***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM Bracing is considered to be effective in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis . The concept prevailing today includes an asymmetrical construction , mainly using a mechanical three-point system . We developed the new Sforzesco brace , based on the SPoRT concept ( Symmetric , Patient-oriented , Rigid , Three-dimensional , active ) . The aim of this study is to verify the results of this concept and brace , compared to three-point classical systems . METHODS We performed a prospect i ve , pair-controlled study . It was possible to match 15 patients , out of the first 18 consecutively treated with the Sforzesco brace ( Group SPoRT ) , with previous patients treated with the Lyon brace ( Group LY ) . SPoRT included 14.2+/-1.7 year old patients , with 47+/-7 degrees Cobb worst curves , and 11+/-4 degrees Bunnell ; LY included 13.6+/-1.6 year old patients , with 43+/-7 degrees Cobb and 12+/-5 degrees Bunnell . The brace had to be worn 23 h per day and patients were evaluated after 6 months both clinical ly and radiographically ( without the brace ) . Appropriate statistics were used . RESULTS At the baseline there were slight differences between the groups , with SPoRT worse than LY . All radiographic and clinical parameters decreased significantly with treatment in both groups , apart from thoracic Cobb degrees in LY . SPoRT had better results than LY ( P<0.05 ) radiographically ( worst curve -10+/-5 degrees vs -5+/-7 degrees , all curves -8+/-7 degrees vs -6+/-7 degrees ) , for sagittal profile ( distance from plumbline : T12 -6+/-9 mm vs + 2+/-8 and L3 -7+/-12 vs 0+/-10 ) and aesthetics of the shoulders ( 9 improved and 6 unchanged vs 5 and 8) and waists ( 10 improved and 5 unchanged vs 5 and 8) . Finally , clinical results in terms of patient recovery were better in SPoRT than LY ( 12 improved and 3 unchanged vs 8 and 5 ) . CONCLUSION When a new treatment is introduced , it is not possible to wait years ( end of therapy ) before verifying its utility , and in scoliosis bracing a short term study already gives very important clues . This study confirms the immediate efficacy of brace treatment ( even in such high degree cases ) whatever the brace concept used , with only 2 ( out of 30 ) progressed curves . In SPoRT we had no progressions , and obtained a statistically significant 80 % better radiographic results than LY in the worst scoliosis curve , and 40 % in the average of all curves , as well as improved aesthetics and sagittal profile ( that is crucial in scoliosis bracing ) . The Sforzesco brace should be used , and the SPoRT concept explored in the long term to verify if the classical three-point system should be totally ( or partially ) ab and oned The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis , in selective respiratory parameters ( VC , FVC , FEV1 , FEV1/VC% FEV1/FVC ) as well as the ability to perform aerobic work ( PWC170 ) . The training group consisted of 20 young girls with a mean age of 13.5 + /- 0.16 years . They wore a Boston-type brace for a mean period of 0.30 + /- 0.04 years and suffered from a scoliotic curve ( 27.4 + /- 1.9 degrees ) . They followed a two-month training program on the cycloergometer . Each training session lasted 30 min and was performed four times a week . The control group consisted of 20 girls with a mean age of 13.6 + /- 0.18 years and they wore the same type of brace for a mean period of 0.24 + /- 0.04 years . They also suffered from a scoliosis ( 29.5 + /- 1.8 degrees ) . The results of the study revealed that  aerobic training sustained ( VC , FEV1 , FEV1/VC ) or improved significantly ( FVC , FEV1/FVC ) the parameters of pulmonary function , while the respective parameters ( VC , FVC ) for the control group were reduced during the two-month period . The ability to perform aerobic work increased 48.1 % ( P < 0.01 ) in the training group , while it decreased 9.2 % ( P < 0.01 ) in the control group Background The effectiveness of orthotic treatment  continues to be controversial in international medical literature due to differences in the reported results and conclusions of various studies . Heterogeneity of the sample s has been suggested as a reason for conflicting results . Besides the obvious theoretical differences between the brace concepts , the variability in the technical factors can also explain the contradictory results between same brace types . This paper will investigate the degree of variability among responses of scoliosis specialists from the Brace Study Ground of the International Society on Scoliosis Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Treatment SOSORT . Ultimately , this information could be a foundation for establishing a consensus and framework for future prospect i ve controlled studies . Methods A preliminary question naire on the topic of ' brace action ' relative to the theory of three-dimensional scoliosis correction and brace treatment was developed and circulated to specialists interested in the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis . A particular case was presented ( main thoracic curve with minor lumbar ) . Several key points emerged and were used to develop a second question naire which was discussed and full filed after the SOSORT consensus meeting ( Milano , Italy , January 2005 ) . Results Twenty-one question naires were completed . The Chêneau brace was the most frequently recommended . The importance of the three point system mechanism was stressed . Options about proper pad placement on the thoracic convexity were divided 50 % for the pad reaching or involving the apical vertebra and 50 % for the pad acting caudal to the apical vertebra . There was agreement about the direction of the vector force , 85 % selecting a ' dorso lateral to ventro medial ' direction but about the shape of the pad to produce such a force . Principles related to three-dimensional correction achieved high consensus ( 80%–85 % ) , but suggested methods of correction were quite diverse . Conclusion This study reveals that among participating SOSORT specialists there continues to be a strongly held and conflicting if not a contentious opinion regarding brace design and treatment . If the goal of a ' treatment consensus ' is realistic and achievable , significantly more effort will be required to reconcile these differences UNLABELLED There is low evidence on the possible efficacy of exercises to treat idiopathic scoliosis , grade d as C by the existing Italian Guidelines . Our aim was to verify if exercises quality has an effect on results . DESIGN Prospect i ve controlled study on idiopathic scoliosis patients that performed only exercises to avoid progression . TREATMENT SEAS Group make exercises according to the protocol SEAS.02 ( Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis , version 2002 ) . The CONT Group performed exercises at a local structure according to different protocol s preferred by the treating therapists . Population . SEAS : 48 patients ( 37 females ) , 12.5+/-2.2 years , 15.1 degrees + /-5.7 degrees Cobb ( degrees C ) , 9.0 degrees + /-3.3 degrees Bunnell ( degrees B ) . The difference in the number of braced patients within the first year has been almost statistically significant ( P=0.07 ) : 1 in SEAS vs. 5 in CONT . Cobb degrees improved with treatment ( P<0.05 ) only in the SEAS group . Clinical results ( variation of at least 5 degrees C or 2 degrees B ) were better in SEAS than CONT . Not all exercises for scoliosis have the same efficacy : this study proves the short term efficacy of SEAS.02 when compared to usual care The r and omized controlled trial is often difficult , impractical or unethical in the clinical setting . Specific types of experimental design are examined for application and ease of interpretation of results , with particular focus on the generalization and demonstration of cause and effect . Examples are given of relatively easy changes that greatly strengthen the design and several recently published studies are used as illustrative examples UNLABELLED The Lyon school has proposed a preparation to brace wearing through an intensive mobilization in order to obtain a better reduction of the braced scoliotic curve . Our aim was to verify this hypothesis . DESIGN A prospect i ve controlled study on consecutive patients having idiopathic scoliosis with brace management . OUTCOME Results after 5 months of brace wearing were review ed by radiographic examination without the brace . TREATMENT SEAS Group exercises according to the protocol SEAS.02 ( Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis , version 2002 ) ; CONT Group various type of exercises . Population . 110 patients ( 34 females ) , 13.5+/-2.4 years , 31.1 degrees + /-11.1 degrees Cobb ( degrees C ) , 14.4 degrees + /-6.0 degrees Bunnell ( degrees B ) . All parameters improved at follow-up in both groups . SEAS had better results than CONT for degrees C. Clinical results ( variations of at least 5 degrees C and 2 degrees B ) were better in SEAS than CONT . This study proves the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises preparatory for bracing . Bracing demonstrated its short term efficacy The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that physiotherapy-based intervention can reduce incidence of progression in children with IS . Two independent patient groups matched by age and sex at diagnosis were analysed using the outcome parameter , incidence of progression ( S 5 ° ) . One group was untreated and the other received  scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation ( SIR )  . Incidence of progression in groups of untreated patients ranged from 1.5-fold ( 71.2 % vs 46.7 % ) to 2.9-fold ( 55.8 % vs 19.2 % ) higher than in groups of patients treated with SIR , even when SIR-treated groups included patients with more severe curvatures . Statistically , the differences were highly significant . Efforts to test the hypothesis that physical therapies addressing postural imbalance can be used effectively in the treatment of IS have been limited . The results of this study are consistent with the possibility that a supervized programme of exercise-based therapies can reduce incidence of progression in children with IS Abstract A group of 44 patients with idiopathic scoliosis ( mean age 13.6 years ) with an initial Cobb angle between 20 ° and 32 ° received side-shift therapy ( mean treatment duration 2.2 years ) . A group of 120 brace patients ( mean age 13.6 years ) with an initial Cobb angle in the same range ( mean brace treatment 3.0 years ) was the historical reference group .  Failure was defined as an increase of Cobb angle greater than 5 ° within 4 months or a Cobb angle greater than 35 ° or a total increase of Cobb angle greater than 10 ° . The chance of success was not significantly different between the side-shift and the brace groups , whether tested for efficiency ( 66 % vs 68 % ) or efficacy ( 85 % vs 90 % ) . The difference in the mean progression of the Cobb angle for the respective groups is small ( for efficiency : 3 ° vs –2 ° , for efficacy : 2 ° vs –1 ° ) . Side-shift therapy appears to be a promising additional treatment for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents with an inital Cobb angle between 20 ° and 32 ° The possibility of using learned physiological responses in control of progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( AIS ) was investigated . Sixteen ( 16 ) AIS patients with progressing or high-risk curves ( Cobb 's angle between 25 ° and 35 ° at start and reducible by lateral bending ) were fitted with a device with tone alarm for poor posture . In the first 18 months of application , 3 patients defaulted and 4 showed curve progression > 10 ° ( 2 changed to rigid spinal orthoses and 2 underwent surgery ) . The curves for the other 9 patients were kept under control ( within ±5 ° of Cobb 's angle ) and 5 of them have reached skeletal maturity and terminated the application . The remaining 4 patients were still using the devices until skeletal maturity or curve progression . The curve control rate was 69 % . A long-lasting active spinal control could be achieved through the patient 's own spinal muscles . Nevertheless , before the postural training device could become a treatment modality , a long-term study for more AIS patients was necessary . This project is ongoing in the Duchess of Kent Children 's Hospital , S and y Bay , Hong Kong 
    Output:
    
Apart from one ( no autocorrection , symmetric exercises , very low method ological quality ) , all studies confirmed the efficacy of exercises in reducing the progression rate ( mainly in early puberty ) and /or improving the Cobb angles ( around the end of growth ) .
Exercises were also shown to be effective in reducing brace prescription .