***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Fish consumption during infancy has been regarded as a risk factor for allergic disease but later evidence suggests a protective role . However , method ological limitations in the studies make conclusions uncertain . The aim of this study was to assess the association between fish consumption during the first year of life and development of allergic diseases by age 4 BACKGROUND Observational studies suggest that early regular ingestion of allergenic foods might reduce the risk of food allergy . OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether early regular oral egg exposure will reduce subsequent IgE-mediated egg allergy in infants with moderate-to-severe eczema . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized controlled trial infants were allocated to 1 teaspoon of pasteurized raw whole egg powder ( n = 49 ) or rice powder ( n = 37 ) daily from 4 to 8 months of age . Cooked egg was introduced to both groups after an observed feed at 8 months . The primary outcome was IgE-mediated egg allergy at 12 months , as defined based on the results of an observed pasteurized raw egg challenge and skin prick tests . RESULTS A high proportion ( 31 % [ 15/49 ] ) of infants r and omized to receive egg had an allergic reaction to the egg powder and did not continue powder ingestion . At 4 months of age , before any known egg ingestion , 36 % ( 24/67 ) of infants already had egg-specific IgE levels of greater than 0.35 kilounits of antibody (kUA)/L. At 12 months , a lower ( but not significant ) proportion of infants in the egg group ( 33 % ) were given a diagnosis of IgE-mediated egg allergy compared with the control group ( 51 % ; relative risk , 0.65 ; 95 % CI , 0.38 - 1.11 ; P = .11 ) . Egg-specific IgG4 levels were significantly ( P < .001 ) greater in the egg group at both 8 and 12 months . CONCLUSION Induction of immune tolerance pathways and reduction in egg allergy incidence can be achieved by early regular oral egg exposure in infants with eczema . Caution needs to be taken when these high-risk infants are first exposed to egg because many have sensitization already by 4 months of age BACKGROUND Partially hydrolyzed whey formula ( pHWF ) has been recommended for infants with a family history of allergic disease at the cessation of exclusive breast-feeding to promote oral tolerance and prevent allergic diseases . OBJECTIVE To determine whether feeding infants pHWF reduces their risk of allergic disease . METHODS A single-blind ( participant ) r and omized controlled trial was conducted to compare allergic outcomes between infants fed a conventional cow 's milk formula , a pHWF , or a soy formula . Before birth , 620 infants with a family history of allergic disease were recruited and r and omized to receive the allocated formula at cessation of breast-feeding . Skin prick tests to 6 common allergens ( milk , egg , peanut , dust mite , rye grass , and cat d and er ) were performed at 6 , 12 , and 24 months . The primary outcome was development of allergic manifestations ( eczema and food reactions ) measured 18 times in the first 2 years of life . RESULTS Follow-up was complete for 93 % ( 575/620 ) at 2 years and 80 % ( 495/620 ) at 6 or 7 years of age . There was no evidence that infants allocated to the pHWF ( odds ratio , 1.21 ; 95 % CI , 0.81 - 1.80 ) or the soy formula ( odds ratio , 1.26 ; 95 % CI , 0.84 - 1.88 ) were at a lower risk of allergic manifestations in infancy compared with conventional formula . There was also no evidence of reduced risk of skin prick test reactivity or childhood allergic disease . CONCLUSION Despite current dietary guidelines , we found no evidence to support recommending the use of pHWF at weaning for the prevention of allergic disease in high-risk infants IMPORTANCE The disease process leading to clinical type 1 diabetes often starts during the first years of life . Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of β-cell autoimmunity in children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes .  Extensively hydrolyzed formulas do not contain intact proteins . OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula decreases the cumulative incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in young children . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A double-blind r and omized clinical trial of 2159 infants with HLA-conferred disease susceptibility and a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes recruited from May 2002 to January 2007 in 78 study centers in 15 countries ; 1078 were r and omized to be weaned to the extensively hydrolyzed casein formula and 1081 were r and omized to be weaned to a conventional cows ' milk-based formula .  The participants were observed to April 16 , 2013 . INTERVENTIONS The participants received either a casein hydrolysate or a conventional cows ' milk formula supplemented with 20 % of the casein hydrolysate . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES : Primary outcome was positivity for at least 2 diabetes-associated autoantibodies out of 4 analyzed . Autoantibodies to insulin , glutamic acid decarboxylase , and the insulinoma-associated-2 ( IA-2 ) molecule were analyzed using radiobinding assays and islet cell antibodies with immunofluorescence during a median observation period of 7.0 years ( mean , 6.3 years ) . RESULTS The absolute risk of positivity for 2 or more islet autoantibodies was 13.4 % among those r and omized to the casein hydrolysate formula ( n = 139 ) vs 11.4 % among those r and omized to the conventional formula ( n = 117 ) . The unadjusted hazard ratio for positivity for 2 or more autoantibodies among those r and omized to be weaned to the casein hydrolysate was 1.21 ( 95 % CI , 0.94 - 1.54 ) , compared with those r and omized to the conventional formula , while the hazard ratio adjusted for HLA risk , duration of breastfeeding , vitamin D use , study formula duration and consumption , and region was 1.23 ( 95 % CI , 0.96 - 1.58 ) . There were no clinical ly significant differences in the rate of reported adverse events between the 2 groups . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among infants at risk for type 1 diabetes , the use of a hydrolyzed formula , when compared with a conventional formula , did not reduce the incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies after 7 years . These findings do not support a benefit from hydrolyzed formula . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00179777 OBJECTIVE : The goal was to examine the relationship between age at the introduction of solid foods during the first year of life and  allergic sensitization in 5-year-old children . METHODS : We analyzed data from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention nutrition study , a prospect i ve , birth cohort study . We studied 994 children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus for whom information on breastfeeding , age at the introduction of solid foods , and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E levels at 5 years was available . The association between age at the introduction of solid foods and allergic sensitization was analyzed by using logistic regression . RESULTS : The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 1.8 months ( range : 0–10 months ) . After adjustment for potential confounders , late introduction of potatoes ( > 4 months ) , oats ( > 5 months ) , rye ( > 7 months ) , wheat ( > 6 months ) , meat ( > 5.5 months ) , fish ( > 8.2 months ) , and eggs ( > 10.5 months ) was significantly directly associated with sensitization to food allergens . Late introduction of potatoes , rye , meat , and fish was significantly associated with sensitization to any inhalant allergen . In models that included all solid foods that were significantly related to the end points , eggs , oats , and wheat remained the most important foods related to sensitization to food allergens , whereas potatoes and fish were the most important foods associated with inhalant allergic sensitization . We found no evidence of reverse causality , taking into account parental allergic rhinitis and asthma . CONCLUSION : Late introduction of solid foods was associated with increased risk of allergic sensitization to food and inhalant allergens Background Infant feeding practice s , particularly the type of milk feeding , have been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes . Aim of the study We studied the relationship between early infant feeding ( during the first year of life ) and diabetes in a large population -based cohort . Methods In 1994–1995 , 6,209 healthy full-term newborns participated in a study examining the effect of supplementary feeding , on development of allergy to cow ’s milk , in maternity hospitals . All supplements in the maternity hospitals were known . Mothers recorded the feeding of infants prospect ively at home . In August 2006 , from a nationwide diabetes registry , 45 children from our cohort were listed as having type 1 diabetes . Results The distribution of cases was similar in the r and omized feeding groups : 9/1,789 in the group that received adapted cow ’s milk-based formula ; 12/1,737 in those who received extensively hydrolyzed formula ; 16/1,859 in those who received banked human milk ; and 8 among those 824 exclusively breast-fed in the hospital . When children who had received cow ’s milk-based formula in the maternity hospital were compared with those without such exposure , less number of children in the former group had diabetes by age 8 ( P = 0.026 ) , but by the end of the follow-up ( 11.5 years ) the difference disappeared ( P = 0.16 ) . Length of breast-feeding and introduction of cereals and other solid foods were similar among those developing type 1 diabetes and those remaining healthy , while early regular daily feeding with cow ’s milk-based formula tended to associate with lower risk for type 1 diabetes ( OR 0.66 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.38–1.13 ; P = 0.08 ) . Conclusions In an extended , secondary analysis of a population -based cohort , very early exposure to cow ’s milk is not a risk factor for type 1 diabetes ; it may in fact diminish its appearance before age 8 Forty‐eight children with a biparental history of atopic disease were followed from birth to 4 years of age . One group was fed soy and the other cow 's milk from weaning to 9 months of age . Two‐thirds of the children developed symptoms of atopic disease with no significant difference between the groups . No difference was found in the serum immunoglobulins ( IgE antibodies , IgA , IgG and IgM ) during the observation period . The soy fed children showed transiently lower levels of IgG antibodies to cow 's milk but higher levels of IgG antibodies to soy protein . Six children showed cow 's milk intolerance and a further five had symptoms possibly related to the use of cow 's milk . Withholding cow 's milk during the first 9 months did not reduce the incidence of symptoms of cow 's milk intolerance from birth to 4 years of age . Thus , no benefit was found from replacing cows ' milk with soy . A prolonged breast feeding seems most rational for infants at risk of developing atopic disease , even if the present study did not show evidence of a prophylactic effect of breast milk against the development of atopic disease Allergic heredity plays a major role in the development of  allergic rhinitis . In addition the introduction of food may influence the risk of subsequent allergic disease . The aim of this study was to analyse early risk factors and protective factors for allergic rhinitis  at preschool age . Data were obtained from a prospect i ve , longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in the region of western Sweden in 2003 and 8,176 families ( 50 % of the birth cohort ) were r and omly selected . The parents answered question naires at 6 and 12 months and at 4½ yr of age . The response rate at 4½ yr was 4,496 , i.e. 83 % of the 5,398 question naires distributed at 4½ yr . At 4½ yr of age , 5.5 % reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis during the last year . In the multivariate analysis , independent risk factors for allergic rhinitis were : allergic sensitisation to food allergens at 4½ yr ( OR 10.21 ; 95 % confidence interval 4.22–24.73 ) , recurrent wheeze at 4½ yr ( 3.33 ; 1.56–7.10 ) , doctor-diagnosed eczema at 4½ yr ( 2.72 ; 1.62–4.55 ) , parental rhinitis ( 2.21 ; 1.39–3.53 ) , eczema first year ( 1.97 ; 1.19–3.26 ) and male gender ( 1.82 ; 1.13–2.94 
    Output:
    
Timing of egg or peanut introduction was not associated with risk of allergy to other foods .
There was low- to very low-certainty evidence that early fish introduction was associated with reduced allergic sensitization and rhinitis .
There was high-certainty evidence that timing of gluten introduction was not associated with celiac disease risk , and timing of allergenic food introduction was not associated with other outcomes .
Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review , early egg or peanut introduction to the infant diet was associated with lower risk of developing egg or peanut allergy .