***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study assessed the effect of a brief intervention aim ed at reducing  HIV-related stigma among service providers in China . From December 2005 to June 2006 , 138 service providers from four county hospitals in the Yunnan province of China were r and omly assigned into either an intervention or a control condition .  HIV stigma reduction concepts were conveyed through participatory small group activities , including role-plays , games , group discussion s , and testimony by an HIV advocate . Participants were assessed at baseline before the intervention , and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups . Data were analyzed using a logistic regression mixed-effects model . Service providers in the brief intervention condition were significantly more likely to report better protection of patients ' confidentiality and right to HIV testing , lower levels of negative feelings toward people living with HIV/AIDS , and more accurate underst and ing and practice of universal pre caution s. This brief intervention pilot showed potential in reducing HIV stigma and discrimination among service providers in China . Further intervention trials are needed to test the efficacy and long-term outcomes of this intervention The authors conducted a pretest-posttest experimental study to explore the effect of an innovative teaching strategy ( " The Circle of Life " ) on nursing students '  knowledge , attitudes , and concerns about caring for persons with AIDS ( PWAs ) . The students ( N = 43 ) who participated in the intervention demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in attitudes toward PWAs . Interventions such as this one , which engage the affective response , have potential for improving attitudes toward caring for individuals with stigmatizing conditions Results of 3 experiments suggest that feeling empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole . In Experiments 1 and 2 , inducing empathy for a young woman with AIDS  ( Experiment 1 ) or a homeless man  ( Experiment 2 ) led to more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS or toward the homeless , respectively . Experiment 3 tested possible limits of the empathy-attitude effect by inducing empathy toward a member of a highly stigmatized group , convicted murderers , and measuring attitudes toward this group immediately and then 1 - 2 weeks later . Results provided only weak evidence of improved attitudes toward murderers immediately but strong evidence of improved attitudes 1 - 2 weeks later Stigmatizing attitudes from health professionals toward people living with HIV ( PLHIV ) constitute a key barrier to HIV care . Despite considerable progress in HIV stigma-reduction research , we are still search ing for effective strategies that can be implemented on a larger scale . To narrow this research gap , the present study investigated a novel cost-effective approach to reducing HIV-related stigma among health professionals .  Interactive experiential games were used to help participants gain first-h and experience of potential stressors that PLHIV might encounter . The effectiveness of this game-based experiential approach was compared with that of in vivo contact in reducing HIV-related stigma among students in the health-care fields . Eighty-eight students of health-related programs in Hong Kong were r and omly assigned to either the game-based or in vivo contact program . They completed measures of stigmatizing attitudes and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge at pre-program , post-program , and one-month follow-up . Findings showed that the effectiveness of the  game-based experiential approach  in reducing HIV-related stigma was similar to that of in vivo contact both at post-program and one-month follow-up . Further research is needed to explore the potential value of the game-based approach in reducing HIV stigma among health professionals Abstract This study compares  public stigma towards three types of infectious diseases— human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) , severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) , and tuberculosis (TB)—tests an attribution model of stigma , and explores the relationships between stigma and public attitudes towards government policies in Hong Kong . Using a population -based telephone survey , 3011 Hong Kong Chinese adults were r and omly assigned to one of the three disease conditions  and were interviewed about their attitudes and beliefs towards the assigned disease . Findings showed that public stigma was the highest towards HIV/AIDS , followed by TB and SARS . Using multi- sample model structural equation modeling , we found that the attributions of controllability , personal responsibility , and blame were applicable in explaining stigma across three disease types . Knowledge about the disease had no significant effect on stigma . Participants with less stigmatizing views had significantly more favorable attitudes towards government policies related to the diseases . The study is an important attempt in underst and ing the attributional mechanisms of stigma towards infectious diseases . Implication s for stigma reduction and promotion of public awareness and disease prevention are discussed 
    Output:
    
Findings from the systematic review of 35 studies indicated that most of the included studies showed positive results in reducing negative attitudes toward PLHIV and improving HIV-related knowledge .
The present meta- analysis and systematic review indicated that the studies generally found small improvement in HIV-related knowledge and reduction in negative attitudes towards PLHIV among the stigma reduction programs being evaluated .