***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Clinical studies have shown the usefulness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) as an adjunctive in periodontal therapy . These studies did not utilize indocyanine green ( ICG ) as a recently introduced photosensitizer . The aim of this study was to perform a full-mouth double-blind r and omized controlled clinical study to test the efficacy of adjunctive aPDT with ICG compared with scaling and root planing ( SRP ) alone in chronic periodontitis treatment . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty patients were selected for this study . All patients received SRP . Then , each patient was r and omly assigned to either the test group ( aPDT+SRP ) or the control group ( SRP ) . aPDT was performed with a diode laser ( wavelength : 810 nm , power : 200mW ) and ICG as photosensitizer . The adjunctive procedure was repeated after 7 , 17 and 27 days . The clinical parameters including bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , clinical attachment loss ( CAL ) , plaque index ( PI ) , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , full mouth plaque score ( FMPS ) and full mouth bleeding score ( FMBS ) were measured at baseline and after 1 and 3 months . RESULTS There were no significant differences between two groups at baseline . BOP , PPD and FMBS showed significant improvements in the test group ( P≤0.001 ) . In terms of PI , FMPS and CAL , no significant differences were observed between both groups ( P≥0.05 ) . CONCLUSION aPDT as an adjunctive approach yielded complete resolution of inflammation and significant reduction in periodontal pocket depth . However , aPDT had no additional advantages in clinical attachment gain and plaque score Background : There are limited clinical experiments addressing the effects of photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) and low-level laser therapy ( LLLT ) as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing ( SRP ) alone . Aim : The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical effects of adjunctive use of PDT , combination of PDT with LLLT as adjunct to conventional SRP alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis . Material s and Methods : In a single-centered r and omized and controlled clinical trial , 24 patients ( 15 males and 9 females ) with untreated chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned in a split-mouth design into three treatment groups which included Group I : SRP only , Group II : SRP and PDT ( 1 % methylene blue [ MB ] solution ) , and Group III : SRP , PDT , and LLLT . Clinical parameters such as plaque index , gingival index , modified sulcular bleeding index , probing depth ( PD ) , and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) were measured at baseline , 1 , 3 , and 6 months after therapy . Results : Within each group , significant improvements ( P < 0.001 ) were found for all variables in 6-month follow-up compared with baseline . The improvement in clinical parameters was significantly greater in Group III compared to Group I and Group II . The mean PD ( mm ) reduction from baseline to 6 months in Group I was 2.50 ± 0.54 , Group II was 2.57 ± 0.53 , and Group III was 3.14 ± 0.50 . The mean CAL ( mm ) gain from baseline to 6 months in Group I was 2.63 ± 0.47 , Group II was 2.55 ± 0.44 , and Group III was 3.07 ± 0.55 . Conclusion : In patients with chronic periodontitis , a combination of a single application of PDT ( using a 980 nm laser and MB ) and LLLT provide additional benefit to SRP in terms of clinical parameters 6 months following the intervention AIM This split-mouth double-masked r and omized controlled clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of photoactivated disinfection ( PAD ) using light-emitting diode ( LED ) as an adjunct in the management of patients affected by moderate to severe chronic periodontitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixteen patients affected by moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled . After scaling and root planing ( SRP ) , each quadrant was assigned to one of the following groups : LED group ( 625 - 635 nm , maximum power density : 2000 mW/cm(2 ) ) , photosensitizer group ( tolouidine blue O , 0.1 mg/ml ) , PAD group ( photosensitizer and LED ) and control group ( no adjunctive treatment ) . The adjunctive treatments were repeated after 7 and 14 days . The clinical parameters of bleeding on probing , probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were measured at baseline and 1 and 3 months after SRP . RESULTS At 1 and 3 months , all groups showed significant improvements with regard to all clinical parameters compared to baseline ( all p : < 0.001 ) . There were no significant differences among groups in terms of changes of clinical parameters in any time interval ( all p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The application of PAD using LED with the current setting did not have additional effects on clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis compared with SRP alone OBJECTIVE To compare photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) as an adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with scaling and root planing ( Sc/Rp ) in smokers . METHODS This is a split-mouth , single-masked r and omized controlled clinical trial conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia between May 2010 and March 2011 . Fifty-four teeth with probing depth of ≥5 mm at one or more periodontal sites in 20 smokers diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were selected . In each patient , at least one tooth was r and omly assigned to Sc/Rp plus PDT ( test group ) and the contra-lateral tooth was assigned to Sc/Rp only ( control ) . Plaque index ( PI ) , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing depth ( PD ) , recession and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) were recorded at baseline and 3 months after the periodontal treatment . Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed ranked test were used for data analysis . RESULTS There was a statistically significant improvement in PD , CAL , BOP , and PI after periodontal treatment in both groups . No statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in any of the periodontal parameters were found at baseline ( p>0.05 ) , but a statistically significant greater reduction in PD ( p=0.028 ) and CAL ( p=0.044 ) in the test compared to the control group was found at the 3-month follow up . CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy might have an additional benefit to scaling and root planing when treating smokers affected with periodontitis AIM To investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) as adjunct to mechanical therapy in furcations . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A double-blind , parallel , r and omized controlled clinical trial was conducted in subjects presenting class II furcations . The subjects were r and omly allocated to a test ( PDT ; n = 16 ) or control group ( non-activated laser/only photosensitizer ; n = 21 ) . At baseline , 3 and 6 months , clinical , microbiological and cytokine pattern evaluation was performed . Clinical attachment level was defined as the primary outcome variable . RESULTS Clinical parameters improved after both therapies ( p < 0.05 ) with no differences between groups at any time point ( p > 0.05 ) . At 6 months , real-time PCR evaluation showed a decrease in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia only in the PDT group ( p < 0.05 ) with no inter-group differences . Regarding cytokines , IL-4 and IL-10 levels increased in both groups at 6 months . GM-CSF , IL-8 , IL-1β and IL-6 levels decreased only in the PDT group after 3 months ( p < 0.05 ) . At 3 months , inter-group analyses showed that GM-CSF , IFN-γ , IL-6 and IL-8 levels were lower in the PDT group . At 6 months , lower IL-1β levels were also observed in the PDT group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy did not promote clinical benefits for class II furcations ; however , advantages in local levels of cytokines and a reduction in periodontopathogens were demonstrated BACKGROUND There is an ongoing controversy on the benefits of treatment protocol s , including dental lasers and photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) . The purpose of this study is to compare the local biologic effects of PDT , diode soft laser ( DSL ) therapy , and conventional deep scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in residual pockets . METHODS Thirty-two individuals were included based on a history of previous treatment for periodontitis and the persistence of sites with probing depths > 4 mm and bleeding on probing . Residual pockets were debrided with an ultrasonic device and then r and omly assigned either to PDT , DSL , or SRP . Gingival crevicular fluid was collected before treatment , after 14 days , and at 2 and 6 months . Levels of 13 cytokines and nine acute-phase proteins were measured using a bead-based multiplexing analysis system . RESULTS Treatment with PDT , DSL , or SRP led to significant changes in several cytokines and acute-phase proteins : Compared with baseline , levels of interleukin-17 , basic fibroblast growth factor , granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor , and macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α were lower 14 days and 2 months after treatment . Except for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , these differences remained significant throughout the observation period . The levels of five acute-phase proteins ( α-2 macroglobulin , haptoglobin , serum amyloid P , procalcitonin , and tissue plasminogen activator ) were significantly higher at 6 months than at baseline . No significant differences were observed among the three treatment modalities at any time point for any biochemical parameter . CONCLUSIONS Levels of several cytokines and acute-phase proteins significantly changed after treatment regardless of treatment modality . There was no evidence for a specific DSL- or PDT-enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In recent years , there has been a growing interest in the use of dental lasers for treatment of periodontal diseases . The purpose of this short-term clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of a combination of photodynamic therapy with low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis . MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four nonsmoking adults with untreated chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned in a split-mouth design to receive scaling and root debridement with or without one course of adjunctive photodynamic therapy and low-level laser therapy within 5 d. Plaque , bleeding on probing , probing depth and gingival recession were recorded at baseline , 1 and 3 mo after the treatment . Gingival crevicular fluid was collected for assay of interleukin-1β levels at baseline , 1 wk and 1 mo . RESULTS The test teeth achieved greater reductions in the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing and in mean probing depth at 1 mo compared with the control teeth ( p < 0.05 ) . A significant decrease in gingival crevicular fluid volume was observed in both groups at 1 wk ( p < 0.001 ) , with a further decrease at 1 mo in the test sites ( p < 0.05 ) . The test sites showed a greater reduction of interleukin-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid at 1 wk than the control sites ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences in periodontal parameters were found between the test and control teeth at 3 mo . CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a combined course of photodynamic therapy with low-level laser therapy could be a beneficial adjunct to nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis on a short-term basis . Further studies are required to assess the long-term effectiveness of the combination of photodynamic therapy with low-level laser therapy as an adjunct in nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis BACKGROUND The management of aggressive periodontitis ( AgP ) represents a challenge for clinicians because there are no st and ardized protocol s for an efficient control of the disease . This r and omized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effects of repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) adjunctive to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in patients with AgP. METHODS Using a split-mouth design , 20 patients with generalized AgP were treated with aPDT + SRP ( test group ) or SRP only ( control group ) . aPDT was applied at four periods . All patients were monitored for 90 days . Clinical , microbiologic , and immunologic parameters were statistically analyzed . RESULTS In deep periodontal pocket analysis ( probing depth [ PD ] ≥ 7 mm at baseline ) , the test group presented a decrease in PD and a clinical attachment gain significantly higher than the control group at 90 days ( P < 0.05 ) . The test group also demonstrated significantly less periodontal pathogens of red and orange complexes and a lower interleukin-1β/interleukin-10 ratio than the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The application of four sessions of aPDT , adjunctive to SRP , promotes additional clinical , microbiologic , and immunologic benefits in the treatment of deep periodontal pockets in single-rooted teeth in patients with The aim of this study was to investigate the adjunctive effect of antimicrobial 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION From the literature review ed the efficacy aPDT as adjunct to SRP in downregulating GCF cytokines remains debatable .