***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES We assessed the prevalence of antituberculosis drug resistance among children with tuberculosis ( TB ) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa . METHODS Drug susceptibility testing for isoniazid and rifampin was prospect ively done on all children with culture-confirmed TB at Tygerberg Children 's Hospital , Cape Town , from March 2005 through February 2007 . Survey results were compared with results from 2 previous surveys . RESULTS We found 291 children had culture-confirmed TB . Resistance to isoniazid or rifampin  increased from 21 of 306 ( 6.9 % ) to 41 of 319 ( 12.9 % ) and 43 of 285 ( 15.1 % ) in the first to third surveys ( P = .005 ) and multidrug resistance from 7 of 306 ( 2.3 % ) to 18 of 319 ( 5.6 % ) and 19 of 285 ( 6.7 % ; P = .033 ) . Although previously treated children had significantly more drug resistance than did new TB cases ( 19 of 66 [ 28.8 % ] vs 24 of 225 [ 10.7 % ] ; odds ratio = 3.39 ; 95 % confidence interval = 1.62 , 7.05 ) , evidence suggests transmission rather than acquisition of resistance . HIV infection was not significantly associated with drug resistance . CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a high and rising prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance among children in the Western Cape , which suggests ongoing transmission of drug-resistant strains within the community . Improved control of TB in adults , including early identification and treatment of drug-resistant cases , is necessary to reduce transmission to children A controlled clinical trial of three short-course chemotherapy regimens was undertaken in patients with newly diagnosed bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis . The patients were r and omly allocated to receive one of three regimens : rifampicin , streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months , followed by streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide twice weekly for 3 months ( R/5 ) or for 5 months ( R/7 ) , or the same regimen as R/7 but without rifampicin ( Z/7 ) . A bacteriological relapse requiring retreatment occurred by 5 years in 7.1 % of 126 R/5 , 4.0 % of 124 R/7 and 6.7 % of 253 Z/7 patients with organisms initially sensitive to streptomycin and isoniazid ; none of these differences is statistically significant . Of the 31 relapses , 16 occurred within 2 years of the completion of chemotherapy and the remaining 15 between 2 and 5 years . Among 65 patients with initial drug resistance to streptomycin or isoniazid or both , there were six bacteriological relapses requiring retreatment The study included 359 cases of primary tuberculosis ( benign forms ) in children aged 0 - 14 years , out of which 181 non-complicated and 178 complicated forms . The therapeutical regimens were : 3HEZ2/3HE2 ( study subgroup ) and 6HE2/3H2 ( control ) for non-complicated forms , and 3HRZ2/3HR2 ( study subgroup ) and 3HES2/3HE2/3H2 ( control ) for complicated ones . Late results ( 5 years after treatment end ) were very good ( from clinical , radiological , bacteriological points of view ) in 100 % of cases . Thus , short-course regimens are preferable to longer ones ( over 6 months ) in the chemotherapy of the benign forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in children Background R and omized trials are essential in assessing the effects of healthcare interventions and are a key component in systematic review s of effectiveness . Search ing for reports of r and omized trials in data bases is problematic due to the absence of appropriate indexing terms until the 1990s and inconsistent application of these indexing terms thereafter . Objectives The objectives of this study are to devise a search strategy for identifying reports of r and omized trials in EMBASE which are not already indexed as trials in MEDLINE and to make these reports easily accessible by including them in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) in The Cochrane Library , with the permission of Elsevier , the publishers of EMBASE . Methods A highly sensitive search strategy was design ed for EMBASE based on free-text and thesaurus terms which occurred frequently in the titles , abstract s , EMTREE terms ( or some combination of these ) of reports of trials indexed in EMBASE . This search strategy was run against EMBASE from 1980 to 2005 ( 1974 to 2005 for four of the terms ) and records retrieved by the search , which were not already indexed as r and omized trials in MEDLINE , were downloaded from EMBASE , printed and read . An analysis of the language of publication was conducted for the reports of trials published in 2005 ( the most recent year completed at the time of this study ) . Results Twenty-two search terms were used ( including nine which were later rejected due to poor cumulative precision ) . More than a third of a million records were downloaded and scanned and approximately 80,000 reports of trials were identified which were not already indexed as r and omized trials in MEDLINE . These are now easily identifiable in CENTRAL , in The Cochrane Library . Cumulative sensitivity ranged from 0.1 % to 60 % and cumulative precision ranged from 8 % to 61 % . The truncated term ' r and om$ ' identified 60 % of the total number of reports of trials but only 35 % of the more than 130,000 records retrieved by this term were reports of trials . The language analysis for the sample year 2005 indicated that of the 18,427 reports indexed as r and omized trials in MEDLINE , 959 ( 5 % ) were in language s other than English . The EMBASE search identified an additional 658 reports in language s other than English , of which the highest number were in Chinese ( 320 ) . Conclusion The results of the search to date have greatly increased access to reports of trials in EMBASE , especially in some language s other than English . The search strategy used was subjectively derived from a small ' gold st and ard ' set of test records and was not vali date d in an independent test set . We intend to design an objective ly-derived vali date d search strategy using logistic regression based on the frequency of occurrence of terms in the approximately 80,000 reports of r and omized trials identified compared with the frequency of these terms across the entire EMBASE data base A controlled study of three short-course regimens was undertaken in South Indian patients with newly diagnosed , sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis . The patients were allocated at r and om to one of three regimens : a ) Rifampicin , streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 3 months ( R3 ) ; b ) the same regimen as above but followed by streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide twice-weekly for a further period of 2 months ( R5 ) ; c ) the same as R5 but without rifampicin ( Z5 ) . A bacteriological relapse requiring treatment occurred by 5 years in 16.8 % of 113 R3 , 5.2 % of 97 R5 , and 20.0 % of 115 Z5 patients with organisms sensitive to streptomycin and isoniazid initially . The differences in the relapse rates between the R3 and R5 regimens and the R5 and Z5 regimens were statistically significant ( p less than 0.01 for both ) . Considering patients with organisms initially resistant to streptomycin or isoniazid or both , 7 of 52 patients ( 4 R3 , 2 R5 , 1 Z5 ) had a bacteriological relapse requiring retreatment ABSTRACT The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recently issued revised first-line antituberculosis ( anti-TB ) drug dosage recommendations for children . No pharmacokinetic studies for these revised dosages are available for children < 2 years . The aim of the study was to document the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-TB agents in children < 2 years of age comparing previous and revised WHO dosages of isoniazid ( INH ; 5 versus 10 mg/kg/day ) , rifampin ( RMP ; 10 versus 15 mg/kg/day ) , and pyrazinamide ( PZA ; 25 versus 35 mg/kg/day ) and to investigate the effects of clinical covariates , including HIV coinfection , nutritional status , age , gender , and type of tuberculosis ( TB ) , and the effect of NAT2 acetylator status .  Serum INH , PZA , and RMP levels were prospect ively assessed in 20 children < 2 years of age treated for TB following the previous and the revised WHO dosage recommendations . Sample s were taken prior to dosing and at 0.5 , 1.5 , 3 , and 5 h following dosing . The maximum drug concentration in serum ( Cmax ) , the time to Cmax ( tmax ) , and the area under the concentration-time curve ( AUC ) were calculated . Eleven children had pulmonary and 9 had extrapulmonary TB . Five were HIV infected . The mean Cmax ( μg/ml ) following the administration of previous/revised dosages were as follows : INH , 3.19/8.11 ; RMP , 6.36/11.69 ; PZA , 29.94/47.11 . The mean AUC ( μg·h/ml ) were as follows : INH , 8.09/20.36 ; RMP , 17.78/36.95 ; PZA , 118.0/175.2 . The mean Cmax and AUC differed significantly between doses . There was no difference in the tmax values achieved . Children less than 2 years of age achieve target concentrations of first-line anti-TB agents using revised WHO dosage recommendations . Our data provided supportive evidence for the implementation of the revised WHO guidelines for first-line anti-TB therapy in young children Fully intermittent short course chemotherapy regimens have been used successfully in adults but not in children . We report the results on 76 children with tuberculosis , excluding central nervous system tuberculosis and primary pulmonary complex .  Isoniazid , rifampin and pyrazinamide were used for treatment . They were r and omly allocated to Regimen A ( 52 doses ) and Regimen B ( 94 doses ) . Overall efficacy of both schedules was greater than 95 % in 27 children with lymphatic , 43 with pulmonary and 6 with disseminated tuberculosis .  Compliance in 10 children after 2 to 4 months of therapy was poor because rapid improvement was mistaken by parents for cure . Two children died , probably of underlying lung disease . Follow-up for up to 2 years did not reveal any case of relapse or recurrence of the disease . Therapy for 6 months involving administration of only 52 or 94 doses of drugs was found to be economical , effective and safe for treating children with tuberculosis INTRODUCTION Most patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis ( PTB ) are treated with a 6-month short course regimen . The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of using 4 months of chemotherapy to treat patients with smear-negative PTB . METHODS A total of 314 patients were r and omised to a daily or combined ( daily and intermittent ) regimen as follows : ( 1 ) 2HRZ/2HR--2 months of isoniazid ( H ) , rifampicin ( R ) and pyrazinamide ( Z ) , followed by 2 months of H and R or ( 2 ) 2HRZ/2H3R3 - -2 months of HRZ as in regimen 1 , followed by H and R given 3 times weekly for 2 months or 4 months if initial sputum specimens were culture positive . RESULTS One hundred and fifty-eight patients were assigned to the daily regimen and 156 to the combined regimen . Of the 158 patients , 99 had negative cultures and 59 had positive cultures . There was no relapse among 96 culture-negative patients assessed at 30 months and 68 patients at 60 months . However , 6 patients had no radiological response while 1 was considered on review to have non-tuberculous disease . There was no relapse among 57 culture-positive patients assessed at 30 months and 41 at 60 months . In the combined regimen group , 102 had negative cultures and 54 had positive cultures . There was 1 relapse in the culture-negative group of 100 patients assessed at 30 months and 74 at 60 months . There was no radiological response in 5 patients . One patient in the culture-positive group failed therapy but there were no relapses during follow-up to 60 months . CONCLUSION A 4-month daily or combined regimen appears to be highly effective in the treatment of non-immunocompromised patients with smear- and culture-negative PTB Background . Treating childhood tuberculosis places a large burden on health services , and ways of lessening this were sought . Methods . A r and omized controlled trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of fully intermittent twice weekly treatment for intrathoracic childhood tuberculosis and its effect on adherence to treatment , in comparison with daily ( weekday ) treatment .  The setting was a district of Cape Town , South Africa , an area of high incident tuberculosis . We r and omized 206 children with confirmed ( 4 % ) , probable ( 94 % ) and suspected ( 2 % ) intrathoracic tuberculosis : 89 ( median age 
    Output:
    
Trials conducted to date are insufficient to support or refute the use of intermittent twice- or thrice-weekly , short-course treatment regimens over daily short-course treatment in children with TB .