***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Insufficient calcium intake has been proposed to cause unbalanced energy partitioning leading to obesity . However , weight loss interventions including dietary calcium or dairy product consumption have not reported changes in lipid metabolism measured by the plasma lipidome . Methods The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between dairy product or supplemental calcium intake with changes in the plasma lipidome and body composition during energy restriction . A secondary objective of this study was to explore the relationships among calculated macronutrient composition of the energy restricted diet to changes in the plasma lipidome , and body composition during energy restriction . Overweight adults ( n = 61 ) were r and omized into one of three intervention groups including a deficit of 500kcal/d : 1 ) placebo ; 2 ) 900 mg/d calcium supplement ; and 3 ) 3 - 4 servings of dairy products/d plus a placebo supplement .  Plasma fatty acid methyl esters of cholesterol ester , diacylglycerol , free fatty acids , lysophosphatidylcholine , phosphatidylcholine , phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol were quantified by capillary gas chromatography . Results After adjustments for energy and protein ( g/d ) intake , there was no significant effect of treatment on changes in weight , waist circumference or body composition . Plasma lipidome did not differ among dietary treatment groups . Stepwise regression identified correlations between reported intake of monounsaturated fat ( % of energy ) and changes in % lean mass ( r = -0.44 , P < 0.01 ) and % body fat ( r = 0.48 , P < 0.001 ) . Polyunsaturated fat intake was associated with the % change in waist circumference ( r = 0.44 , P < 0.01 ) . Dietary saturated fat was not associated with any changes in anthropometrics or the plasma lipidome . Conclusions Dairy product consumption or calcium supplementation during energy restriction over the course of 12 weeks did not affect plasma lipids . Independent of calcium and dairy product consumption , short-term energy restriction altered body composition . Reported dietary fat composition of energy restricted diets was associated with the degree of change in body composition in these overweight and obese individuals We compare the effects of a moderate hypocaloric , high-protein diet and resistance training , using two different protein supplements , versus hypocaloric diet alone on body compositional changes in overweight police officers . A r and omized , prospect i ve 12-week study was performed comparing the changes in body composition produced by three different treatment modalities in three study groups . One group ( n = 10 ) was placed on a nonlipogenic , hypocaloric diet alone ( 80 % of predicted needs ) . A second group ( n = 14 ) was placed on the hypocaloric diet plus resistance exercise plus a high-protein intake ( 1.5 g/kg/day ) using a casein protein hydrolysate . In the third group ( n = 14 ) treatment was identical to the second , except for the use of a whey protein hydrolysate . We found that weight loss was approximately 2.5 kg in all three groups . Mean percent body fat with diet alone decreased from a baseline of 27 ± 1.8 to 25 ± 1.3 % at 12 weeks . With diet , exercise and casein the decrease was from 26 ± 1.7 to 18 ± 1.1 % and with diet , exercise and whey protein the decrease was from 27 ± 1.6 to 23 ± 1.3 % . The mean fat loss was 2.5 ± 0.6 , 7.0 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 0.9 kg in the three groups , respectively . Lean mass gains in the three groups did not change for diet alone , versus gains of 4 ± 1.4 and 2 ± 0.7 kg in the casein and whey groups , respectively . Mean increase in strength for chest , shoulder and legs was 59 ± 9 % for casein and 29 ± 9 % for whey , a significant group difference . This significant difference in body composition and strength is likely due to improved nitrogen retention and overall anticatabolic effects caused by the peptide components of the casein hydrolysate BACKGROUND AND AIMS The prevalence of type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) is increasing . Several studies have suggested a beneficial effect of several major dairy nutrients on insulin production and sensitivity . Conversely , harmful effects have been suggested as well . This study aim ed to investigate the impact of the full-range of dairy products and its association with incidence T2DM in Dutch adults aged ≥55 years participating in the Rotterdam Study . METHODS AND RESULTS  Dairy intake was assessed with a vali date d FFQ , including total , skimmed , semi-skimmed , full-fat , fermented , and non-fermented dairy , and subclasses of these product groups . Verified prevalent and incident diabetes were documented . Cox proportional hazards regression and spline regression were used to analyse data , adjusting for age , sex , alcohol , smoking , education , physical activity , body mass index , intake of total energy , energy-adjusted meat , and energy-adjusted fish intake . Median total dairy intake was 398 g/day ( IQR 259 - 559 g/day ) . Through 9.5 ± 4.1 years of follow-up , 393 cases of incident T2DM were reported . Cox and spline regression did not point towards associations of total dairy consumption , dairy consumption based on fat content , non-fermented or fermented dairy consumption , or individual dairy product consumption with incident T2DM . The HR for total dairy intake and T2DM was 0.93 ( 95 % CI : 0.70 - 1.23 ) in the upper quartile ( P-for trend 0.76 ) . CONCLUSIONS This prospect i ve cohort study did not point towards an association between dairy consumption and T2DM BACKGROUND & AIMS The effect of total dairy products , milk , and calcium intake on risk of type 2 diabetes ( T2D )  is uncertain , particularly in the Chinese population . METHODS The present study was based on a prospect i ve cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women aged 45 - 74 years during enrollment ( 1993 - 1998 ) in Singapore . Dietary information was obtained using a vali date d 165-item semi-quantitative food-frequency question naire . Information about newly diagnosed T2D was collected by self-report during two follow-up interviews in 1999 - 2004 and 2006 - 2010 . Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to estimate hazard ratios ( HRs ) and their 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) in 45,411 eligible participants . RESULTS Incidence rate ( 95 % CI ) of T2D was 10.5 ( 10.2 - 10.8 ) per 1000 person-years . Intake of dairy food was significantly associated with reduced T2D risk ; compared with the lowest quartile , HRs ( 95 % CI ) for the second , third and fourth quartiles of dairy intake were 0.98 ( 0.91 - 1.06 ) , 0.96 ( 0.89 - 1.03 ) and 0.90 ( 0.83 - 0.98 ) , respectively , after adjustment for potential confounders at baseline ( P-trend = 0.01 ) . Daily drinkers of milk had a significant 12 % reduction in T2D risk compared with non-drinkers . While dairy calcium was associated with a decreased risk of T2D ( HR comparing extreme quartiles 0.84 ; 95 % CI 0.76 - 0.93 ; P-trend = 0.001 ) , no association was found for non-dairy calcium ( HR 1.02 ; 95 % CI 0.92 - 1.14 ; P-trend = 0.61 ) . CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study of Chinese adults , dairy product intake and daily milk consumption was associated with a statistically significant , although modest , decrease in risk of developing T2D , which may be independent of its calcium content BACKGROUND It is not clear whether varying the protein-to-carbohydrate ratio of weight-loss diets benefits body composition or metabolism . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the effects of 2 weight-loss diets differing in protein-to-carbohydrate ratio on body composition , glucose and lipid metabolism , and markers of bone turnover . DESIGN A parallel design included either a high-protein diet of meat , poultry , and dairy foods ( HP diet : 27 % of energy as protein , 44 % as carbohydrate , and 29 % as fat ) or a st and ard-protein diet low in those foods ( SP diet : 16 % of energy as protein , 57 % as carbohydrate , and 27 % as fat ) during 12 wk of energy restriction ( 6 - 6.3 MJ/d ) and 4 wk of energy balance ( approximately 8.2 MJ/d ) . Fifty-seven overweight volunteers with fasting insulin concentrations > 12 mU/L completed the study . RESULTS Weight loss ( 7.9 + /- 0.5 kg ) and total fat loss ( 6.9 + /- 0.4 kg ) did not differ between diet groups . In women , total lean mass was significantly ( P = 0.02 ) better preserved with the HP diet ( -0.1 + /- 0.3 kg ) than with the SP diet ( -1.5 + /- 0.3 kg ) . Those fed the HP diet had significantly ( P < 0.03 ) less glycemic response at weeks 0 and 16 than did those fed the SP diet . After weight loss , the glycemic response decreased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) more in the HP diet group . The reduction in serum triacylglycerol concentrations was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater in the HP diet group ( 23 % ) than in the SP diet group ( 10 % ) . Markers of bone turnover , calcium excretion , and systolic blood pressure were unchanged . CONCLUSION Replacing carbohydrate with protein from meat , poultry , and dairy foods has beneficial metabolic effects and no adverse effects on markers of bone turnover or calcium excretion Total substitution of soyabean protein for animal protein in the diet has been repeatedly shown to lower plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolaemic individuals . A new , highly palatable , high-protein soya drink may allow replacement of a significant percentage of animal protein in the diet . The soya drink was given , within a crossover design v. a cows ' milk preparation of similar composition and taste , to twenty-one severely hypercholesterolaemic patients ( mean baseline plasma cholesterol 8.74 mmol/l ) with a history of resistance to or intolerance of statin treatment . Each dietary supplement was given for 4 weeks , with a 4-week interval between treatments , Plasma lipid levels were monitored every 2 weeks during each dietary sequence . The concomitant dietary treatment , which had been followed for a long time by all patients , was carefully monitored throughout the study . The soya supplementation reduced plasma total cholesterol level by 6.5 % , when given first , and by 7.4 % when given after cows ' milk . When given first , cows ' milk result ed in a small , non-significant reduction of plasma cholesterol level ( -3.9 % ) , and when given after soya , it changed total plasma cholesterol to a minimal extent ( -1.6 % ) . Changes in total and LDL-cholesterol levels after 2 and 4 weeks of soya v. cows ' milk treatment were , thus , respectively -6.1 , -7.0 and -6.2 , -7.8 % ( both P < 0.05 ) . These first data from a double-blind study confirm a significant cholesterol-lowering effect of soyabean protein , even when only partly replacing animal protein in the diet , in individuals with extreme plasma cholesterol elevations BACKGROUND We recently showed that calcitriol increases oxidative and inflammatory stress ; moreover , inhibition of calcitriol with high-calcium diets decreased both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and inflammatory stress in obese mice , whereas dairy exerted a greater effect . However , these findings may be confounded by concomitant changes in adiposity . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of adiposity changes . DESIGN Twenty subjects ( 10 obese , 10 overweight ) participated in a blinded , r and omized , crossover study of dairy- compared with soy-supplemented eucaloric diets . Two 28-d dietary periods were separated by a 28-d washout period . Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured on days 0 , 7 , and 28 of each dietary period . RESULTS The dairy-supplemented diet result ed in significant suppression of oxidative stress ( plasma malondialdehyde , 22 % ; 8-isoprostane-F(2alpha ) , 12 % ; P < 0.0005 ) and lower inflammatory markers ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha , 15 % , P < 0.002 ; interleukin 
    Output:
    
Our findings suggest that dairy intake , especially low-fat dairy products , has a beneficial effect on HOMA-IR , waist circumference , and body weight .