***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Confidence that r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) results accurately reflect intervention effectiveness depends on proper trial conduct and the accuracy and completeness of published trial reports . The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology ( JCCP ) is the primary trials journal amongst American Psychological Association ( APA ) journals . The objectives of this study were to review RCTs recently published in JCCP to evaluate ( 1 ) adequacy of primary outcome analysis definitions ; ( 2 ) registration status ; and , ( 3 ) among registered trials , adequacy of outcome registration s. Additionally , we compared results from JCCP to findings from a recent study of top psychosomatic and behavioral medicine journals . Methods Eligible RCTs were published in JCCP in 2013–2014 . For each RCT , two investigators independently extracted data on ( 1 ) adequacy of outcome analysis definitions in the published report , ( 2 ) whether the RCT was registered prior to enrolling patients , and ( 3 ) adequacy of outcome registration . Results Of 70 RCTs review ed , 12 ( 17.1 % ) adequately defined primary or secondary outcome analyses , whereas 58 ( 82.3 % ) had multiple primary outcome analyses without statistical adjustment or undefined outcome analyses . There were 39 ( 55.7 % ) registered trials . Only two trials registered prior to patient enrollment with a single primary outcome variable and time point of assessment . However , in one of the two trials , registered and published outcomes were discrepant . No studies were adequately registered as per St and ard Protocol Items : Recommendation for Interventional Trials guidelines . Compared to psychosomatic and behavioral medicine journals , the proportion of published trials with adequate outcome analysis declarations was significantly lower in JCCP ( 17.1 % versus 32.9 % ; p = 0.029 ) . The proportion of registered trials in JCCP ( 55.7 % ) was comparable to behavioral medicine journals ( 52.6 % ; p = 0.709 ) . Conclusions The quality of published outcome analysis definitions and trial registration s in JCCP is suboptimal . Greater attention to proper trial registration and outcome analysis definition in published reports is needed Background Obesity is a growing epidemic . Weight control interventions can achieve weight loss , but most is regained over time . Stigma and low quality of life are significant problems that are rarely targeted . Purpose A new model aim ed at reducing avoidant behavior and increasing psychological flexibility , has shown to be relevant in the treatment of other chronic health problems and is worth examining for improving the lives of obese persons . Methods Patients who had completed at least 6 months of a weight loss program ( N = 84 ) were r and omly assigned to receive a 1-day , mindfulness and acceptance-based workshop targeting obesity-related stigma and psychological distress or be placed on a waiting list . Results At a 3-month follow-up , workshop participants showed greater improvements in obesity-related stigma , quality of life , psychological distress , and body mass , as well as improvements in distress tolerance , and both general and weight-specific acceptance and psychological flexibility . Effects on distress , stigma , and quality of life were above and beyond the effects due to improved weight control . Mediational analyses indicated that changes in weight-specific acceptance coping and psychological flexibility mediated changes in outcomes . Conclusion Results provide preliminary support for the role of acceptance and mindfulness in improving the quality of life of obese individuals while simultaneously augmenting their weight control efforts OBJECTIVE Effective treatments for social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) exist , but additional treatment options are needed for nonresponders as well as those who are either unable or unwilling to engage in traditional treatments . Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) is one nontraditional treatment that has demonstrated efficacy in treating other mood and anxiety disorders , and preliminary data suggest its efficacy in SAD as well . METHOD Fifty-six adults ( 52 % female ; 41 % Caucasian ; age mean [ M ] ± st and ard deviation [ SD ] : 32.8 ± 8.4 ) with SAD were r and omized to MBSR  or an active comparison condition , aerobic exercise ( AE ) . At baseline and post-intervention , participants completed measures of clinical symptoms ( Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale , Social Interaction Anxiety Scale , Beck Depression Inventory-II , and Perceived Stress Scale ) and subjective well-being ( Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale , Satisfaction with Life Scale , Self-Compassion Scale , and UCLA-8 Loneliness Scale ) . At 3 months post-intervention , a subset of these measures was readministered . For clinical significance analyses , 48 healthy adults ( 52.1 % female ; 56.3 % Caucasian ; age [ M ± SD ] : 33.9 ± 9.8 ) were recruited .  MBSR and AE participants were also compared with a separate untreated group of 29 adults ( 44.8 % female ; 48.3 % Caucasian ; age [ M ± SD ] : 32.3 ± 9.4 ) with generalized SAD who completed assessment s over a comparable time period with no intervening treatment . RESULTS A 2 ( Group ) x 2 ( Time ) repeated measures analyses of variance ( ANOVAs ) on measures of clinical symptoms and well-being were conducted to examine pre-intervention to post-intervention and pre-intervention to 3-month follow-up . Both MBSR and AE were associated with reductions in social anxiety and depression and increases in subjective well-being , both immediately post-intervention and at 3 months post-intervention . When participants in the r and omized controlled trial were compared with the untreated SAD group , participants in both interventions exhibited improvements on measures of clinical symptoms and well-being . CONCLUSION Nontraditional interventions such as MBSR and AE merit further exploration as alternative or complementary treatments for SAD BACKGROUND Psychological risk factors such as anxiety and depression have been associated with coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . Stress can have an impact on the risk factors for the disease , such as high blood pressure ( BP ) , physical inactivity and being overweight . AIMS Examine the effect of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program on symptoms of anxiety and depression , perceived stress , BP and body mass index ( BMI ) in patients with CHD . SETTING S AND DESIGN Intervention was carried out at an Outpatient clinic . Parallel group - MBSR group ; and treatment-as-usual group ( TAU ) - r and omized control design with pre- ( baseline ) , post-intervention and follow-up assessment s was adopted . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty male patients , age range ( 30 - 65 years ) with CHD were r and omly allocated to either group . The therapeutic program comprised of eight weekly sessions of structured MBSR intervention for the MBSR group and one health education session for the TAU group . Regular medical intervention and monthly consultations with the cardiologist were consistent for both groups . The main outcome measures were : Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale , Perceived Stress Scale ( perceived stress ) , BP and BMI . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Independent sample t-tests , chi square test and paired sample t-test were used . RESULTS All patients completed intervention in the MBSR group . Significant reduction was observed in symptoms of anxiety and depression , perceived stress , BP and BMI in patients of the MBSR group after the completion of intervention assessment . At 3-month follow-up , therapeutic gains were maintained in patients of the MBSR group . CONCLUSION The MBSR program is effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression , perceived stress , BP and BMI in patients with CHD CONTEXT As of 2005 , the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors required investigators to register their trials prior to participant enrollment as a precondition for publishing the trial 's findings in member journals . OBJECTIVE To assess the proportion of registered trials with results recently published in journals with high impact factors ; to compare the primary outcomes specified in trial registries with those reported in the published articles ; and to determine whether primary outcome reporting bias favored significant outcomes . DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION MEDLINE via PubMed was search ed for reports of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) in 3 medical areas ( cardiology , rheumatology , and gastroenterology ) indexed in 2008 in the 10 general medical journals and specialty journals with the highest impact factors . DATA EXTRACTION For each included article , we obtained the trial registration information using a st and ardized data extraction form . RESULTS Of the 323 included trials , 147 ( 45.5 % ) were adequately registered ( ie , registered before the end of the trial , with the primary outcome clearly specified ) . Trial registration was lacking for 89 published reports ( 27.6 % ) , 45 trials ( 13.9 % ) were registered after the completion of the study , 39 ( 12 % ) were registered with no or an unclear description of the primary outcome , and 3 ( 0.9 % ) were registered after the completion of the study and had an unclear description of the primary outcome . Among articles with trials adequately registered , 31 % ( 46 of 147 ) showed some evidence of discrepancies between the outcomes registered and the outcomes published . The influence of these discrepancies could be assessed in only half of them and in these statistically significant results were favored in 82.6 % ( 19 of 23 ) . CONCLUSION Comparison of the primary outcomes of RCTs registered with their subsequent publication indicated that selective outcome reporting is prevalent Objective Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) is an increasingly popular practice demonstrated to alleviate stress and treat certain health conditions . MBSR may reduce  elevated blood pressure ( BP ) . Treatment guidelines recommend life-style modifications for BP in the prehypertensive range ( systolic BP [ SBP ] 120–139 mm Hg or diastolic BP [ DBP ] 80–89 mm Hg ) , followed by antihypertensives if BP reaches hypertensive levels . MBSR has not been thoroughly evaluated as a treatment of prehypertension . A r and omized clinical trial of MBSR for high BP was conducted to determine whether BP reductions associated with MBSR exceed those observed for an active control condition consisting of progressive muscle relaxation ( PMR ) training . Methods Fifty-six men ( 43 % ) and women ( 57 % ) averaging ( st and ard deviation ) 50.3 ( 6.5 ) years of age ( 91 % white ) with unmedicated BP in the prehypertensive range were r and omized to 8 weeks of MBSR or PMR delivered in a group format . Treatment sessions were administered by one treatment provider and lasted approximately 2.5 hours each week . Clinic BP was the primary outcome measure . Ambulatory BP was a secondary outcome measure . Results Analyses were based on intent to treat . Patients r and omized to MBSR exhibited a 4.8-mm Hg reduction in clinic SBP , which was larger than the 0.7-mm Hg reduction observed for PMR ( p = .016 ) . Those r and omized to MBSR exhibited a 1.9-mm Hg reduction in DBP compared with a 1.2-mm Hg increase for PMR ( p = .008 ) . MBSR did not result in larger decreases in ambulatory BP than in PMR . Conclusions MBSR result ed in a reduction in clinic SBP and DBP compared with PMR . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT00440596 ABSTRACT Stress is important in substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . Mindfulness training ( MT ) has shown promise for stress-related maladies . No studies have compared MT to empirically vali date d treatments for SUDs . The goals of this study were to assess MT compared to cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) in substance use and treatment acceptability , and specificity of MT compared to CBT in targeting stress reactivity . Thirty-six individuals with alcohol and /or cocaine use disorders were r and omly assigned to receive group MT or CBT in an outpatient setting . Drug use was assessed weekly . After treatment , responses to personalized stress provocation were measured . Fourteen individuals completed treatment . There were no differences in treatment satisfaction or drug use between groups . The laboratory paradigm suggested reduced psychological and physiological indices of stress during provocation in MT compared to CBT . This pilot study provides evidence of the feasibility of MT in treating SUDs and suggests that MT may be efficacious in targeting stress This study evaluated mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) , a group intervention design ed to train recovered recurrently depressed patients to disengage from dysphoria-activated depressogenic thinking that may mediate relapse/recurrence . Recovered recurrently depressed patients ( n = 145 ) were r and omized to continue with treatment as usual or , in addition , to receive MBCT .  Relapse/recurrence to major depression was assessed over a 60-week study period . For patients with 3 or more previous episodes of depression ( 77 % of the sample ) , MBCT significantly reduced risk of relapse/recurrence . For patients with only 2 previous episodes , MBCT did not reduce relapse/recurrence .  MBCT offers a promising cost-efficient psychological approach to preventing relapse/recurrence in recovered recurrently depressed patients OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a meditation training program , Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) , on depressive symptoms , psychological status , and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) through a r and omized , waitlist-controlled pilot study . METHODS Particip 
    Output:
    
The proportion of mindfulness-based therapy trials with statistically significant results may overstate what would occur in practice