***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Paulson , S and Braun , WA . The influence of parachute-resisted sprinting on running mechanics in collegiate track athletes . J Strength Cond Res 25(6 ) : 1680 - 1685 , 2011—The influence of parachute-resisted sprinting on running mechanics in collegiate track athletes . The aim of this investigation was to compare the acute effects of parachute-resisted ( PR ) sprinting on selected kinematic variables . Twelve collegiate sprinters ( mean age 19.58 ± 1.44 years , mass 69.32 ± 14.38 kg , height 1.71 ± 9.86 m ) ran a 40-yd dash under 2 conditions : PR sprint and sprint without a parachute ( NC ) that were recorded on a video computer system ( 60 Hz ) . Sagittal plane kinematics of the right side of the body was digitized to calculate joint angles at initial ground contact ( IGC ) and end ground contact ( EGC ) , ground contact ( GC ) time , stride rate ( SR ) , stride length ( SL ) , and the times of the 40-yd dashes . The NC 40-yd dash time was significantly faster than the PR trial ( p < 0.05 ) . The shoulder angle at EGC significantly increased from 34.10 to 42.10 ° during the PR trial ( p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences in GC time , SR , SL , or the other joint angles between the 2 trials ( p > 0.05 ) . This study suggests that PR sprinting does not acutely affect GC time , SR , SL and upper extremity or lower extremity joint angles during weight acceptance ( IGC ) in collegiate sprinters . However , PR sprinting increased shoulder flexion by 23.5 % at push-off and decreased speed by 4.4 % . While sprinting with the parachute , the athlete 's movement patterns resembled their mechanics during the unloaded condition . This indicates the external load caused by PR did not substantially overload the runner , and only caused a minor change in the shoulder during push-off . This sports-specific training apparatus may provide coaches with another method for training athletes in a sports-specific manner without causing acute changes to running mechanics Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Harris , NK , Cronin , JB , Hopkins , WG , and Hansen , KT . Squat jump training at maximal power loads vs. heavy loads : effect on sprint ability . J Strength Cond Res 22(6 ) : 1742 - 1749 , 2008-Training at a load maximizing power output ( Pmax ) is an intuitively appealing strategy for enhancement of performance that has received little research attention . In this study we identified each subject 's Pmax for an isoinertial resistance training exercise used for testing and training , and then we related the changes in strength to changes in sprint performance . The subjects were 18 well-trained rugby league players r and omized to two equal-volume training groups for a 7-week period of squat jump training with heavy loads ( 80 % 1RM ) or with individually determined Pmax loads ( 20.0 - 43.5 % 1RM ) . Performance measures were 1RM strength , maximal power at 55 % of pretraining 1RM , and sprint times for 10 and 30 m. Percent changes were st and ardized to make magnitude-based inferences . Relationships between changes in these variables were expressed as correlations . Sprint times for 10 m showed improvements in the 80 % 1RM group ( −2.9 ± 3.2 % ) and Pmax group ( −1.3 ± 2.2 % ) , and there were similar improvements in 30-m sprint time ( −1.9 ± 2.8 and −1.2 ± 2.0 % , respectively ) . Differences in the improvements in sprint time between groups were unclear , but improvement in 1RM strength in the 80 % 1RM group ( 15 ± 9 % ) was possibly substantially greater than in the Pmax group ( 11 ± 8 % ) . Small-moderate negative correlations between change in 1RM and change in sprint time ( r ≈ −0.30 ) in the combined groups provided the only evidence of adaptive associations between strength and power outputs , and sprint performance . In conclusion , it seems that training at the load that maximizes individual peak power output for this exercise with a sample of professional team sport athletes was no more effective for improving sprint ability than training at heavy loads , and the changes in power output were not usefully related to changes in sprint ability & NA ; Dupont , G. , K. Akakpo , and S. Berthoin . The effect of in‐season , high‐intensity interval training in soccer players . J. Strength Cond . Res . 18(3):584–589 . 2004.—The effects of inseason , high‐intensity interval training on professional male soccer players ’ running performances were investigated . Twentytwo subjects participated in 2 consecutive training periods of 10 weeks . The first period was considered a control period and was compared with a period where 2 high‐intensity interval training exercises were included in the usual training program . Intermittent runs consisted of 12–15 runs lasting 15 seconds at 120 % of maximal aerobic speed alternated with 15 seconds of rest . Sprint repetitions consisted of 12–15 all‐out 40‐m runs alternated with 30 seconds of rest . Results from the high‐intensity interval training have shown that maximal aerobic speed was improved ( + 8.1 ± 3.1 % ; p < 0.001 ) and that the time of the 40‐m sprint was decreased ( ‐3.5 ± 1.5 % ; p < 0.001 ) , whereas no change in either parameters were observed during the control period . This study shows that improvements in physical qualities can be made during the in‐season period Chelly , MS , Ghenem , MA , Abid , K , Hermassi , S , Tabka , Z , and Shephard , RJ . Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training program on leg power , jump- and sprint performance of soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 24(10 ) : 2670 - 2676 , 2010-Our hypothesis was that the addition of an 8-week lower limb plyometric training program ( hurdle and depth jumping ) to normal in-season conditioning would enhance measures of competitive potential ( peak power output [ PP ] , jump force , jump height , and lower limb muscle volume ) in junior soccer players . The subjects ( 23 men , age 19 ± 0.7 years , body mass 70.5 ± 4.7 kg , height 1.75 ± 0.06 m , body fat 14.7 ± 2.6 % ) were r and omly assigned to a  control ( normal training ) group  ( Gc ; n = 11 ) and an  experimental group  ( Gex , n = 12 ) that also performed biweekly plyometric training . A force-velocity ergometer test determined PP . Characteristics of the squat jump ( SJ ) and the countermovement jump ( CMJ ) ( jump height , maximal force and velocity before take-off , and average power ) were determined by force platform . Video-camera kinematic analyses over a 40-m sprint yielded running velocities for the first step ( VS ) , the first 5 m ( V5 m ) and between 35 and 40 m ( Vmax ) . Leg muscle volume was estimated using a st and ard anthropometric kit . Gex showed gains relative to controls in PP ( p < 0.01 ) ; SJ ( height p < 0.01 ; velocity p < 0.001 ) , CMJ ( height p < 0.001 ; velocity p < 0.001 , average power p < 0.01 ) and all sprint velocities ( p < 0.001 for V5 m and Vmax , p < 0.01 for VS ) . There was also a significant increase ( p < 0.05 ) in thigh muscle volume , but leg muscle volume and mean thigh cross-sectional area remain unchanged . We conclude that biweekly plyometric training of junior soccer players ( including adapted hurdle and depth jumps ) improved important components of athletic performance relative to st and ard in-season training . Accordingly , such exercises are highly recommended as part of an annual soccer training program Thomas , K , French , D , and Hayes , PR . The effect of two plyometric training techniques on muscular power and agility in youth soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 23(1 ) : 332 - 335 , 2009-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two plyometric training techniques on power and agility in youth soccer players . Twelve males from a semiprofessional football club 's academy ( age = 17.3 ± 0.4 years , stature = 177.9 ± 5.1 cm , mass = 68.7 ± 5.6 kg ) were r and omly assigned to 6 weeks of depth jump ( DJ ) or countermovement jump ( CMJ ) training twice weekly . Participants in the DJ group performed drop jumps with instructions to minimize ground-contact time while maximizing height . Participants in the CMJ group performed jumps from a st and ing start position with instructions to gain maximum jump height . Posttraining , both groups experienced improvements in vertical jump height ( p < 0.05 ) and agility time ( p < 0.05 ) and no change in sprint performance ( p > 0.05 ) . There were no differences between the treatment groups ( p > 0.05 ) . The study concludes that both DJ and CMJ plyometrics are worthwhile training activities for improving power and agility in youth soccer players The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of 5 weeks of eccentrically loaded and unloaded jump squat training in experienced resistance-trained athletes during the strength/ power phase of a 15-week periodized off-season resistance training program . Forty-seven male college football players were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups . One group performed the jump squat exercise using both concentric and eccentric phases of contraction ( CE ; n = 15 ) . A second group performed the jump squat exercise using the concentric phase only ( n = 16 ) , and a third group did not perform the jump squat exercise and served as control ( CT ; n = 16 ) . No significant differences between the groups were seen in power , vertical jump height , 40-yd sprint speed and agility performance . In addition , no differences between the groups were seen in integrated electromyography activity during the jump squat exercise . Significant differences between the CE and CT groups were seen in D 1RM squat ( 65.8 and 27.5 kg , respectively ) and D 1RM power clean ( 25.9 and 3.8 kg , respectively ) . No other between-group differences were observed . Results of this study provide evidence of the benefits of the jump squat exercise during a short- duration ( 5-week ) training program for eliciting strength and power gains . In addition , the eccentric phase of this ballistic movement appears to have important implication s for eliciting these strength gains in college football players during an off-season training program . Thus , coaches incorporating jump squats ( using both concentric and eccentric phases of contraction ) in the off-season training programs of their athletes can see significant performance improvements during a relatively short duration of training Abstract West , DJ , Cunningham , DJ , Bracken , RM , Bevan , HR , Crewther , BT , Cook , CJ , and Kilduff , LP . Effects of resisted sprint training on acceleration in professional rugby union players . J Strength Cond Res 27(4 ) : 1014–1018 , 2013—The use of weighted sled towing as a training tool to improve athlete acceleration has received considerable attention ; however , its effectiveness for developing acceleration is equivocal . This study compared the effects of combined weighted sled towing and sprint training against traditional sprint training on 10 and 30 m speed in professional rugby union players ( n = 20 ) . After baseline testing of 10 and 30 m speed , participants were assigned to either the combined sled towing and sprint training ( SLED ) or traditional sprint training ( TRAD ) groups , matched for 10-m sprint times . Each group completed 2 training sessions per week for 6 weeks , with performance reassessed post-training . Both training programmes improved participants ' 10 and 30 m speed ( p < 0.001 ) , but the performance changes ( from pre to post ) in 10 m ( SLED −0.04 ± 0.01 vs. TRAD −0.02 ± 0.01 seconds ; p < 0.001 ) and 30 m ( SLED −0.10 ± 0.03 vs. TRAD −0.05 ± 0.03 seconds ; p = 0.003 ) sprint times were significantly greater in the SLED training group . Similarly , the percent change within the SLED group 
    Output:
    
The analysis concluded that resistance-based training has a positive effect on sprinting performance .
Varied input of locomotor resistance and fixed plane resistance has result ed in similar percentage change for sprinting performance .
This review adds to the body of knowledge by strongly highlighting the dearth of literature exploring the effects of resistance-based training on sprinting performance in competitive sprinters .