***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent guidelines on exercise for weight loss and weight maintenance include resistance training as part of the exercise prescription . Yet few studies have compared the effects of similar amounts of aerobic and resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight adults . STRRIDE AT/RT , a r and omized trial , compared aerobic training , resistance training , and a combination of the two to determine the optimal mode of exercise for obesity reduction . Participants were 119 sedentary , overweight or obese adults who were r and omized to one of three 8-mo exercise protocol s : 1 ) RT : resistance training , 2 ) AT : aerobic training , and 3 ) AT/RT : aerobic and resistance training ( combination of AT and RT ) . Primary outcomes included total body mass , fat mass , and lean body mass . The AT and AT/RT groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more than RT ( P < 0.05 ) , but they were not different from each other . RT and AT/RT increased lean body mass more than AT ( P < 0.05 ) . While requiring double the time commitment , a program of combined AT and RT did not result in significantly more fat mass or body mass reductions over AT alone . Balancing time commitments against health benefits , it appears that AT is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass , while a program including RT is needed for increasing lean mass in middle-aged , overweight/obese individuals OBJECTIVE : In epidemiological studies , weight loss is usually associated with increased mortality rate . Contrarily , among obese people , weight loss reduces other risk factors for disease and death . We hypothesised that this paradox could exist because weight is used as an implicit adiposity index . No study has considered the independent effects of weight loss and fat loss on mortality rate . We studied mortality rate as a function of weight loss and fat loss . DESIGN : Analysis of ‘ time to death ’ in two prospect i ve population -based cohort studies , the Tecumseh Community Health Study ( 1890 subjects ; 321 deaths within 16 y of follow-up ) and the Framingham Heart Study ( 2731 subjects ; 507 deaths within 8 y of follow-up ) , in which weight and fat ( via skinfolds ) loss were assessable . RESULTS : In both studies , regardless of the statistical approach , weight loss was associated with an increased , and fat loss with a decreased , mortality rate ( P<0.05 ) . Each st and ard deviation ( s.d . ) of weight loss ( 4.6 kg in Tecumseh , 6.7 kg in Framingham ) was estimated to increase the hazard rate by 29 % ( 95 % confidence interval CI ) , ( 14 % , 47 % , respectively ) and 39 % ( 95 % CI , 25 % , 54 % respectively ) , in the two sample s. Contrarily , each s.d . of fat loss ( 10.0 mm in Tecumseh , 4.8 mm in Framingham ) was estimated to reduce the hazard rate 15 % ( 95 % CI , 4 % , 25 % ) and 17 % ( 95 % CI , 8 % , 25 % ) in Tecumseh and Framingham , respectively . Generalisability of these results to severely ( that is , body mass index BMI ) ≥34 ) obese individuals is unclear . CONCLUSIONS : Among individuals that are not severely obese , weight loss is associated with increased mortality rate and fat loss with decreased mortality rate OBJECTIVE To correlate anthropometric , computed tomography and fat cell data from abdominal regions with the levels of serum insulin , C-peptide , leptin , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , testosterone , 17beta-estradiol , and rostenedione , dehydroepi and rosterone sulphate ( DHEA-S ) and sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) . DESIGN AND METHODS The sample consisted of 84 obese patients ( 29 men , 22 premenopausal women and 33 postmenopausal women ) who had undergone abdominal surgery .  Weight , height , percentage of body fat by skinfolds , waist , hip and thigh circumferences , sagittal and coronal diameters , visceral and subcutaneous area , serum hormones and fat cell data were studied . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Premenopausal women showed the lowest values in most abdominal distribution parameters , although , depending on the waist circumference criteria at the umbilicus level perimeter ( W1 ) or midway between lower rib margin and iliac crest perimeter ( W2 ) , the population was classified differently , as gynoid or and roid . Although there were no differences in fat cell size between genders , gynoid women had smaller and more numerous fat cells than the and roid type . Perivisceral fat cell size was significantly smaller than subcutaneous fat cell size . In women , central obesity was significantly correlated with an increase in serum insulin , leptin , TNF-alpha , testosterone and and rostenedione levels , and a decrease in 17beta-estradiol and DHEA-S , while in men significant correlations were positive with insulin and negative with testosterone and and rostenedione . Fat cell size was positively correlated with serum levels of leptin , insulin , DHEA-S , and rostenedione and inversely correlated with SHBG . These data indicate that hormones seem to interact not only with body fat distribution but also with fat cell size . This interaction differs between genders and between the different abdominal adipose tissue regions This prospect i ve , r and omized study investigated the effect of exercise on leptin , insulin , cortisol and lipid profiles in obese children . A total of 40 obese boys aged 10 - 12 years with a body mass index ( BMI ) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were r and omly separated into an exercise group ( n = 20 ) that underwent a 12-week aerobic exercise programme and a non-exercise ( control ) group ( n = 20 ) . The BMI , low-density lipoprotein , cortisol , leptin and insulin levels were significantly lower in the exercise group after 12 weeks compared with baseline values , whereas high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher . In contrast , in the control group , low-density lipoprotein , cortisol and leptin levels were significantly higher after 12 weeks compared with baseline values while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower . These findings indicate the importance of regular exercise in the regulation of body weight and protection against cardiovascular risk factors in obese children Abstract The effects of a recreational soccer program ( RSP ) upon body composition , heart rate variability ( HRV ) , biochemical markers , cardio-respiratory fitness , and endothelial function in obese adolescents were investigated . A r and omised controlled clinical trial was conducted with 30 adolescents aged 12–17 years and body mass index ( BMI ) > 2 st and ard deviations of WHO reference values , which were assigned to RSP ( n = 10 , 2 girls ) and obese control ( n = 10 , 4 girls ) groups . The 12-week RSP included 60-min sessions performed 3 times/week . BMI , waist circumference , blood pressure , blood glucose , lipid profile , insulin , C-reactive protein , HRV , and maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2peak ) were evaluated following st and ardised procedures . Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and endothelial function by venous occlusion plethysmography . After intervention , RSP exhibited significant reductions in BMI ( −0.7 ± 0.2 kg · m–2 ) , waist circumference ( −8.2 ± 1.4 cm ) , % body fat ( −2.2 ± 0.4 % ) , systolic blood pressure ( −5.0 ± 2.3 mmHg ) , total cholesterol ( −16.2 ± 5.8 mg · dL−1 ) , triglycerides ( −20.5 ± 12.9 mg · dL−1 ) , C-reactive protein ( −0.06 ± 0.01 mg · dL−1 ) , insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR , −1.4 ± 0.6 ) , and sympathetic activity ( LF , −13.9 ± 6.6 un ) vs. controls ( P < 0.05 ) . Significant increase was observed in parasympathetic activity ( HF , 13.9 ± 6.6 un ) , VO2peak ( 7.9 ± 2.8 ml · kg−1 · min−1 ) , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 11.0 ± 6.3 mg · dL−1 ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Vascular conductance ( 19.5 ± 8.1 ml · min−1 · 100 ml , P = 0.005 ) increased and vascular resistance ( −5.9 ± 2.4 ml · min−1 · 100 ml , P = 0.041 ) decreased in RSP , but not in  controls . A 12-week recreational soccer intervention was effective to improve biochemical , cardiovascular , and fitness health markers in obese adolescents 
    Output:
    
These results indicate that physical exercise improved the  inflammatory state in children with obesity .
It is unclear whether this effect can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood .