***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Music therapy has previously been found to be effective in the treatment of depression but the studies have been method ologically insufficient and lacking in clarity about the clinical model employed . Aims To determine the efficacy of music therapy added to st and ard care compared with st and ard care only in the treatment of  depression among working-age people . METHOD Participants ( n = 79 ) with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depression were r and omised to receive individual music therapy plus st and ard care ( 20 bi-weekly sessions ) or st and ard care only , and followed up at baseline , at 3 months ( after intervention ) and at 6 months . Clinical measures included depression , anxiety , general functioning , quality of life and alexithymia . TRIAL REGISTRATION IS RCT N84185937 . RESULTS Participants receiving music therapy plus st and ard care showed greater improvement than those receiving st and ard care only in depression symptoms ( mean difference 4.65 , 95 % CI 0.59 to 8.70 ) , anxiety symptoms ( 1.82 , 95 % CI 0.09 to 3.55 ) and general functioning ( -4.58 , 95 % CI -8.93 to -0.24 ) at 3-month follow-up . The response rate was significantly higher for the music therapy plus st and ard care group than for the st and ard care only group ( odds ratio 2.96 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 9.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Individual music therapy combined with st and ard care is effective for depression among working-age people with depression . The results of this study along with the previous research indicate that music therapy with its specific qualities is a valuable enhancement to established treatment practice The  Hamilton Anxiety Scale ( HAM-A ) was tested for reliability and validity in two different sample s , one sample ( n = 97 ) defined by anxiety disorders , the other sample ( n = 101 ) defined by depressive disorders . The reliability and the concurrent validity of the HAM-A and its subscales proved to be sufficient . Internal validity tested by latent structure analysis was insufficient . The major problems with the HAM-A are that ( 1 ) anxiolytic and antidepressant effects can not be clearly distinguished ; ( 2 ) the subscale of somatic anxiety is strongly related to somatic side effects . The applicability of the HAM-A in anxiolytic treatment studies is therefore limited . More specific anxiety scales are needed CONTEXT Research both in the United States and abroad suggests that significant numbers of people are involved with various forms of alternative medicine . However , the reasons for such use are , at present , poorly understood . OBJECTIVE To investigate possible predictors of alternative health care use . METHODS Three primary hypotheses were tested . People seek out these alternatives because ( 1 ) they are dissatisfied in some way with conventional treatment ; ( 2 ) they see alternative treatments as offering more personal autonomy and control over health care decisions ; and ( 3 ) the alternatives are seen as more compatible with the patients ' values , worldview , or beliefs regarding the nature and meaning of health and illness . Additional predictor variables explored included demographics and health status . DESIGN A written survey examining use of alternative health care , health status , values , and attitudes toward conventional medicine . Multiple logistic regression analyses were used in an effort to identify predictors of alternative health care use . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 1035 individuals r and omly selected from a panel who had agreed to participate in mail surveys and who live throughout the United States . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Use of alternative medicine within the previous year . RESULTS The response rate was 69 % . The following variables emerged as predictors of alternative health care use  : more education ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 1.2 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.1 - 1.3 ) ; poorer health status ( OR , 1.3 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 - 1.5 ) ; a holistic orientation to health ( OR , 1.4 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 - 1.9 ) ; having had a transformational experience that changed the person 's worldview ( OR , 1 .8 ; 95 % CI , 1 .3 - 2.5 ) ; any of the following health problems : anxiety ( OR , 3.1 ; 95 % CI , 1.6 - 6.0 ) ; back problems ( OR , 2.3 ; 95 % CI , 1 .7 - 3.2 ) ; chronic pain ( OR , 2.0 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 -3.5 ) ; urinarytract problems ( OR , 2.2 ; 95 % CI , 1.3 - 3.5 ) ; and classification in a cultural group identifiable by their commitment to environmentalism , commitment to feminism , and interest in spirituality and personal growth psychology ( OR , 2.0 ; 95 % CI , 1.4 - 2.7 ) . Dissatisfaction with conventional medicine did not predict use of alternative medicine . Only 4.4 % of those surveyed reported relying primarily on alternative therapies . CONCLUSION Along with being more educated and reporting poorer health status , the majority of alternative medicine users appear to be doing so not so much as a result of being dissatisfied with conventional medicine but largely because they find these health care alternatives to be more congruent with their own values , beliefs , and philosophical orientations toward health and life OBJECTIVES Not all patients with post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) respond to cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) . Literature suggests group music therapy might be beneficial in treating PTSD . However , feasibility and effectiveness have not been assessed . The study objectives were to assess whether group music therapy was feasible for patients who did not respond to CBT  , and whether it has an effect on PTSD symptoms and depression . DESIGN The study employed mixed methods comprising of an exploratory r and omized controlled trial , qualitative content analysis of therapy , and patient interviews . METHOD Patients with significant PTSD symptoms ( n = 17 ) following completion of CBT were r and omly assigned to treatment ( n = 9 ) or control groups ( n = 8) . The treatment group received 10 weeks of group music therapy after which exit interviews were conducted . Control group patients were offered the intervention at the end of the study . Symptoms were assessed on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Beck Depression Inventory II at the beginning and end of treatment . RESULTS Treatment-group patients experienced a significant reduction in severity of PTSD symptoms ( -20.18 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : [ -31.23 , -9.12 ] ) and a marginally significant reduction in depression ( -11.92 ; 95%CI : [ -24.05 , 0.21 ] ) at 10 weeks from baseline compared to the control . Patients viewed music therapy as helpful and reported experiences concur with current literature . CONCLUSIONS Group music therapy appears feasible and effective for PTSD patients who have not sufficiently responded to CBT . Limitations include the small sample size and lack of blinding . Further research should address these limitations , test sustainability , and identify specific factors that address symptoms in treatment Background Competence and attitudes to suicidal behaviour among physicians are important to provide high- quality care for a large patient group . The aim was to study different physicians ’ attitudes towards suicidal behaviour and their perceived competence to care for suicidal patients . Methods A r and om selection ( n = 750 ) of all registered General Practitioners , Psychiatrists and Internists in Norway received a question naire . The response rate was 40 % . The Underst and ing of Suicidal Patients Scale ( USP ; scores < 23 = positive attitude ) and items about suicide in case of incurable illness from the Attitudes Towards Suicide Question naire were used . Five-point Likert scales were used to measure self-perceived competence , level of commitment , empathy and irritation felt towards patients with somatic and psychiatric diagnoses . Questions about training were included . Results The physicians held positive attitudes towards suicide attempters ( USP = 20.3 , 95 % CI : 19.6–20.9 ) . Internists and males were significantly less positive . There were no significant differences in the physicians in their attitudes toward suicide in case of incurable illness according to specialty . The physicians were most irritated and less committed to substance misuse patients . Self perceived competence was relatively high . Forty-three percent had participated in courses about suicide assessment and treatment . Conclusions The physicians reported positive attitudes and relatively high competence . They were least committed to treat patients with substance misuse . None of the professional groups thought that patients with incurable illness should be given help to commit suicide . Further customized education with focus on substance misuse might be useful This study investigated the physiological and psychological effects of music listening on depressed women in Taiwan . Through the use of a pretest-posttest , control group , experimental design , the heart rate , respiratory rate , blood pressure , and immediate mood states before and after a music/sound intervention were measured in 30 women . Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and with t tests . A qualitative question naire was administered to participants to elicit information related to the subjective experience of music/sound listening . Significant posttest differences were found in experimental group participants ' heart rates , respiratory rates , blood pressure , and tranquil mood states . Significant posttest differences also were found in control group participants ' heart rates and tranquil mood states . The results support the use of music listening as a body-mind healing modality for depressed women Recent studies have found that positive affect is associated with greater relative left frontal EEG activation and negative affect is associated with greater relative right frontal EEG activation . Further , chronically depressed adults typically display stable right frontal EEG activation . The present study investigated the effects of music on mood state and right frontal EEG activation associated with chronic depression . Fourteen chronically depressed female adolescents  listened to rock music for a 23-minute session . These adolescents were compared with a control sample of chronically depressed female adolescents who were simply asked to sit and relax their minds and their muscles for the same time period .  EEG was recorded during baseline , music , and postmusic for three minutes each , and  saliva sample s were collected before and after the session to determine the effects of the music on stress hormone ( cortisol ) levels . No group differences or changes were noted for observed or reported mood state . However , cortisol levels decreased and relative right frontal activation was significantly attenuated during and after the music procedure . It was concluded that music had positive effects on the physiological and biochemical measures even though observed and self-reported mood did not change Background : The Social Functioning Question naire ( SFQ ) , an eight-item selfreport scale ( score range 0–24 ) , was developed from the Social Functioning Schedule ( SFS ) , a semi-structured interview which has been used primarily with non-psychotic patients and has good test-retest and inter-rater reliability as well as construct validity . The SFQ was developed following the need for a quick assessment of perceived social function . Aims : To give further details of old and new data sets from studies involving over 4000 subjects assessed with the SFQ illustrating its epidemiological and clinical associations . Method : New data were analysed from a national epidemiological study , a comparison of key-worker and subject versions of the SFQ , and re analysis of data from three earlier clinical studies , of psychiatric emergencies , general practice psychiatric patients and those with recurrent psychotic illnesses . These data were examined further to determine their range , their relationship to other clinical measures , and change over time in clinical trials . Results : The  population mean score in 4164 subjects was 4.6 and the data from all studies suggested that a score of 10 or more indicated poor social functioning . Those presenting as psychiatric emergencies had the poorest social function ( mean 11.4 ) and psychiatric patients from general practice the best function ( mean 7.7 ) of the clinical population s. The eight item scores had a normal distribution in psychiatric population s and a skewed one in a normal population ; scores were relatively stable over the short ( weeks ) and long-term ( months ) , and were high in the presence of acute mental health disturbance and personality disorder , giving support to the validity of the scale . The results from a UK sample of a r and omly selected population specifically weighted for ethnic minorities showed similar social function across groups Background and Purpose : Cancer patients often suffer from anxiety and depression . Various methods are used to alleviate anxiety and depression , but most of them have side effects . Music therapy can be used as a noninvasive method to reduce anxiety and depression . This study aim ed to examine the effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with cancer . Material s and Methods : This quasi-experimental study was conducted attaching hospitals in Urmia city . A total number of sixty patients with depression and anxiety were recruited using r and om sampling method and divided into two groups of control and intervention . Patients in intervention group listened to light music at least 20 min per day for 3 days . The degree of patients ′ anxiety and depression was assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline and 3 days after music therapy . Data were analyzed by SPSS version 13 using t-test , Pearson , and ANOVA tests . Results : The results showed no significant differences between demographic variable of intervention and control groups . Our findings indicated a significant decrease in the level of depression and anxiety among intervention group . There were significant relationships between anxiety , depression , and sex ( P < 0.001 , r = 0.42 ) as well as education ( P = 0.003 , r = 0.37 ) . Conclusion : This study revealed positive effects of music therapy on decreasing level of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer . Therefore , it is recommended to include music therapy in the nursing care Background Music therapy is frequently offered to individuals suffering from depression . Despite the lack of research into the effects of music therapy on this population , anecdotal evidence suggests that the results are 
    Output:
    
Music therapy was not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU .
Regarding secondary outcomes , music therapy plus TAU was superior to TAU alone for anxiety and functioning .
Findings of the present meta- analysis indicate that music therapy added to TAU provides short-term beneficial effects for people with depression if compared to TAU alone .
We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events , functioning , and anxiety .
We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events , functioning , or anxiety .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present meta- analysis indicate that music therapy provides short-term beneficial effects for people with depression .
Music therapy added to treatment as usual ( TAU ) seems to improve depressive symptoms compared with TAU alone .
Additionally , music therapy plus TAU is not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU alone .
Music therapy also shows efficacy in decreasing anxiety levels and improving functioning of depressed individuals .