***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS are common , emerging soon after diagnosis or during the subsequent course of illness . However , there are few prospect i ve studies on the rates of psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS , particularly in the context of the developing world . METHODS Sixty-five patients with recently diagnosed HIV were interviewed on presentation to a hospital-based HIV clinic and then 6 months later . On both interviews , the patients were assessed using the  MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview , the Carver Brief COPE , and the Sheehan Disability Scale . Exposure to negative life events and risk behaviors  was also evaluated . RESULTS The overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the follow-up period remained high ( 56 % of patients had at least one psychiatric disorder at baseline , and 48 % of patients had at least one psychiatric disorder at 6 months ) . Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) were the most prevalent disorders at both baseline ( 34.9 % and 14.8 % ) and follow-up ( 26 % and 20 % ) , respectively . More than half of all patients with depression at baseline improved ( 16 of 29 ; 55.1 % ) . However , there was a new onset of both depression ( 4 of 49 ; 8.1 % ) and PTSD ( 12 of 17 ; 70.5 % ) on follow-up . In univariate analysis , depression on follow-up was significantly associated with : ( a ) disability in work/social/family functioning , ( b ) greater number of negative life events , and ( c ) a decline in CD4 lymphocyte count . Univariate analysis also revealed that a diagnosis of PTSD on follow-up was significantly associated with ( a ) a longer duration of infection and ( b ) baseline disability in work/social/family functioning . However , in multivariate analysis , only disability scores predicted the diagnoses of major depression and PTSD on follow-up assessment . Persistence of risky sexual behaviour was also noted , with a significantly higher number of participants reporting nonuse of condom on follow-up . There appeared to be a shift from maladaptive coping behaviors to more adaptive coping behaviors over the 6-month period . CONCLUSION The rate of psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS patients was consistent over time . These findings emphasize the importance of regular evaluation for psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS patients , not only at the commencement of treatment but also during subsequent follow-up visits Abstract The health authorities have recently accepted the routine provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy to persons living with AIDS in South Africa . There is a need to investigate the impact of HAART on the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) in a re source -poor environment , as this will have an influence on compliance and treatment outcome . The aim of this study was to explore whether HAART is efficacious in improving the self-reported health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) in a group of PWLA in WHO Stages 3 and 4 living in a re source -poor community . A quasi-experimental , prospect i ve repeated measures design was used to monitor the HRQoL over time in participants recruited to an existing HAART programme .  The HRQoL of 117 participants was determined through the use of the Xhosa version of the EQ-5D and measurements were taken at baseline , one , six and 12 months . At the time of the 12-month question naire , 95 participants had been on HAART for 12 months . Not all participants attended all follow-up visits , but only two participants had withdrawn from the HAART programme , after two or three months . At baseline , the rank order of problems reported in all domains of the EQ-5D was significantly greater than at 12 months . The mean score on the global rating of health status increased significantly ( p<0.001 ) from a mean of 61.7 ( SD = 22.7 ) at baseline to 76.1 at 12 months ( SD = 18.5 ) It is concluded that , even in a re source -poor environment , HRQoL can be greatly improved by HAART , and that the possible side effects of the drugs seem to have a negligible impact on the wellbeing of the subjects . This bodes well for the anticipated roll-out of HAART within the public health sector in South Africa OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence of HIV infection , neuropsychiatric disorders , psychiatric symptoms/signs , alcohol use/misuse , CD4 cell counts and risk factors in adult patients . DESIGN Cross-sectional study . SETTING Epworth , which is about 15 km on the southeastern part of Harare , Zimbabwe . SUBJECTS Two hundred subjects were included in the study out of which six were excluded beacause of HIV-1 indeterminate results . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A convenience sample of 200 subjects recruited in a cross-sectional study in Epworth , Zimbabwe . Six subjects had indeterminate HIV-1 antibody results and were excluded from the study . The remaining 194 subjects of whom 101 ( 52.1 % ) knew about their sero-status and were consecutively recruited , whereas , 93 ( 47.9 % ) did not know about their sero-status and were recruited by a systematic r and om sampling method ( 1-in-3 ) . They were then interviewed about neuropsychiatric disorders using BPRS , MADRS , AUDIT and MINI Mental State Test , including the risk factors related to HIV infection . After ELISA tests ' results , the two groups were combined and then categorised into HIV positive ( n=115 ) and HIV negative ( n=79 ) subjects . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence , neuropsychiatric disorders , increased CD4 cell counts and risk factors associated with HIV infection . RESULTS The findings were that the overall point prevalence of the HIV infection was 59.3 % ( 115/194 ) . Comparative analyses between seropositive and seronegative HIV/AIDS subjects showed : over two thirds ( 71.3 % ) of the HIV positive subjects suffered from psychiatric disorders , more than those with HIV negative 44.3 % ( OR=3.12 , 95 % CI=1.64 - 5.95 , P=0.0002 ) , and subjects aged 35 years and less were mostly HIV seronegatives ( n=77.2 % , OR=2.34 , 95 % CI=1.18 - 4.75 , P=0.014 ) . The overall prevalence of alcohol use/misuse was 41 ( 21.1 % ) , with higher prevalence rate among HIV positive subjects , 28 ( 24.3 % ) than those who were HIV negative , 13 ( 16.5 % ) . The commonest psychiatric symptoms/signs ( P<0.05 ) were emotional withdrawal , depressed mood , suspiciousness , apparent sadness , reduced sleep and suicidal thoughts ( especially among women ) . CONCLUSION There is very high point prevalence of HIV/AIDS and psychiatric disorders , including a moderate prevalence rate of alcohol use/misuse in this less affluent community that warranted intervention Abstract We examined trends and predictors of quality of life ( QOL ) over 12 months among a prospect i ve cohort of 947 HIV-1-infected adults initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) between May 2003 and May 2004 in rural Ug and a. Participants provided clinical , demographic and psychosocial data at baseline and every three months thereafter . Outcome measures included physical and mental health summary scores based on the Medical Outcomes Study -HIV Health Survey ( MOS-HIV ) . Generalised estimating equations were used to assess magnitude of change in summary scores and factors associated with QOL . Of 710 women and 237 men enroled , the mean age was 38.7 years and mean baseline CD4 cell count was 124.1 cells/µL. At enrolment , physical and mental health summary scores were 39.2 and 40 , respectively . By 12 months of HAART , scores increased by 11.2 points ( p < 0.001 ) and 7.4 points ( p < 0.001 ) , respectively . For both scores , most gains were achieved by the third month of therapy . While several clinical , psychosocial and sociodemographic factors predicted QOL at HAART initiation , financial dependence on others was the only remaining predictor after controlling for time on HAART . Interventions to enhance the economic and employment opportunities of patients taking HAART in rural Africa may help maximise gains in QOL 
    Output:
    
People living with HIV or AIDS ( PLHIV ) tended to have more mental health problems than non-HIV-infected individuals , with those experiencing less problems less likely to be poor and more likely to be employed , educated and receiving antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) .
Being female , experiencing poor health , receiving poor- quality health services , and a lack of material and emotional support from family and friends were associated with greater psychiatric morbidity .