***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treatment of m and ibular crowding with self-ligating and conventional brackets on dental arch variables . Fifty-six patients were selected from a pool of subjects satisfying the following inclusion criteria : non- extraction treatment in the m and ibular or maxillary arches , eruption of all m and ibular teeth , no spaces and an irregularity index greater than 2 mm in the m and ibular arch , and no adjunct treatment such as etxra- or intraoral appliances .  The patients were assigned to two groups : one group received treatment with the self-ligating bracket and the other with a conventional edgewise appliance , both with a 0.022 inch slot . Lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained at the beginning ( T1 ) and end ( T2 ) of treatment were used to assess the alteration in m and ibular incisor inclination , and measurements of intercanine and intermolar widths were made on dental casts to investigate changes associated with the correction . The results were analysed with bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis in order to examine the effect of the bracket systems on arch width or lower incisor inclination , adjusting for the confounding effect of demographic and clinical characteristics . An alignment-induced increase in the proclination of the m and ibular incisors was observed for both groups ; no difference was identified between self-ligating and conventional brackets with respect to this parameter . Likewise , an increase in intercanine and intermolar widths was noted for both bracket groups ; the self-ligating group showed a higher intermolar width increase than the conventional group , whereas the amount of crowding and Angle classification were not significant predictors of post-treatment intermolar width INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the duration of m and ibular-crowding alleviation with self-ligating brackets compared with conventional appliances and the accompanying dental effects . METHODS Fifty-four subjects were selected from a pool of patients satisfying the following inclusion criteria : non extraction treatment in the m and ibular or maxillary arches ; eruption of all m and ibular teeth ; no spaces in the m and ibular arch ; irregularity index greater than 2 in the m and ibular arch ; and no therapeutic intervention planned with any extraoral or intraoral appliance . The patients were r and omly assigned to 2 groups : 1 group received treatment with a self-ligating bracket ( Damon 2 , Ormco , Glendora , Calif ) and the other with a conventional edgewise appliance ( Microarch , GAC , Central Islip , NY ) , both with 0.022-in slots . The irregularity index of the m and ibular arch was normalized between the groups , and the time to alignment was estimated in days . Treatment duration was assessed by data modeling with the Cox proportional hazard regression . Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to assess the alteration of m and ibular incisor position before and after alignment . Measurements of intercanine and intermolar widths were also made on dental casts to determine changes associated with correction . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Overall , no difference in the time required to correct m and ibular crowding with Damon 2 and conventional brackets was observed . For moderate crowding ( irregularity index < 5 ) , however , the self-ligating group had 2.7 times faster correction . This difference was marginally insignificant for subjects with irregularity index scores greater than 5 . Greater crowding prolonged treatment by an additional 20 % for each irregularity index unit . Increases in intercanine and intermolar widths associated with crowding correction regardless of bracket group were noted . The self-ligating group showed a statistically greater intermolar width increase than the conventional group . Also , an alignment-induced increase in the proclination of the m and ibular incisors was observed for both bracket groups , but no difference was found between Damon 2 and conventional brackets for this parameter OBJECTIVE To measure space closure during the retraction of upper permanent canines with self-ligating and conventional brackets . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifteen patients who required maxillary canine retraction into first premolar extraction sites as part of their orthodontic treatment completed this study . In a r and om split-mouth design , the retraction of upper canines was performed using an elastomeric chain with 150 g of force . The evaluations were performed in dental casts ( T0 , initial ; T1 , 4 weeks ; T2 , 8 weeks ; T3 , 12 weeks ) . The amount of movement and the rotation of the canines as well as anchorage loss of the upper first molars were evaluated . RESULTS There was no difference between self-ligating and conventional brackets regarding the distal movement of upper canines and mesial movement of first molars ( P > .05 ) . Rotation of the upper canines was minimized with self-ligating brackets ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSION Distal movement of the upper canines and anchorage loss of the first molars were similar with both conventional and self-ligating brackets .  Rotation of the upper canines during sliding mechanics was minimized with self-ligating brackets INTRODUCTION In this prospect i ve clinical study , we assessed the relative speed of archwire changes , comparing self-ligating brackets with conventional elastomeric ligation methods , and further assessed this in relation to the stage of orthodontic treatment represented by different wire sizes and types . METHODS The time taken to remove and ligate  archwires for 131 consecutive patients treated with either self-ligating or conventional brackets  was prospect ively assessed . The study was carried out in the orthodontic department of a district general hospital in the United Kingdom . The main outcome measure was the time to remove or place elastomeric ligatures or open/close self-ligating brackets for 2 matched groups of fixed appliance patients : Damon2 self-ligating bracket ( SDS Ormco , Orange , Calif ) and a conventional mini-twin bracket ( Orthos , SDS Ormco ) . The relative effects of various wire sizes and material s on ligation times were investigated . The study was carried out by 1 operator experienced in the use of self-ligating and conventional brackets . RESULTS The Damon2 self-ligating system had a significantly shorter mean archwire ligation time for both placing ( P < .001 ) and removing ( P < .01 ) wires compared with the conventional elastomeric system .  Ligation of an archwire was approximately twice as quick with the self-ligating system . Opening a Damon slide was on average 1 second quicker per bracket than removing an elastic from the mini-twin brackets , and closing a slide was 2 seconds faster per bracket . This difference in ligation time between the Damon2 and the conventional mini-twin brackets became more marked for larger wire sizes used in later treatment stages . CONCLUSIONS The type of bracket and the size of wire used are statistically significant predictors for speed of ligation and chairside time . The self-ligating system offered quicker and arguably more efficient wire removal and placement for most orthodontic treatment stages Objective The aim of this r and omized controlled clinical trial was to compare oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL ) of patients treated with conventional , active self-ligating ( ASL ) , and passive self-ligating ( PSL ) brackets  in different therapeutic phases . Methods Sixty patients ( mean age 18.3 years ; 29 males and 31 females ) requiring orthodontic treatment were r and omly and equally assigned to receive conventional ( Victory Series ) , ASL ( In-Ovation R ) , or PSL ( Damon 3MX ) brackets .  OHRQoL was measured with a self-administered modified 16-item Malaysian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for immediate ( soon after the visit ) and late ( just before the subsequent visit ) assessment s of the bonding and activation phases . Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests . Results The PSL and ASL groups showed more immediate and late impacts in the bonding phase , respectively ; the conventional group was affected in both the assessment s. The first activation phase had similar impacts in the groups . After the second activation , the conventional group showed more immediate impacts , whereas the PSL and ASL groups had more late impacts . The commonly affected domains were " physical disability , " " functional limitation , " " physical pain , " and " psychological discomfort . " No significant differences in the prevalence and severity of immediate and late impacts on OHRQoL of the patients were noted in any therapeutic phase . Conclusions No bracket system seems to ensure superior OHRQoL. This information could be useful for explaining the therapeutic phases , especially the initial one , and selecting the optimal bracket system based on the patient 's preference Objectives : To conduct a prospect i ve r and omized study comparing the efficiency of 5 different ligation systems ( ELL ; elastomeric ligature , SSL ; stainless steel ligature , LL ; leone slide ligature , PSL ; passive self-ligation and ASL ; active self-ligation ) over the duration of m and ibular crowding alleviation . Material s and Methods : Fifty consecutive patients ( 54.2 % male , 45.8 % female ; mean age : 16.69 years ) satisfying the inclusion criteria were r and omly allocated to 5 ligation groups with an equal sample size of 10 per group . The 5 groups received treatment with 0.022-inch MBT pre-adjusted edge-wise technique ( ELL : Gemini 3 M Unitek , SSL : Gemini 3 M Unitek , LL : Gemini 3 M Unitek , PSL : SmartClip 3 M Unitek and ASL : In-Ovation R Euro GAC International ) . The models and cephalograms were evaluated for anterior arch alignment , extraction space closure , and lower incisal inclinations at pre-treatment T 1 and at the end of initial alignment T 2 . Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Post-hoc tests were used for data analysis . Results : Forty-eight participants completed the study , and SL systems showed a significant difference over CL groups in time to alignment , passive space closure , and incisal inclination . Multiple regression showed a reduction of 5.28 days in time to alignment by changing the ligation group in the order of ELL to ASL group and 1 mm increase in initial irregularity index increases time to alignment by 11.68 days . Conclusion : Self-ligation brackets were more efficient than conventional ligation brackets during initial leveling and alignment INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the rate of en-masse space closure with sliding mechanics between passive self-ligating SmartClip brackets ( 3 M Unitek , Monrovia , Calif ) and conventional twin brackets ligated with stainless steel ligatures . METHODS Nineteen patients including 20 arches participated in this prospect i ve trial with 0.018-in slot brackets . All patients had first premolar extraction s in at least 1 arch , with the second premolar and the first molar distal to the extraction site bonded with SmartClip brackets on 1 side and conventional twin brackets on the other . The sides were alternated with each consecutive patient . Space closure was achieved on 0.016 x 0.022-in stainless steel wires with nickel-titanium coil springs activated 6 to 9 mm . The patients were recalled every 5 weeks until 1 side had closed . The distances from the mesial aspect of the canine bracket to the distal aspect of the first molar bracket were recorded before and after space closure , and an average rate of space closure per month was calculated . RESULTS Thirteen patients completed the trial ( 14 arches ) ; the median rates of tooth movement for the SmartClip bracket side ( 1.1 mm per month ) and the conventional twin bracket side ( 1.2 mm per month ) were not significantly different ( P = .86 ) . CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the rate of en-masse space closure between passive SmartClip brackets and conventional twin brackets tied with stainless steel ligatures OBJECTIVE To assess transversal tooth movements and buccal bone modeling of maxillary lateral segments achieved with active or passive self-ligating bracket systems in a r and omized clinical trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty-four patients , with Class I , II , and mild Class III malocclusions , were r and omly assigned to treatment with passive ( Damon 3 MX ) or active ( In-Ovation R ) SLBs . Impressions and cone-beam CT-scans were taken before ( T0 ) and after treatment ( T1 ) . Displacement of maxillary canines , premolars and molars , and buccal alveolar bone modeling were blindly assessed . RESULTS Twenty-one patients in the Damon and 20 in the In-Ovation group completed treatment according to the prescribed protocol . Eight Damon and 10 In-Ovation patients were excluded as the treatment approach had to be changed because of deviation from the recommended initial plan , while three Damon and two In-Ovation patients did not complete the treatment . Transversal expansion of the upper arch was achieved by buccal tipping in all but one patient in each group . No statistical significant difference in inter-premolar bucco-lingual inclination was found between the two groups from T0 to T1 . The bone area buccal to the 2nd premolar decreased on average of 20 % in the Damon and 14 % in the In-Ovation group . Only few patients exhibited widening of the alveolar process . CONCLUSION The anticipated translation and buccal bone modeling using active or passive SLBs could not be confirmed . Because of the large interindividual variation , a patient-specific analysis seems to be m and atory as individual factors like pre-treatment teeth inclination and occlusion influenced the treatment outcome of the individual patients INTRODUCTION Our aim was to compare the time required to complete the alignment of crowded maxillary anterior teeth ( canine to canine ) between Damon MX ( Ormco , Glendora , Calif ) and In-Ovation R ( GAC , Central Islip , NY ) self-ligating brackets . METHODS Seventy patients from the first author 's office were included in this r and omized controlled trial by using the following inclusion criteria : non extraction treatment on both arches , eruption of all maxillary teeth , no spaces in the maxillary arch , no high canines , maxillary irregularity index greater 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Based on current clinical evidence from RCTs , ASLB appears to be more efficient for alignment , while neither design shows an advantage for width change .