***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vietnam is participating in a global de-worming effort that aims to treat 650 million school children regularly by 2010 . The treatment used in Vietnam is single dose oral mebendazole ( Phardazone ) 500 mg . We tested the efficacy of single dose mebendazole 500 mg in the therapy of hookworm infection in a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among 271 Vietnamese schoolchildren . The treatment efficacy of single dose mebendazole in children did not differ significantly from placebo , with a reduction in mean eggs per gram of feces relative to placebo of 31 % ( 95 % CI -9 to 56 % , P = 0.1 ) . In light of these findings we then carried out a similar r and omized trial comparing triple dose mebendazole , single dose albendazole , and triple dose albendazole against placebo in 209 adults in the same area . The estimated reduction in mean post-treatment eggs per gram of feces relative to placebo was 63 % ( 95 % CI 30 - 81 % ) for triple mebendazole , 75 % ( 47 - 88 % ) for single albendazole , and 88 % ( 58 - 97 % ) for triple albendazole . Our results suggest that single dose oral mebendazole has low efficacy against hookworm infection in Vietnam , and that it should be replaced by albendazole . These findings are of major public health relevance given the opportunity costs of treating entire population s with ineffective therapies . We recommend that efficacy of anti-helminth therapies is pilot tested before implementation of national gut worm control programs OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of and resistance to mebendazole ( 500 mg ) and levamisole ( 40 or 80 mg ) , alone or in combination , for the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections on Pemba Isl and - an area exposed to periodic school-based mebendazole treatment since 1994 . METHODS A r and omized , placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 914 children enrolled from the first and fifth grade s of primary schools . Stool sample s collected at baseline and 21 days after treatment were examined by the Kato-Katz technique to assess the prevalence and intensity of helminth infection . FINDINGS Efficacies of mebendazole and levamisole as single treatments against intestinal nematode infections were comparable with those in previous trials , but mebendazole treatment of hookworm infections gave significantly lower cure ( 7.6 % ) and egg reduction ( 52.1 % ) rates than reported in a study undertaken before the beginning of periodic chemotherapy ( cure rate , 22.4 % ; egg reduction rate , 82.4 % ) . Combined treatment with mebendazole and levamisole had a significantly higher efficacy against hookworm infections ( cure rate , 26.1 % ; egg reduction rate , 88.7 % ) than either drug given alone . No difference in  mebendazole efficacy was found in children who had been treated repeatedly compared with those who had not been treated previously . CONCLUSION The overall efficacy of mebendazole against hookworm infections after periodic chemotherapy is reduced . The efficacy of benzimidazoles in chemotherapy-based control programmes should be monitored closely . Combined treatment with mebendazole and levamisole may be useful as a tool to delay the development of benzimidazole resistance The quality and efficacy of two locally manufactured generic albendazole ( ABZ ) products ( Curex and Royal Drug ) used for deworming children in Nepal since 1999 were tested against the originator product ( GlaxoSmithKline ( GSK ) ) . The study included disintegration and dissolution testing according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia ( IP ) and the United States Pharmacopeia ( USP ) , respectively , as well as a r and omised controlled clinical trial comparing cure rates ( CR ) and egg reduction rates ( ERR ) for Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections . Stool sample s from 1277 children were examined before and 21 days after treatment . For A. lumbricoides , GSK ( 97.0 % ) and Royal Drug ( 95.0 % ) ABZ achieved significantly higher CRs than Curex ABZ ( 82.6 % ) ; however , all products achieved ERRs > 90 % . For T. trichiura , Curex ABZ showed significantly lower ERRs ( 63.2 % ) . For hookworms , GSK ABZ performed significantly better ( CR 74.3 % , ERR 87.1 % ) than Royal Drug ABZ ( CR 53.3 % , ERR 80.8 % ) and Curex ABZ ( CR 50.7 % , ERR 73.1 % ) . Only the GSK product passed both disintegration and dissolution tests according to the IP and USP . Both generic products failed the dissolution tests . Curex ABZ showed poor disintegration . Despite its lower efficacy , the cheaper Curex product achieved good results in controlling morbidity due to soil-transmitted helminth infections . This study shows that the cost effectiveness of drugs used in mass deworming campaigns should not be inferred on the basis of a single quality testing parameter This r and omized , placebo-controlled trial investigated the efficacy and nutritional benefit of combining chemotherapeutic treatment for intestinal helminths ( albendazole ) and lymphatic filariasis ( ivermectin ) . Children were infected with Ascaris ( 29.2 % ) , Trichuris ( 42.2 % ) , and hookworm ( 6.9 % ) , with 54.7 % of children having one or more of these parasites . Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria were found in 13.3 % of the children . Children were r and omly assigned to treatment with placebo , albendazole , ivermectin , or combined therapy . Combination treatment reduced the prevalence of Trichuris infections significantly more than either drug alone . Combination therapy also significantly reduced the prevalence and density of W. bancrofti microfilaremia compared with placebo or ivermectin alone . Only combination therapy result ed in significantly greater gains in height ( hookworm-infected children ) or weight ( Trichuris-infected children ) compared with the placebo group . Combined  albendazole and ivermectin  was a more efficacious treatment for intestinal helminth and W. bancrofti infections  in children and result ed in nutritional benefits not found with either drug alone OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tribendimidine in treatment of children with hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infections . METHODS An open and multi-center clinical trial was conducted in the provinces of Hainan , Sichuan and Guizhou . 899 children aged 4 - 14 years were enrolled in the study . Hookworm , A. lumbricoides or other helminth infections were diagnosed by improved Kato-Katz method . All the patients were treated orally with tribendimidine enteric coated tablet at a single dose of 200 mg . The efficacy was evaluated by stool examination 3 - 4 weeks post treatment . RESULTS The cure rate and effective rate of the children with hookworm infection were 82.0 % ( 433/528 ) and 99.2 % ( 524/528 ) , respectively , while in children with A. lumbricoides infection , they were 95.0 % ( 576/639 ) and 99.8 % ( 637/639 ) , respectively . The efficacy of tribendimidine enteric coated tablet given to the children with Trichuris trichiura infection at a single dose of 200 mg was 36.8 % ( 112/304 ) . The adverse effect induced by tribendimidine , such as dizziness , nausea and vomiting , was light and transient with an adverse effect rate of 1.6 % ( 14/899 ) . No apparent impact was seen on the blood and urine routine examination , hepatic and renal function as well as ECG examination . Conclusion Tribendimidine given at a single dose of 200 mg exhibits lower adverse effect rate and potential efficacy in the treatment of children with hookworm and A. lumbricoides infections We studied physical fitness with the Harvard step test ( HST ) , in primary schoolboys infected with hookworm ( 91 % baseline prevalence ) , Trichuris trichiura ( 94 % ) and Ascaris lumbricoides ( 39 - 40 % ) who received a single 400 mg dose of albendazole or an identical placebo .  Boys were examined , allocated at r and om to placebo or albendazole groups , treated , and re-examined 7 weeks later . The 2 groups did not differ significantly before treatment in age , anthropometry , haemoglobin levels , prevalence or intensity of the 3 helminth infections , or in initial HST fitness scores and heart rates . Seven weeks after treatment , the albendazole group ( n = 18 ) exhibited significant improvements in fitness scores and heart rates at 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 min after the HST while in the placebo group ( n = 15 ) these quantities had not changed significantly . After treatment , the albendazole group had significant decreases in the logarithmic egg counts for hookworm ( 80 % reduction in arithmetic means ) and A. lumbricoides ( 100 % reduction ) ; T. trichiura egg counts did not change significantly . The placebo group showed a borderline increase in the logarithms of hookworm egg counts and no significant change in T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides egg counts . Multiple regression analysis showed that the significant linear predictors of increase in HST score after treatment were decrease in resting heart rate after treatment , and decreases in hookworm egg counts and logarithms of A. lumbricoides egg counts after treatment . We conclude that single dose treatment with albendazole , despite continual exposure to reinfection , can allow improved physical fitness in schoolboys in areas where soil-transmitted helminths and protein-energy malnutrition are highly prevalent A r and omized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel ( 10 mg/kg ) with mebendazole ( 500 mg ) was performed on 1329 schoolchildren aged 6 - 9 years on Pemba Isl and in September-October 2000 to evaluate alternative single-dose drugs for regular treatment of intestinal nematode infections . Both mebendazole and pyrantel-oxantel were very effective in eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides infection , inducing cure rates of more than 96 % and reducing the mean egg counts by more than 95 % . Both drugs had a moderate efficacy against Trichuris trichiura infection , but pyrantel-oxantel had a higher cure rate ( 31.5 % vs. 23.3 % , P < 0.01 ) , though the reductions in egg counts did not differ significantly and were more than 80 % . Pyrantel-oxantel and mebendazole had a similar , poor efficacy in curing hookworm infections and had a moderate effect in reducing the egg counts by 67 % and 68 % , respectively . Pyrantel-oxantel ( 10 mg/kg ) offers a valuable alternative to mebendazole as a single-dose treatment for the control of  intestinal nematode infections in children in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa , due to its comparable efficacy , its low cost and its suitability for use in young children A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the concurrent administration of albendazole and praziquantel was conducted in>1500 children with high prevalences of geohelminths and schistosomiasis . The study sites were in China and the Philippines , including 2 strains of Schistosoma japonicum , and 2 different regions of Kenya , 1 each with endemic Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium . Neither medication affected the cure rate of the other . There was no difference between the side effect rate from albendazole or the double placebo . Praziquantel-treated children had more nausea , abdominal pain , and headache but these side effects were statistically more common in children with schistosomiasis , suggesting a strong influence of dying parasites . The subjects were followed for 6 months for changes in infection status , growth parameters , hemoglobin , and schistosomiasis morbidity . In all 4 sites , a significant 6-month increase in serum hemoglobin was observed in children who received praziquantel  , strongly supporting population -based mass treatment Efficacite en dose unique contre les parasitoses intestinales . Dans le cas des ankylostomiases , il est tres efficace et bien Preliminary studies indicated that single-dose ( 500 mg ) mebendazole gave disappointing results in the treatment of hookworm infections ( Necator americanus ) in Mali . A placebo-controlled , r and omized trial conducted with the participation of 103 infected subjects ( background hookworm prevalence > 50 % ) confirmed that mebendazole ( Vermox ) did not reduce parasite burdens significantly , as assessed through fecal egg counts . In contrast , a group of subjects treated with pyrantel ( Combantrin ) experienced a significant reduction in fecal worm egg counts ( overall , both sexes combined showed a 75 % reduction ) . Male subjects carried significantly more intense infections compared with females , but there was no gender difference in response to treatment . A st and ard egg hatch assay showed that N 
    Output:
    
Single-dose oral albendazole , mebendazole , and pyrantel pamoate show high cure rates against A lumbricoides .
For hookworm infection , albendazole was more efficacious than mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate .
Treatment of T trichiura with single oral doses of current anthelminthics is unsatisfactory .