***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The human nervous system displays remarkable functional plasticity following long-term sensory deprivation . For example , the auditory cortex of congenitally deaf humans may start to process tactile information . To further explore this type of cross-modal plasticity , we examined the tactile accuracy of  congenitally deaf and normal hearing subjects in frequency discrimination and in detection of r and om suprathreshold frequency changes within a monotonous sequence of vibratory stimuli . We found that congenital deafness can enhance the accuracy of suprathreshold tactile change detection while tactile frequency discrimination is not significantly changed , although there is a trend toward reduced thresholds . The enhanced tactile sensitivity in the deaf probably reflects both neural plasticity and increased attention directed to the stimuli . Whatever the underlying neural mechanisms might be , functional compensation following early sensory loss apparently leads the remaining sensory modalities to develop capacities exceeding those of the normal functional systems The study of congenitally deaf individuals provides a unique opportunity to underst and the organization and potential for reorganization of human auditory cortex . We used magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) to examine the structural organization of two auditory cortical regions , Heschl 's gyrus ( HG ) and the planum temporale ( PT ) , in deaf and hearing subjects . The results show preservation of cortical volume in HG and PT of deaf subjects deprived of auditory input since birth . Measurements of grey and white matter , as well as the location and extent of these regions in the deaf showed complete overlap both with matched controls and with previous sample s of hearing subjects . The results of the manual volume measures were supported by findings from voxel-based morphometry analyses that showed increased grey-matter density in the left motor h and area of the deaf , but no differences between the groups in any auditory cortical region . This increased cortical density in motor cortex may be related to more active use of the dominant h and in signed language s. Most importantly , expected interhemispheric asymmetries in HG and PT thought to be related to auditory language processing were preserved in these deaf subjects . These findings suggest a strong genetic component in the development and maintenance of auditory cortical asymmetries that does not depend on auditory language experience . Preservation of cortical volume in the deaf suggests plasticity in the input and output of auditory cortex that could include language -specific or more general- purpose information from other sensory modalities 
    Output:
    
Results : Evidence shows that auditory deprivation significantly alters the white matter across the primary and secondary auditory cortices .
The most consistent alteration across studies was in the bilateral superior temporal gyri .
Furthermore , reductions in the fractional anisotropy of white matter fibers comprising in inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus , the superior longitudinal fasciculus , and the subcortical auditory pathway are reported .
The review ed studies also suggest that gray and white matter integrity is sensitive to early sign language acquisition , attenuating the effect of auditory deprivation on neurocognitive development .
Conclusions : These findings suggest that underst and ing cortical reorganization through gray and white matter changes in auditory and non-auditory areas is an important factor in the development of auditory rehabilitation strategies in the deaf population