***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives To investigate the potential of nevirapine 200 mg once-daily regimen and evaluate the influence of patient characteristics on nevirapine concentrations . Methods This was a prospect i ve , multicentre cohort study with 532 HIV-infected patients receiving nevirapine as a part of their initial antiretroviral therapy . Plasma sample s were collected at trough or peak time at the end of week 2 ( lead-in period ) and week 4 , 12 , 24 , 36 , and 48 ( steady-state period ) , and nevirapine concentrations were determined using a vali date d HPLC method . Potential influencing factors associated with nevirapine concentrations were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression . Results A total of 2348 nevirapine  plasma concentrations were collected , including 1510 trough and 838 peak values . The median nevirapine trough and peak concentration during the lead-in period were 4.26 µg/mL ( IQR 3.05–5.61 ) and 5.07 µg/mL ( IQR 3.92–6.44 ) respectively , which both exceeded the recommended thresholds of nevirapine plasma concentrations . Baseline hepatic function had a moderate effect on median nevirapine trough concentrations at week 2 ( 4.25 µg/mL v.s. 4.86 µg/mL , for ALT < 1.5 × ULN and ≥1.5 × ULN , respectively , P = 0.045 ) . No significant difference was observed in median nevirapine trough concentration between lead-in and steady-state periods in patients with baseline ALT and AST level ≥1.5 × ULN ( P = 0.171 , P = 0.769 ) , which was different from the patients with ALT/AST level < 1.5ULN . The median trough concentrations were significantly higher in HIV/HCV co-infected patients than those without HCV at week 48 ( 8.16 µg/mL v.s. 6.15 µg/mL , P = 0.004 ) . Conclusions The 200 mg once-daily regimen of nevirapine might be comparable to twice-daily in plasma pharmacokinetics in Chinese population . Hepatic function prior to nevirapine treatment and HIV/HCV coinfection were significantly associated with nevirapine concentrations . Registration Clinical trial.gov ID : Purpose Sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) occur frequently in risk population s. Hereby , the role of screening-programmes remains controversial . Our study aim ed to determine the prevalence of STI infections in HIV-positive men-who-have-sex-with-men ( MSM ) . Methods We enrolled asymptomatic , HIV-MSM in a prospect i ve cross-sectional study from February to August 2016 at seven German HIV-centres . All subjects were screened for Treponema-pallidum ( TP ) and hepatitis-B/C-infection . HIV RNA and screening for oral , rectal and urethral colonisation by Chlamydia-trachomatis ( CT ) and /or Neisseria-gonorrhoeae ( NG ) was performed . All subjects were asked to complete a sexual-risk-behaviour- question naire . Results In total , 296 subjects with a median age of 43.2 ( 36.2–49.5 ) years were enrolled ; 99.3 % were on ART for 5.5 ( 2.3–11.2 ) years .  HIV RNA was < 50 copies/mL in 93.6 % . Active syphilis infection was found in 5.0 % of all patients , whereas 55.4 % had history of infection . HCV seropositivity was found in 33 patients ( 13.2 % ) and positive HCV RNA was available in 39.4 % . 66/294 ( 22.5 % ) showed negative anti-HBs-antibodies , indicating lack of immunity . Overall , 40/296 ( 13.5 % ) had positive CT/NG swabs ( CT in 8.8 % ; 7.3 % anorectal , 1.7 % oropharyngeal , 1.0 % urethral and NG in 6.8 % ; 4.5 % anal , 2.0 % oropharyngeal , 1.4 % urethral ) . Time since HIV infection < 7 years ( OR 2.6 ( 1.2–5.5 ) ; p = 0.012 ) , the use of inhalative nitrites ( “ poppers ” ) ( OR 2.8 ( 1.3–5.9 ; p = 0.008 ) and reporting unprotected intercourse with > 20 partners within the last 6 months [ OR 3.0 ( 1.2–7.8 ) ; p = 0.003 ] were significantly associated in multivariate analysis . Conclusion We found high numbers of asymptomatic syphilis , hepatitis-C and CT/NG infections in HIV-MSM , remarkably in patients with shorter duration of HIV-infection with more sexual partners within last 6 months OBJECTIVES This study was design ed to assess the prevalence of  HBV and HCV infection in HIV patients and evaluate the risk of infection compared with HIV negative control subjects . METHOD This is a prospect i ve case control study in which 240 HIV/AIDS patients and age and sex matched controls were evaluated . The diagnosis of HIV infection was based on a positive HIV screening test using Capillus test kits ( Trinity Biotech PLC , Irel and ) and confirmed using Western blot assay .  HBsAg and anti-HCV were assayed by commercially available chromatographic immunoassay ( SD BIOLINE ) . RESULTS Eleven ( 9.2 % ) of the 120 HIV/AIDS patients and 8 ( 7 % ) of the 120 control subjects were positive for the HBsAg ( OR=1 , p=0.27 ) . HBeAg was detected in 3 of the 11 ( 27.3 % ) subjects with HIV/HBV co infections . HIV positive patients were 7 times more likely to have HCV infection than control patients ( 5.8 % compared with 0.8 % , OR=7.3 , p= 0.03 ) . CONCLUSION The lack of a strong association between HBV and HIV infection may be related to different exposure routes in this population where HBV infection is highly endemic and childhood infection almost universal . In this African population , HIV infection may be a super-infection of HBV infections contracted in childhood . This high HCV/HIV co-infection rate is consistent with the shared parenteral and sexual routes of transmission The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) among commercial blood donors in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital . Five thous and seven hundred and thirty-seven prospect i ve commercial blood donors were screened for both HIV and HBsAg . Three hundred and eighty-three ( 7 % ) donors were positive for HIV while 609 donors ( 11 % ) were positive for HBsAg . Thirty-seven donors were positive for both HIV and HBsAg . The need to make the screening of blood donors for HIV and HBsAg compulsory in all hospitals is crucial so that the spread of HIV and HBsAg can be prevented BACKGROUND An increasing proportion of deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons with access to combination antiretroviral therapy ( cART )  are due to complications of liver diseases . METHODS We investigated the frequency of and risk factors associated with liver-related deaths in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs study , which prospect ively evaluated 76 893 person-years of follow-up in 23 441 HIV-infected persons . Multivariable Poisson regression analyses identified factors associated with liver-related , AIDS-related , and other causes of death . RESULTS There were 1246  deaths ( 5.3 % ; 1.6 per 100 person-years ) ; 14.5 % were from liver-related causes . Of these , 16.9 % had active hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) , 66.1 % had hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , and 7.1 % had dual viral hepatitis co-infections . Predictors of liver-related deaths were latest CD4 cell count ( adjusted relative rate [ RR ] , 16.1 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 8.1 - 31.7 for < 50 vs > or = 500/microL ) , age ( RR , 1.3 ; 95 % CI , 1.2 - 1.4 per 5 years older ) , intravenous drug use ( RR , 2.0 ; 95 % CI , 1.2 - 3.4 ) , HCV infection ( RR , 6.7 ; 95 % CI , 4.0 - 11.2 ) , and active HBV infection ( RR , 3.7 ; 95 % CI , 2.4 - 5.9 ) . Univariable analyses showed no relationship between cumulative years patients were receiving cART and liver-related death ( RR , 1.00 ; 95 % CI , 0.93 - 1.07 ) . Adjustment for the most recent CD4 cell count and patient characteristics result ed in an increased risk of liver-related mortality per year of mono or dual antiretroviral therapy before cART ( RR , 1.09 ; 95 % CI , 1.02 - 1.16 ; P = .008 ) and per year of cART ( RR , 1.11 ; 95 % CI , 1.02 - 1.21 ; P = .02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Liver-related death was the most frequent cause of non-AIDS-related death . We found a strong association between immunodeficiency and risk of liver-related death . Longer follow-up is required to investigate whether clinical ly significant treatment-associated liver-related mortality will develop ABSTRACT Outbreaks of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infections have been recently reported in HIV-infected men who have sex with men ( MSM ) in Europe , Australia , and North America . Little is known concerning whether this also occurs in other Asia-Pacific countries . Between 1994 and 2010 , a prospect i ve observational cohort study was performed to assess the incidence of recent HCV seroconversion in 892 HIV-infected patients ( 731 MSM and 161 heterosexuals ) who were not injecting drug users . A nested case-control study was conducted to identify associated factors with recent HCV seroconversion , and phylogenetic analysis was performed using NS5B sequences amplified from seroconverters . During a total followup duration of 4,270 person-years ( PY ) , 30 patients ( 3.36 % ) had HCV seroconversion , with an overall incidence rate of 7.03 per 1,000 PY . The rate increased from 0 in 1994 to 2000 and 2.29 in 2001 to 2005 to 10.13 per 1,000 PY in 2006 to 2010 ( P < 0.05 ) . After adjustment for age and HIV transmission route , recent syphilis remained an independent factor associated with HCV seroconversion ( odds ratio , 7.731 ; 95 % confidence interval , 3.131 to 19.086 ; P < 0.01 ) . In a nested case-control study , seroconverters had higher aminotranferase levels and were more likely to have CD4 ≥ 200 cells/μl and recent syphilis than nonseroconverters ( P < 0.05 ) . Among the 21 patients with HCV viremia , phylogenetic analysis revealed 7 HCV transmission clusters or pairs ( 4 within genotype 1b , 2 within genotype 2a , and 1 within genotype 3a ) . The incidence of HCV seroconversion that is associated with recent syphilis is increasing among HIV-infected patients in Taiwan Objectives Men who have sex with men ( MSM ) are at higher risk for coinfection with hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) , hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , and syphilis than the general population . HIV infection and these coinfections accelerate disease progression reciprocally . This study evaluated the prevalence and incidence of these coinfections in HIV1-positive MSM in Germany . Material s and Methods As part of a nationwide , multicenter , prospect i ve cohort study of HIV-infected MSM , plasma sample s collected yearly were screened for HBsAg and antibodies to HBc , HBs , HCV , and syphilis . Sample s with indications of active HBV or HCV infection were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction . Prevalence and incidence of each infection and incidence rates per study participant were calculated , and incidences over 4-year time intervals compared . Results This study screened 5,445 sample s from 1,843 MSM . Median age at HIV seroconversion was 33 years .  Prevalences of active , cleared , and occult HBV , and of active/cleared HCV were 1.7 % , 27.1 % , 0.2 % , and 8.2 % , respectively , and 4 
    Output:
    
The global scale-up of HIV treatment for PLHIV using a tenofovir-based ART regimen provides an opportunity to simultaneously treat those with HBsAg co-infection and reduce mother-to-child transmission of HBV alongside HIV