***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary Our study aim ed to test the validity of a short , qualitative food frequency list ( FFL ) used in several German large scale surveys . In the surveys of the MONICA project Augsburg , the FFL was used in r and omly selected adults . In 1984/85 , a dietary survey with 7-day records ( DR ) was conducted within the sub sample of men aged 45 to 64 ( response 70 % ) . The 899 DR were used to vali date the FFL . Mean weekly food intake frequency and mean daily food intake were compared and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients and classification into tertiles with values of the statistic Kappa were calculated . Spearman correlations range between 0.15 for the item “ Other sweets ( c and ies , compote ) ” and 0.60 for the items “ Curds , yoghurt , sour milk ” , “ Milk including butter milk ” and “ Mineral water ” ; values for statistic Kappa vary between 0.04 ( “ White bread , brown bread , crispbread ” ) and 0.41 ( “ Flaked oats , muesli , cornflakes ” and “ milk including butter milk ” ) . With the exception of two items , FFL data can be used for analysis on group level . Analysis on individual level should be done with caution . It seems , as if some food groups are generally easier to ask for in FFL than others . Zusammenfassung Unsere Studie hatte zum Ziel , die Validität einer kurzen , qualitativen Food-Frequency-Liste ( FFL ) zu untersuchen , die bereits in mehreren großen deutschen Querschnittsstudien eingesetzt wurde . In den Querschnittsstudien des MONICA Projektes Augsburg wurde die FFL bei zufällig ausgewählten Erwachsenen abgefragt . Ergänzend wurde 1984/85 an der Substichprobe der 45- bis 64-jährigen Männer eine Ernährungserhebung mittels 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen ( DR ) durchgeführt ( Beteiligung 70 % ) . Sie dienen hier als Referenz method e , d.h . die Validität der FFL wurde anh and dieser 899 DR getestet . Die mittleren wöchentlichen Verzehrshäufigkeiten und der mittlere tägliche Lebensmittelverzehr wurden verglichen ; zusätzlich wurden die Spearman-Rang-Korrelationskoeffizienten , die Zuordnung in Tertilen und die Statistik Kappa berechnet . Die Korrelationskoeffizienten liegen zwischen 0,15 für “ Sonstige Süßwaren ( Bonbons , Kompotte u.ä . ) ” und 0,60 für “ Quark , Joghurt , Dickmilch ” , “ Milch einschl . Buttermilch ” und “ Mineralwasser ” ; die Werte für die Statistik Kappa variieren zwischen 0,04 ( “ Weißbrot , Mischbrot , Toastbrot ” ) und 0,41 ( “ Haferflocken , Müsli , Cornflakes ” und “ Milch einschl . Buttermilch ” ) . Von den 24 Items der untersuchten FFL können 22 für Auswertungen auf Gruppenebene verwendet werden , Analysen auf Individualebene sind mit Vorsicht durchzuführen . Vergleiche mit and eren Validierungsstudien deuten darauf hin , daß sich möglicherweise einige Lebensmittelgruppen generell besser als and ere über Food-Frequency- Method en erheben lassen Animal studies suggest a relationship between blunted HPA-axis stress reactivity and increased stress-induced food intake in chronically stressed animals . Such a relationship can potentially explain the underlying mechanisms of emotional eating in humans . However , no studies have experimentally tested the relationship between stress-induced cortisol responses and acute food intake in high and low emotional eaters . We studied these effects in 46 female students that were preselected on the basis of extremely high ( HEE ) or low ( LEE ) scores on an emotional eating question naire . Using a within subject design we measured the difference of actual food intake after a control or a stress task ( Trier Social Stress Test ) . The HEE and LEE groups did not differ in their cortisol stress reactivity but emotional eating significantly moderated the relationship between cortisol stress reactivity and the difference of food intake after stress vs control . Whereas HEE participants with a blunted cortisol stress response ate more food after distress than those with an elevated cortisol stress response , LEE participants showed no such relationship . These findings support the relevance of an animal based model on the relationship between a blunted cortisol stress response and increased stress-induced food intake for human high emotional eaters Chronically stressed rodents who are allowed to eat calorie-dense " comfort " food develop greater mesenteric fat , which in turn dampens hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical ( HPA ) axis activity . We tested whether similar relations exist in humans , at least cross-sectionally . Fifty-nine healthy premenopausal women were exposed to a st and ard laboratory stressor to examine HPA response to acute stress and underwent diurnal saliva sampling for basal cortisol and response to dexamethasone administration . Based on perceived stress scores , women were divided into extreme quartiles of low versus high stress categories . We found as hypothesized that the high stress group had significantly greater BMI and sagittal diameter , and reported greater emotional eating . In response to acute lab stressor , the high stress group showed a blunted cortisol response , lower diurnal cortisol levels , and greater suppression in response to dexamethasone . These cross-sectional findings support the animal model , which suggests that long-term adaptation to chronic stress in the face of dense calories result in greater visceral fat accumulation ( via ingestion of calorie-dense food ) , which in turn modulates HPA axis response , result ing in lower cortisol levels In the present study , it was found that dieters lost control over their food intake and " counterregulated " after merely smelling a " preload , " while dieters without a " preload " were able to maintain control over their food intake .  Nondieters , however , even ate marginally less after smelling a " preload " than they did in a no-preload condition . Apparently , actually breaking one 's diet and such subsequent thoughts as " I 've blown my diet , I might as well continue to eat " is not necessary for counterregulation to occur . The observation that merely smelling a " preload " is sufficient to produce " counterregulation " in dieters but not in nondieters challenges the explanatory power of the widely held cognitive explanation of experimental counterregulation in preloaded dieters . An explantation in terms of conditioning is put forward Human eating behavior may be influenced non-homeostatically by the rewarding value of foods , i.e. ' liking ' ( pleasure/palatability ) and ' wanting ' ( incentive motivation ) . The objectives of this study were to vali date a computer test for assessment of rewarding value of food , and to assess how rewarding value of food is affected by eating a dessert-specific ( chocolate mousse , CM ) vs. dessert non-specific , neutral food item ( cottage cheese , CC ) .  Seventy-three subjects ( 47f/26 m , age 27.8+/-10.0 y , BMI 24.1+/-3.3 kg/m(2 ) ) , studied in a r and omized cross-over design , came to the university twice , fasted . A computer test was developed to determine rewarding value , i.e. ' liking ' and ' wanting ' , for 72 items divided in six categories ( bread , filling , drinks , dessert , sweets , stationery ) . ' Liking ' was measured by indicating relative preference of paired items ( within/between categories ) , ' wanting ' by working to earn items to choose from . Subjects completed the computer test before and after consumption of CM/CC , matched for energy content ( 5.6 kJ/g ) and daily energy requirements ( 10 % ) . ' Liking ' and ' wanting ' scores of all fasted subjects on the two test-days showed 62 - 73 % reproducibility . CM was liked more than CC ( p<0.001 ) . Consumption of CM decreased ' wanting ' for bread , filling , drinks and dessert ( p<0.03 ) . Consumption of CC decreased ' wanting ' for bread only ( p<0.05 ) . Contrary to CC , CM decreased relative ' liking ' for the dessert category ( p<0.001 ) . In conclusion , the computer test for measurement of ' liking ' and ' wanting ' is sufficiently valid . Eating a highly liked food item induces a more distinct decrease in ' wanting ' for food items in general and category-specific ' liking ' , than eating a sufficiently liked neutral food item The aim of the present study was to test whether emotion regulation ( ER ) strategies are underlying processes in the link between negative emotions and the desire to overeat ( DTE ) in high restrained eaters ( HR ) . Forty-eight female HR and 46 female low restrained eaters ( LR ) watched three sadness inducing film clips . Thereby , participants were r and omly assigned to and trained in one of three conditions while watching the first two clips : to suppress upcoming emotions , to accept upcoming emotions or to reappraise the situation . After that , they participated in an experiment in which the learned ER strategy was implemented while watching the third sadness inducing film clip .  DTE and sadness were assessed prior to and at the end of each clip . Additionally , physiological measures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch were obtained . In the HR group emotion acceptance and suppression lead to a significant increase of the DTE from baseline to post-film , while there was no change in DTE in the re appraisal condition . However , psychophysiological measures were not moderated by ER strategies . The results are discussed in terms of the limited re source model OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare two cognitive-behavioral treatments for out patients with eating disorders , one focusing solely on eating disorder features and the other a more complex treatment that also addresses mood intolerance , clinical perfectionism , low self-esteem , or interpersonal difficulties . METHOD A total of 154 patients who had a DSM-IV eating disorder but were not markedly underweight ( body mass index over 17.5 ) , were enrolled in a two-site r and omized controlled trial involving 20 weeks of treatment and a 60-week closed period of follow-up . The control condition was an 8-week waiting list period preceding treatment . Outcomes were measured by independent assessors who were blind to treatment condition . RESULTS Patients in the waiting list control condition exhibited little change in symptom severity , whereas those in the two treatment conditions exhibited substantial and equivalent change , which was well maintained during follow-up . At the 60-week follow-up assessment , 51.3 % of the sample had a level of eating disorder features less than one st and ard deviation above the community mean . Treatment outcome did not depend on eating disorder diagnosis . Patients with marked mood intolerance , clinical perfectionism , low self-esteem , or interpersonal difficulties  appeared to respond better to the more complex treatment , with the reverse pattern evident among the remaining patients . CONCLUSIONS These two transdiagnostic treatments appear to be suitable for the majority of out patients with an eating disorder . The simpler treatment may best be viewed as the default version , with the more complex treatment reserved for patients with marked additional psychopathology of the type targeted by the treatment Restrained  eaters  have been shown to disinhibit their eating when under stressful situations . However , the majority of laboratory studies that have demonstrated this effect utilized a single test food , typically ice cream . There is a lack of research investigating if this interaction is still evident when multiple foods are offered , and if so , the food choices that restrained and non-restrained eaters make when under stressful situations . The present study examined the impact of stress on food choices in individuals with varying degrees of restraint . Several classes of foods were offered ( i.e. , high fat/high sugar ; low fat/high sugar ; high fat/low sugar ; low fat/low sugar ) . A total of 153 females were r and omly assigned to either a stress or no-stress situation , and then both groups participated in a taste test . There was no significant difference in total amount of consumption between restrained and non-restrained eaters when under stress . However , further analyses found that restrained eaters under stress consumed more potato chips than those who were not under stress . Findings are discussed in terms of possible limitations of the stress-induced eating paradigm for restrained eaters Self-reported emotional eating has been found to significantly moderate distress-induced food intake , with low emotional eaters eating less after a stress task than after a control task and high emotional eaters eating more . The aim of the present study was to explore possible underlying mechanisms by assessing possible associations with ( 1 ) ability to experience the typical post-stress reduction of hunger and ( 2 ) inhibitory control . We studied these effects in 54 female students who were preselected on the basis of extremely high or low scores on an emotional eating question naire . Using a within subject design we measured the difference of actual food or snack intake after a control or a stress task ( Trier Social Stress Test ) . As expected , the moderator effect of emotional eating on distress-induced food intake was found to be only present in females with a failure to report the typical reduction of hunger immediately after a stress task ( an a-typical hunger stress response ) . Contrary to our expectations , this moderator effect of emotional eating was also found to be only present in females with high ability to stop motor impulses ( high inhibitory control ) . These findings suggest that an a-typical hunger stress response but not poor inhibitory control may underlie the moderator effect of emotional eating on distress-induced food intake . However , inhibitory control may play a role whether or not there is a moderator effect of self-reported emotional eating on distress-induced food intake Measures of negative affect-induced eating ( NAIE ) are common in clinical research with obese individuals . However , previous studies suggest that measures of NAIE can be induced by social desirability tendencies or dem and characteristics of the research setting . Using an experimental design , 
    Output:
    
Where positive and negative affects were compared , food was more likely to be consumed in response to positive affect .
With regard to discrete emotions ; stress , depression and sadness consistently elicited eating behaviours that fall outside of nutritional recommendations ( e.g. increased food intake or poor nutritional food choices ) .
The role of moderators including individual differences in dietary restraint and emotional eating , as well as method ological considerations , such as means of eliciting and measuring emotions , may account for equivocality with regard to some emotion and eating associations .