***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Oral healthcare providers have a clinical opportunity for early detection of disordered eating behaviors because they are often the first health professionals to observe overt oral and physical signs . Curricula regarding early recognition of this oral/systemic medical condition are limited in oral health educational programs . Web-based learning can supplement and reinforce traditional learning and has the potential to develop skills . The study purpose was to determine the efficacy of a theory-driven Web-based training program to increase the capacity of oral health students to perform behaviors related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Using the Reach , Effectiveness , Adoption , Implementation and Maintenance evaluation framework , a longitudinal group-r and omized controlled trial involving 27 oral health classes from 12 oral health education programs in the United States was implemented to assess the efficacy of the Web-based training on attitudes , knowledge , self-efficacy and skills related to the secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Mixed-model analysis of covariance indicated substantial improvements among students in the intervention group ( effect sizes : 0.51 - 0.83 ) on all six outcomes of interest . Results suggest that the Web-based training program may increase the capacity of oral healthcare providers to deliver secondary prevention of disordered eating behaviors . Implication s and value of using the Reach , Effectiveness , Adoption , Implementation and Maintenance framework are discussed OBJECTIVE To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) for their children have a higher quit rate than 1 ) mothers receiving routine smoking cessation advice or 2 ) a control group . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Primary care center in a large urban children 's hospital . INTERVENTION Four hundred seventy-nine mothers were r and omly assigned to a smoking cessation intervention either aim ed at their child 's health or their own health , or to a control group receiving safety information . OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking status , stage of change , cigarettes/day , location smoking occurred , and knowledge of ETS effects . RESULTS Complete data ( baseline and both follow-ups ) were available for 166 subjects . There was no impact of group assignment on the quit rate , cigarettes/day , or stage of change . The Child Health Group intervention had a sustained effect on location where smoking reportedly occurred ( usually outside ) and on improved knowledge of ETS effects . CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to devise more effective methods of using the pediatric health care setting to influence adult smoking behaviors This study examined the value of SLT as a model for predicting levels of dental hygiene behaviors . The  brushing and flossing frequency of 131 adults was measured both retrospectively ( via question naire ) and prospect ively ( via self-monitoring records ) . Two types of SLT variables -- expectations and environmental influences -- were reliably related to dental hygiene behaviors . Such variables ( for example , self-efficacy expectations and the dental behaviors of significant others ) accounted for up to 38 % of the variance in brushing frequency and 33 % of the variance in flossing frequency . Overall , a SLT model appears to hold promise for identifying psychosocial variables that are related to dental hygiene behaviors . The findings suggest that educational programs intended to increase the frequency of such behaviors should focus on increasing self-efficacy , reducing structural and life-style barriers to adherence , and involving significant others in educational efforts AIM Because patient adherence to oral hygiene is essential for periodontal treatment success , the aim of the study was to assess whether a motivational interview addressing the five dimensions of Leventhal 's theory performed better than conventional basic instruction on improving compliance with plaque control among patients with periodontitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized controlled clinical trial design was used in which a group of patients underwent a motivational interview in addition to classical consultation . A control group received only the st and ard consultation . The O'Leary Plaque Index was used to judge the oral hygiene at baseline and at 1 month follow-up . Patient satisfaction with the dental visit was scored using a specific question naire . RESULTS At baseline , the mean full mouth plaque score varied between 55 % ( experimental group ) and 58 % ( control group ) . Patients in the experimental group had a higher oral hygiene improvement ( 21 ± 20 % versus 4 ± 5 % , p < 0.001 ) 1 month post-treatment . The motivational interview result ed in greater satisfaction scores compared with those of patients in the control group : 10.55 ± 1.53 versus 8.82 ± 2.40 , p = 0.014 . CONCLUSIONS This new concept of motivational interview is a promising approach and can be useful for counselling-related periodontal disorders AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme for oral hygiene self-care in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with the st and ard treatment . MATERIAL AND METHOD A r and omized , evaluator-blinded , controlled trial with two different active treatments were used with 113 subjects ( 60 females and 53 males ) r and omly allocated to an experimental or a control group . The individually tailored oral health educational programme was based on cognitive behavioural principles and the individual tailoring for each participant was based on participants ' thoughts , intermediate , and long-term goals , and oral health status . The effect of the programmes on gingivitis [ gingival index ( GI ) ] , oral hygiene [ plaque indices ( PlI ) and self-report ] , and participants ' global rating of treatment was evaluated 3 and 12 months after oral health education and non-surgical treatment . RESULTS Between baseline and the 12-month follow-up , the experimental group improved both GI and PlI more than the control group . The mean gain-score difference was 0.27 for global GI [ 99.2 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.16 - 0.39 , p<0.001 ] and 0.40 for proximal GI ( 99.2 % CI : 0.27 - 0.53 , p<0.001 ) . The mean gain-score difference was 0.16 for global PlI ( 99.2 % CI : 0.03 - 0.30 , p=0.001 ) , and 0.26 for proximal PlI ( 99.2 % CI : 0.10 - 0.43 , p<0.001 ) . The subjects in the experimental group reported a higher frequency of daily inter-dental cleaning and were more certain that they could maintain the attained level of behaviour change . CONCLUSION The individually tailored oral health educational programme was efficacious in improving long-term adherence to oral hygiene in periodontal treatment . The largest difference was for interproximal surfaces Parents and school staff play important roles in promoting children 's oral health . Our study goals were to investigate whether an intervention targeting parents and school staff can improve the oral-health behavior and oral-health status of schoolchildren . Three-hundred and ninety-two schoolchildren in six schools in Tehran participated in a group r and omized trial from September 2010 to March 2011 . Schools were r and omly allocated into three groups : comprehensive , student , and control . Intervention in the comprehensive group consisted of strategies to encourage children , their parents , and school staff to increase the frequency of toothbrushing and flossing . In the student group , the intervention targeted only children . The control group received no intervention . The primary outcome was change in oral-health behaviors ( brushing and flossing ) , while the secondary outcomes were changes in oral hygiene and Community Periodontal indices and in Health Belief Model components . Multilevel modeling was employed for data analyses . Students who were in the comprehensive intervention group  brushed and flossed significantly more frequently compared with those in the student intervention group . Although students ' gingival health improved significantly in the comprehensive intervention group , such significant improvement was not seen in the student group . In conclusion , promising results are seen when the oral-health education targets both school and home setting Considerable re sources are expended in dealing with dental disease easily prevented with better oral hygiene . The study hypothesis was that an evidence -based intervention , framed with psychological theory , would improve patients ’ oral hygiene behavior . The impact of trial methodology on trial outcomes was also explored by the conducting of two independent trials , one r and omized by patient and one by dentist . The study included 87 dental practice s and 778 patients ( Patient RCT = 37 dentists/300 patients ; Cluster RCT = 50 dentists/478 patients ) . Controlled for baseline differences , pooled results showed that patients who experienced the intervention had better behavioral ( timing , duration , method ) , cognitive ( confidence , planning ) , and clinical ( plaque , gingival bleeding ) outcomes . However , clinical outcomes were significantly better only in the Cluster RCT , suggesting that the impact of trial design on results needs to be further explored OBJECTIVES This clinical trial study investigates whether a behavioural educational intervention based on the autoregulation theory can improve periodontitis patients ' compliance with proper dental care at a 1-month follow-up . MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty patients matched for gender ( 20 men ) , age ( mean age=39 years ) and education were r and omly assigned to a control or an experimental treatment condition . In the control condition , patients received the regular treatment based on instruction of the proper prophylactic dental care . In the experimental treatment condition , patients received information about the symptoms of periodontitis , the causes , consequences and temporal course , and the types of effective strategy and they were requested to keep daily records of the effects of applying prophylactic dental care on their periodontitis symptoms . In both groups , plaque indices ( PIs ) ( Silness & Löe 1964 ) were measured prior to treatment and at a 1-month follow-up . A self-report question naire also assessed the representation of periodontitis in all patients . RESULTS A 2 ( time of measurement : baseline versus follow-up ) x 3 ( PI localization ) x 2 ( experimental group ) mixed- design anova computed on the PI reports a large effect of time , F(1 , 28)=267.10 , p<0.000 , indicating that both groups improved from baseline ( mean=1.73 , SD=0.08 ) to the 1-month follow-up ( mean=0.56 , SD=0.06 ) . It is important to point out that this analysis also revealed the expected Group x Time interaction , F(1 , 28)=7.09 , p<0.02 , partial eta(2)=0.19 , indicating that smaller PI were observed in the experimental group ( mean=0.24 , SD=0.14 ) than in the control group ( mean=0.88 , SD=0.38 ) at follow-up . Post hoc analyses showed that this pattern applies to the proximal and lingual PI but not to the vestibular PI . CONCLUSIONS The present data show that the behavioural education intervention is ( a ) more effective than a classical intervention based on information and training about prophylactic techniques and ( b ) that it is effective in bringing most patients to normal levels of PI . For clinical practice , it suggests that better results can be obtained if ( a ) patients are taught a correct representation about periodontitis and ( b ) patients ' sense of self-efficacy is developed through their own direct experience , by observing the effects of their behaviour on periodontitis symptoms AIMS / OBJECTIVES To determine the benefit of twice daily toothbrushing on  newly erupted first permanent molars .  To investigate , through the Health Belief Model , how parents ' beliefs influence the likelihood of their children  brushing  twice a day . To identify aspects of a toothbrushing intervention programme that can be used in general dental practice . DESIGN R and omised controlled trial . SETTING Schools in deprived communities in Scotl and . PARTICIPANTS 461 , 5-year-old children . INTERVENTIONS / METHODS Supervised toothbrushing on school-days with a 1,000 ppm chalk-based fluoride toothpaste for two years . A school and home-based incentive scheme including toothbrushing charts , 6-monthly dental examinations and parental question naires . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Caries increment and twice daily toothbrushing . RESULTS In the control group , children who brushed once a day or less had 64 % more caries than those who brushed at least twice a day ( P = 0.001 ) . In the intervention group this difference in caries was reduced to 16 % ( P > 0.05 ) . The most significant parental belief explaining variation in twice-daily brushing was whether parents feel strongly that there is time to check their child 's toothbrushing ( P = 0.0001 ) . The odds of these parents reporting that their child brushes twice daily are nearly three times greater . 95 % of parents felt that toothbrushing charts would be a good way for dentists in practice to encourage children to brush regularly . CONCLUSIONS The benefit of twice daily toothbrushing on caries development in newly erupted first permanent molar teeth is around 50 % compared to brushing once a day or less . Parents ' beliefs do influence the likelihood of their children brushing twice a day . Key parts of the intervention programme can be used when children attend general dental practice and would be welcomed by parents BACKGROUND Oral health education for the mothers of very young children is important in reducing the risk of early childhood caries . This study aim ed to evaluate the impact of an oral health intervention among mothers of 1 - 2 years old children . METHODS This cluster r and omized controlled trial ( 2012 ) was conducted among ninety mothers of 1 - 2 year old children . The setting of study was 10 child day-care centers out of 18 in Hamadan , western Iran . Day-care centers were r and omly allocated into two groups : an intervention group ( 5 day-care centers , 45 mothers ) and a control group ( 5 day-care 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION The current meta- analysis showed that in general , psychological interventions that used OT , CT , HBM and TPB were effective in enhancing oral health status , and interventions that used SCT did not have an effect on improving oral health status .