participate in baby swimming had lower rates of infection in the 1st year of life ( i ) diarrhoea : OR 0.68 CI 95 % 0.54 - 0.85 ; ( ii ) otitis media : OR 0.81 CI 95 % 0.62 - 1.05 ; ( iii ) airway infections : OR 0.85 CI 95 % 0.67 - 1.09 . No clear association could be found between late or non-swimmers and atopic dermatitis or hay fever until the age of 6 years , while higher rates of asthma were found ( OR 2.15 95 % CI 1.16 - 3.99 ) , however , potentially due to reverse causation . The study indicates that , in terms of infections , baby swimming might not be as harmless as commonly thought . Further evidence is needed to make conclusions if the current regulations on chlorine in Germany might not protect swimming pool attendees from an increased risk of gastrointestinal infections . In terms of developing atopic diseases there is no verifiable detrimental effect of early swimming RATIONALE Cross-sectional studies have reported inconsistent findings for the association between recreational swimming pool attendance and  asthma and allergic diseases in childhood . OBJECTIVES To examine whether swimming in infancy and childhood was associated with  asthma and allergic symptoms at age 7 and 10 years in a UK longitudinal population -based birth cohort , the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children . METHODS Data on swimming were collected by question naire at 6 , 18 , 38 , 42 , 57 , 65 , and 81 months . Data on rhinitis , wheezing , asthma , eczema , hay fever , asthma medication , and potential confounders were collected through question naires at 7 and 10 years .  Spirometry and skin prick testing  were performed at 7 to 8 years . Data for analysis were available for 5,738 children . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At age 7 years , more than 50 % of the children swam once per week or more . Swimming frequency did not increase the risk of any evaluated symptom , either overall or in atopic children . Children with a high versus low cumulative  swimming pool attendance from birth to 7 years had an odds ratio of 0.88 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.56 - 1.38 ) and 0.50 ( 0.28 - 0.87 ) , respectively , for ever and current asthma at 7 years , and a 0.20 ( 0.02 - 0.39 ) st and ard deviation increase in the forced midexpiratory flow .  Children with asthma with a high versus low cumulative swimming had an odds ratio for current asthma at 10 years of 0.34 ( 0.14 - 0.80 ) . CONCLUSIONS This first prospect i ve longitudinal study suggests that swimming did not increase the risk of asthma or allergic symptoms in British children .  Swimming was associated with increased lung function and lower risk of asthma symptoms , especially among children with preexisting respiratory conditions The purpose of this study was to determine whether inactive asthmatic patients could perform high-intensity physical training equally well on l and as in water , and to compare the effects of these training forms . Thirty-two adults with asthma , r and omized into two groups , underwent a 10-week supervised rehabilitation program with emphasis on physical training . All patients , irrespective of training form , were able to exercise to maximal intensity ( 80 - 90 % of estimated maximal heart rate ) . No asthmatic attacks occurred in connection with the training sessions . Respiratory variables remained almost unchanged in both groups . The asthma symptoms declined during the rehabilitation period , and the subjects needed less acute asthma care after the rehabilitation . The cardiovascular condition improved significantly and similarly in the two groups . Ten patients , 5 in each group , had exercise-induced asthma  at the start of the rehabilitation . Only 3 patients , 2 from the water group and 1 from the l and group , had exercise-induced asthma after 10 weeks . We conclude that indoor training , either on l and or in water , is beneficial . The effects of these two training forms are almost equivalent 
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The primary outcomes of quality of life and exacerbations leading to use of steroids were not reported by these studies .
The overall quality of the studies was very low , and no clear differences were noted between water-based exercise and comparator treatments .
Therefore , we remain very uncertain about the effects of water-based exercise for adults with asthma .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS The small number of participants in the three included studies , the clinical and method ological heterogeneity observed and the high risk of bias assessed mean that we are unable to assess the place of water-based exercise in asthma .