***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess the efficacy of an innovative smoking cessation intervention targeted to a multiethnic , economically disadvantaged HIV-positive population . Design : A two-group r and omized clinical trial compared a smoking cessation intervention delivered by cellular telephone with usual care approach . Methods : Current smokers from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS care center were recruited and r and omized to receive either  usual care or  a  cellular telephone intervention . The usual care group received brief physician advice to quit smoking , targeted self-help written material s and nicotine replacement therapy . The cellular telephone intervention received eight counseling sessions delivered via cellular telephone in addition to the usual care components .  Smoking-related outcomes were assessed at a 3-month follow-up . Results : The trial had 95 participants and 77 ( 81.0 % ) completed the 3-month follow-up assessment . Analyses indicated biochemically verified point prevalence smoking abstinence rates of 10.3 % for the usual care group and 36.8 % for the cellular telephone group ; participants who received the cellular telephone intervention were 3.6 times ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.3 - 9.9 ) more likely to quit smoking compared with participants who received usual care ( P = 0.0059 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that individuals living with HIV/AIDS are receptive to , and can be helped by , smoking cessation treatment . In addition , smoking cessation treatment tailored to the special needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS , such as counseling delivered by cellular telephone , can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates over that achieved by usual care BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of an interactive expert system intervention for  smoking cessation for a general population . The intervention provides individualized feedback that guides participants through the stages of change for cessation . Enhancing the expert system by adding proactive telephone counseling or a stimulus control computer design ed to produce nicotine fading could produce preventive programs with greater population impacts . METHODS Four interventions were compared : ( a ) the interactive expert system intervention ; ( b ) the expert system intervention plus counselor calls ; ( c ) the expert system intervention plus the stimulus control computer ; and ( d ) an assessment only condition . A 4 ( intervention ) x 4 ( occasions ) ( 0,6,12 , and 18 months ) design was used . Smokers were contacted at home via telephone or mail . The initial subject pool was the 24,178 members of a managed care company . Screening was completed for 19,236 members ( 79.6 % ) , of whom 4,653 were smokers ; 85.3 % of the smokers were enrolled . RESULTS Thirty-eight percent were in the precontemplation stage , 45 % in the contemplation stage , and only 17 % in the preparation stage . At 18 months , the expert system result ed in 23.2 % point prevalence abstinence , which was 33 % greater than that of assessment only . The counselor enhancement produced increased cessation at 12 months but not at 18 months . The stimulus control computer produced no improvement , result ing in 20 % worse cessation rates than the assessment only condition . CONCLUSIONS The enhanced conditions failed to outperform the expert system alone . The study also demonstrated the ability of the interactive expert system to produce significantly greater cessation in a population of smokers than assessment alone Background Advances in technology allowed the development of a novel smoking cessation program delivered by video messages sent to mobile phones . This social cognitive theory-based intervention ( called “ STUB IT ” ) used observational learning via short video diary messages from role models going through the quitting process to teach behavioral change techniques . Objective The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of a multimedia mobile phone intervention for smoking cessation . Methods A r and omized controlled trial was conducted with 6-month follow-up . Participants had to be 16 years of age or over , be current daily smokers , be ready to quit , and have a video message-capable phone . Recruitment targeted younger adults predominantly through radio and online advertising . Registration and data collection were completed online , prompted by text messages . The intervention group received an automated package of video and text messages over 6 months that was tailored to self-selected quit date , role model , and timing of messages . Extra messages were available on dem and to beat cravings and address lapses . The control group also set a quit date and received a general health video message sent to their phone every 2 weeks . Results The target sample size was not achieved due to difficulty recruiting young adult quitters . Of the 226 r and omized participants , 47 % ( 107/226 ) were female and 24 % ( 54/226 ) were Maori ( indigenous population of New Zeal and ) . Their mean age was 27 years ( SD 8.7 ) , and there was a high level of nicotine addiction . Continuous abstinence at 6 months was 26.4 % ( 29/110 ) in the intervention group and 27.6 % ( 32/116 ) in the control group ( P = .8 ) . Feedback from participants indicated that the support provided by the video role models was important and appreciated . Conclusions This study was not able to demonstrate a statistically significant effect of the complex video messaging mobile phone intervention compared with simple general health video messages via mobile phone . However , there was sufficient positive feedback about the ease of use of this novel intervention , and the support obtained by observing the role model video messages , to warrant further investigation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Number : ACTRN12606000476538 ; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81688 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5umMU4sZi Summary We evaluated the effectiveness of a mobile phone text-messaging based smoking cessation intervention package among Chinese adolescent smokers . Students aged 16–19 years were recruited from six vocational high schools located in Shanghai . We assigned the six schools to an intervention group or a control group by cluster r and omization . The 92 participants in the intervention group were given tailored information via mobile phone text-messaging for 12 weeks . The 87 participants in the control group were provided with a self-help pamphlet about smoking cessation instead . After the intervention , attitudes towards the disadvantages of smoking were significantly improved , and the level of nicotine dependence and cigarette dependence significantly decreased in the intervention group . The intervention group had a relatively higher self-reported 7-day abstinence compared to the control group and 30-day abstinence , but the differences were not significant . However , the intervention group had a significantly higher rate of smoking reduction ( 66 % vs. 35 % ) and moving forward in quitting stages ( 52 % vs. 18 % ) compared to the control group . The interactive and tailored assistance provided by the mobile phone text-messaging  was effective in smoking behaviour intervention in Chinese adolescent smokers Background Studies suggest that tailored material s are superior to nontailored material s in supporting health behavioral change . Several trials on tailored Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation have shown good effects . There have , however , been few attempts to isolate the effect of the tailoring component of an Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation and to compare it with the effectiveness of the other components . Objective The study aim was to isolate the effect of tailored emails in an Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation by comparing two versions of the intervention , with and without tailored content . Methods We conducted a two-arm , r and omized controlled trial of the open and free Norwegian 12-month follow-up , fully automated Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation , slutta.no . We collected information online on demographics , smoking , self-efficacy , use of the website , and participant evaluation at enrollment and subsequently at 1 , 3 , and 12 months . Altogether , 2298 self-selected participants aged 16 years or older registered at the website between August 15 , 2006 and December 7 , 2007 and were r and omly assigned to either a multicomponent , nontailored Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation ( control ) or a version of the same Internet-based intervention with tailored content delivered on the website and via email . Results Of the r and omly assigned participants , 116 ( of 419 , response rate = 27.7 % ) in the intervention group and 128 ( of 428 , response rate = 29.9 % ) in the control group had participated over the 12 months and responded at the end of follow-up . The 7-day intention-to-treat abstinence rate at 1 month was 15.2 % ( 149/982 ) among those receiving the tailored intervention , compared with 9.4 % ( 94/999 ) among those who received the nontailored intervention ( P < .001 ) . The corresponding figures at 3 months were 13.5 % ( 122/902 ) and 9.4 % ( 84/896 , P = .006 ) and at 12 months were 11.2 % ( 47/419 ) and 11.7 % ( 50/428 , P = .91 ) . Likewise , the intervention group had higher self-efficacy and perceived tailoring at 1 and 3 months . Self-efficacy was found to partially mediate the effect of the intervention . Conclusion Tailoring an Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation seems to increase the success rates in the short term , but not in the long term The need for effective , low-cost self-help treatment methods for  smokeless tobacco ( ST ) addiction  becomes more evident as rates of product use and associated morbidities increase . This study evaluated two self-help methods for ST cessation .  One hundred ninety-eight ST users were r and omized into two conditions : half received the LifeSign , a credit card-sized computer design ed for gradual ST cessation , and half received the Enough Snuff self-help manual and a video . Subjects in both conditions received telephone support for their quit effort . The study was conducted entirely through phone and mail , allowing delivery of the intervention to both rural and urban users .  Self-reported rates of sustained abstinence ( no tobacco use at two months and six months ) were 24.5 % for the manual/video condition , and 18.4 % , for the LifeSign condition Background Web-based computer-tailored approaches have the potential to be successful in supporting smoking cessation . However , the potential effects of such approaches for relapse prevention and the value of incorporating action planning strategies to effectively prevent smoking relapse have not been fully explored . The Stay Quit for You ( SQ4U ) study compared two Web-based computer-tailored smoking relapse  prevention programs with different types of planning strategies versus a control group . Objectives To assess the efficacy of two Web-based computer-tailored programs in preventing smoking relapse compared with a control group . The action planning ( AP ) program provided tailored feedback at baseline and invited respondents to do 6 preparatory and coping planning assignments ( the first 3 assignments prior to quit date and the final 3 assignments after quit date ) . The action planning plus ( AP+ ) program was an extended version of the AP program that also provided tailored feedback at 11 time points after the quit attempt . Respondents in the control group only filled out question naires . The study also assessed possible dose – response relationships between abstinence and adherence to the programs . Methods The study was a r and omized controlled trial with three conditions : the control group , the AP program , and the AP+ program .  Respondents were daily smokers ( N = 2031 ) , aged 18 to 65 years , who were motivated and willing to quit smoking within 1 month . The primary outcome was self-reported continued abstinence 12 months after baseline . Logistic regression analyses were conducted using three sample s : ( 1 ) all respondents as r and omly assigned , ( 2 ) a modified sample that excluded respondents who did not make a quit attempt in conformance with the program protocol , and ( 3 ) a minimum dose sample that also excluded respondents who did not adhere to at least one of the intervention elements . Observed case analyses and conservative analyses were conducted . Results In the observed case analysis of the r and omized sample , abstinence rates were 22 % ( 45/202 ) in the control group versus 33 % ( 63/190 ) in the AP program and 31 % ( 53/174 ) in the AP+ program . The AP program ( odds ratio 1.95 , P = .005 ) and the AP+ program ( odds ratio 1.61 , P = .049 ) were significantly more effective than the control condition . Abstinence rates and effects differed per sample . Finally , the results suggest a dose – response relationship between abstinence and the number of program elements completed by the respondents . Conclusion Despite the differences in results caused by the variation in our analysis approaches , we can conclude that Web-based computer-tailored programs combined with planning strategy assignments and feedback after the quit attempt can be effective in preventing relapse 12 months after baseline . However , adherence to the intervention seems critical for effectiveness . Finally , our results also suggest that more research is needed to assess the optimum intervention dose . Trial Registration Dutch Trial Register : NTR1892 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=1892 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/693S6uuPM Background  Online computer-tailored smoking cessation programs  have not yet been compared directly . Objective To compare the efficacy of two Internet-based , computer-tailored smoking cessation programs . Methods R and omized controlled trial conducted in 20 
    Output:
    
The magnitude of effect sizes from mHealth smoking cessation interventions was likely to be greater if the trial was conducted in the USA or Europe and when the intervention included individually tailored text messages .
In contrast , high frequency of texts ( daily ) was less effective than weekly texts .
Conclusions There was consistent evidence that web-based and mHealth smoking cessation interventions may increase abstinence moderately .