***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The aim of this follow-up study was to compare 3-dimensional ( 3D ) and st and ard ( Champy 's ) miniplate fixation in the management of m and ibular fractures , and to analyze advantages and disadvantages of one over the other . PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial was carried out in patients with well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria . Patients were followed for 2 months for wound dehiscence , infection , segmental mobility , postoperative occlusion , significant period of postoperative complications , and radiological evaluation of reduction and fixation . RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled in both the groups with no case of wound dehiscence .  In group 1 , 2 patients had mild segmental mobility ( P = .07 ) , 2 patients had surgical site infection ( P = .07 ) , and 2 patients involving mental nerve had involved roots of teeth ( P = .07 ) . Radiological evaluation did not show any statistically significant difference in reduction ( P = 1.4 ) , but showed a significant difference ( P = .03 ) in fixation between the 2 groups , especially in cases involving the mental nerve ( ie , fracture near or involving the mental foramen ) and oblique fractures . CONCLUSION Champy 's miniplate system is a better and easier method than the 3D miniplate system for fixation of m and ibular fractures . In comparison , the 3D miniplate system is unfavorable for use in cases of oblique fractures and those involving the mental nerve , and is also difficult to adapt . In most cases , it provides good stability but with excessive implant material because of extra vertical bars incorporated for countering the torque forces . However , operative time is less because of simultaneous stabilization at both superior and inferior borders Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of open treatment of m and ibular fracture ( symphysis or parasymphysis ) using lag screw or mini plate clinical ly as well as radiologically in young ( age range 12–45 years ) and healthy individuals of poor socioeconomic status . Method This prospect i ve study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed as cases of displaced m and ibular anterior fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation .  The patients were then r and omly allocated to either of two groups––Group A : Two 2.5 mm stainless steel lag screws were placed in 15 patients . Group B : Two 2.5 mm stainless steel mini plates were placed in 15 patients for the fixation of fractures . Subsequent follow up was done on 2nd , 4th , 6th and 8th week postoperatively . During every follow up patient was assessed clinical ly for infection , malocclusion , loosening of plate/screw , sensory disturbance , plate fracture , malunion/non-union , devitalisation of associated dentoalveolar segment and masticatory efficiency . Radiographs were taken if necessary and patients were further assessed for any complaint . Pain was objective ly measured using a visual analogue scale , bite force was measured using a bite force transducer at biweekly interval . The data collected was subjected to unpaired t test and paired t test for statistical analysis . Results During follow up period a significant improvement in bite force was present in both the groups , with more improvement seen in the lag screw group ( p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant pain reduction present in the lag screw group ( p < 0.01 ) and also masticatory efficiency showed a steadier improvement in lag screw group while mini plate group patients showed a tendency to masticate only food items of medium hard consistency . Conclusion The sample size is small to conclude lag screws are better than mini plates but the result of our study provides a basis for further studies done to conclude that the application of LAG SCREW is an effective , inexpensive , quick treatment modality to accelerate healing of fresh , displaced m and ibular anterior fracture Objective To compare the efficacy and surgical outcome of treatment of anterior m and ibular fracture using either 2.0 mm titanium miniplate or 2.4 mm titanium lag screw technique . Material s and Methods A total of 30 patients were managed by open reduction and internal fixation utilizing the miniplate and lag screw technique  for fractures of anterior m and ible . The patients were r and omly divided into two groups . Group I : ( 15 patients ) were treated with Leibinger , 2.0 mm titanium mini plates system with self-tapping screws and Group II : ( 15 patients ) were treated with 2.4 mm cortical lag screw ( Synthes ) . Intraoperatively duration of surgery was measured from the time incision was placed till the closure of wound . Subsequent follow up was done at 3 , 6 , 12 , 24 weeks , postoperatively . During every follow up , patients were assessed clinical ly for malocclusion , neurosensory deficit , biting efficiency , implant failure , mal-union/non-union . Pre and postoperative radiographs were taken to assess the gap between fracture segments . Results were evaluated using Chi square and the unpaired t test . Results In our study , the mean duration of surgery ( hours ) was 1.97 ± 0.52 for group I and 1.26 ± 0.55 for group II . The difference was found to be statistically significant ( p value 0.001 ) . i.e. more time was taken in case of surgery with mini-plates when compared to the lag screw . Short surgical procedure reduces the incidence of infectious complications , which significantly lowers the financial burden . The mean post-operative radiographic distance between all measuring points were considerably more in case of mini-plate group as compared to lag screw group . Lag screw group showed faster improvement in terms of biting efficiency as compared to mini-plate group which showed a tendency to masticate only medium hard food items by 24 weeks . In both groups , no postoperative malocclusion was noted . In initial weeks , neurosensory deficit was seen more in mini-plate group as compared to lag screw group but after six weeks all patients showed improvement in neurosensory function without any permanent nerve damage . Conclusion According to this prospect i ve study , rigid internal fixation provided by lag screw technique for anterior m and ibular fracture offers several advantages over conventional bone plating . It is an excellent means of achieving rapid and safe fixation which is followed by primary bone healing in anterior m and ibular fractures , without any major complications Aim : To compare and evaluate the treatment outcome and postoperative complications in m and ibular fractures using 2- and 3-dimensional miniplates . Material s and Methods : This study consisted of a sample of 28 patients ( 40 fracture sites ) divided r and omly but equally ( single-blind control trial study ) into two groups . Each group contains 14 patients ( 20 similar fracture sites in each group ) . Group 1 was treated with open reduction and internal fixation using 3-dimensional ( 3-D ) miniplates . Group II was treated using 2-dimensional ( 2-D ) 2-mm miniplates . Results : Out of 14 patients treated by conventional 2-mm miniplates , 2 patients developed occlusal discrepancy , another 2 had postoperative mobility at fracture site , and 1 developed plate failure and subsequent infection , which was treated by removal of the plate under antibiotic coverage . One patient treated by 3-dimensional plates had tooth damage . Statistical Analysis : Chi-square test . Conclusion : The results of this study suggested that the treatment of m and ibular fractures ( symphysis , parasymphysis , and angle ) with 3-dimensional plates provided 3-dimensional stability and carried low morbidity and infection rates . The only probable limitations of 3-dimensional plates were excessive implant material due to the extra vertical bars incorporated for countering the torque forces Purpose To compare the efficacy of the 3D miniplates to st and ard miniplates in the osteo synthesis of m and ibular symphysis and parasymphysis fractures on the basis of clinical parameters and radiographic evaluation . Patients and Methods A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial was conducted to treat consecutive m and ibular symphysis and parasymphysis fractures . The patients were r and omly divided into 2 groups . The patients underwent osteo synthesis in group A with 3D titanium miniplates and in group B with conventional titanium miniplates . The cause of trauma , the number of days from injury to surgery , average age and gender were all review ed . The assessment of the patients was done at 1 , 3 , and 6 weeks and 3 months using the clinical parameters and radiographic evaluation . Results Eighty patients with isolated symphysis or parasymphysis fracture met the inclusion criteria . In our study , a statistically significant difference was not found in the clinical parameters such as pain , swelling , infection , paresthesia , hardware failure , and mobility between the fracture segments . Similarly Radiological evaluation did not show any statistically significant difference in reduction between the 2 groups . 3D plates are difficult to adapt and use sometimes , but operative time is less with them in treatment of symphysis and parasymphysis fractures . Conclusion The use of 3D miniplates for symphysis and parasymphysis fracture fixation was efficacious enough to bear the masticatory load during osteo synthesis of the fracture . Although 3D miniplate system is difficult to adapt and difficult to use in cases of fractures involving the mental nerve , they provide the advantage of less operative time and less implant material in treatment of symphysis and parasymphysis fracture , with clinical results almost similar to those seen with conventional miniplate osteo synthesis PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare efficacy between the single non-compression titanium miniplate and single three-dimensional titanium miniplate in m and ibular angle fracture treatment . METHOD AND MATERIAL S A prospect i ve study of 20 patients with m and ibular angle fractures . Patients were r and omly categorized into two groups with 10 patients in each group . Group-I patients were treated with single 2.0 mm conventional titanium miniplate , Group-II patients were treated with single 2.0 mm three-dimensional titanium miniplate according to Champy 's principles . Parameters such as stability of fracture fragments , occlusion , mouth opening , additional fixation required and complications were evaluated at different time intervals . RESULTS In Group-I , about 40 % ( n=4 ) of patients showed unstable fracture fragments on immediate postoperative day whereas in Group-II only 10 % ( n=1 ) of patients with fracture instability . In Group-I , 30 % ( n=3 ) had mild occlusal derangement and 20 % ( n=2 ) had deranged occlusion on immediate postoperative day , where as in Group-II only 20 % ( n=2 ) of patients had mild occlusal derangement . Additional fixation required in 30 % ( n=3 ) of patients in group-I , and 10 % ( n=1 ) in Group-II . 20 % ( n=2 ) of patients in Group-I developed infection . All patients in both the groups had inadequate mouth opening on immediate post operative day , later resumed normal mouth opening . 10 % ( n=1 ) in group-I and 20 % ( n=2 ) of patients in group-II presented with postinjury/preoperative inferior alveolar nerve sensory disturbance with no incidence of postoperative sensory disturbance . None of the patients in both the groups had malunion , nonunion , plate fracture , and loosening of plates and screws . CONCLUSION 3-D titanium miniplates showed more favorable results compared to single conventional titanium miniplate with respect to initial interfragmentary stability and complications 
    Output:
    
The results of this meta- analysis revealed that the use of both lag screws and 1 plate plus an arch bar were superior to 2 miniplates in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications in the management of AMFs .
Also , there were significantly shorter operating times with lag screws and 3-dimensional miniplates over 2 miniplates in the fixation of AMFs