***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To explore the efficacy of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women . Sixty-two women ( ages 19 - 64 ; BMI 22.5 - 52.1 ) who were attempting to lose weight were r and omised to an intervention or control condition . The former were invited to attend four 2-h workshops , the latter were asked to continue with their normal diets . Data were collected at baseline , 4 and 6 months . BMI , physical activity , mental health . At 6 months intervention participants showed significantly greater increases in physical activity compared to controls ( p<.05 ) but no significant differences in weight loss or mental health . However , when intervention participants who reported ' never ' applying the workshop principles at 6 months ( n=7 ) were excluded , results showed both significantly greater increases in physical activity ( 3.1 sessions per week relative to controls , p<.05 ) and significantly greater reductions in BMI ( 0.96 relative to controls , equivalent to 2.32 kg , p<0.5 ) . Reductions in BMI were mediated primarily by reductions in binge eating . Despite its brevity , the intervention was successful at bringing about change . Further refinements should increase its efficacy OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of a 12-week yoga program aim ed at reducing  binge eating severity . DESIGN A r and omised trial was undertaken assigning participants to yoga ( n=45 ) or wait-list control ( n=45 ) groups . Of these , 25 in each group were analysed . PARTICIPANTS A community-based sample of women between 25 and 63 years of age who identified with diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder ( BED ) and a BMI > 25 were recruited for the study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes included the Binge Eating Scale ( BES ) and International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) . Secondary outcomes comprised measures for BMI , hips and waist . RESULTS For the yoga group , self-reported reductions in binge eating and increases in physical activity were statistically significant . Small yet statistically significant reductions for BMI , hips and waist measurement were obtained . The wait-list control group did not improve significantly on any measures . CONCLUSION In conjunction with formal weekly sessions , home-based yoga programs are potentially efficacious for the treatment of binge eating The current research tested the hypothesis that individuals engaged in long-term efforts to limit food intake ( e.g. , individuals with high eating restraint ) would have reduced capacity to regulate eating when self-control re sources are limited . In the current research , body mass index ( BMI ) was used as a proxy for eating restraint based on the assumption that individuals with high BMI would have elevated levels of chronic eating restraint . A preliminary study ( Study 1 ) aim ed to provide evidence for the assumed relationship between eating restraint and BMI .  Participants ( N = 72 ) categorized into high or normal-range BMI groups completed the eating restraint scale .  Consistent with the hypothesis , results revealed significantly higher scores on the weight fluctuation and concern for dieting subscales of the restraint scale among participants in the high BMI group compared to the normal-range BMI group . The main study ( Study 2 ) aim ed to test the hypothesized interactive effect of BMI and diminished self-control re sources on eating behavior .  Participants ( N = 83 ) classified as having high or normal-range BMI were r and omly allocated to receive a challenging counting task that depleted self-control re sources ( ego-depletion condition ) or a non-depleting control task ( no depletion condition ) . Participants then engaged in a second task in which required tasting and rating tempting cookies and c and ies . Amount of food consumed during the taste- and -rate task constituted the behavioral dependent measure . Regression analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of these variables on amount of food eaten in the taste- and -rate task . Individuals with high BMI had reduced capacity to regulate eating under conditions of self-control re source depletion as predicted . The interactive effects of BMI and self-control re source depletion on eating behavior were independent of trait self-control . Results extend knowledge of the role of self-control in regulating eating behavior and provide support for a limited-re source model of self-control Mindfulness practice of present moment awareness promises many benefits , but has eluded rigorous behavioral measurement . To date , research has relied on self-reported mindfulness or heterogeneous mindfulness trainings to infer skillful mindfulness practice and its effects . In four independent studies with over 400 total participants , we present the first construct validation of a behavioral measure of mindfulness , breath counting .  We found it was reliable , correlated with self-reported mindfulness , differentiated long-term meditators from age-matched controls , and was distinct from sustained attention and working memory measures . In addition , we employed breath counting to test the nomological network of  mindfulness . As theorized , we found skill in breath counting associated with more meta-awareness , less mind w and ering , better mood , and greater non-attachment ( i.e. , less attentional capture by distractors formerly paired with reward ) . We also found in a r and omized online training study that 4 weeks of breath counting training improved mindfulness and decreased mind w and ering relative to working memory training and no training controls . Together , these findings provide the first evidence for breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness Background Obesity is a growing epidemic . Weight control interventions can achieve weight loss , but most is regained over time . Stigma and low quality of life are significant problems that are rarely targeted . Purpose A new model aim ed at reducing avoidant behavior and increasing psychological flexibility , has shown to be relevant in the treatment of other chronic health problems and is worth examining for improving the lives of obese persons . Methods Patients who had completed at least 6 months of a weight loss program ( N = 84 ) were r and omly assigned to receive a 1-day , mindfulness and acceptance-based workshop targeting obesity-related stigma and psychological distress or be placed on a waiting list . Results At a 3-month follow-up , workshop participants showed greater improvements in obesity-related stigma , quality of life , psychological distress , and body mass , as well as improvements in distress tolerance , and both general and weight-specific acceptance and psychological flexibility . Effects on distress , stigma , and quality of life were above and beyond the effects due to improved weight control . Mediational analyses indicated that changes in weight-specific acceptance coping and psychological flexibility mediated changes in outcomes . Conclusion Results provide preliminary support for the role of acceptance and mindfulness in improving the quality of life of obese individuals while simultaneously augmenting their weight control efforts Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Obese individuals tend to behave more impulsively than healthy weight individuals across a variety of measures , but it is unclear whether this pattern can be altered . The present study examined the effects of a mindful eating behavioral strategy on impulsive and risky choice patterns for hypothetical food and money . In Experiment 1 , 304 participants completed computerized delay and probability discounting tasks  for food-related and monetary outcomes . High percent body fat ( PBF ) predicted more impulsive choice for food , but not small-value money , replicating previous work . In Experiment 2 , 102 r and omly selected participants from Experiment 1 were assigned to participate in a 50-min workshop on mindful eating or to watch an educational video . They then completed the discounting tasks again . Participants who completed the mindful eating session showed more self-controlled and less risk-averse discounting patterns for food compared to baseline ; those in the control condition discounted similarly to baseline rates . There were no changes in discounting for money for either group , suggesting stimulus specificity for food for the mindful eating condition This study evaluated mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) , a group intervention design ed to train recovered recurrently depressed patients to disengage from dysphoria-activated depressogenic thinking that may mediate relapse/recurrence . Recovered recurrently depressed patients ( n = 145 ) were r and omized to continue with treatment as usual or , in addition , to receive MBCT .  Relapse/recurrence to major depression was assessed over a 60-week study period . For patients with 3 or more previous episodes of depression ( 77 % of the sample ) , MBCT significantly reduced risk of relapse/recurrence . For patients with only 2 previous episodes , MBCT did not reduce relapse/recurrence .  MBCT offers a promising cost-efficient psychological approach to preventing relapse/recurrence in recovered recurrently depressed patients OBJECTIVE : To determine whether extremely obese binge eating disorder ( BED ) subjects ( BED defined by the Eating Disorder Examination ) differ from their extremely obese non-BED counterparts in terms of their eating disturbances , psychiatric morbidity and health status . DESIGN : Prospect i ve clinical comparison of BED and non-BED subjects undergoing gastric bypass surgery (GBP).SUBJECTS  : Thirty seven extremely obese ( defined as BMI ≥40 kg/m2 ) subjects ( 31 women , six men ) , aged 22–58 y. MEASUREMENTS : Eating Disorder Examination 12th Edition ( EDE ) , Three Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ ) , Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV ( SCID-IV ) , Short-Form Health Status Survey ( SF-36 ) , and  24 h Feeding Paradigm . RESULTS : Twenty-five percent of subjects were classified as BED ( 11 % met full and 14 % partial BED criteria ) and 75 % of subjects were classified as non-BED . BED ( full and partial ) subjects had higher eating disturbance in terms of eating concern and shape concern ( as found by the EDE ) , higher disinhibition ( as found by the TFEQ ) , and they consumed more liquid meal during the 24 h feeding paradigm . No difference was found in psychiatric morbidity between BED and non-BED in terms of DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis . The health status scores of both BED and non-BED subjects were significantly lower than US norms on all subscales of the SF-36 , particularly the BED group . CONCLUSION : Our findings support the validity of the category of BED within a population of extremely obese individuals before undergoing GBP . BED subjects differed from their non-BED counterparts in that they had a greater disturbance in eating attitudes and behavior , a poorer physical and mental health status , and a suggestion of impaired hunger/satiety control . However , in this population of extremely obese subjects , the stability of BED warrants further study SUMMARY Bariatric surgery ( BS ) is rated as the best evidence based treatment for obesity with regard to weight loss and maintenance of weight loss evaluated to date . Although BS interventions are effective , 20 - 30 % of BS patients start to regain weight within 24 months . Emotional eating is a behavior pattern which has been found to predict poor outcome . The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy  ( ACT ) for patients who underwent BS  , with regard to emotional eating , body dissatisfaction and quality of life . This study is a r and omized controlled trial ( n = 39 ) with two conditions ( 1 ) ACT including two face-to-face sessions and support via an Internet application and ( 2 ) treatment as usual ( TAU ) comprising the st and ard follow-up used by the BS team . Results show that participants in the ACT condition significantly improve on eating disordered behaviors , body dissatisfaction , quality of life and acceptance for weight related thoughts and feelings , as compared to those in the TAU group . This study shows that it is possible to improve effects of  BS  by specifically targeting emotional eating behavior . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare self-reported exercise to a more objective measurement of exercise ( i.e. , Tri-Trac Accelerometer ) and to assess whether there is a difference in weight loss between individuals who under- and over-report their exercise . METHODS Fifty overweight females ( BMI = 34.0 + /- 4.2 kg.m-2 ) who were participating in a behavioral weight control program were included in this study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a long-bout or a short-bout exercise condition , with both groups instructed to exercise 30 min.day-1 on 5 d.wk-1 for a period of 20 wk . The long-bout group was to exercise in one continuous session ( e.g. , one 30-min session per day ) , whereas the short-bout group was to divide the exercise into multiple 10-min sessions ( e.g. , three 10-min sessions per day ) . Subjects recorded their exercise in a daily exercise log and wore a Tri-Trac accelerometer for a 1-wk period to vali date self-reported exercise bouts . RESULTS Results showed that approximately 45 % of the women over-reported the amount of exercise that they performed , and this did not differ between the long-bout and short-bout groups . Women who over-reported their exercise had significantly poorer weight loss across the 20-wk program than women who under-reported their exercise ( 6.3 + /- 3.6 kg vs 9.4 + /- 5.2 kg ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that overweight women who over-report their exercise will have poorer weight loss while enrolled in a behavioral weight loss program compared with others enrolled in the program , and the Tri-Trac Accelerometer may be useful in identifying individuals who inaccurately report the amount of their exercise . The ability to classify individuals as either over- or under-reporters of their exercise may be helpful to weight loss therapists and lead to more successful treatment for obesity Increased physical activity is associated with successful long-term weight loss maintenance due to mechanisms likely more complex than simply increased energy expenditure . The 
    Output:
    
Among method ological features , the only significant predictor of weight loss was follow-up distance from post-intervention ( β=1.18 ; p<.05 ) , suggesting that the longer follow-up distances were associated with greater weight loss .
Results suggest that mindfulness training  has short-term benefits on health-related behaviours .