***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: An international ten-centre double-blind trial comparing hCG with placebo in the management of habitual abortion was conducted . The dose regime for hCG used was 10,000 IU i.m . on first diagnosis of pregnancy , 5000 IU thence twice weekly to week 12 , followed by once weekly up to week 16 . Identical ampoulage of placebo was used . Seventy-five patients completed the trial . Thirty-six received hCG and thirty-nine placebo . 83 % of the pregnancies on hCG were successful compared with 79 % on placebo ( P = 0.45 ) . Of the 25 defined as having no cause for their habitual abortion history , 83 % on hCG were successful , as were 85 % on placebo ( P = 0.73 ) . No significant differences were found between the two therapies in terms of delivery weight , placental weight or neonatal Apgar score . This study fails to confirm previous promising placebo-controlled data advocating the use of hCG in habitual abortion In order to determine the effect of early pregnancy support with intermittent injections of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) , 60 patients with positive serum pregnancy tests following in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) or gamete intra-fallopian transfer ( GIFT )  were r and omly allocated into 2 groups . Those in one group were given 5,000 IU of hCG twice weekly until they reached 12 weeks gestation , or miscarried . Those in the other group acted as controls . There was no difference in the serum progesterone level or in pregnancy outcome noted between the 2 groups . The miscarriage rate in each group was 26.6 % . It is concluded that exogenous hCG has no significant role to play once biochemical pregnancy has been achieved in patients with normal hormone profiles on an IVF program OBJECTIVE To determine if repetitive administration of hCG causes decreased pregnancy wastage rates in patients who are at a high risk of luteal inadequacy . DESIGN Ovulation induction using human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)/human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) or clomiphene citrate ( CC ) is associated with luteal phase defects that may cause increased pregnancy wastage . An increased risk of abortion exists also in pregnancies in patients with previous repeated miscarriage , women older than 37 years , and various causes of infertility such as hyperprolactinemia . Because the presumed common denominator to the increased rate of pregnancy wastage in all these cases is luteal dysfunction , repetitive hCG administration , 2,500 U two times weekly , was carried out between the 4th and 8th week of gestation in 249 cases of ovulation induction and /or previous abortions , whereas 198 gestations served as controls ( no hCG administration ) . RESULTS In the hCG treatment group , 43 ended in miscarriage ( 17.3 % ) versus 97 abortions in the control group ( 49 % , P less than 0.01 ) . In 160 cases of hMG/hCG generated gestations , 94 received hCG and 66 did not . The pregnancy wastage rates were 21.3 % and 42.4 % , respectively ( P less than 0.05 ) . In 144 cases of CC/hCG-induced pregnancies , 95 received hCG and 49 served as controls . The respective abortion rates were 15.8 % and 44.8 % ( P less than 0.01 ) . The remaining 143 spontaneous conceptions occurred in infertile patients with previous repeated abortions . In 60 of these conceptions , hCG was administered during the first 4 weeks of gestation and 83 cases served as control . The pregnancy wastage rates were 13.3 % versus 56.6 % , respectively ( P less than 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Repetitive administration of hCG during the early gestation in cases that are at high risk of luteal inadequacy may significantly decrease the pregnancy wastage rate Human chorionic gonadotropin was administered intramuscularly in an open study of 32 women whose last three pregnancies had ended in spontaneous abortion . An initial dosage of 10 000 iu on earliest diagnosis of pregnancy was followed up by 5000 IU twice weekly up to wk 12 , then once weekly up to wk 16 . Only 2 of the 32 patients aborted ( 6.2 % ) . Using the same regime a further 20 habitual aborters were r and omly allocated double-blind to either hCG or placebo . All 10 women on active therapy continued ( 100 % ) compared with only 3 on placebo ( 30 % ) ( P less than 0.01 ) . These results suggest that hCG should be considered as treatment in women with habitual abortion where other specific causes have been ruled out and a potentially treatable hormonal imbalance surmised A preliminary study of ' screened ' women with two consecutive miscarriages revealed an incidence of abortion in 47.4 % in a subsequent pregnancy whilst hCG therapy in a similar group of women where biochemical monitoring with plasma progesterone suggested a potentially jeopardized pregnancy result ed in a continuing pregnancy in 92.3 % of treated women . An urgent need for a true r and omized double-blind evaluation of this therapy has been established in order to re-examine the therapeutic nihilism which currently pervades the management of women with recurrent abortion OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of hCG in the management of recurrent early pregnancy loss .  DESIGN A prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Miscarriage Clinic , Women 's Hospital , Liverpool , United Kingdom . SUBJECTS Eighty-one women attending the miscarriage clinic with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss were r and omized to receive hCG supplementation or placebo in early pregnancy . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The success rate or live birth rate . RESULTS In women with regular menstrual cycles it was found that hCG had no beneficial effect , the pregnancy success rate being 86 % in both groups . However , women with oligomenorrhea had a pregnancy success rate of 40 % in the placebo group but a statistically significant improvement to 86 % if hCG was given . CONCLUSIONS Human chorionic gonadotropin can be recommended for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss in women with oligomenorrhea OBJECTIVE To find a method without corticosteroids , aspirin or heparin for treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive early recurrent spontaneous abortion ( AARSA ) . METHODS Twenty-three patients of AARSA in the treated group were treated with Chinese herbal medicine ( CHM ) plus human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone , and 18 patiens in the control group were treated with multi-vitamin only . The change of anticardiolipin antibody was determined by enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay ( ELISA ) . RESULTS After treatment , anticardiolipin antibody negative converted in 20 cases ( 86.9 % ) of the treated group . The cure rate of abortion in the treated group was 82.6 % ( 19/23 ) , which was raised to 95 % ( 19/20 ) in those patients with antibody negative conversion , while in the control group , it was 16.7 % ( 3/18 ) merely , comparison between the two groups in cure rate showed significant difference ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION CHM plus human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone could cure AARSA effectively One hundred and eighty women with a history of recurrent , unexplained spontaneous abortion ( mean 3.5 abortions ) were r and omised to receive oral dydrogesterone ( 10 mg b.i.d . ) , intramuscular human chorionic gonadotrophin ( hCG ; 5000 IU every 4 days ) or no additional treatment ( controls ) . Treatment was started as soon as possible after confirmation of pregnancy and continued until the 12th gestational week . All women received st and ard supportive care . Abortions were significantly ( p < or = 0.05 ) less common in the dydrogesterone group ( 13.4 % ) than in the control group ( 29 % ) ; there were no statistically significant differences between the hCG group and the control group . There were no differences between the groups with respect to pregnancy complications or congenital abnormalities . In conclusion , hormonal support with dydrogesterone can increase the chances of a successful pregnancy in women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion 
    Output:
    
There were no documented adverse effects of using hCG .
A well- design ed r and omised controlled trial of adequate power and method ological quality is required to determine whether hCG is beneficial in RM