***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Approximately 20 % of children experience internalizing or externalizing DSM-IV-TR disorders . This prevalence rate can not be reduced through treatment only . Effective preventive interventions are therefore urgently needed . The aim of the current investigation is to evaluate the two-year efficacy of the group Triple P parenting program administered universally for the prevention of child behavior problems . Methods Based on their respective preschool , N = 280 families were r and omly assigned either to the parent training or to the control group . The efficacy was analyzed using multi- source assessment s , including question naires by mother and father , behavioral observation of mother-child interaction , and teacher evaluations . Results At the 2-year follow-up , both parents in the Triple P intervention reported significant reductions in dysfunctional parenting behavior , and mothers also an increase in positive parenting behavior . In addition , mothers reported significant reductions in internalizing and externalizing child behavior .  Single-parent mothers in the Triple P intervention did not report significant changes in parenting or child problem behavior which is primarily due to inexplicable high positive effects in single parent mothers of the control group . Neither mother-child interactions nor teacher ratings yielded significant results . Conclusions The results support the long-term efficacy of the Triple P - group program as a universal prevention intervention for changing parenting behavior in two-parent households , but not necessarily in single-parent mothers The efficacy of group parent training was assessed in improving compliance and time on task in preschoolers with attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity . Positive effects were obtained on measures of child compliance , but not on measures of attention . Parental compliance-management skills and overall style of interaction were also positively affected . The use of parent training for early intervention with ADDH children is discussed OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of the Webster-Stratton parenting program on the parenting skills of maltreating mothers and on the autonomy of their children ( 3 - 8 years ) . METHOD A r and omized controlled trial was used . Twenty-six maltreating families were r and omly assigned to one of two conditions : the 16-hour weekly intervention group , or the 4-month wait list control group . Pre- and post-intervention independent assessment s included a 2-hour home visit involving videotaped mother-child interactions during two prescribed , 10-minute play activities . RESULTS Compared to the control group , treatment mothers demonstrated significant improvement in involvement and marginally significant improvement in autonomy-support , but no improvement in structure . Treatment group children showed no significant improvement in autonomy when compared to control group children . CONCLUSIONS This parenting program proved effective with maltreating parents . The lack of demonstrated effect on children may reflect the need for a larger and more sustained treatment dose and /or the need to include parent-child interaction opportunities in the program . At the same time , while treatment gains were limited to the parent , the high treatment adherence rate ( 92 % attended six or more of the eight program sessions ) and low attrition rate ( n=1 ) indicate that the treatment gains may hold potential for more thorough examination The long-term effect of two parent training programs for conduct problem preschoolers is reported . Families of 54 behaviorally disturbed preschool-aged children were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment conditions : st and ard Parent – Child Interaction Therapy ( STD ) , an abbreviated form of PCIT ( ABB ) , and a no-treatment waitlist control group ( WL ) . Of the families who completed treatment ( STD and ABB ) , data were collected on 97 % and 94 % of families at 1- and 2-year follow-up , respectively . Follow-up assessment of parent report and independent observations indicated that treatment gains were largely maintained for both treatment conditions with little difference between the two treatments . The findings suggest that an abbreviated form of PCIT has long-term benefits for families with young children displaying early conduct problems Objective To present the design , methods , and rationale of the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study ( CAMS ) , a recently completed federally-funded , multi-site , r and omized placebo-controlled trial that examined the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy ( CBT ) , sertraline ( SRT ) , and their combination ( COMB ) against pill placebo ( PBO ) for the treatment of separation anxiety disorder ( SAD ) , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) and social phobia ( SoP ) in children and adolescents . Methods Following a brief review of the acute outcomes of the CAMS trial , as well as the psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment literature for pediatric anxiety disorders , the design and methods of the CAMS trial are described . Results CAMS was a six-year , six-site , r and omized controlled trial . Four hundred eighty-eight ( N = 488 ) children and adolescents ( ages 7 - 17 years ) with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of SAD , GAD , or SoP were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment conditions : CBT , SRT , COMB , or PBO . Assessment s of anxiety symptoms , safety , and functional outcomes , as well as putative mediators and moderators of treatment response were completed in a multi-measure , multi-informant fashion . Manual-based therapies , trained clinicians and independent evaluators were used to ensure treatment and assessment fidelity . A multi-layered administrative structure with representation from all sites facilitated cross-site coordination of the entire trial , study protocol s and quality assurance . Conclusions CAMS offers a model for clinical trials methods applicable to psychosocial and psychopharmacological comparative treatment trials by using state-of-the-art methods and rigorous cross-site quality controls . CAMS also provided a large-scale examination of the relative and combined efficacy and safety of the best evidence d-based psychosocial ( CBT ) and pharmacologic ( SSRI ) treatments to date for the most commonly occurring pediatric anxiety disorders . Primary and secondary results of CAMS will hold important implication s for informing practice -relevant decisions regarding the initial treatment of youth with anxiety disorders . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00052078 BACKGROUND Despite a wealth of evidence showing that behavioural family intervention is an effective intervention for parents of children with behavioural and emotional problems , little attention has been given to the relationship between parents functioning at work and their capacity to manage parenting and other home responsibilities . This study evaluated the effects of a group version of the Triple-P Positive Parenting Program ( WPTP ) design ed specifically for delivery in the workplace . METHOD Participants were 42 general and academic staff from a major metropolitan university who were reporting difficulties managing home and work responsibilities and behavioural difficulties with their children . Participants were r and omly assigned to WPTP , or to a waitlist control ( WL ) condition . RESULTS Following intervention , parents in WPTP reported significantly lower levels of disruptive child behaviour , dysfunctional parenting practice s , and higher levels of parental self-efficacy in managing both home and work responsibilities , than parents in the WL condition . These short-term improvements were maintained at 4-months follow-up . There were also additional improvements in reported levels of work stress and parental distress at follow-up in the WPTP group compared to post-intervention . CONCLUSIONS Implication s for the development of ' family-friendly ' work environments and the prevention of child behaviour problems are discussed BACKGROUND There is a pressing need for cost-effective population -based interventions to tackle early-onset antisocial behaviour . As this is determined by many factors , it would seem logical to devise interventions that address several influences while using an efficient means of delivery . The aim of this trial was to change four risk factors that predict poor outcome : ineffective parenting , conduct problems , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptoms , and low reading ability . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial was carried out in eight schools in London , Engl and . Nine hundred and thirty-six ( 936 ) 6-year-old children were screened for antisocial behaviour , then parents of 112 high scorers were r and omised to parenting groups held in schools or control ; 109 were followed up a year later . The intervention lasted 28 weeks and was novel as it had components to address both child behaviour ( through the Incredible Years programme ) and child literacy ( through a new ' SPOKES ' programme to help parents read with their children ) . Fidelity of implementation was emphasised by careful training of therapists and weekly supervision . Controls received an information helpline . Assessment of conduct problems was by parent interview , parenting by direct observation and child reading by psychometric testing . RESULTS At follow-up parents allocated to the intervention used play , praise and rewards , and time out more often than controls , and harsh discipline less ; effect sizes ranged from .31 to .59 sd ( p-values .046 to .005 ) . Compared to control children , whose behaviour did n't change , intervention children 's conduct problems reduced by .52sd , ( p < .001 ) , dropping from the 80th to the 61st percentile ; oppositional-defiant disorder ( ODD ) halved from 60 % to 31 % ( p = .003 ) . ADHD symptoms reduced by .44sd ( p = .002 ) , and reading age improved by six months ( .36sd , p = .027 ) . Teacher-rated behaviour did n't change . The programme cost pound2,380 ( $ 3,800 ) per child . CONCLUSIONS Effective population -based early intervention to improve the functioning of with antisocial behaviour is practically feasible by targeting multiple risk factors and emphasising implementation fidelity BACKGROUND Controlling , uninvolved , and rejecting parenting in early childhood are strong predictors of later disruptive behavior disorders . However , there have been no evaluations of non-targeted groups for parents of very young children , despite their potential advantages . METHODS We r and omly assigned 79 mothers of 12- to 36-month-olds to an 8-session parent training program ( called ' COPEing with Toddler Behaviour ' ) or to a waiting list control condition . We investigated the immediate and short-term impact on  parent-reported child behavior problems , observed parent-child interaction , and self-reported parenting behavior and parent functioning . RESULTS In an intent-to-treat design , the program yielded significant effects on child behavior problems , positive parent-child interaction , and parental overreactivity and depression but not observed negative child behavior or parental laxness . Most effects were significant at both post-test and 1-month follow-up and effects sizes were small to medium for the intervention group and inverse to small for the control group . CONCLUSIONS The potential of the program to prevent later behavior problems is supported by improvements in six of the eight outcomes . As part of a community strategy , groups such as COPEing with Toddler Behaviour may promote positive parent-child interaction and children 's mental health The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-component intervention for biological and foster parent ( pairs )  to improve parenting practice s , co-parenting , and child externalizing problems .  Participants were biological and foster parents ( N=128 ) of primarily neglected children ( ages 3 to 10 years ) placed in regular foster homes . Biological and foster parents were r and omly assigned in pairs to the intervention ( n=80 ) or a usual care ( n=48 ) condition . Intervention families received a 12-week parenting course ( Incredible Years ) and a newly developed co-parenting component . Key findings included significant gains in positive parenting and collaborative co-parenting for both biological and foster parents at the end of the intervention . At follow-up , intervention parents sustained greater improvement in positive parenting , showed gains in clear expectations , and reported a trend for fewer child externalizing problems . Findings supported the feasibility of offering joint parenting training to meet the needs of participating families and demonstrated that the co-parenting construct applied to families in the foster care system was amenable to intervention This paper examined the effects of a parenting intervention targeting working parents called Workplace Triple P. The intervention targeted both parenting and work factors , focusing on key transition times ( e.g. , from home to work ) and trained parents to more effectively manage these transitions . One-hundred- and -twenty-one working parents with children ranging in age from 1 - 16 years were r and omly assigned to either a Workplace Triple P condition ( WPTP ) or to a waitlist control condition ( WLC ) . Results showed that parents who had received the intervention reported significantly lower levels on measures of personal distress and dysfunctional parenting ; and higher levels of work commitment , work satisfaction , and self-efficacy . Implication s for the delivery of parenting interventions as employee assistance programs are discussed along with how such interventions can enhance work and family life A pilot trial provided some evidence that the Triple P Positive Parenting Program is effective with and acceptable to a Japanese population in Australia ( Matsumoto , Sofronoff , & S and ers , 2007 ) . This effectiveness study aim ed to address theoretical and practical concerns related to the parent training program in community setting s in Japan . The research used community re sources within an ecological framework . Fifty-four Japanese families living in a Tokyo metropolitan area were r and omly assigned to either a treatment or a wait-list control group .  Program effects and acceptability were examined and then compared with the outcomes from the trial with Japanese parents living in Australia . The results showed significant program effects and high levels of acceptability of the program and core parenting skills , which was consistent with the pilot trial . The findings provided support for the effectiveness and sociocultural validation of Triple P in Japanese society . Intervention effects and program acceptability as well as limitations and future research are discussed Aims : To assess the effectiveness of a parenting programme , delivered by health visitors in primary care , in improving the mental health of children and their parents  among a representative general practice population . Methods : Parents of children aged 2–8 years who scored in the upper 50 % on a behaviour inventory were r and omised to the Webster-Stratton 10 week parenting programme delivered by trained health visitors , or no intervention . Main outcome measures were the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory and the Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Question naire to 
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We were unable to combine data for other outcomes and individual study results were inconclusive in terms of any effect on depressive symptoms , confidence or partner satisfaction .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review support the use of parenting programmes to improve the short-term psychosocial wellbeing of parents .