***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract s on this page have been chosen and edited by Dr Trevor Watts Abstract Failure rates were higher for glass ionomer ( GIC ) , but caries progression was more likely on tooth surfaces adjacent to amalgam ( AM ) restorations The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive methods of treatment for active incipent occlusal caries . Anamnesis , professional prophylaxis , and visual inspection were used to classify 250 Brazilian pre-school-children . First permanent decayed molars ( n=98 ) from thirty-one subjects ( 6 years+ 6 months ) were selected and divided into three groups . Group 1 : fissure sealants with resin-modified glass ionomer - Vitremer ( n=29 ) ; Group 2 : fluoride varnish -Duraphat ( n=36 ) and control group : tooth brushing and 0.2 percent NaF weekly mouthwashes ( n=33 ) . Four clinical evaluations were carried out over three , six , nine , and twelve months . Caries activity and progression were observed through clinical and radiographic evaluation . The results were analyzed by Fisher = s Exact test . After twelve months , the results showed 100 percent of arrestment of caries activity for Group 1 , 83.3 percent for group 2 , and 72.7 percent for control group . At the same time , the results showed 0 percent of caries progression for group 1 , 5.5 percent for Group 2 , and 6.1 percent for control group . Group 1 showed a better inactivation property than the other groups ( p<0.05 ) . There were no statistically significant differences in caries progression among these groups ( p>0.05 ) . It was concluded that this non-invasive methods were able to arrest the progression of occlusal caries , but fissure sealant showed better results in controlling caries activity There is limited evidence from clinical trials on the dose response of sodium fluoride dentifrices at concentrations above 1100 ppm fluoride ion , with respect to caries efficacy . This r and omized , double-blind study examined the anti-caries effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 1700 ppm , 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride ion relative to an 1100 ppm fluoride ion control . A population of 5439 elementary schoolchildren , aged 6 - 15 years , was recruited from an urban central Ohio area with a low fluoride content water supply ( < 0.3 ppm ) . Subjects were examined by visual-tactile and radiographic examination at baseline and after 1 , 2 , and 3 years of using the sodium fluoride dentifrices . Subjects were stratified according to gender , age and baseline DMFS scores derived from the visual-tactile baseline examination and r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups : 0.243 % sodium fluoride ( 1100 ppm fluoride ion ) , 0.376 % sodium fluoride ( 1700 ppm fluoride ion ) , 0.486 % sodium fluoride ( 2200 ppm fluoride ion ) , and 0.619 % sodium fluoride ( 2800 ppm fluoride ion ) . All products were formulated with the same fluoride compatible silica abrasive . Results after 1 year provided evidence of a positive sodium fluoride  dose response . Compared to the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment group , the 1700 ppm fluoride treatment group had an 11.0 % reduction in DMFS that was not statistically significant , while the 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride treatment groups showed statistically significant ( P<0.05 ) reductions of 18.6 % and 20.4 % , respectively . The reductions in caries delivered by the higher fluoride dentifrices were present across all tooth surface types , but were most pronounced for occlusal surfaces . Results at years 2 and 3 were confounded by a concurrent fluoride rinse program , which involved portions of the study population . While the trends for the higher fluoride dentifrices observed at year 1 remained at years 2 and 3 , the difference observed between treatments were substantially less and failed to reach statistical significance ( P<0.05 ) . Collectively , the data demonstrate that the 2200 ppm and the 2800 ppm fluoride treatments delivered statistically significantly greater caries efficacy than the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment . This large-scale clinical trial provides evidence of a positive statistically significant dose relationship between dental caries and sodium fluoride  in a dentifrice at levels above 1100 ppm fluoride at year 1 The aim of this study was to compare the longevity and cariostatic effects of everyday  conventional glass-ionomer and amalgam restorations in primary teeth . The material s consisted of  515 Ketac-Fil glass-ionomer restorations and 543 Dispersalloy amalgam restorations prepared in 666 children , from 3 to 13 years of age , by 14 dentists within the Danish Public Dental Health Service in the municipalities of Vaerlose and Hillerød . The restorations , of which 79 % were of the Class II type , were in contact with 593 unrestored surfaces in adjacent primary and permanent teeth . After 3 years , 6 % of the patients had dropped out of the study , and 33 % of the teeth were exfoliated with the restoration in situ . A further 37 % of the glass-ionomer and 18 % of the amalgam restorations were recorded as failed ( p < 0.001 ) . The frequency of failures was highest for Class II glass-ionomer restorations , which showed a 50 % median survival time of only 34½ months , because of many fractures , while the 75 % survival time for Class II amalgam restorations just exceeded the actual 36 months ( p < 0.001 ) . Caries progression was most often recorded in surfaces adjacent to amalgam restorations , and 21 % of these surfaces needed restorative treatment vs. 12 % of the surfaces adjacent to glass-ionomer restorations ( p < 0.01 ) . The three-year results indicated that conventional glass ionomer is not an appropriate alternative to amalgam for all types of restorations in primary teeth . In particular , the short longevity of Class II glass-ionomer restorations could not be compensated for by the reduced caries progression and need for restorative therapy of adjacent surfaces OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of reported toothbrushing frequency and method of rinsing after brushing on caries experience and increment . METHODS Data are presented from 2621 adolescents ( mean age 12.5 years at outset ) participating in a 3-year double-blind caries clinical trial . At baseline , examiners question ed each participant about their toothbrushing habits , and at subsequent examinations , this information was obtained using a self-administered computer-based question naire . Participants used a fluoride-containing dentifrice throughout and clinical examinations were conducted using a mirror , CPITN probe and fibre-optic transillumination . RESULTS The reported brushing frequency increased throughout the trial . Caries experience at baseline was inversely related to toothbrushing frequency with mean DMFS=9.66 , 8.12 and 7.63 respectively for < 1/day , 1/day and > 1/day brushers ( P<0.001 ) . Mean 3-year DMFS increments of 8.90 , 6.63 and 5.48 ( P<0.01 ) were observed in those reporting to brush < 1/day , 1/day or > 1/day , on not less than two of the three clinical examinations during the trial . Caries increment was also significantly related to the cl aim ed method used to rinse post-brushing . Overall frequency of brushing and rinsing method accounted for over 50 % of the explained variance in the ANOVA model used to analyse the DMFS increments . CONCLUSIONS Stated toothbrushing frequency and rinsing method after brushing were found to be strongly correlated with caries experience and caries increment . These factors should be reflected in the design of oral health education material and taken into account in the design and analysis of caries clinical trials Abstract Restorations made of a combination of resin modified glass ionomer cement ( RMGIC ) and composite resin ( CR ) – open s and wich fillings – have been recommended for use in proximal boxes of molar cavities . The aim of this study was to compare the clinical behaviour over time of RMGIC/CR s and wich restorations versus CR restorations in Class II molar cavities . During a period of 2 years , a total of 220 restorations were placed in 118 patients by one operator ( VV ) . A r and om block allocation was used to allocate cavities to one of the two restorative techniques . Bitewing radiographs and photographs were taken at baseline and at annual recall appointments . At present , a total of 210 restorations have been evaluated after 1 year and 141 restorations after 2 years . All restorations were evaluated using a modification of USPHS criteria . A total of three RMGIC/CR and two CR restorations ( 2.8 % ) were rated as failures caused by endodontic complications or major fractures . Twenty-eight teeth were reported to have postoperative sensitivity at the baseline evaluation 1 week following placement . Nine RMGIC/CR ( 8.5 % ) and four CR ( 4.9 % ) restorations with minor fractures were rated Charlie but were still acceptable . Bitewing radiographs revealed progression of carious lesions in proximal surfaces of originally intact or restored teeth adjacent to five ( 5.9 % ) RMGIC/CR restorations and eight ( 10.9 % ) CR restorations . No statistically significant differences between the two types of restoration were observed with respect to marginal adaptation , discoloration and caries progression . However , a higher number of large CR fillings exhibited postoperative sensitivity at baseline compared to moderate CR or extensive and moderate RMGIC/CR restorations BACKGROUND The biofilm that forms and remains on tooth surfaces is the main etiological factor in caries and periodontal disease . Prevention of caries and periodontal disease must be based on means that counteract this bacterial plaque . OBJECTIVE To monitor the incidence of tooth loss , caries and attachment loss during a 30-year period in a group of adults who maintained a carefully managed plaque control program .  In addition , a comparison was made regarding the oral health status of individuals who , in 1972 and 2002 , were 51 - 65 years old . MATERIAL AND METHODS In 1971 and 1972 , more than 550 subjects were recruited . Three hundred and seventy-five subjects formed a test group and 180 a  control group . After 6 years of monitoring , the control group was discontinued but the participants in the test group was maintained in the preventive program and was finally re-examined after 30 years . The following variables were studied at Baseline and after 3 , 6 , 15 and 30 years : plaque , caries , probing pocket depth , probing attachment level and CPITN . Each patient was given a detailed case presentation and education in self-diagnosis . Once every 2 months during the first 2 years , once every 3 - 12 months during years 3 - 30 , the participants received , on an individual need basis , additional education in self-diagnosis and self-care focused on proper plaque control measures , including the use of toothbrushes and interdental cleaning devices ( brush , dental tape , toothpick ) . The prophylactic sessions that were h and led by a dental hygienist also included ( i ) plaque disclosure and ( ii ) professional mechanical tooth cleaning including the use of a fluoride-containing dentifrice/paste . RESULTS Few teeth were lost during the 30 years of maintenance ; 0.4 - 1.8 in different age cohorts . The main reason for tooth loss was root fracture ; only 21 teeth were lost because of progressive periodontitis or caries . The mean number of new caries lesions was 1.2 , 1.7 and 2.1 in the three groups . About 80 % of the lesions were classified as recurrent caries . Most sites , buccal sites being the exception , exhibited no sign of attachment loss . Further , on approximal surfaces there was some gain of attachment between 1972 and 2002 in all age groups . CONCLUSION The present study reported on the 30-year outcome of preventive dental treatment in a group of carefully monitored subjects who on a regular basis were encouraged , but also enjoyed and recognized the benefit of , maintaining a high st and ard of oral hygiene . The incidence of caries and periodontal disease as well as tooth mortality in this subject sample was very small . Since all preventive and treatment efforts during the 30 years were delivered in one private dental office , caution must be exercised when comparisons are made with longitudinal studies that present oral disease data from r and omly selected subject sample PURPOSE To assess the effect of ozone on the microbial flora and clinical severity of primary root caries . METHODS 26 patients with 70 primary root carious lesions ( PRCLs ) were entered . Each PRCL was classified in terms of color , cavitation , size , hardness , distance from the gingival margin and severity . Overlying plaque was then removed and each lesion dried . A biopsy was taken from half of each PRCL using a sterile excavator . Subsequently , the remaining lesions were exposed to ozone gas for a period of either 10 seconds ( n = 35 ) or 20 seconds ( n = 35 ) and a further biopsy was taken . RESULTS Using a paired Student t-test , a significant ( P < 0.001 ) difference ( mean + /- SE ) in total micro 
    Output:
    
However , the current evidence base for HealOzone is insufficient to conclude that it is a cost-effective addition to the management and treatment of occlusal and root caries .