***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims We aim ed to assess the effects of psyllium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and other parameters of the metabolic syndrome in an at risk adolescent population . Methods This study encompassed a participant-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Subjects were 47 healthy adolescent males aged 15–16 years , recruited from secondary schools in lower socio-economic areas with high rates of obesity . Participants received 6 g/day of psyllium or placebo for 6 weeks , with a two-week washout before crossing over . Fasting lipid profiles , ambulatory blood pressure , auxological data , body composition , activity levels , and three-day food records were collected at baseline and after each 6-week intervention . Insulin sensitivity was measured by the Matsuda method using glucose and insulin values from an oral glucose tolerance test . Results 45 subjects completed the study , and compliance was very high : 87 % of participants took > 80 % of prescribed capsules . At baseline , 44 % of subjects were overweight or obese . 28 % had decreased insulin sensitivity , but none had impaired glucose tolerance . Fibre supplementation led to a 4 % reduction in and roid fat to gynoid fat ratio ( p = 0.019 ) , as well as a 0.12 mmol/l ( 6 % ) reduction in LDL cholesterol ( p = 0.042 ) . No associated adverse events were recorded . Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 6 g/day of psyllium over 6 weeks improves fat distribution and lipid profile ( parameters of the metabolic syndrome ) in an at risk population of adolescent males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry The results of epidemiologic studies suggest that increased intake of dietary fiber is associated with lower levels of arterial blood pressure ( BP ) . However , there is little information available addressing the possibility that increased oat consumption may reduce arterial BP in individuals with elevated arterial BP . To test this hypothesis , middle-aged and older men ( n = 36 ; body mass index , 25 - 35 kg/m(2 ) ; aged 50 - 75 y ) with elevated BP ( systolic BP 130 - 159 mmHg and /or diastolic BP 85 - 99 mmHg ) were r and omly assigned to consume an additional 14 g/d of dietary fiber in the form of oat ( 5.5 g beta-glucan , n = 18 ) or wheat cereals ( no beta-glucan , n = 18 ) for 12 wk . Casual resting arterial BP was measured at baseline and after 4 , 8 and 12 wk of intervention . The 24-h ambulatory arterial BP was measured at baseline and after 12 wk of intervention . There were no differences in casual resting or 24-h ambulatory BP at baseline in the two groups . Casual systolic BP ( SBP ) did not change as a result of the 12-wk intervention in the oat ( 138 plus minus 2 vs. 135 plus minus 3 mmHg ) or wheat ( 142 plus minus 2 vs. 140 plus minus 3 mmHg ) groups , respectively ( all P > 0.05 ) . Casual diastolic BP ( DBP ) also did not change in the oat ( 89 plus minus 2 vs. 88 plus minus 2 mmHg ) or wheat ( 90 plus minus 2 vs. 91 plus minus 2 mmHg ) group during this period ( all P > 0.05 ) . Further , 24-h , daytime and nighttime SBP and DBP did not decrease with the intervention . Therefore , the results of the present study suggest that any cardioprotective benefit of regular oat consumption may not be conferred via an arterial BP-lowering effect Soluble-fiber breakfast cereals were examined for their cholesterol-lowering ability in 58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Patients followed a step 1 diet for a minimum of 6 wk , then were r and omly assigned to groups incorporating either corn flakes or one of two soluble-fiber cereals ( pectin enriched or psyllium enriched ) in the diet for an additional 6 wk . During the diet-only phase , total cholesterol dropped 3.8 % . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , total and LDL cholesterol values of the pectin-enriched cereal group dropped an additional 2.1 % ( P = 0.243 ) and 3.9 % ( P = 0.16 ) , respectively , and they dropped 5.9 % ( P = 0.005 ) and 5.7 % ( P = 0.034 ) , respectively , in the psyllium-enriched cereal group . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , no significant effects on HDL cholesterol , triglyceride , or body weight were found within or between any cereal groups . These results support use of soluble-fiber cereals as an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia High intakes of whole grain foods are inversely related to the incidence of coronary heart diseases and type 2 diabetes , but the mechanisms remain unclear . Our study aim ed to evaluate the effects of a diet rich in whole grains compared with a diet containing the same amount of refined grains on insulin sensitivity and markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation . In a r and omized crossover study , 22 women and 8 men ( BMI 28 + /- 2 ) were given either whole-grain or refined-grain products ( 3 bread slices , 2 crisp bread slices , 1 portion muesli , and 1 portion pasta ) to include in their habitual daily diet for two 6-wk periods . Peripheral insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp tests . 8-Iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) ( 8-iso PGF(2alpha ) ) , an F(2)-isoprostane , was measured in the urine as a marker of lipid peroxidation , and highly sensitive C-reactive protein and IL-6 were analyzed in plasma as markers of inflammation . Peripheral insulin sensitivity [ mg glucose . kg body wt(-1 ) . min(-1 ) per unit plasma insulin ( mU/L ) x 100 ] did not improve when subjects consumed whole-grain products ( 6.8 + /- 3.0 at baseline and 6.5 + /- 2.7 after 6 wk ) or refined products ( 6.4 + /- 2.9 and 6.9 + /- 3.2 , respectively ) and there were no differences between the 2 periods . Whole-grain consumption also did not affect 8-iso-PGF(2alpha ) in urine , IL-6 and C-reactive protein in plasma , blood pressure , or serum lipid concentrations . In conclusion , substitution of whole grains ( mainly based on milled wheat ) for refined-grain products in the habitual daily diet of healthy moderately overweight adults for 6-wk did not affect insulin sensitivity or markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation Hypertension , dyslipidemia and overweight contribute substantially to cardiovascular disease risk . One of the most effective methods for improving high blood pressure and lipid profiles is loss of excess weight . Other recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk include changes in dietary micronutrient , macronutrient and fiber intakes . To better define a diet for reduction in cardiovascular risk , 43 adults ( body mass index 26.4 + /- 3.3 , range 20.5 - 33.9 kg/m(2 ) ) participated in an 8-wk study to determine the effects of two diets on weight , blood pressure , lipids and insulin sensitivity . For 2 wk , weight was maintained and all subjects consumed a control diet . For the next 6 wk , subjects consumed one of two hypocaloric diets ( maintenance energy minus 4.2 MJ/d ) : the control diet ( n = 21 ) or a diet containing oats [ 45 g/(4.2 MJ dietary energy . d ) , n = 22 ] . There was no significant difference between groups in changes in weight loss ( control -4.0 + /- 1.1 kg , oats -3.9 + /- 1.6 kg , P = 0.8 ) . The oats diet result ed in greater decreases in mean systolic blood pressure ( oats -6 + /- 7 mm Hg , control -1 + /- 10 mm Hg , P = 0.026 ) , whereas diastolic blood pressure change did not differ between the two groups ( oats -4 + /- 6 mm Hg , control -3 + /- 5 mm Hg , P = 0.8 ) . The oat diet result ed in significantly greater decreases in total cholesterol ( oats -0.87 + /- 0.47 mmol/L , control -0.34 + /- 0.5 mmol/L , P = 0.003 ) and LDL cholesterol ( oats -0.6 + /- 0.41 mmol/L , control -0.2 + /- 0.41mmol/L , P = 0.008 ) . In summary , a hypocaloric diet containing oats consumed over 6 wk result ed in greater improvements in systolic blood pressure and lipid profile than did a hypocaloric diet without oats OBJECTIVE The present study compared the feasibility of two simple messages ( a high-fiber diet or a low saturated fat diet ) to a combination message ( high fiber/low saturated fat ) on their potential to affect dietary quality and metabolic health . METHODS Thirty-six subjects were r and omized to one of three intervention conditions and received individual dietary counseling sessions . Study assessment s occurred at baseline , 3 mo , and 6 mo . RESULTS The sample was 84 % female and 94 % Caucasian . Mean body mass index was 31kg/m(2 ) . At the 6-mo assessment phase , we retained all 12 patients in the high-fiber diet condition  , 10 of 12 in the low saturated fat condition , and 9 of 12 in the combination condition .  Participants reported that the dietary fiber intervention was easier to maintain compared with the other two intervention conditions ( 83 % for high dietary fiber versus 60 % for low saturated fat versus 33 % for the combination , P=0.008 ) . Overall dietary quality improved in all three conditions during the study ( P=0.01 ) . In addition to increasing fiber , the high-fiber condition decreased their saturated fat intake , even though a reduction in saturated fat was not a part of that intervention condition . Participants in all three conditions lost an average of 9 lb from baseline weight ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION A simple dietary message is feasible and can improve overall dietary quality . Results support the need for a larger r and omized controlled trial that is powered to detect the efficacy of a simplified dietary recommendation for dietary quality and metabolic health BACKGROUND Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes . However , the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation  in conjunction with  energy restriction ( -300 kcal/d ) on loss of body weight and fat and , second , on metabolic risk markers in comparison with in a placebo group . DESIGN In a parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , we r and omly assigned 96 obese subjects to either an energy-restricted diet plus a placebo preload supplement or an energy-restricted diet plus an alginate-based preload supplement ( 15 g fiber ) . The preload was administered as a beverage 3 times/d before main meals for a period of 12 wk . RESULTS No differences in loss of body weight and fat between groups were shown in the intension-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . However , in the completer analysis ( n = 80 ) , we showed a greater weight loss with alginate ( 6.78 ± 3.67 kg ) than with the placebo ( 5.04 ± 3.40 kg ) ( P = 0.03 ) , which was mainly attributed to a reduction in the percentage of body fat ( P = 0.03 ) . In the ITT analysis , a larger decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was shown in the placebo group than in the alginate group ( P < 0.05 ) . Plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , C-reactive protein , and ghrelin , HOMA-IR , and lipid metabolism did not differ between treatment groups in the ITT analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that alginate supplementation as an adjunct to energy restriction may improve weight loss in obese subjects who complete a 12-wk dietary intervention OBJECTIVE : To investigate whether fibre supplementation is effective in weight-reduced subjects for maintenance of weight-loss in the long-term . DESIGN : Longitudinal , r and omly assigned intervention study with supplementation of  
    Output:
    
Higher consumption of beta-glucan fibre is associated with lower SBP and DBP .