***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Wolfberry ( fruit of Lycium barbarum ) has been prized for many years in China for its immunomodulatory property and its high specific antioxidant content . However , clear clinical evidence demonstrating the effect of wolfberry dietary supplementation is still lacking . After our earlier report showing that a proprietary milk-based wolfberry formulation ( Lacto-Wolfberry ) enhances in vivo antigen-specific adaptive immune responses in aged mice , the present study aim ed at demonstrating the effect of dietary Lacto-Wolfberry supplementation on immune functions in the elderly , especially vaccine response known to decline with aging . A 3-month r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study was conducted on 150 healthy community-dwelling Chinese elderly ( 65 - 70 years old ) supplemented with Lacto-Wolfberry or placebo ( 13.7 grams/day ) .  Immune response to influenza vaccine  was assessed in the study , along with inflammatory and physical status . No serious adverse reactions were reported during the trial , neither symptoms of influenza-like infection . No changes in body weight and blood pressure , blood chemistry or cells composition , as well as autoantibodies levels were observed . The subjects receiving Lacto-Wolfberry had significantly higher postvaccination serum influenza-specific immunoglobulin G levels and seroconversion rate , between days 30 and 90 , compared with the placebo group . The postvaccination positive rate was greater in the Lacto-Wolfberry group compared to the placebo group , but did not reach statistical significance . Lacto-Wolfberry supplementation had no significant effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity response and inflammatory markers . In conclusion , long-term dietary supplementation with Lacto-Wolfberry in elderly subjects enhances their capacity to respond to antigenic challenge without overaffecting their immune system , supporting a contribution to reinforcing immune defense in this population Abstract This study evaluated the effects of 10-day broccoli ( 250 g/day ) intake on dietary markers and markers of inflammations in young male smokers . A dietary intervention study with a repeated measures crossover design was conducted . Circulating levels of carotenoids , folate , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin 6 receptor ( IL-6sR ) and adiponectin were measured . Broccoli intake significantly increased plasma levels of folate ( + 17 % ) and lutein ( + 39 % ) , while no significant effect was observed for TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-6sR or adiponectin . Plasma CRP decreased by 48 % ( post-hoc analysis , p < 0.05 ) following broccoli diet ; this result ed to be independent from the plasma variations in lutein and folate . An inverse correlation between lycopene , TNF-α and IL-6sR was observed at baseline . In conclusion , broccoli consumption may reduce CRP levels in smokers , consistent with epidemiologic observations that fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower circulating CRP concentrations Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased oxidative stress , inflammation and vessel dysfunction . Previous research has shown that an encapsulated fruit/berry/vegetable juice powder ( FBV ) supplement or controlled exercise training improve the markers of redox biology , low- grade inflammation and circulation . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of 8 weeks of supplementation with FBV or placebo , and a single bout of controlled walking on the markers of oxidation , inflammation and skin capillary microcirculation in forty-two obese pre-menopausal women ( 41 ( sd 5 ) years , non-smokers and BMI 34·5 ( sd 3·8 ) kg/m2 ) using a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled design . All assessment s were made before and after 8 weeks of capsule supplementation , and pre- and post-30 min of controlled treadmill walking at 70 % of VO2max . Venous blood was collected for the determination of carbonyl proteins ( CP ) , oxidised LDL ( ox-LDL ) , total oxidation status ( TOS ) of lipids , malondialdehyde , TNF-α and IL-6 . Capillary blood flow , O2 saturation of Hb ( SO2Hb ) and the relative concentration of Hb ( rHb ) were assessed at a 2 mm skin depth . Following 8 weeks of supplementation , compared with placebo , the FBV group had a significant ( P < 0·05 ) reduction in CP , ox-LDL , TOS and TNF-α , and a significant increase in blood flow , SO2Hb and rHb . Independent of supplementation , moderate exercise significantly increased blood flow and rHb , with a trend towards increased SO2Hb . Compared with placebo , 8 weeks of supplementation with FBV decreased the markers of systemic oxidation and inflammation . Both FBV supplementation and a single walking bout improved the markers of the microcirculation in these obese women In the elderly , immunosenescence and malnourishment can contribute to increased risk and severity of upper respiratory tract infections ( URTI ) . Gold kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis ' Hort16A ' ) contains nutrients important for immune function and mitigation of symptoms of infection , including vitamins C and E , folate , polyphenols and carotenoids . The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether regular consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces symptoms of URTI  in older people , and determine the effect it has on plasma antioxidants , and markers of oxidative stress , inflammation and immune function . A total of thirty-two community-dwelling people ( ≥65 years ) participated in a r and omised crossover study , consuming the equivalent of four kiwifruit or two bananas daily for 4 weeks , with treatments separated by a 4-week washout period . Participants completed the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 daily , and blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment and washout period . Gold kiwifruit did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of URTI compared with banana , but significantly reduced the severity and duration of head congestion , and the duration of sore throat . Gold kiwifruit significantly increased plasma vitamin C , α-tocopherol and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations , and erythrocyte folate concentrations , and significantly reduced plasma lipid peroxidation . No changes to innate immune function ( natural killer cell activity , phagocytosis ) or inflammation markers ( high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , homocysteine ) were detected . Consumption of gold kiwifruit enhanced the concentrations of several dietary plasma analytes , which may contribute to reduced duration and severity of selected URTI symptoms , offering a novel tool for reducing the burden of URTI in older individuals Introduction Air pollutant exposure has been associated with an increase in inflammatory markers and a decline in lung function  in asthmatic children . Several studies suggest that dietary intake of fruits and vegetables might modify the adverse effect of air pollutants . Methods A total of 158 asthmatic children recruited at the Children 's Hospital of Mexico and 50 non-asthmatic children were followed for 22 weeks . Pulmonary function was measured and nasal lavage collected and analyzed every 2 weeks . Dietary intake was evaluated using a 108-item food frequency question naire and a fruit and vegetable index ( FVI ) and a Mediterranean diet index ( MDI ) were constructed . The impact of these indices on lung function and interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ) and their interaction with air pollutants were determined using mixed regression models with r and om intercept and r and om slope . Results FVI was inversely related to IL-8 levels in nasal lavage ( p < 0.02 ) with a significant inverse trend ( test for trend p < 0.001 ) , MDI was positively related to lung function ( p < 0.05 ) , and children in the highest category of MDI had a higher FEV1 ( test for trend p < 0.12 ) and FVC ( test for trend p < 0.06 ) than children in the lowest category . A significant interaction was observed between FVI and ozone for FEV1 and FVC as was with MDI and ozone for FVC . No effect of diet was observed among healthy children . Conclusion Our results suggest that fruit and vegetable intake and close adherence to the Mediterranean diet have a beneficial effect on inflammatory response and lung function in asthmatic children living in Mexico City Phytochemicals from fruit and vegetables reduce systemic inflammation . This study examined the effects of an encapsulated fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) juice concentrate on systemic inflammation and other risk factors for chronic disease  in overweight and obese adults . A double-blinded , parallel , r and omized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 56 adults aged ≥40 years with a body mass index ( BMI ) ≥28 kg/m2 . Before and after eight weeks daily treatment with six capsules of F&V juice concentrate or placebo  , peripheral blood gene expression ( microarray , quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) ) , plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) ) , body composition ( Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) ) and lipid profiles were assessed . Following consumption of juice concentrate , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and plasma TNFα decreased and total lean mass increased , while there was no change in the placebo group . In subjects with high systemic inflammation at baseline  ( serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ≥3.0 mg/mL ) who were supplemented with the F&V juice concentrate ( n = 16 ) , these effects were greater , with decreased total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and plasma TNFα and increased total lean mass ; plasma CRP was unchanged by the F&V juice concentrate following both analyses . The expression of several genes involved in lipogenesis , the nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) and 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) signalling pathways was altered , including phosphomevalonate kinase ( PMVK ) , zinc finger AN1-type containing 5 ( ZF AND 5 ) and calcium binding protein 39 ( CAB39 ) , respectively . Therefore , F&V juice concentrate improves the metabolic profile , by reducing systemic inflammation and blood lipid profiles and , thus , may be useful in reducing the risk of obesity-induced  chronic disease A freeze-dried fruit and vegetable juice powder ( JUICE ) was investigated as a countermeasure nutritional strategy to exercise-induced inflammation , oxidative stress , and immune perturbations in trained cyclists . Thirty-four cyclists ( 25 male , 9 female ) were r and omized  to control ( nonJUICE ) or JUICE for 17 days . JUICE provided 230 mg·day(-1 ) of flavonoids , doubling the typical adult daily intake . During a 3-d period of intensified exercise ( days 15 - 17 ) , subjects cycled at 70%-75 % V̇O2max for 2.25 h per day , followed by a 15-min time trial . Blood sample s were collected presupplementation , post supplementation ( pre-exercise ) , and immediately and 14-h post exercise on the third day of exercise . Sample s were analyzed for inflammation ( interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 ; tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFα ) ; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) ) , oxidative stress ( oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) , ferric reducing ability of plasma ( FRAP ) , reduced and oxidized glutathione , protein carbonyls ) , and innate immune function ( granulocyte ( G-PHAG ) and monocyte ( M-PHAG ) phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity ) . A 2 ( group ) × 4 ( time points ) repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time effects due to 3 days of exercise for IL-6 ( 396 % increase ) , IL-8 ( 78 % increase ) , TNFα ( 12 % increase ) , MCP-1 ( 30 % increase ) , G-PHAG ( 38 % increase ) , M-PHAG ( 36 % increase ) , FRAP ( 12.6 % increase ) , ORAC ( 11 % decrease at 14 h post exercise ) , and protein carbonyls ( 82 % increase at 14 h post exercise ) ( p < 0.01 ) . No significant interaction effects were found for any of the physiological measures . Although providing 695 gallic acid equivalents of polyphenols per day , JUICE treatment for 17 days did not change exercise-induced alterations in inflammation and oxidative stress or immune function in trained cyclists after a 3-day period of overreaching Inflammation and endothelial activation are associated with an increased risk of CVD and epidemiological evidence suggests an association between levels of markers of inflammation or endothelial activation and the intake of fruit . Also , vitamin E , a fat-soluble antioxidant , has anti-inflammatory properties . We performed a r and omised 2 x 2 factorial , crossover trial to determine the effect of orange and blackcurrant juice ( 500 ml/d ) and vitamin E ( 15 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol/d ) supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial 
    Output:
    
Conclusions In conclusion , this review suggests that higher intakes of fruit and vegetables lead to both a reduction in proinflammatory mediators and an enhanced immune cell profile