***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Study design : It was a short term prospect i ve pilot study on a group of 116 secondary school students . Objectives : To assess the feasibility of using the services of school teachers  to promote oral hygiene in secondary school students and compare the effectiveness of dental health education ( DHE ) offered by school teachers on a fortnightly basis with what is offered by dental professionals at three- monthly intervals . Material s and Methods : Six secondary schools were r and omly selected . The base-line Oral Hygiene Index simplified ( OHI-S ) and Plaque index ( PI ) scores for all the students were recorded . The teachers were trained on dental health facts . The six schools were divided into three groups of two schools with different intervention techniques : Group 1- Schools given no health education , Group 2 – Schools given health education by their school teachers on a fortnightly basis together with simple screening for deposits of gross calculus , Group 3 – Schools which were given health education by dental professionals at intervals of three months without any screening . Grade nine students were selected for pre and post intervention evaluation . The second examination was done six months following the intervention to find out the OHI-S and Plaque index scores . The examination was done by three trained and calibrated dentists . Data analysis was done with SPSS 16 with relevant statistical tests . Results : The mean OHI-S and PI scores were significantly less in group 2 and there was a statistically significant difference between the baseline OHI – S , PI score and the scores after six months in all the three groups . Conclusion : The concept of utilizing the teachers for frequent DHE and screening for any gross deposits of food debris and calculus is feasible . Also frequent DHE by teachers was more effective than the infrequent DHE by the professionals BACKGROUND Children with poor oral health are 12 times more likely to have restricted-activity days . Dental health education [ DHE ] , with the objective of improving the oral hygiene of the participants , would have obvious merits . OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of school DHE , conducted at repeated and differing intervals , in improving oral health knowledge , practice s , oral hygiene status , and the gingival health  of schoolchildren belonging to two socioeconomic classes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This 36-week duration study assessed the effectiveness of school DHE conducted every three weeks against every six weeks on oral health knowledge , practice s , oral hygiene status and gingival health of 415 , 12- to 13-year-old schoolchildren belonging to social classes I and V. Of the three selected schools of each social class , one each was subjected to the intervention of either three or six weeks or was a control , respectively . Oral health knowledge and practice s  were evaluated using a question naire .  Oral hygiene and gingival health were assessed using plaque and gingival indices . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Friedman 's test was used for the longitudinal analysis of data . ANOVA and Student 's t test were used for continuous data . RESULTS Plaque and Gingival score reductions were highly significant in intervention schools , and were not influenced by the socioeconomic status . When oral health knowledge was evaluated , highly significant changes were seen in intervention schools ; more significantly in schools receiving more frequent interventions . The socioeconomic status influenced the oral hygiene aids used and the frequency of change of toothbrush . Controls showed no significant changes throughout . CONCLUSIONS The DHE program conducted at three-week intervals was more effective than that conducted at six-week intervals in improving oral health knowledge , practice s , oral hygiene status , and gingival health of schoolchildren OBJECTIVES To assess oral health outcomes of a school-based oral health education ( OHE ) programme  on children , mothers and schoolteachers in China , and to evaluate the methods applied and material s used . DESIGN The WHO Health Promoting Schools Project applied to primary schoolchildren in 3 experimental and 3 control schools in Hongshan District , Wuhan City , Central China , with a 3-year follow-up . Data on dental caries , gingival bleeding and behaviour were collected . PARTICIPANTS 803 children and their mothers , and 369 teachers were included at baseline in 1998 . After three years , 666 children and their mothers ( response rate 83 % ) , and 347 teachers ( response rate 94 % ) remained . RESULTS DMFT/DMFS increments were comparable but the f/F components were higher among children in experimental schools than in control schools and the gingival bleeding score was , similarly , significantly lower . More children in experimental schools adopted regular oral health behaviour such as toothbrushing , recent dental visits , use of fluoride toothpaste , with less frequent consumption of cakes/biscuits compared to controls . In experimental schools , mothers showed significant beneficial oral health developments , while teachers showed higher oral health knowledge and more positive attitudes , also being satisfied with training workshops , methods applied , material s used and involvement with children in OHE . CONCLUSIONS The programme had positive effects on gingival bleeding score and oral health behaviour of children , and on oral health knowledge and attitudes of mothers and teachers . No positive effect on dental caries incidence rate was demonstrated by the OHE programme Background : Health education is a process of transmission of knowledge and skills necessary for improvement in quality of life . The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oral hygiene related knowledge and plaque scores of 12-year-old school children in Belgaum city before and after health education . Methods : Three schools of Belgaum city were r and omly selected and assigned into one of three health educational groups – group I ( audiovisual aids ) , group II ( chalk and blackboard ) and group III ( no health education ) . Oral health related knowledge and plaque scores were assessed in all the groups before and after health education . Results : The mean knowledge score before intervention in group I was 7.94 , in group II was 7.86 and in group III was 7.74 ( P=0.86 ) . After intervention , the mean knowledge score was 14.42 in group I , 12.7 in group II and 9.58 in group III ( P<0.001 ) . Plaque scores in the three groups were similar and statistically nonsignificant at baseline . After the oral health education , the mean plaque scores were 0.627 in group I , 0.8826 in group II and 1.0156 in group III . Within the group comparisons revealed a statistically improved oral hygiene with decreased plaque scores in all the three groups . Conclusion : Health education by audiovisual aids could be an effective preventive measure against plaque-related oral diseases Utilising the Bright Smiles , Bright Future curriculum as modified for India , a trial on its effectiveness was carried out at the Raja Shivaji School in Mumbai , India . Students from the third st and ard English medium were selected . The teacher training programme utilised a professional educator from the U.S.A. plus other international representatives including India . Prior to the beginning of any classroom instruction , all experimental and control students were scored for plaque . A pretest was also given to both the experimental and control students to measure their knowledge of dental health . At the end of the two month test period all measurements were repeated . The curriculum was evaluated by the teachers . Parents were also interviewed . Results showed significant ( P < .0001 ) difference between the two groups in reducing plaque , which demonstrated the improvement in oral hygiene in the experimental group India , a developing country faces many challenges in rendering oral health needs . The majority of Indian population resides in rural areas , of which more than 40 % constitute children . These children can not avail dental facilities due to inaccessibility , financial constraints and stagnation of public dental healthcare services . This entails the health professional to adopt a more practical approach to achieve primary prevention of oral diseases . The most viable solution seems to be dental health education . Documented evidence shows that teachers and parents can augment dental health behaviour . With this background , it was decided to target children in a rural area for comparing the effect of education on children alone , children coupled with teachers and children with the involvement of their parents . An interventional study of 4 months duration was conducted on 430 children , 7 teachers and 100 parents . The parents were educated at home . Clinical oral health status was assessed prior to the delivery of dental health education and also following the intervention . Results showed that the dental health scores improved best in the group of children involving the teachers . It was concluded that teachers could be targeted in order to enhance the effect of dental health education campaigns on children OBJECTIVES To assess effectiveness of an oral health education ( OHE ) programme on oral hygiene knowledge , practice s , plaque control and gingival health of 13- to 15-year-old school children in Bangalore city . METHODS Three schools were r and omly selected and assigned to experimental I , experimental II and control groups . At baseline , a 20-item question naire was used to assess the oral hygiene knowledge and practice s. Clinical examinations ( Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of Quigley Hein plaque index ; Loe-Silness gingival index ) were performed by 2 examiners . OHE was provided by the investigator for experimental groups I ( lecture using a PowerPoint presentation ) and II ( lecture using a PowerPoint presentation with toothbrushing demonstration ) . Control group did not receive any intervention . Reinforcement was provided for experimental groups at 3 and 6 months . At end of 9 months , question naire was administered and clinical examinations were performed . Data were analysed using chi-square , anova and post hoc Tukey 's tests . RESULTS Nine months post-intervention , there was significant improvement in oral hygiene knowledge and practice s in experimental groups . There were significant reductions in mean plaque index and gingival index scores in the experimental groups . The control group did not show any significant improvement . CONCLUSION Active involvement of school children with reinforcement of OHE can improve oral hygiene knowledge , practice s and gingival health and decrease plaque levels BACKGROUND Oral health is an essential component of health throughout life . Two major oral diseases , dental caries and periodontal diseases , are both ancient and widespread . The oral health situation analysis dem and s that the preventive program be implemented in both the developing and developed countries . Therefore , this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of delivering the primary preventive strategies through non dental and dental personnel . AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To develops the preventive package for improving the oral health status of children utilizing the different communication approaches . To find out the most feasible and effective communication approach for delivering the preventive package . To evaluate the changes produced in terms of various soft and hard core parameters after 6 months of implementation of the oral-health preventive package in the school children of different study groups as compared to control . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This study was conducted on total of 972 children in the age group of 5 - 16 years who were r and omly selected from four schools of Ch and igarh and Panchkula to evaluate and compare the  prevalence of dental caries and knowledge , attitude , and practice about oral health . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results of various parameters indicate that direct communication through the dentist proved to be the most effective communication approach as compared to the other two indirect communication approaches 
    Output:
    
All the studies reported significant improvement in oral hygiene of school children after imparting dental health education .
In some studies , school teachers were also trained to impart oral health education .
Decreased level of awareness was found in children coming from low income families .