***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion ( COLD ) and contrast water therapy ( CWT ) on posttraining recovery in Australian football ( AF ) . METHOD Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of st and ardized training . After week 1 training , all players completed a passive recovery ( PAS ) . During week 2 , COLD or CWT was r and omly assigned . Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3 . Repeat-sprint ability ( 6 × 20 m ) , countermovement and squat jumps , perceived muscle soreness , and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining . RESULTS Immediately posttraining , groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines . At 24 h , repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1 % for PAS and 1.0 % for CWT but was fully restored by COLD ( 0.0 % ) . At 24 and 48 h , both COLD and CWT  attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4 ) more effective than CWT ( 1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7 ) and PAS having minimal effect ( 5.5 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.5 ) . Similarly , after 24 and 48 h , COLD and CWT both effectively reduced changes in perceived fatigue , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.6 ) being more successful than CWT ( 0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6 ) and PAS having the smallest effect ( 2.2 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.6 ) . CONCLUSIONS AF training can result in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits persisting for up to 48 h. For restoring physical-performance and psychometric measures , COLD was more effective than CWT , with PAS being the least effective . Based on these results the authors recommend that 14 min of COLD be used after AF training PURPOSE To assess the relationships between player characteristics ( including age , playing experience , ethnicity , and physical fitness ) and in-season injury in elite Australian football . DESIGN Single-cohort , prospect i ve , longitudinal study . METHODS Player characteristics ( height , body mass , age , experience , ethnicity , playing position ) , preseason fitness ( 6-min run , 40-m sprint , 6 × 40-m sprint , vertical jump ) , and in-season injury data were collected over 4 seasons from 1 professional Australian football club . Data were analyzed for 69 players , for a total of 3879 player rounds and 174 seasons . Injury risk ( odds ratio [ OR ] ) and injury severity ( matches missed ; rate ratio [ RR ] ) were assessed using a series of multilevel univariate and multivariate hierarchical linear models . RESULTS A total of 177 injuries were recorded with 494 matches missed ( 2.8±3.3 matches/injury ) . The majority ( 87 % ) of injuries affected the lower body , with hamstring ( 20 % ) and groin/hip ( 14 % ) most prevalent . Nineteen players ( 28 % ) suffered recurrent injuries . Injury incidence was increased in players with low body mass ( OR=0.887 , P=.005 ) , with poor 6-min-run performance ( OR=0.994 , P=.051 ) , and playing as forwards ( OR=2.216 , P=.036 ) . Injury severity was increased in players with low body mass ( RR=0.892 , P=.008 ) , tall stature ( RR=1.131 , P=.002 ) , poor 6-min-run ( RR=0.990 , P=.006 ) , and slow 40-m-sprint ( RR=3.963 , P=.082 ) performance . CONCLUSIONS The potential to modify intrinsic risk factors is greatest in the preseason period , and improvements in aerobic-running fitness and increased body mass may protect against in-season injury in elite Australian football Talent identification ( TID ) is a pertinent component of the sports sciences , affording practitioners the opportunity to target developmental interventions to a select few ; optimising financial investments . However , TID is multi-componential , requiring the recognition of immediate and prospect i ve performance . The measurement of athletic movement skill may afford practitioners insight into the latter component given its augmented relationship with functional sport specific qualities . It is currently unknown whether athletic movement skill is a discriminant quality in junior Australian football ( AF ) . This study aim ed to discriminate talent identified junior AF players from their non-talent identified counterparts using a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment .  From a total of 50 under 18 ( U18 ) AF players ; two groups were classified a priori based on selection level ; talent identified ( n = 25 ; state academy representatives ) and non-talent identified ( n = 25 ; state-based competition representatives ) . Players performed a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment based on the Athletic Ability Assessment ( AAA ) , consisting of an overhead squat , double lunge ( left and right legs ) , single leg Romanian deadlift ( left and right legs ) , and a push up ( six movement criterions ) . Movements were scored across three assessment points using a three-point scale ( result ing in a possible score of nine for each movement ) . A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant between group effects on four of the six movement criterions ( d = 0.56 - 0.87 ; p = 0.01 - 0.02 ) . Binary logistic regression models and a receiver operating characteristic curve inspection revealed that the overhead squat score provided the greatest group discrimination ( β(SE ) = -0.89(0.44 ) ; p < 0.05 ) , with a score of 4.5 classifying 64 % and 88 % of the talent identified and non-talent identified groups , respectively . Results support the integration of this assessment into contemporary talent identification approaches in junior AF , as it may provide coaches with insight into a juniors developmental potential Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of a preseason physical training programme that taught l and ing and falling skills in improving l and ing skills technique and preventing injury in junior elite Australian football players . Methods : 723 male players who participated in an under 18 elite competition were studied prospect ively in a non-r and omised controlled trial over two consecutive football seasons . There were 114 players in the intervention group and 609 control players . The eight session intervention programme taught players six l and ing , falling , and recovery skills , which were considered fundamental for safe l and ing in Australian football . L and ing skills taught in these sessions were rated for competence by independent and blinded assessors at baseline and mid-season . Results : Evaluation of l and ing skills found no significant differences between the groups at baseline . Evaluation after the intervention revealed overall improvement in l and ing skills , but significantly greater improvement in the intervention group ( z = −7.92 , p = 0.001 ) . Players in the intervention group were significantly less likely ( relative rate 0.72 , 95 % confidence interval 0.52 to 0.98 ) to sustain an injury during the season than the control group . In particular , the time to sustaining a l and ing injury was significantly less for the intervention group ( relative rate 0.40 , 95 % confidence interval 0.17 to 0.92 ) compared with the control group . Conclusions : L and ing and falling ability can be taught to junior elite Australian football players . Players in the intervention group were protected against injury , particularly injuries related to l and ing and falls Abstract Gaudion , SL , Doma , K , Sinclair , W , Banyard , HG , and Woods , CT . Identifying the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football : implication s for the development of talent . J Strength Cond Res 31(7 ) : 1830–1839 , 2017—This study aim ed to identify the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football ( AF ) . From a total of 77 players , 2 groups were defined according to their developmental level ; under 16 ( U16 ) ( n = 40 , 15.6 to 15.9 years ) , and U18 ( n = 37 , 17.1 to 17.9 years ) . Players performed a test battery consisting of 7 physical fitness assessment s , 2 anthropometric measurements , and a fundamental athletic movement assessment . A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of developmental level ( 2 levels : U16 and U18 ) on the assessment criterions , whilst binary logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves were built to identify the qualities most discriminant of developmental level . A significant effect of developmental level was evident on 9 of the assessment s ( d = 0.27–0.88 ; p ⩽ 0.05 ) . However , it was a combination of body mass , dynamic vertical jump height ( nondominant leg ) , repeat sprint time , and the score on the 20-m multistage fitness test that provided the greatest association with developmental level ( Akaike 's information criterion = 80.84 ) . The ROC curve was maximized with a combined score of 180.7 , successfully discriminating 89 and 60 % of the U18 and U16 players , respectively ( area under the curve = 79.3 % ) . These results indicate that there are distinctive physical fitness and anthropometric qualities discriminant of developmental level within the junior AF talent pathway . Coaches should consider these differences when design ing training interventions at the U16 level to assist with the development of prospect i ve U18 AF players Hamstring muscle strain is the most prevalent injury in Australian Rules Football , accounting for 16 % of play ing time missed as a result of injury . Thirty-seven pro fessional footballers from an Australian Football League team had preseason measurements of ham string and quadriceps muscle concentric peak torque at 60 , 180 , and 300 deg/sec measured on a Cybex 340 dynamometer .  Players were studied prospect ively throughout the 1995 season . During that time , six play ers sustained clinical ly diagnosed hamstring muscle injuries that caused them to miss match-playing time . The injured hamstring muscles were all weaker than in the opposite leg in absolute values and hamstring-to- quadriceps muscle ratios . According to our t-test re sults , hamstring muscle injury was significantly asso ciated with a low hamstring-to-quadriceps muscle peak torque ratio at 60 deg/sec on the injured side and a low hamstring muscle side-to-side peak torque ratio at 60 deg/sec . Flexibility ( as measured by the sit- and -reach test ) did not correlate with injury . Discriminant-function analysis using the two significant ratio variables re sulted in a canonical correlation with injury of 0.4594 and correctly classified legs into injury groups with 77.4 % success . These results indicate that preseason isokinetic testing of professional Australian Rules foot ballers can identify players at risk of developing ham string muscle strains Purpose Knowledge of aerobic performance capacity allows for the optimisation of training programs in aerobically dominant sports .  Maximal aerobic speed ( MAS ) is a measure of aerobic performance ; however , the time and personnel dem and s of establishing MAS are considerable . This study aim ed to determine whether  time-trials ( TT ) , which are shorter and less onerous than traditional MAS protocol s , may be used to predict MAS . Methods 28 Australian Rules football players completed a test of MAS , followed by TTs of six different distances in r and om order , each separated by at least 48 h. Half of the participants completed TT distances of 1200 , 1600 and 2000 m , and the others completed distances of 1400 , 1800 and 2200 m. Results Average speed for the 1200 and 1400 m TTs were greater than MAS ( P < 0.01 ) . Average speed for 1600 , 1800 , 2000 and 2200 m TTs were not different from MAS ( P > 0.08 ) . Average speed for all TT distances correlated with MAS ( r = 0.69–0.84 ; P < 0.02 ) , but there was a negative association between the difference in average TT speed and MAS with increasing TT distance ( r = −0.79 ; P < 0.01 ) . Average TT speed over the 2000 m distance exhibited the best agreement with MAS . Conclusions MAS may be predicted from the average speed during a TT for any distance between 1200 and 2200 m , with 2000 m being optimal . Performance of a TT may provide a simple alternative to traditional MAS testing OBJECTIVES Australian Football ( AF ) is a collision sport containing high injury rates in junior competition . Successful performance at the elite junior level not only requires superior specific football knowledge and skills , but also well developed fitness qualities . However , no studies have examined the link between physical fitness qualities and injury in AF . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort . METHODS Injury data were collected through the use of a Player Movement Record ( PMR ) and a st and ardized Injury Report Form ( IRF ) . Fitness test data was collected during the pre-season of the 2010 and 2011 seasons . RESULTS 382 players consented to participate in the study . The cohort experienced an injury incidence rate of 24.29/st and ardized club ( 40 players/club ) . A faster 5-m sprint was associated with ' injury status ' ( p=0.0 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Talent pathway players exhibit similar mean test scores irrespective of the physical test , with the exception of 20-m sprint and VJ .
Physical tests can discriminate between local participation level players but are less useful within the AFL talent pathway