***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND This is the first study to examine predictors of successful cessation in African American ( AA ) light smokers treated within a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion . METHODS We analyzed data from a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of bupropion and health education for 540 African American light smokers . African American light smokers ( ≤10 cigarettes per day , cpd ) were r and omly assigned to receive 150 mg bid bupropion SR ( n=270 ) or placebo ( n=270 ) for 7weeks . All participants received health education counseling at weeks 0 , 1 , 3 , 5 and 7 . Using chi-square tests , two sample t-tests , and multiple logistic regression analyses , we examined baseline psychosocial and smoking characteristics as predictors of cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence among study participants at the end treatment ( Week 7 ) and at the end of follow-up ( Week 26 ) . RESULTS Participants who received bupropion were significantly more likely to quit smoking compared to those who received placebo ( OR=2.72 , 95 % CI=1.60 - 4.62 , P=0.0002 ) . Greater study session attendance ( OR=2.47 , 95 % CI=1.76 - 3.46 , P=0.0001 ) , and smoking non-menthol cigarettes increased the likelihood of quitting ( OR=1.84 , 95 % CI=1.01 - 3.36 , P=0.05 ) ; while longer years of smoking ( OR=0.98 , 95 % CI=0.96 - 1.00 , P=0.05 ) and higher baseline cotinine ( OR=0.97 , 95 % CI=0.95 - 0.99 , P=0.002 ) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 7 . Conversely , at the end of follow-up ( Week 26 ) , treatment with bupropion vs. placebo ( OR=1.14 , 95 % CI=0.65 - 2.02 , P=0.64 ) was not significantly associated with quitting and type of cigarette smoked ( menthol vs. non-menthol ) did not appear in the final logistic regression model . Greater study session attendance ( OR=1.96 , 95 % CI=1.44 - 2.66 , P=0.0001 ) ; BMI ( OR=1.03 , 95 % CI=1.00 - 1.07 , P=0.04 ) ; and weight efficacy ( OR=1.03 , 95 % CI=1.01 - 1.05 , P=0.01 ) increased the likelihood of quitting at Week 26 . Similar to our findings at Week 7 , longer years of smoking ( OR=0.96 , 95 % CI=0.94 - 0.99 , P=0.01 ) and higher baseline cotinine ( OR=0.97 , 95 % CI=0.95 - 0.99 , P=0.02 ) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 26 . CONCLUSIONS Baseline cotinine levels , number of years smoked and study session attendance are associated with both short- and long-term smoking cessation , while bupropion and the type of cigarette smoked were associated with quitting on short term only Menthol may make cigarettes more addictive and rates of menthol cigarette smoking are disproportionately higher among Black . However , few studies have examined the association between menthol cigarette smoking and cessation , and the studies to date have produced conflicting findings . The present study examines the effect of menthol cigarette smoking on cessation among a multi-ethnic sample of smokers making a pharmacotherapy-aided quit attempt . We hypothesized that menthol cigarette smoking would be associated with lower smoking abstinence rates and conducted a secondary analysis of data from a multi-site r and omized controlled trial of an intervention design ed to facilitate repeat tobacco cessation treatment ( N = 1,343 ) . The intervention consisted of a patient phone call and a computerized provider prompt . The primary outcome for this analysis was 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence .  The average age of the sample was 56 years old . Overall , 25 % of the sample smoked menthol cigarettes : 19 % of Whites , 62 % of Blacks , and 25 % of other ethnicity ( p<.001 ) . We observed no significant effects for  menthol cigarette smoking or ethnicity on smoking abstinence rates . In conclusion , combined with findings from previous research , this study suggests that smoking menthol cigarettes does not decrease smoking cessation  among older smokers during a quit attempt aided with pharmacotherapy AIMS To assess the relations of menthol cigarette use with measures of cessation success in a large comparative effectiveness trial ( CET ) . DESIGN Participants were r and omized to one of six  medication treatment conditions in a r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial . All participants received six individual counseling sessions . SETTING Community-based smokers in two communities in Wisconsin , USA . PARTICIPANTS A total of 1504 adult smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day during the past 6 months and reported being motivated to quit smoking . The analysis sample comprised 1439 participants : 814 white non-menthol smokers , 439 white menthol smokers and 186 African American ( AA ) menthol smokers . There were too few AA non-menthol smokers ( n = 16 ) to be included in the analyses . INTERVENTIONS Nicotine lozenge , nicotine patch , bupropion sustained release , nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge , bupropion + nicotine lozenge and placebo . MEASUREMENTS Biochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence assessed at 4 , 8 and 26 weeks post-quit . FINDINGS In longitudinal abstinence analyses ( generalized estimating equations ) controlling for cessation treatment , menthol smoking was associated with reduced likelihood of smoking cessation success relative to non-menthol smoking [ model-based estimates of abstinence = 31 versus 38 % , respectively ; odds ratio ( OR ) = 0.71 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.59 , 0.86 ] . In addition , among menthol smokers , AA women were at especially high risk of cessation failure relative to white women ( estimated abstinence = 17 versus 35 % , respectively ; OR = 2.63 , 95 % CI = 1.75 , 3.96 ; estimated abstinence rates for AA males and white males were both 30 % , OR = 1.06 , 95 % CI = 0.60 , 1.66 ) . CONCLUSION In the United States , smoking menthol cigarettes appears to be associated with reduced cessation success compared with non-menthol smoking , especially in African American females Objectives : As part of efforts to develop a smoking control strategy for Japanese adolescents , the results of two nationwide surveys on adolescent smoking behaviour were compared . Design : Descriptive study on smoking behaviour among high school students was conducted . Self-reporting anonymous question naires were administered to 115 814 students in 1996 and 106 297 in 2000 through r and omly sample d junior and senior high schools throughout Japan . Main outcome measures : Smoking prevalence , proportion of smokers by usual sources of cigarettes , national estimated cigarettes consumed by minors , share of cigarette br and s smoked by high school students . Results : The experiment rate among junior high school boys decreased in 2000 compared with that in 1996 , whereas current and daily smoking rates did not . Although prevalence among Japanese girls was much lower than that among boys , prevalence among girls increased in 2000 . The main source of cigarettes among high school smokers was vending machines . The proportion of smokers who usually purchased cigarettes from vending machines increased in 2000 , in spite of the 1998 introduction of restrictions on night-time operations . Japanese adolescents were more likely than adults to smoke American cigarette br and s , and the adolescent market share of American br and s has increased rapidly , especially for menthol br and s. Conclusions : This survey revealed the seriousness of the problem of smoking behaviour among Japanese high school students , and suggested that this behaviour may be influenced by social environmental factors , including the marketing strategies of the tobacco industry . Action should be taken to reduce the prevalence and impact of pro-tobacco marketing messages and to abolish cigarette vending machines BACKGROUND Menthol cigarettes account for 25 % of the market in the U.S. The Food and Drug Administration currently is considering regulatory action on tobacco products , including a ban on menthol cigarettes . With 39 % of menthol smokers reporting that they would quit smoking if menthol cigarettes were banned , there is a need to better underst and whether existing cessation programs , such as quitlines , are serving menthol smokers . PURPOSE This study compared baseline characteristics and cessation outcomes of  menthol and nonmenthol smokers who were seeking treatment through a quitline . METHODS Data were collected between September 2009 and July 2011 on 6257 participants . A r and om sample of eligible participants who registered for services between March 2010 and February 2011 was contacted for a follow-up survey 7 months post- registration ( n=1147 ) . Data were analyzed in 2011 . RESULTS Among participants , 18.7 % of smokers reported using menthol cigarettes . Menthol smokers were more likely to be female , younger , African-American , and have less than a high school education . Menthol smokers who called the quitline were slightly less likely to enroll in services than nonmenthol smokers ( 92.2 % vs 94.8 % , p<0.001 ) . However , for those that did enroll , there were no significant differences in self-reported intent-to-treat 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates between menthol and nonmenthol smokers ( 17.3 % vs 13.8 % , p=0.191 ) . CONCLUSIONS Quitlines appear to be adequately serving menthol smokers who call for help . Cessation outcomes for menthol smokers are comparable to nonmenthol smokers . However , if a menthol ban motivates many menthol smokers to quit , quitlines may have to increase their capacity to meet the increase in dem and BACKGROUND African American smokers are more likely to experience  tobacco-related morbidity and mortality than European American smokers , and higher rates of menthol cigarette smoking may contribute to these disparities . METHODS We prospect ively measured cumulative exposure to menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes and smoking cessation behavior ( 1985 - 2000 ) , coronary calcification ( 2000 ) , and 10-year change in pulmonary function ( 1985 - 1995 ) in African American and European American smokers recruited in 1985 for the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study . RESULTS We identified 1535 smokers in 1985 ( 972 menthol and 563 nonmenthol ) ; 89 % of African Americans preferred menthol vs 29 % of European Americans ( P<.001 ) . After adjustment for ethnicity , demographics , and social factors , we found nonsignificant trends in menthol smokers toward lower cessation ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 0.71 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.49 - 1.02 ; P = .06 ) and recent quit attempt ( OR , 0.77 ; 95 % CI , 0.56 - 1.06 ; P = .11 ) rates and a significant increase in the risk of relapse ( OR , 1.89 ; 95 % CI , 1.17 - 3.05 ; P = .009 ) . Per pack-year of exposure , however , we found no differences from menthol in tobacco-related coronary calcification ( adjusted OR , 1.27 ; 95 % CI , 1.01 - 1.60 for menthol cigarettes and 1.33 ; 95 % CI , 1.06 - 1.68 for nonmenthol cigarettes per 10-pack-year increase ; P = .75 for comparison ) or 10-year pulmonary function decline ( adjusted excess decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second , 84 mL ; 95 % CI , 32 - 137 for menthol cigarettes and 80 mL ; 95 % CI , 30 - 129 for nonmenthol cigarettes , per 10-pack-year increase ; P = .88 for comparison ) . CONCLUSION Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes seem to be equally harmful per cigarette smoked in terms of atherosclerosis and pulmonary function decline , but menthol cigarettes may be harder to quit smoking BACKGROUND Menthol cigarettes , preferred by African American smokers , have been conjectured to be harder to quit and to contribute to the excess lung cancer burden among black men in the Unites States . However , data showing an association between smoking menthol cigarettes and increased lung cancer risk compared with smoking nonmenthol cigarettes are limited . 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The strength and consistency of the associations in these studies support that the removal of menthol from cigarettes is likely to reduce youth smoking initiation , improve smoking cessation outcomes in adult smokers , and in turn , benefit public health