***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death . There is a dearth of prospect i ve data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages , including soft drinks , fruit juice , whole milk , and skim and low-fat milk , and changes in waist circumference ( WC ) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , population -based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25 - 74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009 . We measured weight , height , and WC , and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) with the use of vali date d question naires . We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models . RESULTS A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC ( P = 0.018 ) after 10 y of follow-up . Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.3 , 2.4 ) and 1.1 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.03 , 2.2 ) decrease in WC , respectively . Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption . Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated ( P = 0.029 ) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity .  CONCLUSION Adults ' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity . This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models Diet and lifestyle are important for maintaining a healthy blood pressure ( BP ) . The role of dairy in the prevention of hypertension , however , is not yet clear . We studied the relation of dairy intake with BP in 21,553 Dutch participants aged 20 - 65 y who did not use antihypertensive medication . In addition , the risk of hypertension was examined in 3454 of these participants with a 5-y follow-up . Dairy consumption was assessed at baseline ( 1993 - 1997 ) using a semiquantitative FFQ that included 178 foods and beverages .  Baseline BP and odds ratios ( OR ) ( 95 % CI ) for incident hypertension were calculated in categories of energy-adjusted dairy intake with adjustment for age , sex , socioeconomic status , BMI , smoking , alcohol use , and dietary intakes . Participants had a median intake of 344 g/d ( approximately 2.3 servings ) for total dairy and 174 g/d ( approximately 1.2 servings ) for low-fat dairy .  Mean BP was 120/76 mm Hg . Intake of total dairy , specific dairy groups ( i.e. low-fat , high-fat , fermented ) and dairy products ( i.e. cheese , yogurt ) were not consistently related to BP . Of 3454 participants who were followed , 713 developed hypertension . The risk of hypertension tended to be inversely related to  low-fat dairy intake , with multivariate OR ( 95 % CI ) of 1.00 , 0.78 ( 0.61 , 1.00 ) , 0.81 ( 0.63 , 1.03 ) , and 0.82 ( 0.64 , 1.06 ; P-trend : 0.24 ) in consecutive quartiles . We conclude that variations in BP in a general middle-aged Dutch population can not be explained by overall dairy intake . A beneficial effect of low-fat dairy on risk of hypertension , however , can not be excluded , which warrants further investigation in prospect i ve population -based studies OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effects of dairy consumption on adiposity and body composition in obese African Americans . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed two r and omized trials in obese African-American adults . In the first ( weight maintenance ) , 34 subjects were maintained on a low calcium ( 500 mg/d)/low dairy ( < 1 serving/d ) or high dairy ( 1200 mg Ca/d diet including 3 servings of dairy ) diet with no change in energy or macronutrient intake for 24 weeks . In the second trial ( weight loss ) , 29 subjects were similarly r and omized to the low or high dairy diets  and placed on a caloric restriction regimen ( -500 kcal/d ) . RESULTS In the first trial , body weight remained stable for both groups throughout the maintenance study . The high dairy diet result ed in decreases in total body fat ( 2.16 kg , p < 0.01 ) , trunk fat ( 1.03 kg , p < 0.01 ) , insulin ( 18.7 pM , p < 0.04 ) , and blood pressure ( 6.8 mm Hg systolic , p < 0.01 ; 4.25 mm Hg diastolic , p < 0.01 ) and an increase in lean mass ( 1.08 kg , p < 0.04 ) , whereas there were no significant changes in the low dairy group . In the second trial , although both diets produced significant weight and fat loss , weight and fat loss on the high dairy diet were approximately 2-fold higher ( p < 0.01 ) , and loss of lean body mass was markedly reduced ( p < 0.001 ) compared with the low dairy diet . DISCUSSION Substitution of calcium-rich foods in isocaloric diets reduced adiposity and improved metabolic profiles in obese African Americans without energy restriction or weight loss and augmented weight and fat loss secondary to energy restriction PURPOSE To determine the effect of supplementation with calcium citrate on circulating lipid concentrations in normal older women . SUBJECTS AND METHODS As part of a study of the effects of calcium supplementation on fractures , we r and omly assigned 223 postmenopausal women ( mean [ + /- SD ] age , 72 + /- 4 years ) , who were not receiving therapy for hyperlipidemia or osteoporosis , to receive calcium ( 1 g/d , n = 111 ) or placebo ( n = 112 ) for 1 year . Fasting serum lipid concentrations , including high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , were obtained at baseline , and at 2 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS After 12 months , HDL cholesterol levels and the HDL cholesterol to LDL cholesterol ratio had increased more in the calcium group than in the placebo group ( mean between-group differences in change from baseline : for HDL cholesterol , 0.09 mmol/L ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.02 to 0.17 ; P = 0.01 ) ; for HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio , 0.05 ( 95 % CI : 0.02 to 0.08 ; P = 0.001 ) . This was largely due to a 7 % increase in HDL cholesterol levels in the calcium group , with a nonsignificant 6 % decline in LDL cholesterol levels . There was no significant treatment effect on triglyceride level ( P = 0.48 ) . CONCLUSION Calcium citrate supplementation causes beneficial changes in circulating lipids in postmenopausal women . This suggests that a re appraisal of the indications for calcium supplementation is necessary , and that its cost effectiveness may have been underestimated OBJECTIVE Several studies have suggested that dairy food may reduce the risk of obesity and metabolic abnormalities but few have been able to conclusively demonstrate that it reduces the risk of diabetes . The aim of the present analysis was to investigate if dairy food intake independently reduces the risk of diabetes . DESIGN The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study ( AusDiab ) is a national , population -based , prospect i ve survey conducted over 5 years . Baseline measurements included a 121-item FFQ , anthropometrics and an oral glucose tolerance test . SETTING Forty-two r and omly selected clusters across Australia . SUBJECTS Adults aged ≥25 years who participated in the baseline survey and returned to follow-up 5 years later . RESULTS A total of 5582 participants with complete data were eligible for analysis , 209 of whom had incident diabetes . Compared with men in the first tertile of dairy food intake , men in the third tertile had a significantly reduced risk of developing diabetes after adjustment for age , sex , total energy intake , family history of diabetes , education , physical activity , smoking status , fasting serum TAG and HDL cholesterol , systolic blood pressure , waist circumference and hip circumference ( OR = 0·53 , 95 % CI 0·29 , 0·96 ; P = 0·033 ) . A similar non-significant association was observed in women . CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns that incorporate high intakes of dairy food may reduce the risk of diabetes among men . Further investigation into the relationship between dairy food intake and diabetes needs to be undertaken to fully underst and the potential mechanism of this observation OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes are related to risk of type 2 diabetes .  RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from a prospect i ve cohort study in 38,094 Dutch men and women , aged 20–70 years .  Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes were assessed using a vali date d food frequency question naire . Diabetes case patients were ascertained mainly via self-report and verified against medical records . RESULTS During 10.3 years of follow-up , 918 incident cases of diabetes were documented . In a multivariate model adjusting for diabetes risk factors and dietary factors , phylloquinone intake tended to be associated ( P = 0.08 ) with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with a hazard ratio ( HR ) of 0.81 ( 95 % CI 0.66–0.99 ) for the highest versus the lowest quartile . For menaquinones intake , a linear , inverse association ( P = 0.038 ) with risk of type 2 diabetes was observed with an HR of 0.93 ( 0.87–1.00 ) for each 10-μg increment in the multivariate model . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that both phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes may be associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Diet and lifestyle modifications can substantially reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes . While a strong inverse association has been reported between dairy consumption and the insulin resistance syndrome among young obese adults , the relation between dairy intake and type 2 diabetes is unknown . METHODS We prospect ively examined the relation between  dairy intake and incident cases of  type 2 diabetes in 41,254 male participants with no history of diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and cancer at baseline in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study . RESULTS During 12 years of follow-up , we documented 1243 incident cases of type 2 diabetes . Dairy intake was associated with a modestly lower risk of type 2 diabetes . After adjusting for potential confounders , including body mass index , physical activity , and dietary factors , the relative risk for type 2 diabetes in men in the top quintile of dairy intake was 0.77 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.62 - 0.95 ; P for trend , .003 ) compared with those in the lowest quintile . Each serving-per-day increase in total dairy intake was associated with a 9 % lower risk for type 2 diabetes ( multivariate relative risk , 0.91 ; 95 % CI , 0.85 - 0.97 ) . The corresponding relative risk was 0.88 ( 95 % CI , 0.81 - 0.94 ) for low-fat dairy intake and 0.99 ( 95 % CI , 0.91 - 1.07 ) for high-fat dairy intake . The association did not vary significantly according to body mass index ( < 25 vs > or = 25 kg/m(2 ) ; P for interaction , .57 ) . CONCLUSION Dietary patterns characterized by higher dairy intake , especially low-fat dairy intake , may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in men Aims /hypothesisCalcium and vitamin D have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes , but epidemiological evidence is limited . We examined prospect ively the relation of calcium and vitamin D intake to type 2 diabetes risk in a Japanese cohort . Methods Participants were 59,796 middle-aged and older men and women , who participated in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospect i ve Study and had no history of type 2 diabetes or other serious diseases .  Dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D  were estimated using a vali date d food frequency question naire . Logistic regression was used to assess the association between intake of these nutrients and self-reported 
    Output:
    
Total dairy food consumption was associated with lower risk of MetS components , such as hyperglycaemia , elevated blood pressure , hypertriacylglycerolaemia and low HDL- cholesterol .
This meta- analysis showed that specific types of dairy food consumption such as milk and yogurt as well as total dairy food consumption were inversely related to risk of the MetS and its components