***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The objective of this research was to evaluate the anticaries effectiveness of a low-dose ( 500 ppm F , low-NaF ) sodium fluoride dentifrice , a high-dose ( 2,800 ppm F , high-NaF ) sodium fluoride dentifrice and an experimental 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride ( 1,100 ppm F ) with sodium hexametaphosphate ( SnF2-HMP ) dentifrice , each relative to a st and ard 1,100 ppm F sodium fluoride positive control dentifrice . Subjects ( n = 955 , with ∼239 per group ) with a mean age of 10.6 ( ∼9–12 years ) were r and omly assigned to one of four dentifrice treatments . Two calibrated examiners independently measured visual-tactile caries as DMFS that was supplemented with a radiographic examination at baseline , 12 months and 24 months for each subject . Generally similar results were independently observed by both examiners at the conclusion of the 2-year study period . Considering all subjects that attended at least 60 % of the supervised brushing sessions , statistically significantly less caries was observed in the high-NaF group compared to the control group . Similarly , statistically significantly less caries was observed in the SnF2-HMP group as compared to the control group . Differences in caries increments between the low-NaF and control groups were not statistically significant . One of the examiners observed these same statistically significant differences after 1 year . In conclusion , the results of this clinical trial indicated that while no difference in caries increments was observed between the low-NaF and control groups , both the high-NaF and the SnF2-HMP groups experienced significantly fewer lesions than the control group PURPOSE To assess whether the anti-caries effectiveness of three concentrations of fluoride dentifrice ( placebo , 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F- ) could be differentiated with small sample sizes in short time frames . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A controlled fluoride ( F ) dose-response study was conducted in concurrence with a supervised school oral hygiene regimen to assess whether dentifrices with increasing fluoride levels could be differentiated with small sample sizes in short time frames . The study was a r and omized , double-blind study conducted for a period of 21 months . Subjects ( N = 657 with approximately 219 per group ) were r and omized to placebo dentifrice , 500 ppm F- dentifrice or 1450 ppm F- dentifrice treatments for the first 9 months of the study . Subjects in the placebo group were then switched to either 500 ppm F- or 1450 ppm F- dentifrice for the remainder of the study , while subjects in the fluoride groups continued with their original treatment assignments . A calibrated examiner measured visual-tactile caries as DMFS that was supplemented with a radiographic examination at baseline , 9 months and 21 months for each subject . RESULTS The mean caries increments at 9 months were 0.35 surfaces , 0.34 surfaces , and 1.28 surfaces for the 1450 ppm F- , 500 ppm F- , and placebo groups , respectively . The mean caries increments at 21 months were 0.21 surfaces , 0.26 surfaces , 1.75 surfaces and 1.90 surfaces for the 1450 ppm F- , 500 ppm F- , placebo/1450 ppm F- , and placebo/500 ppm F- groups , respectively . The 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F- fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly ( P < 0.05 ) lower DMFS scores than the placebo control dentifrice at 9 months , while at 21 months the 500 ppm F- and 1450 ppm F- fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly lower DMFS scores as compared to the both the placebo/500 ppm F- and the placebo/1450 ppm F- dentifrice groups . There was no evidence of a dose response ( 1450 ppm F- < 500 ppm F- ) at 9 months or at 21 months . In this study , the effectiveness of the two fluoride dentifrices was observed at 9 months and these outcomes were still present at 21 months , confirming that caries benefits can be observed in time frames as short as 9 months with approximately 200 subjects per treatment group Since there is no consensus on the anticaries effectiveness of low-fluoride ( F ) dentifrice , this r and omized clinical trial evaluated its effect in children at different caries activity status . One hundred and twenty 2- to 4-year-old children , half with and half without active caries lesions , were r and omly divided into 2 groups which used 500- or 1,100-µg F/g ( NaF ) dentifrices during 1 year  . Caries progression or regression were evaluated as the number of lesions becoming active/cavities or inactive , respectively . The anticaries effect of the low-F dentifrice was similar to the conventional F dentifrice when used by caries-inactive children . However , in children with active caries lesions the low-F dentifrice was less effective than the 1,100-µg F/g dentifrice in controlling the progression of lesions . The data suggest that the child caries activity may be taken into account to recommend a low-F dentifrice The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride upon the stain-inducing capacity of chlorhexidine . Ninety-one children , 13 years of age , volunteered for the experiment . Three test dentifrices were used , containing 0.1 % NaF , 0.1 % NaF + 2 % chlorhexidine , and 2 % chlorhexidine respectively . The experiment was carried out as a double-blind test , and the degree of staining was recorded after 1 and 2 years . Four methods were used for stain scoring . The results after 1 year showed that chlorhexidine  induced less stain when applied together with fluoride than when applied alone . After 2 years this difference disappeared , indicating that fluoride only retarded chlorhexidine-induced staining of teeth Background In the literature we find many indices of size of treatment effect ( effect size : ES ) . The preferred index of treatment effect in evidence -based medicine is the number needed to treat ( NNT ) , while the most common one in the medical literature is Cohen 's d when the outcome is continuous . There is confusion about how to convert Cohen 's d into NNT . Methods We conducted meta-analyses of individual patient data from 10 r and omized controlled trials of second generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia ( n = 4278 ) to produce Cohen 's d and NNTs for various definitions of response , using cutoffs of 10 % through 90 % reduction on the symptom severity scale . These actual NNTs were compared with NNTs calculated from Cohen 's d according to two proposed methods in the literature ( Kraemer , et al. , Biological Psychiatry , 2006 ; Furukawa , Lancet , 1999 ) . Results NNTs from Kraemer 's method overlapped with the actual NNTs in 56 % , while those based on Furukawa 's method fell within the observed ranges of NNTs in 97 % of the examined instances . For various definitions of response corresponding with 10 % through 70 % symptom reduction where we observed a non-small number of responders , the degree of agreement for the former method was at a chance level ( ANOVA ICC of 0.12 , p = 0.22 ) but that for the latter method was ANOVA ICC of 0.86 ( 95%CI : 0.55 to 0.95 , p<0.01 ) . Conclusions Furukawa 's method allows more accurate prediction of NNTs from Cohen 's d. Kraemer 's method gives a wrong impression that NNT is constant for a given d even when the event rate differs A double-blind , clinical trial involving 923 children and extending over 4 years was carried out on the Isle of Wight . It investigated the additional protection against dental caries result ing when The 2-year caries increments of fifth to seventh grade students ( mean age 11.7 years ) residing in two fluoride-deficient communities ( A 3-year , double-blind caries trial was conducted to evaluate the caries-reducing effect of a modified technique to use toothpaste . At the outset , 369 children , 4 years of age , were r and omly assigned to four groups . At the end of the study , when the children were 7 years old , 281 ( 76 % ) had completed the trial . Two of the groups ( test groups , n = 131 ) were given the following instructions regarding ' toothpaste technique ' : ( 1 ) to spread the paste evenly on the teeth prior to brushing , ( 2 ) not to expectorate more than necessary during brushing , ( 3 ) to filter the remaining dentifrice foam in the dentition , together with a sip of water , by active cheek movements for 1 min before expectorating , and ( 4 ) not to carry out any further water rinsings afterwards , and not to eat or drink for 2 h after brushing . The children in the other two groups ( control groups , n = 150 ) were not given any instruction how to use the dentifrice and how to rinse after the brushing , but were , as the children in the test groups , encouraged to use the test dentifrice and to brush their teeth twice daily . Two commercial fluoride dentifrices ( A and B ) were compared : one of the test groups and one of the control groups used each product . Approximal carious lesions were scored on bite-wing radiographs at baseline and at the end of the study on the distal surface of the first and on the mesial surface of the second primary molars . No difference in caries increment was found between toothpastes A and B. The children in the two test groups developed a mean of 1.14 new dfs during the 3 years compared to 1.55 in the two control groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Thus , the results indicate that the modified toothpaste technique reduced approximal caries  in preschool children by an average of 26 % In the present study , 2,087 fifth- grade rs ( mean age : 12 years ) from two cohorts entered a 3-year clinical toothpaste trial . The study subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups : one group was a positive control using a 0.83 % NaFPO3 toothpaste , while the other group brushed with a test toothpaste containing 1.77 % KAl(SO4 ) . Both toothpastes were used unsupervised at home . One set of bite-wing radiographs was obtained at the beginning of the trial and another at the 3-year follow-up . Clinical registration s of caries were performed by the municipal dentists responsible for the child 's dental care . After 3 years , the mean caries increment was significantly higher in the group using the aluminum-containing toothpaste measured both clinical ly and radiographically A 3-year , double-blind , r and omized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250 ppm fluoride , 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1 % disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate ( HEBP ) , and 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1 % disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-bisphosphonate ( AHBP ) . As a positive control , a monofluorophosphate dentifrice ( 1,000 ppm fluoride ) was used . At outset 1,161 Icel and ic children , 11 and 12 years of age , were r and omly assigned to one of the five treatment groups and 1,035 subjects completed the trial . After 3 years of unsupervised brushing , the dentifrice containing 250 ppm fluoride was significantly less effective in controlling the caries increment . The combination of sodium fluoride and AHBP was significantly more effective than the positive control UNLABELLED Low-fluoride dentifrices ( LFD ) have been recommended for young children aim ing to minimize excessive fluoride intake during tooth brushing . Given the uncertainties surrounding the clinical efficacy of such formulations , alternatives to increase their anticaries effect have been investigated . OBJECTIVES This double-blind , r and omized controlled trial assessed the clinical efficacy of LFDs supplemented with Calcium Glycerophosphate ( CaGP ) or Sodium Trimetaphosphate ( TMP ) on the progression of dental caries in the deciduous dentition . METHODS Children ( average age 48 months old ) from two Brazilian cities ( Araçatuba and Fern and ópolis ) were r and omly assigned into 3 groups , according to the dentifrice to be used : 500ppm F plus 1 % TMP ( " 500TMP " , n=206 ) , 500ppm F plus 0.25 % CaGP ( " 500CaGP , n=201 ) and 1100ppm F ( ' 1100F ' , n=193 ) . Clinical exams ( dmfs ) were performed at baseline and 18 months after dentifrices started to be used , and the increment in the number of carious lesions ( final dmfs - initial dmfs ) was calculated . Data were analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis to verify the influence of city , gender , previous caries experience and type of dentifrice on dmfs increment ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Mean caries increment observed for 500TMP ( 0.26 ) was significantly lower when compared with 1100F ( 0.74 ) , while values found for 500CaGP ( 0.5 
    Output:
    
Only a minority of studies assessed adverse effects of toothpaste .
When reported , effects such as soft tissue damage and tooth staining were minimal .
This Cochrane Review supports the benefits of using fluoride toothpaste in preventing caries when compared to non-fluoride toothpaste .
Evidence for the effects of different fluoride concentrations is more limited , but a dose-response effect was observed for D(M)FS in children and adolescents .