***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Latent trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle may disrupt muscle movement patterns and cause problems such as cramping and decreased muscle strength . Because latent trigger points may spontaneously become active trigger points , they should be addressed and treated to prevent further problems . In this study we compared the short-term effect of kinesiotaping versus friction massage on latent trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle . Methods Fifty-eight male students enrolled with a stratified sampling method participated in this single-blind r and omized clinical trial ( Registration ID : I RCT 2016080126674N3 ) in 2016 .  Pressure pain threshold was recorded with a pressure algometer and grip strength was recorded with a Collin dynamometer . The participants were r and omly assigned to two different treatment groups : kinesiotape or friction massage . Friction massage was performed daily for 3 sessions and kinesiotape was used for 72 h. One hour after the last session of friction massage or removal of the kinesiotape , pressure pain threshold and grip strength were evaluated again . Results Pressure pain threshold decreased significantly after both friction massage ( 2.66 ± 0.89 to 2.25 ± 0.76 ; P = 0.02 ) and kinesiotaping ( 2.00 ± 0.74 to 1.71 ± 0.65 ; P = 0.01 ) . Grip strength increased significantly after friction massage ( 40.78 ± 9.55 to 42.17 ± 10.68 ; P = 0.03 ) ; however there was no significant change in the kinesiotape group ( 39.72 ± 6.42 to 40.65 ± 7.3 ; P = 0.197 ) . There were no significant differences in pressure pain threshold ( 2.10 ± 0.11 & 1.87 ± 0.11 ; P = 0.66 ) or grip strength ( 42.17 ± 10.68 & 40.65 ± 7.3 ; P = 0.53 ) between the two study groups . Conclusions Friction massage and kinesiotaping had identical short-term effects on latent trigger points in the upper trapezius . Three sessions of either of these two interventions did not improve latent trigger points . Trial registration Registration ID in I RCT : I RCT 2016080126674N3 Study Design : R and omized clinical trial . Introduction : KinesioTape ( KT ) is a noninvasive method to treat pain and muscular dysfunction . Purpose : To investigate the effect of KT with and without tension on pain intensity , pain pressure threshold , grip strength and disability in individuals with lateral epicondylitis , and myofacial trigger points in forearm muscles . Methods : Thirty women with lateral epicondylitis and myofacial trigger point in forearm muscles were r and omly assigned to KT with tension and placebo ( KT without tension ) . The treatment was provided 3 times in one week , and outcome measures were assess pre‐post treatment . Results : The mean score of visual analogue scale ( VAS ) during activity decreased significantly from 6.4 and 6 pretest to 2.53 and 4.66 posttest , respectively , for the KT with and without tension groups . The mean score of Disabilities of the Arm , Shoulder and H and decreased significantly from 16.82 and 22.79 pretest to 8.65 and 8.29 posttest , respectively , for the KT with and without tension groups . A paired t‐test revealed a significant reduction in VAS during activity and Disabilities of the Arm , Shoulder and H and before and after treatment in both groups ( P < .05 ) . Pain pressure threshold , grip strength , and VAS using an algometer revealed no significant differences . The study showed no significant difference in variables immediately after intervention . Discussion : Improvements in functional disability were superior when KT was used with tension , than obtained with a placebo‐no tension application . Conclusion : The application of KT produces an improvement in pain intensity and upper extremity disability in subjects with LE and MTP in forearm muscles , and KT with tension was more effective than placebo group . Level of Evidence : NA . Trial Registration Number : 100‐216 [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to identify the changes in the myofascial pain and range of the motion of temporom and ibular joint when Kinesio taping is applied to patients with latent myofascial trigger points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle . [ Subjects and Methods ] The subjects were 42 males and females aged 20 to 30 years ( male 17 , female 25 ) . They were r and omly divided into the control group and the experimental group , which would receive Kinesio taping . Kinesio taping was applied to the sternocleidomastoid muscle three times per week for two weeks . The pain triggered when the taut b and or nodule was palpated was measured . Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale ( VAS ) and pressure pain threshold ( PPT ) . The range of motion of the temporom and ibular joint was measured . In all subjects , VAS , PPT , and range of motion of the temporom and ibular joint were measured before and after the intervention . [ Results ] In the experimental group , it was found that pain in the SCM was relived , as the VAS and PPT score decrease significantly and range of motion of temporom and ibular joint increase significantly . In comparison between the groups , significant differences were shown in the VAS and PPT scores and in the range of motion of the temporom and ibular joint . [ Conclusion ] Kinesio taping is thought to be an intervention method that can be applied to latent myofascial trigger points STUDY DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . INTRODUCTION Myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by myofascial trigger points ( MTrPs ) and fascia tenderness . PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We investigated the effects of manual pressure release ( MPR ) alone or in combination with taping ( MPR/MKT ) in subjects with MTrPs . METHODS Fifteen and 16 subjects received MPR and MPR/MKT respectively . Outcomes including Pressure pain threshold , muscle stiffness , mechanomyography were assessed at baseline , post-intervention and 7-days later . RESULTS Pressure pain threshold improved significantly ( d = 1.79 , p < 0.005 ) in both groups . Significant improvement in muscle stiffness in the MPR/MKT group ( 0.27 - 0.49 mm ) as compared to the MPR group ( -0.02 - 0.23 mm ) . Mechanomyography amplitude in the MPR/MKT group was significantly higher than that of the MPR group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION MPR and MPR/MKT are effective in reducing pain in these subjects . MPR/MKT has a greater effect on muscle stiffness and contraction amplitude . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV OBJECTIVES Verbally administered numerical rating scales ( NRSs ) from 0 to 10 are often used to measure pain , but they have not been vali date d in the emergency department ( ED ) setting . The authors wished to assess the comparability of the NRS and  visual analog scale ( VAS )  as measures of acute pain , and to identify the minimum clinical ly significant difference in pain that could be detected on the NRS . METHODS This was a prospect i ve cohort study of a convenience sample of adults presenting with acute pain to an urban ED . Patients  verbally rated pain intensity as an integer from 0 to 10 ( 0 = no pain , 10 = worst possible pain ) , and marked a 10-cm horizontal VAS bounded by these descriptors .  VAS and NRS data were obtained at presentation , 30 minutes later , and 60 minutes later . At 30 and 60 minutes , patients were asked whether their pain was " much less , " " a little less , " " about the same , " " a little more , " or " much more . " Differences between consecutive pairs of measurements on the VAS and NRS obtained at 30-minute intervals were calculated for each of the five categories of pain descriptor . The association between VAS and NRS scores was expressed as a correlation coefficient . The VAS scores were regressed on the NRS scores in order to assess the equivalence of the measures . The mean changes associated with descriptors " a little less " or " a little more " were combined to define the minimum clinical ly significant difference in pain measured on the VAS and NRS . RESULTS Of 108 patients entered , 103 provided data at 30 minutes and 86 at 60 minutes . NRS scores were strongly correlated to VAS scores at all time periods ( r = 0.94 , 95 % CI = 0.93 to 0.95 ) . The slope of the regression line was 1.01 ( 95 % CI = 0.97 to 1.06 ) and the y-intercept was -0.34 ( 95 % CI = -0.67 to -0.01 ) . The minimum clinical ly significant difference in pain was 1.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.0 to 1.5 ) on the NRS and 1.4 ( 95 % CI = 1.1 to 1.7 ) on the VAS . CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the verbally administered NRS can be substituted for the VAS in acute pain measurement BACKGROUND Although there are several studies of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ( TENS ) and exercise in myofascial pain syndrome , there are no studies comparing the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping ( KT ) and TENS in myofascial pain syndrome patients . OBJECTIVE To compare the early and late effects of TENS and KT on pain , disability and range of motion in myofascial pain syndrome patients . METHODS Sixty-nine patients were divided into three groups r and omly as TENS+Exercise , KT+Exercise and exercise groups .  Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) , pain threshold , Neck Disability Index and cervical contralateral lateral flexion were employed in the evaluation of the patients performed before treatment , after treatment and 3rd month after treatment . RESULTS The VAS , pain threshold , Neck Disability Index and contralateral lateral flexion values were improved in all groups both in after treatment and 3rd month after treatment ( p < 0.01 ) . In the comparison of after treatment vs. before treatment evaluations , VAS score was decreased in KT group compared to the TENS and control group ( p= 0.001 ) , in the TENS group compared to control group ( p= 0.011 ) . In the comparison of 3rd month and before treatment evaluations , VAS score was decreased in the TENS group compared to control group ( p= 0.001 ) and in the KT group compared to the control group ( p= 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between TENS and KT groups . All other parameters did not differ between the groups . CONCLUSIONS TENS and KT added exercises can decrease pain severity and increase pain threshold , function and cervical range of motion in myofascial pain syndrome patients . Addition of TENS or KT to the exercise therapy result ed in more significant improvement compared to exercise therapy alone with a more pronounced improvement in KT group compared to the TENS group in the early period . Because KT was found to be more effective in decreasing the pain and had the advantage of being used in every 3 days , it seems to be beneficial in acute painful periods in myofascial pain syndrome patients Objective To investigate the histopathological nature of myofascial trigger points ( MTrPs ) or spots ( MTrSs ) at different stages of recovery from injury in a rat model . Methods Forty Sprague – Dawley rats were r and omly divided into two groups : a control group ( CG ) and experimental group ( EG ) . The CG was further r and omly subdivided into CG1 and CG2 subgroups . The CG2 was used for palpating the taut b and and CG1 as a blank . EG was subdivided into three groups according to recovery times : 4 weeks ( 4W ) , 8 weeks ( 8W ) and 12 weeks ( 12W ) ; these groups consisted of eight rats each . All CG rats received no intervention , whereas the intervention in EG rats was by a blunt strike to the vastus medialis and eccentric exercise for 8 weeks . The taut b and s with spontaneous electrical activity were then detected in the muscle to guide a muscle biopsy . The histopathological findings were investigated under optical and electron microscopes in all groups . Results Under optical microscopy , the differently augmented sizes of round fibres ( contracture knots ) with deep staining in the transverse section and fusiform shapes in a longitudinal view were clearly seen in CG2 and EGs with a large diameter ; the number of contracture knots was significantly more in EGs than in CGs . Under an electron microscope , the mitochondria in EGs significantly decreased with abnormal structures . The sarcomeres were significantly shortened in the 8W and 12W EGs . Conclusion An injury can cause activation of MTrSs in a muscle and an activated level of MTrPs depending on the number of contracture knots in muscle with impaired energy production Objective The aims of this study are to investigate the changes in spontaneous electrical activities ( SEAs ) and in acetylcholine ( ACh ) , acetylcholine receptor ( AChR ) , and acetylcholine esterase ( AChE ) levels after dry needling at myofascial trigger spots in model rats . Material s and Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups . Thirty-six rats were assigned to three model groups , which underwent MTrSs modeling intervention . Twelve rats were assigned to the blank control ( BC ) group . After model construction , the 36 model rats were r and omly subdivided into three groups according to treatment : M 
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However , there was no detectable effect on disability or function .
Conclusion : Statistical evidence showed that kinesio taping could be recommended to relieve pain intensity and range of motion for patients with myofascial pain syndrome at post-intervention