***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The regenerative potential of brain has led to emerging therapies that can cure clinico-motor deficits after neurological diseases . Bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy is a great hope to mankind as these cells are feasible , multipotent and aid in neurofunctional gains in Stroke patients . Aims : This study evaluates safety , feasibility and efficacy of autologous mononuclear ( MNC ) stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic ischemic stroke ( CIS ) using clinical scores and functional imaging ( fMRI and DTI ) . Design : Non r and omised controlled observational study Study : Twenty four ( n=24 ) CIS patients were recruited with the inclusion criteria as : 3 months-2years of stroke onset , h and muscle power ( MRC grade ) at least 2 ; Brunnstrom stage of recovery : II-IV ; NIHSS of 4 - 15 , comprehendible .  Fugl Meyer , modified Barthel Index ( mBI ) and functional imaging parameters were used for assessment at baseline , 8 weeks and at 24 weeks . Twelve patients were administered with mean 54.6 million cells intravenously followed by 8 weeks of physiotherapy . Twelve patients served as controls . All patients were followed up at 24 weeks . Outcomes : The laboratory and radiological outcome measures were within normal limits in MNC group . Only mBI showed statistically significant improvement at 24 weeks ( p<0.05 ) whereas the mean FM , MRC , Ashworth tone scores in the MNC group were high as compared to control group . There was an increased number of cluster activation of Brodmann areas BA 4 , BA 6 post stem cell infusion compared to controls indicating neural plasticity . Cell therapy is safe and feasible which may facilitate restoration of function in CIS Background and Purpose — Pilot studies have suggested benefit from intravenous administration of bone marrow mononuclear stem cells ( BMSCs ) in stroke . We explored the efficacy and safety of autologous BMSCs in subacute ischemic stroke . Methods — This was a phase II , multicenter , parallel group , r and omized trial with blinded outcome assessment that included 120 patients . Patients with subacute ischemic stroke were r and omly assigned to the arm that received intravenous infusion of autologous BMSCs or to control arm . Co primary clinical efficacy outcomes were Barthel Index score and modified Rankin scale at day 180 . Secondary outcomes were change in infa rct volume , National Institute of Health Stroke Scale ( NIHSS ) at day 90 and 180 . Main safety outcomes were adverse events , any new area of 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography uptake in any body part over 365 days . Results — Fifty-eight patients received a mean of 280.75 million BMSCs at median of 18.5 days after stroke onset . There was no significant difference between BMSCs arm and control arm in the Barthel Index score ( 63.1 versus 63.6 ; P=0.92 ) , modified Rankin scale shift analysis ( P=0.53 ) or score > 3 ( 47.5 % versus 49.2 % ; P=0.85 ) , NIHSS score ( 6.3 versus 7.0 ; P=0.53 ) , change in infa rct volume ( −11.1 versus −7.36 ; P=0.63 ) at day 180 . Adverse events were also similar in the 2 arms , and no patient showed any new area of 18fluorodeoxyglucose uptake . Conclusions — With the methods used , results of this hitherto first r and omized controlled trial indicate that intravenous infusion of BMSCs is safe , but there is no beneficial effect of treatment on stroke outcome . Clinical Trial Registration — URLs : http://ctri.nic.in/ Clinical trials and http://www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifiers : CTRI-ROVCTRI/2008/091/0004 and NCT0150177 AIMS To assess the biodistribution of bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BMMNC ) delivered by different routes in patients with subacute middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke . PATIENTS & METHODS This was a nonr and omized , open-label Phase I clinical trial . After bone marrow harvesting , BMMNCs were labeled with technetium-99 m and intra-arterially or intravenously delivered together with the unlabeled cells . Scintigraphies were carried out at 2 and 24 h after cell transplantation . Clinical follow-up was continued for 6 months . RESULTS Twelve patients were included , between 19 and 89 days after stroke , and received 1 - 5 × 10(8 ) BMMNCs . The intra-arterial group had greater radioactive counts in the liver and spleen and lower counts in the lungs at 2 and 24 h , while in the brain they were low and similar for both routes . CONCLUSION BMMNC labeling with technetium-99 m allowed imaging for up to 24 h after intra-arterial or intravenous injection in stroke patients Background and Purpose — Bone marrow mononuclear cell ( BM-MNC ) intra-arterial transplantation improves recovery in experimental models of ischemic stroke . We aim ed to assess the safety , feasibility , and biological effects of autologous BM-MNC transplantation in patients with stroke . Methods — A single-blind ( outcomes assessor ) controlled Phase I/II trial was conducted in patients with middle cerebral artery stroke .  Autologous BM-MNCs were injected intra-arterially between 5 and 9 days after stroke . Follow-up was done for up to 6 months and blood sample s were collected for biological markers . The primary outcome was safety and feasibility of the procedure . The secondary outcome was improvement in neurological function . Results — Ten cases ( BM-MNC-treated ) and 10 control subjects ( BM-MNC-nontreated ) were consecutively included . Mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale before the procedure was 15.6 . Mean BM-MNCs injected were 1.59 × 108 . There was no death , stroke recurrence , or tumor formation during follow-up , although 2 cases had an isolate partial seizure at 3 months . After transplantation , higher plasma levels of beta nerve growth factor ( & bgr;-nerve growth factor ) were found compared with control subjects ( P=0.02 ) . There were no significant differences in neurological function at 180 days . A trend to positive correlation between number of CD34 + cells injected and Barthel Index was found ( r=0.56 , P=0.09 ) . Conclusions — Intra-arterial BM-MNC transplantation in subacute ischemic stroke is feasible and seems to be safe . Larger r and omized trials are needed to confirm the safety and eluci date the efficacy of BM-MNC transplantation . Clinical Trial Registration -URL— www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT00761982 Background and Purpose — Pre clinical data suggest that cell-based therapies have the potential to improve stroke outcomes . Methods — Eighteen patients with stable , chronic stroke were enrolled in a 2-year , open-label , single-arm study to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of surgical transplantation of modified bone marrow – derived mesenchymal stem cells ( SB623 ) . Results — All patients in the safety population ( N=18 ) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event . Six patients experienced 6 serious treatment-emergent adverse events ; 2 were probably or definitely related to surgical procedure ; none were related to cell treatment . All serious treatment-emergent adverse events resolved without sequelae . There were no dose-limiting toxicities or deaths .  Sixteen patients completed 12 months of follow-up at the time of this analysis . Significant improvement from baseline ( mean ) was reported for : ( 1 ) European Stroke Scale : mean increase 6.88 ( 95 % confidence interval , 3.5–10.3 ; P<0.001 ) , ( 2 ) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale : mean decrease 2.00 ( 95 % confidence interval , −2.7 to −1.3 ; P<0.001 ) , ( 3 ) Fugl-Meyer total score : mean increase 19.20 ( 95 % confidence interval , 11.4–27.0 ; P<0.001 ) , and ( 4 ) Fugl-Meyer motor function total score : mean increase 11.40 ( 95 % confidence interval , 4.6–18.2 ; P<0.001 ) . No changes were observed in modified Rankin Scale . The area of magnetic resonance T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal change in the ipsilateral cortex 1 week after implantation significantly correlated with clinical improvement at 12 months ( P<0.001 for European Stroke Scale ) . Conclusions — In this interim report , SB623 cells were safe and associated with improvement in clinical outcome end points at 12 months . Clinical Trial Registration — URL : https://www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT01287936 Background and objective . Proportional recovery of upper-extremity motor function and aphasia after stroke may suggest common mechanisms for spontaneous neurobiological recovery . This study aim ed to investigate if the proportional recovery rule also applies to visuospatial neglect ( VSN ) in right-hemispheric first-ever ischemic stroke patients and explored the possible common underlying mechanisms . Methods . Patients with upper-limb paresis and VSN were included . Recovery defined as the change in  Letter Cancellation Test ( LCT ) score at ~8 days and 6 months poststroke . Potential recovery defined as LCTmax-LCTinitial = 20 − LCTinitial . Hierarchical clustering separated fitters and nonfitters of the prediction rule . A cutoff value on LCTmax-LCTinitial was determined . The change in LCT and Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity was expressed as a percentage of the total possible score to investigate the communality of proportional recovery . Results . Out of 90 patients , 80 displayed proportional recovery of VSN ( ie , “ fitters , ” 0.97 ; 95 % CI = 0.82 - 1.12 ) . All patients who did not follow the prediction rule for VSN ( ie , ” nonfitters ” ) had ≥15 missing O ’s at baseline and failed to show proportional recovery of the upper limb . Conclusions . This study shows that the proportional recovery rule also applies to patients with VSN poststroke . Patients who fail to show proportional recovery of VSN are the same patients who fail to show proportional recovery of the upper limb . These findings support the idea of common intrahemispheric mechanisms underlying spontaneous neurobiological recovery in the first months poststroke . Future studies should investigate the prognostic clinical and neurobiological markers of these subgroups AIMS To assess the safety and feasibility of intra-arterial transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke within 90 days of symptom onset . PATIENTS & METHODS Six patients were included in the study , and they received 1 - 5 × 10(8 ) bone marrow mononuclear cell and were evaluated using blood tests , neurological and imaging examination before treatment , and 1 , 3 , 7 , 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 and 180 days after transplantation . Scintigraphies were carried out 2 and 24 h after the procedure to analyze the biodistribution of labeled cells . Electroencephalogram was conducted within 7 days after transplantation . RESULTS No patients exhibited any complication or adverse events during the procedure . There was no worsening in the neurological scales until the end of the follow-up . CONCLUSION Intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation is feasible and safe in patients with nonacute ischemic strokes of the middle cerebral artery . Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this therapy Transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BMMCs ) has been proven safe in animal and human studies . However , there are very few studies in stroke patients . In this study , intra-arterial autologous BMMCs were infused in patients with moderate to severe acute middle cerebral artery infa rcts . The subjects of this study included 20 patients with early or late spontaneous recanalization but with persistent deficits , in whom treatment could be initiated between 3 and 7 days after stroke onset .  Mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates and infused at the proximal middle cerebral artery of the affected hemisphere . Safety analysis ( primary endpoint ) during the 6-month follow-up assessed death , any serious clinical events , neurological worsening with ≥ 4-point increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ( NIHSS ) scores , seizures , epileptogenic activity on electroencephalogram , and neuroimaging complications including new ischemic , hemorrhagic , or neoplastic lesions . Satisfactory clinical improvement ( secondary endpoint ) at 90 days was defined according to the pretreatment NIHSS scores as follows : modified Rankin Scale score of 0 in patients with NIHSS < 8 , modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 - 1 in patients with NIHSS 8 - 14 , or modified Rankin Scale scores 0 - 2 in patients with NIHSS > 14 . Good clinical outcome was defined as mRS ≤2 at 90 days . Serial clinical , laboratory , electroencephalogram , and imaging evaluations showed no procedure-related adverse events . 
    Output:
    
The safety and feasibility of administering different types of  stem cell therapies  in stroke seem to be reasonably proven .