***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A double-blind , r and omized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single dose of 500 mg of ciprofloxacin versus 3 days 400 mg twice-daily of norfloxacin in uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women was design ed . Patients underwent four visits : baseline , and at 3 , 7 and 28 days . The main efficacy variables were clinical and microbiological outcome at day 7 . Analyses on both valid patients and intention-to-treat population s were performed . Two hundred and twenty-six patients ( 114 receiving ciprofloxacin and 112 receiving norfloxacin )  were considered valid for efficacy evaluation . Bacteriologic cure was 91.2 % in the ciprofloxacin group and 91.9 % in the norfloxacin group . Clinical resolution was 91.2 and 93.8 % , respectively . Both treatments were equally efficacious ( P = 0.016 ) Two single-dose regimens of ciprofloxacin , 100 and 250 mg , were compared in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women .  Cure rates 5 days after therapy did not significantly differ , being 16 of 19 ( 84 % ) with the 100-mg dose and 17 of 19 ( 89 % ) with the 250-mg dose . Ciprofloxacin was well tolerated ABSTRACT The efficacy and safety of a novel once-daily extended-release ciprofloxacin ( ciprofloxacin ER ) 500-mg dose were compared with those of an immediate-release ciprofloxacin ( ciprofloxacin IR ) 250-mg twice-daily dose , each administered orally for 3 days in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection ( uUTI ) in women . Adult female out patients ( mean age , 39 years ) with clinical signs and symptoms of acute uUTI and a positive pretreatment urine culture ( ≥105 CFU/ml ) were enrolled in a multicenter , r and omized , double-blind , noninferiority trial . Patients were assessed at a test-of-cure visit ( 4 to 11 days posttreatment ) and a late-posttreatment visit ( 4 to 6 weeks posttreatment ) for microbiological and clinical outcomes and safety . The primary efficacy endpoint and microbiological eradication rate at the test-of-cure visit in the ciprofloxacin ER group ( 254/272 ; 93.4 % ) were noninferior to those in the ciprofloxacin IR group ( 225/251 ; 89.6 % ) ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] of difference , −0.99 % , 8.59 % ) . Clinical -cure rates at the test-of-cure visit were 85.7 % ( 233/272 ) for ciprofloxacin ER and 86.1 % ( 216/251 ) for ciprofloxacin IR ( 95 % CI of difference , −6.37 % , 5.57 % ) . At the late-posttreatment visit , microbiological and clinical outcomes were similar for the two treatments and consistent with test-of-cure results . Both treatments were well tolerated , but the frequencies of nausea and diarrhea were lower in the ciprofloxacin ER group than in the ciprofloxacin IR group ( nausea , ER , 0.6 % ; IR , 2.2 % ; P = 0.033 ; diarrhea , ER , 0.2 % ; IR , 1.4 % ; P =  0.037  ) . Once-daily  ciprofloxacin  ER was safe , effective , and noninferior to twice-daily ciprofloxacin IR in the treatment of acute uUTI . Additionally , ciprofloxacin ER was associated with significantly reduced frequencies of nausea and diarrhea BACKGROUND Three studies were undertaken to determine the minimum effective dosing regimen of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of acute , symptomatic , uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection . METHODS All studies were multicenter , prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind trials . A total of 970 evaluable patients with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection received oral ciprofloxacin ( 200 mg to 500 mg daily in one or two divided doses for 1 , 3 , 5 , or 7 days ) or norfloxacin ( 400 mg twice daily [ BID ] for 7 days ) . The primary measure of efficacy was bacteriologic eradication at the end of therapy . RESULTS In study 1 , bacteriologic eradication was reported in 95 ( 89 % ) and 101 ( 98 % ) of patients in the groups who received ciprofloxacin , 500-mg single dose and 250 mg BID for 7 days , respectively . Clinical success occurred in 101 patients ( 94 % ) who received a 500-mg single dose and in 103 patients ( 100 % ) who were administered 250 mg BID for 7 days . In study 2 , eradication rates in the groups who received ciprofloxacin , 100 mg BID for 3 days , 250 mg BID for 3 days , and 250 mg BID for 7 days , were 98 ( 93 % ) , 95 ( 90 % ) , and 98 ( 93 % ) , respectively . Clinical success was reported in 102 ( 97 % ) , 105 ( 100 % ) , and 104 ( 98 % ) of the patients , respectively . In study 3 , the eradication rates in the groups who received ciprofloxacin in dosages of 500 mg once daily for 3 days and 500 mg once daily for 5 days and norfloxacin in a dosage of 400 mg BID for 7 days were 137 ( 92 % ) , 134 ( 90 % ) , and 133 ( 94 % ) of the women , respectively . Clinical success was the same ( 97 % ) in all three groups . Overall , short-course ( either 3- or 5-day ) therapy with ciprofloxacin was statistically equivalent to conventional ( 7-day ) therapy with either ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin . Single-dose ciprofloxacin therapy was statistically less effective than conventional treatment . CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 100 mg BID for 3 days was the minimum effective dose for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women BACKGROUND Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( TMP/SMX ) is currently the first choice for empiric therapy of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection ( UTI ) in women . In areas where resistance to TMP/SMX is known to be high , ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones are recommended as first-line choices for the empiric therapy of UTI . OBJECTIVE This study compared the efficacy and safety profile of once-daily extended-release ciprofloxacin 500 mg ( referred to hereafter as ciprofloxacin QD ) with those of conventional ciprofloxacin 250 mg BID , each administered orally for 3 days , in the treatment of uncomplicated UTI in women . METHODS In this multicenter , prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , double-dummy , Phase III trial , adult women with clinical signs and symptoms of acute uncomplicated UTI , pyuria , and a positive pretherapy urine culture ( > /=10(5 ) colony-forming units/mL ) received ciprofloxacin QD or ciprofloxacin BID . Bacteriologic and clinical outcomes were assessed at the test-of-cure visit ( 4 - 11 days after completion of therapy ) and the late follow-up visit ( 25 - 50 days after completion of therapy ) . RESULTS The intent-to-treat population consisted of 891 patients ( 444 ciprofloxacin QD , 447 ciprofloxacin BID ) ; 422 patients were evaluable for efficacy ( 199 ciprofloxacin QD , 223 ciprofloxacin BID ) . At the test-of-cure visit , bacteriologic eradication was achieved in 94.5 % ( 188/199 ) of the ciprofloxacin QD group and 93.7 % ( 209/223 ) of the ciprofloxacin BID group ( 95 % CI , -3.5 to 5.1 ) . Clinical cure was achieved in 95.5 % ( 189/198 ) of the ciprofloxacin QD group and 92.7 % ( 204/220 ) of the ciprofloxacin BID group ( 95 % CI , -1.6 to 7.1 ) . Bacteriologic and clinical outcomes at the late follow-up visit were consistent with the test-of-cure findings . The rate of eradication of Escherichia coli , the most prevalent organism , was > 97 % in each treatment group . Rates of drug-related adverse events were similar with the once- and twice-daily ciprofloxacin regimens ( 10 % and 9 % , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Extended-release ciprofloxacin 500 mg given once daily for 3 days was as effective and well tolerated as conventional ciprofloxacin 250 mg given twice daily for 3 days in the treatment of acute uncomplicated UTI in women A r and omized , controlled trial was carried out to compare two courses of treatment in women with acute urinary tract infection in general practice . The 3-day course of treatment was found to be as effective as , and cheaper than , the 7-day therapy The study was undertaken to compare the safety and efficacy of twice-daily ciprofloxacin for 3 days with st and ard 7 day therapy with either co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of women with acute , uncomplicated urinary tract infections ( UTI ) . This multicentre , prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind trial compared oral ciprofloxacin ( 100 mg bd ) for 3 days with co-trimoxazole ( 160/800 mg bd ) or nitrofurantoin ( 100 mg bd ) for 7 days . Bacteriological and clinical evaluations were performed at study entry , during therapy and 4 - 10 days and 4 - 6 weeks after the completion of therapy . The primary efficacy parameter was eradication of the causative organism 4 - 10 days following treatment . Of 713 women enrolled and evaluable for safety , 521 were evaluable for efficacy  ( 168  ciprofloxacin , 174 co-trimoxazole , 179 nitrofurantoin ) . Escherichia coli ( 83 % ) was the most frequently isolated pathogen in all treatment groups . Bacteriological eradication was reported in 88 % of ciprofloxacin patients , 93 % of co-trimoxazole patients and 86 % of nitrofurantoin patients . At the 4 - 6 week follow-up , ciprofloxacin had statistically significantly higher eradication rates ( 91 % ) than co-trimoxazole ( 79 % ; 95 % confidence limit ( CL ) = -20.6 % , -3.9 % ) and nitrofurantoin ( 82 % ; 95 % CL = -17.1 % , -0.9 % ) . Clinical resolution 4 - 10 days after therapy and at the 4 - 6 week follow-up was similar among the three treatment groups . The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was not significantly different ( P = 0.093 ) among the three drug regimens , although co-trimoxazole was associated with a greater number of adverse events than ciprofloxacin ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Ciprofloxacin also caused fewer episodes of nausea than either of the other agents ( P < or = 0.01 ) OBJECTIVES To evaluate , in two r and omized , multicenter trials , levofloxacin compared with ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin for efficacy and safety in treating acute pyelonephritis . METHODS We enrolled a total of 186 patients with bacteriologically proved infection . Of these , 89 patients in both trials combined received levofloxacin 250 mg once daily ; 58 received ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily in the first trial ( double blind ) ; and 39 received lomefloxacin 400 mg once daily in the second trial ( open label ) . Microbiologic response of patients evaluable for microbiologic efficacy was the primary efficacy variable , and clinical response 
    Output:
    
Compared with other quinolones , ofloxacin 200 mg once daily for a treatment duration < 3 days provides the highest clinical and bacteriological remission rates with the lowest relapse and resistance rates for the treatment of women with uUTIs .