***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The study examines an intervention design ed to influence mothers ' sensitive responsiveness toward their infant by presenting information about the newborn 's competence to interact and promoting affectionate h and ling and interaction with the infant . Thirty-six primiparous mothers and their newborn infants participated in the study . On day 2/3 after delivery , mother-infant dyads were assigned to either : ( 1 ) an experimental group that received an intervention program design ed to enhance mother-infant interaction ; or ( 2 ) a control group that was presented with an intervention that emphasized basic caregiving skills . One month later an observation was undertaken in the home to assess mother-infant synchronous and asynchronous co-occurrences during free-play and infant bathing . The enhancement group showed a reliably greater frequency of co-occurrences involving vocal exchanges , looking to the partner , and physical contact . There also were differences in mothers ' responsiveness to infant crying and involuntary responses . The findings show that even a modest videotaped early intervention can enhance  mothers ' sensitive responsiveness to the infant The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children with a history of disorganized attachment in infancy were more likely than children without a history of disorganized attachment to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) at school age following trauma exposure . The sample consisted of 78 8.5-year-old children from a larger , ongoing prospect i ve study evaluating the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure ( IUCE ) on children 's growth and development from birth to adolescence . At the 12-month visit , children 's attachment status was scored from videotapes of infant-caregiver dyads in Ainsworth 's strange situation . At the 8.5-year visit , children were administered the  Violence Exposure Scale-Revised , a child-report trauma exposure inventory  , and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents by an experienced clinical psychologist masked to children 's attachment status and IUCE status . Sixteen of the 78 children ( 21 % ) were classified as insecure-disorganized/insecure-other at 12 months . Poisson regressions covarying IUCE , gender , and continuity of maternal care indicated that disorganized attachment status at 12 months , compared with nondisorganized attachment status , significantly predicted both higher avoidance cluster PTSD symptoms and higher reexperiencing cluster PTSD symptoms . These findings suggest that the quality of early dyadic relationships may be linked to differences in children 's later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event Engagement is the social process of maternal transition that enables growth and transformation and is linked to attachment and bonding . The feasibility and desirability of the Newborn Behavioral Observations ( NBO ) system as a nursing intervention to enhance engagement in first-time mothers were examined . The NBO is an exploration of the newborn conducted with parents to increase their underst and ing of their infant 's behavioral cues as well as how to respond . Perceptions of the NBO were obtained from mothers who participated in NBO sessions in the postpartum period and from unit nurses who had been given information on the NBO . Mothers ( n= 10 ) rated the NBO high for increasing their knowledge of what their infants can do ( m=3.7/4.0 , SD=0.48 ) , and how to interact with them ( m=3.8/4.0 , SD=0.63 ) . Two of the activities of engagement , experiencing the infant and active participation in care , emerged as themes from the mothers ' qualitative responses . Nurses ( n=20 ) believed the NBO would be an effective intervention . Participants believed the NBO to be an effective nursing intervention for enhancing maternal engagement in the early postpartum period Objective To assess the efficacy of an intervention design ed to improve the mother-infant relationship and security of infant attachment in a South African peri-urban settlement with marked adverse socioeconomic circumstances . Design R and omised controlled trial . Setting Khayelitsha , a peri-urban settlement in South Africa . Participants 449 pregnant women . Interventions The intervention was delivered from late pregnancy and for six months postpartum . Women were visited in their homes by previously untrained lay community workers who provided support and guidance in parenting . The purpose of the intervention was to promote sensitive and responsive parenting and secure infant attachment to the mother . Women in the control group received no therapeutic input from the research team . Main outcome measures Primary outcomes : quality of mother-infant interactions at six and 12 months postpartum ; infant attachment security at 18 months . Secondary outcome : maternal depression at six and 12 months . Results The intervention was associated with significant benefit to the mother-infant relationship . At both six and 12 months , compared with control mothers , mothers in the intervention group were significantly more sensitive ( 6 months : mean difference=0.77 ( SD 0.37 ) , t=2.10 , P<0.05 , d=0.24 ; 12 months : mean difference=0.42 ( 0.18 ) , t=−2.04 , P<0.05 , d=0.26 ) and less intrusive ( 6 months : mean difference=0.68 ( 0.36 ) , t=2.28 , P<0.05 , d=0.26 ; 12 months : mean difference=−1.76 ( 0.86 ) , t=2.28 , P<0.05 , d=0.24 ) in their interactions with their infants . The intervention was also associated with a higher rate of secure infant attachments at 18 months ( 116/156 ( 74 % ) v 102/162 ( 63 % ) ; Wald=4.74 , odds ratio=1.70 , P<0.05 ) . Although the prevalence of maternal depressive disorder was not significantly reduced , the intervention had a benefit in terms of maternal depressed mood at six months ( z=2.05 , P=0.04 ) on the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale ) . Conclusions The intervention , delivered by local lay women , had a significant positive impact on the quality of the mother-infant relationship and on security of infant attachment , factors known to predict favourable child development . If these effects persist , and if they are replicated , this intervention holds considerable promise for use in the developing world . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N25664149 PURPOSE To compare effects of an early intervention program ( EIP ) of intense home visitation by public health nurses ( PHNs ) with effects of traditional public health nursing care ( TPHN ) on infant health and selected maternal outcomes of adolescent mothers . METHODS EIP adolescents ( N = 102 ) received preparation-for-motherhood classes and individual home visits  ( from pregnancy through 1 year postpartum ) from PHNs employed in a county health department . Participants were predominantly Latina ( 64 % ) and African-American ( 11 % ) and from impoverished background s. Infant health outcomes were determined based on medical record data ; interviews and st and ardized question naires evaluated other program effects ( e.g. , maternal educational achievement and psychological status ) . Data were analyzed using Chi-square and repeated measures ANOVA . RESULTS Infants of EIP mothers experienced significantly fewer total days ( n = 74 ) and actual episodes ( n = 14 ) of hospitalization during the first year of life than those receiving TPHN ( n = 154 , n = 24 , respectively ) . Similarly , positive program effects were found for immunization rates . There were no group differences in emergency room visits or repeat pregnancy rates . Alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana use significantly increased from pregnancy through 1 year postpartum in both groups but remained markedly lower than rates prior to pregnancy ( lifetime rates ) . CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the positive effects of a PHN home visitation program on health outcomes for children of adolescent mothers . Days of infant hospitalization were substantially reduced and immunization rates increased during the first year of life for children of EIP mothers . Greater efforts need to be directed toward preventing repeat pregnancy and return to substance use following childbirth in at-risk adolescent mothers OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of a short-term intervention for improving interaction behaviors of newborn infants with their depressed mothers . METHODS Depressed mothers assigned to the experimental group first observed an administration of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale ( NBAS ) at delivery . Mothers then used a similar instrument , the Mother 's Assessment of the Behavior of her Infant ( MABI ) , to independently conduct NBAS-like infant assessment s periodically at home . Depressed mothers in the control group were not present when the NBAS was administered at delivery , and they periodically completed written assessment s at home of their parenting attitudes and infants ' development . RESULTS One-month NBAS assessment s administered by an examiner revealed that experimental group infants performed more optimally than controls on Social Interaction and State Organization . CONCLUSIONS Findings suggested that an intervention consisting of mothers taking part in NBAS/MABI assessment s may be a simple and cost-effective technique for benefiting infants of depressed mothers during the early postpartum period Mothers of low-birthweight babies born at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont during a 21-month period were r and omly assigned to experimental ( N = 34 ) and control ( N = 40 ) groups . Forty-one normal-birthweight controls were also recruited . Experimental mothers received an 11-session intervention program which emphasized maternal sensitivity and responsiveness to infant social signals . This paper analyzes the impact of the program , by 6 months , on maternal adaptation and psychopathology , and on infant cognitive development and temperament The efficacy of two contrasting short term preventative interventions administered to a heterogeneous sample of new mothers during the perinatal period was evaluated . The first was infant-centered and used the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale ( NBAS ) as a method of highlighting newborn behavior to new mothers . The second was mother-centered and consisted of an in-depth interview focused on the mothers ' concerns about parenting . Mothers were r and omized into groups and were administered intervention by experienced clinicians at 3 days in the hospital and again at 14 and 30 days at home . Effects of intervention on maternal reports of parenting stress , mother-infant interactive behavior , and infant developmental quotient were evaluated at 4 months infant age . It was hypothesized that participation in the infant-centered intervention would be related to more positive maternal and infant outcomes at 4 months . It was also expected that the impact of each intervention would be moderated by differences in maternal and infant risk and parity . Hierarchical multiple regressions controlling for risk and parity yielded no significant main effects of intervention at 4 months . However , significant interactions of intervention with parity and risk were observed , indicating that intervention was beneficial for specific groups of mothers . These data suggest that early intervention should be tailored to the needs of individual groups of mothers . J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:158–166 , 1995 . Index terms : parent-infant intervention , Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale , intrauterine growth retardation , parenting stress , mother-infant interaction The Infant Temperament Question naire , originally published in 1970 , has been revised to improve its psychometric characteristics . The number of items was increased from 70 to 95 , rating options were increased from three to six , more items have high-low reversals , and they are r and omized as to content area . The new form was st and ardized on 203 4- to 8-month-old infants . Good test-retest reliability was maintained and internal consistency of the nine categories was raised to a higher level , thereby assuring a greater reliability of the instrument . These improvements should enhance the question naire 's use in clinical and research applications Abstract Forty low-risk mother-infant pairs were r and omly assigned to one of four experimental groups . Twenty primiparous breast-feeding women and their newborn infants ( Groups I and II ) were observed ( pretested ) during a feeding episode on the second postpartum hospital day . Before discharge on the third postpartum day , 10 pretested mothers ( Group 1 ) and 10 unpretested mothers ( Group III ) were given a behavioral orientation to their own infant 's behavior . Group IV mothers and infants were added as a control . The 40 mother-infant pairs were observed at home during a feeding episode 2 weeks postpartum , using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scales to determine each mother 's adaptive behavior . The data demonstrated that the effects of teaching mothers about their newborn 's individual behavior makes a positive difference in the mother 's overall adaptive behavior , including their sensitivity to cues , response to distress , and provision of growth-fostering situations The outcome of an early intervention program for low-birthweight ( LBW ) infants was examined in this study . The intervention consisted of 11 sessions , beginning during the final week of hospitalization and extending into the home over a 3-month period . The program aim ed to facilitate maternal adjustment to the care of a LBW infant , and , indirectly , to enhance the child 's development .  Neonates weighing less than 2,200 grams and under 37 weeks gestational age were r and omly assigned to experimental or control conditions . A full-term , normal birthweight ( NBW ) group served as a second control . 6-month analyses of dyads who completed all assessment s over a 4-year period ( N 's = 25 LBW experimental , 29 LBW control , and 28 NBW infant-mother dyads ) showed that the experimental group mothers reported significantly greater self-confidence and satisfaction with mothering , as well as more favorable perception of infant temperament than LBW control group mothers . A progressive divergence between the LBW experimental and LBW control children on cognitive scores culminated in significant group differences on the McCar 
    Output:
    
There was no evidence of an impact on maternal depression .
We did not identify any adverse effects .
There is currently only very low- quality evidence for the effectiveness of the NBAS and NBO in terms of improving parent-infant interaction for mostly low-risk , first-time caregivers and their infants .