***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Previous , uncontrolled studies have suggested that first-line treatment with gefitinib would be efficacious in selected patients with non-small-cell lung cancer . METHODS In this phase 3 , open-label study , we r and omly assigned previously untreated patients in East Asia who had advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma and who were nonsmokers or former light smokers to receive gefitinib ( 250 mg per day ) ( 609 patients ) or carboplatin ( at a dose calculated to produce an area under the curve of 5 or 6 mg per milliliter per minute ) plus paclitaxel ( 200 mg per square meter of body-surface area ) ( 608 patients ) . The primary end point was progression-free survival . RESULTS The 12-month rates of progression-free survival were 24.9 % with gefitinib and 6.7 % with carboplatin-paclitaxel . The study met its primary objective of showing the noninferiority of gefitinib and also showed its superiority , as compared with carboplatin-paclitaxel , with respect to progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population ( hazard ratio for progression or death , 0.74 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.65 to 0.85 ; P<0.001 ) . In the subgroup of 261 patients who were positive for the epidermal growth factor receptor gene ( EGFR ) mutation , progression-free survival was significantly longer among those who received gefitinib than among those who received carboplatin-paclitaxel ( hazard ratio for progression or death , 0.48 ; 95 % CI , 0.36 to 0.64 ; P<0.001 ) , whereas in the subgroup of 176 patients who were negative for the mutation , progression-free survival was significantly longer among those who received carboplatin-paclitaxel ( hazard ratio for progression or death with gefitinib , 2.85 ; 95 % CI , 2.05 to 3.98 ; P<0.001 ) . The most common adverse events were rash or acne ( in 66.2 % of patients ) and diarrhea ( 46.6 % ) in the gefitinib group and neurotoxic effects ( 69.9 % ) , neutropenia ( 67.1 % ) , and alopecia ( 58.4 % ) in the carboplatin-paclitaxel group . CONCLUSIONS Gefitinib is superior to carboplatin-paclitaxel as an initial treatment for pulmonary adenocarcinoma among nonsmokers or former light smokers in East Asia . The presence in the tumor of a mutation of the EGFR gene is a strong predictor of a better outcome with gefitinib . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00322452 . BACKGROUND The efficacy of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib as compared with st and ard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) is unknown . METHODS We conducted an open-label , phase 3 trial comparing crizotinib with chemotherapy in 343 patients with advanced ALK-positive nonsquamous NSCLC who had received no previous systemic treatment for advanced disease . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive oral crizotinib at a dose of 250 mg twice daily or to receive intravenous chemotherapy ( pemetrexed , 500 mg per square meter of body-surface area , plus either cisplatin , 75 mg per square meter , or carboplatin , target area under the curve of 5 to 6 mg per milliliter per minute ) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles . Crossover to crizotinib treatment after disease progression was permitted for patients receiving chemotherapy . The primary end point was progression-free survival as assessed by independent radiologic review . RESULTS Progression-free survival was significantly longer with crizotinib than with chemotherapy ( median , 10.9 months vs. 7.0 months ; hazard ratio for progression or death with crizotinib , 0.45 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.35 to 0.60 ; P<0.001 ) . Objective response rates were 74 % and 45 % , respectively ( P<0.001 ) . Median overall survival was not reached in either group ( hazard ratio for death with crizotinib , 0.82 ; 95 % CI , 0.54 to 1.26 ; P=0.36 ) ; the probability of 1-year survival was 84 % with crizotinib and 79 % with chemotherapy . The most common adverse events with crizotinib were vision disorders , diarrhea , nausea , and edema , and the most common events with chemotherapy were nausea , fatigue , vomiting , and decreased appetite . As compared with chemotherapy , crizotinib was associated with greater reduction in lung cancer symptoms and greater improvement in quality of life . CONCLUSIONS Crizotinib was superior to st and ard first-line pemetrexed-plus-platinum chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated advanced ALK-positive NSCLC . ( Funded by Pfizer ; PROFILE 1014 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT01154140 . ) BACKGROUND Non-small-cell lung cancer with sensitive mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) is highly responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib , but little is known about how its efficacy and safety profile compares with that of st and ard chemotherapy . METHODS We r and omly assigned 230 patients with metastatic , non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR mutations who had not previously received chemotherapy to receive gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel .  The primary end point was progression-free survival ; secondary end points included overall survival , response rate , and toxic effects . RESULTS In the planned interim analysis of data for the first 200 patients , progression-free survival was significantly longer in the gefitinib group than in the st and ard-chemotherapy group ( hazard ratio for death or disease progression with gefitinib , 0.36 ; P<0.001 ) , result ing in early termination of the study . The gefitinib group had a significantly longer median progression-free survival ( 10.8 months , vs. 5.4 months in the chemotherapy group ; hazard ratio , 0.30 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.22 to 0.41 ; P<0.001 ) , as well as a higher response rate ( 73.7 % vs. 30.7 % , P<0.001 ) . The median overall survival was 30.5 months in the gefitinib group and 23.6 months in the chemotherapy group ( P=0.31 ) . The most common adverse events in the gefitinib group were rash ( 71.1 % ) and elevated aminotransferase levels ( 55.3 % ) , and in the chemotherapy group , neutropenia ( 77.0 % ) , anemia ( 64.6 % ) , appetite loss ( 56.6 % ) , and sensory neuropathy ( 54.9 % ) . One patient receiving gefitinib  died from interstitial lung disease . CONCLUSIONS First-line gefitinib for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who were selected on the basis of EGFR mutations improved progression-free survival , with acceptable toxicity , as compared with st and ard chemotherapy . ( UMIN-CTR number , C000000376 . The discovery of RET fusions in lung cancers has uncovered a new therapeutic target for patients whose tumors harbor these changes . In an unselected population of non-small cell lung carcinomas ( NSCLCs ) , RET fusions are present in 1 % to 2 % of cases . This incidence increases substantially , however , in never-smokers with lung adenocarcinomas that lack other known driver oncogenes . Although pre clinical data provide experimental support for the use of RET inhibitors in the treatment of RET fusion-positive tumors , clinical data on response are lacking . We report preliminary data for the first three patients treated with the RET inhibitor cabozantinib on a prospect i ve phase II trial for patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLCs ( NCT01639508 ) . Confirmed partial responses were observed in 2 patients , including one harboring a novel TRIM33-RET fusion . A third patient with a KIF5B-RET fusion has had prolonged stable disease approaching 8 months ( 31 weeks ) . All three patients remain progression-free on treatment BACKGROUND Erlotinib has been shown to improve progression-free survival compared with chemotherapy when given as first-line treatment for Asian patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) with activating EGFR mutations . We aim ed to assess the safety and efficacy of erlotinib compared with st and ard chemotherapy for first-line treatment of European patients with advanced EGFR-mutation positive NSCLC . METHODS We undertook the open-label , r and omised phase 3 EURTAC trial at 42 hospitals in France , Italy , and Spain . Eligible participants were adults ( > 18 years ) with NSCLC and EGFR mutations ( exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation in exon 21 ) with no history of chemotherapy for metastatic disease ( neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy ending ≥ 6 months before study entry was allowed ) . We r and omly allocated participants ( 1:1 ) according to a computer-generated allocation schedule to receive oral erlotinib 150 mg per day or 3 week cycles of st and ard intravenous chemotherapy of cisplatin 75 mg/m(2 ) on day 1 plus docetaxel ( 75 mg/m(2 ) on day 1 ) or gemcitabine ( 1250 mg/m(2 ) on days 1 and 8) . Carboplatin ( AUC 6 with docetaxel 75 mg/m(2 ) or AUC 5 with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2 ) ) was allowed in patients unable to have cisplatin . Patients were stratified by EGFR mutation type and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ( 0 vs 1 vs 2 ) . The primary endpoint was progression-free survival ( PFS ) in the intention-to-treat population . We assessed safety in all patients who received study drug ( ≥ 1 dose ) . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00446225 . FINDINGS Between Feb 15 , 2007 , and Jan 4 , 2011 , 174 patients with EGFR mutations were enrolled . One patient received treatment before r and omisation and was thus withdrawn from the study ; of the remaining patients , 86 were r and omly assigned to receive erlotinib and 87 to receive st and ard chemotherapy . The preplanned interim analysis showed that the study met its primary endpoint ; enrolment was halted , and full evaluation of the results was recommended . At data cutoff ( Jan 26 , 2011 ) , median PFS was 9·7 months ( 95 % CI 8·4 - 12·3 ) in the erlotinib group , compared with 5·2 months ( 4·5 - 5·8 ) in the st and ard chemotherapy group ( hazard ratio 0·37 , 95 % CI 0·25 - 0·54 ; p < 0·0001 ) . Main grade 3 or 4 toxicities were rash ( 11 [ 13 % ] of 84 patients given erlotinib vs none of 82 patients in the chemotherapy group ) , neutropenia ( none vs 18 [ 22 % ] ) , anaemia ( one [ 1 % ] vs three [ 4 % ] ) , and increased amino-transferase concentrations ( two [ 2 % ] vs 0 ) . Five ( 6 % ) patients on erlotinib  had treatment-related severe adverse events compared with 16 patients ( 20 % ) on chemotherapy . One patient in the erlotinib group and two in the st and ard chemotherapy group died from treatment-related causes . INTERPRETATION Our findings strengthen the rationale for routine baseline tissue-based assessment of EGFR mutations in patients with NSCLC and for treatment of mutation-positive patients with EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors . FUNDING Spanish Lung Cancer Group , Roche Farma , Hoffmann-La Roche , and Red Temática de Investigacion Cooperativa en Cancer BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutation status of lung cancer is important because it means that EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment is indicated . The purpose of this prospect i ve study is to determine whether EGFR mutation status could be identified with reference to preoperative factors . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred-forty eight patients with lung cancer ( 111 adenocarcinomas , 25 squamous cell carcinomas and 12 other cell types ) were enrolled in this study . The  EGFR mutation  status of each lung cancer was analyzed postoperatively . RESULTS There were 58 patients with mutant EGFR lung cancers ( mutant LC ) and 90 patients with wild-type EGFR lung cancers ( wild-type LC ) . There were significant differences in gender , smoking status , 
    Output:
    
Conclusion This meta- analysis demonstrated that NSCLC with CT morphological features of part-solid GGO tended to be EGFR mutated , which might provide an important clue for the correct selection of patients treated with molecular targeted therapies