***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Our objective was to assess the efficiency of a home-visit invitation aim ed to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in women between 35 and 60 years of age . From May , 2006 , we conducted a quasi-r and omized trial to determine if an in-home education and invitation intervention would increase uptake of cervical cancer screening . We r and omly recruited 304 women from the Samliem inner-city community , Khon Kaen , Northeast Thail and , and assigned participants to either the intervention or control zone . Baseline screening coverage interviews were then performed : 58 of 158 women in the intervention zone and 46 of 146 in the control zone were excluded from the study because of having had a Pap smear within 5 years , but these were included in the final analysis . First , 100 women in the intervention group were visited in their homes by one of the research ers , who provided culturally-sensitive health education that emphasized the need for screening . Four months later , post-intervention ,  screening-coverage interviews were again performed in both groups , in combination with the same health education for 100 women in the control group for a comparison . There was no difference in the baseline Pap smear screening-coverage rate in the intervention vs. control zones ( 36.7 vs. 31.5 % , p=0.339 ) . One hundred women in the intervention group completed the intervention interviews and after four months , 100 women in the intervention group and 100 in the control group also completed the post-intervention interviews . The increased screening-coverage rate in the intervention zone was similar to that of the control zone ( 43.6 vs. 34.9 % , p=0.119 ) ; however , there was a borderline significant increase in the intervention zone compared with baseline ( 36.7 to 43.6 % , p=0.070 ) . Therefore , home visit education and invitation intervention produced only a nominal effect on increasing Pap smear coverage within a 4-month study period BACKGROUND Few Iranian women take the Papanicolaou test despite its important role in preventing cervical cancer . This study aim ed to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory ( PMT ) variables and implementation intentions in the first and second Pap test practice among Iranian women . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this quasi-r and omized controlled trial , 200 women who were referred to 30 primary health care clinics in Tehran were r and omly selected .  PMT variables and Pap test practice  were measured at baseline and again after 3 and 15 months . The 4-week educational intervention program was conducted for the intervention group . RESULTS Following the intervention , the mean scores of self-efficacy , perceived vulnerability , and behavior intention variables were significantly higher in the intervention group when compared to the control group ( p<0.05 ) . No significant differences were found in the perceived severity , response efficacy , response cost , and fear between the two groups following the intervention . Higher percent of women in the intervention group had obtained first and second Pap test compared to the controls . CONCLUSIONS The PMT and implementation intentions provide a suitable theory-based framework for developing educational interventions regarding Pap test practice in Iran BACKGROUND The North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project was a 5-year , National Cancer Institute-funded trial of health education design ed to increase screening for cervical cancer among Native-American women in North Carolina . PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this education program in the Eastern-B and Cherokee target population . METHODS Cherokee tribal l and s were mapped and all households ( N = 2223 ) were listed to ensure maximum coverage of the eligible population ( women , aged 18 years and older , who were enrolled tribal members ) . Eligible women were identified by the use of a brief question naire administered to an adult member of the household . Of the 1279 households with eligible women , 1020 ( 79.8 % ) agreed to participate . The intervention was an individualized health education program delivered by female Cherokee lay health educators . The participants were r and omly assigned to receive or not to receive the intervention ( i.e. , to program and control groups , respectively ) by use of the Solomon Four-Group design . Data were collected in face-to-face interviews conducted in the participant 's home . Of the 996 women who were ultimately enrolled , 540 were r and omly assigned to receive a pretest ( preintervention ) interview that involved administration of a 96-item question naire design ed to collect data on knowledge , intentions , and behaviors related to cervical cancer ; of these 540 women , 263 were r and omly assigned to receive the education program . The remaining 456 women did not receive the pretest , but 218 were r and omly assigned to receive the education program . Six months after receiving the education program , the women in all four groups were administered a post-test that was identical to the pretest . Logistic regression was used to assess the effects of the pretest and the educational program . All P values result ed from two-sided statistical tests . RESULTS Eight hundred and fifteen ( 81.8 % ) of the 996 participants completed the post-test interview . The remaining 181 women who were lost to follow-up were evenly distributed among the four study groups . At the post-test , 282 ( 73.2 % ) of the 385 women who received the education program reported having had a Pap smear following the intervention , compared with 275 ( 64 % ) of the 430 control subjects . Women who received the education program were more likely to answer all knowledge items correctly on the post-test ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.18 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.08 - 4.39 ) and to report having obtained a Pap smear in the past year ( OR = 2.06 , 95 % CI = 1.14 - 3.72 ) than women in the control groups . CONCLUSION Women who received the education program exhibited a greater knowledge about cervical cancer prevention and were more likely to have reported having had a Pap smear within the past year than women who did not receive the program Objective Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) self-sampling ( Self-HPV ) may be used as a primary cervical cancer screening method in a low re source setting . Our aim was to evaluate whether an educational intervention would improve  women 's knowledge and confidence in the Self-HPV method . Method Women aged between 25 and 65 years old , eligible for cervical cancer screening , were r and omly chosen to receive st and ard information ( control group ) or st and ard information followed by educational intervention ( interventional group ) . St and ard information included explanations about what the test detects ( HPV ) , the link between HPV and cervical cancer and how to perform HPV self-sampling . The educational intervention consisted of a culturally tailored video about HPV , cervical cancer , Self-HPV and its relevancy as a screening test . All participants completed a question naire that assessed sociodemographic data , women 's knowledge about cervical cancer and acceptability of Self-HPV . Results A total of 302 women were enrolled in 4 health care centers in Yaoundé and the surrounding countryside . 301 women ( 149 in the “ control group ” and 152 in the “ intervention group ” ) completed the full process and were included into the analysis . Participants who received the educational intervention had a significantly higher knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer than the control group ( p<0.05 ) , but no significant difference on Self-HPV acceptability and confidence in the method was noticed between the two groups . Conclusion Educational intervention promotes an increase in knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer . Further investigation should be conducted to determine if this intervention can be sustained beyond the short term and influences screening behavior . Trials Registration International St and ard R and omised Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) Register IS RCT Background Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer observed among women in Turkey . The participation of women in cervical cancer screening programs is strongly affected by Turkish attitudes , beliefs , and sociocultural structure . Aim This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of health education that aim ed to raise awareness about Papanicolaou testing and to emphasize the importance of the early diagnosis of cervical cancer . Material s and Methods The study was conducted as a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial and was carried out in 148 women . Seventy-five women in the control group were asked to fill out question naire forms . A 45-minute conference-style training was given to 73 women in the study group , and all of the subjects were asked to fill out the forms after the training . The sociodemographic characteristics of the 2 groups and the mean “ Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test ” scores of the 2 groups were statistically analyzed by Statistical Package of Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , version 15 . Results There was no statistically significant difference noticed between the sociodemographic characteristics of the 2 groups ( P > 0.05 ) . The difference in test scores , which represented knowledge about cervical cancer and Papanicolaou testing , was statistically significant between the control group and the study group ( t = 10.122 , P < 0.05 ) . In the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test , there were statistically significant differences in the following measures : lower levels of susceptibility to cervical cancer score ( t = −2.035 , P < 0.05 ) , lower levels of perceived benefit from a Papanicolaou test score ( t = 3.278 , P < 0.05 ) and lower levels of perceived barriers to Papanicolaou test score ( t = −3.182 , P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Nurses should be involved in educating women about cervical cancer and Papanicolaou testing . By doing so , they can change the attitudes , knowledge , and beliefs of the women Background Cervical cancer is a disease of public health importance affecting many women and contributing to avoidably high levels of cancer deaths in Nigeria . In spite of the relative ease of prevention , the incidence is on the increase . This study aim ed to determine the effect of health education on the awareness , knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and screening among women in rural Nigerian communities . Methods The study design was quasi-experimental . The study was carried out among adult women in Odogbolu ( intervention ) and Ikenne ( control ) local government areas ( LGA ) of Ogun state . Three hundred and fifty ( 350 ) women were selected per group by multistage r and om sampling technique . Data was collected by semi structured interviews with the aid of question naire . The intervention consisted of structured health education based on a movie . Result The intervention raised the level of awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 100 % ( p < 0.0001 ) . The proportion of women with very good knowledge of cervical cancer and screening rose from 2 % to 70.5 % ( χ2 = 503.7 , p < 0.0001 ) while the proportion of those with good perception rose from 5.1 % to 95.1 % ( p < 0.0001 ) . The mean knowledge and mean perception scores were also increased ( p < 0.0001 ) . There was increase in the proportion of women who had undertaken cervical screening from 4.3 % to 8.3 % ( p = 0.038 ) . The major reason stated by the women for not having had cervical screening done was lack of awareness about cervical cancer and screening . There was statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups concerning their knowledge attitude and practice towards cervical and screening ( p < 0.05 ) after the intervention . Conclusion Multiple media health education based on a movie is effective in creating awareness for and improving the knowledge and perception of adult women about cervical cancer and screening . It also improves the uptake of cervical cancer screening . The creation of awareness is very crucial to the success of a cervical cancer prevention programme Background Countries must decide whether or not to replace primary cytology-based screening with primary human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening . We aim ed to assess how primary screening for an HPV infection , a sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) , and the type of information included in the invitation letter , will affect screening intention . Methods We r and omized a representative sample of Norwegian women to one of three invitation letters :  1 ) Pap smear , 2 ) HPV testing or 3 ) HPV testing with additional information about the nature of the infection . Intention to participate , anxiety level and whether women intend to follow-up abnormal results were measured between groups using chi-squared and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests . Determinants of intention were explored using logistic regression . Results Responses from 3540 women were representative of the Norwegian population with respect to age , civil status and geographic location . No significant difference across invitation letters was found in women ’s stated intention to participate ( range : 91.8 - 92.3 % ) , anxiety ( 39 - 42 % were either quite or very worried ) or to follow-up after an abnormal result ( range : 97.1 - 97.6 % ) . Strength of intention to participate was only marginally lower for HPV-based invitation letters , albeit significant ( p-value = 0.008 ) , when measured on a scale . Only 36–40 % of respondents given the HPV invitations correctly understood that they likely had an STI . Conclusions We found that switching to primary HPV screening , independent of additional information about HPV infections , is not likely to reduce screening participation rates or increase anxiety ; however , women lacked the ability to interpret the meaning of an HPV-test result BACKGROUND Our aim was to determine if cervical cancer screening uptake would increase among under-screened women living in rural Ontario , Canada , if at-home self-collected sampling for human papillomavirus ( HPV 
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We also found that invitation letters alone ( or with a follow up phone contact ) , making an appointment , and sending reminders to patients who are due or overdue for screening had a significant effect on improving participation and CCS rates in population s at risk .
Our findings supports the implementation of theory-based cervical cancer educational interventions to increase women 's participation in cervical cancer screening programs , particularly when targeting communities with low literacy levels .