***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Physical activity is important following breast cancer . Trials of non-face-to-face interventions are needed to assist in reaching women living outside major metropolitan areas . Purpose This study seeks to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a telephone-delivered , mixed aerobic and resistance exercise intervention for non-urban Australian women with breast cancer . Methods A r and omized controlled trial comparing an 8-month intervention delivered by exercise physiologists ( n = 73 ) to usual care  ( n = 70 ) . Results Sixty-one percent recruitment rate and 96 % retention at 12 months ; 79 % of women in the intervention group received at least 75 % of calls ; odds ( OR , 95 % CI ) of meeting intervention targets favored the intervention group for resistance training ( OR 3.2 ; 1.2 , 8.9 ) and aerobic ( OR 2.1 ; 0.8 , 5.5 ) activity . Conclusions Given the limited availability of physical activity programs for non-urban women with breast cancer , results provide strong support for feasibility and modest support for the efficacy of telephone-delivered interventions OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to measure the agreement , reliability , construct validity , and feasibility of a measurement tool to assess  systematic review s ( AMSTAR ) . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We r and omly selected 30 systematic review s from a data base . Each was assessed by two review ers using : ( 1 ) the enhanced quality assessment question naire ( Overview of Quality Assessment Question naire [ OQAQ ] ) ; ( 2 ) Sacks ' instrument ; and ( 3 ) our newly developed measurement tool ( AMSTAR ) . We report on reliability ( interobserver kappas of the 11 AMSTAR items ) , intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) of the sum scores , construct validity ( ICCs of the sum scores of AMSTAR compared with those of other instruments ) , and completion times . RESULTS The interrater agreement of the individual items of AMSTAR was substantial with a mean kappa of 0.70 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.57 , 0.83 ) ( range : 0.38 - 1.0 ) . Kappas recorded for the other instruments were 0.63 ( 95 % CI : 0.38 , 0.78 ) for enhanced OQAQ and 0.40 ( 95 % CI : 0.29 , 0.50 ) for the Sacks ' instrument . The ICC of the total score for AMSTAR was 0.84 ( 95 % CI : 0.65 , 0.92 ) compared with 0.91 ( 95 % CI : 0.82 , 0.96 ) for OQAQ and 0.86 ( 95 % CI : 0.71 , 0.94 ) for the Sacks ' instrument . AMSTAR proved easy to apply , each review taking about 15 minutes to complete . CONCLUSIONS AMSTAR has good agreement , reliability , construct validity , and feasibility . These findings need confirmation by a broader range of assessors and a more diverse range of review Purpose This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an 8-week supervised exercise program in de-conditioned cancer survivors within 2–6 months of chemotherapy completion . Methods Participants were r and omly assigned to an 8-week , twice-weekly , supervised aerobic exercise training regime ( n = 23 ) or a usual care group ( n = 20 ) .  Feasibility was assessed by recruitment rate , program adherence and participant feedback . The primary outcome was aerobic fitness assessed by the Modified Bruce fitness test at baseline ( 0 weeks ) , post-intervention ( 8 weeks ) and at 3-month follow-up . Secondary outcomes included physical activity , waist circumference , fatigue and quality of life . Results The recruitment rate was 81 % and adherence to the supervised exercise was 78.3 % . Meaningful differences in aerobic fitness between the exercise and usual care groups at both the 8-week [ mean 3.0 mL kg−1 min−1 ( 95 % CI −1.1–7.0 ) ] and 3-month follow-up [ 2.1 mL kg−1 min−1 ( −2.3–6.6 ) ] were found , although these differences did not achieve statistical significance ( p values > 0.14 ) . Self-reported physical activity increased in the exercise group ( EG ) compared to the usual care group at both 8-week ( p = 0.01 ) and 3-month follow-up ( p = 0.03 ) and significant differences in favour of the EG were found for physical well-being at both the 8-week ( p = 0.03 ) and 3-month follow-up ( p = 0.04 ) . Improvements in fatigue ( p = 0.01 ) , total quality of life plus fatigue ( p = 0.04 ) , and a composite physical functioning score ( p = 0.01 ) at the 3-month follow-up were also found . Conclusion The PEACH trial suggests that 8 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training was feasible and may improve aerobic fitness , fatigue and quality of life in de-conditioned cancer survivors during the early survivorship phase . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsExercise interventions commenced in the early survivorship phase appear safe , feasible and may lead to improvements in QOL and fatigue Abstract Background . Physical activity during chemotherapy has been shown in several studies to reduce fatigue , improve symptoms and impact positively on health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . Challenges associated with intervention studies on physical activity during cancer treatment relate to consistent adherence . The primary objective was to study feasibility and adherence of physical activity intervention among patients with cancer during adjuvant chemotherapy treatment . The secondary objective was to investigate the effects of physical activity on health aspects , including HRQoL , symptoms and surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease . Material and methods . This r and omized controlled trial included patients with breast cancer ( BRCA ) and colorectal cancer ( CRC ) during adjuvant chemotherapy .  The intervention continued for 10 weeks and included daily walks of 10 000 steps and a weekly supervised group walk . Adherence was assessed by a pedometer and the number of participants who reported step counts every week and percentage of participants who achieved the target steps every week . Results . Adherence average reached 91 % during the intervention period ; in total 74 % completed the exercise intervention . The majority of the participants achieved an average of 83 % of the target of 10 000 steps per day for 10 weeks . There was a significant increase in daily physical activity ( p = 0.016 ) in the intervention group . Significant differences were also found for some breast cancer-specific symptoms [ swelling , mobility and pain ( p = 0.045 ) ] . The study showed a relatively small weight gain an average of 0.9 kg in the intervention group and 1.3 kg in the control group . Conclusion . Physical activity in the form of walking is feasible during adjuvant chemotherapy treatment despite increasing symptoms . The physical activity increased in the intervention group during the study time and had a positive impact on breast symptoms and the weight gain was lower in comparison to previous studies Exercise for Health was a r and omized , controlled trial design ed to evaluate two modes of delivering ( face-to-face [ FtF ] and over-the-telephone [ Tel ] ) an 8-month translational exercise intervention , commencing 6-weeks post-breast cancer surgery ( PS ) . Outcomes included quality of life ( QoL ) , function ( fitness and upper body ) and treatment-related side effects ( fatigue , lymphoedema , body mass index , menopausal symptoms , anxiety , depression and pain ) . Generalised estimating equation modelling determined time ( baseline [ 5 weeks PS ] , mid-intervention [ 6 months PS ] , post-intervention [ 12 months PS ] ) , group ( FtF , Tel , Usual Care [ UC ] ) and time-by-group effects . 194 women representative of the breast cancer population were r and omised to the FtF ( n = 67 ) , Tel ( n = 67 ) and UC ( n = 60 ) groups . There were significant ( p < 0.05 ) interaction effects on QoL , fitness and fatigue with differences being observed between the treatment groups and the UC group . Trends observed for the treatment groups were similar . The treatment groups reported improved QoL , fitness and fatigue over time and changes observed between baseline and post-intervention were clinical ly relevant . In contrast , the UC group experienced no change , or worsening QoL , fitness and fatigue , mid-intervention . Although improvements in the UC group occurred by 12-months post-surgery , the change did not meet the clinical ly relevant threshold . There were no differences in other treatment-related side effects between groups . This translational intervention trial , delivered either FtF or Tel , supports exercise as a form of adjuvant breast cancer therapy that can prevent declines in fitness and function during treatment and optimise recovery post-treatment BACKGROUND The efficacy of a home-based physical activity ( PA ) intervention for colorectal cancer patients versus  contact control was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Forty-six patients ( mean age = 57.3 years [ SD = 9.7 ] , 57 % female , mean = 2.99 years post-diagnosis [ SD = 1.64 ] ) who had completed treatment for stages 1 - 3 colorectal cancer were r and omized to telephone counseling to support PA ( PA group , n = 20 ) or contact control ( control group , n = 26 ) . PA group participants received 3 months of PA counseling ( based on the transtheoretical model and the social cognitive theory ) delivered via telephone , as well as weekly PA tip sheets . Assessment s of  PA ( Seven-day Physical Activity Recall [ 7-day PAR ] and Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors [ CHAMPS ] ) , submaximal aerobic fitness ( Treadwalk test ) , motivational readiness for PA , and psychosocial outcomes were conducted at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 12 months post-baseline . Objective accelerometer data were collected at the same time points . RESULTS The PA group reported significant increases in minutes of PA at 3 months ( 7-day PAR ) and caloric expenditure ( CHAMPS ) compared with the control group , but the group differences were attenuated over time . The PA group showed significant improvements in fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months versus the control group . Improvements in motivational readiness for PA were reported in the PA group only at 3 months . No significant group differences were found for fatigue , self-reported physical functioning , and quality of life at 3 , 6 , and 12 months . CONCLUSION A home-based intervention improved survivors ' PA and motivational readiness at 3 months and increased submaximal aerobic fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months The aim of this study was to explore the effects of exercise on angiogenesis and apoptosis-related molecules , quality of life , fatigue and depression in patients who completed breast cancer treatment . Sixty breast cancer patients were r and omised into three groups , as supervised exercise group , home exercise group and education group .  Angiogenesis and apoptosis-related cytokine levels and quality of life ( EORTC QOL-C30 : European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life C30 ) , fatigue ( Brief Fatigue Inventory ) and depression ( BDI : Beck Depression Inventory ) scores were compared before and after a 12-week exercise programme . After the exercise programme , statistically significant decreases were found in interleukin-8 and neutrophil activating protein-78 levels in the home exercise group ( P < 0.05 ) . The education group showed a statistically significant increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 level ( P < 0.05 ) . Functional score and global health score of EORTC QOL-C30 in the supervised exercise group and functional score of EORTC QOL-C30 in the home exercise group increased significantly after exercise programme ( P < 0.05 ) . BDI score was significantly lower in the supervised exercise group after the exercise programme ( P < 0.05 ) . Changes in angiogenesis and apoptosis-related molecules in the study groups suggest a possible effect of exercise on these parameters . Exercise programmes are safe and effective on quality of life and depression in breast cancer patients whose treatments are complete BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior and impaired cardiovascular reserve capacity are common late effects of cancer therapy emphasizing the need for effective strategies to increase physical activity ( PA ) in cancer survivors . We examined the efficacy of a 12-month exercise-based rehabilitation program on self-reported PA , cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO2peak ) , strength , and patient-reported outcomes . PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred fourteen post-treatment cancer survivors were r and omly assigned to a 12-month rehabilitation program consisting of individual ( x3 ) and group-based ( x6 ) counseling in combination with once weekly high-intensity group-based exercise training ( the Copenhagen Physical Activity after Cancer Treatment , PACT ; n = 108 ) or to a health evaluation program ( HE , n = 106 ) . Study outcomes were assessed at baseline , 6 months , and 12 months . RESULTS After 12 months , the percentage of patients reporting meeting PA goal behavior ( ≥3 h/week ) was significantly increased in the PACT group versus the HE group ( 70.4 % versus 43.4 % , P = 0.001 ) . Repeated measures analyses indicated a statistically significant improvement in VO2peak ( l min(-1 ) ) in favour of PACT ( treatment effect ratio = 1.04 ; 95 % confidence interval 1.00 - 1.07 ; P = 0.032 ) . Signific 
    Output:
    
The present guideline provides recommendations for the duration , frequency , and intensity of exercise appropriate for people living with cancer .
It also provides recommendations for pre-exercise assessment , safety concerns , and delivery models .
CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to show that exercise provides benefits in quality of life and muscular and aerobic fitness for people with cancer both during and after treatment , and that it does not cause harm .