***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A new intravenous lipid emulsion ( ILE ) prepared from a mixture of soybean and olive oils contains only long-chain triacylglycerols , with a low proportion ( 20 % ) of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 60 % monounsaturated fatty acids . OBJECTIVE The goal of this r and omized , double-blind clinical trial was to assess in children the efficacy and safety of this new ILE compared with a control group receiving a soybean-oil emulsion . DESIGN Eighteen children received for 2 mo 24 % of nonprotein energy ( 1.80 g kg (-)(1 ) d(-)(1 ) ) either as the new ILE or a soybean oil-based emulsion . Assessment s were performed on days -30 , 0 , 30 , and 60 and the changes ( day 60 - day 0 ) assessed by analysis of variance . RESULTS There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol , apolipoproteins A-I and B , or HDL cholesterol between the 2 groups , whereas total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the soybean oil group on day 60 . The pattern of 20:4n-6 in erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly , nor did the ratio of 20:3n-9 to 20:4n-6 . On day 60 , 18:1n-9 was significantly higher in the olive oil group , the ratio of Sigma(n)-6 > C(18 ) + 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 was 2.20 + /- 0.09 in the olive oil group and 1.33 + /- 0.16 in the soybean-oil group , and Sigma(n)-3 > C(18 ) was 3.83 + /- 0.30 in the olive oil group and 4 . 03 + /- 0.33 in the soybean-oil group . The peroxidation index was lower after the olive oil treatment . CONCLUSIONS The olive oil-based emulsion was well tolerated , maintained a normal EFA status , and may be more suitable for prevention of lipid peroxidation than the soybean-oil-based emulsion BACKGROUND & AIMS This study assessed the effects of administering a lipid emulsion containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid before and after open-heart surgery on cytokine production and length of hospital stay  in infants . METHODS Thirty-two infants ( 40 ± 2.3 weeks gestational age ; 10.6 days at time of surgery ) undergoing open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were r and omized to receive an intravenous lipid emulsion with ( treatment ) or without ( control ) eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in this prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , controlled trial . RESULTS Mean plasma TNF-α concentration was significantly ( p = 0.003 ) lower in the treatment ( 5.9 pg/mL ) compared to the control group ( 14.8 pg/mL ) . In infants without sepsis  , plasma TNF-α did not differ according to treatment , however when sepsis developed , mean plasma TNF-α was 21.1 pg/mL and 1.5 pg/mL ( p = 0.0007 ) in control and treatment groups , respectively . Plasma TNF-α was positively correlated with length of hospital stay in the control group ( p = 0.01 ) , and negatively correlated with length of stay in the treatment group ( p = 0.004 ) , with a significant time by treatment interaction ( p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Providing a lipid emulsion containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid reduces TNF-α concentrations in infants undergoing open-heart surgery .  Lipid emulsions containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid may ameliorate the inflammatory response among critically ill infants Background / Objectives : The aim of this study was to research and draw conclusions about the effect of a parenteral nutrition ( PN ) fat emulsion , rich in ω-3 fatty acids , on the antioxidant markers of preterm infants , when compared with a st and ard fat emulsion . This was a double-blind , parallel-group study conducted in Athens , Greece , using an equal r and omization method .Subjects/ Methods : Thirty-eight infants were selected using a double-blind method and a computer-generated r and omization list . Both groups received PN , based on the same protocol s. Group A received SMOFlipid fat emulsion , while group B received the st and ard fat emulsion ( Intralipid ) .  Serum levels of vitamin A , E and total antioxidant potential ( TAP ) were measured on days 0 , 7 and 14 of PN support . Clinical and biochemical data were collected on days 0 , 14 and on the day of discharge . Results : Serum levels of vitamin E and A were significantly increased in group A , while only vitamin A serum level was increased in group B on the fourteenth day ( group A : vitamin E : P-value=0.002 , vitamin A : P-value=0.000 , group B : vitamin E : P-value=0.065 , vitamin A : P-value=0.000 ) . TAP was increased only in the intervention group ( group A : P-value=0.000 , group B : P-value=0.287 ) . Mild anemia was developed in both groups , while no differences were detected in the infection rate , days of hospitalization , days of ventilator support and days of phototherapy . Conclusions : Oxidative stress was significantly reduced in those neonates fed with ω-3 fatty acids , whereas no effect was observed in the neonates fed with st and ard lipids . Intervention had no effect on infants ’ growth and clinical outcome BACKGROUND Preliminary studies suggest that fish-oil lipid emulsion given parenterally to very preterm infants reduces the severity of retinopathy ( ROP ) and cholestasis . METHODS Infants weighing < 1250 g at birth were r and omly allocated to 2 groups : an experimental group of 60 infants that received an intravenous ( IV ) soybean , olive oil , and fish oil emulsion , and a control group of 70 infants that was given a parenteral soybean and olive oil emulsion .  Plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis . RESULTS Nine infants in the fish oil group required laser therapy for ROP compared with 22 infants in the st and ard intralipid group ( risk ratio [ RR ] , 0.48 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.24 - 0.96 ) . Three infants in the fish oil group developed cholestasis compared with 20 infants in the st and ard intralipid group ( RR , 0.18 ; 95 % CI , 0.055 - 0.56 ) . The mean plasma DHA concentrations in treated infants were 2.9-fold higher in the fish oil group than in control infants on the 7th and 14th days of life . The mean DHA content in erythrocytes of treated infants was 4.5-fold and 2.7-fold higher compared with controls at 7 and 14 days of age . CONCLUSIONS Premature infants receiving an IV fat emulsion containing fish oil had less ROP requiring laser treatment and less cholestasis than those receiving a st and ard lipid emulsion . These infants also had higher plasma and erythrocyte DHA levels at 7 and 14 days , suggesting potential long-term neurodevelopmental benefits Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies reported a wide range of estimated malnutrition prevalence ( 6 - 30 % ) in paediatric in patients based on various anthropometric criteria . We performed anthropometry in hospitalised children and assessed the relationship between malnutrition and length of hospital stay ( LOS ) and complication rates . METHODS In a prospect i ve multi-centre European study , 2567 patients aged 1 month to 18 years were assessed in 14 centres in 12 countries by st and ardised anthropometry within the first 24 h after admission .  Body mass index  ( BMI ) and height/length < -2 st and ard deviation scores ( SDS , WHO reference ) were related to LOS ( primary outcome ) , frequency of gastrointestinal ( diarrhoea and vomiting ) and infectious complications ( antibiotic use ) , weight change during stay ( secondary outcomes ) and quality of life . RESULTS A BMI < -2 SDS was present in 7.0 % of the patients at hospital admission ( range 4.0 - 9.3 % across countries ) with a higher prevalence in infants ( 10.8 % ) and toddlers aged 1 - 2 years ( 8.3 % ) . A BMI < -2 to ≥-3 SDS ( moderate malnutrition ) and a BMI < -3 SDS ( severe malnutrition ) was associated with a 1.3 ( CI95 : 1.01 , 1.55 ) and 1.6 ( CI95 : 1.27 , 2.10 ) days longer LOS , respectively ( p = 0.04 and p < 0.001 ) . Reduced BMI < -2 SDS was also associated to lower quality of life , and more frequent occurrence of diarrhoea ( 22 % vs 12 % , p < 0.001 ) and vomiting ( 26 % vs 14 % , p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Disease associated malnutrition in hospitalised children in Europe is common and is associated with significantly prolonged LOS and increased complications , with possible major cost implication s , and reduced quality of life . This study was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01132742 Background : New olive oil – based ( OL ) lipid emulsions ( olive : soy oil = 4:1 ) have lower polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) ( 20 % vs 60 % ) and higher vitamin E content ( an antioxidant ) compared with traditional soybean oil ( SO ) emulsions . Objective : Compare efficacy and safety of OL with SO emulsions in preterm neonates ( < 28 weeks ) at high risk for oxidative stress . Patients and Methods : Preterm neonates ( gestation 23–<28 weeks ) were r and omised to receive OL or SO emulsion for 5 days using a st and ard protocol in a tertiary perinatal centre ( King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women , Perth , Western Australia ) . Investigators and outcome assessors were masked to allocation . Plasma F2-isoprostanes ( lipid peroxidation marker ) , plasma , and red blood cell fatty acids were measured before and after the study . Safety was monitored by liver function tests . Results : Forty-four of 50 participants ( OL-23 , SO-21 ) completed the study . Both emulsions were well tolerated with no significant adverse events . F2-isoprostane levels were comparable at baseline and study end . Oleic and linoleic acid levels were significantly high on day 6 in OL and SO groups , respectively . Long-chain PUFA levels were similar between groups despite the lower PUFA content of OL . The olive oil – based group had significantly higher levels of C18:4n-3 , suggesting Δ6-desaturase enzyme inhibition in the SO group . Conclusions : Olive oil – based emulsion was safe and well tolerated by preterm neonates . Similar long-chain PUFA levels were achieved in the OL group despite significantly lower amount of PUFA content ; however , there was no difference in lipid peroxidation ( F2-isoprostane levels ) . Large trials are needed to confirm these benefits Background : For premature neonates needing parenteral nutrition ( PN ) , a balanced lipid supply is crucial . The authors hypothesized that a lipid emulsion containing medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) and soybean , olive , and fish oils would be as safe and well tolerated as a soybean emulsion while beneficially influencing the fatty acid profile . Methods : Double-blind , controlled study in 53 neonates ( < 34 weeks ’ gestation ) r and omized to receive at least 7 days of PN containing either an emulsion of MCTs and soybean , olive , and fish oils or a soybean oil emulsion .  Target lipid dosage was 1.0 g fat/kg body weight [BW]/d on days 1–3 , 2 g/kg BW/d on day 4 , 3 g/kg BW/d on day 5 , and 3.5 g/kg BW/d on days 6–14 . Results : Test emulsion vs control , mean ± SD : baseline triglyceride concentrations were 0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.54 ± 0.19 mmol/L and increased similarly in both groups to 0.69 ± 0.38 vs 0.67 ± 0.36 on day 8 of treatment ( P = .781 for change ) . A significantly higher decrease in total and direct bilirubin vs baseline was seen in the test group compared with the control group P < .05 between groups ) . In plasma and red blood cell phospholipids , eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were 
    Output:
    
LEs containing fish oil , a source of omega-3 fatty acids , improved outcome of retinopathy of prematurity , decreased liver cholestasis and increased blood omega-3 fatty acid levels .
LEs containing olive oil increased blood oleic acid level and had a cholesterol lowering effect .
CONCLUSION Blood fatty acids are influenced by the nature of the intravenous LE used in hospitalised paediatric patients .
Most studies suggest limited differences in relevant laboratory or clinical outcomes or in growth in paediatric patients receiving different LEs , although several studies do find benefits from including fish oil or olive oil .