***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Cisplatin can induce severe renal toxicity . However , the degree and pattern of hydration that is most efficient at preventing it have scarcely been formally evaluated . We here performed a prospect i ve feasibility study of cisplatin-based chemotherapy with short-term low-volume hydration in advanced lung cancer . METHODS Chemo-naïve patients with advanced lung cancer and reserving renal function who were suitable for cisplatin use ( ≥60 mg/m(2 ) on Day 1 ) were eligible for this study .  Two- and -a-half-liter hydration within ∼4.5 h was investigated . The primary end point was the proportion of patients who underwent cisplatin-based chemotherapy without any Grade 2 or more renal toxicity in the first cycle . RESULTS A total of 46 patients were registered , all of whom were evaluable for renal toxicity .  The median baseline creatinine score was 0.70 mg/dl and the median cisplatin dose on Day 1 was 80 mg/m(2 ) . In the first cycle , none of the patients developed Grade 2 or more creatinine toxicity , which met the primary endpoint . Four patients ( 9 % ) had Grade 1 toxicity , with a median worst creatinine score of 1.19 mg/dl , but it disappeared rapidly . Creatinine toxicity was influenced by several clinical factors , including the performance status . Ten patients ( 22 % ) needed extra hydration during the first cycle , mainly due to gastrointestinal toxicity . However , all 10 were able to undergo further cycles of treatment . Thirty-two ( 86 % ) of the 37 patients who were assumed to be able to undergo further treatment at our institute received it in an outpatient setting . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated prospect ively the feasibility of short-term low-volume hydration The concentration of magnesium in serum has been shown to fall to potentially dangerously low levels after several courses of treatment with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II ( cis-platin ) . The aims of this study were to examine the effects of magnesium supplementation on predicted outcome of treatment , rate of response to treatment and toxicity of treatment .  Sixteen patients with testicular cancer were studied in detail over a 14 month period . One patient with an ovarian dysgerminoma was also included in the study . Eight patients were r and omised to receive magnesium supplements both intravenous and oral ; nine did not . The non-supplemented group showed significantly greater renal tubular damage as assessed by urine N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase ( NAG ) . There was a trend towards a reduction in treatment delays due to neutropenic episodes in the supplemented group , and serum magnesium concentrations remained significantly higher . Neither group showed differences in tumour growth rates or outcome . These results show that magnesium supplements are of considerable benefit and show no harmful effects in patients receiving cis-platin treatment . It is is suggested that magnesium supplements should be a routine part of the treatment regime , and that these should comprise both i.v . supplements during treatment and oral supplements between courses AIM The present study aim ed to assess the efficacy of 15 mEq magnesium supplied as part of a prehydration regimen in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing therapy with cisplatin-alone ( 40 mg/m(2)/week ) for cervical cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 28 patients with cervical cancer . This prospect i ve cohort study compared nephrotoxicity in patients who received  hydration with and without magnesium sulfate ( Mg-hydration group , n=14 ; non-Mg-hydration group , n=14 ) . RESULTS Baseline characteristics , stage of cervical cancer , cisplatin dose and renal function did not differ significantly between the two groups . The serum creatinine level significantly increased from 0.58 to 0.75 mg/dl , and the estimated glomerular filtration rate significantly decreased from 85.1 to 66.5 ml/min by chemotherapy in the non-Mg-hydration group . In contrast , these levels did not change significantly in the Mg-hydration group . CONCLUSION A magnesium dose of 15 mEq was found to provide nephroprotective effects among patients with cervical cancer undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin alone Objective To determine which hydration ( saline , saline + mannitol , or saline + furosemide ) is associated with least cisplatin nephrotoxicity . Methods We r and omized 49 women who received cisplatin ( 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks ) into one of the three hydration arms . The 24-h creatinine clearance was measured before and on day 6 after cisplatin infusion . The patients of each arm received 2 l of saline hydration . In the saline + furosemide arm , 40 mg of furosemide was given after hydration . In the saline + mannitol arm , 50 g of mannitol was mixed with the cisplatin . Results For the first cycle of chemotherapy , 15 women were r and omized to saline  , 17 to  saline + furosemide , and 17 to saline + mannitol . For each group , the creatinine clearances before cisplatin infusion were ( means±SD , milliliters per minute ) 84.5±26.8 , 82.5±24.0 and 87.4±25.6 , and after cisplatin infusion were 79.1±31.9 , 68.7±21.5 , and 56.4±22.9 , respectively . The decreases in creatinine clearance were similar between the saline group and the saline + furosemide group ( P=0.66 ) , but different between the saline + mannitol group and the saline group ( P=0.02 ) or the saline + furosemide group ( P=0.02 ) . As each woman received multiple courses of cisplatin , 15 who received saline contributed 41 paired data sets , 17 who received saline + furosemide contributed 49 paired data sets , and 17 who received saline + mannitol contributed 36 paired data sets showed similar patterns . Conclusions Hydration with saline or saline + furosemide appears to be associated with less cisplatin nephrotoxicity than saline + mannitol PURPOSE To evaluate the protective effect of low-dose dopamine given as continuous infusion in patients who undergo chemotherapy with the nephrotoxin cisplatin . PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-two patients who received high-dose cisplatin-containing chemotherapy entered a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Twenty-one patients received dopamine , and 21 received placebo .  Patients were to receive either infusional dopamine 2 micrograms/kg/min over 48 hours or placebo . Cisplatin 125 mg/m2 was administered 12 hours after initiating dopamine ( group D ) or placebo ( group P ) . This schedule was repeated twice , 1 week apart . Measurements of serum creatinine , urinary electrolytes and creatinine , urinary excretion of epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) , ototoxicity , parameters of hematopoietic recovery , and duration of hospitalization were analyzed . RESULTS We observed an increase in serum creatinine level to a peak of 1.9 mg/dL ( range , 0.8 to 7.8 ) in the dopamine group , in comparison to 1.4 mg/dL ( range , 0.9 to 3.3 ) in the placebo group ( P = .04 ) . Urinary magnesium excretion increased and EGF excretion decreased in both groups . Urinary sodium , chloride , and potassium excretion were increased in both groups , but more so in the placebo group . Dopamine had no measurable effect on hearing loss , duration of hospitalization , or hematopoietic recovery . CONCLUSION The use of prophylactic dopamine increased peak serum creatinine levels relative to placebo and failed to prevent cisplatin-induced renal toxicity or ototoxicity . Determination of whether dopamine could reverse chemotherapy-induced renal damage would require a r and omized prospect i ve trial In a phase I study of weekly administered cisplatin , we observed a major response in 8 of 9 patients with locally far advanced head and neck cancer . Therefore , a phase II study was initiated to explore the activity and tolerance of this weekly cisplatin regimen . 59 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were entered into this phase II study . Cisplatin was administered at a dose of 80 mg/m2 weekly for 6 cycles . Cisplatin was administered in hypertonic saline ( 3 % NaCl ) as a 3-h infusion with st and ard pre- and posthydration .  51 patients were evaluable for response and 55 for toxicity . Only 9 patients were able to complete the treatment with the planned dose intensity of 80 mg/m2/week . Complete disappearance of the tumour was observed in 8 patients and a partial response in 22 ( response rate 59 % ; 51 % of all eligible patients 95 % CI limits 37 - 63 % ) . Stable disease was observed in 12 patients , and the tumour progressed in 9 patients . 47 patients subsequently received high-dose radiotherapy , 1 radiotherapy and surgery and 4 patients second-line chemotherapy . The median progression-free survival and median overall survival for all patients were 32 weeks and 56 weeks , respectively . Haematological toxicity consisted of anaemia , leucocytopenia ( grade 3 + 4 in 17 patients ) and thrombocytopenia ( grade 3 + 4 in 17 patients ) . Because of leuco- and /or thrombocytopenia , treatment was delayed in 30 patients while 13 were taken off the study because of delayed bone marrow recovery . Non-haematological toxicities were : ototoxicity grade 1 in 3 patients , grade 2 in 7 and grade 3 in 3 patients ; nephrotoxicity grade 1 in 13 patients , grade 2 in 2 and grade 3 in 1 patient . Neurotoxicity grade 1 was observed in only 8 patients . Cisplatin , as a single agent , administered at high-dose intensity , has an antitumour activity comparable with that of combination regimens in locally advanced head and neck cancer . The pattern of toxicity is different : leuco- and thrombocytopenia jeopardize the dose intensity concept ; for patients ototoxicity is the more relevant toxicity . Further studies with weekly cisplatin are of interest particularly with newer measures to reduce toxicity Objective We previously reported the feasibility of short-term low-volume hydration in patients with advanced lung cancer who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy  ( Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013 ) . We sought to determine the clinical usefulness of a more convenient hydration method , evaluating the safety and efficacy of shorter-term and lower-volume hydration . Method Chemonaïve patients with advanced lung cancer who were ≤75 years and reserved an adequate renal function for cisplatin use ( ≥60 mg/m2 ) were eligible . An intravenously administered hydration of 1700 ml in ~3.5 h with 1500 ml of orally administered hydration was investigated . The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients without grade 2 or worse renal toxicity in the first cycle . Results A total of 45 patients were registered , all of whom were evaluable for renal toxicity .  The median baseline creatinine score was 0.70 mg/dl , and the median cisplatin dose on day 1 was 75 mg/m2 . In the first cycle , one patient ( 2 % ) developed grade 2 creatinine toxicity , and thus , the proportion of patients with less than grade 2 was 98 % ( the lower limit of 95 % confidence interval ; 93 % ) , which met the primary endpoint . Five patients ( 11 % ) had grade 1 or greater nephrotoxicity , three of whom successfully recovered . The objective response rate was 24 % and median progression-free survival 5.8 months . Conclusion This prospect i ve study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of shorter-term lower-volume hydration The dose-limiting toxic effect of high-dose ( 100 mg/m2 ) cisplatin  is renal insufficiency . Hydration with furosemide- or mannitol-induced diuresis has been reported to ameliorate this toxicity . Animal studies suggest that mannitol may be superior to furosemide in this regard . Twenty-two patients with advanced neoplasms refractory to conventional therapy were treated with cisplatin at a dose of 100 mg/m2 every 21 - -28 days . Patients were r and omized to receive 37.5 g of mannitol by 6-hour infusion with cisplatin or 40 mg of furosemide prior to cisplatin therapy . Hydration with at least 1 liter of normal saline was given prior to cisplatin .  Nephrotoxicity ( creatinine greater than 2 mg/100 ml , creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/minute ) occurred in 19 % of courses in the furosemide-treated group and in 28 % of courses in the mannitol-treated group . Peak plasma platinum concentration , terminal half-life , urinary ex 
    Output:
    
Short- duration and lower-volume hydration regimens are effective in preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity .
Magnesium supplementation may have a role as a nephroprotectant , and forced diuresis may be appropriate in some patients receiving cisplatin .
Hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity .
The Oncologist 2017;22:609 - 619 IMPLICATION S FOR PRACTICE : The findings contained within this systematic review show that ( a ) hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity , ( b ) short- duration , low-volume , outpatient hydration regimens appear to be safe and feasible , even in patients receiving intermediate- to high-dose cisplatin , ( c ) magnesium supplementation ( 8 - 16 milliequivalents ) may limit cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity , and ( d ) mannitol may be considered for high-dose cisplatin and /or patients with preexisting hypertension .