***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Scapula taping is a commonly used adjunctive treatment for shoulder im- pingement pathology . However , this intervention has not previously been subject to formal investigation . A pilot single-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate facilitatory taping as an adjunct to routine physiotherapy management . Twenty-two sub- jects with unilateral shoulder impingement symptoms were r and omized into a taping with routine physiotherapy or a routine physiotherapy only group . The intervention group had scapula taping applied three times per week for the first two weeks of their treatment . All subjects were assessed at baseline , then at 2 and 6 weeks after the commencement of treat- ment . Pain and functional ability were assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability In- dex , range of shoulder elevation , and self-reported pain on elevation . At 2 weeks , the taping group demonstrated a strong trend toward reduced pain both on self-reported activity ( SPADI pain subscale mean for taping 27.0 versus 41.5 for control ) and pain during mea- sured abduction ( mean VAS 22.8 for taped , 46.8 for control ) , statistical power being limited by small sample size . No similar trend was evident in the SPADI disability subscale . The magnitude of the differences was reduced at 6-week follow-up . This study provides prelimi- nary evidence for a short-term role for scapula taping as an adjunct to routine physiother- apy in the management of shoulder impingement symptoms but also highlights the need for consideration on a case basis relating to risk factors for skin reaction PURPOSE This study aim ed to investigate the effect of elastic taping on kinematics , muscle activity and strength of the scapular region in baseball players with shoulder impingement . SCOPE Seventeen baseball players with shoulder impingement were recruited from three amateur baseball teams . All subjects received both the elastic taping ( Kinesio Tex ) and the placebo taping ( 3 M Micropore tape ) over the lower trapezius muscle . We measured the 3-dimensional scapular motion , electromyographic ( EMG ) activities of the upper and lower trapezius , and the serratus anterior muscles during arm elevation . Strength of the lower trapezius was tested prior to and after each taping application . The results of the analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) with repeated measures showed that the elastic taping significantly increased the scapular posterior tilt at 30 degrees and 60 degrees during arm raising and increased the lower trapezius muscle activity in the 60 - 30 degrees arm lowering phase ( p<0.05 ) in comparison to the placebo taping . CONCLUSIONS The elastic taping result ed in positive changes in scapular motion and muscle performance . The results supported its use as a treatment aid in managing shoulder impingement problems The purpose of this clinical trial is to compare the effectiveness of a scapular-focused treatment with a control therapy in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome . Therefore , a r and omized clinical trial with a blinded assessor was used in 22 patients with shoulder impingement syndrome . The primary outcome measures included self-reported shoulder disability and pain . Next , patients were evaluated regarding scapular positioning and shoulder muscle strength . The scapular-focused treatment included stretching and scapular motor control training . The control therapy included stretching , muscle friction , and eccentric rotator cuff training . Main outcome measures were the shoulder disability question naire , diagnostic tests for shoulder impingement syndrome , clinical tests for scapular positioning , shoulder pain ( visual analog scale ; VAS ) , and muscle strength . A large clinical ly important treatment effect in favor of scapular motor control training was found in self-reported disability ( Cohen ’s d = 0.93 , p = 0.025 ) , and a moderate to large clinical ly important improvement in pain during the Neer test , Hawkins test , and empty can test ( Cohen ’s d 0.76 , 1.04 , and 0.92 , respectively ) . In addition , the experimental group demonstrated a moderate ( Cohen ’s d = 0.67 ) improvement in self-experienced pain at rest ( VAS ) , whereas the control group did not change . The effects were maintained at three months follow-up Purpose Neck and shoulder complaints are common among employees in occupations characterized by intensive computer use . Treatment has varied from passive rest to active treatments and active treatments have often been divided into either training of the painful area or the surrounding musculature avoiding direct training of the painful area . Our study investigates the effect of the latter approach . The purpose of this study was in a r and omised controlled trial to investigate if intensive scapular function training (SFT)—in terms of training of the lower trapezius and the serratus anterior muscle while minimizing direct training of the upper trapezius — is effective in reducing pain in adults with chronic non-specific pain in the neck/shoulder region . Methods 47 office workers with chronic non-specific pain in the neck/shoulder region were r and omized to 10 weeks 3 × 20 min SFT with training supervision or to a control group . At baseline and at follow-up the participants were tested for maximum isometric shoulder strength by a blinded tester . Further , once a week participants reported pain intensity of the neck/shoulder during the previous week . Results In intention-to-treat analysis neck- and shoulder pain decreased 2.0 ( 95 % CI 0.35 ; 3.64 ) in SFT compared with control group ( p < 0.05 ) . Pressure Pain Threshold ( PPT ) increased 129 kPa in the lower trapezius in SFT compared with the control group ( p < 0.01 ) . Shoulder elevation strength increased 7.7 kg in SFT compared with the control group ( p < 0.01 ) with no change in shoulder protraction strength . Conclusions SFT reduces pain intensity and increases shoulder elevation strength in adults with chronic non-specific pain in the neck/shoulder region . The magnitude of improvement in pain intensity was clinical ly relevant [ Purpose ] This study examined the effects of scapular stabilization exercises immediately after surgery on pain and function in patients diagnosed with shoulder impingement syndrome . [ Subjects ] The subjects were assigned by r and om sampling to an experimental group ( n=15 ) to which stabilization exercise was applied and a  control group ( n=15 ) to which ordinary physical treatment was applied . [ Methods ] To evaluate the degree of pain , a 100 mm visual analogue scale ( VAS ) was used . The Constant-Murley Scale ( CMS ) was used to evaluate the functions of the shoulder joints . To determine the range of motion , a goniometer was used to measure range of shoulder motion . The  simple shoulder test ( SST ) was used to determine the condition of the shoulder joints of the subjects . [ Results ] There were significant differences in all the items of the experimental group . The results of comparison of the therapeutic effect in the experimental and control groups revealed significant differences in active abduction , passive abduction , VAS , SST , and the CMS , except for pain . [ Conclusion ] The results suggest that shoulder stabilization exercise positively affects pain alleviation and functional recovery in shoulder impingement patients OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of non-recovery in non-traumatic complaints at the arm , neck and shoulder in general practice 6 months after the first consultation . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study was set in 21 Dutch general practice s. Consulters with a first or new episode of non-traumatic arm , neck or shoulder complaints and age 18 through 64 yrs entered the cohort . Complaint , patient , physical , psychosocial and work characteristics were investigated as possible predictors of non-recovery at 6 months using multiple logistic regression analyses ( backward Wald ) . RESULTS At 6 months , 46 % of the total population ( n = 612 ) and 42 % of the working sub population ( n = 473 ) still reported complaints . Complaint characteristics ( long duration of the complaint before consultation , recurrent complaint , musculoskeletal comorbidity and complaint mainly located at wrist or h and ) were most predictive of non-recovery followed by psychosocial characteristics ( more somatization and experiencing less social support ) . Having a specific diagnosis was associated with recovery . In the working sub population , the same variables were predictors of non-recovery . Additionally , low supervisory support was associated with non-recovery . The models correctly classified 72 - 75 % of the patients ( explained variance 0.27 - 0.28 ) . CONCLUSIONS Besides questions on complaint characteristics , information on somatization and support can help a general practitioner to recognize patients at risk of persistent complaints Shoulder-related dysfunction affects individuals ' ability to function independently and thus decreases quality of life . Functional task assessment is a key concern for a clinician in diagnostic assessment , outcome measurement , and planning of treatment programs . The purpose of this study was to test the reliability of the FASTRAK 3-dimensional ( 3-D ) motion analysis and surface electromyography ( sEMG ) systems to analyze 3-D shoulder complex movements during functional tasks and compare motion patterns between subjects with and without shoulder dysfunctions (SDs).For the test , sEMG and 3-D motion analysis systems were used to characterize the functional tasks . Twenty-five asymptomatic male subjects and 21 male subjects with right shoulder disorders performed four functional tasks which involved arm reaching and raising activities with their dominant arms . Reliability was estimated by the intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) . Motion pattern was compared between two groups using mixed analysis of variances ( ANOVAs ) . Shoulder complex kinematics and associated muscular activities during functional tasks were reliably quantified ( ICC=0.83 - 0.99 ) from the means of three trials . Relative to the group without SDs , the group with SDs showed significant alteration in shoulder complex kinematics ( 3 degrees -40 degrees ) and associated muscular activities ( 3 - 10 % maximum ) . Scapular tipping , scapular elevation , upper trapezius muscle function , and serratus anterior muscle function may have implication s in the rehabilitation of patients with SDs OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effectiveness of stretching , strengthening exercises , and the scapular stabilization exercises on the pain , shoulder range of motion ( ROM ) , muscle strength , joint position sense ( JPS ) , scapular dyskinesis and quality of life ( OL ) in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome ( SIS ) . METHODS 27 women and 13 men , mean age 51 ( 24 - 71 ) years old , were included in this study . All the patients were separated into 2 groups according to simple r and om table . Stretching and strengthening exercises were given to the group I ( n=20 ) and scapular stabilization exercises were added to the group II ( n=20 ) . The pain severity , shoulder ROM , muscle strength , JPS , lateral scapular slide test ( LSST ) , Western Ontario Rotator Cuff ( WORC ) Index were evaluated before and after treatment . Patients completed a 6-week rehabilitation program , three times a week . RESULTS The results showed that all measurements improved statistically in both groups after treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . And the improvements in the muscle strength , JPS and scapular dyskinesia were significantly different in group II ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION It is suggested that in the treatment of SIS ; scapular stabilization exercises , given with stretching and strengthening exercises , can be more effective in increasing the muscle strength , developing the JPS and decreasing the scapular dyskinesis HYPOTHESIS This study tested the hypothesis that infraspinatus strength in professional volleyball players can be assessed with the scapula free ( infraspinatus strength test , IST ) and with the scapula retracted ( infraspinatus scapula retraction test , ISRT ) before and after scapular musculature training . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A prospect i ve study was performed in 31 professional volleyball players .  Isometric strength ( kg ) of the infraspinatus with IST and with ISRT was recorded by a h and held dynamometer and compared with the values found after 3 and 6 months of rehabilitation . Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to exclude articular and cuff pathology . Pain scores were assessed using a visual analog scale . RESULTS The mean increase in the force values of IST was statistically significant after 3 months ( P < .01 ) and 6 months ( P < .001 ) of rehabilitation . The mean difference between IST and ISRT decreased from 4.72 ± 0.007 before rehabilitation to 1.2 ± 0.26 at 3 months and to 0.4 ± 0.006 at 6 months . The mean score for pain was 2.4 ± 1.8 at 3 months and 2.6 ± 1.4 at 6 months . DISCUSSION Acquired scapular dyskinesis in overhead athletes can lead to the rotator cuff weakness . Inhibition due to pain and the negative biomechanic effect of scapular dyskinesis results in specific infraspinatus dysfunction that arise with the ISRT . CONCLUSIONS ISRT is practical and consistent to assess the infraspinatus strength in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis . A functional rehabilitation protocol , design ed to restore scapular muscles balance and shoulder mobility , is essential in the training program to prevent shoulder dysfunction and improve sports performance HYPOTHESIS AND BACKGROUND Though commonly suggested as an injury risk factor , scapular dysfunction has not been established as a prospect i ve cause of throwing-related upper extremity injury in baseball players . The purpose is to determine whether scapular dysfunction identified during preseason screening is predictive of increased risk of throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball players . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The presence or absence of scapular dysfunction was obtained prospect ively during preseason screenings in 246 high school baseball players over the 2010 and 2011 seasons . Exposure and injury surveillance data were then obtained weekly over the course of each season 
    Output:
    
There was moderate evidence that scapular-focused treatment compared with other physiotherapeutic treatment is effective in improving scapular muscle strength in participants with SPS .
Conflicting evidence was found for improvements in pain , function and clinical measures of scapular positioning .
No evidence was found for improvements in shoulder range of motion or rotator cuff muscle strength .
Conclusions There is some support for the use of scapular-focused exercise therapy in patients with SPS .