***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate two interventions ( one reward-based and one exposure-based ) for increasing  children 's acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable compared with a no-treatment control . It was predicted that the exposure condition would increase liking for , and consumption of , the vegetable relative to either the reward or control group . Design : Using a r and omized controlled design , participants were assigned to one of two intervention groups ( exposure or reward ) or to a no-treatment control condition , for a 2 week period . Liking for , and consumption of , red pepper was assessed before and after the treatment period . Setting : The study was conducted in three primary schools in London . Subjects : Parental consent was obtained for 49 out of a possible 72 children . Interventions : Interventions comprised eight daily sessions during which participants in the exposure group were offered a taste of sweet red pepper and told that they could eat as much as they liked . Participants in the reward group were shown a sheet of cartoon stickers and told that they could choose one of them on condition that they ate at least one piece of the pepper . Results : The exposure-based intervention significantly increased both liking ( P=0.006 ) and consumption ( P=0.03 ) compared with the control group . The outcome of the reward intervention was intermediate and did not differ significantly from the exposure or control conditions . Conclusions : Repeated exposure to the taste of unfamiliar foods is a promising strategy for promoting liking of previously rejected foods in children . Sponsorship : This study was financed by Cancer Research UK OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of screen-based peer modeling on  children 's vegetable consumption and preference .  METHODS A total of 42 children aged 3 - 5 years were r and omly assigned to view individually a video segment of peers consuming a modeled vegetable ( bell pepper ) , vs a nonfood video segment or no video . Analysis of covariance models examined bell pepper preference and consumption during initial video exposure ( day 1 ) and without video exposure ( days 2 and 7 ) , adjusted for age , sex , body mass index , and initial bell pepper consumption . RESULTS Children in the vegetable condition ate more bell peppers ( 15.5 g ) than did those in the control condition ( 5.9 g ; P = .04 ; model η(2 ) = 0.85 ) on day 7 , with no differences on days 1 or 2 . Among children who ate the modeled vegetable , those in the vegetable DVD condition reported greater preference for eating the vegetable again ( P = .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S Screen-based peer modeling is a promising tool to influence children 's vegetable consumption Research suggests that repeatedly offering infants a variety of vegetables during weaning increases vegetable intake and liking . The effect may extend to novel foods . The present study aim ed to investigate the impact of advising parents to introduce a variety of single vegetables as first foods on infants ' subsequent acceptance of a novel vegetable .  Mothers of 4- to 6-month-old infants in the UK , Greece and Portugal were r and omised to either an intervention group ( n 75 ) , who received guidance on introducing five vegetables ( one per d ) as first foods repeated over 15 d , or a control group ( n 71 ) who received country-specific ' usual care ' .  Infant 's consumption ( g ) and liking ( maternal and research er rated ) of an unfamiliar vegetable were assessed 1 month post-intervention . Primary analyses were conducted for the full sample with secondary analyses conducted separately by country . No significant effect of the intervention was found for vegetable intake in the three countries combined . However , sub-group analyses showed that UK intervention infants consumed significantly more novel vegetable than control infants ( 32.8 ( SD 23.6 ) v. 16.5 ( sd 12.1 ) g ; P = 0.003 ) . UK mothers and research ers rated infants ' vegetable liking higher in the intervention than in control condition . In Portugal and Greece , there was no significant intervention effect on infants ' vegetable intake or liking . The differing outcome between countries possibly reflects cultural variations in existing weaning practice s. However , the UK results suggest in countries where vegetables are not common first foods , advice on introducing a variety of vegetables early in weaning may be beneficial for increasing vegetable acceptance BACKGROUND Research in humans and animal models suggests that acceptance of solid foods by infants during weaning is enhanced by early experiences with flavor variety . OBJECTIVE We tested the hypotheses that the acceptance of novel foods by formula-fed infants could be facilitated by providing the infants with a variety of flavors at the time when beikost is first introduced and that , contrary to medical lore , infants who had previously consumed fruit would be less likely to reject vegetables when first introduced than would infants without such an experience . DESIGN The infants '  acceptance of a novel vegetable ( puréed carrot ) and a novel meat ( puréed chicken ) was evaluated after a 9-d exposure period in 3 groups of infants , some of whom had previously consumed fruit . During the home-exposure period , one group was fed only carrots , the target vegetable ; a second group was fed only potatoes , a vegetable that differed in flavor from carrots ; and a third group was fed a variety of vegetables that did not include carrots . RESULTS Infants fed either carrots or a variety of vegetables , but not those fed potatoes , ate significantly more of the carrots after the exposure period . Exposure to a variety of vegetables also facilitated the acceptance of the novel food , puréed chicken , and daily experience with fruit enhanced the infants ' initial acceptance of carrots . CONCLUSION These findings are the first experimental evidence to indicate that exposure to a variety of flavors enhances acceptance of novel foods in human infants We examined associations between fruit and vegetable intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) in a population -based prospect i ve study of 64,191 women with no history of T2D or other chronic diseases at study recruitment and with valid dietary information .  Dietary intake was assessed by in-person interviews using a vali date d FFQ . During 297,755 person-years of follow-up , 1608 new cases of T2D were documented . We used a Cox regression model to evaluate the association of  fruit and vegetable intake  ( g/d ) with the risk of T2D . Quintiles of vegetable intake and T2D were inversely associated . The relative risk for T2D for the upper quintile relative to the lower quintile of  vegetable  intake was 0.72 ( 95%CI : 0.61 - 0.85 ; P < 0.01 ) in multivariate analysis . Individual vegetable groups were all inversely and significantly associated with the risk of T2D . Fruit intake was not associated with the incidence of diabetes  in this population . Our data suggest that vegetable consumption may protect against the development of T2D Background Governments worldwide recommend daily consumption of fruit and vegetables . We examine whether this benefits health in the general population of Engl and . Methods Cox regression was used to estimate HRs and 95 % CI for an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause , cancer and cardiovascular mortality , adjusting for age , sex , social class , education , BMI , alcohol consumption and physical activity , in 65 226 participants aged 35 + years in the 2001–2008 Health Surveys for Engl and , annual surveys of nationally representative r and om sample s of the non-institutionalised population of Engl and linked to mortality data ( median follow-up : 7.7 years ) . Results Fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with decreased all-cause mortality ( adjusted HR for 7 + portions 0.67 ( 95 % CI 0.58 to 0.78 ) , reference category < 1 portion ) . This association was more pronounced when excluding deaths within a year of baseline ( 0.58 ( 0.46 to 0.71 ) ) . Fruit and vegetable  consumption was associated with reduced cancer ( 0.75 ( 0.59–0.96 ) ) and cardiovascular mortality ( 0.69 ( 0.53 to 0.88 ) ) . Vegetables may have a stronger association with mortality than fruit ( HR for 2 to 3 portions 0.81 ( 0.73 to 0.89 ) and 0.90 ( 0.82 to 0.98 ) , respectively ) . Consumption of vegetables ( 0.85 ( 0.81 to 0.89 ) per portion ) or salad ( 0.87 ( 0.82 to 0.92 ) per portion ) were most protective , while frozen/canned fruit consumption was apparently associated with increased mortality ( 1.17 ( 1.07 to 1.28 ) per portion ) . Conclusions A robust inverse association exists between fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality , with benefits seen in up to 7 + portions daily . Further investigations into the effects of different types of fruit and vegetables are warranted Background : What lactating mothers eat flavors breast milk and , in turn , modifies their infants ' acceptance of similarly flavored foods . Objective : We sought to determine the effects of the timing and duration of eating a variety of vegetables during breastfeeding on the liking of vegetables in both members of the dyad . Design : We conducted a r and omized controlled study of 97 mother-infant dyads . Lactating mothers drank vegetable , beet , celery , and carrot juices for 1 mo beginning at 0.5 , 1.5 , or 2.5 mo postpartum or for 3 mo beginning at 0.5 mo postpartum . The control group drank equal volumes of water and avoided drinking the juices . Mothers rated the tastes of the juices  and  self-reported dietary intakes  at each monthly visit ( 0.5 - 4.5 mo ) . After weaning , when 7.9 mo of age , infants ' acceptance of plain , carrot-flavor ( exposed flavor ) , and broccoli-flavor ( nonexposed flavor ) cereals was assessed on separate days . Results : The timing of exposure affected the acceptance of the carrot flavor that did not generalize to the novel broccoli flavor . A relatively brief experience ( 1 mo ) with vegetable flavors in mothers ' milk , starting at 0.5 mo postpartum , was sufficient to shift the hedonic tone , which result ed in a faster rate of eating carrot-flavored cereal than that in infants who were exposed during subsequent months or not at all . One month of exposure had a greater effect than 3 mo of exposure or no exposure . Regardless of when exposure occurred , infants were less likely to display facial expressions of distaste initially when eating the carrot cereal . Over time , mothers liked the tastes of carrot , beet , and celery juices more , but no changes in dietary intake of vegetables were observed . Conclusions : Early life may be an optimum time for both infants and their mothers to learn to like the taste of healthy foods . More research is needed to facilitate the liking and eating of these foods by mothers , which will , in turn , increase the likelihood of their feeding these foods to their children . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01667549 BACKGROUND Laboratory and home-based research suggest that repeated exposure to vegetables may increase consumption among children . Effectiveness of repeated exposure to vegetables has not been tested in a community-based preschool setting . OBJECTIVE This r and omized controlled trial tested the hypotheses that children who are served unfamiliar vegetables repeatedly in the preschool lunch setting will increase consumption of them , and that consumption will be influenced by peer eating behaviors and parental feeding behaviors . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Data were collected in two private preschools in a small northeastern city in 2007 . Ninety-six children ( aged 3 to 6 years ) participated . DESIGN Schools were r and omly assigned to condition . During the first 6 weeks , Preschool A served three vegetables at lunch on 10 separate occasions ( ie , 30 days of exposure ) , while Preschool B continued routine practice . In the 7th week , schools reversed conditions and Preschool B served the vegetables for the next 6 weeks . Consumption data were collected daily in the intervention school and at baseline and post-intervention meals in the control school . PRIMARY OUTCOMES /STATISTICAL ANALYSES : Analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of vegetable exposure on vegetable intake ; multilevel models were used to examine the effect of peer eating behaviors and parental feeding practice s on vegetable intake . RESULTS Repeated exposure did not increase vegetable consumption . Greater consumption by tablemates was a significant predictor of greater vegetable consumption ; across the three vegetables , 1 g of peer intake was associated with roughly a 1/5-g intake increase among the subjects . Overall , children demonstrated wide fluctuation in vegetable consumption from day to day , creating as much variability within subjects as between them . CONCLUSIONS Further research should explore the conditions necessary for repeated exposure to increase vegetable consumption in preschool setting s. Creating opportunities for young children to serve as peer models has promise as a strategy to promote vegetable consumption The aim of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of different vegetable exposure methods ( variety versus single taste ) over a 9 day period in two groups of infants ; those introduced to solids prior to the age of 5.5 months , and those introduced after 5.5 months . Sixty parent-infant dyads were recruited in South Birmingham , UK . Infants  ' acceptance of a novel vegetable ( pea puree ) was measured after a 9 day exposure period in the infants a week after they were first introduced to solid foods . During the exposure period half of each age group was given carrot every day , and the other half was given a variety pack of courgette , parsnip and sweet potato . A baseline measurement of the 
    Output:
    
Our analyses demonstrate : 1 ) increased liking and intakes of the exposed vegetable after repeated exposure compared with no exposure ; 2 ) increased liking for the exposed vegetable after conditioning compared with repeated exposure , increased intakes after the use of rewards , and some suggestion of decreased intakes after flavor-nutrient conditioning ; and 3 ) increased liking and intakes of a novel vegetable after repeated exposure to a variety of other vegetables compared with no exposure or repeated exposure to one other vegetable .
Effect sizes , however , are small , and limited evidence suggests long-term benefits .
Conclusions Based on our findings , we recommend the use of repeated exposure to one and a variety of vegetables , and the use of rewards , for increasing vegetable liking and consumption .