***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more PURPOSE The aim of this study was to report a clinical comparative assessment of crestal bone level change around single implants in fresh extraction sockets in the esthetic zone of the maxilla either immediately loaded or loaded after a delay . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty patients were included in a prospect i ve , r and omized study . All patients required 1 tooth extraction ( ie , 1 tooth with a hopeless prognosis ) and were r and omized into either the test group or the control group . Implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction and were loaded immediately in the test group ( 20 implants ) and after 3 months in the control group ( 20 implants ) . The implant site was prepared , with at least 4 mm of sound apical bone below the implant apex , and the coronal margin of the implant was placed at the buccal level of the bone crest . All implants were 13 mm long ; 30 implants had a diameter of 5 mm , and 10 had a diameter of 3.75 mm . Radiographic examinations were made at baseline , at 6 months , and at 24 months . To compare the mean values between test and control group , a paired t test was performed ( considered statistically significant at P < .05 ) . RESULTS After a 24-month follow-up period , a cumulative survival rate of 100 % was reported for all implants . The control group result ed in a mean mesial bone loss of 1.16 + /- 0.32 mm and a mean distal bone loss of 1.17 + /- 0.41 ( mean bone loss , 1.16 + /- 0.51 mm ) . The test group result ed in a mesial bone loss of 0.93 + /- 0.51 mm and a distal bone loss of 1.1 + /- 0.27 mm ( mean bone loss , 1.02 + /- 0.53 mm ) . No statistically significant difference between control and test groups ( P > .05 ) was found . CONCLUSION The success rate and radiographic results of immediate restorations of dental implants placed in fresh extraction sockets were comparable to those obtained in delayed loading group PURPOSE The aim of this prospect i ve study was to evaluate the concept of intraoral welding as a suitable technique for the fabrication of a restoration for the edentulous atrophic maxilla on the day of placement of axial and tilted implants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty patients received three axial and four tilted implants in the edentulous maxilla . Immediately after implant placement , definitive abutments were connected to the implants and then a titanium bar was welded to them using an intraoral welding unit . This framework was used as a support for the definitive restoration , which was attached on the day of implant placement . Mean marginal bone loss and radiographically detectable alteration of the welded framework were assessed using periapical radiographs immediately after surgery and at 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months after placement . RESULTS Sixteen men and 14 women with an average age of 58.1 years ( SD 13.6 ) were consecutively treated with 210 immediately loaded implants .  No fractures or radiographically detectable alterations of the welded frameworks were evident . A 100 % prosthetic success rate was seen at 36 months . Three ( 1.4 % ) implants had serious biologic complications , result ing in success rates of 97.8 % for axial implants and 99.2 % for tilted implants . The accumulated mean marginal bone loss was 0.92 mm ( SD 0.75 ; n = 90 ) for axial implants and 1.03 mm ( SD 0.69 ; n = 120 ) for tilted implants . The average pocket probing depths were 1.87 mm ( SD 0.98 ; n = 90 ) for the axial implants and 1.95 mm ( SD 0.81 ; n = 120 ) for the tilted implants . CONCLUSIONS It is possible on the day of implant placement surgery to successfully rehabilitate the edentulous atrophic maxilla with a fixed , definitive restoration supported by an intraorally welded titanium framework attached to axial and tilted implants PURPOSE To evaluate aged partially and fully edentulous patients who received dental implants and were maintained over time . Further , to determine how the partially and edentulous ageing population s ( 65 and above ) with dental implants  maintain bone levels , proper oral hygiene , and perceive benefits of dental implants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Since 1995 , patients receiving dental implants  have been prospect ively entered into an Access-based computerized program ( Triton Tacking System ) . Patient demographics ( age , sex ) , bone quality , quantity , implant location , and type of surgery have been continuously entered into the data base . The data base was queried for patients receiving implants ( first stage ) between 66 and 93 years of age . Thirty-one patients were within this age group . Twenty-five patients returned to the clinic for periodontal and dental implant evaluation . The Periodontal Index was used to evaluate selected teeth in terms of probing depth , bleeding on probing , plaque accumulation , and mobility . Using NIH Image J , radiographs taken at second stage and last examination were measured for changes in interproximal bone levels . Once identified , each patient anomalously filled out an abbreviated quality of health life form . Due to small sample size , descriptive statistics were used to compare clinical findings . RESULTS Fifteen males ranging from 78 to 84 ( mean age 84 years ) years and 16 females from 66 to 93 ( mean age 83 years ) ( age range 66 - 93 ) were contacted by phone or mail and asked to return to our office for a re-examination . For this group , the first dental implants were placed in 1996 ( n = initial two implants ) and continuously recorded through 2013 ( n = last seven implants ) . Thirty-one patients received a total of 84 implants . Two patients were edentulous , and the remaining were partially edentulous . Four implants were lost . Between implant placement and 6- to 7-year interval , 13 patients with 40 implants had a cumulative survival rate of 94.6 % . Of the original group ( n = 33 ) , three were deceased , two were in nursing homes , and three could not be located . CONCLUSIONS Aged patients receiving dental implants  had excellent implant survival rates , low periodontal disease index scores with minimal changes in interproximal bone levels . Results from this study indicate that patients with advanced age , in reasonably good health , have excellent implant survival rates , excellent quality of life scores , and can be maintained in good oral health OBJECTIVE To evaluate prospect ively clinical and radiographic outcomes of 6- or 10 mm-long implants with moderately rough surface ( SLA ( ® ) ) loaded within 7 weeks from installation and supporting single crowns in the posterior regions in the course of 5 years of loading . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty implants with a moderately rough surface , 30 tests ( 6 mm long , 4.1 mm in diameter ) and 30 controls ( 10 mm long , 4.1 mm in diameter ) , were placed in posterior regions in 45 patients . After 6 weeks , impressions were taken and the implants were restored with a single fixed prosthesis made with gold-palladium alloy and porcelain . Survival rate and marginal bone loss were evaluated yearly . The clinical crown/implant ratio was calculated . RESULTS During the follow-up period , five implants , four tests and one control , were lost . Of the four test implants , one was lost before loading , two between the 2nd and the 3rd years , and one during the 4th year of the follow-up period . The control implant was lost during the first year of function . Consequently , after 5 years of follow-up , a survival rate of 86.7 % and 96.7 % was observed at the test and control sites , respectively . CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that 6-mm-long implants supporting single crowns loaded within 7 weeks from installation lose a small amount of marginal bone during 5 years of functional loading , similar to that of 10-mm-long implants . However , a higher degree of implant loss was recorded at the short implants , probably due to the fracturing of the surrounding bone BACKGROUND The placement of an implant into a fresh extraction socket has been identified as a reliable technique , allowing a reduction in the time needed for prosthetic rehabilitation . This treatment modality is widely reported in the scientific literature ; however , the long-term outcomes and the need for guided bone regeneration ( GBR ) are still topics of debate . The aim of this prospect i ve study is to evaluate the clinical and radiologic findings from the 10-year follow-up of immediately placed implants , with and without the GBR procedure . METHODS A total of 159 implants in 91 patients are included in this study ; 101 implants required a GBR procedure simultaneously with placement . All implants were used to support a single crown restoration . The clinical /radiographic measurements were repeated each year up to the 10-year follow-up . At the 10-year follow-up visit , the papilla index and the apico-coronal location of mid-buccal soft tissue positions were recorded . RESULTS The 10-year cumulative success rate was 91.8 % ( 87.9 % in the non-GBR group and 94.1 % in the GBR group ) . The clinical attachment level ( CAL ) measurements were stable throughout the study , and 82 % of the implants showed marginal bone loss ( MBL ) of 0.6 to 1.5 mm at the 10-year visit ; moreover , these two parameters did not show significant differences between the GBR and non-GBR groups . Seventy percent of the implant sites showed acceptable outcomes in terms of interproximal papilla . The facial gingival level was more apical in the non-GBR group than in the GBR group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The present prospect i ve clinical study shows that implants placed in fresh extraction sockets had a high cumulative success rate , namely 91.8 % after 10 years . No differences were detected in survival and success rate of implants whether GBR procedures were performed or not . The CAL , MBL , and marginal level of soft tissue measurements were stable throughout the 10-year evaluation OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present clinical study was to report on the clinical performance of screw-cylinder implants with special consideration of the survival rate of short implants . MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospect i ve study with consecutive patient recruitment ,  Camlog screw-cylinder implants with a particle-blasted and acid-etched microstructured surface and a triple-cam tube-in-tube implant-abutment connection have been used only . Two groups of implants were evaluated : implants of 9 and 11 mm in length were considered short , those of 13 and 16 mm were considered long . Besides clinical and radiographic parameters , data of complications , patients ' subjective evaluation of treatment outcome , general medical history and smoking habits were recorded . RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-three Camlog screw-cylinder implants were inserted in 133 patients . One hundred and twenty-nine patients were available for follow-up , representing 325 implants . The median observation period was 33 months ( Q(25 % ) 26 ; Q(75 % ) 38 ) . After a maximum observation period of 55 months , the Kaplan-Meier-survival analysis revealed no significant difference between the mean survival probabilities of 98.3 % ( n=59 , patient-related ) of short implants , and of 95.7 % of long implants ( n=70 , patient-related ) ( P=0.162 ) . No significant difference was found between implant survival rates considering maxilla ( 98.7 % ) and m and ible ( 98.2 % ) . A stratified analysis of short implants revealed a significant influence of premature cover screw exposures ( P=0.02 ) and smoking ( P=0.008 ) on implant survival . These influences were not found significant for long implants . CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of short Camlog implants is comparable with that of long implants . Therefore , their clinical use instead of performance of sophisticated vertical augmentation procedures before installation of long implants might be considered as alternative treatment option . In smokers , the use of short implants should be considered cautiously , however . The risk of premature cover screw exposure should be minimized PURPOSE This 15-year prospect i ve study evaluated the success rate and preservation of the gingival margin of  single implants placed in a flapless procedure loaded immediately after extraction or after a healing period . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Immediate flapless implant placement was performed in patients who fulfilled specified inclusion criteria .  Implants were either immediately restored with a provisional crown or left unloaded ( received healing abutment only ) . Implant success and gingival margin levels were evaluated after implant placement and after 1 to 15 years . RESULTS A total of 305 healthy nonsmoking subjects ( 90 men , 215 women ) were treated with 430 immediate implants  during a 15-year period ( December 1994 to December 2009 ) and monitored for 1 to 15 years . Two hundred seventy-five implants received an immediate provisional crown , and 155 received a he 
    Output:
    
The common biological complication reported included peri-implant mucositis , mucosal enlargement , bone loss , pain , and implant loss .
CONCLUSIONS This review provides robust evidence favoring dental implant therapy in elderly patients as a predictable long-term treatment option , in terms of implant survival , clinical ly acceptable PI-MBL changes , and minimal complications .
Therefore , age alone should not be a limiting factor for dental implant therapy