***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE . The goal was to examine the associations of weight-for-length at birth and at 6 months with obesity at 3 years of age . METHODS . We studied 559 children in Project Viva , an ongoing , prospect i ve , cohort study of pregnant women and their children . We measured length and weight at birth , 6 months , and 3 years . Our main exposures were weight-for-length z score at birth adjusted for gestational age and weight-for-length z score at 6 months adjusted for weight-for-length z score at birth . We used multivariate regression analyses to predict the independent effects of birth weight-for-length z score and , separately , 6-month weight-for-length z score on BMI z score  , the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses  , and obesity ( BMI for age and gender of ≥95th percentile ) at age 3 . RESULTS . Mean weights at birth , 6 months , and 3 years were 3.55 , 8.15 , and 15.67 kg , respectively . Corresponding lengths were 49.9 , 66.9 , and 97.4 cm . At 3 years , 48 children ( 9 % ) were obese . After adjustment for confounding variables and birth weight-for-length z score , each increment in 6-month weight-for-length z score was associated with higher BMI z scores , higher sums of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses , and increased odds of obesity at age 3 . The predicted obesity prevalence among children in the highest quartiles of both birth and 6-month weight-for-length z scores was 40 % , compared with 1 % for children in the lowest quartiles of both . Whereas birth weight-for-length z scores were associated with higher BMI z scores , the magnitude of effect was smaller than that of weight-for-length z scores at 6 months . CONCLUSIONS . More-rapid increases in weight for length in the first 6 months of life were associated with sharply increased risk of obesity at 3 years of age . Changes in weight status in infancy may influence risk of later obesity more than weight status at birth Background Multiple factors combine to support a compelling case for interventions that target the development of obesity-promoting behaviours ( poor diet , low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour ) from their inception . These factors include the rapidly increasing prevalence of fatness throughout childhood , the instigation of obesity-promoting behaviours in infancy , and the tracking of these behaviours from childhood through to adolescence and adulthood . The Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial ( INFANT ) aims to determine the effectiveness of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention delivered to first-time parents . The intervention , conducted with parents over the infant 's first 18 months of life , will use existing social networks ( first-time parent 's groups ) and an anticipatory guidance framework focusing on parenting skills which support the development of positive diet and physical activity behaviours , and reduced sedentary behaviours in infancy . Methods / Design This cluster-r and omised controlled trial , with first-time parent groups as the unit of r and omisation , will be conducted with a sample of 600 first-time parents and their newborn children who attend the first-time parents ' group at Maternal and Child Health Centres . Using a two-stage sampling process , local government areas in Victoria , Australia will be r and omly selected at the first stage . At the second stage , a proportional sample of first-time parent groups within selected local government areas will be r and omly selected and invited to participate . Informed consent will be obtained and groups will then be r and omly allocated to the intervention or control group . Discussion The early years hold promise as a time in which obesity prevention may be most effective . To our knowledge this will be the first r and omised trial internationally to demonstrate whether an early health promotion program delivered to first-time parents in their existing social groups promotes healthy eating , physical activity and reduced sedentary behaviours . If proven to be effective , INFANT may protect children from the development of obesity and its associated social and economic costs . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT BACKGROUND : The majority of infants in the United States are in nonparental child care , yet little is known about the effect of child care on development of obesity . OBJECTIVE : To examine the relationship between child care attendance from birth to 6 months and adiposity at 1 and 3 years of age . METHODS : We studied 1138 children from a prospect i ve cohort of pregnant women and their offspring . The main exposure was time in child care from birth to 6 months of age , overall and by type of care : ( 1 ) child care center ; ( 2 ) someone else 's home ; and ( 3 ) child 's own home by nonparent . The main outcomes were weight-for-length ( WFL ) z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age . RESULTS : A total of 649 ( 57 % ) infants attended child care ; 17 % were cared for in a center , 27 % in someone else 's home , and 21 % in their own home by a nonparent . After adjustment for confounders , overall time in child care was associated with an increased WFL z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age but not skinfold thicknesses . Center and own home care were not associated with the outcomes , but care in someone else 's home was associated with an increase in both the 1- and 3-year outcomes . CONCLUSION : Child care in the first 6 months of life , especially in someone else 's home , was associated with an increased WFL z score at 1 year and BMI z score at 3 years of age BACKGROUND Introducing nutritional and lifestyle principles to children in late infancy may permanently improve their adherence to a low-saturated fat , low-cholesterol diet , thus reducing of coronary risk factors , but worries about possible effects on growth and development have hampered such an approach . OBJECTIVE The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Babies ( STRIP ) aim ed to decrease exposure to known environmental atherosclerosis risk factors in children 7 - 36 mo of age . DESIGN Repeated , individualized counseling aim ed at promoting a fat intake of 30 % of energy and a 1:1:1 ratio of saturated to monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fat intake was provided ( n = 540 intervention children ; 284 boys ) . Nutrition was discussed superficially with the families of the control children ( n = 522 ; 266 boys ) and food intake was recorded at 3 - 6-mo intervals by use of 3 - 4-d food diaries . Serum lipids were measured at 6 - 12-mo intervals and growth was monitored regularly . RESULTS Fat intake of the intervention ( control ) children provided 29.5 % ( 29.4 % ) of energy at the age of 8 mo , 26.6 % ( 28.5 % ) of energy at 13 mo , 30.5 % ( 33.5 % ) of energy at 24 mo , and 31 . 5 % ( 33.5 % ) of energy at 36 mo . The intervention children consistently consumed less saturated fat than did the control children ( P : < 0.0001 ) . Recommended intakes of other nutrients ( except vitamin D and occasionally iron ) were reached irrespective of the amount and type of dietary fat . Serum cholesterol , non-HDL cholesterol , and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 3 - 6 % lower in the intervention children than in the control children . The intervention had no effect on height , weight , or head circumference gain . Fat intake did not predict children 's growth patterns . CONCLUSION Repeated , individualized counseling in early childhood aim ed at reducing consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol was effective and feasible and did not restrict growth in circumstances in which children were regularly monitored Background Primary prevention of childhood overweight is an international priority . In Australia 20 - 25 % of 2 - 8 year olds are already overweight . These children are at substantially increased the risk of becoming overweight adults , with attendant increased risk of morbidity and mortality . Early feeding practice s determine infant exposure to food ( type , amount , frequency ) and include responses ( eg coercion ) to infant feeding behaviour ( eg . food refusal ) . There is correlational evidence linking parenting style and early feeding practice s to child eating behaviour and weight status . A focus on early feeding is consistent with the national focus on early childhood as the foundation for life-long health and well being . The NOURISH trial aims to implement and evaluate a community-based intervention to promote early feeding practice s that will foster healthy food preferences and intake and preserve the innate capacity to self-regulate food intake in young children . Methods / Design This r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) aims to recruit 820 first-time mothers and their healthy term infants . A consecutive sample of eligible mothers will be approached postnatally at major maternity hospitals in Brisbane and Adelaide . Initial consent will be for re-contact for full enrolment when the infants are 4 - 7 months old . Individual mother- infant dyads will be r and omised to usual care or the intervention . The intervention will provide anticipatory guidance via two modules of six fortnightly parent education and peer support group sessions , each followed by six months of regular maintenance contact . The modules will commence when the infants are aged 4 - 7 and 13 - 16 months to coincide with establishment of solid feeding , and autonomy and independence , respectively . Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline , with follow up at nine and 18 months . These will include infant intake ( type and amount of foods ) , food preferences , feeding behaviour and growth and self-reported maternal feeding practice s and parenting practice s and efficacy . Covariates will include sociodemographics , infant feeding mode and temperament , maternal weight status and weight concern and child care exposure . Discussion Despite the strong rationale to focus on parents ' early feeding practice s as a key determinant of child food preferences , intake and self-regulatory capacity , prospect i ve longitudinal and intervention studies are rare . This trial will be amongst to provide Level II evidence regarding the impact of an intervention ( commencing prior to age 12 months ) on children 's eating patterns and behaviours . Trial Registration OBJECTIVE : To assess the relationship between size and growth measurements in infancy to body mass index ( BMI ) at 6 y. DESIGN : A longitudinal observation study on  r and omly chosen infants ’ growth and consumption in infancy . Follow-up until the age of 6 y . SUBJECTS : A total of 90 children who were born healthy and full-term . MEASUREMENTS : Weight and height were measured at maternity wards and healthcare centers in Icel and throughout infancy and at 6 y. Food records were made every month during infancy . At 2 , 4 , 6 , 9 and 12 months , food was weighed to calculate food and nutrient intake . RESULTS : Weight gain from birth to 12 months as a ratio of birth weight was positively related to BMI at the age of 6 y in both genders ( B=2.9±1.0 , P=0.008 , and B=2.0±0.9 , P=0.032 for boys and girls , respectively ) . Boys in the highest quartile of protein intake ( E% ) at the age of 9–12 months had significantly higher BMI ( 17.8±2.4 kg/m2 ) at 6 y than the lowest ( 15.6±1.0 kg/m2 , P=0.039 ) and the second lowest ( 15.3±0.8 kg/m2 , P=0.01 ) quartile . Energy intake was not different between groups . Together , weight gain at 0–12 months and protein intake at 9–12 months explained 50 % of the variance in BMI among 6-y-old boys . CONCLUSION : Rapid growth during the first year of life is associated with increased BMI at the age of 6 y in both genders . In boys , high intake of protein in infancy could also contribute to childhood  obesity OBJECTIVE To determine whether maternal participation in an obesity prevention plus parenting support ( OPPS ) intervention would reduce the prevalence of obesity in high-risk Native-American children when compared with a parenting support (PS)-only intervention . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-three mother/child pairs were recruited to participate . Mothers were 26.5 + /- 5 years old with a mean BMI of 29.9 + /- 3 kg/m(2 ) . Children ( 23 males ) were 22 + /- 8 months old with mean weight-for-height z ( WHZ ) scores of 0.73 + /- 1.4 . Mothers were r and omly assigned to a 16-week OPPS intervention or PS alone . The intervention was delivered one-on-one in homes by an indigenous peer educator . Baseline and week 16 assessment s included weight and height ( WHZ score and weight-for-height percentile for children ) , dietary intake ( 3-day food records ) , physical activity ( measured by accelerometers ) , parental feeding style ( Child Feeding Question naire ) , and maternal outcome expectations , self-efficacy , and intention to change diet and exercise behaviors . RESULTS Changes in WHZ scores showed a trend toward significance , with WHZ scores decreasing in the PS condition and increasing among the OPPS group ( -0.27 + /- 1.1 vs. 0.31 + /- 1.1 , p = 0.06 ) . Children in the OPPS condition also significantly decreased energy intake ( -316 + /- 835 kcal/d vs. 197 + /- 608 kcal/d , p < 0.05 ) . Scores on the restriction subscale 
    Output:
    
No intervention improved child weight status .
Limited evidence suggests that interventions may improve dietary intake and parental attitudes and knowledge about nutrition for children in this age group .