***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study compared the physical and psychological effects of running to those of the normal physical education program of activities among 154 fourth , fifth , and sixth grade rs who were r and omly assigned to conditions within a true experimental design . The running program consisted of three 30-min sessions per week for 12 weeks in lieu of attendance in regular physical education classes . Findings showed that although boys tended to run faster than girls overall and that older children run faster than younger children , running-program participants performed better on an 800-m run , had lower pulse rates , and performed better on a test of creativity than did regular physical education participants . Running boys had less body fat , and running girls had more creative involvement in class . No differences were found on 50-m dash performance or perceptual skill . On total behavior , girls were more self-controlled than boys , and self-concept tended to become less positive with increased grade level .  Running performance  for 800 m persisted for 5 months among boys in the treatment , but not among girls . Running was judged effective for enhancing the cardiorespiratory health and creativity of school children 36 boys and 36 girls in 4 fourth grade s were exposed to basketball movement conditions which included the skills of dribble , chest pass , lay-up , pivot , guarding , and two-h and set shot . Eight 1/2-hr . treatment periods were spread evenly over 4 wk . and took place within the regularly assigned school physical education period . Two class groups , which included 9 boys and 9 girls each , were r and omly assigned by class to an experimental group which received treatment while two class groups were assigned by class to the control group . No differences between changes in self-concept as estimated by the Piers-Harris scale for treatment and control conditions were significant Aerobic exercise has been associated with improvements in psychological status and physical fitness in adults , but its effects on children are less clear . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an aerobic exercise program on the self-concept , academic achievement , motor proficiency , and cardiovascular fitness of boys with learning disabilities . Fifty-four boys were r and omly assigned to one of two exercise programs lasting 20 weeks . One program emphasized aerobic exercise and the other consisted of similar but less vigorous activities . The self-concept , academic achievement , motor proficiency , and physical fitness of each subject was assessed before and after the exercise programs . The results from group comparisons demonstrated an association between the aerobic exercise program and improvement of self-concept and physical fitness . No effect on academic achievement or motor proficiency could be attributed to the aerobic exercise program . J Dev Behav Pediatr 8:274–277 , 1987 . Index terms : aerobic exercise , learning disabilities , sports , self-concept Preschool teachers from four different day care centers assessed four- and five-year-old children for deficits in gross-motor skill and self-concept . Forty subjects were r and omly assigned to experimental and control groups . The experimental group participated in a 30 minute per day , 5 day per week perceptual-motor training program for 10 weeks , while the control group received no specialized intervention other than their regular classroom activities . Two posttests were administered : Cratty 's Six-Category Gross-Motor Test and Goodenough 's House , Tree , Person Projective Test . The experimental group performed better on the gross-motor test , but the results were not statistically significant . Analysis of the projective test supported the hypothesis that a perceptual-motor program may improve the self-concept of young children . Specialized intervention with perceptual-motor activities improved self-concept and these results were discussed in relation to recognizing the need for early screening and remediation of perceptual-motor dificits exhibited by preschool children The article examines whether participation in an aerobic exercise program ( AE ) , as compared with a traditional physical education class ( PE ) , significantly increased  children 's perceived athletic competence , physical appearance , social acceptance , behavioral conduct , and global self-worth ; increased their figural creativity ; and improved aerobic power as measured by an 800-meter run around a track . Further research on the effects of different types of AE is discussed , as well as the need for aerobic conditioning in the elementary school This study investigated the relationship between improvement in Total Positive Self-concept scores and increase in sports skills before and after training of 10 weeks for 45 minutes daily by 12- to 14-yr.-old junior high school and 16- to 18-yr.-old senior high school boys and girls . The 288 subjects were selected using a stratified ( intact class ) r and om technique . Subjects were r and omly assigned to different sports , 96 to field-hockey and 96 to athletics ( 32 to discuss , 32 to long jump , and 32 to sprints ) . 96 control subjects were  r and omly selected from one class of each age bracket . Analysis of covariance showed that the trained subjects scored significantly higher in total positive self . A positive correlation between gain in sports skill and increase in self-concept scores was noted for both boys and girls within each age group . Age and sex had no effect on this pattern . The result supports inclusion of success-oriented sports in the high school curriculum Aerobic exercise has been associated with improved psychological status and physical fitness in adults , but its effects in adolescents have been less clear . This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on the self-concept , depression level , and physical fitness of juvenile delinquents . Ninety-eight incarcerated youths who volunteered to participate were assigned in a blind fashion to one of two exercise programs lasting three months . Sixty-nine completed all phases of the study and are the subjects of this report . One exercise program ( 32 subjects ) emphasized aerobic exercise ; the other ( 37 subjects ) , limited exertion . Before and after participating , each subject underwent measurement of self-concept , mood , and physical fitness . While the aerobic and comparison groups were initially similar , the data demonstrated an association between participation in the aerobic exercise program and improved self-concept , mood , and fitness . Improvement in psychological variables was not dependent on improved physical fitness and was not related to preintervention measures 
    Output:
    
A synthesis of several small , low quality trials indicates that exercise may have short term beneficial effects on self esteem in children and adolescents .