***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Prospect i ve epidemiologic studies have generated mixed results regarding the association between saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) intake and risk of ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) and stroke . These associations have not been extensively studied in Asians . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that SFA intake is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality  in Japanese whose average SFA intake is low . DESIGN The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk ( JACC Study ) comprised 58,453 Japanese men and women who completed a food-frequency question naire . Participants were aged 40 - 79 y at baseline ( 1988 - 1990 ) and were followed up for 14.1 y. Associations of energy-adjusted SFA intake with mortality from stroke ( intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhages and ischemic stroke ) and heart diseases ( IHD , cardiac arrest , and heart failure ) were examined after adjustment for age , sex , and cardiovascular disease risk and dietary factors . RESULTS We observed inverse associations of  SFA intake with mortality from total stroke [ n = 976 ; multivariable hazard ratio ( 95 % CI ) for highest compared with lowest quintiles : 0.69 ( 0.53 , 0.89 ) ; P for trend = 0.004 ] , intraparenchymal hemorrhage [ n = 224 ; 0.48 ( 0.27 , 0.85 ) ; P for trend = 0.03 ] , and ischemic stroke [ n = 321 ; 0.58 ( 0.37 , 0.90 ) ; P for trend = 0.01 ] . No multivariable-adjusted associations were observed between SFA and mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage [ n = 153 ; 0.91 ( 0.46 , 1.80 ) ; P for trend = 0.47 ] and heart disease [ n = 836 ; 0.89 ( 0.68 , 1.15 ) ; P for trend = 0.59 ] . CONCLUSION SFA intake was inversely associated with mortality from total stroke , including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and ischemic stroke subtypes , in this Japanese cohort Background We investigated the association between hypertension , antihypertensive ( AH ) medication use , and breast cancer  in a large prospect i ve study , the California Teachers Study ( CTS ) . Methods Information on history of hypertension and lifetime regular use of AH medications was collected from 114,549 women in 1995–1996 . Among them , 4,151 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed between 1995 and 2006 . Additional information on AH  use was collected from 73,742 women in 2000–2001 , and 1,714 of these women were subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer . Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate relative risks ( RR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) for breast cancer . Results Use of AH medication for ≥5 years , when compared with no use , was associated with a modest increased risk of invasive breast cancer ( RR = 1.18 , 95%CI 1.02–1.36 ) . This increased risk appeared to be confined to estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors ( RR = 1.21 , 95%CI 1.03–1.43 ) and pre-/peri-menopausal women ( RR = 1.58 , 95%CI 1.11–2.25 ) . Conclusions Increased risk of invasive breast cancer was observed for long-term ( ≥5 years ) AH use , and this appeared to be confined to ER + breast cancer and younger women BACKGROUND The relation between cigarette smoking and several malignancies is still unclear . We examined the association of cigarette smoking with death attributed to 15 cancer sites , 7 of which are regarded as having an uncertain relation with tobacco . PATIENTS AND METHODS The original Whitehall study is a prospect i ve cohort of 17 363 London-based male government employees ( age 40 - 69 years ) who were examined in the late 1960s and then followed up for a maximum of 38 years . RESULTS Following adjustment for demographic characteristics , risk factors , and prevalent disease , established positive cigarette smoking -- cancer gradients were confirmed for carcinoma of the lung , stomach , pancreas , bladder , upper aero-digestive ( including oesophagus ) , and liver , and for myeloid leukaemia . Among the cancers of uncertain relation with smoking , mortality rates for malignancy of the colon , rectum and prostate and for lymphatic leukaemia were elevated in current and /or former smokers . There was essentially no apparent relation between smoking and mortality from carcinoma of the brain or from lymphoma . CONCLUSION In this study , cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for several malignancies of previously unclear association with tobacco use Background To investigate whether hypertension and the use of anti-hypertensive drugs are associated with  breast cancer  risk . Methods This was a prospect i ve study of 11 011 women living in Utrecht , the Netherl and s , aged 50–65 years at enrolment in a breast cancer screening project ( DOM cohort ) . Women attended screening rounds between 1974 and 1985 at which blood pressure was measured and information on drug use and breast cancer risk factors was ascertained . Since 1974 ( median follow-up time 19 years ) , information on breast cancer occurrence and death has been registered . Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg or current use of drugs for the indication hypertension . Cox 's regression analysis was used to investigate the association between hypertension ( treated or untreated ) and subsequent breast cancer risk . Analyses were adjusted for age , body mass index , height , parity , familial breast cancer , smoking and oral contraceptive use . Results A total of 523 women were diagnosed with breast cancer . Hypertensive women experienced a statistically significant increased breast cancer risk of 23 % ( age-adjusted hazard ratio ( HRa ) = 1.23 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.01–1.49 ) . After adjustment for all confounders , the increase was 14 % ( HR = 1.14 ; 95 % CI 0.93 ± 1.40 ) . The decline in risk was mainly attributable to the effect of BMI . The risk was similar in treated ( HR = 1.22 ; 95 % CI 0.91–1.63 ) and untreated hypertensive women ( HR = 1.13 ; 95 % CI 0.91–1.40 ) . Conclusion These results do not support an association between hypertension and breast cancer , and if there is a link , it is likely to be positive and relatively small in size ( + 14 % ) . This relation , if present , is not attributable to anti-hypertensive drugs , since the relation is also present in non-drug users Objectives To investigate whether hypertension and the use of antihypertensive drugs are associated with  mortality from cancer among women . Design A prospect i ve study of 11 075 women living in Utrecht , the Netherl and s , aged 50–65 years at enrolment in a breast cancer screening project ( DOM cohort ) . Women attended screening rounds between 1974 and 1985 , during which blood pressure measurements were taken and information on drug use and smoking was ascertained . Since 1974 ( median follow-up time 19 years ) information on cause of death has been obtained from the patient 's general practitioner . Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg , a diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg , or current use of antihypertensive drugs . Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between hypertension ( treated and untreated ) and total and site-specific mortalities from cancer . The influences of systolic and diastolic blood pressures per 10 mmHg increase for women not using antihypertensive drugs were evaluated . Analyses were adjusted for age , smoking , and body mass index . Results In total , 704 women died of cancer and 1633 women left the study area . Hypertensive women had a greater than normal ( not statistically significant ) total risk of mortality from cancer [ hazard ratio ( HR ) 1.10 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.93–1.31 ] . Risks for treated and untreated hypertensive women were similar . Cancer-site-specific analyses revealed a statistically significantly lower mortality from gastrointestinal cancers among untreated hypertensive women ( HR 0.64 , 95 % CI 0.44–0.93 ) , whereas mortality from lung cancer was more prevalent among these women ( HR 2.50 , 95 % CI 1.37–4.59 ) . Mortality from lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers for drug-treated hypertensive women was greater than normal ( HR 2.11 , 95 % CI 1.04–4.28 ) , as was mortality from cancers of the uterus , cervix , and ovary ( HR 1.80 , 95 % CI 1.00–3.26 ) . Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that , if there is a link between blood pressure and cancer , it is likely to be positive and relatively small ( + 10 % ) ; and applies also to nondrug-treated women . The relation may apply for some types of cancer , but not for others Background : To date , only a few risk factors for pancreatic cancer have been established . We examined prospect ively relations between several medical conditions and pancreatic cancer incidence . Methods : In 1986 , 120 852 participants completed a baseline question naire on cancer risk factors , including several self-reported physician diagnosed medical conditions .  At baseline , a r and om subcohort of 5000 participants was selected using a case-cohort approach for analysis . After 16.3 years of follow-up , 448 pancreatic cancer cases ( 63 % microscopically confirmed ) were available for analysis . Results : Diabetes mellitus type II and hepatitis were positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk ( multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio : 1.79 ; 95 % confidence interval : 1.12–2.87 and hazard ratio : 1.37 ; 95 % confidence interval : 1.04–1.81 , respectively ) . Furthermore , a positive trend in risk with increasing years of diagnosis of diabetes ( P=0.004 ) and of hepatitis ( P=0.02 ) was observed . However , an inverse association was observed between hypertension and pancreatic cancer risk , this was found among microscopically confirmed cases only ( hazard ratio : 0.66 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.49–0.90 ) , while years since diagnosis of hypertension significantly decreased cancer risk ( P for trend=0.02 ) . Conclusion : In this prospect i ve study , a positive association was observed between self-reported physician diagnosed diabetes mellitus type II and hepatitis and pancreatic cancer risk , whereas an inverse association was observed with hypertension Univariate and multivariate analyses have been made of the relationship of systolic and diastolic blood-pressure measured at study entry to subsequent 14-year mortality among 1233 White males originally age 40 - 59 in 1958 from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company prospect i ve study . With age , serum-cholesterol , and cigarettes per day controlled , both elevated systolic and electaed diastolic blood-pressure in 1958 were found to be strongly related to subsequent mortality from cancer in the men of this study . The possibility that this finding was due either to an association between antihypertensive medication in general , and cancer , or to an association was found that could explain the excess cancer mortality among those with elevated blood-pressure in 1958 , either with medication in general , or with reserpine and rauwolfia in particular . These findings thus pose the question , is high blood-pressure associated with an increased risk of death due to cancer The authors examined the relation of hypertension , use of diuretics , and use of antihypertensive medications to the risk of  fatal renal cell cancer  in a prospect i ve cohort study of 998,904 adult Americans followed for 7 years ( 1982 - 1989 ) . Analysis included 335 renal cell cancer deaths ( 123 in women and 212 in men ) . Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate rate ratios . Increased rate ratios were present for cigarette smoking in men and for elevated body mass index in both sexes . Significantly increased age-matched rate ratios , independent of smoking and body mass index , were present for hypertension , use of diuretics , and use of hypertension medications , but only for women . Multivariate testing confined these risks to hypertensive women who were using hypertension medications  alone ( rate ratio = 2.2 , 95 % confidence interval 1.4 - 3.5 ) or with diuretics ( rate ratio 2.5 , 95 % confidence interval 1.5 - 4.3 ) . Risk was not significantly increased for either men or women who had untreated hypertension or who used diuretics alone with or without hypertension . These findings partly support those of earlier 
    Output:
    
Considering only evidence from 85 prospect i ve studies , positive associations were observed between hypertension and kidney , colorectal and breast cancer .
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively associated with risk of kidney cancer but not with other cancers .
In addition to the previously well-described association between hypertension and risk of kidney cancer , the current meta- analysis suggested that hypertensive individuals may also be at higher risk of colorectal and breast cancer .