***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of three-dimensional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with selective segmental artery clamping ( 3D-LPNSSAC ) comparing with the conventional two-dimensional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy ( 2D-LPN ) . Methods Between November 2012 and March 2014 , 90 patients with cT1 renal tumor at Shanghai General Hospital were enrolled in our study , which were r and omly divided into two groups : the 3D-LPNSSAC group ( n = 45 ) and 2D-LPN group ( n = 45 ) . The perioperative variables , including operative time , dissecting time , suturing time , blood loss , warm ischemia time ( WIT ) , preoperative and postoperative renal functions , were recorded and analyzed . In addition , the oncological outcomes and complications were also evaluated . Results All the LPNs were performed successfully without conversion to radical nephrectomy or open surgery , only three cases were converted to total renal artery clamping during 3D-LPNSSAC . There were no significant differences in operative time and dissecting time between the groups , while the suturing time was shorter during 3D-LPNSSAC ( P < 0.01 ) . The technique was associated with higher blood loss ( P < 0.01 ) . The technique of 3D-LPNSSAC  significantly reduced WIT ( P = 0.04 ) , and better postoperative ipsilateral renal function could be obtained during 3D-LPNSSAC ( P < 0.01 ) . During a mean follow-up time of 16.8 months ( range 5.5–22.5 months ) , the complication rate was 8.8 % ( 8/90 ) and no tumor reoccurrence was detected . Conclusions 3D-LPNSSAC is a feasible and safe technique for treating selective renal tumors , presenting with the beneficial clinical outcomes of reduced suturing time , shorter WIT and better postoperative ipsilateral renal function OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and safety of 3D laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy . METHODS From October 2013 to March 2014 , 154 patients with esophageal cancer of clinical stage T3N1M0 undergoing 3D or 2D minimally invasive esophagectomy in lateral prone position in our department were enrolled prospect ively , and r and omly divided into 3D group ( 78 cases ) and 2D group ( 76 cases ) . The esophagus was dissociated by 3D or 2D laparoscope and thoracoscope to the entry of thorax . Stomach was dissociated by same telescopes and cut linearly . After tube stomach shaping was completed , esophagogastric anastomosis was performed in the left neck . The operative safety and short-term efficacy were compared between the two groups . RESULTS The entire procedure was technically successful in 154 patients . The average total operative time in 3D group was shorter than that in 2D group [ ( 176.0±27.7 ) min vs. ( 203.0±31.5 ) min , P<0.05 ] . No significant differences were observed in blood loss [ ( 124.0±35.8 ) ml vs. ( 127.0±25.7 ) ml ] , number of harvested lymph node ( 17.0±8.6 vs. 18.0±3.3 ) , postoperative hospital stay [ ( 11.8±9.3 ) d vs. ( 12.6±8.8 ) d ] ( all P>0.05 ) , and morbidity of postoperative complication [ 12.8 % ( 10/78 ) vs. 14.5 % ( 11/76 ) ] . The median follow-up time was 5.6 ( 3 - 8 ) months and 5.2 ( 5 - 7 ) months in 3D and 2D groups respectively , and no death or relapse cases were found during the follow-up . CONCLUSION 3D laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy under lateral prone position is technically feasible and safe for esophageal carcinoma , as compared to 2D procedure Depth-of-focus limitations introduce spatial blur in images of three-dimensional scenes . It is not clear how the visual system combines depth information derived from image blur with information from other depth cues . Stereoscopic disparity is the pre-eminent depth cue , so experiments were conducted to investigate interactions between image blur and stereoscopic disparity . Observers viewed two r and om dot stereograms ( RDSs ) in a 2AFC task , and were required to identify the RDS depicting the greatest depth . In control observations , all dots in both RDSs were sharply defined . In experimental observations , one RDS contained only sharply defined dots , but the other contained differential spatial blur to introduce an additional depth cue . Results showed that the addition of differential blur made only a marginal difference to apparent depth separation , and only when the blur difference was consistent with the sign of disparity . Cue combination between blur and disparity cues is thus weighted very heavily in favour of the latter . It is shown that blur and disparity cues co-vary according to geometric optics . Since the two cues are effective over different distances , the visual system is not normally called upon to integrate them , and is most likely to make use of blur cues over distances beyond the range of disparity mechanisms Background Currently , men are younger at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer and more interested in less invasive surgical approaches ( traditional laparoscopy , 3D-laparoscopy , robotics ) . Outcomes of continence , erectile function , cancer cure , positive surgical margins and complication are well collected in the pentafecta rate . However , no comparative studies between 4th generation 3D-HD vision system laparoscopy and st and ard bi-dimensional laparoscopy have been reported . This study aim ed to compare the operative , perioperative data and pentafecta rates between 2D and 3D laparoscopic radical prostatectomy ( LRP ) and to identify the actual role of 3D LRP in urology . Methods From October 2012 to July 2013 , 86 patients with clinical ly localized prostate cancer [ PCa : age ≤ 70 years , prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) ≤ 10 ng/ml , biopsy Gleason score ≤ 7 ] underwent laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy ( LERP ) and were followed for approximately 14 months ( range 12–25 ) . Patients were selected for inclusion via hospital record data , and divided into two groups . Their patient records were then analyzed . Patients were r and omized into two groups : the former  2D-LERP  ( 43 pts ) operated with the use of 2D-HD camera ; the latter  3D-LERP  ( 43 pts ) operated with the use of a 3D-HD 4th generation view system . The operative and perioperative data and the pentafecta rates between 2D-LERP and 3D-LERP were compared . Results The overall pentafecta rates at 3 months were 47.4 % and 49.6 % in the 2D- and 3D-LERP group respectively . The pentafecta rate at 12 months was 62.7 % and 67 % for each group respectively . 4th generation 3D-HD vision system provides advantages over st and ard bi-dimensional view with regard to intraoperative steps . Our data suggest a trend of improvement in intraoperative blood loss and postoperative recovery of continence with the respect of the oncological safety . Conclusions Use of the 3D technology by a single surgeon significantly enhances the possibility of achieving better intraoperative results and pentafecta in all patients  undergoing LERP  . Potency was the most difficult outcome to reach after surgery , and it was the main factor leading to pentafecta failure . Nevertheless , further studies are necessary to better comprehend the role of 3D-LERP in modern urology BACKGROUND Several three-dimensional video-endoscopic systems have been introduced to enhance depth perception during minimum-access surgery . However , there is no conclusive evidence of benefit , and these systems are more expensive than conventional two-dimensional systems . We undertook a prospect i ve r and omised comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease . METHODS The operations were done by four specialist registrars as part of their higher surgical training . 60 operations were r and omised for execution by either two-dimensional or three-dimensional imaging display ( 30 by each method ) . The degree of difficulty of the operation was grade d by a consultant surgeon on a st and ard grading system . The primary endpoints were execution time and the errors made during the procedure . The secondary endpoints were subjective assessment of the image quality and adverse effects on the surgeon . FINDINGS There was no difference between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional display groups in median execution time ( 3160 [ IQR 2735 - 4335 vs 3100 [ 2379 - 3710 ] s ; p = 0.2 ) or error rate ( six vs six ) . Surgeons reported adverse symptoms immediately after the operations with both systems . The scores for visual strain , headache , and facial discomfort were higher with the three-dimensional system . INTERPRETATION With the current technology , three-dimensional systems based on sequential imaging show no advantage over two-dimensional systems in the conduct of laparoscopic cholecystectomy PURPOSE To examine perioperative , pathologic , and early continence outcomes of  laparoscopic radical prostatectomy ( RP )  aided by a new-generation three-dimensional ( 3D ) display system and compare them with those from the same operation aided by a conventional , two-dimensional ( 2D ) display system . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 95 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic RP for clinical ly localized prostate cancer ( PC ) by an experienced single surgeon from October 2009 to December 2012 .  Baseline characteristics , perioperative and pathologic variables , and continence data at 3 months after surgery were retrospectively review ed from a prospect ively maintained data base . Categoric and continuous variables were compared using chi-square , Student t , and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests , as appropriate . RESULTS A total of 29 patients underwent laparoscopic RP using a 3D display system and 66 patients underwent laparoscopic RP using a 2D display system . The two groups were comparable for all clinical and pathologic variables . Mean total operative time for the 3D group was 131 minutes ( st and ard deviation [SD]±18 ) compared with 190 ( SD±31 ) for the 2D group ( P<0.001 ) . Mean time to perform the urethrovesical anastomosis was 28 minutes ( SD±6 ) for the 3D group compared with 87 minutes ( SD±17 ) for the 2D group ( P<0.001 ) . Blood loss was lower in the 3D group , and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001 ) . A statistically significant higher number of patients in the 3D group had early recovery of continence compared with patients in the 2D group ( 14/28 ( 50 % ) patients in the 3D group vs 16/64 ( 25 % ) patients in the 2D group , P=0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic RP aided by a new-generation 3D display system is associated with shorter operative times , reduced blood loss , and higher early continence rates in comparison with that aided by a 2D display system . In particular when considering economic issues , 3D laparoscopic RP may represent an acceptable alternative to robot-assisted laparoscopic RP OBJECTIVE To compare the surgical effect of three-dimensional ( 3D ) versus 2D laparoscopic surgery in ureter lithotomy . METHODS From January 2014 to 2015 May , 45 patients with ureteral calculi were r and omly allocated into 2 groups to undergo  ureter lithotomy under 3D laparoscopy ( 25 cases ) and 2D laparoscopy ( 20 cases ) . The time used for each surgical process ( including the exposure , D-J tube discharge , suture and other surgical procedures ) was recorded and compared between the two groups . RESULTS The operation was completed smoothly in all the 45 patients . In this cohort , the wound drainage tube was removed in a mean of 3.0mnplus;0.8 days after the operation , the catheter was removed after a week , and the double J tube was removed at 1 month . Follow-up intravenous pyelography at 3 months after the operation reveal ureteral stricture in none of the cases . Comparison of the surgical data showed that the time used in each surgical process was significantly shorter in the 3D group than in the 2D group ( P<0.05 ) . 3D laparoscopic surgery allowed more precise operation by providing a good sense of depth as in an open surgery to reduce the operation time . CONCLUSIONS As a minimally invasive surgical technique , 3D laparoscopic surgery facilitates more precise and easier operation compared with 2D laparoscopy in ureter lithotomy Background Three-dimensional ( 3D ) imaging systems have been introduced worldwide for surgical instrumentation . A difficulty of laparoscopic surgery involves converting two-dimensional ( 2D ) images into 3D images and depth perception rearrangement . 3D imaging may remove the need for depth perception rearrangement and therefore have clinical benefits . Methods We conducted a multicenter , open 
    Output:
    
Three-dimensional laparoscopy is a preferably surgical option against two-dimensional laparoscopy due to its better surgical efficacy