***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the effects of an 8-week exercise intervention on aerobic fitness , and roid and gynoid fat mass , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . Twenty-four sedentary participants ( average BMI = 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ; 18 females , 6 males ) were r and omized into either interval training and diet education ( INT group ) , continuous aerobic exercise and diet education ( CON group ) , or diet education only ( DIET group ) . Duration s of exercise sessions were similar ( ∼30 minutes ) , with both exercise groups completing the same amount of work . The INT and CON groups demonstrated significant improvements over time for ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 , ES = 1.1 and 1.2 , respectively ) and time to exhaustion on a grade d exercise test ( p < 0.01 and ES = 0.8 for both groups ) . Further , a large effect size ( 0.7 ) was recorded for the loss in and roid fat mass over time in the INT group only The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of very high intensity sprint interval training ( SIT ) on metabolic and vascular risk factors in overweight/obese sedentary men . Ten men ( age , 32.1 ± 8.7 years ; body mass index , 31.0 ± 3.7 kg m(-2 ) ) participated . After baseline metabolic , anthropometric , and fitness measurements , participants completed a 2-week SIT intervention , comprising 6 sessions of 4 to 6 repeats of 30-second Wingate anaerobic sprints on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer , with 4.5-minute recovery between each repetition . Metabolic , anthropometric , and fitness assessment s were repeated post-intervention . Both maximal oxygen uptake ( 2.98 ± 0.15 vs 3.23 ± 0.14 L min(-1 ) , P = .013 ) and mean Wingate power ( 579 ± 24 vs 600 ± 19 W , P = .040 ) significantly increased after 2 weeks of  SIT . Insulin sensitivity index ( 5.35 ± 0.72 vs 4.34 ± 0.72 , P = .027 ) and resting fat oxidation rate in the fasted state ( 0.13 ± 0.01 vs 0.11 ± 0.01 g min(-1 ) , P = .019 ) were significantly higher and systolic blood pressure ( 121 ± 3 vs 127 ± 3 mm Hg , P = .020 ) and resting carbohydrate oxidation in the fasted state ( 0.03 ± 0.01 vs 0.08 ± 0.02 g min(-1 ) , P = .037 ) were significantly lower 24 hours post-intervention compared with baseline , but these changes were no longer significant 72 hours post-intervention . Significant decreases in waist ( 98.9 ± 3.1 vs 101.3 ± 2.7 cm , P = .004 ) and hip ( 109.8 ± 2.2 vs 110.9 ± 2.2 cm , P = .017 ) circumferences compared with baseline were also observed after the intervention . Thus , 2 weeks of SIT substantially improved a number of metabolic and vascular risk factors in overweight/obese sedentary men , highlighting the potential for this to provide an alternative exercise model for the improvement of vascular and metabolic health in this population Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform OBJECTIVE To compare the response of blood glucose levels to intermittent high-intensity exercise ( IHE ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( MOD ) in individuals with type 1 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seven healthy individuals with type 1 diabetes were tested on two separate occasions , during which either a 30-min MOD or IHE protocol was performed . MOD consisted of continuous exercise at 40 % Vo(2peak ) , while the IHE protocol involved a combination of continuous exercise at 40 % Vo(2peak ) interspersed with 4-s sprints performed every 2 min to simulate the activity patterns of team sports . RESULTS Both exercise protocol s result ed in a decline in blood glucose levels . However , the decline was greater with MOD ( -4.4 + /- 1.2 mmol/l ) compared with IHE ( -2.9 + /- 0.8 mmol/l ; P < 0.05 ) , despite the performance of a greater amount of total work with IHE ( P < 0.05 ) . During 60 min of recovery from exercise , glucose levels remained higher in IHE compared with MOD ( P < 0.05 ) . Furthermore , glucose levels remained stable during recovery from IHE , while they continued to decrease after MOD ( P < 0.05 ) . The stabilization of blood glucose levels with IHE was associated with elevated levels of lactate , catecholamines , and growth hormone during early recovery from exercise ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no differences in free insulin , glucagon , cortisol , or free fatty acids between MOD and IHE . CONCLUSIONS The decline in blood glucose levels is less with IHE compared with MOD during both exercise and recovery in individuals with type 1 diabetes Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies Aims : Exercise is recommended as prevention , management , and control of all stages of hypertension . There are still controversies about the optimal training dose , frequency , and intensity . We aim ed to study the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure and myocardial function in hypertensive patients . Methods and results : A total of 88 patients ( 52.0 ± 7.8 years , 39 women ) with essential hypertension were r and omized to aerobic interval training ( AIT ) ( > 90 % of maximal heart rate , correlates to 85–90 % of VO2max ) , isocaloric moderate intensity continuous training ( MIT ) ( ∼70 % of maximal heart rate , 60 % of VO2max ) , or a control group . Exercise was performed on a treadmill , three times per week for 12 weeks . Ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure ( ABP ) was the primary endpoint . Secondary endpoints included maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , mean heart rate/24 hour , flow mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , total peripheral resistance ( TPR ) , and myocardial systolic and diastolic function by echocardiography . Systolic ABP was reduced by 12 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 4.5 mmHg ( p = 0.05 ) in MIT . Diastolic ABP was reduced by 8 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 3.5 mmHg ( p = 0.02 ) in MIT . VO2max improved by 15 % ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 5 % ( p < 0.01 ) in MIT . Systolic myocardial function improved in both exercise groups , diastolic function in the AIT group only . TPR reduction and increased FMD were only observed in the AIT group . Conclusions : This study indicates that the blood pressure reducing effect of exercise in essential hypertension is intensity dependent . Aerobic interval training is an effective method to lower blood pressure and improve other cardiovascular risk factors Musa , DI , Adeniran , SA , Dikko , AU , and Sayers , SP . The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men . J Strength Cond Res 23(2 ) : 587 - 592 , 2009-This study examined the impact of an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , and the atherogenic index ( TC/HDL-C ) in 36 untrained men ages 21 - 36 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to an interval training group ( n = 20 ) or a control group ( n = 16 ) . Participants in the experimental group performed 3.2 km of interval running ( 1:1 work : rest ratio ) 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 90 % of maximal heart rate ( ∼423 kcal per session ) . Results indicated significant pre- to posttraining changes in HDL-C ( 1.1 vs. 1.3 mmol·L−1 , p < 0.0001 ) and TC/HDL-C ( 3.8 vs. 3.1 , p < 0.0001 ) but no significant changes in TC ( 3.9 vs. 3.8 mmol·L−1 , p > 0.05 ) with interval training . It was concluded that an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training is effective in eliciting favorable changes in HDL-C and TC/HDL-C but not TC in young adult men with normal TC levels . Our findings support the recommendations of high-intensity interval training as an alternative mode of exercise to improve blood lipid profiles for individuals with acceptable physical fitness levels Low-volume sprint interval training ( SIT ) , or repeated sessions of brief , intense intermittent exercise , elicits metabolic adaptations that resemble traditional high-volume endurance training ( ET ) . The effects of these different forms of exercise training on vascular structure and function remain largely unexplored . To test the hypothesis that SIT and ET would similarly improve peripheral 
    Output:
    
Short-term ( ST ) HIIT ( < 12 weeks ) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 max ; SMD 0.74 , 95 % CI 0.36 to 1.12 ; p<0.001 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ; SMD −0.52 , 95 % CI −0.89 to −0.16 ; p<0.01 ) and fasting glucose ( SMD −0.35 , 95 % CI −0.62 to −0.09 ; p<0.01 ) in overweight/obese population s. Long-term ( LT ) HIIT ( ≥12 weeks ) significantly improved waist circumference ( SMD −0.20 , 95 % CI −0.38 to −0.01 ; p<0.05 ) , % body fat ( SMD −0.40 , 95 % CI −0.74 to −0.06 ; p<0.05 ) , VO2 max ( SMD 1.20 , 95 % CI 0.57 to 1.83 ; p<0.001 ) , resting heart rate ( SMD −0.33 , 95 % CI −0.56 to −0.09 ; p<0.01 ) , systolic blood pressure ( SMD −0.35 , 95 % CI −0.60 to −0.09 ; p<0.01 ) and DBP ( SMD −0.38 , 95 % CI −0.65 to −0.10 ; p<0.01 ) in overweight/obese population s. HIIT demonstrated no effect on insulin , lipid profile , C reactive protein or interleukin 6 in overweight/obese population s. In normal weight population s , ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT  significantly improved VO2 max , but no other significant effects were observed .
Current evidence suggests that ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT can increase VO2 max and improve some cardiometabolic  risk factors in overweight/obese population