***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND : While surgery and perioperative smoking cessation interventions may motivate patients to quit smoking in the short term , it is unknown how often this translates into permanent cessation . In this study , we sought to determine the rates of long-term smoking cessation after a perioperative smoking cessation intervention and predictors of successful cessation at 1 year . METHODS : We previously reported short-term results from a perioperative r and omized controlled trial comparing usual care with an intervention involving ( 1 ) brief counseling by the preadmission nurse , ( 2 ) smoking cessation brochures , ( 3 ) referral to a telephone quitline , and ( 4 ) a free 6-week supply of transdermal nicotine replacement . We now report our 1-year follow-up outcomes . RESULTS : Between October 2010 and April 2012 , 168 patients were r and omized . At 1 year , 127 patients ( 76 % ) were available for follow-up telephone interview . Smoking cessation occurred in 8 % of control patients compared with 25 % of patients in the intervention group ( relative risk , 3.0 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.2–7.8 ; P = 0.018 ) . The number needed-to-treat to achieve smoking cessation for 1 patient at 1 year postoperatively was 5.9 ( 95 % CI , 3.4–25.9 ) . Multivariable logistic regression modeling found that the intervention ( P = 0.020 ) and lower nicotine dependency at baseline ( P < 0.001 ) were predictive of success at smoking cessation at 1 year . Poisson regression showed that adjusted for nicotine dependency , those r and omized to the intervention group were 2.7 times ( 95 % CI , 1.1–6.7 ; P = 0.028 ) more likely to achieve long-term cessation than those in the control group . Adjusted for r and omization group , a low level of nicotine dependency result ed in a relative risk of quitting of 5.1 ( 95 % CI , 2.0–12.8 ; P = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study demonstrates that an intervention design ed for a busy preadmission clinic results in decreased smoking rates not only around the time of surgery but also continued benefit in smoking cessation at 1 year . Perioperative care providers have a unique opportunity to assist patients in smoking cessation and achieve long-lasting results Background Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , and quitting is highly beneficial . Yet , less than 30 % of CVD patients stop smoking . Relapse-prevention strategies seem most effective when initiated during the exacerbation of the disease . Objective A nurse-delivered inpatient smoking cessation program based on the Transtheoretical Model with telephone follow-up tailored to levels of readiness to quit smoking was evaluated on smoking abstinence and progress to ulterior stages of change . Method Participants ( N = 168 ) were r and omly assigned by cohorts to inpatient counseling with telephone follow-up , inpatient counseling , and usual care . The inpatient intervention consisted of a 1-hr counseling session , and the telephone follow-up included 6 calls during the first 2 months after discharge . The nursing intervention was tailored to the individual 's stage of change . End points at 2 and 6 months included actual and continuous smoking cessation rates ( biochemical markers ) and increased motivation ( progress to ulterior stages of change ) . Results Assuming that surviving patients lost to follow-up were smokers , the 6-month smoking abstinence rate was 41.5 % in the inpatient counseling with telephone follow-up group , compared with 30.2 % and 20 % in the inpatient counseling and usual care groups , respectively ( p = .05 ) . Progress to ulterior stages of change was 43.3 % , 32.1 % , and 18.2 % , respectively ( p = .02 ) . Stage of change at baseline and intervention predicted smoking status at 6 months . Discussion This tailored smoking cessation program with telephone follow-up significantly increased smoking cessation at 6 months , and progression to ulterior stages of change . The telephone follow-up was an important adjunct . It is , therefore , recommended to include such comprehensive smoking cessation programs within hospital setting s for individuals with CVD OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a nurse-delivered smoking cessation intervention on short-term smoking abstinence among hospitalized postoperative patients . DESIGN Prospect i ve , experimental , r and om assignment . SETTING Midwestern university-affiliated tertiary medical center . PATIENTS Postoperative smokers ( n = 80 ) from cardiovascular , oncology , and general surgical units . OUTCOME MEASURE Self-reported smoking status and saliva cotinine level at 5 to 6 weeks after hospitalization . INTERVENTION Three structured smoking cessation sessions during hospitalization , followed by phone calls once a week for 5 weeks after discharge . RESULTS Of the experimental group patients , 37.8 % were abstinent as compared to 25.6 % in the usual care group . Abstinence rates of experimental group patients from cardiovascular ( 40 % ) and oncology ( 64.3 % ) units were higher than that of GS ( 13.3 % ) unit patients . Regardless of group assignment , 100 % of cardiovascular and oncology patients abstained during hospitalization , compared to only 10.7 % of GS patients . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results indicate that a nurse-delivered cessation intervention may be effective postoperatively among smokers with an identified smoking-related diagnosis This study examined the effectiveness of a nurse-managed minimal-contact smoking cessation intervention for patients hospitalized for cardiac disease . A pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design was used . Patients who smoked prior to admission to cardiac wards of five hospitals ( n = 388 ) received the intervention , whereas smoking patients in six other hospitals were given usual care ( n = 401 ) . The intervention was initiated at the hospital and continued after discharge . The core elements were stop-smoking advice from the cardiologist , a short bedside consultation with a nurse , administration of self-help material s and aftercare by the cardiologist .  Smoking cessation was assessed after 3 months by self-report . Logistic regression analysis excluding dropouts , controlling for covariates including baseline differences showed significant intervention effects ( one-tailed significance test ) on point prevalence abstinence ( OR = 2.11 ) and continuous abstinence ( OR = 1.41 ) . Intention-to-treat analysis including dropouts as smokers showed a significant effect on point prevalence abstinence ( OR 1.35 ) . We conclude that , compared to usual care , the low-intensity smoking  cessation  intervention for cardiac in patients was more effective in achieving smoking cessation . However , the small effects and the process evaluation suggest that improvements are needed OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention in diabetic patients . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This r and omized controlled clinical trial involved 280 diabetic smokers ( age range 17 - 84 years ) who were r and omized either into control ( n = 133 ) or intervention ( n = 147 ) groups at 12 primary care centers and 2 hospitals located in Navarre , Spain . The intervention consisted of a 40-min nurse visit that included counseling , education , and contracting information ( a negotiated cessation date ) . The follow-up consisted of telephone calls , letters , and visits . The control group received the usual care for diabetic smokers . Baseline and 6-month follow-up measurements included smoking status ( self-reported cessation was verified by urine cotinine concentrations ) , mean number of cigarettes smoked per day , and stage of change . RESULTS At the 6-month follow-up , the smoking cessation incidence was 17.0 % in the intervention group compared with 2.3 % in the usual care group , which was a 14.7 % difference ( 95 % CI 8.2 - 21.3 % ) . Among participants who continued smoking , a significant reduction was evident in the average cigarette consumption at the 6-month follow-up . The mean number of cigarettes per day decreased from 20.0 at baseline to 15.5 at 6 months for the experimental group versus from 19.7 to 18.1 for the control group ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A structured intervention managed by a single nurse was shown to be effective in changing the smoking behavior of diabetic patients STUDY OBJECTIVES Smoking cessation for current smokers is a health-care imperative . It is not clear which approaches to smoking cessation are the most effective in the hospital setting and which factors predict long-term abstinence . We hypothesized that a hospital-based smoking cessation program involving behavioral modification and support would provide an effective intervention for smoking cessation . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Smoking cessation clinics in a tertiary referral , cardiothoracic hospital . PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Two hundred forty-three smokers and 187 never-smoker control subjects . INTERVENTIONS Smokers underwent specific sessions of individual counseling on behavioral modification , including written information , advice about quit aids , and support during the quit attempt .  Abstinence was confirmed by exhaled carbon monoxide measurements . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Compared to never-smoker control subjects , smokers were more likely to have grown up with a smoking father or siblings , and to currently live or socialize with other smokers . Two hundred sixteen smokers attended at least two sessions of the smoking cessation program . Of these , 25 % were unavailable for follow-up at 12 months and were assumed to be smoking . The point prevalence abstinence rate at 12 months was 32 % . Independent factors associated with abstinence at 12 months were self-belief in quitting ability , having a heart condition , growing up without siblings who smoked , and increasing number of pack-years . CONCLUSIONS This prospect i ve study has demonstrated that this hospital-based smoking cessation program was as effective as programs in other setting s. Social and psychological factors were associated with a greater chance of abstinence BACKGROUND Few research studies have evaluated the effectiveness of smoking interventions in hospitalized patients . This r and omized controlled trial compared the efficacy of 2 smoking cessation programs in patients hospitalized in 4 community hospitals in a large health maintenance organization within the San Francisco Bay Area in California . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to usual care ( n = 990 ) , nurse-mediated , behaviorally oriented inpatient counseling focused on relapse prevention with 1 postdischarge telephone contact ( minimal intervention , n = 473 ) , or the same inpatient counseling with 4 postdischarge telephone contacts ( intensive intervention , n = 561 ) . The main outcome measure , smoking cessation rate , was corroborated by plasma cotinine determination or family confirmation , 1 year after enrollment . RESULTS At 1 year smoking cessation rates were 27 % , 22 % , and 20 % for intensive intervention , minimal intervention , and usual care groups , respectively ( P = .009 for intensive vs usual care ) . Subgroup analyses by diagnosis revealed that the odds of cessation among patients with cardiovascular disease or other internal medical conditions were greater among those receiving the intensive intervention than among their counterparts receiving usual care ( odds ratios , 1.6 and 2.0 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS A multicomponent smoking cessation program consisting of physician advice ; in-hospital , nurse-mediated counseling ; and multiple postdischarge telephone contacts was effective in increasing smoking cessation rates among hospitalized smokers . Hospital-wide smoking cessation programs could substantially increase the effectiveness of hospital smoking bans PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of a nurse-managed minimal smoking-cessation intervention  among hospitalized patients with cancer . DESIGN Prospect i ve , two-group , r and omized clinical trial . SETTING Urban , academic , tertiary-care setting . SAMPLE 28 adult male and female smokers with a diagnosis of cancer who are hospitalized for a surgical procedure . METHODS During hospitalization , subjects were assigned to a minimal smoking-cessation intervention group ( n = 14 ) or a usual care group ( n = 14 ) . Verification of smoking status was performed at a clinic visit six weeks postintervention . Nonsmoking status was defined as self-report of zero cigarettes/day during the prior week and confirmed by saliva cotinine analysis . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES One-time , Inpatient , nurse-managed , minimal smoking-cessation intervention , self-reported smoking status , and saliva cotinine level of < or = 14 ng/ml . FINDINGS Upon hospital admission , 64 % of the intervention group and 71 % of the usual care group reported their intention to quit smoking . At six weeks postintervention , only 21 % and 14 % of the intervention and usual care group , respectively , were classified as abstinent from smoking . More than 90 % of the intervention group members who resumed smoking did so within first week of discharge . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE A more intensive intervention may be necessary to assist hospitalized surgical patients in achieving smoking 
    Output:
    
Nurses ' interventions for smoking cessation play an important role in helping patients quit smoking successfully .
There are a variety of interventions that nurses can employ according to the patient 's condition and diagnosis of different diseases .
IMPLICATION FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Quitting smoking can reduce lung cancers and other health problems .
Nurses play an important role in helping patients to quit smoking