***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Makhlouf , I , Castagna , C , Manzi , V , Laurencelle , L , Behm , DG , and Chaouachi , A. Effect of sequencing strength and endurance training in young male soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 30(3 ) : 841–850 , 2016—This study examined the effects of strength and endurance training sequence ( strength before or after endurance ) on relevant fitness variables in youth soccer players . Fifty-seven young elite-level male field soccer players ( 13.7 ± 0.5 years ; 164 ± 8.3 cm ; 53.5 ± 8.6 kg ; body fat ; 15.6 ± 3.9 % ) were r and omly assigned to a control ( n = 14 , CG ) and 3 experimental training groups ( twice a week for 12 weeks ) strength before ( SE , n = 15 ) , after ( ES , n = 14 ) or on alternate days ( ASE , n = 14 ) with endurance training . A significant ( p = 0.001 ) intervention main effect was detected . There were only trivial training sequence differences ( ES vs. SE ) for all variables ( p > 0.05 ) . The CG showed large squat 1 repetition maximum ( 1RM ) and medium sprint , change of direction ability , and jump improvements . ASE demonstrated a trivial difference in endurance performance with ES and SE ( p > 0.05 ) . Large to medium greater improvements for SE and ES were reported compared with ASE for sprinting over 10 and 30 m ( p < 0.02 ) . The SE squat 1RM was higher than in ASE ( moderate , p < 0.02 ) . Postintervention differences between ES and SE with CG fitness variables were small to medium ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) except for a large SE advantage with the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test ( p < 0.001 , large ) . This study showed no effect of intrasession training sequence on soccer fitness-relevant variables . However , combining strength and endurance within a single training session provided superior results vs. training on alternate days . Concurrent training may be considered as an effective and safe training method for the development of the prospect i ve soccer player Abstract Amaro , NM , Marinho , DA , Marques , MC , Batalha , N , and Morouço , PG . Effects of dry-l and strength and conditioning programs in age group swimmers . J Strength Cond Res 31(9 ) : 2447–2454 , 2017—Even though dry-l and S&C training is a common practice in the context of swimming , there are countless uncertainties over its effects in performance of age group swimmers . The objective was to investigate the effects of dry-l and S&C programs in swimming performance of age group swimmers . A total of 21 male competitive swimmers ( 12.7 ± 0.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to the Control group ( n = 7 ) and experimental groups GR1 and GR2 ( n = 7 for each group ) . Control group performed a 10-week training period of swim training alone , GR1 followed a 6-week dry-l and S&C program based on sets and repetitions plus a 4-week swim training program alone and GR2 followed a 6-week dry-l and S&C program focused on explosiveness , plus a 4-week program of swim training alone . Results for the dry-l and tests showed a time effect between week 0 and week 6 for vertical jump ( p < 0.01 ) in both experimental groups , and for the GR2 ball throwing ( p < 0.01 ) , with moderate to strong effect sizes . The time × group analyses showed that for performance in 50 m , differences were significant , with the GR2 presenting higher improvements than their counterparts ( F = 4.156 ; p = 0.007 ; = 0.316 ) at week 10 . Concluding , the results suggest that 6 weeks of a complementary dry-l and S&C training may lead to improvements in dry-l and strength . Furthermore , a 4-week adaptation period was m and atory to achieve beneficial transfer for aquatic performance . Additional benefits may occur if coaches plan the dry-l and S&C training focusing on explosiveness Purpose To compare the effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling gross efficiency ( GE ) , maximal speed ( Vmax ) , peak oxygen uptake ( $ $ \dot{V}{\text{O } } _ { { 2 { \text{peak}}}}$$V˙O2peak ) for elite male and female junior cross-country skiers . Methods Thirty-three elite junior cross-country skiers completed a 6-week training-intervention period with two additional 40-min training sessions per week . The participants were matched in pairs and within each pair r and omly assigned to either a strength-training group ( STR ) or a ski-ergometer-training group ( ERG ) . Before and after the intervention , the participants completed three treadmill roller-skiing tests to determine GE , Vmax , and $ $ \dot{V}{\text{O } } _ { { 2 { \text{peak}}}}$$V˙O2peak . Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was conducted to evaluate differences between and within groups . Paired sample s t tests were used as post hoc tests to investigate within-group differences . Results Both groups improved their Vmax and $ $ \dot{V}{\text{O } } _ { { 2 { \text{peak}}}}$$V˙O2peak expressed absolutely ( all P < 0.01 ) . For the gender-specific sub-groups , it was found that the female skiers in both groups improved both Vmax and $ $ \dot{V}{\text{O } } _ { { 2 { \text{peak}}}}$$V˙O2peak expressed absolutely ( all P < 0.05 ) , whereas the only within-group differences found for the men were improvements of Vmax in the STR group . No between-group differences were found for any of the investigated variables . Conclusions Physiological and performance-related variables of importance for skiers were improved for both training regimes . The results demonstrate that the female skiers ’ physiological adaptations to training , in general , were greater than those of the men . The magnitude of the physiological adaptations was similar for both training regimes Age-related processes in the neuromuscular and the somatosensory system are responsible for decreases in maximal and explosive force production capacity and deficits in postural control . Thus , the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of resistance training on strength performance and on postural control in seniors . Forty healthy seniors ( 67+/-1 yrs ) participated in this study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a resistance training ( n=20 ) and a control group ( n=20 ) . Resistance training for the lower extremities lasted for 13 weeks at 80 % of the one repetition maximum . Pre and post tests included the measurement of maximal isometric leg extension force with special emphasis on the early part of the force-time-curve and the assessment of static ( functional reach test ) and dynamic ( t and em walk test , platform perturbation ) postural control .  Resistance training result ed in an enhanced strength performance with increases in explosive force exceeding those in maximal strength . Improved performances in the functional reach and in the t and em walk test were observed . Resistance training did not have an effect on the compensation of platform perturbations . Increases in strength performance can primarily be explained by an improved neural drive of the agonist muscles . The inconsistent effect of resistance training on postural control may be explained by heterogeneity of testing methodology or by the incapability of isolated resistance training to improve postural control Abstract .Previous research has reported that plyometric training improves running economy ( RE ) and ultimately distance-running performance , although the exact mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear . This study examined whether changes in running performance result ing from plyometric training were related to alterations in lower leg musculotendinous stiffness ( MTS ) . Seventeen male runners were pre- and post-tested for lower leg MTS , maximum isometric force , rate of force development , 5-bound distance test ( 5BT ) , counter movement jump ( CMJ ) height , RE , V˙O2max , lactate threshold ( Thla ) , and 3-km time . Subjects were r and omly split into an experimental ( E ) group which completed 6 weeks of plyometric training in conjunction with their normal running training , and a control ( C ) group which trained as normal . Following the training period , the E group significantly improved 3-km performance ( 2.7 % ) and RE at each of the tested velocities , while no changes in V˙O2max or Thla were recorded . CMJ height , 5BT , and MTS also increased significantly . No significant changes were observed in any measures for the C group . The results clearly demonstrated that a 6-week plyometric programme led to improvements in 3-km running performance . It is postulated that the increase in MTS result ed in improved RE . We speculate that the improved RE led to changes in 3-km running performance , as there were no corresponding alterations in V˙O2max or Thla Underlying mechanisms of prepubescent strength gains following resistance training are speculative . The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of 8 wk of resistance training on muscular strength , integrated EMG amplitude ( IEMG ) , and arm anthropometrics of prepubescent youth . Sixteen subjects ( 8 males , 8 females ) were r and omly assigned to trained or control groups . All subjects ( mean age = 10.3 yr ) were of prepubertal status according to the criteria of Tanner . The trained group performed three sets ( 7 - 11 repetitions ) of bicep curls with dumbbells three times per week for 8 wk . Pre- and posttraining measurements included isotonic and isokinetic strength of the elbow flexors , arm anthropometrics , and IEMG of the biceps brachii . Planned comparisons for a 2 x 2 ( group by test ) ANOVA model were used for data analysis . Significant isotonic ( 22.6 % ) and isokinetic ( 27.8 % ) strength gains were observed in the trained group without corresponding changes in arm circumference or skinfolds . The IEMG amplitude increased 16.8 % ( P < 0.05 ) . The control group did not demonstrate any significant changes in the parameters measured . Early gains in muscular strength result ing from resistance training  prepubescent children may be attributed to increased muscle activation PURPOSE Heavy-resistance training and plyometric training offer distinct physiological and neuromuscular adaptations that could enhance running economy and , consequently , distance-running performance . To date , no studies have examined the effect of combining the two modes of training on running economy or performance . METHODS Fifty collegiate male and female cross-country runners performed a 5-km time trial and a series of laboratory-based tests to determine aerobic , anthropometric , biomechanical , and neuromuscular characteristics . Thereafter , each athlete participated in a season of six to eight collegiate cross-country races for 13 wk . After the first 4 wk , athletes were r and omly assigned to either heavy-resistance or plyometric plus heavy-resistance training . Five days after completing their final competition , runners repeated the same set of laboratory tests . We also estimated the effects of the intervention on competition performance throughout the season using athletes of other teams as controls . RESULTS Heavy-resistance training produced small-moderate improvements in peak speed , running economy , and neuromuscular characteristics relative to plyometric resistance training , whereas changes in biomechanical measures  favored plyometric resistance training . Men made less gains than women in most tests . Both treatments had possibly harmful effects on competition times in men ( mean = 0.5 % ; 90 % confidence interval = ±1.2 % ) , but there may have been benefit for some individuals . Both treatments were likely beneficial for all women ( -1.2 % ; ±1.3 % ) , but heavy-resistance training was possibly better than plyometric resistance training . CONCLUSIONS The changes in laboratory-based parameters related to distance-running performance were consistent with the changes in competition times for women but only partly for men . Our data indicate that women should include heavy-resistance training in their programs , but men should be cautious about using it in season until more research establishes whether certain men are positive or negative responders OBJECTIVES To compare the impact of short term training with resistance plus plyometric training ( RT+P ) or electromyostimulation plus plyometric training ( EMS+P ) on explosive force production in elite volleyball players . DESIGN Sixteen elite volleyball players of the first German division participated in a training study . METHODS The participants were r and omly assigned to either the RT+P training group ( n=8 ) or the EMS+P training group ( n=8 ) . Both groups participated in a 5-week lower extremity exercise program . Pre and post tests included  squat jumps ( SJ ) , countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) , and drop jumps ( DJ ) on a force plate . The three-step reach height ( RH ) was assessed using a custom-made vertec apparatus . Fifteen m straight and lateral sprint ( S15s and S15l ) were assessed using photoelectric cells with interims at 5 m and 10 m. RESULTS RT+P training result ed in significant improvements in SJ ( + 2.3 % ) and RH ( + 0.4 % ) performance . The EMS+P training group showed significant increases in performance of CMJ ( + 3.8 % ) , DJ ( + 6.4 % ) , RH ( + 1.6 % ) , S15l ( -3.8 % ) and after 5 m and 10 m of the S15s ( -2.6 % ; -0.5 % ) . The comparison of training-induced changes between the two intervention groups revealed significant differences for the SJ ( p=0.023 ) in favor of RT+P and for the S15s after 5 m ( p=0.006 ) in favor of EMS+P. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that RT+P training is effective in promoting jump performances and EMS+P training increases jump , speed and agility performances of elite volleyball players PURPOSE To quantify the effects of a 12 
    Output:
    
Combining training of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle could increase athletic performance more than single-mode training .
However , the physiological effects produced by each training modality could also interfere with each other , improving athletic performance less than single-mode training .
In conclusion , CT is more effective than single-mode ET  or ST in improving selected measures of physical fitness and athletic performance in youth .
Specifically , CT compared with ET improved athletic performance in children and particularly adolescents .
Finally , CT was more effective than ST in improving muscle power in youth