***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Although exercise has been shown to relieve depression , little is known about its mechanism or dose-response characteristics . We hypothesized that high intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) would be more effective than either low intensity PRT or st and ard care by a general practitioner ( GP ) in depressed elderly persons , and that high intensity PRT would provide superior benefits in quality of life , sleep quality , and self-efficacy . METHODS Sixty community-dwelling adults > 60 years with major or minor depression were r and omized to supervised high intensity PRT ( 80 % maximum load ) or low intensity PRT ( 20 % maximum load ) 3 days per week for 8 weeks , or GP care . RESULTS A 50 % reduction in the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression score was achieved in 61 % of the high intensity , 29 % of the low intensity , and 21 % of the GP care group ( p = .03 ) . Strength gain was directly associated with reduction in depressive symptoms ( r = 0.40 , p = .004 ) , as was baseline social support network type ( F = 3.52 , p = .015 ) , whereas personality type , self-efficacy , and locus of control were unrelated to the antidepressant effect . Vitality quality -of-life scale improved more in the high intensity group than in the others ( p = .04 ) . Sleep quality improved significantly in all participants ( p < .0001 ) , with the greatest relative change in high intensity PRT ( p = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS High intensity PRT is more effective than is low intensity PRT or GP care for the treatment of older depressed patients BACKGROUND Previous observational and interventional studies have suggested that regular physical exercise may be associated with reduced symptoms of depression . However , the extent to which exercise training may reduce depressive symptoms in older patients with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) has not been systematic ally evaluated . OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program compared with st and ard medication ( ie , antidepressants ) for treatment of MDD in older patients , we conducted a 16-week r and omized controlled trial . METHODS One hundred fifty-six men and women with MDD ( age , > or = 50 years ) were assigned r and omly to a program of aerobic exercise , antidepressants ( sertraline hydrochloride ) , or combined exercise and medication . Subjects underwent comprehensive evaluations of depression , including the presence and severity of MDD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition criteria and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) and Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) scores before and after treatment . Secondary outcome measures included aerobic capacity , life satisfaction , self-esteem , anxiety , and dysfunctional cognitions . RESULTS After 16 weeks of treatment , the groups did not differ statistically on HAM-D or BDI scores ( P = .67 ) ; adjustment for baseline levels of depression yielded an essentially identical result . Growth curve models revealed that all groups exhibited statistically and clinical ly significant reductions on HAM-D and BDI scores . However , patients receiving medication alone exhibited the fastest initial response ; among patients receiving combination therapy , those with less severe depressive symptoms initially showed a more rapid response than those with initially more severe depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS An exercise training program may be considered an alternative to antidepressants for treatment of  depression in older persons . Although antidepressants may facilitate a more rapid initial therapeutic response than exercise , after 16 weeks of treatment exercise was equally effective in reducing depression among patients with MDD Purpose . Worsening of schizophrenia symptoms is related to stress and anxiety . People with schizophrenia often experience difficulties in coping with stress and possess a limited repertoire of coping strategies . A r and omised comparative trial was undertaken in patients with schizophrenia to evaluate changes in state anxiety , psychological stress and subjective well-being after single sessions of yoga and aerobic exercise compared with a control condition . Method . Forty participants performed a single 30-min yoga session , 20-min of aerobic exercise on a bicycle ergometre at self-selected intensity and a 20-min no exercise control condition in r and om order . Results . After single sessions of yoga and aerobic exercise individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder showed significantly decreased state anxiety ( p < 0.0001 ) , decreased psychological stress ( p < 0.0001 ) and increased subjective well-being ( p < 0.0001 ) compared to a no exercise control condition . Effect sizes ranged from 0.82 for psychological stress after aerobic exercise to 1.01 for state anxiety after yoga . The magnitude of the changes did not differ significantly between yoga and aerobic exercise . Conclusion . People with schizophrenia and physiotherapists can choose either yoga or aerobic exercise in reducing acute stress and anxiety taking into account the personal preference of each individual The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on feeling states following two acute bouts of exercise ( i.e. , 50 % and 80 % of age-predicted maximal heart rate reserve : HRR ) in highly fit and unfit females . It was hypothesized that highly fit females would have increased positive well-being and /or reduced psychological distress post-exercise ( high intensity ) compared to unfit females while both groups would experience similar feeling states following moderate intensity exercise . Twelve highly fit and 12 unfit females completed 3 conditions : attention control and fitness test , and two acute bouts of exercise ( 30 minutes on a bicycle ergometer ) at 50 % and 80 % age-predicted HRR .  Pre- and post-exercise feeling states were measured via the Subjective Experiences Exercise Scale ( McAuley & Courneya , 1994 ) . Analyses indicated a time x condition x fitness interaction F(2,21)=6.07 , p<.01 ( eta2 = .37 ) for psychological distress . Follow-up univariate analyses revealed no change in the 50 % or control conditions , however , psychological distress significantly increased for the unfit participants F(1,11)=4.68,p<.05 ( eta2 = .29 ) while there was no change for the highly fit participants F(1,11)=2.14,p>.05 ( eta2 = .16 ) in the 80 % intensity condition . No fitness differences emerged with respect to positive well-being or fatigue . Therefore , the present study 's results substantiate the need to consider fitness level in dose-response studies , particularly ones which examine negative feeling states PURPOSE This study was design ed to determine if a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise would improve mood and well-being in 40 ( 15 male , 25 female ) individuals who were receiving treatment for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) . METHODS All participants were r and omly assigned to exercise at 60 - 70 % of age-predicted maximal heart rate for 30 min or to a 30-min period of quiet rest . Participants completed both the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale ( SEES ) as indicators of mood 5 min before , and 5 , 30 , and 60 min following their experimental condition . RESULTS Both groups reported similar reductions in measures of psychological distress , depression , confusion , fatigue , tension , and anger . Only the exercise group , however , reported a significant increase in positive well-being and vigor scores . CONCLUSION Although 30 min of either moderate-intensity treadmill exercise or quiet rest is sufficient to improve the mood and well-being of patients with MDD , exercise appears to have a greater effect on the positively valenced states measured This study investigated the hypothesis that the effects of acute aerobic exercise on feeling states may be influenced by the objective dose of activity , subjective responses during exercise , and preexisting levels of feeling states . College-age women ( N = 80 ) completed baseline measures and were then r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions : attention control for 10 min , or exercise for 10 min , 25 min , or 40 min . Levels of exertion and affect  were assessed during exercise , and posttesting occurred 20 min following activity . Exercise enhanced revitalization in comparison with the control condition ; however , this effect occurred only for participants scoring low to moderate on the pretest . In addition , in-task feeling states predicted postexercise revitalization even after we controlled for the treatment , the pretest , and the Pretest x Treatment interaction Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the status of 156 adult volunteers with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) 6 months after completion of a study in which they were r and omly assigned to a 4-month course of aerobic e-ercise , sertraline therapy , or a combination of e-ercise and sertraline . Methods The presence and severity of depression were assessed by clinical interview using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HRSD ) and by self-report using the Beck Depression Inventory . Assessment s were performed at baseline , after 4 months of treatment , and 6 months after treatment was concluded ( ie , after 10 months ) . Results After 4 months patients in all three groups e-hibited significant improvement ; the proportion of remitted participants ( ie , those who no longer met diagnostic criteria for MDD and had an HRSD score < 8) was comparable across the three treatment conditions . After 10 months , however , remitted subjects in the e-ercise group had significantly lower relapse rates ( p = .01 ) than subjects in the medication group . Exercising on one ’s own during the follow-up period was associated with a reduced probability of depression diagnosis at the end of that period ( odds ratio = 0.49 , p = .0009 ) . Conclusions Among individuals with MDD , e-ercise therapy is feasible and is associated with significant therapeutic benefit , especially if e-ercise is continued over time This study investigated : ( a ) whether moderate intensity aerobic exercise exerted a significant affective influence during , and postexercise , ( b ) the nature of the affective response to exercise in relation to positive and negative affects , and affects associated with physiological distress , and ( c ) whether exercise induced affect was significantly influenced by exercise behaviour . Habitual exercisers ( n = 15 ) and sedentary participants ( n = 13 ) undertook three r and omly allocated interventions ; ( a ) exercise ( EX ; i.e. , 20 min of cycling at 60 % estimated VO2max ) , ( b ) normal workstation duties for 60 min ( WRK ) , and ( c ) a 60 min sedentary lunch break ( SED ) . Affect was measured pre , post , and 90 min postintervention , as well as every 5 min during exercise , using the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale ( SEES ; McAuley & Courneya , 1994 ) . Exercise behaviour had no significant affect on affective responses to exercise in this study ( p > .05 ) . Significant ( p < .05 ) postintervention increases in positive affect were found for EX compared to WRK and SED indicating that exercise did produce a positive affective influence . Despite enduring postexercise ( i.e. , 90 min ) improvements in both positive and negative affects , and affects related to fatigue , the affective response during exercise was characterised by significant ( p < .05 ) decreases in levels of positive affect and increased levels of affects related to fatigue BACKGROUND Depression in elderly people may be contributed to by the multiple losses of aging . Exercise has the potential to positively impact many of these losses simultaneously . We tested the hypothesis that progressive resistance training ( PRT ) would reduce depression while improving physiologic capacity , quality of life , morale , function and self-efficacy without adverse events in an older , significantly depressed population . METHODS We conducted a 10-week r and omized controlled trial of volunteers aged 60 and above with major or minor depression or dysthymia . Subjects were r and omized for 10 weeks to either a supervised PRT program three times a week or an attention-control group . RESULTS A total of 32 subjects aged 60 - 84 , mean age 71.3 + /- 1.2 yr , were r and omized and completed the study . No significant adverse events occurred . Median compliance was 95 % . PRT significantly reduced all depression measures ( Beck Depression Inventory in exercisers 21.3 + /- 1.8 to 9.8 + /- 2.4 versus controls 18.4 + /- 1.7 to 13.8 + /- 2 , p = .002 ; Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression in exercisers 12.3 + /- 0.9 to 5.3 + /- 1.3 versus controls 11.4 + /- 1.0 to 8.9 + /- 1.3 , p = .008 ) . Quality of life subscales of bodily pain ( p = .001 ) , vitality ( p = .002 ) , social functioning ( p = .008 ) , and role emotional ( p = .02 ) were all significantly improved by exercise compared to controls . Strength increased a mean of 33 % + /- 4 % in exercisers and decreased 2 % + /- 2 % in controls ( p < .0001 ) . In a multiple stepwise regression model , intensity of training was a significant independent predictor of decrease in depression scores ( r2 = .617 , p = .0002 ) . CONCLUSIONS PRT is an effective antidepressant in depressed elders , while also improving strength , morale , and quality of life This laboratory experiment used r and om digit dialing procedures to recruit a community sample of physically inactive participants into a study that was design ed to examine the impact of different intensities of acute aerobic exercise on feeling states .  Sedentary men ( n  
    Output:
    
The main findings of the review were that acute aerobic exercise improves positive well-being and have the potential to reduce psychological distress and could help reduce the risks of future CVD .
However , due to the limited number of studies , it is still unclear which form of exercise yields superior psychological benefits .