***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Essential oil compounds such as found in thyme extract are established for the therapy of chronic and acute bronchitis . Various pharmacodynamic activities for thyme extract and the essential thyme oil , respectively , have been demonstrated in vitro , but availability of these compounds in the respective target organs has not been proven . Thus , investigation of absorption , distribution , metabolism , and excretion are necessary to provide the link between in vitro effects and in vivo studies . To determine the systemic availability and the pharmacokinetics of thymol after oral application to humans , a clinical trial was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers . Each subject received a single dose of a Bronchipret TP tablet , which is equivalent to 1.08 mg thymol . No  thymol  could be detected in plasma or urine . However , the metabolites thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide were found in urine and identified by LC-MS/MS . Plasma and urine sample s were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis of the metabolites by headspace solid-phase micro extraction prior to GC analysis and flame ionization detection . Thymol sulfate , but not thymol glucuronide , was detectable in plasma . Peak plasma concentrations were 93.1+/-24.5 ng ml(-1 ) and were reached after 2.0+/-0.8 hours . The mean terminal elimination half-life was 10.2 hours . Thymol sulfate was detectable up to 41 hours after administration . Urinary excretion could be followed over 24 hours . The amount of both thymol sulfate and glucuronide excreted in 24-hour urine was 16.2%+/-4.5 % of the dose Essential oils of many plants have been previously tested in the treatment of oral diseases and other infections . This study was a r and omized , double-blind , in parallel with an active control study , which aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of three formulations of the Lippia sidoides Cham . essential oil ( LSO ) in the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with caries . 81 volunteers , aged 6 - 12 years , both genders , with caries , were recruited to participate in this study , and r and omly assigned to either one of five different groups . Each group received topical treatment with either 1.4 % LSO toothpaste , 1.4 % LSO gel , 0.8 % LSO mouthwash , 1 % chlorhexidine gel , or 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthwash . A 5-ml volume of each gel was placed inside disposable trays , and applied for 1 min , every 24h , for 5 consecutive days . The mouthwash groups used 5-ml volume of a mouthwash inside disposable syringes . In the toothpaste group , children brushed their teeth for 1 min , once a day for 5 days . Saliva was collected before and after treatment . MS colonies were counted , isolated and confirmed through biochemical tests . Differences in MS levels measured in different days within the same treatment group was only verified with LSO toothpaste , chlorhexidine gel and chlorhexidine mouthwash . Comparison between groups of LSO mouthwash , toothpaste and gel showed that the toothpaste group expressed significantly lower MS levels than the mouthwash and gel groups at day-30 . Chlorhexidine significantly reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment , but these levels returned to baseline in other periods of the study . LSO toothpaste reduced MS levels after 5 days of treatment , and MS levels remained low and did not return to baseline during subsequent analysis . Hence , LSO toothpaste demonstrated the most long-lasting MS reduction in saliva , whereas other LSO formulations did not effectively reduce MS levels in children with dental caries Objectives : The antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of Lippia Sidoides ( LS ) was evaluated in this in vivo investigation . Material and Methods : Twenty-three subjects participated in a cross-over , double-blind clinical study , using 21-day partial-mouth experimental model of gingivitis . A toothshield was constructed for each volunteer , avoiding the brushing of the 4 experimental posterior teeth in the lower left quadrant . The subjects were r and omly assigned initially to use either the placebo gel ( control group ) or the test gel , containing 10 % LS ( test group ) . Results : The clinical results showed statistically significant differences for plaque index ( PLI ) ( p<0.01 ) between days 0 and 21 in both groups , however only the control group showed statistically significant difference ( p<0.01 ) for the bleeding ( IB ) and gingival ( GI ) index within the experimental period of 21 days . On day 21 , the test group presented significantly better results than the control group with regard to the GI ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions : The test gel containing 10 % LS was effective in the control of gingivitis Several different plant extracts have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and for reduction of gingivitis . Given that a large number of these substances have been associated with significant side effects that contraindicate their long-term use , new compounds need to be tested . The aim of this study was to assess the short-term safety and efficacy of a Lippia sidoides ( " alecrim pimenta")-based essential oil mouthrinse on gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque .  Fifty-five patients were enrolled into a pilot , double-blinded , r and omized , parallel-armed study . Patients were r and omly assigned to undergo a 7-day treatment regimen with either the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse or 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthrinse . The results demonstrated decreased plaque index , gingival index and gingival bleeding index scores at 7 days , as compared to baseline . There was no statistically significance difference ( p>0.05 ) between test and control groups for any of the clinical parameters assessed throughout the study . Adverse events were mild and transient . The findings of this study demonstrated that the L. sidoides-based mouthrinse was safe and efficacious in reducing bacterial plaque and gingival inflammation BACKGROUND To investigate the method ological quality of r and omized controlled trials in three areas of complementary medicine . METHODS The method ological quality of 207 r and omized trials collected for five previously published systematic review s on homeopathy , herbal medicine  ( Hypericum for depression , Echinacea for common cold ) , and acupuncture ( for asthma and chronic headache ) was assessed using a vali date d scale ( the Jadad scale ) and single quality items . RESULTS While the method ological quality of the trials was highly variable , the majority had important shortcomings in reporting and /or methodology . Major problems in most trials were the description of allocation concealment and the reporting of drop-outs and withdrawals . There were relevant differences in single quality components between the different complementary therapies : For example , acupuncture trials reported adequate allocation concealment less often ( 6 % versus 32 % of homeopathy and 26 % of herb trials ) , and trials on herbal extracts had better summary scores ( mean score 3.12 versus 2.33 for homeopathy and 2.19 for acupuncture trials ) . Larger trials published more recently in journals listed in Medline and in English language scored significantly higher than trials not meeting these criteria . CONCLUSION Trials of complementary therapies often have relevant method ological weaknesses . The type of weaknesses varies considerably across interventions A novel mouthrinse ( IND 61,164 ) containing essential oils and extracts from four plant species ( Melaleuca alternifolia , Leptospermum scoparium , Calendula officinalis and Camellia sinensis ) were tested . This study aim ed to evaluate the safety , palatability and preliminary efficacy of the rinse . Fifteen subjects completed the Phase I safety study . Seventeen subjects completed the Phase II r and omized placebo-controlled study . Plaque was collected , gingival and plaque indices were recorded ( baseline , 6 weeks , and 12 weeks ) . The relative abundance of two periodontal pathogens ( Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Tanerella forsythensis ) was determined utilizing digoxigenin-labeled DNA probes . ANCOVA was used at the p = 0.05 level of significance . Two subjects reported a minor adverse event . One subject withdrew from the study . Several subjects objected to the taste of the test rinse but continued treatment . Differences between gingival index , plaque index or relative abundance of either bacterial species did not reach statistical significance when comparing nine placebo subjects with eight test rinse subjects . Subjects exposed to the test rinse experienced no abnormal oral lesions , altered vital signs , changes in liver , kidney , or bone marrow function . Larger scale studies would be necessary to determine the efficacy and oral health benefits of the test rinse BACKGROUND Gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition , result ing from gingival bacteria and bacterial byproducts . Antiplaque oral rinses reduce inflammation by removing or inhibiting plaque formation . The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of HM-302 , a mouth rinse based on natural products , on gingival inflammation . METHODS A prospect i ve , double-blinded , r and omized parallel-group controlled trial involving 62 patients was conducted to assess efficacy and safety . During a 2-week period with no dental hygiene , subjects were r and omized to receive either the study rinse ( HM-302 ) ; a cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) rinse ; an essential oils ( EO ) rinse ; or a water-only preparation . The gingival index ( GI ) , plaque index ( PI ) , and number of bleeding sites were measured at baseline and at the end of the study period . RESULTS Progression of gingival inflammation result ing from lack of dental hygiene was lowest in patients treated with the HM-302 rinse , and was significantly less marked than in patients treated with the water-only preparation . When compared to the CPC and EO treatments , HM-302 was the only mouth rinse that was significantlybetter than the control , with respect to both the change in absolute GI scores ( p = .006 ) and to the percent increase in GI scores ( p = .012 ) . No serious adverse effects were noted in any of the study groups . CONCLUSION HM-302 is a safe and effective treatment for preventing the development of gingival inflammation  in an experimental gingivitis model . Further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects R and omized , controlled trials ( RCTs ) of herbal interventions often inadequately describe important aspects of their methods ( 1 - 4 ) . Although the quality of reporting of these trials may be improving with time , many still lack important information , particularly about the composition of the herbal intervention ( 4 , 5 ) . Crude herbal drugs are natural products and their chemical composition varies depending on several factors , such as geographic source of the plant material , climate in which it was grown , and time of harvest . Commercially available herbal medicinal products also vary in their content and concentration of chemical constituents from batch to batch and when products containing the same herbal ingredient are compared among manufacturers ( 6 - 14 ) . Even when herbal products are st and ardized for content of known active or marker compounds to achieve more consistent pharmaceutical quality , there is variation in the concentrations of other constituents . These variations can result in differences in pharmacologic activity in vitro ( 15 ) and in bioavailability in humans ( 16 ) . Mindful of these issues , we elaborated on the 22-item checklist of the Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement ( 17 ) to help authors and editors improve reporting of RCTs of herbal interventions . Methods We developed these reporting recommendations in 3 phases that included premeeting item generation , a consensus meeting , and postmeeting feedback . The individuals who participated are listed in the Appendix . To generate items , 1 investigator conducted telephone interviews of 16 participants with expertise in the method and reporting of RCTs ( 5 participants ) , pharmacognosy ( 4 participants ) , herbal medicinal products ( 5 participants ) , medical statistics ( 1 participant ) , and herbal product manufacturing ( 1 participant ) . The investigator asked participants to suggest revisions to existing CONSORT checklist items and also to additional items required for reporting trials of herbal interventions . He asked participants to nominate revisions or new items on the basis of empirical evidence that not reporting the item would bias estimates of treatment effect . When no empirical evidence was available , commonsense reasoning was acceptable . After completing all telephone calls , the investigator thematically grouped items and circulated them by e-mail to each participant for review . Fourteen participants attended the consensus meeting . The meeting began with a review of the premeeting checklist item suggestions . We emphasized minimizing item elaborations and additions and basing elaborations on evidence whenever possible . Each item suggestion was presented and followed by debate for its inclusion , deletion , or modification . This process was repeated until all items were review ed and a consensus emerged . After the consensus meeting , we circulated a draft summary report to all participants to ensure that it accurately represented decisions made during the consensus meeting . We then circulated the report to the wider CONSORT Group for input and revised it on the basis of their suggestions . Ethical approval was obtained from The University of Toronto Health Sciences Ethics Review Committee on 23 January 2004 . Financial support for the consensus meeting was provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research . The funding body had no role in the design , conduct , or analysis of this study and did not influence the decision to su bmi t the manuscript for publication . All research ers are independent of the funders . Results The group did not recommend any new CONSORT checklist items or modifications in the CONSORT flow diagram . We did , however , elaborate on 9 of the 22 CONSORT checklist items to enhance their relevance to trials of herbal interventions ( Table , Figure ; Appendix Table ) , including minor recommend 
    Output:
    
The most promising species with antibacterial potential against cariogenic bacteria are : Achillea ligustica , Baccharis dracunculifolia , Croton cajucara , Cryptomeria japonica , Cori and rum sativum , Eugenia caryophyllata , Lippia sidoides , Ocimum americanum , and Rosmarinus officinalis .
In some cases , the major phytochemical compounds determine the biological properties of EOs .
Menthol and eugenol were considered outst and ing compounds demonstrating an antibacterial potential .
Only L. sidoides mouthwash ( 1 % ) has shown clinical antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens thus far .