***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND This study tested the impact of free nicotine patches plus proactive telephone peer support to help low-income women stop smoking . METHODS A total of 214 Medicaid-eligible women smokers of childbearing age were r and omized to receive free nicotine patches through the mail or free nicotine patches through the mail plus the provision of proactive support by telephone from a woman ex-smoker for up to 3 months . Assessment s were conducted by telephone at baseline , 10 days , and 3 and 6 months after enrollment . RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up , significantly more women in the patch plus proactive telephone support condition were abstinent ( 42 % ) compared to the patch only condition ( 28 % ) ( P = 0.03 ) . Similarly , more women in the experimental condition were abstinent at both the 10-day and 3-month assessment s ( 32 v 19 % , P = 0.02 ) . However , differences were not found at the 6-month follow-up , suggesting that the addition of proactive telephone peer support enhanced short-term , but not long-term cessation . CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a beneficial effect for the addition of proactive telephone support as an adjunct to free nicotine replacement in a low-income population Smoking-cessation services are an unmet need among the homeless , who smoke at rates more than 4 times the national estimate . Successful interventions have high potential for improving tobacco-related health disparities among homeless smokers .  Contingency management ( CM ) is a behavioral intervention with efficacy in a number of substance-use disorder population s , including smokers . However , no r and omized studies have evaluated the effect of CM in homeless smokers . We examined smoking-related outcomes in homeless smokers ( N = 70 ) r and omized to st and ard-care ( SC ) smoking cessation involving transdermal nicotine-replacement therapy ( NRT ) , st and ard counseling , and carbon monoxide ( CO ) monitoring or the same SC plus CM for negative CO sample su bmi ssions . Participants r and omized to CM achieved significantly longer duration s of consecutive abstinence and su bmi tted a significantly higher proportion of CO-negative sample s relative to st and ard-care participants . At 4 weeks postquit day , 22 % were abstinent in the CM condition and 9 % were abstinent in the SC condition . At the 6-month follow-up , about 10 % of smokers in both conditions were abstinent . This study demonstrates that CM is an efficacious option to increase initial quit rates in homeless smokers , but methods to extend effects are needed INTRODUCTION Evidence -based treatments for tobacco dependence are significantly less effective for smokers of lower socioeconomic status which contributes to socioeconomic disparities in smoking prevalence rates and health . We aim ed to reduce the socioeconomic gradient in treatment outcomes by systematic ally adapting evidence -based , cognitive-behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers . METHODS Participants were r and omized to adapted or st and ard treatment , received six 1-h group treatment sessions , and were followed for six months . We examined the effectiveness of the adapted treatment to improve treatment outcomes for lower socioeconomic groups . RESULTS Participants ( n=227 ) were ethnically , racially , and socioeconomically diverse . The adapted treatment significantly reduced the days to relapse for the two lowest socioeconomic groups : SES1 : M=76.6 ( SD 72.9 ) vs. 38.3 ( SD 60.1 ) days to relapse ( RR=0.63 95 % CI , 0.45 , 0.88 , p=0.0013 ) ; SES2 : M=88.2 ( SD 67.3 ) vs. 40.1 ( SD 62.6 days to relapse ( RR=0.57 95 % CI , 0.18 , 0.70 , p=0.0024 ) . Interactions between socioeconomic status and condition were significant for initial abstinence ( OR=1.26 , 95 % CI 1.09 , 1.46 , p=0.002 ) , approached significance for 3-month abstinence ( OR=0.90 , 95 % CI 0.80 , 1.01 , p<0.071 ) , and were not significant for 6-month abstinence ( OR=0.99 95 % CI 0.88 , 1.10 , p=0.795 ) . No significant differences in long-term abstinence were observed . CONCLUSION Systematic adaption of evidence -based treatment for tobacco dependence can significantly improve initial and short-term treatment outcomes for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers and reduce inequities in days to relapse . Novel methods of providing targeted extended support are needed to improve long-term outcomes Background Lower rates of smoking cessation are a major reason for the higher prevalence of smoking among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults . Because barriers to quitting are both more numerous and severe , socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers may benefit from more intensive intervention . We sought to determine whether a smoking cessation intervention delivered by  public housing residents trained as Tobacco Treatment Advocates ( TTAs ) could increase utilization of cessation re sources and increase abstinence . Methods We conducted a group-r and omized trial among Boston public housing residents who were interested in quitting smoking . Participants at control sites received st and ard cessation material s and a one-time visit from a TTA who provided basic counseling and information about cessation re sources . Participants at intervention sites were eligible for multiple visits by a TTA who employed motivational interviewing , cessation counseling , and navigation to encourage smokers to utilize cessation treatment ( Smokers ' Quitline and clinic-based programs ) . Utilization and 7-day and 30-day point prevalence abstinence were assessed at 12 months . Self-reported abstinence was biochemically verified . Results Intervention participants ( n = 121 ) were more likely than control participants ( n = 129 ) to both utilize treatment programs ( adjusted odds ratio [ aOR ] : 2.15 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.93 - 4.91 ) and 7-day and 30-day point prevalence abstinence ( aOR : 2.60 ( 1.72 - 3.94 ) ; 2.98 ( 1.56 - 5.68 ) , respectively ) . Mediation analysis indicated that the higher level of utilization did not explain the intervention effect . Conclusions An intervention delivered by peer health advocates was able to increase utilization of treatment programs and smoking abstinence among public housing residents . Future studies of similar types of interventions should identify the key mechanisms responsible for success . Implication s In order to narrow the large and growing socioeconomic disparity in smoking rates , more effective cessation interventions are needed for low-income smokers . Individual culturally-relevant coaching provided in smokers ' residences may help overcome the heightened barriers to cessation experienced by this group of smokers . In this study among smokers residing in public housing , an intervention delivered by peer health advocates trained in motivational interviewing , basic smoking cessation skills , and client navigation significantly increased abstinence at 12 months . Future research should address whether these findings are replicable in other setting s both within and outside of public housing OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a community based participatory research ( CBPR ) developed , multi-level smoking cessation intervention among women in subsidized housing neighborhoods in the Southeastern US . METHODS A total of n=409 women in 14 subsidized housing neighborhoods in Georgia and South Carolina participated in this group r and omized controlled trial conducted from 2009 to 2013 . Intervention neighborhoods received a 24-week intervention with 1:1 community health worker contact , behavioral peer group sessions , and nicotine replacement . Control neighborhoods received written cessation material s at weeks 1 , 6 , 12 , 18 . R and om coefficient models were used to compare smoking abstinence outcomes at 6 and 12months . Significance was set a p<0.05 . RESULTS The majority of participants ( 91.2 % ) were retained during the 12-month intervention period . Smoking abstinence rates at 12months for intervention vs. control were 9 % vs. 4.3 % , p=0.05 . Additional analyses accounting for passive smoke exposure in these multi-unit housing setting s demonstrated 12month abstinence rates of 12 % vs. 5.3 % , p=0.016 . However , in the multivariate regression analyses , there was no significant effect of the intervention on the odds of being a non-smoker ( OR=0.44 , 95 % CI : 0.18 - 1.07 ) . Intervention participants who kept coach visits , attended group sessions , and used patches were more likely to remain abstinent . CONCLUSIONS This CBPR developed intervention showed potential to engage smokers and reduce smoking among women in these high-poverty neighborhoods . Effectiveness in promoting cessation in communities burdened with fiscal , environmental and social inequities remains a public health priority Objectives To assess the effects of a novel oral health promotion program ( Oral Health 4 Life ; OH4L ) delivered through state-funded tobacco quitlines . Methods Using a semipragmatic design to balance experimental control and generalizability , we r and omized US quitline callers ( n = 718 ) to st and ard care or st and ard care plus OH4L .  We followed participants for 6 months to assess effects on professional dental care and smoking abstinence . We collected data between 2015 and 2017 . Results Participants were racially diverse ( 42 % non-White ) and socioeconomically disadvantaged . Most ( 71 % ) reported fair or poor oral health , and all were overdue for routine dental care . At 6 months , professional dental care and abstinence did not significantly differ between arms , but abstinence favored the experimental arm and was significantly higher among experimental participants at 2 months in a complete case sensitivity analysis . Conclusions OH4L was not effective for promoting dental care , but integrating oral health counseling with quitline counseling may offer some advantage for smoking cessation . Public Health Implication s We offer a model for conducting semipragmatic trials and partnering with tobacco quitlines to evaluate population -level public health interventions OBJECTIVES There remains a need to identify effective smoking cessation interventions in severely disadvantaged population s. This trial aim ed to examine the effectiveness of an intervention ( Call it Quits ) developed to promote smoking cessation and delivered by community social service case-workers . METHODS Call it Quits was a pragmatic , parallel r and omised trial of a case-worker delivered smoking cessation intervention conducted in a non-government community social service organisation in New South Wales ( NSW ) , Australia . Adult smokers requiring financial assistance were r and omly assigned to the five-session Call it Quits intervention or usual care control group .  Of the 618 eligible individuals , 300 were r and omised to the intervention group , of whom 187 ( 62 % ) consented and 318 were r and omised to the control group , of whom 244 ( 77 % ) consented , result ing in 431 participants . The primary outcome measure was self-reported continuous abstinence up to 6-month follow-up with biochemical verification . Primary analysis was performed using all the available data from participants under the assumption the data is missing completely at r and om , followed by sensitivity analyses . RESULTS No statistically significant differences in the primary outcome were found ( 1.4 % in the control group versus 1.0 % in the intervention group , OR = 0.77 , p = 0.828 ) . CONCLUSIONS A multi-component smoking cessation intervention delivering motivational interviewing-based counselling and free NRT by a trained case-worker within a community social service setting was not effective at achieving abstinence in a highly disadvantaged sample of smokers but increased attempts to stop and led to a reduction in number of cigarettes smoked daily Background Tobacco use kills half a million people every month , most in low – middle income countries ( LMICs ) . There is an urgent need to identify potentially low-cost , scalable tobacco cessation interventions for these countries . Objective To evaluate a brief community outreach intervention delivered by health workers to promote tobacco cessation in India . Design Cluster-r and omised controlled trial . Setting 32 low-income administrative blocks in Delhi , half government authorised ( ‘ resettlement colony ’ ) and half unauthorised ( ‘ J.J. cluster ’ ) communities . Participants 1213 adult tobacco users . Interventions Administrative blocks were computer r and omised in a 1:1 ratio , to the intervention ( 16 clusters ; n=611 ) or control treatment ( 16 clusters ; n=602 ) , delivered and assessed at individual level between 07/2012 and 11/2013 . The intervention was single session quit advice ( 15 min ) plus a single training session in yogic breathing exercises ; the control condition comprised very brief quit advice ( 1 min ) alone . Both were delivered via outreach , with contact made though household visits . Measurements The primary outcome was 6-month sustained abstinence from all tobacco , assessed 7 months post intervention delivery , biochemically verified with salivary cotinine . Results The smoking cessation rate was higher in the intervention group 
    Output:
    
INTERPRETATION We found evidence that individual-level interventions can assist disadvantaged smokers with quitting , but there were no large moderating effects of tailoring for disadvantaged smokers .
Improvements in tailored intervention development might be necessary to achieve equity-positive smoking cessation outcomes .