***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The transition to college has been identified as a critical period for increases in overweight status . Overweight college students are at-risk of becoming obese adults , and , thus prevention efforts targeting college age individuals are key to reducing adult obesity rates . The current study evaluated an Internet intervention with first year college students ( N=170 ) r and omly assigned to one of four treatment conditions : 1 ) no treatment , 2 ) 6-week online intervention 3 ) 6-week weight and caloric feedback only ( via email ) , and 4 ) 6-week combined feedback and online intervention . The combined intervention group had lower BMI s at post-testing than the other three groups . This study demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of an online intervention to prevent weight gain among college students Background Epidemiologic data indicate most adolescents and adults experience multiple , simultaneous risk behaviors . Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of a brief image-based multiple-behavior intervention ( MBI ) for college students . Methods A total of 303 college students were r and omly assigned to : ( 1 ) a brief MBI or ( 2 ) a st and ard care control , with a 3-month postintervention follow-up . Results Omnibus treatment by time multivariate analysis of variance interactions were significant for three of six behavior groupings , with improvements for college students receiving the brief MBI on alcohol consumption behaviors , F(6 , 261 ) = 2.73 , p = 0.01 , marijuana-use behaviors , F(4 , 278 ) = 3.18 , p = 0.01 , and health-related quality of life , F(5 , 277 ) = 2.80 , p = 0.02 , but not cigarette use , exercise , and nutrition behaviors . Participants receiving the brief MBI also got more sleep , F(1 , 281 ) = 9.49 , p = 0.00 , than those in the st and ard care control . Conclusions A brief image-based multiple-behavior intervention may be useful in influencing a number of critical health habits and health-related quality -of-life indicators of college students Objective : The authors ' purpose in this study was to compare the effects of macronutrient intake on systemic glucose levels in previously sedentary participants who followed 1 of 4 diets that were either higher protein or high carbohydrate , while initiating an exercise program .  Participants and Methods : The authors r and omly assigned 94 sedentary participants to 1 of 4 diet groups consisting of Diet 1 ( 55 % carbohydrate , 30 % fat , 15 % protein ) , Diet 2 ( 55 % carbohydrate , 30 % fat , 15 % protein and caloric restriction ) , Diet 3 ( 40 % carbohydrate , 30 % fat , 25 % protein ) , and Diet 4 ( 40 % carbohydrate , 30 % fat , 25 % protein and caloric restriction ) and followed recommended aerobic exercise prescriptions . Results : Repeated measures analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) revealed a significant time factor ( p = .021 ) but no significant differences between diet groups ( p = .207 ) . A trend was evident in the higher protein groups , with a 5.2 % decrease in glucose levels with Diet 3 and 5.0 % with Diet 4 . Although glucose levels changed over time with the greatest changes in the 2 higher protein diets , levels were not significantly different within participants . Conclusions : The results of the study indicate that systemic glucose availability was affected by higher protein consumption in Diet 3 participants , with the same trend in Diet 4 participants , although nonsignificant . These findings demonstrate that consuming a lower carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks can possibly change systemic glucose levels PURPOSE This study examined the effects of brief image-based interventions , including a multiple behavior health contract , a one-on-one tailored consultation , and a combined consultation plus contract intervention , for impacting multiple health behaviors of students in a university health clinic . METHODS A total of 155 college students attending a major southern university were recruited to participate in a study evaluating a health promotion program titled Project Fitness during the fall 2005 and spring 2006 . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of three treatments as they presented at the clinic : 1 ) a multiple behavior health contract , 2 ) a one-on-one tailored consultation , or 3 ) a combined consultation plus contract intervention . Baseline and 1-month post-intervention data were collected using computer-assisted question naires in a quiet office within the student health clinic . RESULTS Omnibus repeated- measures analyses of variance were significant for drinking driving behaviors , F(2,136 ) = 4.43 , p = .01 , exercise behaviors , F(5,140 ) = 6.12 , p = .00 , nutrition habits , F(3,143 ) = 5.37 , p = .00 , sleep habits , F(2,144 ) = 5.03 , p = .01 , and health quality of life , F(5,140 ) = 3.09 , p = .01 , with improvements on each behavior across time . Analysis of group-by-time interaction effects showed an increase in the use of techniques to manage stress , F(2,144 ) = 5.48 , p = .01 , and the number of health behavior goals set in the last 30 days , F(2,143 ) = 5.35 , p = .01 , but only among adolescents receiving the consultation , or consultation plus contract .  Effect sizes were consistently larger across health behaviors , and medium in size , when both consult and contract were used together . CONCLUSIONS Brief interventions using a positive goal image of fitness , and addressing a number of health habits using a contract and consultation strategy alone , or in combination , have the potential to influence positive changes in multiple health behaviors of college students attending a university primary health care clinic BACKGROUND This study examined the effect of using physical activity homework on physical activity levels  of college students . METHODS Students in r and omly assigned sections of a university health course were assigned 30 minutes of physical activity homework 3 days a week or no homework for 12 weeks . Participants completed self-reports of physical activity before the homework intervention and again at the conclusion of the 12 weeks of physical activity homework . RESULTS Participants in all course sections reported significant increases in the number of days per week of moderate and vigorous physical activity . Participants in homework sections additionally showed significant increases in the days they engaged in muscular strength/endurance training and activities to manage weight . Participants in sections without homework showed a significant increase in the number of days engaged in flexibility training . Comparison of gain scores showed statistically significant increases by the homework group in the days they participated in activities design ed to manage weight . CONCLUSION Physical activity homework was deemed to be an effective method of increasing college students ' levels of physical activity Purpose . Examine the impact of “ point of decision ” messages on  fruit selection in a single dining hall setting . Setting . Competitive undergraduate liberal arts college in the southeastern United States . Intervention . “ Point of decision ” messages were compiled into a 35-slide multimedia PowerPoint presentation . Messages were displayed on a computer screen at a “ point of decision ” between the cookie and fruit stations during lunch for a total of 9 days . Measures . Baseline cookie and fruit consumption was measured 9 days prebaseline and 9 days postbaseline . A r and om sample of students completed surveys 1 week after the intervention . Analysis . t-tests were used to examine differences between prelevels of fruit consumption and levels measured simultaneously during “ point of decision ” messages . Descriptive statistics were used to examine perceptions of survey items 1 week postintervention . Results . A significant mean difference in daily fruit consumption was found following the slide presentation ( df-8 , t = − 2.800 ; p = .023 ) . Average daily fruit consumption at baseline was 408 ( SD = 73.43 ) . Postbaseline average daily fruit consumption significantly increased ( 533 ; SD = 102 ) . No significant prebaseline and postbaseline cookie differences were found ( p = .226 ) . Approximately 71 % of women and 68 % of men noticed the “ point of decision ” messages . Nineteen percent of women and 10 % of males reported modifying their food selection as a result of viewing the messages . Conclusion . The “ point of decision ” messaging significantly influenced fruit selection in a single dining hall setting . ( Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5]:298 - 300 . BACKGROUND Recent public health initiatives have promoted accumulating 10,000 steps per day . Little previous research has evaluated its effects in young adults . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of taking 10,000 steps per day on fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary university students . METHODS Healthy , sedentary students ( mean age 21.16 ± SD 6.17 ) were r and omly allocated to take 10,000 steps per day or to a control group who maintained their habitual activity . Members of the 10,000 step group wore a pedometer and reported daily step count in a diary . Outcome measurements ( 20-meter multistage shuttle run , BMI , and blood pressure ) were measured before and after 6 weeks . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline . After 6 weeks , the 10,000 steps group were taking significantly more steps ( 8824.1 ± SD 5379.3 vs. 12635.9 ± SD 6851.3 ; P = .03).No changes were observed in fitness , or BMI ( P > .05 ) . Significant reductions in blood pressure ( P = .04 ) in the 10,000 step group . CONCLUSIONS A daily target of 10,000 steps may be an appropriate intervention in sedentary university students to increase their physical activity levels . The positive health benefits of simple everyday physical activity should be promoted among health professionals Purpose . The purpose of this pilot study was to conduct an impact evaluation of a 10-week Web-based physical activity intervention . Design . Quasi-experimental , three-group pretest , posttest design . Setting . Large Midwestern university . Subjects . Participants ( N = 233 ) included college students registered for three courses . The study employed a convenience sample consisting of a Web-based group ( n = 108 ) , a physical activity group ( n = 64 ) , and a general health group ( n = 61 ) . Intervention . The Web-based group received a Social Cognitive Theory behavioral skill-building intervention and exercised 3 days per week in their leisure time . The physical activity group received exercise instruction and was required to attend three physical activity labs per week . The comparison group received health instruction . Measures . Outcome variables included moderate and vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , social support , self-efficacy , and outcome expectations and expectancies . Analysis . Differences between groups were assessed at pretest and posttest using multiple analyses of variance . Results . Vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , and outcome expectancy value changed significantly in the Web-based and physical activity course groups ( p < .01 ) . Conclusions . Even with consideration of limitations such as small sample size and lack of r and omization , the Web-based and traditional physical activity lecture and activity lab interventions were superior in eliciting changes in vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , and outcome expectancy value than a traditional health course . ( Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:227–230 . This study investigates the importance of peer effects in explaining weight gain  among freshman college students . We exploit a natural experiment that takes place on most college campuses in the US -- r and omized roommate assignments . While previous studies suggest that having an obese spouse , friend , or sibling increases one 's likelihood of becoming obese , these social interactions are clearly non-r and om . We collect data from female students living on campus at a private Midwestern university at the beginning and end of their first year of college . Our findings suggest that the amount of weight gained during the freshman year is strongly and negatively correlated to the roommate 's initial weight . Further , our analysis of behaviors suggests that female students adopt some of their roommates ' weight-loss behaviors which cause them to gain less weight than they otherwise would have . In particular , we find evidence that this effect may be through influences in eating , exercise , and use of weight loss supplements BACKGROUND Research has shown that many college students do not meet recommended national guidelines for physical activity . The objective of this pilot study was to examine the short-term efficacy of a brief motivational intervention ( BMI ) design ed to increase physical activity . METHODS Participants were 70 college students who reported low physical activity ( 83 % women , 60 % African American ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to either the BMI condition or to an education-only ( EO ) condition . They completed measures of physical activity at baseline and 1-month follow-up . RESULTS Those in the BMI condition reported more vigorous-intensity physical activity at a 1-month follow-up than those in the EO condition . CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study provide preliminary support for the efficacy of a BMI design ed to increase physical activity among college students . Future studies should continue to examine and refine the intervention in an effort to improve health-related behaviors among this group Abstract Objective : To determine the impact of My Student Body (MSB)–Nutrition , an Internet-based obesity prevention program for college students . Participants : Three hundred and twenty ethnically diverse undergraduate students were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions : MSB-Nutrition program , an on-campus weight management course , and a comparison group . Methods : Students completed baseline and follow-up surveys regarding their nutrition and physical activity behaviors , self-efficacy , stress , attitudes , and body weight . Results : Compared with the on-campus course and a comparison group , the MSB-Nutrition program increased fruit and vegetable consumption 
    Output:
    
This appears to be the first systematic review of  physical activity , diet and weight loss interventions targeting university and college students .