***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES : Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) , especially Crohn 's disease ( CD ) , probably results from failure to downregulate a chronic Th1 intestinal inflammatory process . Induction of a Th2 immune response by intestinal helminths diminishes Th1 responsiveness . This study evaluates the safety and effectiveness of helminthic ova in the treatment of active IBD . METHODS : We studied four patients with active CD and three with ulcerative colitis ( UC ) . In an initial treatment and observation period , a single dose of 2500 live Trichuris suis eggs was given orally , and patients were followed every 2 wk for 12 wk . Baseline medications were continued at the same dose throughout the study . Safety was monitored by following the patients ' clinical status and laboratory studies at regular intervals . Patients also were monitored regularly using the Crohn 's Disease Activity Index , Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index ( SCCAI ) , and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Quality of Life Index ( IBDQ ) . To assess safety and efficacy with repetitive doses , two patients with CD and two with UC were given 2500 ova at 3-wk intervals as maintenance treatment using the same evaluation parameters . RESULTS : During the treatment and observation period , all patients improved clinical ly without any adverse clinical events or laboratory abnormalities . Three of the four patients with CD entered remission according to the Crohn 's Disease Activity Index ; the fourth patient experienced a clinical response ( reduction of 151 ) but did not achieve remission . Patients with UC experienced a reduction of the Clinical Colitis Activity Index to 57 % of baseline . According to the IBD Quality of Life Index , six of seven patients ( 86 % ) achieved remission . The benefit derived from the initial dose was temporary . In the maintenance period , multiple doses again caused no adverse effects and sustained clinical improvement in all patients treated every 3 wk for > 28 wk . CONCLUSION : This open trial demonstrates that it is safe to administer eggs from the porcine whipworm , Trichuris suis , to patients with CD and UC . It also demonstrates improvement in the common clinical indices used to describe disease activity . The benefit was temporary in some patients with a single dose , but it could be prolonged with maintenance therapy every 3 wk . The study suggests that it is possible to downregulate aberrant intestinal inflammation in humans with helminths BACKGROUND In the past 20 - 30 years , there has been an increase in prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases , particularly amongst children . This study is a prospect i ve analysis of the postnatal maturation of T-helper cell ( Th ) responses to aeroallergens in atopic and non-atopic infants . METHODS We measured mononuclear-cell proliferative and cytokine responses to specific allergens and tetanus toxoid in blood sample s from atopic and non-atopic infants every 6 months from birth to 2 years of age . Cytokine analyses of responses to housedust-mite allergen used ELISA and reverse-transcriptase PCR . We also measured responses to Fel d1 ( cat allergen ) and tetanus toxoid . FINDINGS Sample s from 18 atopic and 13 non-atopic infants showed low-level Th2-skewed allergen-specific responses at birth , with little accompanying specific interferon-gamma production . Neonatal Th2 responses were lower in the atopic group than in the non-atopic group ; the differences were significant for interleukin-4 ( mRNA : beta-actin ratio 0.48 [ SE 0.15 ] vs 0.15 [ 0.06 ] , p=0.049 ) , interleukin-6 ( 4750 [ 48 ] vs 1352 [ 51 ] pg/mL culture fluid , p=0.003 ) , interleukin-10 ( 1162 [ 228 ] vs 485 [ 89 ] , p=0.015 ) , and interleukin-13 ( 7.1 [ 0.9 ] vs 0.9 [ 0.3 ] , p=0.008 ) . There was rapid suppression of Th2 responses during the first year of life in non-atopic children , but there was consolidation of responses in atopic children , associated with defective neonatal interferon-gamma production . INTERPRETATION The continuation of fetal allergen-specific Th2 responses during infancy is a defining feature of the inductive phase of atopic disease , and is associated with decreased capacity for production of the Th1 cytokine interferon y by atopic neonates . These findings provide a plausible mechanism for persistence of the fetal Th2 responses during early childhood in atopic individuals and subsequent expression of disease We determined the effect of inhaled corticosteroid , budesonide , on the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine , interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) , and of pro-inflammatory cytokines , macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha ( MIP-1alpha ) , interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) , and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( GM-CSF ) , from blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages of mild asthmatic subjects in a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled study . Budesonide reduced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and improved baseline FEV1 . Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage performed at the end of each treatment phase . IL-10 from blood monocytes was not altered , but both IL-10 mRNA and protein expression from alveolar macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and IL-1beta were increased after corticosteroid therapy . By contrast , alveolar macrophages released significantly less MIP-1alpha , IFN-gamma , and GM-CSF after steroid treatment . In comparison to alveolar macrophages from normal nonasthmatic volunteers , those from asthmatic patients released more MIP-1alpha , IFN-gamma , and GM-CSF but lower amounts of IL-10 particularly at baseline and after IL-1beta stimulation . The ability of steroids to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines but to enhance the anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 may contribute to their beneficial actions in asthma . Asthma is characterized by alveolar macrophages exhibiting both an enhanced capacity to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and a reduced capacity to produce IL-10 BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin 10 ( IL-10 ) is a cytokine with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities . Gene-targeted IL-10-deficient mice develop a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease that is reminiscent of Crohn 's disease . The present double-blind r and omized multicenter trial was design ed to evaluate the safety , tolerance , and pharmacokinetics of IL-10 in Crohn 's disease . METHODS Forty-six patients with active steroid-resistant Crohn 's disease were treated with one of five doses of recombinant human IL-10 ( 0.5 , 1 , 5 , 10 , or 25 micrograms/kg ) or placebo administered once daily by intravenous bolus injection over 7 consecutive days . RESULTS Treatment was safe and well tolerated , and no evidence for IL-10 accumulation was observed at the end of the treatment period . At the end of the study , Crohn 's disease activity scores were 179 in IL-10-treated patients and 226 in patients receiving placebo . The proportion of patients that experienced a complete remission at any time in the 3-week follow-up period was 50 % in the IL-10 group and 23 % in placebo-treated patients . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that IL-10 administered as a daily bolus injection over 1 week is safe and well tolerated and may be clinical ly efficacious BACKGROUND Immunotherapy involves the modulation of allergen-specific T-cell responses , either T(H)2-to-T(H)1 immune deviation or , in bee venom-treated patients , induction of IL-10 production by CD4+CD25 + T cells . IL-10-producing CD4+CD25 + regulatory T cells have emerged as potential mediators of immune tolerance in numerous murine models of immunopathology . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-10 production and CD4+CD25 + T cells in the response to grass pollen immunotherapy . METHODS P BMC s were isolated from patients after 1 year of grass pollen immunotherapy  and from matched untreated atopic and healthy control subjects . After 6 days of in vitro stimulation with Phleum pratense , production of IL-10 , IL-5 , IL-4 , and IFN-gamma and proliferation and numbers of CD4+CD25 + T cells were measured . T cells were then stimulated for a further 5 hours with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin and assessed for intracellular IL-10 by means of flow cytometry . RESULTS Patients undergoing immunotherapy produced significantly more IL-10 than atopic control subjects ( patients undergoing immunotherapy , 116 + /- 21 pg/mL [ n = 11 ] ; atopic patients , 30 + /- 5 pg/mL [ n = 11 ] ; P < .001 ) , and the number of CD4+CD25 + cells identified after allergen stimulation was also greater in the immunotherapy group . The numbers of CD4+CD25 + T cells correlated positively with activation as measured by proliferation in both of the control groups but not in the immunotherapy group . Moreover , only T cells from patients undergoing immunotherapy were positive for intracellular IL-10 , and these were almost exclusively CD4+CD25 + cells . CONCLUSION Grass pollen immunotherapy results in a population of circulating T cells that express the IL-10(+ ) CD4+CD25 + phenotype in response to allergen restimulation OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and clinical effects of interleukin 10 ( IL-10 ) treatment of psoriasis . DESIGN AND METHODS In an open-label phase 2 trial , 10 patients with psoriasis subcutaneously received recombinant human IL-10 over a 7-week period in a dosage of 8 microg/kg daily ( n=5 ) or 20 microg/kg 3 times per week ( n=5 ) . Patients were followed up for an additional 5 weeks . RESULTS The treatment was well tolerated . Antipsoriatic effects were found in all but 1 patient . A significant decrease of the psoriasis area and severity index by 55.3 % + /- 11.5 % ( mean + /- SEM ) was observed ( P<.02 ) . The antipsoriatic efficiency was confirmed by histological examination . Heterogeneity in the effectiveness was found among the patients , but seems to be independent of the dosage regimen . However , a tendency to a better response was found in the patients who received 20-microg/kg IL-10 3 times per week . Decreasing response in the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction against recall antigens indicated immunosuppressive effects . Moderate effects on hematopoietic cells were observed . CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IL-10 therapy for psoriasis is safe and possibly clinical ly effective . Consequently , its value in psoriasis and similar immune diseases should be further determined . Dose-finding , placebo-controlled , double-blind trials are necessary now BACKGROUND To study the epidemiology of  childhood-onset type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes  in Europe , the EURODIAB collaborative group established in 1988 prospect i ve geographically-defined registers of new cases diagnosed under 15 years of age . This report is based on 16 362 cases registered during the period 1989 - 94 by 44 centres representing most European countries and Israel and covering a population of about 28 million children . METHODS Multiple sources of ascertainment were used in most centres to vali date the completeness of registration by the capture-recapture method . Trends in incidence during the period were analysed by Poisson regression , the data from centres within each country being pooled . FINDINGS The st and ardised average annual incidence rate during the period 1989 - 94 ranged from 3.2 cases per 100000 per year in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 40.2 cases per 100000 per year in two regions of Finl and . By pooling over all centres , the annual rate of increase in incidence was 3.4 % ( 95 % CI 2.5 - 4.4 % ) , but in some central European countries it was more rapid than this . Pooled over centres and sexes , the rates of increase were 6.3 % ( 4.1 - 8.5 % ) for children aged 0 - 4 years , 3.1 % ( 1.5 - 4.8 % ) for 5 - 9 years , and 2.4 % ( 1.0 - 3.8 % ) for 10 - 14 years . INTERPRETATION The results confirm a very wide range of incidence rates within Europe and show that the increase in incidence during the period varied from country to country . The rapid rate of increase in children aged under 5 years  is of particular concern BACKGROUND Why asthma is rare in rural subsistence societies is not clear . We tested the hypotheses that the risk of asthma is reduced by intestinal parasites or hepatitis A infection , and increased by exposure to dust-mite allergen or organophosphorus insecticides in 
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suggest that these helminths can inhibit the responsiveness to skin allergy testing and minimize asthma symptoms .
Evidence provided by in vitro studies suggests that helminthiases inhibit T helper 1- and T helper 2-type immune responses .
This opens new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of immune system diseases