***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sound localization capabilities of patients with unilateral , profound sensorineural hearing loss who had been treated with either a bone-anchored hearing device ( Baha BP100 ) or a TransEar 380-HF bone-conduction hearing device .  STUDY DESIGN Nonr and omized , prospect i ve study . SETTING Tertiary referral private practice . PATIENTS Patients with unilateral , profound sensorineural hearing loss treated with a BP100 ( n = 10 ) or a TransEar ( n = 10 ) device . Patients wore the hearing device for at least 1 month and had normal hearing in the contralateral ear . Ten patients with normal , bilateral hearing were used for control . INTERVENTIONS Sound localization of a 3-second recorded sound with and without a TransEar or Baha device was assessed using an array of 7 speakers at head level separated by approximately 45 degrees . The recorded sounds were that of a barking dog or a police siren . R and omized trials of 4 presentations per speaker were given for each hearing condition . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sound localization was assessed by the accuracy in response and the generalized laterality of response . RESULTS The mean accuracy of speaker localization was 24 % and 26 % for the aided condition using the BP100 and TransEar devices , respectively . The mean accuracy of laterality judgment was 59 % and 69 % for the aided condition using the BP100 and TransEar devices , respectively . These results were only slightly better than chance . There was no statistical difference in localization accuracy or laterality judgment between the BP100 and TransEar groups . CONCLUSION Neither the BP100 nor the TransEar device improved sound localization accuracy or laterality judgment ability in patients with unilateral , profound sensorineural hearing loss compared with performance in the unaided condition Objective : To investigate the effect of low-frequency attenuation of Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids ( Bahas ) in users with single-sided sensorineural deafness ( SSD ) . The underlying notion is that low-frequency sounds up to approximately 1500 Hz reach the contralateral ear without significant attenuation and that Bahas tend to show more distortion at lower frequencies . Furthermore , to transmit low frequencies , higher moving masses are needed when compared with high frequencies . Design : A prospect i ve study with 10 adults , experienced Baha Divino users with SSD .  Speech underst and ing in noise was measured without Baha and with Baha , with three different setting s of low-frequency attenuation , namely up to 270 , 630 , and 1500 Hz . Tests were performed in two different spatial arrangements . In one placement , speech was emitted from a loudspeaker on the side of the Baha ear and noise from a loudspeaker in front of the listener ( S90N0 ) . In the other placement , the sound sources were switched ( S0N90 ) . Participants rated the subjective sound quality of the two most extreme Baha setting s using analog visual scales after a short acclimatization time of 15 mins . Results : In setting S90N0 , the use of a Baha  improved speech underst and ing in noise significantly ( average improvement 2.8 to 3.1 dB , p = 0.006 ) . These improvements did not vary significantly with the chosen low-frequency attenuation . In setting S0N90 , a smaller but detrimental effect of the Baha was found ( −0.9 to −1.7 dB , p = 0.006 to 0.03 ) . This detrimental effect was significantly smaller at the highest cutoff frequency of 1500 Hz than at 270 Hz ( p = 0.013 ) . At the cutoff frequency of 270 Hz , loudness and reverberation were judged higher than at 1500 Hz . There was no significant difference in brightness , softness , clarity , or fullness . Conclusion : High cutoff levels of up to 1500 Hz for low-frequency signals do not compromise the benefit of Baha in SSD for noise arriving from the front and speech presented on the side of the Baha . If noise is presented from the side of the Baha , the detrimental effect on speech underst and ing can be reduced by higher cutoff frequencies . If frequencies < 1500 Hz do not need to be transmitted , lower moving masses of the Baha are required and smaller devices for patients with SSD may be possible BACKGROUND Cochlear implantation ( CI ) has proven in long term prospect i ve trials to reduce significantly incapacitating tinnitus in single sided deafness ( SSD ) . Discussion arises whether electrical stimulation near the round window ( RW ) is also able to reduce tinnitus . AIM to assess whether electrical stimulation of the basal first 4 intracochlear electrodes of a CI could sufficiently reduce tinnitus and to compare these results with stimulation with all CI electrodes . MATERIAL AND METHODS 7 patients who met the criteria of severe tinnitus due to SSD were implanted with a Med-El Sonata Ti100 with a FlexSoftTM or Flex24TM electrode . After 4 weeks only the basal electrode pair ( E12 ) nearest to the RW was activated . Each week the following pair was activated until the 4th pair . Thereafter all electrodes were activated . Tinnitus was assessed before CI surgery and before each electrode pair was activated . When all electrodes were fitted , evaluation was done after 1 , 3 and 6 months . Tinnitus was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) for loudness , psychoacoustic tinnitus loudness comparison at 1 kHz and Tinnitus Question naire ( TQ ) for the effect on quality of life . To evaluate the natural evolution , a tightly matched control group with severe tinnitus due to SSD was followed prospect ively . RESULTS All the tinnitus outcome measures remained unchanged with 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 activated electrode pairs . With complete CI activation , the tinnitus decreased significantly comparable with earlier reports . Pre-implantation the tinnitus loudness was 8.2/10 on the VAS and was reduced to 4.1/10 6 months postimplantation . Psychometrically the loudness level went from 21.7 dB SL ( SD : 16.02 ) to 7.5 dB SL ( SD : 5.24 ) and the TQ from 60/84 to 39/84 . The non-implanted group had no decrease of the tinnitus , the average VAS remained stable at 8.9/10 throughout the follow-up period of 6 months . CONCLUSION with the current stimulation parameters electrical stimulation in the first 8e10 mm of the basal part of the scala tympani is insufficient to reduce tinnitus . However , stimulation over the complete CI length yields immediate tinnitus reduction confirming earlier results Objective : To longitudinally evaluate short- and long-term subject satisfaction/benefit perception , device usage rates , complication rates , and external device repair rates of bone-anchored hearing aid ( BAHA ) implantation on a cohort of adult subjects with profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss ( PUSHL ) . Study Design : Prospect i ve clinical trial . Setting : Tertiary referral center . Patients : Fifty-six adults with PUSHL , 21 of which underwent BAHA implantation ( followed for an average of 3.2 years after implantation ; range , 0.8 - 4.6 yr ) . Main Outcome Measures : Short- and long-term satisfaction/benefit perception outcomes consisting of the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile , Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit , and Single-Sided Deafness Question naire , including a comparison of results between implanted and nonimplanted subjects . Short- and long-term device usage rates , complications , and device failure issues also were carefully documented . Results : There were statistically significant improvements in nearly all measures of benefit perception documented as well as a high rate of long-term device usage ( 81 % ) . Although satisfaction and benefit perception outcomes generally tended to regress over time when compared with initial short-term outcomes , long-term scores still tended to be significantly improved nevertheless as compared with preoperative levels . Approximately 38 % of implants experienced severe local skin reactions ( Grade 2 and above ) around the implant site at some point throughout the follow-up period , whereas only one ( 4.8 % ) required implant removal . 66.7 % of subjects required repair of their external sound processor . Conclusion : BAHA implantation seems to provide a high level of short- and long-term perceived benefit and satisfaction in subjects with PUSHL and high rate of long-term device usage . Implant site adverse local skin reactions and repairs of the external sound processor were quite common Objectives : One purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a unilateral bone-anchored hearing aid ( Baha ) on horizontal plane localization performance in single-sided deaf adults who had either a conductive or sensorineural hearing loss in their impaired ear . The use of a 33-loudspeaker array allowed for a finer response measure than has previously been used to investigate localization in this population . In addition , a detailed analysis of error patterns allowed an evaluation of the contribution of r and om error and bias error to the total rms error computed in the various conditions studied . A second purpose was to investigate the effect of stimulus duration and head-turning on localization performance . Design : Two groups of single-sided deaf adults were tested in a localization task in which they had to identify the direction of a spoken phrase on each trial . One group had a sensorineural hearing loss ( SNHL group ; N = 7 ) , and the other group had a conductive hearing loss ( CHL group ; N = 5 ) . In addition , a control group of four normal-hearing adults was tested . The spoken phrase was either 1250 msec in duration ( a male saying “ Where am I coming from now ? ” ) or 341 msec in duration ( the same male saying “ Where ? ” ) . For the longer- duration phrase , subjects were tested in conditions in which they either were or were not allowed to move their heads before the termination of the phrase . The source came from one of nine positions in the front horizontal plane ( from −79 ° to + 79 ° ) . The response range included 33 choices ( from −90 ° to + 90 ° , separated by 5.6 ° ) . Subjects were tested in all stimulus conditions , both with and without the Baha device . Overall rms error was computed for each condition . Contributions of r and om error and bias error to the overall error were also computed . Results : There was considerable intersubject variability in all conditions . However , for the CHL group , the average overall error was significantly smaller when the Baha was on than when it was off . Further analysis of error patterns indicated that this improvement was primarily based on reduced response bias when the device was on ; that is , the average response azimuth was nearer to the source azimuth when the device was on than when it was off . The SNHL group , on the other h and , had significantly greater overall error when the Baha was on than when it was off . Collapsed across listening conditions and groups , localization performance was significantly better with the 1250 msec stimulus than with the 341 msec stimulus . However , for the longer- duration stimulus , there was no significant beneficial effect of head-turning . Error scores in all conditions for both groups were considerably larger than those in the normal-hearing control group . Conclusions : On average , single-sided deaf adults with CHL showed improved localization ability when using the Baha , whereas single-sided deaf adults with SNHL showed a decrement in performance when using the device . These results may have implication s for clinical counseling for patients with unilateral hearing impairment Abstract Conclusion : The bone-anchored hearing aid ( BAHA ) system can offer significant benefits to patients with single-sided deafness ( SSD ) , primarily by lifting the head shadow effect . Objective : To evaluate the efficacy of BAHA for SSD by comparing pre- and postoperative speech , spatial and qualities of hearing scale ( SSQ ) scores . Methods : This was a prospect i ve study conducted within a tertiary auditory implant department . The inclusion criteria were unilateral profound hearing loss with normal or mild high frequency hearing loss in the hearing ear ( pure tone average better than or equal to 25 dBHL measured at 0.5 , 1 , 2 and 3 kHz ) and subjective benefits reported by patients following a home trial with a BAHA Softb and .  Patients who met the above criteria and opted for surgery were asked to complete the SSQ question naire . The postoperative SSQ response was collected after at least 6 months of consistent BAHA usage . Results : This study included 25 adult patients ( mean age at implantation 57.5 years ) . There was a statistically significant improvement in the average SSQ score in all three sections of the question naire with the use of the BAHA . Our patients experienced most marked benefits in speech hearing in challenging listening situations . All patients remain consistent users and there has been no explantation to date To investigate the implication s of duration of deafness in the rehabilitation of unilateral deafness utilizing cochlear implantation . From the ongoing prospect i ve cochlear implantation in unilateral deafness study , we looked at five adults who received a cochlear implant for long-term unilateral deafness .  Speech perception in noise and subjective evaluation of the benefits of cochlear implantation  were measured at 3 , 6 , and 12 months after implantation . The results were analyzed and compared with published data from normal hearing individuals and adults using cochlear implants bilaterally .  Analysis of speech perception in noise showed significant improvement for three spatial configurations : speech and noise from the front ( S0/N0 ; P=0.003 ) , speech from the front and noise from the normal hearing ear ( S0/NHE ; P=0.001 ) , speech from the implanted ear , and noise from the normal hearing ear ( SCI/NHE ; P<0.001 ) . The scores obtained at 12 months after surgery improved to values similar to those obtained 
    Output:
    
Devices that reroute sounds from an ear with a severe to profound hearing loss to an ear with minimal hearing loss may improve speech perception in noise when signals of interest are located toward the impaired ear .
However , the same device may also de grade speech perception as all signals are rerouted indiscriminately , including noise .
For the same reason , it remains unclear whether cochlear implantation can improve the ability to localize sounds despite restoring bilateral input .