***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Whole‐body vibration ( WBV ) training is commonly practice d and may enhance peripheral blood flow . Here , we investigated muscle morphology and acute microcirculatory responses before and after a 6‐week resistive exercise training intervention without ( RE ) or with ( RVE ) simultaneous whole‐body vibrations ( 20 Hz , 6 mm peak‐to‐peak amplitude ) in 26 healthy men in a r and omized , controlled parallel‐ design study . Total haemoglobin ( tHb ) and tissue oxygenation index ( TOI ) were measured in gastrocnemius muscle ( GM ) with near‐infrared spectroscopy ( NIRS )  . Whole‐body oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) was measured via spirometry , and skeletal muscle morphology was determined in soleus ( SOL ) muscle biopsies . Our data reveal that exercise‐induced muscle deoxygenation both before and after 6 weeks training was similar in RE and RVE ( P = 0·76 ) , although VO2 was 20 % higher in the RVE group ( P<0·001 ) . The RVE group showed a 14%‐point increase in reactive hyperaemia ( P = 0·007 ) and a 27 % increase in blood volume ( P<0·01 ) in GM after 6 weeks of training . The number of capillaries around fibres was increased by 15 % after 6 weeks training in both groups ( P<0·001 ) with no specific effect of superimposed WBV ( P = 0·61 ) . Neither of the training regimens induced fibre hypertrophy in SOL . The present findings suggest an increased blood volume and vasodilator response in GM as an adaptation to long‐term RVE , which was not observed after RE alone . We conclude that RVE training enhances vasodilation of small arterioles and possibly capillaries . This effect might be advantageous for muscle thermoregulation and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to exercising muscle and removal of carbon dioxide and metabolites Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the effect of an unsupervised whole body vibration ( WBV ) training and two different supervised multi- purpose exercise programmes , with and without WBV , on body composition , functional fitness and self-reported well-being  in middle-aged adults . Fifty-four healthy participants ( age 48.6 ± 6.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to a vibration group ( VG ) , a multi- purpose exercise group ( MG ) and a multi- purpose exercise with vibration group ( VMG ) and trained 3 days a week for 4 months . VG performed a st and ardised unsupervised WBV protocol , MG a supervised multi- purpose exercise and VMG a multi- purpose exercise including vibration . After training , drop out was significantly higher in VG group ( P = 0.016 ) when compared to VMG group . In both MG and VMG , body composition , sit-up , push-up , sit and reach , agility test , hopping test and self-reported general health significantly improved ( P < 0.05 ) . No additive effects were generated by the vibration stimulus . Percentage of body fat and agility test in VG had a significant opposite trend compared to VMG group ( P < 0.05 ) . In summary , an unsupervised WBV training should not be chosen for training protocol . However , positive effects on physical fitness and the best results in adherence could be achieved integrating WBV practice into a multi- purpose exercise training This study compared the rate of muscle temperature ( Tm ) increase during acute whole-body vibration ( WBV ) , to that of stationary cycling and passive warm-up . Additionally we wanted to determine if the purported increase in counter-movement jump and peak power cycling from acute WBV could be explained by changes in muscle temperature . Eight active participants volunteered for the study , which involved a rest period of 30 min to collect baseline measures of muscle , core , skin temperature , heart rate ( HR ) , and thermal leg sensation ( TLS ) , which was followed by three vertical jumps and 5 s maximal cycle performance test . A second rest period of 40 min was enforced followed by the intervention and performance tests . The change in Tm elicited during cycling was matched in the hot bath and WBV interventions . Therefore cycling was performed first , proceeded by , in a r and om order of hot bath and acute WBV .  The rate of Tm was significantly greater ( P < 0.001 ) during acute WBV ( 0.30 ° C min−1 ) compared to cycle ( 0.15 ° C min−1 ) and hot bath ( 0.09 ° C min−1 ) however there was no difference between the cycle and hot bath , and the metabolic rate was the same in cycling and WBV ( 19 mL kg−1 min−1 ) . All three interventions showed a significant ( P < 0.001 ) increase in countermovement jump peak power and height . For the 5 s maximal cycle test ( MIC ) there were no significant differences in peak power between the three interventions . In conclusion , acute WBV  elevates Tm more quickly than traditional forms of cycling and passive warm-up . Given that all three warm-up methods yielded the same increase in peak power output , we propose that the main effect is caused by the increase in Tm OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on spasticity , muscle strength and motor performance after 8 weeks of whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training in adults with cerebral palsy . METHODS Fourteen persons with spastic diplegia ( 21 - 41 years ) were r and omized to intervention with either whole-body vibration training ( n=7 ) or resistance training ( n=7 ) . Pre- and post-training measures of spasticity using the modified Ashworth scale , muscle strength using isokinetic dynamometry , walking ability using Six-Minute Walk Test , balance using Timed Up and Go test and gross motor performance using Gross Motor Function Measure were performed . RESULTS Spasticity decreased in knee extensors in the whole-body vibration group . Muscle strength increased in the resistance training group at the velocity 30 degrees /s and in both groups at 90 degrees /s . Six-Minute Walk Test and Timed Up and Go test did not change significantly . Gross Motor Function Measure increased in the whole-body vibration group . CONCLUSION These data suggest that an 8-week intervention of whole-body vibration training or resistance training can increase muscle strength , without negative effect on spasticity , in adults with cerebral palsy Objective : To examine the effectiveness of whole body vibration ( WBV ) on tone , muscle force , sensation and functional performance in people with multiple sclerosis . Design : A r and omized cross-over pilot study . Setting : Revive MS Support Therapy Centre . Glasgow , UK . Subjects : Sixteen people with multiple sclerosis were r and omly allocated to one of two groups . Intervention : Group 1 received four weeks of whole body vibration plus exercise three times per week , two weeks of no intervention and then four weeks of exercise alone three times per week . Group 2 were given the two treatment interventions in the reverse order to group 1 . Main measures : Ten-metre walk , Timed Up and Go Test , Modified Ashworth Scale , Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale ( MSSS-88 ) , lower limb muscle force , Nottingham Sensory Assessment and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale ( MSIS-29 ) were used before and after intervention . Results : The exercise programme had positive effects on muscle force and well-being , but there was insufficient evidence that the addition of whole body vibration provided any further benefit . The Modified Ashworth Scale was generally unaffected by either intervention , although , for each group , results from the MSSS-88 showed whole body vibration and exercises reduced muscle spasms ( P = 0.02 ) . Although results for the 10-m walk and Timed Up and Go Test improved , this did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.56 ; P = 0.70 , respectively ) . For most subjects sensation was unaffected by whole body vibration . Conclusion : Exercise may be beneficial to those with multiple sclerosis , but there is limited evidence that the addition of whole body vibration provides any additional improvements . Further larger scale studies into the effects of whole body vibration in people with multiple sclerosis are essential OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration ( WBV ) training in individuals after stroke . DESIGN A double-blind r and omized controlled study with assessment s pre- and posttraining . SETTING A university hospital rehabilitation department . PARTICIPANTS Participants ( N=31 ; mean age ± SD , 62±7 y ; 6 - 101 mo poststroke ) were r and omized to an intervention group or a control group . INTERVENTIONS Supervised WBV training ( 2 sessions/wk for 6wk ; 12 repetitions of 40 - 60s WBV per session ) . The intervention group trained on a vibrating platform with a conventional amplitude ( 3.75 mm ) and the control group on a " placebo " vibrating platform ( 0.2 mm amplitude ) ; the frequency was 25Hz on both platforms . All participants and examiners were blinded to the amplitudes of the 2 platforms . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures were isokinetic and isometric knee muscle strength ( dynamometer ) . Secondary outcome measures were balance ( Berg Balance Scale ) , muscle tone ( Modified Ashworth Scale ) , gait performance ( Timed Up & Go , comfortable gait speed , fast gait speed , and six-minute walk tests ) , and perceived participation ( Stroke Impact Scale ) . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the 2 groups after the WBV training . Significant but small improvements ( P<.05 ) in body function and gait performance were found within both groups , but the magnitude of the changes was in the range of normative variation . CONCLUSIONS Six weeks of WBV training on a vibration platform with conventional amplitude was not more efficient than a placebo vibrating platform . Therefore , the use of WBV training in individuals with chronic stroke and mild to moderate disability is not supported Objective : To investigate the effects of a single session of whole body vibration training on  ankle plantarflexion spasticity and gait performance  in chronic stroke patients . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Rehabilitation unit in university hospital . Participants : Thirty subjects with chronic stroke were r and omized into either a control group ( n = 15 ) or a group receiving a single session of whole body vibration ( n = 15 ) . Intervention : The intervention group was actually treated with whole body vibration while the control group was treated with placebo treatment . Main measures : The spastic changes were measured clinical ly and neurophysiologically . Subjective evaluation of ankle spasticity was performed via a visual analogue scale . Gait performances were evaluated by the timed up and go test , 10-meter walk test and cadence . A forceplate was used for measuring foot pressure . Results : The changes between whole body vibration and control groups were significantly different in Modified Ashworth Scale ( 1.33 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.06~1.60 ) . The Hmax/Mmax ratio ( 0.14 , 95 % CI = 0.01~0.26 ) and visual analogue scale ( 1.87 , 95 % CI = 1.15~2.58 ) were significantly decreased . Whole body vibration could significantly improve gait velocity , timed up and go test ( 6.03 , 95 % CI = 3.17~8.89 ) and 10-meter walk test ( 1.99 , 95 % CI = 0.11~3.87 ) . The uneven body weight posture on bilateral feet was also improved after vibration . Conclusion : These results suggest that a single session of whole body vibration training can reduce ankle plantarflexion spasticity  in chronic stroke patients , thereby potentially increasing ambulatory capacity The effect of whole‐body vibration dosage on leg blood flow was investigated . Nine healthy young adult males completed a set of 14 r and om vibration and non‐vibration exercise bouts  whilst squatting on a Galileo 900 plate . Six vibration frequencies ranging from 5 to 30 Hz ( 5 Hz increments ) were used in combination with a 2·5 mm and 4·5 mm amplitude to produce twelve 1‐min vibration bouts . Subjects also completed two 1‐min bouts where no vibration was applied . Systolic and diastolic diameters of the common femoral artery and blood cell velocity were measured by an echo Doppler ultrasound in a st and ing or rest condition prior to the bouts and during and after each bout . Repeated measures MANOVAs were used in the statistical analysis . Compared with the st and ing condition , the exercise bouts produced a four‐fold increase in mean blood cell velocity ( P<0·001 ) and a two‐fold increase in peak blood cell velocity ( P<0·001 ) . Compared to the non‐vibration bouts , frequencies of 10–30 Hz increased mean blood cell velocity by approximately 33 % ( P<0·01 ) whereas 20–30 Hz increased peak blood cell velocity by approximately 27 % ( P<0·01 ) . Amplitude was additive to frequency but only achieved significance at 30 Hz ( P<0·05 ) . Compared with the st and ing condition , squatting alone produced significant increases in mean and peak blood cell velocity ( P<0·001 ) . The results show leg blood flow increased during the squat or non‐vibration bouts and systematic ally increased with frequency in the vibration bouts BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) has been used in older adults to improve bone health and neuromuscular function , and may have potential applications for stroke patients . AIM To investigate the effects of WBV on bone turnover , leg muscle strength , motor function , and spasticity among chronic stroke patients . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . SETTING Community . POPULATION Eighty-two chronic stroke patients . METHODS The experimental group under 
    Output:
    
Otherwise , the results revealed no consistent benefits on spasticity in other neurological conditions studied .
There is little evidence that change in spasticity was related to change in functional performance .
There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the notion that whole-body vibration can reduce spasticity in stroke , spinocerebellar ataxia or multiple sclerosis