***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To test whether baseline levels of the factors accountable for the impact of the Prevention of Alcohol use in Students ( PAS ) intervention ( self-control , perceived rules about alcohol and parental attitudes about alcohol ) , moderate the effect of the intervention . A cluster r and omized trial including 3,490 Dutch early adolescents ( M age = 12.66 , SD = 0.49 ) and their parents r and omized over four conditions : 1 ) parent intervention , 2 ) student intervention , 3 ) combined intervention and 4 ) control group . Moderators at baseline were used to examine the differential effects of the interventions on onset of ( heavy ) weekly drinking at 34-month follow-up . The combined intervention was only effective in preventing weekly drinking among those adolescents who reported to have lower self-control and more lenient parents at baseline . No differential effect was found for the onset of heavy weekly drinking . No moderating roles of self-control and lenient parenting were found for the separate student and parent interventions regarding the onset of drinking . The combined intervention is more effective among adolescents with low-self control and lenient parents at baseline , both factors that were a specific target of the intervention . The relevance of targeting self-control in adolescents and restrictive parenting is underlined Background Psychostimulants and cannabis are two of the three most commonly used illicit drugs by young Australians . As such , it is important to deliver prevention for these substances to prevent their misuse and to reduce associated harms . The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the universal computer-based Climate Schools : Psychostimulant and Cannabis Module . Methods A cluster r and omised controlled trial was conducted with 1734 Year 10 students ( mean age = 15.44 years ; SD = 0.41 ) from 21 secondary schools in Australia . Schools were r and omised to receive either the six lesson computer-based Climate Schools program or their usual health classes , including drug education , over the year . Results The Climate Schools program was shown to increase knowledge of cannabis and psychostimulants and decrease pro-drug attitudes . In the short-term the program was effective in subduing the uptake and plateauing the frequency of ecstasy use , however there were no changes in meth/amphetamine use . In addition , females who received the program used cannabis significantly less frequently than students who received drug education as usual . Finally , the Climate Schools program was related to decreasing students ’ intentions to use meth/amphetamine and ecstasy in the future , however these effects did not last over time . Conclusions These findings provide support for the use of a harm-minimisation approach and computer technology as an innovative platform for the delivery of prevention education for illicit drugs in schools . The current study indicated that teachers and students enjoyed the program and that it is feasible to extend the successful Climate Schools model to the prevention of other drugs , namely cannabis and psychostimulants . Trial registration Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613000492752 Replication research is essential for the advancement of any scientific field . In this paper , we argue that prevention science will be better positioned to help improve public health if ( a ) more replications are conducted ; ( b ) those replications are systematic , thoughtful , and conducted with full knowledge of the trials that have preceded them ; and ( c ) state-of-the art techniques are used to summarize the body of evidence on the effects of the interventions . Under real-world dem and s it is often not feasible to wait for multiple replications to accumulate before making decisions about intervention adoption . To help individuals and agencies make better decisions about intervention utility , we outline strategies that can be used to help underst and the likely direction , size , and range of intervention effects as suggested by the current knowledge base . We also suggest structural changes that could increase the amount and quality of replication research , such as the provision of incentives and a more vigorous pursuit of prospect i ve research registers . Finally , we discuss methods for integrating replications into the roll-out of a program and suggest that strong partnerships with local decision makers are a key component of success in replication research . Our hope is that this paper can highlight the importance of replication and stimulate more discussion of the important elements of the replication process . We are confident that , armed with more and better replications and state-of-the-art review methods , prevention science will be in a better position to positively impact public health OBJECTIVE To examine the long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on  methamphetamine  use by adolescents in the general population during their late high school years . DESIGN Two r and omized , controlled prevention trials . SETTING Public schools in the Midwest from 1993 to 2004 . PARTICIPANTS Study 1 began with 667 sixth grade students from 33 rural public schools ; the follow-up included 457 students . Study 2 began with 679 seventh grade students from 36 rural public schools ; the follow-up assessment included 597 students . INTERVENTIONS In study 1 , schools were assigned to the Iowa Strengthening Families Program ( ISFP ) , Preparing for the Drug Free Years , or a control condition . In study 2 , schools were assigned to a revised ISFP ( SFP 10 - 14 ) plus Life Skills Training ( SPF 10 - 14 + LST ) , LST alone , or a control condition . RESULTS Self-reports of lifetime and past-year methamphetamine use were collected at 6(1/2 ) years past baseline ( study 1 ) and at 4(1/2 ) and 5(1/2 ) years past baseline ( study 2 ) . In study 1 , the ISFP past-year rate was 0.0 % compared with 3.2 % in the control condition ( P = .04 ) . In study 2 , SFP 10 - 14 + LST showed significant effects on lifetime and past-year use at the 4(1/2 ) year follow-up ( eg , 0.5 % lifetime use in the intervention condition vs 5.2 % in the control condition , P = .006 ) ; both SFP 10 - 14 + LST and LST alone had significant lifetime use effects at the 5(1/2 ) year follow-up . CONCLUSION Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing methamphetamine use among adolescents This study reports findings on a combined family and school-based competency-training intervention from an in-school assessment 2.5 years past baseline , as a follow-up to an earlier study of substance initiation . Increased rates of observed alcohol use and an additional wave of data allowed evaluation of regular alcohol use and weekly drunkenness , with both point-in-time and growth curve analyses . Thirty-six rural schools were r and omly assigned to ( a ) a combined family and school intervention condition , ( b ) a school-only condition , or ( c ) a control condition . The earlier significant outcome on a substance initiation index was replicated , and positive point-in-time results for weekly drunkenness were observed , but there were no statistically significant outcomes for regular alcohol use . Discussion focuses on factors relevant to the mix of significant longitudinal results within a consistent general pattern of positive intervention-control differences This study used Complier Average Causal Effect analysis ( CACE ; see G. Imbens & D. Rubin , 1997 ) to examine the impact of an adaptive approach to family intervention in the public schools on rates of substance use and antisocial behavior among students ages 11 - 17 . Students were r and omly assigned to a family-centered intervention ( N = 998 ) in 6th grade and offered a multilevel intervention that included ( a ) a universal classroom-based intervention , ( b ) the Family Check-Up ( selected ; T. J. Dishion & K. Kavanagh , 2003 ) , and ( c ) family management treatment ( indicated ) . All services were voluntary , and approximately 25 % of the families engaged in the selected and indicated levels . Participation in the Family Check-Up was predicted by 6th- grade teacher ratings of risk , youth reports of family conflict , and the absence of biological fathers from the youths ' primary home . Relative to r and omized matched controls , adolescents whose parents engaged in the Family Check-Up exhibited less growth in alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana use and problem behavior during ages 11 through 17 , along with decreased risk for substance use diagnoses and police records of arrests by age 18 Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more This study evaluated the substance initiation effects of an intervention combining family and school-based competency-training intervention components . Thirty-six rural schools were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions : ( a ) the classroom-based Life Skills Training ( LST ) and the Strengthening Families Program : For Parents and Children 10 - 14  , ( b ) LST only , or ( c ) a control condition . Outcomes were examined 1 year after the intervention posttest , using a substance initiation index ( SII ) measuring lifetime use of alcohol , cigarettes , and marijuana and by rates of each individual substance . Planned intervention-control contrasts showed significant effects for both the combined and LST-only interventions on the SII and on marijuana initiation . Relative reduction rates for alcohol initiation were 30.0 % for the combined intervention and 4.1 % for LST only PURPOSE Two-year longitudinal follow-up data evaluated the behavioral impact of Resilient Families , a universal intervention that aim ed to prevent early initiation and frequent and heavy adolescent alcohol use in secondary schools in Melbourne , Australia . METHODS Of 24 secondary schools ( 62 % of those approached ) , 12 were r and omly assigned to intervention and 12 as controls . Intervention students received a social relationship curriculum ; their parents received parent education h and books and invitations to parent education events outlining strategies to encourage healthy adolescent development and reduce adolescent alcohol misuse . At Wave 1 ( 2004 ) , students were in Year 7 secondary school ( mean age , 12.3 years ) . Data were imputed for students completing at least two of three annual surveys ( N = 2,354 ) . Wave 3 ( 2006 ; mean , 14.5 years ) main outcome measures for alcohol use were " any , " " frequent " ( at least monthly ) , and " heavy " ( five or more drinks in a session at least once in the prior fortnight ) . Multivariate logistic regression assessed intervention exposure effects , adjusting for school classroom clustering and baseline measures . RESULTS Relative to controls , intervention students showed significant reductions in any lifetime use ( adjusted odds ratio [ AOR ] , .78 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , .62-.97 ) , and reduced progression to frequent ( AOR , .69 ; CI , .56-.86 ) and heavy use ( AOR , .75 ; CI , .60-.94 ) . CONCLUSIONS R and omized assignment to Resilient Families was associated with a significant reduction in adolescent alcohol use among families volunteering for the evaluation . Family-school-based interventions appear promising as a strategy to contribute to population reductions in currently high rates of adolescent alcohol misuse This study examines the effects of 2 brief family-focused interventions on the trajectories of substance initiation over a period of 6 years following a baseline assessment . The 2 interventions , design ed for general- population families of adolescents , were the  7-session Iowa Strengthening Families Program ( ISFP )  ( Molgaard & Spoth , 2001 ) and the  5-session Preparing for the Drug Free Years Program ( PDFY ) ( Catalano , Kosterman , Haggerty , Hawkins , & Spoth , 1999 ) . Thirty-three rural public schools were r and omly assigned to the  ISFP  , the PDFY , or a minimal-contact control condition . The authors evaluated the curvilinear growth observed in school-level measures of initiation using a logistic growth curve analysis . Alcohol and tobacco composite use indices -- as well as lifetime use of alcohol , cigarettes , and marijuana-- and lifetime drunkenness , were examined . Significant intervention-control differences were observed , indicating favorable delays in initiation in the intervention groups Project Northl and was a r and omized trial to reduce alcohol use among adolescents in 24 school districts in northeastern Minnesota . Phase 1 ( 1991 - 1994 ) , when the targeted cohort was in grade s 6 - 8 , included school curricula , parent involvement , peer leadership and community task forces . The Interim Phase ( 1994 - 1996 ) involved minimal intervention . Phase 2 ( 1996 - 1998 ) , when the cohort was in grade s 11 and 12 , included a classroom curriculum , parent education , print media , youth development and community organizing . Outcomes of these interventions were assessed by annual student surveys from 1991 to 1998 , alcohol purchase attempts by young-looking buyers in 1991 , 1994 and 1998 , and parent telephone surveys in 1996 and 1998 . Growth curve analysis was used to examine the student survey data over time . Project Northl and was most successful when the students were young adolescents . The lack of intervention in the Interim Phase when the students were in grade s 9 and 10 had a significant and negative impact on alcohol use . The intervention used with the high school students as those in grade s 11 and 12 made a positive impact on their tendency to use alcohol use , binge drinking and ability to obtain alcohol . There was no impact in Phase 2 on other student-level behavioral and psychosocial factors . Developmentally appropriate , multi-component 
    Output:
    
This is the first review of combined student- and parent-based interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol and other drug use .