***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background —Tai Chi Chuan ( TTC ) exercise has beneficial effects on the components of physical condition and can produce a substantial reduction in the risk of multiple falls . Previous studies have shown that short term TCC exercise did not improve the scores in the single leg stance test with eyes closed and the sit and reach test . There has apparently been no research into the effects of TCC on total body rotation flexibility and heart rate responses at rest and after a three minute step test . Methods —In this cross sectional study , 28 male TCC practitioners with an average age of 67.5 years old and 13.2 years of TCC exercise experience were recruited to form the TCC group . Another 30 sedentary men aged 66.2 were selected to serve as the control group . Measurements included resting heart rate , left and right single leg stance with eyes closed , modified sit and reach test , total body rotation test ( left and right ) , and a three minute step test . Results —Compared with the sedentary group , the TCC group had significantly better scores in resting heart rate , three minute step test heart rate , modified sit and reach , total body rotation test on both right and left side ( p<0.01 ) , and both right and left leg st and ing with eyes closed ( p<0.05 ) . According to the American Fitness St and ards , the TCC group attained the 90th percentile rank for sit and reach and total body rotation test , right and left . Conclusion —Long term regular TCC exercise has favourable effects on the promotion of balance control , flexibility , and cardiovascular fitness in older adults PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Tai Chi exercise on glucose control , neuropathy scores , balance , and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy . METHODS A pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group was utilized to recruit 59 diabetic patients with neuropathy from an outpatient clinic of a university hospital . A st and ardized Tai Chi for diabetes program was provided , which comprised 1 hour of Tai Chi per session , twice a week for 12 weeks . Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin for glucose control , the Semmes-Weinstein 10-g monofilament examination scores and total symptom scores for neuropathy , single leg stance for balance , and the Korean version of the SF-36v2 for quality of life . Thirty-nine patients completed the posttest measures after the 12-week Tai Chi intervention , giving a 34 % dropout rate . RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 64 years , and they had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for more than 12 years . The status was significantly better for the participants in the Tai Chi group ( n=20 ) than for their control ( i.e. , nonintervention ) counterparts ( n=19 ) in terms of total symptom scores , glucose control , balance , and quality of life . CONCLUSION Tai Chi improved glucose control , balance , neuropathic symptoms , and some dimensions of quality of life in diabetic patients with neuropathy . Further studies with larger sample s and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm the effects of Tai Chi on the management of diabetic neuropathy , which may have an impact on fall prevention in this population OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to vali date the effects of a simplified , gentle form of t'ai chi chuan in patients with type 2 diabetes and who are also obese . DESIGN The study was design ed to be a r and omized controlled trial . SETTING This study was conducted in the department of metabolism and endocrinology at Cheng Ching Hospital , in Taichung , Taiwan . SUBJECTS The study subjects were hospital-based patients with type 2 diabetes and who were also obese ( ages 40 - 70 , with a body-mass index [ BMI ] range of 30 - 35 ) . The patients were r and omly selected and grouped into t'ai chi exercise ( TCE ) and conventional exercise ( CE ) groups . INTERVENTIONS After receiving instruction in t'ai chi , the TCE group and the CE group practice d three times per week , including one practice session lasting up to 1 hour , for 12 weeks . OUTCOME MEASURES Hemoglobin A1C , serum lipid profile , serum malondialdehyde , and C-reactive protein were measured . Physical parameters of body weight and BMI were also measured . Diet and medications of participants were monitored carefully while biochemical and physical conditions were analyzed . RESULTS After 12 weeks , hemoglobin A1C values of the TCE group did not decrease ( 8.9 ± 2.7 % : 8.3 ± 2.2 % ; p = 0.064 ) . BMI ( 33.5 ± 4.8 : 31.3 ± 4.2 ; p = 0.038 ) and serum lipids , including triglyceride ( 214 ± 47 mg/dL : 171 ± 34 mg/dL ; p = 0.012 ) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 38 ± 16 mg/dL : 45 ± 18 mg/dL ; p = 0.023 ) had significant improvements . Serum malondialdehyde tended to decrease from baseline ( 2.66 ± 0.78 μmol/L : 2.31 ± 0.55 μmol/L ; p = 0.035 ) , and C-reactive protein also decreased ( 0.39 ± 0.19 mg/dL : 0.22 ± 0.15 mg/dL ; p = 0.014 ) . No improvements occurred in BMI , lipids , and oxidative stress profiles in the CE group . CONCLUSIONS T'ai chi exercise practice d by patients who are obese and have type 2 diabetes is efficient and safe when supervised by professionals and helps improve parameters , such as BMI , lipid profile , C-reactive protein , and malondialdehyde . Periodic monitoring of blood glucose , blood pressure , heart rate , breathing , physical fitness , and symptoms of discomfort of patients who exercise helps prevent injury . Simple , gentle TCE can be applied as regular daily exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes even when such patients are obese Older adults with type 2 diabetes have  mobility impairment and reduced fitness . This study aim ed to test the efficacy of the “ Tai Chi for Diabetes ” form , developed to address health-related problems in diabetes , including mobility and physical function .  Thirty-eight older adults with stable type 2 diabetes were r and omized to Tai Chi or sham exercise , twice a week for 16 weeks . Outcomes included gait , balance , musculoskeletal and cardiovascular fitness , self-reported activity and quality of life . Static and dynamic balance index ( −5.8 ± 14.2 ; p = 0.03 ) and maximal gait speed ( 6.2 ± 11.6 % ; p = 0.005 ) improved over time , with no significant group effects . There were no changes in other measures . Non-specific effects of exercise testing and /or study participation such as outcome expectation , socialization , the Hawthorne effect , or unmeasured changes in health status or compliance with medical treatment may underlie the modest improvements in gait and balance observed in this sham-exercise-controlled trial . This Tai Chi form , although developed specifically for diabetes , may not have been of sufficient intensity , frequency , or duration to effect positive changes in many aspects of physiology or health status relevant to older people with diabetes BACKGROUND a large proportion of adults with type 2 diabetes remain sedentary despite evidence of benefits from exercise for type 2 diabetes . Simplified Yang Tai Chi has been shown in one study to have no effect on insulin sensitivity in older adults . However , a modified Tai Chi form , Tai Chi for Diabetes ( TCD ) has recently been composed , cl aim ing to improve diabetes control . METHODS subjects were r and omised to Tai Chi or sham exercise , twice a week for 16 weeks . Primary outcomes were insulin resistance 72 h post-exercise ( HOMA2-IR ) , and long-term glucose control ( HbA(1c ) ) . RESULTS thirty-eight subjects ( 65 + /- 7.8 years , 79 % women ) were enrolled . Baseline BMI was 32.2 + /- 6.3 kg/m(2 ) , 84 % had osteoarthritis , 76 % hypertension , and 34 % cardiac disease . There was one dropout , no adverse events , and median compliance was 100 (0 - 100)% . There were no effects of time or group assignment on insulin resistance or HbA(1c ) ( -0.07 + /- 0.4 % Tai Chi versus 0.12 + /- 0.3 % Sham ; P = 0.13 ) at 16 weeks . Improvement in HbA(1c ) was related to decreased body fat ( r = 0.484 , P = 0.004 ) and improvement in insulin resistance was related to decreased body fat ( r = 0.37 , P = 0.03 ) and central adiposity ( r = 0.38 , P = 0.02 ) , as well as increased fat-free mass ( r = -0.46 , P = 0.005 ) . CONCLUSIONS TCD did not improve glucose homeostasis or insulin sensitivity measured 72 h after the last bout of exercise . More intense forms of Tai Chi may be required to produce the body composition changes associated with metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND The authors ' objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a 6-month Tai Chi intervention for decreasing the number of falls and the risk for falling in older persons . METHODS This r and omized controlled trial involved a sample of 256 physically inactive , community-dwelling adults aged 70 to 92 ( mean age , 77.48 years ; st and ard deviation , 4.95 years ) who were recruited through a patient data base in Portl and , Oregon . Participants were r and omized to participate in a three-times-per-week Tai Chi group or to a stretching control group for 6 months . The primary outcome measure was the number of falls ; the secondary outcome measures included functional balance ( Berg Balance Scale , Dynamic Gait Index , Functional Reach , and single-leg st and ing ) , physical performance ( 50-foot speed walk , Up&Go ) , and fear of falling , assessed at baseline , 3 months , 6 months ( intervention termination ) , and at a 6-month postintervention follow-up . RESULTS At the end of the 6-month intervention , significantly fewer falls ( n=38 vs 73 ; p=.007 ) , lower proportions of fallers ( 28 % vs 46 % ; p=.01 ) , and fewer injurious falls ( 7 % vs 18 % ; p=.03 ) were observed in the Tai Chi group compared with the stretching control group . After adjusting for baseline covariates , the risk for multiple falls in the Tai Chi group was 55 % lower than that of the stretching control group ( risk ratio,.45 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.30 to 0.70 ) . Compared with the stretching control participants , the Tai Chi participants showed significant improvements ( p<.001 ) in all measures of functional balance , physical performance , and reduced fear of falling . Intervention gains in these measures were maintained at a 6-month postintervention follow-up in the Tai Chi group . CONCLUSIONS A three-times-per-week , 6-month Tai Chi program is effective in decreasing the number of falls , the risk for falling , and the fear of falling , and it improves functional balance and physical performance in physically inactive persons aged 70 years or older OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of tai chi chuan exercise on peripheral nerve modulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . DESIGN Parallel group comparative study with a pre- and post- design . SUBJECTS Twenty-eight participants with diabetes mellitus and 32 healthy adult controls from communities in Kaohsiung , Taiwan . METHODS Cheng 's tai chi chuan , 3 times a week for 12 weeks . Fasting blood glucose levels , insulin resistance index and nerve conduction studies were measured . RESULTS A 12-week tai chi chuan programme significantly improved fasting blood glucose ( p = 0.035 ) and increased nerve conduction velocities in all nerves tested ( p = 0.046 , right ; p = 0.041 , left ) in diabetic patients . Tai chi chuan exercise did not advance the nerve conduction velocities of normal adults ; however , it significantly improved the motor nerve conduction velocities of bilateral median and tibial nerves , and distal sensory latencies of bilateral ulnar nerves in diabetic patients . Tai chi chuan exercise had no significant effect on amplitudes of all nerves tested in diabetic patients . CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that fasting blood glucose and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in diabetic patients can be improved by 12 weeks tai chi chuan exercise . A further larger r and omized controlled clinical trial with longer follow-up time is needed OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of Tai Chi in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) symptoms . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , single-blind , r and omized controlled trial of 40 individuals with symptomatic tibiofemoral OA . Patients were r and omly assigned to 60 minutes of Tai Chi ( 10 modified forms from classic Yang style ) or attention control ( wellness education and stretching ) twice weekly for 12 weeks . The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC ) pain score at 12 weeks . Secondary outcomes included WOMAC function , patient and physician global assess 
    Output:
    
Tai chi is effective in controlling biomedical outcomes and improving quality of life-related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus , although no effects were observed on balance and fasting insulin .