***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : The objective of this study was to determine ischemia modified albumin ( IMA ) and oxidant status in Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . Therefore , we evaluated the IMA and oxidant status by measuring serum uric acid , albumin and gamma-glutamyltransferase ( GGT ) in AD . Methods : The plasma albumin , uric acid , GGT and IMA levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods in 32 AD patients and 32 healthy controls . The Mini Mental Status Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale were used to evaluate the cognitive functions of AD patients . Results : AD patients had significantly higher IMA levels as compared to those of the controls respectively . Uric acid concentrations were significantly decreased and GGT values were significantly increased in AD when compared with control group . Albumin levels of the patients were also compared and no significant difference was detected . Conclusion : Oxidative stress and IMA levels rise in AD . However , large prospect i ve studies are required to underst and the mechanisms leading to increased IMA levels during AD , whether preceded or not by AD BACKGROUND Various purine-rich foods and high protein intake have long been thought to be risk factors for gout . Similarly , the possibility that the consumption of dairy products has a role in protecting against gout has been raised by metabolic studies . We prospect ively investigated the association of these dietary factors with new cases of gout . METHODS Over a 12-year period , we prospect ively examined the relationship between purported dietary risk factors and new cases of gout among 47,150 men who had no history of gout at base line . We used a supplementary question naire to ascertain whether participants met the American College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout .  Diet was assessed every four years by means of a food-frequency question naire . RESULTS During the 12 years of the study , we documented 730 confirmed new cases of gout . The multivariate relative risk of gout among men in the highest quintile of meat intake , as compared with those in the lowest quintile , was 1.41 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.07 to 1.86 ; P for trend = 0.02 ) , and the corresponding relative risk associated with seafood intake was 1.51 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.17 to 1.95 ; P for trend = 0.02 ) . In contrast , the incidence of gout decreased with increasing intake of dairy products ; the multivariate relative risk among men in the highest quintile , as compared with those in the lowest quintile , was 0.56 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0.42 to 0.74 ; P for trend < 0.001 ) . The level of consumption of purine-rich vegetables and the total protein intake were not associated with an increased risk of gout . CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of meat and seafood consumption are associated with an increased risk of gout , whereas a higher level of consumption of dairy products is associated with a decreased risk . Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with an increased risk of gout In order to assess peripheral levels and activities of a broad spectrum of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) and Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , plasma levels of water-soluble ( Vitamin C and uric acid ) and of lipophilic ( Vitamin A , Vitamin E and carotenoids including lutein , zeaxanthin , beta-cryptoxanthin , lycopene , alpha- and beta-carotene ) antioxidant micronutrients as well as activities of plasma and red blood cell ( RBC ) superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and of plasma glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) were measured in 25 patients with MCI , 63 AD patients and 53 controls .  Peripheral levels and activities of antioxidants  were similarly lower in MCI and AD patients as compared to controls . As MCI may represent a prodromal stage of AD , and oxidative damage appears to occur as one of the earliest pathophysiological events in AD , an increased intake of antioxidants in patients with MCI could be helpful in lowering the risk of conversion to dementia Background : Impaired antioxidant defenses are implicated in neurodegenerative disease . The plasma levels of urate , a water-soluble antioxidant , are reduced in Alzheimer ’s disease ( AD ) . Objective : We aim ed to test the hypotheses that high plasma urate at baseline is associated with : ( 1 ) a reduced rate of conversion from  mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) to AD and ( 2 ) a lower rate of cognitive decline in MCI . Methods : Plasma urate was obtained at baseline from 747 participants in a 3-year , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of donepezil , vitamin E or placebo  for delaying the progression of MCI to AD.The association between baseline urate and conversion from MCI to AD was examined by Cox proportional hazards regression . The relationship between baseline urate and cognitive change on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer ’s Disease Assessment Scale was evaluated by longitudinal analysis . Results : Baseline plasma urate was not associated with the rate of conversion of MCI to AD . In the placebo arm , high plasma urate was related to a slower rate of cognitive decline over 3 years , although this was not reproduced in the other treatment arms . Conclusion : While plasma urate levels did not predict the progression of MCI to AD , high urate may be associated with a reduced rate of cognitive decline in MCI patients not treated with donepezil or vitamin E. The results support the investigation of biomarkers of antioxidant status as risk factors for cognitive decline in MCI AIM Previous studies have shown that uric acid ( UA ) has strong anti-oxidant properties , and that high circulating levels of UA are prospect ively associated with improved muscle function and cognitive performances in elderly Caucasians . We carried out a replication study in elderly Chinese using cross-sectional design . METHODS Data from 2006 individuals aged 50 - 74 years who participated in a population -based cross-sectional survey in Qingdao , China , were analyzed . H and grip strength was measured in kilograms by using an electronic dynamometer .  The sit-to-st and ( STS ) test time was used to represent lower limb strength . The Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE )  was used to estimate the participants ' cognitive function . Lifestyle , comorbidities and laboratory measures were considered as potential confounders . Multiple linear regression models and binary logistic regression were fitted to find the association of UA with strength measures and cognitive performances . RESULTS Participants were grouped according to UA tertiles ( < 257.75 mmol/L , ≥ 257.75 and ≤ 359.00 mmol/L , > 359.00 mmol/L ) . H and grip strength significantly increased across UA tertiles ( 26.4 ± 8.5 kg ; 30.1 ± 10.5 kg ; 35.0 ± 11.4 kg ; P<0.001 ) , and prevalence of cognitive disorder declined across UA tertiles ( 7.9 % , 4.9 % , 3.1 % ; P=0.012 ) . After adjusting for potential confounders ,  high UA level remained significantly associated with high grip strength ( P=0.023 ) and decreased risk of cognitive disorder with an OR of 1.002 ( 95 % CI 1.000 - 1.004 ; P=0.022 ) . However ,  UA level was not significantly associated with STS time ( P=0.780 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that notwithst and ing the associated increased risk of cardiovascular disease , UA might play a protective role in aging-associated decline in muscle strength and cognitive function OBJECTIVE To explore the relation of cognition and uric acid in Parkinson 's disease and analyze the related factors of cognition . METHODS A total of 104 patients with Parkinson 's disease were divided into two groups : those with cognitive impairment and those without . Every patient was subject to the cognitive and depression function assessment . And the fasting blood uric acid sample s. Then the serum uric acid levels of two groups and analyze the related factors of the cognitive with multiple linear . RESULTS ( 1 ) The serum uric acid level in the group with cognitive impairment ( 249 micromol/L + /- 59 micromol/L ) is lower than that without cognitive impairment ( 323 micromol/L + /- 52 micromol/L ) , and there was marked statistical significance ( t = -6.78 , P < 0.001 ) ( 2 ) In PD patients , the cognitive scores correlated with serum uric acid levels , education , age , H-Y stages and the depression levels , but did n't with gender , disease duration , smoking and BMI . CONCLUSION ( 1 ) There was correlation between the serum uric acid and the cognitive impairment . Low serum uric acid level predicted worse cognitive scores . ( 2 ) In PD , the change of the cognitive function was impacted by their education , age , H-Y stages and depression levels Oxidative damage is a consistent finding in a number of central nervous system ( CNS ) disorders . Uric acid ( UA ) is a potent hydrophilic antioxidant that is modified by diet and drug . Several lines of evidence suggest that plasma UA may modulate outcomes in neurologic disease , but little attention has been paid to CNS levels of UA . Our objective was to test the hypothesis that cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) UA is determined by plasma UA , modified by blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) integrity and associated with rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . Also , since UA and ascorbic acid may act as antioxidants for one another , we also explored a potential interaction between them in the brain . Thirty-two patients with mild to moderate AD ( Mini-Mental Status Exam 19 + /- 5 ) participated in a longitudinal biomarker study for one year involving st and ardized clinical assessment s. CSF and blood were collected at baseline for UA , ascorbic acid , and albumin .  Cognitive measures were collected at baseline and again one year later . CSF UA was independent of age , gender , and AD severity . CSF and plasma UA were positively correlated ( r=0.669 , p=0.001 ) and BBB impairment was associated with higher CSF levels of UA ( p=0.028 ) . Neither plasma nor CSF UA reached significant association with rates of cognitive decline over 1 year . CSF UA and CSF ascorbic acid were positively correlated ( r=0.388 , p=0.001 ) . The hypothesis that CSF UA is determined by plasma UA and BBB integrity is supported , as is the hypothesis that UA and ascorbic acid are associated in CSF but not plasma . Adequately powered prospect i ve studies would help assess any role for UA in primary and secondary prevention of AD Uric acid is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease , as well as a major natural antioxidant , prohibiting the occurrence of cellular damage . The relation between uric acid and cognitive decline , in which both vascular mechanisms and oxidative stress are thought to play a role , is unknown . Therefore we assessed the relation between serum  uric acid levels and the risk of subsequent dementia in a prospect i ve population -based cohort study among 4618 participants aged 55 years and over . Additionally , we investigated the relation between  serum uric acid  and cognitive function later in life ( on average 11.1 years later ) in a sub sample of 1724 participants who remained free of dementia during follow-up . All analyses were adjusted for age , sex and cardiovascular risk factors . Our data showed that only after correcting for several cardiovascular risk factors , higher serum uric acid levels were associated with a decreased risk of dementia ( HR , adjusted for age , sex and cardiovascular risk factors , 0.89 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.80 - 0.99 ] per st and ard deviation ( SD ) increase in uric acid ) . In participants who remained free of dementia , higher serum uric acid levels at baseline were associated with better cognitive function later in life , for all cognitive domains that were assessed [ adjusted difference in Z-score ( 95 % CI ) per SD increase in uric acid 0.04 ( 0.00 - 0.07 ) for global cognitive function ; 0.02 ( -0.02 to 0.06 ) for executive function ; and 0.06 ( 0.02 - 0.11 ) for memory function ] , but again only after correcting for cardiovascular risk factors . We conclude that notwithst and ing the associated increased risk of cardiovascular disease , higher levels of uric acid are associated with a decreased risk of dementia and better cognitive function later in life Results of blood chemistry screens  of 47 Alzheimer 's disease patients were compared to those of 71 non-Alzheimer 's disease patients with other dementias . Only kidney-related tests differed between the groups ( urea nitrogen , creatinine , uric acid and albumin ) with the Alzheimer 's disease patients nearer the normal ranges . Multivariate analyses were used to examine whether the simultaneous use of the analytes could aid in diagnosing Alzheimer 's disease . Linear and quadratic discriminant analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate a number of models . A linear discriminant model of albumin , uric acid , lactate dehydrogenase , and age demonstrated 70 - 75 % classification accuracy using r and omly selected test population s 
    Output:
    
Accepting this caveat , the relationship between sUA and dementia/cognitive impairment is not consistent across all dementia groups and in particular may differ in patients with VaD compared to other dementia subtypes