***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The present study tested the extent to which age and obesity predicted impulsive choices for food and monetary outcomes and tested how a brief mindful-eating training would alter delay discounting for food and money choices compared with control groups . Method : First , 172 adolescents ( Mage = 13.13 years ) and 176 ( Mage = 23.33 years ) adults completed the Food Choice Question naire ( FCQ ) and Monetary Choice Question naire ( MCQ ) as measures of food and money delay discounting , respectively . Then , participants returned to the lab and were r and omly assigned to complete a brief mindful-eating training , watch a DVD on nutrition , or serve as a control . Participants completed the  FCQ  and  MCQ  again as a postmanipulation measure . Results : Participants with high percent body fat ( PBF ) were more impulsive for food than those with low PBF . Adults with high PBF were also more impulsive for money compared with adults with low PBF ; no PBF-related differences were found for adolescents . Participants in the mindful-eating group exhibited more self-controlled choices for food , but not for money . The control conditions did not exhibit changes . Conclusion : The study suggests that individuals with high PBF make more impulsive food choices relative to those with low PBF , which could increase the risk of obesity over time . It also is the first to demonstrate shifts in choice patterns for food and money using a brief mindful-eating training with adolescents . Mindful eating is a beneficial strategy to reduce impulsive food choice , at least temporarily , that may impede weight gain Obese individuals tend to behave more impulsively than healthy weight individuals across a variety of measures , but it is unclear whether this pattern can be altered . The present study examined the effects of a mindful eating behavioral strategy on impulsive and risky choice patterns for hypothetical food and money . In Experiment 1 , 304 participants completed computerized delay and probability discounting tasks  for food-related and monetary outcomes . High percent body fat ( PBF ) predicted more impulsive choice for food , but not small-value money , replicating previous work . In Experiment 2 , 102 r and omly selected participants from Experiment 1 were assigned to participate in a 50-min workshop on mindful eating or to watch an educational video . They then completed the discounting tasks again . Participants who completed the mindful eating session showed more self-controlled and less risk-averse discounting patterns for food compared to baseline ; those in the control condition discounted similarly to baseline rates . There were no changes in discounting for money for either group , suggesting stimulus specificity for food for the mindful eating condition Obesity and cigarette smoking are often cited separately as the top two preventable causes of death in the United States ; however , little research has explored the factors associated with being both obese and a smoker . Delay discounting is a behavioral characteristic that may underlie both of these conditions/behaviors . Delay discounting describes the extent to which an individual discounts the value of an outcome because of a delay in its occurrence . Higher rates of discounting are often considered as an index of impulsivity and have been linked with obesity and cigarette smoking . No research to date has explored  delay discounting  in a sample of obese smokers . For this study , adolescent smokers classified as obese ( body mass index > 95th percentile ) and healthy weight ( body mass index between the 5th and 85th percentiles ) were compared on a laboratory assessment of delay discounting .  Obese smokers  discounted significantly more by delay than healthy weight smokers . This difference remained statistically significant even after controlling for demographic variables that differed across groups . These findings suggest that the relationships between  delay discounting and obesity and cigarette smoking may be additive , such that extreme discounting might proportionally increase the risk of becoming an obese smoker . However , future prospect i ve study is needed to fully determine the veracity of this hypothesis 
    Output:
    
Conclusions This review suggests that the mixed evidence to date is a result of method ological heterogeneity , and that future studies should utilise ‘ best practice ’ methods