***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study tested psychological treatment of patients with " electric hypersensitivity . " Seventeen patients were r and omly assigned to a treatment group or a waiting-list control group in a pretest-posttest control group design . The patients were also taking part in double-blind provocation tests before and after the treatment . Subjective ratings of symptoms were registered and blood sample s were taken and analyzed for " stress-related " variables , such as prolactin , cortisol , dehydroepi and rosterone , and cholesterol levels . The patients in the experimental group reduced their evaluations of the disability more than the control group did . This indicates that psychological treatment may be of value in this disease . However , none of the psychophysiological measures or the subjective reactions to the provocation test showed any significant between-group difference . The conclusion from the provocation test is that this group of alleged hypersensitive patients did not react to the electromagnetic fields Background Radio-frequency electromagnetic fields ( RF EMF ) of mobile communication systems are widespread in the living environment , yet their effects on humans are uncertain despite a growing body of literature . Objectives We investigated the influence of a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) base station-like signal on well-being and cognitive performance in subjects with and without self-reported sensitivity to RF EMF . Methods We performed a controlled exposure experiment ( 45 min at an electric field strength of 0 , 1 , or 10 V/m , incident with a polarization of 45 ° from the left back side of the subject , weekly intervals ) in a r and omized , double-blind crossover design . A total of 117 healthy subjects ( 33 self-reported sensitive , 84 nonsensitive subjects ) participated in the study . We assessed well-being , perceived field strength , and cognitive performance with question naires and cognitive tasks and conducted statistical analyses using linear mixed models . Organ-specific and brain tissue – specific dosimetry including uncertainty and variation analysis was performed . Results In both groups , well-being and perceived field strength were not associated with actual exposure levels . We observed no consistent condition-induced changes in cognitive performance except for two marginal effects . At 10 V/m we observed a slight effect on speed in one of six tasks in the sensitive subjects and an effect on accuracy in another task in nonsensitive subjects . Both effects disappeared after multiple end point adjustment . Conclusions In contrast to a recent Dutch study , we could not confirm a short-term effect of UMTS base station-like exposure on well-being . The reported effects on brain functioning were marginal and may have occurred by chance . Peak spatial absorption in brain tissue was considerably smaller than during use of a mobile phone . No conclusions can be drawn regarding short-term effects of cell phone exposure or the effects of long-term base station-like exposure on human health Background “ Airwave ” is the new communication system currently being rolled out across the United Kingdom for the police and emergency services , based on the Terrestrial Trunked Radio Telecommunications System ( TETRA ) . Some police officers have complained about skin rashes , nausea , headaches , and depression as a consequence of using their Airwave h and sets . In addition , a small subgroup in the population self-report being sensitive to electromagnetic fields ( EMFs ) in general . Objectives We conducted a r and omized double-blind provocation study to establish whether short-term exposure to a TETRA base station signal has an impact on the health and well-being of individuals with self-reported “ electrosensitivity ” and of participants who served as controls . Methods Fifty-one individuals with self-reported electrosensitivity and 132 age- and sex-matched controls participated in an open provocation test ; 48 sensitive and 132 control participants went on to complete double-blind tests in a fully screened semianechoic chamber . Heart rate , skin conductance , and blood pressure readings provided objective indices of short-term physiological response . Visual analog scales and symptom scales provided subjective indices of well-being . Results We found no differences on any measure between TETRA and sham ( no signal ) under double-blind conditions for either controls or electrosensitive participants , and neither group could detect the presence of a  TETRA  signal at rates greater than chance ( 50 % ) . When conditions were not double blind , however , the self-reported electrosensitive individuals did report feeling worse and experienced more severe symptoms during TETRA compared with sham . Conclusions Our findings suggest that the adverse symptoms experienced by electrosensitive individuals are due to the belief of harm from TETRA base stations rather than to the low-level EMF exposure itself Electromagnetic hypersensitivity ( EHS ) syndrome is usually defined as a condition where an individual experiences adverse health effects that he or she believes is due to exposure to objects that emit electromagnetic fields . The aim of this study was to develop a question naire that would identify the key symptoms associated with EHS and determine how often these symptoms occur in the general population of the United Kingdom . In the pilot study , an EHS question naire was developed and tested . In Study 1 the EHS question naire was revised and sent to a r and omly selected sample of 20,000 people . Principal components analysis of the symptoms result ed in eight subscales : neurovegetative , skin , auditory , headache , cardiorespiratory , cold related , locomotor , and allergy related symptoms . Study 2 established the validity of the question naire in that EHS individuals showed a higher severity of symptoms on all subscales compared to the control group . The two key results of this study were the development of a scale that provides an index of the type and intensity of symptoms commonly experienced by people believing themselves to be EHS and a screening tool that research ers can use to pre-select the most sensitive individuals to take part in their research The hypothesis that there exist hypersensitive persons who perceive subjective symptoms from  radiofrequency ( RF ) fields emitted by h and held mobile phones ( cellular phones ) was tested using double blind provocation experiments . We also tested whether sensitive subjects are able to determine whether the phone is on or off by sensing RF fields . The study group consisted of 20 volunteers ( 13 women and 7 men ) who reported themselves as being sensitive to cellular phones . The RF exposure sources were one analogue NMT phone ( 900 MHz ) and two digital GSM phones ( 900 and 1800 MHz ) . The duration of a test session was 30 min , and three or four sessions were performed in r and om order for each subject during 1 day . The subjects were asked to report symptoms or sensations as soon as they perceived any abnormal feelings . In addition , the subjects ' blood pressure , heart rate , and breathing frequency were monitored every 5 min . The results of the study indicated that various symptoms were reported , and most of them appeared in the head region . However , the number of reported symptoms was higher during sham exposure than during real exposure conditions . In addition , none of the test persons could distinguish real RF exposure from sham exposure . Hence , we conclude that adverse subjective symptoms or sensations , though un question ably perceived by the test subjects , were not produced by cellular phones Several studies show increases in activity for certain frequency b and s ( 10 - 14 Hz ) and visually scored parameters during sleep after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields . A shortened REM latency has also been reported . We investigated the effects of a double-blind radiofrequency exposure ( 884 MHz , GSM signaling st and ard including non-DTX and DTX mode , time-averaged 10 g psSAR of 1.4 W/kg ) on self-evaluated sleepiness and objective EEG measures during sleep . Forty-eight subjects ( mean age 28 years ) underwent 3 h of controlled exposure ( 7:30 - 10:30 PM ; active or sham ) prior to sleep , followed by a full-night polysomnographic recording in a sleep laboratory . The results demonstrated that following exposure , time in Stages 3 and 4 sleep ( SWS , slow-wave sleep ) decreased by 9.5 min ( 12 % ) out of a total of 78.6 min , and time in Stage 2 sleep increased by 8.3 min ( 4 % ) out of a total of 196.3 min compared to sham . The latency to Stage 3 sleep was also prolonged by 4.8 min after exposure . Power density analysis indicated an enhanced activation in the frequency ranges 0.5 - 1.5 and 5.75 - 10.5 Hz during the first 30 min of Stage 2 sleep , with 7.5 - 11.75 Hz being elevated within the first hour of Stage 2 sleep , and b and s 4.75 - 8.25 Hz elevated during the second hour of Stage 2 sleep . No pronounced power changes were observed in SWS or for the third hour of scored Stage 2 sleep . No differences were found between controls and subjects with prior complaints of mobile phone-related symptoms . The results confirm previous findings that RF exposure increased the EEG alpha range in the sleep EEG , and indicated moderate impairment of SWS . Furthermore , reported differences in sensitivity to mobile phone use were not reflected in sleep parameters Background – A large proportion of the population in Norway has experienced headache in connection with mobile phone use , but several double‐blind provocation studies with radiofrequency ( RF ) and sham exposures have shown no relation between headache and mobile phone RF fields Abstract In modernen Industriegesellschaften sind zunehmend mehr Menschen vom Phänomen der subjektiven Elektrosensibilität betroffen . Als eines der klinischen Symptome werden häufig Dysästhesien in der Haut berichtet , die - physiologischen Überlegungen folgend - hypothetisch auf Änderungen der Mikrozirkulation zurückgeführt werden können . Diese Hypothese wurde in der vorliegenden Studie überprüft durch Messungen der Mikrozirkulation der Haut des rechten Daumens mittels „ Laser-Doppler-Flowmeter “ ( LDF ) an sieben gesunden Proban und an 3 Personen , die überzeugt waren , unter Elektrosensibilität zu leiden mit und ohne den Einfluss eines zirkulär polarisierten magnetischen Wechselfeldes ( 96 μT , 50 Hz ) . Die Feldexposition führte zu keiner signifikanten Änderung der LDF-Werte . Das LDF-Verhältnis ( „ Feld ein“/Kontrollwert ) betrug 1,03 ± 0,03 . I m Gegensatz dazu verursachten physiologische Stimuli signifikante Änderungen der Mikrozirkulation sowohl bei den Prob and en als auch bei den elektrosensiblen Patienten : Während der Phase einer reaktiven Hyperämie nach Blutleere war das LDF-Verhältnis auf 2,02 ± 0,36 erhöht . Nach Simulation einer Hyperventilation ( zehn tiefe Atemzüge ) war das LDF-Verhältnis vermindert auf 0,63 ± 0,18 . Zusammenfassend lässt sich aussagen , dass ein Einfluß des applizierten Magnetfeldes ( 96 μT , 50 Hz ) auf die Mikrozirkulation der Haut weder bei gesunden Prob and en noch bei elektrosensiblen Personen beobachtet werden konnte . Electromagnetic hypersensitivity ( EH ) is an increasing problem in modern industrial societies . As crawling sensations are frequently mentioned by EH patients alterations in cutaneous microcirculation possibly linked to exposure to magnetic fields might be involved in the development of such sensations and further dysesthesias . In seven healthy volunteers and in three persons convinced to suffer from EH the microcirculation of the right thumb was determined by laser-Doppler-flowmetry ( LDF ) during exposure to circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic flux densities of 96 mT. During field exposure the LDF values remained constant . The LDF ratio „ field on/field off “ was found to be 1.03 ± 0.03 . In contrast , reactive hyperemia and hyperventilation caused significant changes in the LDF values of volunteers as well as of EH patients .  Following arterial congestion of the forearm microcirculation of the thumb was clearly increased during reperfusion , and the LDF values were elevated up to 2.02 ± 0.36 . 10 deep breaths caused a significant decrease in the LDF values up to 0.63 ± 0.18 . In conclusion , reactive hyperemia and hyperventilation caused clear alterations of cutaneous microcirculation , whereas , 50 Hz magnetic fields had no influence on cutaneous microcirculation Thirty patients having skin problems experienced being caused by work with visual display units ( VDU )  were tested double-blind with two VDUs . One VDU had strong electrostatic and electromagnetic fields and the other VDU had an identical appearance but the electrostatic field and electromagnetic fields were practically eliminated . Approximately 80 % of the patients reacted with stinging or itching in the face during the 3 hours working period with 25 % relative humidity in the room . No difference between the VDUs was found with regard to provoking these symptoms . At 60 % relative humidity 13 patients of 19 experienced stinging or itching in the face . Those 13 that reacted were asked to come another time and were informed that the VDU was not turned on and that all electric fields that were present came from the cable to the VDU . A green cloth was put over the VDUs . This time 11 of the 13 patients reacted with stinging and itching in spite of the fact that the VDU was turned off . The present study does not indicate that electric and electromagnetic fields are of major importance in provoking subjective skin symptoms in patients experiencing skin problems when working with VDUs The objective was to test whether exposure to radio frequency ( RF ) fields from mobile phones may cause head pain or discomfort and whether it may influence physiological variables in individuals attributing symptoms to mobile phones , but not to electromagnetic fields in general . Seventeen eligible individuals , who experienced these symptoms in an open provocation test , took part in a double-blind , r and omized provocation study with cross-over design . Sixty-five pairs of sham and mobile phone RF exposures were conducted . The increase in pain or discomfort ( visual analogue scales ) in RF sessions was 10.1 and in sham sessions 12.6 ( P = 0.30 ) . Changes in heart rate or blood pressure were 
    Output:
    
At present , there is no reliable evidence to suggest that people with IEI-EMF experience unusual physiological reactions as a result of exposure to EMF .
This supports suggestions that EMF is not the main cause of their ill health