***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Preliminary studies suggest that physical exercise interventions can improve physical fitness , fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients after completion of chemotherapy . Additional research is needed to rigorously test the effects of exercise programmes among cancer patients and to determine optimal training intensity accordingly . The present paper presents the design of a r and omized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a high intensity exercise programme compared to a low-to-moderate intensity exercise programme and a waiting list control group on physical fitness and fatigue as primary outcomes . Methods After baseline measurements , cancer patients who completed chemotherapy  are r and omly assigned to either a 12-week high intensity exercise programme or a low-to-moderate intensity exercise programme . Next , patients from both groups are r and omly assigned to immediate training or a waiting list ( i.e. waiting list control group ) . After 12 weeks , patients of the waiting list control group start with the exercise programme they have been allocated to . Both interventions consist of equal bouts of resistance and endurance interval exercises with the same frequency and duration , but differ in training intensity . Additionally , patients of both exercise programmes are counselled to improve compliance and achieve and maintain an active lifestyle , tailored to their individual preferences and capabilities . Measurements will be performed at baseline ( t = 0 ) , 12 weeks after r and omization ( t = 1 ) , and 64 weeks after r and omization ( t = 2 ) . The primary outcome measures are cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength assessed by means of objective performance indicators , and self-reported fatigue . Secondary outcome measures include health-related quality of life , self-reported physical activity , daily functioning , body composition , mood and sleep disturbances , and return to work . In addition , compliance and satisfaction with the interventions will be evaluated . Potential moderation by pre- and post-illness lifestyle , health and exercise-related attitudes , beliefs and motivation will also be assessed . Finally , the cost-effectiveness of both exercise interventions will be evaluated . Discussion This r and omized controlled trial will be a rigorous test of effects of exercise programmes for cancer patients after chemotherapy , aim ing to contribute to evidence -based practice in cancer rehabilitation programmes . Trial registration This study is registered at the Netherl and s Trial Register ( NTR2153 Background : Substantial numbers of cancer patients use complementary medicine therapies , even without a supportive evidence base . This study aim ed to evaluate in a r and omized controlled trial , the use of Medical Qigong ( MQ ) compared with usual care to improve the quality of life ( QOL ) of cancer patients . Patients and methods : One hundred and sixty-two patients with a range of cancers were recruited .  QOL and fatigue were measured by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — General and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — Fatigue , respectively , and mood status by Profile of Mood State . The inflammatory marker serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) was monitored serially . Results : Regression analysis indicated that the MQ group significantly improved overall QOL ( t144 = −5.761 , P < 0.001 ) , fatigue ( t153 = −5.621 , P < 0.001 ) , mood disturbance ( t122 = 2.346 , P = 0.021 ) and inflammation ( CRP ) ( t99 = 2.042 , P < 0.044 ) compared with usual care after controlling for baseline variables . Conclusions : This study indicates that MQ can improve  cancer patients  ’ overall QOL and mood status and reduce specific side-effects of treatment . It may also produce physical benefits in the long term through reduced inflammation PURPOSE The aims of this pilot study were the following : 1 ) to examine patterns of adherence to a brisk walking program in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for newly diagnosed breast cancer using a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled experimental design ; 2 ) to examine the influence of disease symptoms and treatment side effects on exercise levels ; and 3 ) to suggest methods that may improve future clinical trials of moderate-intensity exercise in similar population s. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY Fifty-two patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment arms : usual care or usual care plus exercise . Those assigned to the exercise group received a st and ardized , self-administered , home-based brisk walking intervention in addition to usual care . Each day subjects completed self-report diary forms that elicited information about activity levels , and the occurrence of symptoms and side effects during cancer treatment . RESULTS Analyses of self-reported daily activity levels revealed a diffusion of treatment effect . Fifty percent of the usual-care group reported maintaining or increasing their physical activity to a moderate-intensity level , while 33 % of the exercise group did not exercise at the prescribed levels . Analyses of self-reported disease symptoms and treatment side effects did not reveal clinical ly meaningful differences between the two groups . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S The results of this study suggest that women who exercised regularly before receiving a breast cancer diagnosis attempted to maintain their exercise programs . Women who lead sedentary lifestyles may benefit from a structured exercise program that includes information and support related to exercise adherence strategies BACKGROUND Anemia in patients with solid tumors is a common problem that is associated with impaired exercise capacity , increased fatigue , and lower quality of life ( QoL ) . Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) have been shown to improve these outcomes ; however , it is unknown if additional benefits can be achieved with aerobic exercise training . METHODS We conducted a single-center , prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial in 55 mild-to-moderately anemic patients with solid tumors . Patients were r and omized to either darbepoetin alfa alone ( DAL , n = 29 ) or darbepoetin alfa plus aerobic exercise training ( DEX ; n = 26 ) . The DEX group performed aerobic exercise training three times per week at 60%-100 % of baseline exercise capacity for 12 weeks . The primary endpoint was QoL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia scale . Secondary endpoints were fatigue , cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO(2peak ) ) , hemoglobin ( Hb ) response , and darbepoetin alfa dosing . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses indicated significant improvements in QoL and fatigue in both groups over time but there were no between-group differences . The DEX group had a significantly greater VO(2peak ) than the DAL group ( mean group difference , + 3.0 ml/kg per minute ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.2 - 4.7 ; p = .001 ) and there were borderline significant differences in favor of the DEX group for Hb response and darbepoetin alfa dosing . CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise training did not improve QoL or fatigue beyond the established benefits of DAL but it did result in favorable improvements in exercise capacity and a more rapid Hb response with lower dosing requirements . Our results may be useful to clinicians despite the more recent restrictions on the indications for ESAs Background Exercise interventions during adjuvant cancer therapy have been shown to increase functional capacity , relieve fatigue and distress and may assist rates of chemotherapy completion . These studies have been limited to breast , gastric and mixed cancer groups and it is not yet known if a similar intervention is even feasible among women with ovarian cancer . We aim ed to assess safety , feasibility and potential effect of a walking intervention in women undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer . Methods Women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer were recruited to participate in an individualised walking intervention throughout chemotherapy and were assessed pre- and post-intervention .  Feasibility measures included session adherence , compliance with exercise physiologist prescribed walking targets and self-reported program acceptability . Changes in objective physical functioning ( 6-minute walk test ) , self-reported distress ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) , symptoms ( Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale - Physical ) and quality of life ( Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Ovarian ) were calculated , and chemotherapy completion and adverse intervention effects recorded . Results Seventeen women were enrolled ( 63 % recruitment rate ) . Mean age was 60 years ( SD = 8 years ) , 88 % were diagnosed with FIGO stage III or IV disease , 14 women underwent adjuvant and three neo-adjuvant chemotherapy . On average , women adhered to > 80 % of their intervention sessions and complied with 76 % of their walking targets , with the majority walking four days a week at moderate intensity for 30 minutes per session . Meaningful improvements were found in physical functioning , physical symptoms , physical well-being and ovarian cancer-specific quality of life . Most women ( 76 % ) completed ≥85 % of their planned chemotherapy dose . There were no withdrawals or serious adverse events and all women reported the program as being helpful . Conclusions These positive preliminary results suggest that this walking intervention for women receiving chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is safe , feasible and acceptable and could be used in development of future work . Trial registration Research suggests that stress‐reduction programs tailored to the cancer setting help patients cope with the effects of treatment and improve their quality of life .  Yoga , an ancient Eastern science , incorporates stress‐reduction techniques that include regulated breathing , visual imagery , and meditation as well as various postures . The authors examined the effects of the  Tibetan yoga ( TY ) practice s of Tsa lung and Trul khor , which incorporate  controlled breathing and visualization , mindfulness techniques  , and low‐impact postures  in patients with lymphoma BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This pilot project assessed the acceptability of a mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise programme  following breast cancer treatment , and the impact on presence of lymphoedema , fitness , body composition , fatigue , mood and quality of life . METHODS Ten women completed the programme and measures of fitness ( sub-maximal ergometer test ) , body composition ( bio-electrical impedance ) , lympoedema ( bio-electrical impedance and arm circumferences ) , fatigue ( revised Piper Fatigue Scale ) , mood ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) , quality of life ( FACT-B ) and general well-being , at baseline , completion of the programme , and 6-week and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS Participation in the programme caused no adverse effect on the presence of lymphoedema . There was a trend towards reduction in fatigue and improved quality of life across the testing phases . Women rated the programme extremely favourably , citing benefits of the support of other women , trained guidance , and the opportunity to experience different types of exercise . CONCLUSIONS A mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise program in a group format is acceptable to women following breast cancer treatment , with the potential to reduce fatigue and improve quality of life , without exacerbating or precipitating lymphoedema . This pilot work needs to be confirmed in larger r and omised studies Background To examine the effects of a 6 month lifestyle intervention on quality of life , depression , self-efficacy and eating behavior changes in overweight and obese endometrial cancer survivors . Methods Early stage endometrial cancer survivors were r and omized to intervention ( n = 23 ) or usual care ( n = 22 ) groups . Chi-square , Student 's t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used in intent-to-treat analyses . Outcomes were also examined according to weight loss . Results Morbidly obese patients had significantly lower self-efficacy , specifically when feeling physical discomfort . There was a significant improvement for self-efficacy related to social pressure ( p = .03 ) and restraint ( p = .02 ) in the LI group . There was a significant difference for emotional well-being quality of life ( p = .02 ) , self-efficacy related to negative emotions ( p < .01 ) , food availability ( p = .03 ) , and physical discomfort ( p = .01 ) in women who lost weight as compared to women who gained weight . Improvement in restraint was also reported in women who lost weight ( p < .01 ) . Conclusion This pilot lifestyle intervention had no effect on quality of life or depression but did improve self-efficacy and some eating behaviors . Trial Registration http://www . clinical trials.gov ; Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Recovering from cancer treatment can be a difficult experience , both physically and psychologically . This paper describes a r and omized controlled trial that evaluates the effects of exercise therapy upon quality of life in 120 women who 
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HRQoL and its domains were assessed using a wide range of measures .The results suggest that exercise interventions compared with control interventions have a positive impact on overall HRQoL and certain HRQoL domains .
Since there is consistency of findings on both types of measures ( change scores and difference in follow-up scores ) there is greater confidence in the robustness of these findings .When examining exercise effects by subgroups , exercise interventions had significantly greater reduction in anxiety for survivors with breast cancer than those with other types of cancer .
Further , there was greater reduction in depression , fatigue , and sleep disturbances , and improvement in HRQoL , emotional wellbeing ( EWB ) , physical functioning , and role function for cancer survivors diagnosed with cancers other than breast cancer but not for breast cancer .
There were also greater improvements in HRQoL and physical functioning , and reduction in anxiety , fatigue , and sleep disturbances when prescribed a moderate or vigorous versus a mild exercise program .
This systematic review indicates that exercise may have beneficial effects at varying follow-up periods on HRQoL and certain HRQoL domains including physical functioning , role function , social functioning , and fatigue .
Positive effects of exercise interventions are more pronounced with moderate- or vigorous-intensity versus mild-intensity exercise programs .