***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To define outcome data and prognostic criteria for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) treated with interferon-alfa as initial systemic therapy . The data can be applied to design and interpretation of clinical trials of new agents and treatment programs against this refractory malignancy . PATIENTS AND METHODS Four hundred sixty-three patients with advanced RCC administered interferon-alpha as first-line systemic therapy on six prospect i ve clinical trials were the subjects of this retrospective analysis . Three risk categories for predicting survival were identified on the basis of five pretreatment clinical features by a stratified Cox proportional hazards model . RESULTS The median overall survival time was 13 months . The median time to progression was 4.7 months . Five variables were used as risk factors for short survival : low Karnofsky performance status , high lactate dehydrogenase , low serum hemoglobin , high corrected serum calcium , and time from initial RCC diagnosis to start of interferon-alpha therapy of less than one year . Each patient was assigned to one of three risk groups : those with zero risk factors ( favorable risk ) , those with one or two ( intermediate risk ) , and those with three or more ( poor risk ) . The median time to death of patients deemed favorable risk was 30 months . Median survival time in the intermediate-risk group was 14 months . In contrast , the poor-risk group had a median survival time of 5 months . CONCLUSION Progression-free and overall survival with interferon-alpha treatment can be compared with new therapies in phase II and III clinical investigations . The prognostic model is suitable for risk stratification of phase III trials using interferon-alpha as the comparative treatment arm Purpose : Plasma proteins [ vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , soluble VEGF receptor 2 ( sVEGFR-2 ) , carbonic anhydrase IX ( CAIX ) , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP-1 ) , and Ras p21 ] and one tumor gene ( VHL ) were analyzed to identify prognostic biomarkers or indicators of response to sorafenib in a subset of patients enrolled in the Treatment Approaches in Renal Cancer Global Evaluation Trial . Experimental Design : Nine hundred three patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) were r and omized to 400 mg sorafenib twice a day or placebo . Sample s collected at baseline and after 3 and 12 weeks were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays . VHL exons were sequenced from tumor biopsies . Results : Baseline biomarker data were available for VEGF ( n = 712 ) , sVEGFR-2 ( n = 713 ) , CAIX ( n = 128 ) , TIMP-1 ( n = 123 ) , Ras p21 ( n = 125 ) , and VHL mutational status ( n = 134 ) . Higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ( ECOG PS ) score correlated with elevated baseline VEGF ( P < 0.0001 ) and a higher incidence of VHL mutations ( P = 0.008 ) , whereas higher Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ( MSKCC ) score correlated with elevated VEGF ( P < 0.0001 ) , CAIX ( P = 0.027 ) , and TIMP-1 ( P = 0.0001 ) . Univariable analyses of baseline levels in the placebo cohort identified VEGF ( P = 0.0024 ) , CAIX ( P = 0.034 ) , TIMP-1 ( P = 0.001 ) , and Ras p21 ( P = 0.016 ) as prognostic biomarkers for survival . TIMP-1 remained prognostic for survival in a multivariable analysis model ( P = 0.002 ) that also included ECOG PS , MSKCC score , and the other biomarkers assayed . In the placebo cohort , TIMP-1 ( P < 0.001 ) and Ras p21 ( P = 0.048 ) levels increased at 12 weeks . In the sorafenib cohort , VEGF levels increased at 3 and 12 weeks of treatment ( both weeks P < 0.0001 ) , whereas sVEGFR-2 ( both weeks P < 0.0001 ) and TIMP-1 levels ( P = 0.002 , week 3 ; P = 0.006 , week 12 ) decreased . Conclusions : VEGF , CAIX , TIMP-1 , and Ras p21 levels were prognostic for survival in RCC patients . Of these , TIMP-1 has emerged as being independently prognostic . Clin Cancer Res ; 16(19 ) ; 4853–63 . © 2010 AACR A data base of 327 patients with advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma ( RCC ) has been analyzed in order to identify potential baseline prognostic factors predicting for survival , following recombinant Interleukin-2 treatment ( rIL-2 ) . All patients received a continuous infusion ( CIV ) . Eligibility criteria were uniform across studies , and included patients with an ambulatory performance status ( PS ) , measurable disease , no CNS metastases , and no major organ compromise . Multivariate analyses identified baseline PS ( ECOG 0 vs. 1 ) , time from diagnosis to treatment ( DTI greater than 24 months vs. less than or equal to 24 months ) , and the number of metastatic sites ( 1 vs. greater than or equal to 2 , where lung , bone and other sites are considered as separate sites ) as important predictors for survival . Patients can be classified into 4 subgroups , which are a function of the number of risk factors present . Median survival for each subgroup is 28 , 17 , 10 and 5 months , respectively . The model was vali date d in an independent cohort of 125 patients with RCC treated with subcutaneous ( s/c ) rIL-2 , and predicted for survival accurately . By determining in which risk group category patients may fall , treating physicians may be better equipped to decide on patient management . The model may also be of value in order to stratify patients in r and omized clinical trials The MN protein is a newly described biomarker found to be overexpressed in most cervical carcinomas . This study was an effort to evaluate the prognostic importance of tumor MN expression , HPV status , and the presence of other biomarkers in cervical cancers . Tumor DNA and protein for study were extracted from archived frozen tissue . Tumor tissues and controls were evaluated by  Western blot analysis for MN , intestinal alkaline phosphatase ( IAP ) , c-myc , and p53 protein overexpression .  Immunohistochemistry was performed for MN quantification and the study of expression patterns in histologic subtypes of cervical cancer . HPV data were obtained by PCR amplification of extracted DNA using consensus and type-specific primers . Clinical data were obtained from the patients ' records and from the cancer registry . Clinical and molecular data were correlated by chi2 , Fisher 's exact test , and logistic regression . The results demonstrate that IAP is not overexpressed in clinical specimens of cervical carcinoma , although in somatic cell hybrid experiments , overexpression of IAP correlates with the malignant state . None of 47 tumors , including those which were HPV negative , overexpressed p53 . c-myc protein overexpression occurred in 11 of 52 tumors , most of which contained HPV 16 , but this was not significantly different from the tumors as a whole . There was no apparent association between MN protein expression and the overexpression of c-myc protein . MN was overexpressed in all cancers and quantitatively varied with the histologic subtype . Specifically , lower expression of MN correlated with adenosquamous and less-differentiated histology ( P < 0.01 for grade 3 tumors ) . Low expression of MN protein also correlated with HPV negativity ( P < 0.05 ) . In stage IB and IIA cancers , low expression of MN was associated with deeper cervical stromal invasion ( P < 0.03 ) . Further , low expression of MN correlated with lymph node metastases in small ( < 3.5 cm ) IB and IIA cervical cancers ( P < 0.04 ) . These data suggest that MN is emerging as a potentially important new biomarker for cervical carcinoma . The overexpression commonly seen in cervical cancer is possibly associated with loss of a critical tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 11 . Low expression of MN antigen appears to correlate with several adverse prognostic features and further prospect i ve study is warranted 
    Output:
    
The high tissue CAIX expression in RCC is hence an indication of an early malignancy with a potential to predict favourable disease progression and outcome .
The measurement of this marker may be beneficial to determine the course of the illness .
It is hoped that CAIX can be developed as a specific tissue biomarker for RCC in the near future