***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Previous studies in diverse ethnic groups have reported that progressive resistance training is effective for glycemic control . However , it is unknown whether this form of exercise therapy leads to clinical ly meaningful changes in metabolic , cardiovascular and anthropometric parameters in Asian Indians . Aim : The study was design ed to investigate the efficacy of progressive resistance training on glycemic , musculoskeletal , anthropometric and cardiovascular variables in untrained middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients living in North India . Material s and Methods : Forty-eight untrained patients , 35 men and 13 women ( mean ± SD age , 44.7 ± 4.2 years ) , with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were r and omly divided into 2 groups : A group receiving progressive resistance training and a control group who provided participative involvement . The primary outcomes were glycemic control and muscle strength . Additionally , anthropometric and cardiovascular risk parameters were evaluated at baseline and after intervention or control program at 8 weeks . Results : Mixed ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for the main outcomes of the study . Change in glycosylated hemoglobin was mean ± SD , 0.6 ± 0.5 in progressive resistance training group compared to no change in control group ( P < .001 ) . Progressive resistance training group showed a greater improvement in upper and lower body muscle strength ( P < .001 ) , waist circumference ( P = .008 ) , and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .004 ) . However , no significant group-by-time interaction was detected on body weight , total cholesterol , triglycerides , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , and systolic and diastolic blood pressure . Conclusions : A short-term progressive resistance training program leads to clinical ly meaningful improvements in glycemic control and muscle strength in untrained middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients of Asian Indian ethnicity The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training ( RT ) on novel cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . We enrolled 52 overweight/obese , type 2 diabetic patients , with inadequate glycemic control ( HbA1c > 6.5 % ) , but without overt diabetic vascular complications . Participants were r and omly assigned into two equivalent groups ( n = 26 ) : ( 1 ) Resistance exercise group : subjects underwent a supervised RT program ( 3-times/week , 60 min/session , 2–3 sets of 8 machine-weight exercises , 60–80 % of one-repetition maximum ) . ( 2 ) Control group ( CG ) : at study entrance , they received a structured exercise counseling to increase daily physical activity . Clinical parameters , cardiorespiratory capacity , glycemic and lipid profile , apolipoprotein A-I ( ApoA-I ) , apolipoprotein B ( ApoB ) , Lipoprotein(a ) [ Lp(a ) ] , insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , high-sensitivity CRP ( hsCRP ) , fibrinogen were measured before and after 3 months . RT significantly reduced glycemic indexes , insulin resistance and systolic blood pressure , compared to CG ( p < 0.05 ) . Moreover , exercise-treated patients conferred a remarkable downregulation in ApoB levels ( from 135.92 ± 30.97 mg/dL to 85.9 ± 26.46 mg/dL , p < 0.001 ) as compared to CG ( from 126.33 ± 36.59 mg/dL to 116.23 ± 27.52 mg/dL , p = 0.872 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . Similarly , ApoB/ApoA-I ratio was considerably decreased in REG rather than CG ( -0.32 ± 0.09 vs 0.02 ± 0.01 , p < 0.001 ) . Notably , ApoA-I , Lp(a ) , hsCRP , fibrinogen , the rest of lipid parameters , body weight and exercise capacity remained unaltered in both groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Among variables , HOMA-IR reduction was found to be an independent predictor of changes in ApoB/ApoA-I ratio ( R2 = 0.406 , p = 0.041 ) in REG . Long-term RT  ameliorated glycemic control , insulin sensitivity and ApoB/ApoA-I ratio  in individuals with T2DM . Although we did not observe significant benefits in the rest of cardiovascular risk factors , our results indicate a merely beneficial impact of RT CONTEXT Exercise guidelines for individuals with diabetes include both aerobic and resistance training although few studies have directly examined this exercise combination . OBJECTIVE To examine the benefits of aerobic training alone , resistance training alone , and a combination of both on hemoglobin A(1c ) ( HbA(1c ) ) in individuals with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A r and omized controlled trial in which 262 sedentary men and women in Louisiana with type 2 diabetes and HbA(1c ) levels of 6.5 % or higher were enrolled in the 9-month exercise program between April 2007 and August 2009 . INTERVENTION Forty-one participants were assigned to the nonexercise control group , 73 to resistance training 3 days a week , 72 to aerobic exercise in which they expended 12 kcal/kg per week ; and 76 to combined aerobic and resistance training in which they expended 10 kcal/kg per week and engaged in resistance training twice a week . Main Outcome Change in HbA(1c ) level . Secondary outcomes included measures of anthropometry and fitness . RESULTS The study included 63.0 % women and 47.3 % nonwhite participants who were a mean ( SD ) age of 55.8 years ( 8.7 years ) with a baseline HbA(1c ) level of 7.7 % ( 1.0 % ) . Compared with the control group , the absolute mean change in HbA(1c ) in the combination training exercise group was -0.34 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -0.64 % to -0.03 % ; P = .03 ) . The mean changes in HbA(1c ) were not statistically significant in either the resistance training ( -0.16 % ; 95 % CI , -0.46 % to 0.15 % ; P = .32 ) or the aerobic ( -0.24 % ; 95 % CI , -0.55 % to 0.07 % ; P = .14 ) groups compared with the control group . Only the combination exercise group improved maximum oxygen consumption ( mean , 1.0 mL/kg per min ; 95 % CI , 0.5 - 1.5 , P < .05 ) compared with the control group . All exercise groups reduced waist circumference from -1.9 to -2.8 cm compared with the control group . The resistance training group lost a mean of -1.4 kg fat mass ( 95 % CI , -2.0 to -0.7 kg ; P < .05 ) and combination training group lost a mean of -1.7 ( -2.3 to -1.1 kg ; P < .05 ) compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , a combination of aerobic and resistance training compared with the nonexercise control group improved HbA(1c ) levels . This was not achieved by aerobic or resistance training alone . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00458133 Although it is well documented that persons suffering from diabetes type 2 profit from muscular activities , just a negligible amount of patients take advantage of physical exercises . During the last decade , vibration exercise ( VE ) could be established as an effective measure to prevent muscular atrophy and osteoporosis with low expenditure of overall exercise-time . Unfortunately , little is known about the metabolic effects of VE . In the present study we compared VE with the influence of strength training and a control group ( flexibility training ) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients . Forty adult non-insulin dependent patients participated in the intervention . Fasting glucose concentration , an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) , haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , the isometric maximal torque of quadriceps muscles , and endurance capacity were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks of training with three training sessions per week . The main findings are : Fasting glucose concentrations remind unchanged after training . The area under curve and maximal glucose concentration of OGTT were reduced in the vibration and strength training group . HbA1c values tended to decrease below baseline date in the vibration training group while it increased in the two other intervention groups . Theses findings suggest that vibration exercise may be an effective and low time consuming tool to enhance glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of two low-fat hypocaloric diets differing in the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio , with and without resistance exercise training ( RT ) , on weight loss , body composition , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk outcomes in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 83 men and women with type 2 diabetes ( aged 56.1 ± 7.5 years , BMI 35.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2 ) were r and omly assigned to an isocaloric , energy-restricted diet ( female subjects 6 MJ/day , male subjects 7 MJ/day ) of either st and ard carbohydrate ( CON ; carbohydrate : protein : fat 53:19:26 ) or high protein ( HP ; 43:33:22 ) , with or without supervised RT ( 3 days/week ) for 16 weeks . Body weight and composition , waist circumference ( WC ) , and cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed . RESULTS Fifty-nine participants completed the study . There was a significant group effect ( P ≤ 0.04 ) for body weight , fat mass , and WC with the greatest reductions occuring in HP+RT ( weight [ CON : −8.6 ± 4.6 kg , HP : −9.0 ± 4.8 kg , CON+RT : −10.5 ± 5.1 kg , HP+RT : −13.8 ± 6.0 kg ] , fat mass [ CON : −6.4 ± 3.4 kg , HP : −6.7 ± 4.0 kg , CON+RT : −7.9 ± 3.7 kg , HP+RT : −11.1 ± 3.7 kg ] , and WC [ CON : −8.2 ± 4.6 cm , HP : −8.9 ± 3.9 cm , CON+RT : −11.3 ± 4.6 cm , HP+RT : −13.7 ± 4.6 cm ] ) . There was an overall reduction ( P < 0.001 ) in fat-free mass ( −2.0 ± 2.3 kg ) , blood pressure ( −15/8 ± 10/6 mmHg ) , glucose ( −2.1 ± 2.2 mmol/l ) , insulin ( −4.7 ± 5.4 mU/l ) , A1C ( −1.25 ± 0.94 % ) , triglycerides ( −0.47 ± 0.81 mmol/l ) , total cholesterol ( −0.67 ± 0.69 mmol/l ) , and LDL cholesterol ( −0.37 ± 0.53 mmol/l ) , with no difference between groups ( P ≥ 0.17 ) . CONCLUSIONS An energy-restricted HP diet combined with RT achieved greater weight loss and more favorable changes in body composition . All treatments had similar improvements in glycemic control and CVD risk markers OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of high-intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) on glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a 16-week r and omized controlled trial in 62 Latino older adults ( 40 women and 22 men ; mean + /- SE age 66 + /- 8 years ) with type 2 diabetes r and omly assigned to supervised PRT or a control group .  Glycemic control , metabolic syndrome abnormalities , body composition , and muscle glycogen stores were determined before and after the intervention . RESULTS Sixteen weeks of PRT ( three times per week ) result ed in reduced plasma glycosylated hemoglobin levels ( from 8.7 + /- 0.3 to 7.6 + /- 0.2 % ) , increased muscle glycogen stores ( from 60.3 + /- 3.9 to 79.1 + /- 5.0 mmol glucose/kg muscle ) , and reduced the dose of prescribed diabetes medication in 72 % of exercisers compared with the control group , P = 0.004 - 0.05 . Control subjects showed no change in glycosylated hemoglobin , a reduction in muscle glycogen ( from 61.4 + /- 7.7 to 47.2 + /- 6.7 mmol glucose/kg muscle ) , and a 42 % increase in diabetes medications . PRT subjects versus control subjects also increased 
    Output:
    
Conclusion In terms of glycemic control , RT could be recommended in the early stage of T2DM , especially for patients with relatively poor glycemic control .
More benefit would be elicited in less obese patients within a limited range of the BMI .
A substantial amount of exercise might be required to stimulate post-exercise glucose uptake , although the dose-dependency was not specifically clarified