***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion ( COLD ) and contrast water therapy ( CWT ) on posttraining recovery in Australian football ( AF ) . METHOD Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of st and ardized training . After week 1 training , all players completed a passive recovery ( PAS ) . During week 2 , COLD or CWT was r and omly assigned . Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3 . Repeat-sprint ability ( 6 × 20 m ) , countermovement and squat jumps , perceived muscle soreness , and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining . RESULTS Immediately posttraining , groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines . At 24 h , repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1 % for PAS and 1.0 % for CWT but was fully restored by COLD ( 0.0 % ) . At 24 and 48 h , both COLD and CWT  attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4 ) more effective than CWT ( 1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7 ) and PAS having minimal effect ( 5.5 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.5 ) . Similarly , after 24 and 48 h , COLD and CWT both effectively reduced changes in perceived fatigue , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.6 ) being more successful than CWT ( 0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6 ) and PAS having the smallest effect ( 2.2 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.6 ) . CONCLUSIONS AF training can result in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits persisting for up to 48 h. For restoring physical-performance and psychometric measures , COLD was more effective than CWT , with PAS being the least effective . Based on these results the authors recommend that 14 min of COLD be used after AF training Abstract Rupp , KA , Selkow , NM , Parente , WR , Ingersoll , CD , Weltman , AL , and Saliba , SA . The effect of cold water immersion on 48-hour performance testing in collegiate soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 26(8 ) : 2043–2050 , 2012—This r and omized , controlled , laboratory study was design ed to examine the effect of cold water immersion ( CWI ) as a recovery modality on repeat performance on the yo-yo intermittent recovery test ( YIRT ) , a widely accepted tool for the evaluation of physical performance in soccer , separated by 48 hours . Twenty-two healthy Division I collegiate soccer players ( 13 men and 9 women ; age , 19.8 ± 1.1 years ; height , 174.0 ± 9.0 cm ; mass , 72.1 ± 9.1 kg ) volunteered as participants during the noncompetitive season . The YIRT was used to induce volitional fatigue and was administered at baseline and again 48 hours later . Athletes progressively increased sprint speed between markers set 20 m apart until pace was failed . Countermovement vertical jump ( CMVJ ) was used to assess anaerobic power and was measured before YIRT , immediately post-YIRT , and 24 and 48 hours post-YIRT . A 10-cm horizontal visual analog scale was administered immediately , 24 hours and 48 hours post-YIRT to assess perceived fatigue ( PF ) in the legs . Participants were r and omly placed into the CWI or control group . The CWI condition consisted of immersion to the umbilicus in a 12 ° C pool for 15 minutes , whereas the control group sat quietly for 15 minutes . There were no significant differences between intervention conditions on YIRT performance ( control , 4,900 ± 884 m ; CWI , 5,288 ± 1,000 m ; p = 0.35 ) or PF ( control , 9.4 ± 0.5 cm ; CWI , 9.3 ± 0.6 cm ; p = 0.65 ) at 48 hours post-YIRT . There was a main time effect for CMVJ over 48 hours , but no group differences ( pre-YIRT , 64.6 ± 11.0 cm ; post-YIRT , 66.4 ± 10.9 cm ; 24 hours post-YIRT , 63.4 ± 9.9 cm ; 48 hours post-YIRT , 63.1 ± 9.4 cm ; p = 0.02 ) . This study demonstrated that in collegiate soccer players , CWI performed immediately and 24 hours after induced volitional fatigue did not affect subsequent physical performance estimates Abstract Juliff , LE , Halson , SL , Bonetti , DL , Versey , NG , Driller , MW , and Peiffer , JJ . Influence of contrast shower and water immersion on recovery in elite netballers . J Strength Cond Res 28(8 ) : 2353–2358 , 2014—Contrast water therapy is a popular recovery modality in sport ; however , appropriate facilities can often be difficult to access . Therefore , the present study examined the use of contrast showers as an alternative to contrast water therapy for team sport recovery . In a r and omized , crossover design , 10 elite female netball athletes ( mean ± SD : age , 20 ± 0.6 years ; height , 1.82 ± 0.05 m ; body mass , 77.0 ± 9.3 kg ) completed 3 experimental trials of a netball specific circuit followed by one of the following 14-minute recovery interventions : ( a ) contrast water therapy ( alternating 1 minute 38 ° C and 1 minute 15 ° C water immersion ) , ( b ) contrast showers ( alternating 1 minute 38 ° C and 1 minute 18 ° C showers ) , or ( c ) passive recovery ( seated rest in 20 ° C ) . Repeated agility , skin and core temperature , and perception scales were measured before , immediately after , 5 and 24 hours postexercise . No significant differences in repeated agility were evident between conditions at any time point . No significant differences in core temperature were observed between conditions ; however , skin temperature was significantly lower immediately after contrast water therapy and contrast showers compared with the passive condition . Overall perceptions of recovery were superior after contrast water therapy and contrast showers compared with passive recovery . The findings indicate contrast water therapy and contrast showers did not accelerate physical recovery in elite netballers after a netball specific circuit ; however , the psychological benefit from both interventions should be considered when determining the suitability of these recovery interventions in team sport Kinugasa , T and Kilding , AE . A comparison of post-match recovery strategies in youth soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 23(5 ) : 1402 - 1407 , 2009-The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 3 post-match recovery modalities on physical performance , physiological measures , and players ' perceptions of recovery after 90-minute soccer match play . On separate days , 28 young ( age : 14.3 ± 0.7 years ) soccer players played 3 soccer matches each r and omly followed by 1 of 3 recovery modalities : ( a ) CONT-cold ( 12 ° C ) water immersion and hot ( 38 ° C ) shower , ( b ) COMB-cold water immersion and active recovery using a cycle ergometer , and ( c ) PASS-a passive post-match routine ( stretching and leg raise )  . Performance ( vertical jump height ) , physiological ( heart rate and tympanic temperature ) , and perceptual measures ( perceived quality of recovery ) were determined before each match , 10 minutes after each match , after each recovery method , and after 24 hours . There was a 0.6 ± 6.7 % drop in immediately after a match , but there was no difference in vertical jump height after 24 hours ( p = 0.997 ) . Perceived quality of recovery immediately after COMB was substantially higher than CONT and PASS , but the effect did not last more than 24 hours . The players perceived lighter legs after COMB , compared with the PASS , at post-24 hours . In conclusion , a combined recovery modality ( cold water immersion and active recovery ) after a soccer match did not have a substantial effect on vertical jump height performance when compared with contrast water immersion and passive recovery alone . However , the observed positive effects on perceived recovery ( higher quality of recovery and lighter legs ) after the combined modality ( cold water immersion and active recovery ) suggest that this approach may be effective for young players after intense soccer match play Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age and spa treatment ( i.e. combined sauna , cold water immersion , and jacuzzi ) on match running performance over two consecutive matches in highly trained young soccer players . Fifteen pre- ( age 12.8 ± 0.6 years ) and 13 post- ( 15.9 ± 1 y ) peak height velocity ( PHV ) players played two matches ( Matches 1 and 2 ) within 48 h against the same opposition , with no specific between-match recovery intervention ( control ) . Five post-PHV players also completed another set of two consecutive matches , with spa treatment implemented after the first match . Match running performance was assessed using a global positioning system with very-high-intensity running ( > 16.1–19.0 km · h–1 ) , sprinting distance ( > 19 km · h−1 ) , and peak match speed determined . Match 2 very-high-intensity running was “ possibly ” impaired in post-PHV players ( –9 ± 33 % ; ± 90 % confidence limits ) , whereas it was “ very likely ” improved for the pre-PHV players ( + 27 ± 22 % ) . The spa treatment had a beneficial impact on Match 2 running performance , with a “ likely ” rating for sprinting distance ( + 30 ± 67 % ) and “ almost certain ” for peak match speed ( + 6.4 ± 3 % ) . The results suggest that spa treatment is an effective recovery intervention for post-PHV players , while its value in pre-PHV players is question able This study examined the effects of cold water immersion ( CWI ) on recovery of neuromuscular function following simulated team-sport exercise in the heat . Ten male team-sport athletes performed two sessions of a 2 × 30-min intermittent-sprint exercise ( ISE ) in 32 ° C and 52 % humidity , followed by a 20-min CWI intervention or passive recovery ( CONT ) in a r and omized , crossover design . The ISE involved a 15-m sprint every minute separated by bouts of hard running , jogging and walking . Voluntary and evoked neuromuscular function , ratings of perceived muscle soreness ( MS ) and blood markers for muscle damage were measured pre- and post-exercise , immediately post-recovery , 2-h and 24-h post-recovery . Measures of core temperature ( Tcore ) , heart rate ( HR ) , capillary blood and perceptions of exertion , thermal strain and thirst were also recorded at the aforementioned time points . Post-exercise maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) and activation ( VA ) were reduced in both conditions and remained below pre-exercise values for the 24-h recovery ( P < 0.05 ) . Increased blood markers of muscle damage were observed post-exercise in both conditions and remained elevated for the 24-h recovery period ( P < 0.05 ) . Comparative to CONT , the post-recovery rate of reduction in Tcore , HR and MS was enhanced with CWI whilst increasing MVC and VA ( P < 0.05 ) . In contrast , 24-h post-recovery MVC and activation were significantly higher in CONT compared to CWI ( P = 0.05 ) . Following exercise in the heat , CWI accelerated the reduction in thermal and cardiovascular load , and improved MVC alongside increased central activation immediately and 2-h post-recovery . However , despite improved acute recovery CWI result ed in an attenuated MVC 24-h post-recovery King , M and Duffield , R. The effects of recovery interventions on consecutive days of intermittent sprint exercise . J Strength Cond Res 23(6 ) : 1795 - 1802 , 2009-The purpose of this study was to compare four recovery interventions following simulated team sport , intermittent-sprint exercise on consecutive days . Ten female netball players performed four r and omized sessions of a simulated netball exercise circuit on consecutive days . Each condition consisted of two identical sessions ( Session 1 and 2 ) , with the recovery intervention implemented at the completion of Session 1 . Participants performed all interventions involving : passive recovery , active recovery ( ACT ) , cold water immersion ( CWI ) and contrast water therapy ( CTWT ) . No significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) were evident between conditions for exercise performance ( vertical jump , 20-m sprint , 10-m sprint , total circuit time ) during Session 2 . Effect size data indicated trends for an ameliorated decline in 5 × 20-m sprints and vertical jump for CTWT and CWI , respectively . CTWT demonstrated a significant reduction ( p = 0.04 ) in lactate post-intervention compared to ACT recovery . Further , ACT recovery result ed in a significantly elevated ( p < 0.01 ) heart rate compared to all other conditions postintervention and demonstrated significantly higher ( p < 0.01 ) rating of perceived exertion postintervention and muscle soreness pre-exercise Session 2 . It is likely that while interventions may be applicable to team sport practice s , the 24-hour recovery period between exercise bouts was sufficient to 
    Output:
    
The CWI  was beneficial for neuromuscular recovery 24 hours following team sport , whereas CWT was not beneficial for recovery following team sport .
In addition , when evaluating accumulated sprinting , CWI was not beneficial for recovery following team sports .
In evaluating subjective measures , both CWI ( 72 hours ) and CWT ( 24 hours ) were beneficial for recovery of perceptions of fatigue , following team sport .
However neither CWI nor CWT was beneficial for recovery , of perceptions of muscle soreness , following team sport