***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM The effectiveness of resistance training in improving cognitive function in older adults is well demonstrated . In particular , unconventional high-speed resistance training can improve muscle power development . In the present study , the effectiveness of 12 weeks of elastic b and -based high-speed power training ( HSPT ) was examined . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned into a HSPT group ( n = 14 , age 75.0 ± 0.9 years ) , a low-speed strength training ( LSST ) group ( n = 9 , age 76.0 ± 1.3 years ) and a control group ( CON ; n = 7 , age 78.0 ± 1.0 years ) .  A 1-h exercise program was provided twice a week for 12 weeks for the HSPT and LSST groups , and balance and tone exercises were carried out by the CON group . RESULTS Significant increases in levels of cognitive function , physical function , and muscle strength were observed in both the HSPT and LSST groups . In cognitive function , significant improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were seen in both the HSPT and LSST groups compared with the CON group . In physical functions , Short Physical Performance Battery scores were increased significantly in the HSPT and LSST groups compared with the CON group . In the 12 weeks of elastic b and -based training , the HSPT group showed greater improvements in older women with mild cognitive impairment than the LSST group , although both regimens were effective in improving cognitive function , physical function and muscle strength . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that elastic b and -based HSPT , as compared with LSST , is more efficient in helping older women with mild cognitive impairment to improve cognitive function , physical performance and muscle strength . Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017 ; 17 : 765 - 772 Objective The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a 6-month Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic B and ( WSEB ) exercise program on the activities of daily living ( ADL ) and functional fitness of wheelchair-bound older adults with cognitive impairment . Design Cluster r and omized controlled trial was used . A convenience sample of 138 wheelchair-bound older adults with cognitive impairment were recruited from 8 nursing homes in southern Taiwan and were r and omly assigned based on the nursing homes they lived to the experimental ( 4 nursing homes ; n = 73 ) or the control group ( 4 nursing homes ; n = 65 ) . The experimental group performed WSEB exercises 3 times per week and 40 minutes per session for 6 months . The ADL and functional fitness ( cardiopulmonary function , body flexibility , range of joint motion , and muscle strength and endurance ) were examined at baseline , 3 months , and the end of 6-month study . Results The ADL and functional fitness indicators of participants in the experimental group showed significant improvements compared to the control group ( all P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions The WSEB exercises have positive benefits for the ADL and functional fitness of wheelchair-bound older adults with cognitive impairment . It is suggested that WSEB exercises be included as a routine activity in nursing homes . To Cl aim CME Credits : Complete the self- assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME Objectives : Upon completion of this article the reader should be able to : ( 1 ) Underst and the risk factors for functional decline in older adults with dementia ; ( 2 ) Articulate the benefits of structured activities and exercises in the older adult with dementia ; and ( 3 ) Incorporate elastic b and exercises into the treatment plan of wheelchair bound older adults with dementia . Level : Advanced Accreditation : The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians . The Association of Academic Physiatrists design ates this activity for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s) ™ . Physicians should only cl aim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity This study aim ed to investigate the effects of a long-term resistance exercise intervention on executive functions in healthy elderly males , and to further underst and the potential neurophysiological mechanisms mediating the changes . The study assessed forty-eight healthy elderly males r and omly assigned to exercise ( n = 24 ) or control ( n = 24 ) groups . The assessment included neuropsychological and neuroelectric measures during a variant of the oddball task paradigm , as well as growth hormone ( GH ) , insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) , and homocysteine levels at baseline and after either a 12 month intervention of resistance exercise training or control period . The results showed that the control group had a significantly lower accuracy rate and smaller P3a and P3b amplitudes in the oddball condition after 12 months . The exercise group exhibited improved reaction times ( RTs ) , sustained P3a and P3b amplitudes , increased levels of serum IGF-1 , and decreased levels of serum homocysteine . The changes in IGF-1 levels were significantly correlated with the changes in RT and P3b amplitude of the oddball condition in the exercise group . In conclusion , significantly enhanced serum IGF-1 levels after 12 months of resistance exercise were inversely correlated with neurocognitive decline in the elderly . These findings suggest that regular resistance exercise might be a promising strategy to attenuate the trajectory of cognitive aging in healthy elderly individuals , possibly mediated by IGF-1 Background There is limited research about beneficial effects of physical activity in older adults suffering from mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Aim The aim of the study was to provide preliminary evidence on the effects of two types of non-aerobic training on cognitive functions in older women suffering from MCI . Methods Twenty-eight participants aged 66–78 years with MCI were r and omly assigned to a combined balance and core resistance training group ( n = 14 ) or to a Pilates group ( n = 14 ) . Results Following completion of the 8-week exercise programme , both groups showed significant improvements in global and specific cognitive domains . Conclusion Findings suggest that non-aerobic training should be further explored as a beneficial intervention for older adults suffering from MCI BACKGROUND Cognitive decline among seniors is a pressing health care issue . Specific exercise training may combat cognitive decline . We compared the effect of once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training with that of twice-weekly balance and tone exercise training on the performance of executive cognitive functions in senior women . METHODS In this single-blinded r and omized trial , 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years living in Vancouver were r and omly allocated to once-weekly ( n = 54 ) or twice-weekly ( n = 52 ) resistance training or twice-weekly balance and tone training ( control group ) ( n = 49 ) . The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test , an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution . Secondary outcomes of executive cognitive functions included set shifting as measured by the Trail Making Tests ( parts A and B ) and working memory as assessed by verbal digit span forward and backward tests . Gait speed , muscular function , and whole-brain volume were also secondary outcome measures . RESULTS Both resistance training groups significantly improved their performance on the Stroop test compared with those in the balance and tone group ( P < or = .03 ) . Task performance improved by 12.6 % and 10.9 % in the once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training groups , respectively ; it deteriorated by 0.5 % in the balance and tone group . Enhanced selective attention and conflict resolution was significantly associated with increased gait speed . Both resistance training groups demonstrated reductions in whole-brain volume compared with the balance and tone group at the end of the study ( P < or = .03 ) . CONCLUSION Twelve months of once-weekly or twice-weekly resistance training benefited the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution among senior women . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00426881 Background Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) represents a critical window to intervene against dementia . Exercise training is a promising intervention strategy , but the efficiency ( i.e. , relationship of costs and consequences ) of such types of training remains unknown . Thus , we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of resistance training or aerobic training compared with balance and tone exercises in terms of changes in executive cognitive function among senior women with probable MCI . Methods Economic evaluation conducted concurrently with a six-month three arm r and omized controlled trial including eighty-six community dwelling women aged 70 to 80 years living in Vancouver , Canada . Participants received twice-weekly resistance training ( n = 28 ) , twice weekly aerobic training ( n = 30 ) or twice-weekly balance and tone ( control group ) classes ( n = 28 ) for 6 months . The primary outcome measure of the Exercise for Cognition and Everyday Living ( EXCEL ) study assessed executive cognitive function , a test of selective attention and conflict resolution ( i.e. , Stroop Test ) . We collected healthcare re source utilization costs over six months . Results Based on the bootstrapped estimates from our base case analysis , we found that both the aerobic training and resistance training interventions were less costly than twice weekly balance and tone classes . Compared with the balance and tone group , the resistance-training group had significantly improved performance on the Stroop Test ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusions Resistance training and aerobic training result in health care cost saving and are more effective than balance and tone classes after only 6 months of intervention . Resistance training is a promising strategy to alter the trajectory of cognitive decline in seniors with MCI . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00958867 Background Older adults are encouraged to participate in regular physical activity to counter the age-related declines in physical and cognitive health . Literature on the effect of different exercise training modalities ( aerobic vs resistance ) on these health-related outcomes is not only sparse , but results are inconsistent . In general , it is believed that exercise has a positive effect on executive cognitive function , possibly because of the physiological adaptations through increases in fitness . Indications are that high-intensity interval training is a potent stimulus to improve cardiovascular fitness , even in older adults ; however , its effect on cognitive function has not been studied before . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training , high-intensity aerobic interval training and moderate continuous aerobic training on the cognitive and physical functioning of healthy older adults . Methods Sixty-seven inactive individuals ( 55 to 75 years ) were r and omly assigned to a resistance training ( RT ) group ( n = 22 ) , high-intensity aerobic interval training ( HIIT ) group ( n = 13 ) , moderate continuous aerobic training ( MCT ) group ( n = 13 ) and a control ( CON ) group ( n = 19 ) for a period of 16 weeks . Cognitive function was assessed with a Stroop task and physical function with the Timed-Up- and -Go ( TUG ) and submaximal Bruce treadmill tests . Results No significant GROUP x TIME interaction was found for Stroop reaction time ( P > .05 ) . The HIIT group showed the greatest practical significant improvement in reaction time on the information processing task , i.e. Stroop Neutral ( ES = 1.11 ) . MCT group participants had very large practical significant improvements in reaction time on the executive cognitive tasks , i.e. Stroop Incongruent and Interference ( ES = 1.28 and 1.31 , respectively ) . The HIIT group showed the largest practically significant increase in measures of physical function , i.e. walking endurance ( ES = 0.91 ) and functional mobility ( ES = 0.36 ) . Conclusions MCT and RT proved to be superior to HIIT for the enhancement of older individuals ’ executive cognitive function ; whereas HIIT were most beneficial for improvement in information processing speed . HIIT also induced the largest gains in physical function Objective : To investigate the effects of a 12-week resistance exercise program with an elastic b and on electroencephalogram ( EEG ) patterns and cognitive function in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Community center . Participants : Twenty-two subjects with MCI and 25 healthy volunteer subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 groups : subjects with MCI who undertook the exercise program  ( MCI-EX ; n = 10 ) , an MCI control group ( MCI-Con ; n = 12 ) , a healthy volunteer exercise group ( NG-EX ; n = 12 ) , and a healthy volunteer control group ( NG-Con ; n = 13 ) . Intervention : The exercise group engaged in a 15-repetition maximum ( 15RM ; 65 % of 1RM ) resistance exercise program for 12 weeks . Main Outcome Measures : Electroencephalograms , neuropsychological tests , and Senior Fitness Test . Results : The 12-week 15RM ( 65 % of 1RM ) resistance exercise program significantly improved variables related to the physical fitness of the elderly subjects . Furthermore , for the EEG test , the MCI and NG groups showed significant differences at baseline in relative beta waves on electrodes Fp1 ( P < 0.05 ) and F3 ( P < 0.05 ) , as well as in relative beta2 waves on F3 ( P < 0.05 ) . In addition , after the 12-week exercise intervention , differences in a region that benefits from exercise were observed between ( 1 ) the MCI-EX group in the relative theta power on F3 ( P < 0.05 ) and the relative alpha power on T3 ( P < 0.05 ) and in ( 2 ) the NG 
    Output:
    
Main results showed that resistance training had positive effects on the executive function and global cognitive function of the elderly , and short-term interventions had little positive effect on memory and attention .
Secondary results demonstrated that there was a significant benefit of triweekly resistance training in global cognitive function and biweekly in executive function of the elderly .
Conclusions Resistance training had positive effects on the executive cognitive ability and global cognitive function among the elderly ; however , it had a weak-positive impact on memory .
No significant improvement was found in attention .
Triweekly resistance training has a better effect on general cognitive ability than biweekly .