***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS New modalities are available for visualization of the small bowel in patients with possible obscure gastrointestinal bleeding ( OGIB ) , but their performance requires further comparison . This study compared the diagnostic yield of magnetic resonance enteroclysis ( MRE ) and capsule endoscopy in patients with OGIB , using balloon-assisted enteroscopy ( BAE ) as the reference st and ard . PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive consenting patients who were referred for evaluation of OGIB were prospect ively included . Patients underwent MRE followed by capsule endoscopy and BAE .  Patients with high grade stenosis at MRE did not undergo capsule endoscopy . The reference st and ard was BAE findings in visualized small-bowel segments and expert panel consensus for segments not visualized during BAE . RESULTS Over a period of 26 months , 38 patients were included ( 20 female [ 53 % ] ; mean age 58 years , range 28 - 75 years ) . Four patients ( 11 % ) did not undergo capsule endoscopy due to high grade small-bowel stenosis at MRE ( n = 3 ; 8 % ) or timing issues ( n = 1 ; 3 % ) . Capsule endoscopy was non-diagnostic in one patient . The reference st and ard identified abnormal findings in 20 patients ( 53 % ) . MRE had sensitivity , specificity , and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 21 % , 100 % , infinity , and 0.79 , respectively . The corresponding values for capsule endoscopy were 61 % , 85 % , 4.1 , and 0.46 . The reference st and ard and capsule endoscopy did not differ in percent positive findings ( P = 0.34 ) , but MRE differed significantly from the reference BAE ( P < 0.001 ) . Capsule endoscopy was superior to MRE for detecting abnormalities ( P = 0.0015 ) . CONCLUSION Capsule endoscopy performed better than MRE in the detection of small-bowel abnormality in patients with OGIB . MRE may be considered as an alternative for the initial examination in patients with clinical suspicion of small-bowel stenosis OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of Magnetic Resonance enterography ( MRE ) in the diagnostic work-up of children presenting with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding ( OGIB ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS From January 2014 to January 2016 , a single-centre prospect i ve study was performed on all children between 0 and 16 years of age referred to the radiology department for OGIB . Each child underwent MRE examination after negative oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy . MRE results were recorded . All patients proceeded to the related gold st and ard for diagnostic confirmation . RESULTS 25 patients ( mean age 10.8±4.5 years , range 4 months to 16 years ) were included .  MRE was diagnostic in 76 % ( 19 of 25 ) . The most frequent diagnoses were intestinal polyp ( 28 % ) and Meckel 's diverticulum ( 16 % ) . Sensitivity and specificity of MRE were 86 % and 100 % respectively . There were no reported complications during any of the examinations . CONCLUSION MRE is a safe and accurate imaging modality in the evaluation of paediatric OGIB . Its diagnostic capability is comparable to current evidence for capsule endoscopy in this patient group . Further research with larger sample sizes and st and ardized control groups is warranted to improve our underst and ing of MRE in this application OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether prone or supine imaging provides superior small-bowel loop distention during MRI small-bowel follow-through examinations and whether either position is better with regard to lesion detection and evaluation . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty consecutively enrolled clinical ly referred patients with known or suspected small-bowel abnormalities prospect ively underwent 62 MRI small-bowel follow-through examinations in both the prone and the supine positions . Images were blindly and independently review ed by two observers . Each small-bowel segment was assessed with a 3-point scoring system , and differences in bowel distention in the prone and supine positions were evaluated with a paired Wilcoxon 's test . Differences between rates of lesion detection and characterization ( e.g. , ulceration , stricturing ) were analyzed with a paired Student 's t test . Interobserver agreement was estimated with the kappa coefficient . RESULTS In both normal and diseased small bowel , the prone position had statistically significantly higher distention scores than did the supine position ( p < 0.05 ) with a high level of interobserver agreement . This finding , however , did not translate into improved lesion detection or characterization ( p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Although use of the prone position results in superior small-bowel distention during MRI small-bowel follow-through , both the prone and supine positions are equal in terms of lesion detection and feature visualization OBJECTIVES : Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction ( CIPO ) is a rare , serious motility disorder , with life-threatening complications over time . However , lack of an established , non-invasive diagnostic method has caused delays in the diagnosis of this intractable disease . Cine-magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is an emerging technique , with a potential to evaluate the motility of the entire bowel . We compared small bowel motility in healthy volunteers , patients with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) , and those with CIPO , using  cine-MRI  , and evaluated the usefulness of cine-MRI as a novel diagnostic method for CIPO . METHODS : Twelve healthy volunteers , IBS patients , and CIPO patients prospect ively underwent cine-MRI at 1.5 T.  Luminal diameter , contraction ratio , and contraction cycle were measured and compared between the groups . RESULTS : Cine-MRI provided sufficient dynamic images to assess the motility of the entire small bowel . Luminal diameter ( mean±s.d . ) in CIPO patients was significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers and IBS patients ( 43.4±14.1 , 11.1±1.5 , and 10.9±1.9 mm , respectively ) , and contraction ratio was significantly lower in CIPO patients than that in healthy volunteers and IBS patients ( 17.1±11.0 % , 73.0±9.3 % , and 74.6±9.4 % , respectively ) . No significant differences were observed in the contraction cycle . CONCLUSIONS : This study is the first to assess the clinical utility of cine-MRI in CIPO patients .  Cine-MRI clearly detected contractility impairments in CIPO patients . Cine-MRI is noninvasive , radiation-free , and can directly evaluate the entire small bowel peristalsis , and can detect the affected loops at a glance ; therefore , it might be extremely useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of CIPO patients in clinical practice BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance entero-colonography ( DW-MREC ) with no rectal distension and with no bowel cleansing is accurate to assess inflammatory activity in ileocolonic Crohn 's disease ( CD ) . AIM To study DW-MREC parameters as predictors of remission ( CDAI < 150 and CRP < 5mg/L ) after anti-TNF induction therapy . METHODS Forty consecutive CD patients were prospect ively and consecutively included . All the patients underwent DW-MREC with apparent diffusion coefficient ( ADC ) and MaRIA calculation before starting anti-TNF .  Mean ADC was defined as the mean of the segmental ADC . RESULTS Twenty patients ( 50.0 % ) experienced remission at W12 . Low mean ADC ( 2.05 ± 0.22 vs 1.89 ± 0.25 , p = 0.03 ) and high total MaRIA ( 39.2 ± 16.6 vs 51.7 ± 18.2 , p = 0.03 ) were predictive of remission at W12 . Using a ROC curve , we determined a mean ADC of 1.96 as predictive cut-off of remission at W12 ( AUC = 0.703 [ 0.535 - 0.872 ] ) with sensitivity , specificity , positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 70.0 % , 65.0 % , 66.7 % and 68.4 % , respectively . In multivariate analysis , mean ADC < 1.96 ( OR = 4.87 , 95 % CI [ 1.04 - 22.64 ] ) and total MaRIA > 42.5 ( OR = 5.11 , 95 % CI [ 1.03 - 25.37 ] ) , reflecting high inflammatory activity , were predictive of remission at week 12 . CONCLUSIONS DW-MREC using quantitative parameters i.e. ADC , is useful in detecting and assessing inflammatory activity but also to predict efficacy of anti-TNF induction therapy in CD Objectives To assess prospect ively the agreement of orocaecal transit time ( OCTT ) measurements by lactulose hydrogen breath test ( LHBT ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI )  in healthy subjects . Methods Volunteers underwent abdominal 1.5-T MRI  using axial and coronal single-shot fast-spin-echo T2-weighted sequences , having fasted and after lactulose ingestion ( 10 g/125 mL ) .  Imaging and H2 excretion gas-chromatography were performed concurrently every 15 min up to 180 min . MR images were analyzed using semiautomatic segmentation to calculate small bowel gas volume ( SBGV ) and visually to detect bolus arrival in the caecum . Agreement between MRI- and LHBT-OCTT was assessed . Results Twenty-eight subjects ( 17 men/11 women ; mean age ± st and ard deviation 30 ± 8 years ) were evaluated . Two H2 non-producers on LHBT were excluded . OCTT measured by MRI and LHBT was concordant in 18/26 ( 69 % ) subjects ( excellent agreement , k = 0.924 ) . Median SBGV was 49.0 mL ( interquartile interval 44.1 – 51.6 mL ) . In 8/26 ( 31 % ) subjects , MRI showed that the lactulose bolus was in the terminal ileum and not the caecum when H2E increased on LHBT . Median OCTT measured by MRI was significantly longer than OCTT measured by LHBT [ 135 min ( 120 – 150 min ) vs. 127.5 min ( 105 – 150 min ) ; p = 0.008 ] . Above baseline levels , correlation between [ H2 ] and SBGV was significant ( r = 0.964 ; p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions MRI provides valid measurements of OCTT and gas production in the small bowel . Key Points• MRI is a valid technique to measure OCTT.• Excellent agreement between MRI and LHBT was found.• Measuring gas production using MRI may provide evidence of small bowel fermentation Purpose To prospect ively evaluate magnetic resonance ( MR ) enterography for detecting  mesenteric small-bowel tumours ( MSBTs ) and assess the added value of gadolinium-chelate injection . Material and methods Over a 2-year period  MR enterography examinations of 75 patients ( 33 men , 42 women ; mean age , 53.8 years ; range , 19–85 ) with suspected MSBT were blindly analysed by two readers for the presence of MSBT . Sensitivities , specificities , predictive positive values ( PPVs ) , negative predictive values ( NPVs ) and accuracies of MR enterography  for the detection of MSBT were calculated on per-patient and per-lesion bases . The McNemar test was used to compare sensitivities and specificities of the unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced sets of MR enterographies . Results Thirty-seven MSBTs were pathologically confirmed in 26 patients . The mean tolerance score of the examinations was 0.7 . On a per-patient basis , sensitivity , specificity , PPV , NPV and accuracy for detection of MSBT were 96 % [ 95 % CI , 89–100 % ] , 96 % [ 90–100 % ] , 93 % [ 83–100 % ] , 98 % [ 94–100 % ] and 96 % [ 92–100 % ] , respectively . On a per-lesion basis , sensitivity and PPV were 70 % [ 56–85 % ] and 93 % [ 83–100 % ] , respectively . Gadolinium injection yielded higher sensitivities on both bases ( P = 0.008 ) . Conclusion MR enterography is an accurate and well-tolerated imaging modality for detecting MSBT . Intravenous administration of gadolinium-chelate improves sensitivity for MSBT detection . Key Points• MR enterography accurately detects mesenteric small bowel tumours.• MR enterography is a well-tolerated imaging technique.• Intravenous administration of gadolinium chelate improves sensitivity for detecting small-bowel tumours OBJECTIVES : Both capsule endoscopy ( CE 
    Output:
    
We found that a 1.5 T MRI system , prone positioning , and MR enterography were frequently utilized in clinical practice .
Gadolinium contrast sequences were routinely implemented , while diffusion-weighted imaging ( DWI ) was much less performed .