***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The Hawksley r and om zero sphygmomanometer was design ed to eliminate observer bias and two digit preference . We have measured blood pressure ( BP )  in a group of 62 young adults ( median age 26.1 years , range 20.2 - 31.3 years ) with reflux nephropathy under st and ardised conditions ( that is , in the morning , after a 2 h supine rest , before  venepuncture  , using a st and ard 12 x 23 cm adult size cuff appropriate for the machine used ) utilising the r and om zero sphygmomanometer and the automatic oscillometric BP monitor ( Dinamap 8100 , Critikon ) . Seven consecutive recordings of right brachial BP at intervals of 2 min were taken using each instrument alternatively , and the first reading was discarded . The first instrument used to measure BP was alternated between patients to eliminate bias on instrument preference . R and om zero sphygmomanometer was used as recommended by the manufacturers and Korotkoff phase V was used to measure the DBP . The observer and the equipment used were the same throughout the study period . The mean SBP and DBP were calculated to the nearest 1 mm Hg utilising the three recordings taken by each instrument . The limits of agreement and the repeatability coefficients for each method of measurement were assessed utilising the statistical method described by Bl and and Altman in 1986 . The correlation coefficients among r and om zero and automatic oscillometric BP monitor for SBP and DBP measurements were 0.84 and 0.67 , respectively . The average BP ( mean of r and om zero and automatic oscillometric BP monitor measurement ) plotted against the difference between the two methods of measurement showed no relation between the difference and the average of measurement in the ranges of BP studied , that is , between 100 and 160 mm Hg systolic and 55 and 100 mm Hg diastolic . The mean of difference between r and om zero and automatic oscillometric BP monitor for SBP was -6.45 ( s.d . 6.07 ) and for DBP + 10.77 ( s.d . 8.16 ) mm Hg . The limit of agreement for SBP measurement was + 5.69 to -18.59 mm Hg and for DBP was + 27.09 to -5.55 . The repeatability coefficients of r and om zero and automatic oscillometric BP monitor for systolic and diastolic measurements were 8.64 and 7.04 , and 9.72 and 6.62 , respectively . Bl and and Altman analysis indicates major differences between the two methods of measurement . The automatic oscillometric BP monitor could on average over-read the systolic by 6.45 mm Hg and under-read the diastolic by 10.77 mm Hg compared with that of r and om zero . Furthermore , the limits of agreement were wide enough for a normotensive to be inadvertently defined as a hypertensive on machine error alone . This clearly indicates that automatic oscillometric BP monitor and r and om zero BP measurements can not be used interchangeably in clinical practice . Furthermore , the repeatability coefficients , which should ideally be zero , are too large for either instrument to be considered as the gold st and ard for BP measurement , although that of automatic oscillometric BP monitor was superior to that of r and om zero . This study highlights the importance of using nomograms generated by the same method of measurement for comparison both in paediatric and adult practice for correct interpretation of BP In older white American adults , recent retrospective studies have demonstrated a relationship between lower birth weight and hypertension .  Black Americans have a higher occurrence of both lower birth weight and hypertension than do white Americans . To test the low birth weight-high blood pressure hypothesis , data from a prospect i ve study ( Perinatal Collaborative Project ) were examined . The study followed a sample of 137 black Americans , with nine examinations . Data on birth weight , growth , and blood pressure from birth through 28.0+/-2.7 years were obtained longitudinally . Bivariate correlations among parameters were computed with the Pearson r. Birth weight and blood pressure at age 28 years are not correlated ( Pearson r=.06 ) . However , systolic blood pressures measured at 0.3 years and thereafter are correlated with adult systolic blood pressure . Also , weight at 0.3 years and body mass index at 7 years and thereafter are correlated with adult weight . Our data did not confirm the birth weight-blood pressure hypothesis . Rather , we detected significant correlations between preadult measurements of blood pressure and weight with adult measurements . These results indicate that in black Americans , childhood growth is a stronger determinant than intrauterine growth of adult blood pressure Background Infant-feeding patterns may influence lifelong health . This study tested the hypothesis that longer duration of breastfeeding and later introduction of complementary foods in infancy are associated with reduced adult cardiovascular risk . Methods Data were pooled from 10 912 subjects in the age range of 15–41 years from five prospect i ve birth-cohort studies in low-/middle-income countries ( Brazil , Guatemala , India , Philippines and South Africa ) . Associations were examined between infant feeding ( duration of breastfeeding and age at introduction of complementary foods ) and adult blood pressure ( BP ) , plasma glucose concentration and adiposity ( skinfolds , waist circumference , percentage body fat and overweight/obesity ) . Analyses were adjusted for maternal socio-economic status , education , age , smoking , race and urban/rural residence and infant birth weight . Results There were no differences in outcomes between adults who were ever breastfed compared with those who were never breastfed . Duration of breastfeeding was not associated with adult diabetes prevalence or adiposity . There were U-shaped associations between duration of breastfeeding and systolic BP and hypertension ; however , these were weak and inconsistent among the cohorts . Later introduction of complementary foods was associated with lower adult adiposity . Body mass index changed by −0.19 kg/m2 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) −0.37 to −0.01 ] and waist circumference by −0.45 cm ( 95 % CI −0.88 to −0.02 ) per 3-month increase in age at introduction of complementary foods . Conclusions There was no evidence that longer duration of breastfeeding is protective against adult hypertension , diabetes or overweight/adiposity in these low-/middle-income population s. Further research is required to determine whether ‘ exclusive ’ breastfeeding may be protective . Delaying complementary foods until 6 months , as recommended by the World Health Organization , may reduce the risk of adult overweight/adiposity , but the effect is likely to be small OBJECTIVES This report presents health statistics from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population classified by sex , age , race and Hispanic origin , poverty status , and region of residence for chronic condition prevalence , health status and functional limitations , health care access and utilization , health behaviors , and human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) testing . Also , health statistics by education , income , health insurance coverage , marital status , and place of residence are presented for health status and limitations in activity , health care access and utilization , health behaviors , and knowledge and attitudes toward HIV . SOURCE OF DATA The National Health Interview Survey is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population . Sociodemographic data are collected for everyone in the family during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of the interview . The health information for adults in this report was obtained from one r and omly selected adult per family . HIGHLIGHTS In 2001 , 64 % of adults 18 years of age and over reported excellent or very good health . Fifty-eight percent of adults never participated in any type of vigorous leisure-time physical activity , and 13 % of adults did not have a usual place of health care . Twelve percent of adults had been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease , and 21 % had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension . Nearly a quarter of all adults were current smokers , and 22 % were former smokers . Based on estimates of body mass index , 36 % of adults were overweight and 23 % were obese Background The Hawksley r and om-zero sphygmomanometer ( r and om-zero ) has been used widely in epidemiological observation studies . This study compares blood pressure measurements using the r and om-zero with measurements using an automated oscillometric device and suggests a correction of the automated oscillometric measurements to enable comparisons of blood pressure levels over time . Methods The northern Sweden MONICA population survey 2009 included 1729 participants , 853 men and 876 women , 25–74 years old .  Blood pressure was measured using both r and om-zero and an automated oscillometric device in all participants . The Omron M7 digital blood pressure monitor was used for automated oscillometric measurements . A linear mixed model was used to derive a formula to adjust the automated oscillometric readings . Results Automated oscillometric  measurements of systolic blood pressure were generally lower than r and om-zero measurements in women [ oscillometric mean 122.1 mmHg ( 95 % confidence interval : 121.0–123.2 ) versus r and om-zero mean 124.4 mmHg ( 123.5–125.5 ) ] , whereas automated oscillometric  measurements of systolic blood pressure were generally higher than r and om-zero measurements in men [ oscillometric 131.1 mmHg ( 130.0–132.2 ) versus r and om-zero 129.0 mmHg ( 127.9–130.1 ) ] . For diastolic blood pressure , automated oscillometric measurements were higher in both women [ oscillometric 79.9 mmHg ( 79.2–80.5 ) versus r and om-zero 76.7 mmHg ( 76.0–77.4 ) ] and men [ oscillometric 83.1 mmHg ( 82.4–83.8 ) vs. r and om-zero 81.2 mmHg ( 80.6–81.9 ) ] . The difference also varied with age and order of measurement . Adjustment of the automated oscillometric measurements using mixed model regression coefficients produced estimates of blood pressure that were close to the r and om-zero measurements . Conclusion Blood pressure measurements using an automated oscillometric device differ from those with r and om-zero , but the oscillometric measurements can be adjusted , on the basis of sex , age and measurement order , to be similar to the r and om-zero measurements OBJECTIVES This report presents detailed tables from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population , classified by sex , age , race and Hispanic origin , education , current employment status , family income , poverty status , health insurance coverage , marital status , and place and region of residence . Estimates ( frequencies and percentages ) are presented for selected chronic conditions and mental health characteristics , functional limitations , health status , health behaviors , health care access and utilization , and human immunodeficiency virus testing . Percentages and percent distributions are presented in both age-adjusted and unadjusted versions . DATA SOURCE NHIS is a household , multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's National Center for Health Statistics . In 2012 , data were collected on 34,525 adults in the Sample Adult question naire . The conditional response rate was 79.7 % , and the final response rate was 61.2 % . The health information for adults in this report was obtained from one r and omly selected adult per family . HIGHLIGHTS In 2012 , 61 % of adults aged 18 and over had excellent or very good health . Eleven percent of adults had been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had heart disease , 24 % had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension , 9 % had been told that they had diabetes , and 21 % had been told that they had some for of arthritis , rheumatoid arthritis , gout , lupus , or fibromyalgia . Eighteen percent of adults were current smokers and 21 % were former smokers . Based on estimates of body mass index , 35 % of adults were overweight and 28 % were obese 
    Output:
    
This review reinforces the importance of early-life conditions on adult CVD in ethnic minority groups .
Improvement of early-life conditions among ethnic minority groups may contribute to reducing CVD risk in these population