***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Hypertension is the most prevalent non-communicable disease causing significant morbidity/mortality through cardiovascular , cerebrovascular , and renal complications . Objectives : This community-based study tested the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in preventing/controlling hypertension . Material s and Methods : This is a cross-over r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) of the earlier RCT ( 2007 ) of non-pharmacological interventions in hypertension , conducted in the urban service area of our Institute . The subjects , prehypertensive and hypertensive young adults ( 98 subjects : 25 , 23 , 25 , 25 in four groups ) were r and omly allotted into a group that he/she had not belonged to in the earlier RCT : Control ( New Group I ) , Physical Exercise ( NG II)-brisk walking for 50 to 60 minutes , three to four days/week , Salt Intake Reduction ( NG III ) to at least half of their previous intake , Yoga ( NG IV ) for 30 to 45 minutes/day , five days/week . Blood pressure was measured before and after eight weeks of intervention . Analysis was by ANOVA with a Games-Howell post hoc test . Results : Ninety-four participants ( 25 , 23 , 21 , 25 ) completed the study . All three intervention groups showed significant reduction in BP ( SBP/DBP mmHg : 5.3/6.0 in NG II , 2.5/2.0 in NG III , and 2.3/2.4 in NG IV , respectively ) , while the Control Group showed no significant difference . Persistence of significant reduction in BP in the three intervention groups after cross-over confirmed the biological plausibility of these non-pharmacological interventions . This study reconfirmed that physical exercise was more effective than Salt Reduction or  Yoga . Salt Reduction , and Yoga were equally effective . Conclusion : Physical exercise , salt intake reduction , and yoga are effective non-pharmacological methods for reducing blood pressure in young pre-hypertensive and hypertensive adults In this study 258 patients from the Department of Cardiology in Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University , Lucknow were selected to participate . All had been diagnosed with coronary artery disease . They were r and omly divided into 2 groups , the yoga group and the non-yoga group , 129 in each group ; 208 completed the study protocol . The yogic intervention consisted of 35 - 40 min/day , 5 days a week over a period of 18 months in the Department of Physiology . Autonomic function testing was done in both the groups at zero time and after 18 months . We observed a statistically significant reduction in body mass index , waist circumference , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and heart rate ( P < 0.05 ) , i.e. , a significant positive effect was observed when yoga therapy was used as an adjunct in patients with coronary artery disease Background Previously alternate nostril yoga breathing ( anuloma-viloma pranayama ) was shown to reduce the  blood pressure ( BP ) in people with hypertension . An elevated BP has been associated with poor performance in certain tasks requiring attention and co-ordination . The Purdue pegboard task assesses manual dexterity and eye-h and co-ordination . Material / Methods In the present study there were ninety participants with essential hypertension . Their ages ranged from 20 to 59 years ( group average age ±S.D. , 49.7±9.5 years ; sixty males ) . Participants were r and omized as three groups , with thirty participants in each group . One group practice d alternate nostril yoga breathing for 10 minutes , the second group practice d breath awareness for the same duration and the third group was given a control intervention ( i.e. , reading a magazine with neutral content ) . Assessment s were taken before and after the interventions for participants of the three groups . Assessment s included the blood pressure and performance in the Purdue pegboard task . Data were analyzed with a repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc analyses were Bonferroni adjusted . Results Following alternate nostril breathing ( ANYB ) there was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( p<0.001 and p<0.05 ) , and an improvement in Purdue pegboard task scores for both h and s ( p<0.05 ) , and for the right h and ( p<.001 ) . Breath awareness ( the control session ) also showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure ( p<0.05 ) . The right h and scores improved in the group reading a magazine ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions The results suggest that the immediate effect of ANYB is to reduce the BP while improving the performing in a task requiring attention , bimanual dexterity and visuo-motor co-ordination Various modes of physical activity , combined with dieting , have been widely recommended to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes . Among these , yoga holds promise for reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes by promoting weight loss , improving glucose levels and reducing blood pressure and lipid levels . This pilot study aim ed to assess the feasibility of implementing a 12-week yoga program among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . Twenty-three adults ( 19 Whites and 4 non-Whites ) were r and omly assigned to the  yoga intervention group or the educational group . The yoga group participated in a 3-month yoga intervention with sessions twice per week and the educational group received general health educational material s every 2 weeks . All participants completed question naires and had blood tests at baseline and at the end of 3 months . Effect sizes were reported to summarize the efficacy of the intervention . All participants assigned to the yoga intervention completed the yoga program without complication and expressed high satisfaction with the program ( 99.2 % ) . Their yoga session attendance ranged from 58.3 to 100 % . Compared with the education group , the yoga group experienced improvements in weight , blood pressure , insulin , triglycerides and exercise self-efficacy indicated by small to large effect sizes . This preliminary study indicates that a yoga program would be a possible risk reduction option for adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes . In addition , yoga holds promise as an approach to reducing cardiometabolic risk factors and increasing exercise self-efficacy for this group The prevalence of prehypertension and Stage 1 hypertension continues to increase despite being amenable to non-pharmacologic interventions . Iyengar yoga ( IY ) has been purported to reduce blood pressure ( BP ) though evidence from r and omized trials is lacking . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to assess the effects of 12 weeks of IY versus enhanced usual care ( EUC ) ( based on individual dietary adjustment ) on 24-h ambulatory BP in yoga-naïve adults with untreated prehypertension or Stage 1 hypertension . In total , 26 and 31 subjects in the IY and EUC arms , respectively , completed the study . There were no differences in BP between the groups at 6 and 12 weeks . In the EUC group , 24-h systolic BP ( SBP ) , diastolic BP ( DBP ) and mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) significantly decreased by 5 , 3 and 3 mmHg , respectively , from baseline at 6 weeks ( P < .05 ) , but were no longer significant at 12 weeks . In the IY group , 24 h SBP was reduced by 6 mmHg at 12 weeks compared to baseline ( P = .05 ) . 24 h DBP ( P < .01 ) and MAP ( P < .05 ) decreased significantly each by 5 mmHg . No differences were observed in catecholamine or cortisol metabolism to explain the decrease in BP in the IY group at 12 weeks . Twelve weeks of IY produces clinical ly meaningful improvements in 24 h SBP and DBP . Larger studies are needed to establish the long term efficacy , acceptability , utility and potential mechanisms of IY to control BP Context : Hypertension is a major chronic lifestyle disease . Several non-pharmacological interventions are effective in bringing down the blood pressure ( BP ) . This study focuses on the effectiveness of such interventions among young adults . Aims : To measure the efficacy of physical exercise , reduction in salt intake , and yoga , in lowering BP among young ( 20 - 25 ) pre-hypertensives and hypertensives , and to compare their relative efficacies . Setting s and Design : The study was done in the urban service area of JIPMER . Pre-hypertensives and hypertensives , identified from previous studies , constituted the universe . The participants were r and omized into one control and three interventional groups . Material s and Methods : A total of 113 subjects : 30 , 28 , 28 and 27 in four groups respectively participated for eight weeks : control ( I ) , physical exercise ( II ) - brisk walking for 50 - 60 minutes , four days/week , salt intake reduction ( III ) - to at least half of their previous intake , and practice of yoga ( IV ) - for 30 - 45 minutes/day on at least five days/week . Statistical Analysis Used : Efficacy was assessed using paired t test and ANOVA with Games Howell post hoc test . An intention to treat analysis was also performed . Results : A total of 102 participants ( 29 , 27 , 25 and 21 in groups I , II , III and IV ) completed the study . All three intervention groups showed a significant reduction in BP ( SBP/DBP : 5.3/6.0 in group II , 2.6/3.7 in III , and 2.0/2.6 mm Hg in IV respectively ) . There was no significant change ( SBP/DBP : 0.2/0.5 mmHg ) of BP in control group ( I ) . Physical exercise was most effective ( considered individually ) ; salt intake reduction and yoga were also effective . Conclusions : Physical exercise , salt intake reduction , and yoga are effective non-pharmacological interventions in significantly reducing BP among young hypertensives and pre-hypertensives . These can therefore be positively recommended for hypertensives . There is also a case to deploy these interventions in the general population 34 hypertensive patients were assigned at r and om either to six weeks ' treatment by yoga relaxation methods with bio-feedback or to placebo therapy ( general relaxation ) . Both groups showed a reduction in blood-pressure ( from 168/100 to 141/84 mm . Hg in the treated group and from 169/101 to 160/96 mm Hg in the control group ) . The difference was highly significant . The control group was then trained in yoga relaxation , and their blood-pressure fell to that of the other group ( now used as controls ) On the basis of medical officers diagnosis , thirty three ( N = 33 ) hypertensives , aged 35 - 65 years , from Govt . General Hospital , Pondicherry , were examined with four variables viz , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , pulse rate and body weight . The subjects were r and omly assigned into three groups . The exp . group-I underwent selected yoga practice s , exp . group-II received medical treatment by the physician of the said hospital and the control group did not participate in any of the treatment stimuli . Yoga imparted in the morning and in the evening with 1 hr/session . day-1 for a total period of 11-weeks . Medical treatment comprised drug intake every day for the whole experimental period . The result of pre-post test with ANCOVA revealed that both the treatment stimuli ( i.e. , yoga and drug ) were effective in controlling the variables of hypertension Ayurveda is derived from 2 Sanskrit words , namely , " Ayus " and " Veda , " meaning life and knowledge , respectively . It literally means science of life . Ayurveda , of which yoga is an integral part , is widely practice d in India and is gaining acceptance in many countries around the world . It is a comprehensive and a holistic system , the focus of which is on the body , mind , and consciousness . The Ayurvedic treatment consists of the use herbal preparations , diet , yoga , meditation , and other practice s. Based on the review of available studies , the evidence is not convincing that any Ayurvedic herbal treatment is effective in the treatment of heart disease or hypertension . However , the use of certain spices and herbs such as garlic and turmeric in an overall healthy diet is appropriate . Many herbs used by Ayurvedic practitioners show promise and could be appropriate for larger r and omized trials . Yoga , an integral part of Ayurveda , has been shown to be useful to patients with heart disease and hypertension .  Yoga  reduces anxiety , promotes well-being , and improves quality of life . Its safety profile is excellent . Its use as a complementary therapeutic regimen under medical supervision is appropriate and could be worth considering To determine the effectiveness of a yoga program on blood pressure and stress , a group of hypertensive patients in Thail and were studied , with the experimental group showing significantly decreased mean stress scores and blood pressure , heart rate , and body mass index levels compared with the control group . Further studies are suggested to determine the effects of yoga on hypertension in Thail and OBJECTIVE People living with HIV infection are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Safe and effective interventions for lowering CVD risk in HIV infection are high priorities . We conducted a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled study to evaluate whether a yoga lifestyle intervention improves CVD risk factors , virological or immunological status , or quality of life ( QOL ) in HIV-infected adults relative to st and ard of care treatment in a matched control group . METHODS Sixty HIV-infected adults with mild-moderate CVD risk were assigned to 20 weeks of supervised yoga practice or st and ard of care treatment . Baseline and week 20 measures 
    Output:
    
The evidence for the effectiveness of yoga as a treatment of hypertension is encouraging but inconclusive .