***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Dance and yoga have been shown to produce improvements in psychological well-being . Purpose : The aim of this study was to examine some of the psychological and neuroendocrine responses to these activities . Methods : Sixty-nine healthy college students participated in one of three 90-min classes : African dance ( n = 21 ) , Hatha yoga ( n = 18 ) , or a biology lecture as a control session ( n = 30 ) . Before and after each condition participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) , completed the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule , and provided a saliva sample for cortisol . Results : There were significant reductions in PSS and negative affect ( ps < .0001 ) and Time × Treatment interactions ( ps < .0001 ) such that African dance and Hatha yoga showed significant declines , whereas there was no significant change in biology lecture . There was no significant main effect for positive affect ( p = .53 ) , however there was a significant interaction effect ( p < .001 ) such that positive affect increased in African dance , decreased in biology lecture , and did not change significantly in Hatha yoga . There was a significant main effect for salivary cortisol ( p < .05 ) and a significant interaction effect ( p < .0001 ) such that cortisol increased in African dance , decreased in Hatha yoga , and did not change in biology . Changes in cortisol were not significantly related to changes in psychological variables across treatments . There was 1 significant interaction effect ( p = .04 ) such that change in positive affect and change in cortisol were negatively correlated in Hatha yoga but positively correlated in African dance and biology . Conclusions : Both African dance and Hatha yoga reduced perceived stress and negative affect . Cortisol increased in African dance and decreased in Hatha yoga . Therefore , even when these interventions produce similar positive psychological effects , the effects may be very different on physiological stress processes . One factor that may have particular salience is the amount of physiological arousal produced by the intervention Smith 's ( 2001 ) Attentional Behavioral Cognitive ( ABC ) relaxation theory proposes that all approaches to relaxation ( including music ) have the potential for evoking one or more of 15 factor-analytically derived relaxation states , or " R-States " ( Sleepiness , Disengagement , Rested / Refreshed , Energized , Physical Relaxation , At Ease/Peace , Joy , Mental Quiet , Childlike Innocence , Thankfulness and Love , Mystery , Awe and Wonder , Prayerfulness , Timeless/Boundless/Infinite , and Aware ) . The present study investigated R-States and stress symptom-patterns associated with  listening to Mozart versus New Age music . Students ( N = 63 ) were divided into three relaxation groups based on previously determined preferences . Fourteen listened to a 28-minute tape recording of Mozart 's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and 14 listened to a 28-minute tape of Steven Halpern 's New Age Serenity Suite .  Others ( n = 35 ) did not want music and instead chose a set of popular recreational magazines . Participants engaged in their relaxation activity at home for three consecutive days for 28 minutes a session . Before and after each session , each person completed the Smith Relaxation States Inventory ( Smith , 2001 ) , a comprehensive question naire tapping 15 R-States as well as the stress states of somatic stress , worry , and negative emotion . Results revealed no differences at Session 1 . At Session 2 , those who listened to Mozart reported higher levels of At Ease/Peace and lower levels of Negative Emotion . Pronounced differences emerged at Session 3 . Mozart listeners uniquely reported substantially higher levels of Mental Quiet , Awe and Wonder , and Mystery . Mozart listeners reported higher levels , and New Age listeners slightly elevated levels , of At Ease/Peace and Rested/Refreshed . Both Mozart and New Age listeners reported higher levels of Thankfulness and Love . In summary , those who listened to Mozart 's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik reported more psychological relaxation and less stress than either those who listened to New Age music or read popular recreational magazines . Results suggest the usefulness of ABC relaxation theory in comparing the different effects of music and relaxation techniques Objective : Negative symptoms of patients with Schizophrenia are resistant to medical treatment or conventional group therapy . Underst and ing schizophrenia as a form of disembodiment of the self , a number of scientists have argued that the approach of embodiment and associated embodied therapies , such as Dance and Movement Therapy ( DMT ) or Body Psychotherapy ( BPT ) , may be more suitable to explain the psychopathology underlying the mental illness and to address its symptoms . Hence the present r and omized controlled trial ( DRKS00009828 , http://apps.who.int/trial search / ) aim ed to examine the effectiveness of manualized movement therapy ( BPT/DMT ) on the negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia . Method : A total of 68 out- patients with a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were r and omly allocated to either the treatment ( n = 44 , 20 sessions of BPT/DMT ) or the control condition [ n = 24 , treatment as usual ( TAU ) ] . Changes in negative symptom scores on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms ( SANS ) were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance ( ANCOVA ) with Simpson-Angus Scale ( SAS ) scores as covariates in order to control for side effects of antipsychotic medication . Results : After 20 sessions of treatment ( BPT/DMT or TAU ) , patients receiving movement therapy had significantly lower negative symptom scores ( SANS total score , blunted affect , attention ) . Effect sizes were moderate and mean symptom reduction in the treatment group was 20.65 % . Conclusion : The study demonstrates that embodied therapies , such as BPT/DMT , are highly effective in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia . Results strongly suggest that BPT/DMT should be embedded in the daily clinical routine Objective : This study evaluated whether harp therapy reduces levels of stress and improves clinical outcomes in patients undergoing embryo transfer . Design : This prospect i ve r and omized trial enrolled 181 women undergoing embryo transfer , who were r and omized to harp therapy during embryo transfer or st and ard treatment .  Patients underwent st and ardized psychological testing and physiologic assessment of stress . Setting : The study was conducted in a reproductive medicine practice . Results : No statistically significant differences were found in the heart and respiratory rates , nor was there a significant difference in event-based anxiety at baseline . Harp therapy had a significantly larger decrease in state anxiety from pre– to post – embryo transfer . Clinical pregnancy was 53 % versus 48 % for the harp therapy and st and ard treatment groups , respectively . Conclusion : Harp therapy decreases state , or event-based , anxiety , significantly lowering state scores posttransfer and having a positive effect on acute levels of stress . There was an increased pregnancy rate , but larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate whether harp therapy has an effect on clinical outcomes BACKGROUND Work with families and families at risk within the field of music therapy have been developing for the last decade . To diminish risk for unhealthy child development , families with emotionally neglected children need help to improve their emotional communication and develop healthy parent-child interactions . While some research ers have investigated the effect of music therapy on either the parent or the child , no study has investigated the effect of music therapy on the observed interaction between the parent and child within the field of child protection . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a dyadic music therapy intervention on observed parent-child interaction ( mutual attunement , nonverbal communication , emotional parental response ) , self-reported parenting stress , and self-reported parent-child relationship in families at risk and families with emotionally neglected children , ages 5 - 12 years . METHOD This was a r and omized controlled trial study conducted at a family care center in Denmark . Eighteen parent-child dyads were r and omly assigned to receive 10 weekly music therapy sessions with a credentialed music therapist ( n = 9 ) or treatment as usual ( n = 9 ) . Observational measures for parent-child interaction , self-reported measures for parenting stress and parent-child relationship were completed at baseline and 4 months post-baseline assessment . RESULTS Results of the study showed that dyads who received music therapy intervention significantly improved their nonverbal communication and mutual attunement . Similarly , parents who participated in dyadic music therapy reported themselves to be significantly less stressed by the mood of the child and to significantly improve their parent-child relationship in terms of being better at talking to and underst and ing their children than parents who did not receive music therapy . Both groups significantly improved in terms of increased positive and decreased negative emotional parental response , parenting stress and stress in general . There were no significant between group differences in self-perceived autonomy , attachment , and parental competence . CONCLUSIONS The dyadic music therapy intervention examined in this study improved emotional communication between parent and child and interaction after 6 to 10 sessions and can be considered as a viable treatment alternative or supplement for families at risk and families with emotionally neglected children AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music therapy on stress , anxiety and depression in Taiwanese pregnant women . BACKGROUND The value of music therapy is slowly being realized by nurses in various clinical areas , including obstetrics . Previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of psychological stress during pregnancy . Few studies have examined the effects of music therapy on reducing psychological stress during pregnancy . DESIGN A r and omized experimental study design was developed and implemented . METHODS Two hundred and thirty-six pregnant women were r and omly assigned to music therapy ( n = 116 ) and control ( n = 120 ) groups . The music therapy group received two weeks of music intervention . The control group received only general prenatal care . Psychological health was assessed using three self-report measures : Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) , State Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( S-STAI ) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) . RESULTS In a paired t-test , the music therapy group showed significant decrease in PSS , S-STAI and EPDS after two weeks . The control group only showed a significant decrease in PSS after two weeks . This decrease was not as substantial as in the experimental group . An ancova test with the pretest scores as the control revealed that the changes in PSS , S-STAI and EPDS after two weeks were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS This controlled trial provides preliminary evidence that two-week music therapy during pregnancy provides quantifiable psychological benefits . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The findings can be used to encourage pregnant women to use this cost-effective method of music in their daily life to reduce their stress , anxiety and depression . Further research is needed to test the long-term benefits OBJECTIVES To determine whether tango dancing is as effective as mindfulness meditation in reducing symptoms of psychological stress , anxiety and depression , and in promoting well-being . DESIGN This study employed analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) and multiple regression analysis . PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven people with self-declared depression were r and omised into tango dance or mindfulness meditation classes , or to control/waiting-list . SETTING classes were conducted in a venue suitable for both activities in the metropolitan area of Sydney , Australia . INTERVENTIONS Participants completed six-week programmes ( 1½h/week of tango or meditation ) . The outcome measures were assessed at pre-test and post-test . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression , Anxiety and Stress Scale ; The Self Esteem Scale ; Satisfaction with Life Scale , and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale . RESULTS Sixty-six participants completed the program and were included in the statistical analysis . Depression levels were significantly reduced in the tango ( effect size d=0.50 , p=.010 ) , and meditation groups ( effect size d=0.54 , p=.025 ) , relative to waiting-list controls . Stress levels were significantly reduced only in the tango group ( effect size d=0.45 , p=.022 ) . Attending tango classes was a significant predictor for the increased levels of mindfulness R(2)=.10 , adjusted R(2)=.07 , F (2,59)=3.42 , p=.039 . CONCLUSION Mindfulness-meditation and tango dance could be effective complementary adjuncts for the treatment of depression and /or inclusion in stress management programmes . Subsequent trials are called to explore the therapeutic mechanisms involved PURPOSE To test the efficacy of a creative arts intervention ( CAI ) with family caregivers of patients with cancer . DESIGN A pre-posttest quasi-experimental design , with participation in the CAI as the independent variable and stress , anxiety , and emotions as the dependent variables . METHOD The 6-month study was implemented at a regional cancer treatment center with family caregivers . The CAI consisted of several creative arts activities design ed for delivery at the bedside . FINDINGS Forty family caregivers reported significantly reduced stress , lowered anxiety , and increased positive emotions following CAI participation . CONCLUSIONS The CAI promoted short-term well being in this family caregiver sample . Caregivers also increased positive communication with cancer patients and health care providers while expressing delight over their h and made pieces of art BACKGROUND Long-term stress-related sick leave constitutes a serious health threat and an economic burden on both the single worker and the society . Effective interventions for the rehabilitation and facilitation of return to work are needed . OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the effects of Guided Imagery and Music ( GIM ) , a psychotherapy intervention including relaxation , music listening , and imagery , on biopsychosocial measures of work-related stress . MET 
    Output:
    
81.1 % of the included studies reported a significant reduction of stress in the participants due to interventions of one of the four arts modalities