***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the effect of fish oil ( FO ) supplements on high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , apolipoprotein-AI ( Apo-AI ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , arylesterase ( Aryl ) , and paraoxonase-1 ( PON1 ) activity in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . METHODS A total of 90 RA patients were r and omly allocated into two groups that were treated with one FO pearl ( 1 gr ) daily or placebo for three months in addition to conventional treatment .  HDL-C , Apo-AI , and MDA levels as well as PON1 and Aryl activities were measured before and after treatment . Independent t-test was used to match basal parameters of case and control groups . Paired t-test was used to assess significance of the differences . Correlation was evaluated by Pearsons test and the statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 . RESULTS No significant differences were noted between FO and placebo patients with regards to age , disease duration , post-menopausal status , conventional therapy , body mass index ( BMI ) , and numbers of swollen and tender joints at the beginning of the study . There were 83 patients who completed the three-month follow up . Serum levels of HDL-C ( P = 0.018 ) , Apo-AI ( P = 0.165 ) , Aryl ( P = 0.026 ) , and PON1 ( P = 0.049 ) activity increased , whereas MDA levels decreased significantly with FO supplementation ( P = 0.077 ) . Significant correlations between increased PON1 activity and both HDL-C ( P = 0.007 , r = 0.419 ) and Apo-AI ( P < 0.001 , r = 0.742 ) concentrations as well as between HDL-C and Apo AI levels ( P = 0.01 , r = 0.403 ) were found . CONCLUSION According to the results of this study , FO could increase serum HDL-C and PON1 levels and Aryl activity in female patients with RA BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 ( PON1 ) is one of the HDL-associated proteins which contributes to the antioxidant properties of these lipoproteins . The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of the nutritional supplement ALAnerv ® on serum PON1 activity in post-acute stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation . METHODS We enrolled 28 post-acute stroke patients and r and omly divided them into ( - ) ALA or ( + ) ALA study groups . All the patients underwent the same rehabilitation program and received comparable st and ard medications . Moreover , ( + ) ALA patients received ALAnerv ® for two weeks ( 2 pills/day ) . The serum PON1 activity was assessed on blood sample s taken at the admission and at the discharge moments , respectively . We used paraoxon ( paraoxonase activity , PONA ) , phenyl acetate ( arylesterase activity , ARYLA ) and dihydrocoumarin ( lactonase activity , LACTA ) as substrates , the latter activity being regarded as physiologically relevant . A control group of 14 apparently healthy subjects was also created . RESULTS In the ( + ) ALA group , LACTA significantly increased during the study period ( 17.6 ± 3.2 vs. 27.6 ± 3.5 , p = 0.002 ) . Moreover , the percentage of LACTA variation between ( - ) ALA and ( + ) ALA groups during the study was also statistically different ( -11.7 ± 6.9 % vs. + 95.1 ± 29.7 % , p < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that ALA nerv ® could contribute to the improvement of the physiologically relevant LACTA of PON1 in post-acute stroke patients , enabling this enzyme to contribute to the redox correction . Also , this study raises the question about the effect of a longer treatment period over the other enzymatic activities of serum PON1 Background —The hypothesis that paraoxonase ( PON1 ) has a role in preventing atherosclerosis is based on experimental , transgenic , and case-control studies but has not previously been tested prospect ively . Methods and Results —The Caerphilly Prospect i ve Study is a cohort study of men aged 49 to 65 years observed for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) events ( fatal and nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion ) over a mean period of 15 years .  Serum PON1 activity toward paraoxon was measured in 1353 participants .  PON1 activity was 20 % lower in the 163 men who had a coronary event ( P = 0.039 ) . Men in the highest quintile of PON1 activity had a decreased risk compared with those in the lowest quintile ( OR 0.57 [ 95 % CI , 0.33 to 0.96 ] ) . The inverse relationship between quintiles of serum PON1 activity and CHD risk was grade d , the median change in OR across each quintile being 0.87 ( 0.77 to 0.98 ) . After adjustment for all other CHD risk factors , including HDL cholesterol , this median value became 0.90 ( 0.78 to 1.02 ) . PON1 was most predictive of a new CHD event in patients at highest risk by virtue of preexisting CHD ( adjusted median OR for each quintile , 0.74 [ 0.59 to 0.93 ] ; n=313 ) or the presence of other risk factors . For the highest tertile of CHD risk ( n=390 ) calculated by the Framingham equation , adjusted median OR for each quintile was 0.84 ( 0.66 to 1.05 ) ; n=390 . Conclusions —Low serum PON1 activity toward paraoxon is an independent risk factor for coronary events in men at high risk because of preexisting disease or other CHD risk factors Background and Aims : Patients on maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) face an increased risk of atherosclerosis , a crucial problem and the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on paraoxonase ( PON ) enzyme activity in patients on HD . Methods : This double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted from June 2005 to June 2007 . Sixty HD patients were enrolled and divided into two groups : treatment ( case ) and control . The treatment and control groups were treated with 100 mg/day zinc or placebo , respectively , for 2 months . Serum zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . PON activity  was evaluated by spectrophotometric method . Lipid profile  was determined using commercial kits , and apolipoprotein AI ( Apo-AI ) and B ( Apo-B ) levels were measured by commercial immunoturbidimetric kits . Results : In the case group , there was no significant change in the serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , and Apo-B levels , while the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , Apo-AI , and PON activity were significantly increased ( p = 0.02 ) . In the control group , although significant increases were observed in the serum levels of TC , TG , and Apo-B ( p = 0.009 , 0.019 , and 0.001 , respectively ) , the serum PON activity was significantly decreased ( p = 0.025 ) and the serum levels of HDL , LDL , and Apo-AI were not changed . At the end of intervention period , the serum level of Apo-AI and PON activity were significantly higher in the case group . Conclusions : Zinc supplementation increased both the activity of PON and the serum level of Apo-AI in the HD patients The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of astaxanthin ( Asx ) on paraoxonase ( PON1 ) activities and oxidative stress status in soccer players . Forty soccer players were r and omly assigned in a double-blind fashion to Asx and placebo ( P ) group .  Blood sample s were obtained before , 45 and 90 days after supplementation .  PON1 activity was assessed by using two substrates : paraoxon and diazoxon . The oxidative stress biomarkers were also examined : total sulphydryl group content ( -SH groups ) , thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ) , advanced oxidation protein products and redox balance . The significant interaction effect of supplementation and training ( p < 0.05 ) on PON1 activity toward paraoxon was observed . The PON1 activity toward diazoxon increased in Asx group after 90 days ( p < 0.01 ) , while there was no significant difference in P group . SH groups content rose from pre- to post-supplementation period only in Asx group ( supplementation and training , p < 0.05 ; training , p < 0.01 ) . TBARS levels decreased after 45 days and increased after 90 days of regular soccer training in both groups ( training , p < 0.001 ) . Redox balance decreased significantly in response to the regular training , regardless of treatment group ( training , p < 0.001 ) . Asx supplementation might increase total SH groups content and improve PON1 activity through protection of free thiol groups against oxidative modification In the present study , we examined the effects of fish oil supplementation in 3 months old male Wistar rats on changes in plasma and liver lipid metabolism and oxidative stress parameters .  Twenty Wistar rats were r and omly divided into two groups of ten animals : control group and intervention group , treated for 6 weeks with fish oil capsules containing 45 mg eicosapentanoic acid and 30 mg docosahexanoic acid . After intervention , biochemical parameters in plasma [ triglycerides ( TG ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and total cholesterol , urea , creatinine and uric acid ] , fatty acid ( FAs ) profile of liver phospholipids and parameters of oxidative stress in liver [ activity of catalase , superoxide dismutase and paraoxonase ( PON1 ) , concentration of nitrites , lipid peroxidation ( LPO ) , free thiol ( SH ) groups and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) izoenzymes were determined . Treatment with fish oil improved FAs profile of liver phospholipids , increasing n-3 FAs and decreasing n-6/n-3 ratio . Significant decrease in plasma TG and LDL concentration , and increase in the level of HDL and uric acid were found in intervention group at the end of the study . Catalase activity , LPO , and nitrites concentration in liver were significantly decreased , after the supplementation , together with elevated PON1 activity . Applied treatment significantly improved plasma lipid profile , liver FAs composition and parameters of oxidative stress in male Wistar rats INTRODUCTION Dietary supplements provide a novel population based health approach for treating hyperlipidemias . Red yeast rice is known to have lipid lowering effects . Combination of red yeast rice with various oils is taken by different population around the world . AIM In this present work , we aim ed to compare the effects of red yeast rice with different oil ( coconut , rice bran and sunflower oil ) supplementations on lipid levels and oxidative stress in rats fed on hypercholesterolemic diet . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A R and omized controlled study was conducted on 28 male Sprague Dawley rats . It included 4 arms-Control arm ( hypercholesterolemic diet ) , Test arm A ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Rice bran oil ) , arm B ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Coconut oil ) and arm C ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Sunflower oil ) . At the end of one month , serum cholesterol , triglycerides , MDA and paraoxonase was measured . The mean values of analytes between the different groups were compared using student ' t- ' test . RESULTS The rats fed with red yeast rice and rice bran oil combination showed significantly lower levels of serum cholesterol , triglycerides and MDA when compared to the controls . The serum paraoxonase levels were significantly higher in this group when compared to the controls . The rats fed with red yeast rice and coconut oil combination showed significantly lower serum cholesterol and MDA levels when compared to the controls . The mean triglyceride and paraoxonase levels did not show any statistically significant difference from the controls . The rats on red yeast rice and sunflower oil combination did not show any statistically significant difference in the lipid levels and oxidative stress parameters . CONCLUSION The food combination which had best outcome in preventing the development of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats fed with hypercholesterolemic diet was red yeast rice and rice bran oil . Combining red yeast rice with coconut oil and sunflower oil gave suboptimal benefits CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) , an enzyme associated with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL-PON1 ) , is reported to have antioxidant and cardioprotective properties . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanins on the HDL-PON1 activity and cholesterol efflux capacity in hypercholesterolemic subjects . DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 122 hypercholesterolemic subjects were given 160 mg of anthocyanins twice daily or place 
    Output:
    
These findings suggest that PON1 could be a good surrogate biomarker .
A wide range of plant preparations have been found to have a positive action , with pomegranate and some of its components being the best characterized and Aronia melanocarpa one of the most active .
Flavonoids are found in the composition of all active extracts , with catechins and genistein being the most promising agents for increasing PON1 activity .