***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To assess the screening efficacy and practical use of two portable devices to detect moderate to severe visual field loss rapidly in population screening . METHODS Henson visual field analysis and Damato campimetry for glaucoma were performed in a healthy adult population , to determine false-positive rates ; in established glaucoma patients and suspects , to determine false-negative rates ; and in a general adult population , to assess practical use in actual screenings . RESULTS There were no false-positive test failures among the 82 normal subjects who completed the Henson two-step screening .  Eighty of 83 normal subjects passed Damato campimetry , result ing in a false-positive rate of 3.6 % . Among 83 glaucoma suspects and patients , the Henson test identified 49 ( 84 % ) of 58 subjects whose full-threshold fields from Humphrey perimetry were abnormal , 38 ( 97 % ) of 39 of whom had moderate to severe visual field loss . The Damato campimeter detected 55 ( 81 % ) of 68 subjects with any pathologic loss on full-threshold visual fields , 44 ( 92 % ) of 48 of whom had moderate to severe visual field loss . Among 1,278 subjects tested in general population screenings , 55 subjects ( 4.3 % ) failed either or both tests . CONCLUSIONS The Henson visual field analyzer can discriminate moderately to severely diseased from normal visual fields with high sensitivity and specificity . The Damato campimeter can reliably detect moderate to severe visual field loss with a tolerably low false-positive rate . To overcome the weakness of glaucoma screening by tonometry alone , some forms of visual field testing may be acceptably brief ( cost effective ) and accurate ( sensitive and specific ) OBJECTIVE To determine if motion automated perimetry can identify early  glaucomatous visual field defects  in patients with suspected glaucoma ( by disc ) , those with ocular hypertension , and those with primary open-angle glaucoma . METHODS Motion automated perimetry , a foveally centered motion test , and st and ard visual field tests were conducted on one r and omly selected eye of normal patients ( n = 38 ) , patients with suspected glaucoma ( by disc ) ( n = 28 ) , patients with ocular hypertension ( n = 18 ) , and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma ( n = 21 ) . Subjects ' performance on both motion tests were compared with their performance on st and ard perimetry . RESULTS Perimetric motion thresholds significantly distinguished the groups ( P < or = .001 ) , while the foveally centered motion test was unable to separate them ( P < or = .32 ) . Of the total patients , 90.5 % of those with glaucoma , 39.3 % of those with suspected glaucoma , 27.8 % of those with ocular hypertension , and 5.3 % of the normal subjects had abnormal results on motion automated perimetry testing . Perimetric motion thresholds were significantly correlated with st and ard visual field thresholds ( P < or = .001 ) . CONCLUSION Motion automated perimetry identifies visual field defects in patients who already show st and ard visual field loss as well as in a moderate percentage of those with suspected glaucoma and ocular hypertension , indicating that the testing of discrete locations might be necessary for increased diagnostic utility PURPOSE Scanning laser tomography with the Heidelberg retina tomograph ( HRT ; Heidelberg Engineering , Heidelberg , Germany ) has been proposed as a useful diagnostic test for glaucoma . This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of reporting of published studies using the HRT for diagnosing glaucoma . METHODS A vali date d Medline and h and search of English- language articles reporting on measures of diagnostic accuracy of the HRT for glaucoma was performed . Two review ers selected and appraised the papers independently . The St and ards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy ( STARD ) checklist was used to evaluate the quality of each publication . RESULTS A total of 29 articles were included .  Interobserver rating agreement was observed in 83 % of items ( kappa=0.76 ) . The number of STARD items properly reported ranged from 5 to 18 . Less than a third of studies ( 7/29 ) explicitly reported more than half of the STARD items . Descriptions of key aspects of the methodology were frequently missing . For example , the design of the study ( prospect i ve or retrospective ) was reported in 6 of 29 studies , and details of participant sampling ( e.g. , consecutive or r and om selection ) were described in 5 of 29 publications . The commonest description of diagnostic accuracy was sensitivity and specificity ( 25/29 ) followed by area under the ROC curve ( 13/29 ) , with 9 of 29 publications reporting both . CONCLUSIONS The quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy tests for glaucoma with HRT is suboptimal . The STARD initiative may be a useful tool for appraising the strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic accuracy studies The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three screening tests in detecting glaucoma in its early stage : the Tendency Oriented Perimetry ( TOP ) and Frequency Doubling Perimetry ( FDP ) visual field tests , and the Glaucoma Diagnostic ( GDx ) nerve fibre layer analyser .  Eighteen patients with glaucoma who showed an early defect on HFA c 24 - 2 and twenty normals underwent the three tests . TOP showed a sensitivity of 94.4 % and a specificity of 75 % , FDP showed a sensitivity of 72.2 % and a specificity of 100 % , and GDx a sensitivity of 77.7 % and a specificity of 60 % PURPOSE To report the performance of glaucoma mass screening with only a visual field test utilizing frequency- doubling technology ( FDT ) perimetry in general population s. DESIGN Hospital and population -based cross-sectional study . METHODS This study took place in a multicenter setting . One hundred three consecutive glaucomatous patients and 14,814 persons were r and omly selected . We had created a glaucoma screening protocol ( GSP ) using FDT perimetry ( FDT-GSP ) . Frequency-doubling technology-glaucoma screening protocol was tested on consecutive glaucoma patients diagnosed with Humphrey visual field analyzer ( 30 - 2 SITA st and ard ) , and then FDT-GSP was applied to general population s. Frequency-doubling technology-glaucoma screening protocol positive subjects were ophthalmologically diagnosed . Detection ability of FDT-GSP was determined in consecutive patients , and the positive predictive value ( PPV ) of FDT-GSP to detect definitive glaucoma was estimated in general population s. RESULTS Frequency-doubling technique-glaucoma screening protocol detected 83.3 % and 100 % of definitive glaucoma patients with an early ( mean deviation [ MD ] > -6 dB ) and more advanced stage ( MD < or = -6 dB ) , respectively . In the population -based screening , there were 660 ( 4.5 % ) subjects who had positive FDT-GSP , including 512 in whom no visual field abnormalities ( VFA ) had been pointed out previously . Of them , 370 subjects underwent ophthalmologic diagnosis . Then , 266 ( 71.9 % , 266/370 ) subjects had a glaucomatous disk and 167 had definitive glaucomatous VFA . Fifty-five ( 14.9 % ) and 39 ( 10.5 % ) subjects were diagnosed as having other diseases and as normal , respectively . The PPV of FDT-GSP ranged from 32.6 % (167/512)-45.1 % ( 167/370 ) . CONCLUSIONS Frequency-doubling technology-based screening with only a visual field test showed reasonable performance on mass screening for detection of definitive glaucoma in this study population , considering the glaucoma prevalence OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of frequency-doubling technology ( FDT ) perimetry in a population -based glaucoma prevalence survey . DESIGN Population -based cross-sectional study . PARTICIPANTS Participants older than 40 years r and omly selected from the population of Tajimi City . METHODS Each participant underwent screening ophthalmic examinations including a visual field test using FDT with the C-20 - 1 screening protocol . A diagnosis of glaucoma was determined by glaucoma specialists with another detailed visual field test using Humphrey Field Analyzer ( HFA ; Humphrey Instruments , San Le and ro , CA ) with the 30 - 2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm st and ard protocol and stereoscopic disc photographs . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The ratios of reliable FDT results and the sensitivity and specificity for detecting glaucoma in a general population . RESULTS Of 5784 eyes of 2892 participants ( age range , 40 - 92 years ; refractive error , -23 to 11 diopters ) in whom FDT was performed in both eyes , reliable results ( < or = 33 % fixation loss and < or = 33 % false-positive errors ) were obtained in 5707 eyes ( 98.7 % ) , including 2871 right eyes ( 99.3 % ) and 2836 left eyes ( 98.1 % ) with a significant bilateral difference ( P<0.001 , chi-square test ) . The rate of reliable FDT results did not differ between men and women ( P = 0.81 ) but decreased with age . In 5582 eyes with reliable FDT results , FDT showed 1 or more abnormal points in the visual field in 502 eyes ( 9.0 % ) , including 388 ( 7.3 % ) of 5295 normal eyes , 19 ( 16.4 % ) of 116 eyes of glaucoma suspects , and 95 ( 55.6 % ) of 171 eyes with definite glaucoma . The sensitivity and specificity values for detecting definite glaucoma were 55.6 % and 92.7 % , respectively . The positive and negative predictive values were 18.9 % and 98.5 % , respectively . In further analyses stratified with the mean deviation ( MD ) of the HFA , the sensitivities were 32.1 % , 48.4 % , 73.7 % , and 96.6 % for detecting definite glaucoma with an MD of more than -2 dB , an MD of -2 dB or less and more than -5 dB , an MD of -5 dB or less and more than -8 dB , and an MD of -8 dB or less , respectively . CONCLUSIONS In a population -based glaucoma screening study , FDT perimetry with the C-20 - 1 screening protocol was reliably performed in more than 98 % of participants . The sensitivity for detecting glaucomatous visual field damages , especially early damage , was not sufficiently high , whereas the specificity was high PURPOSE To investigate the ability of three diagnostic tests : frequency-doubling technology ( FDT ) , scanning laser polarimetry ( GDx ) , and nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) photographs to distinguish normal from glaucomatous eyes . METHODS Data were obtained in a cross-sectional , hospital clinic-based study , including one eye from each of 253 persons older than 40 years ( 68 normal , 94 glaucoma suspects and 91 glaucoma patients ) . We performed a comprehensive ocular examination , as well as static automated perimetry ( Humphrey 24 - 2 ) , screening FDT , GDx , optic nerve stereoscopic photographs and high-contrast NFL photographs . RESULTS The following were significantly different for glaucomatous patients compared with suspects and normals : mean values of mean deviation ( MD , Humphrey 24 - 2 ) and corrected pattern st and ard deviation ( CPSD ) , 11 GDx indices , mean FDT testing time and missed points , and NFL grade d defects ( ANOVA , Mantel-Haenszel test ; p = 0.0001 ) . Using Humphrey 24 - 2 test results and clinical assessment as the defining features of glaucoma , we found that the optimal mix of sensitivity and specificity values were 84 % and 100 % for FDT ( presence of any defect ) ; 62 % and 96 % for GDx ( The Number , cut-off value of 27 ) ; and , 95 % and 82 % for NFL photographs ( presence of any abnormality ) . FDT testing took the least time to be administered . CONCLUSIONS The FDT had the best diagnostic performance . Neural network analysis of GDx data outperformed other elements of its software Purpose : To evaluate the ability of frequency-doubling technology ( FDT ) perimetry in detecting  glaucoma  with N-30 and C-20 screening programs . Methods : Eighty eyes of 80 patients were enrolled ( 40 glaucomatous , 40 controls ) .  Humphrey achromatic perimetry ( st and ard automated perimetry , SAP ) was considered as the “ gold st and ard ” for diagnosis . To assess whether N-30 screening program could detect more initial glaucomatous defects than C-20 , glaucomatous patients included 20 cases with nasal step at SAP ( pre-selected by medical chart inspection ) . Patients underwent two SAP examinations to confirm diagnosis ; then two N-30 and two C-20 screening tests with frequency-doubling technology were performed in a r and omized sequence . Finally , a frequency-doubling technology N-30 full-threshold examination was performed . Several criteria to define abnormality at frequency-doubling 
    Output:
    
Method ological and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies of perimetry is sub-optimal and appears not to have improved substantially following the development of the STARD reporting guidance .
This observation is consistent with previous studies in ophthalmology and in other medical specialities