***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of computerized cognitive behaviour therapy ( cCBT ) for  depression and anxiety  in adults , but there has been little work with children and adolescents . AIMS To describe the development of a cCBT intervention ( Think , Feel , Do ) for young people , and preliminary outcomes and feedback from a pilot r and omized controlled trial . METHOD Twenty participants aged 11 to 16 with depression or anxiety were r and omized  to receive cCBT immediately or after a delay . St and ardized measures were used to assess self-reported anxiety , depression , self-esteem and cognitions , as well as parent rated strengths and difficulties . A feedback form was also completed to assess young people 's views of the programme . RESULTS A total of 15 participants completed the pre and post assessment s in the trial , and 17 provided feedback on the intervention . Paired sample s t-tests demonstrated significant improvements on 3 subscales in the control condition , compared to 7 subscales in the cCBT condition . Feedback showed moderate to high satisfaction for participants . CONCLUSIONS This study provides encouraging preliminary results for the effectiveness and acceptability of cCBT with this age group OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of an Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) approach to the treatment of  child anxiety disorders .  METHODS Seventy-three children with anxiety disorders , aged 7 - 12 years , and their parents were r and omly assigned to either an Internet-based CBT ( NET ) or wait-list ( WL ) condition . Clinical diagnostic assessment and parent and child question naires were completed before and after treatment . The NET condition was reassessed at 6-month follow-up . RESULTS At posttreatment assessment , children in the NET condition showed small but significantly greater reductions in anxiety symptoms and increases in functioning than WL participants . These improvements were enhanced during the 6-month follow-up period , with 75 % of NET children free of their primary diagnosis . CONCLUSIONS Internet delivery of CBT for child anxiety offers promise as a way of increasing access to treatment for this population . Future research is needed to examine ways to increase treatment compliance and further enhance the impact of treatment Background Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy ( ICBT ) has been tested in several trials on  social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) with moderate to large effects . The aims of this study were threefold . First , to compare the effects of ICBT including online discussion forum with a moderated online discussion forum only . Second , to investigate if knowledge about SAD increased following treatment and third to compare the effects of inexperienced versus experienced therapists on patient outcomes . Methods A total of 204 participants with a primary diagnosis of SAD were included and r and omized to either guided ICBT or the control condition . ICBT consisted of a 9-week treatment program which was guided by either psychology students at MSc level ( n = 6 ) or by licensed psychologists with previous experience of ICBT  ( n = 7 ) . A knowledge test dealing with social anxiety was administered before and after treatment . Measures of social anxiety and secondary outcomes dealing with general anxiety , depression , and quality of life were administered before and after treatment . In addition , a 1-year follow-up was conducted on the treated individuals . Results Immediately following treatment , the ICBT group showed superior outcome on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale self-report version with a between group posttreatment Hedges g effect size of g = 0.75 . In addition , significant differences on all the secondary outcomes were observed . Gains were well maintained one year later . Knowledge , as assessed by the knowledge test , increased following treatment with little gain in the control group . Therapist experience did not result in different outcomes , but experienced therapists logged in less frequently compared to the inexperienced therapists , suggesting that they needed less time to support patients . Discussion We conclude that guided ICBT reduce symptoms of SAD , increase knowledge about SAD and that therapist experience does not make a difference apart from the finding that experienced therapist may require less time to guide patients . Trial Registration UMIN.ac.jp OBJECTIVE This study examined the feasibility , acceptability , and effects of Camp Cope-A-Lot ( CCAL ) , a computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for anxiety in youth . METHOD Children ( 49 ; 33 males ) ages 7 - 13 ( M = 10.1 ± 1.6 ; 83.7 % Caucasian , 14.2 % African American , 2 % Hispanic ) with a principal anxiety disorder were r and omly assigned to ( a ) CCAL , ( b ) individual CBT ( ICBT ) , or ( c ) a computer-assisted education , support , and attention ( CESA ) condition . All therapists were from the community ( school or counseling psychologists , clinical psychologist ) or were PsyD or PhD trainees with no experience or training in CBT for child anxiety . Independent diagnostic interviews and self-report measures were completed at pre- and posttreatment and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS At posttreatment , ICBT or CCAL children showed significantly better gains than CESA children ; 70 % , 81 % , and 19 % , respectively , no longer met criteria for their principal anxiety diagnosis . Gains were maintained at follow-up , with no significant differences between ICBT and CCAL . Parents and children rated all treatments acceptable , with CCAL and ICBT children rating higher satisfaction than CESA children . CONCLUSIONS Findings support the feasibility , acceptability and beneficial effects  of CCAL for anxious youth . Discussion considers the potential of computer-assisted treatments in the dissemination of empirically supported treatments BACKGROUND Cognitive Behaviour Therapy self-help has been recommended in the NICE guidelines for the treatment of anxiety and depression . However , little is known about who benefits from self-help and the potential drawbacks and problems of using this approach . AIMS To address the current gap in knowledge , we contacted accredited BABCP practitioners to examine practitioner use and attitudes to self-help , current trends of use , and to identify possible problems with this therapy . METHOD A 50 % r and om sample of all accredited BABCP practitioners was approached , and the overall response rate for the survey was 57.6 % . RESULTS Self-help material s were seen positively by therapists and were used by 99.6 % , mainly as an adjunct to individual therapy . Only 38.2 % had been trained in the use of self-help , with those trained being more likely to recommend self-help . Higher levels of patient motivation , credibility , likely adherence , self-efficacy and a lower degree of hopelessness were the five factors identified by more than 70 % of respondents as predicting successful patient outcome with self-help . Non-compliance and a lack of detection of a worsening of the patient 's clinical state due to reduced therapist contact were viewed as being the most important problems with self-help by more than 70 % of respondents . CONCLUSIONS Preferable patient characteristics for self-help have been identified , as have potential problems and adverse consequences Background Little is known about the factors that influence acceptability of and adherence to  online psychological interventions . Evidence is needed to guide further development of promising programs . Objective Our goal was to investigate users ’ views of two online approaches to self-help for depression : computerized cognitive behavior therapy ( cCBT ) and informational websites , in a workplace context . Computerized CBT offers an inexpensive and accessible alternative to face-to-face therapy , and employers have an interest in reducing the working time lost to depression or stress . Yet little is known about how employees , who have actual experience of using online approaches , judge the intervention as a process . Methods The qualitative data reported here were collected within an online r and omized controlled trial whose participants had diagnosable depression . The experimental intervention was a 5-week cCBT program called MoodGYM , and the control condition was five informational websites about mental health . Data were collected via online question naires . There was no evidence of the superiority of either in terms of treatment outcomes . In parallel , using brief rating scales and open-ended questions design ed for this purpose , we examined the relative acceptability of each approach over time , including perceptions of cCBT compared to seeing a health care professional . Results At least 60 % of participants held online therapy to be at least as acceptable as seeing a professional about mental health issues , and they were more likely to retain this opinion over time if they used the interactive program , MoodGYM , rather than informational websites alone . Barriers to cCBT use fell into four categories : intrinsic , intrapersonal problems ; extrinsic technical problems ; generic issues mostly pertaining to perceptions of cCBT ; and specific issues about the intervention or control condition . These indicate strategies for improving engagement . Conclusions As first-aid for mild to moderate mental health problems , evidence -based computerized approaches have broad acceptability . This could be increased by attending to the barriers noted here and by proactively managing users ’ expectations at individual and organizational levels . The findings have implication s for occupational health providers and others addressing the needs of working-age adults with depression . They also raise method ological issues for online research . Trial Registration International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 24529487 ; http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N24529487 ( Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6O8cCL4mh ) Research suggests that the sequelae of childhood anxiety disorders , if left untreated , can include chronic anxiety , depression , and substance abuse . The current study evaluated the maintenance of outcomes of children who received a 16-week cognitive-behavioral treatment for primary anxiety disorders ( generalized , separation , and social anxiety disorders ) an average of 7.4 years earlier . The 86 participants ( ages 15 to 22 years ; 91 % of the original sample ) and their parents completed  diagnostic interviews and self- and parent-report measures .  According to the diagnostic interviews , a meaningful percentage of participants maintained significant improvements in anxiety at long-term follow-up . With regard to sequelae , positive responders to anxiety treatment , as compared with less positive responders , had a reduced amount of substance use involvement and related problems at long-term follow-up . The findings are discussed with regard to child anxiety and some of its sequelae Seventy-two clinical ly anxious children , aged 7 to 14 years , were r and omly allocated to clinic-based , cognitive-behavior therapy , the same treatment partially delivered via the Internet , or a wait-list control ( WL ) . Children in the clinic and clinic-plus-Internet conditions showed significantly greater reductions in anxiety from pre- to posttreatment and were more likely to be free of their anxiety diagnoses , compared with the WL group . Improvements were maintained at 12-month follow-up for both therapy conditions , with minimal difference in outcomes between interventions . The Internet treatment content was highly acceptable to families , with minimal dropout and a high level of therapy compliance 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The findings together suggested that CBT programmes involving computerised elements were well received by children and their families , and its efficacy was almost as favourable as clinic-based CBT .