***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate two interventions ( one reward-based and one exposure-based ) for increasing  children 's acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable compared with a no-treatment control . It was predicted that the exposure condition would increase liking for , and consumption of , the vegetable relative to either the reward or control group . Design : Using a r and omized controlled design , participants were assigned to one of two intervention groups ( exposure or reward ) or to a no-treatment control condition , for a 2 week period . Liking for , and consumption of , red pepper was assessed before and after the treatment period . Setting : The study was conducted in three primary schools in London . Subjects : Parental consent was obtained for 49 out of a possible 72 children . Interventions : Interventions comprised eight daily sessions during which participants in the exposure group were offered a taste of sweet red pepper and told that they could eat as much as they liked . Participants in the reward group were shown a sheet of cartoon stickers and told that they could choose one of them on condition that they ate at least one piece of the pepper . Results : The exposure-based intervention significantly increased both liking ( P=0.006 ) and consumption ( P=0.03 ) compared with the control group . The outcome of the reward intervention was intermediate and did not differ significantly from the exposure or control conditions . Conclusions : Repeated exposure to the taste of unfamiliar foods is a promising strategy for promoting liking of previously rejected foods in children . Sponsorship : This study was financed by Cancer Research UK BACKGROUND Studies of diet and depression have focused primarily on individual nutrients . AIMS To examine the association between dietary patterns and depression using an overall diet approach . METHOD Analyses were carried on data from 3486 participants ( 26.2 % women , mean age 55.6 years ) from the Whitehall II prospect i ve cohort , in which two dietary patterns were identified : ' whole food ' ( heavily loaded by vegetables , fruits and fish ) and ' processed food ' ( heavily loaded by sweetened desserts , fried food , processed meat , refined grains and high-fat dairy products ) . Self-reported depression was assessed 5 years later using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression ( CES-D ) scale . RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders , participants in the highest tertile of the whole food pattern had lower odds of CES-D depression ( OR = 0.74 , 95 % CI 0.56 - 0.99 ) than those in the lowest tertile . In contrast , high consumption of processed food was associated with an increased odds of CES-D depression ( OR = 1.58 , 95 % CI 1.11 - 2.23 ) . CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged participants , a processed food dietary pattern is a risk factor for CES-D depression 5 years later , whereas a whole food pattern is protective Objectives A number of cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies have now been published demonstrating inverse relationships between diet quality and the common mental disorders in adults . However , there are no existing prospect i ve studies of this association in adolescents , the onset period of most disorders , limiting inferences regarding possible causal relationships . Methods In this study , 3040 Australian adolescents , aged 11–18 years at baseline , were measured in 2005–6 and 2007–8 . Information on diet and mental health was collected by self-report and anthropometric data by trained research ers . Results There were cross-sectional , dose response relationships identified between measures of both healthy ( positive ) and unhealthy ( inverse ) diets and scores on the emotional subscale of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory ( PedsQL ) , where higher scores mean better mental health , before and after adjustments for age , gender , socio-economic status , dieting behaviours , body mass index and physical activity . Higher healthy diet scores at baseline also predicted higher PedsQL scores at follow-up , while higher unhealthy diet scores at baseline predicted lower PedsQL scores at follow-up . Improvements in diet quality were mirrored by improvements in mental health over the follow-up period , while deteriorating diet quality was associated with poorer psychological functioning . Finally , results did not support the reverse causality hypothesis . Conclusion This study highlights the importance of diet in adolescence and its potential role in modifying mental health over the life course . Given that the majority of common mental health problems first manifest in adolescence , intervention studies are now required to test the effectiveness of preventing the common mental disorders through dietary modification OBJECTIVE Eating behavior traits measured in early life predict eating behavior and weight trajectories later in development , and may be associated with certain parental feeding behaviors . Our goal was to investigate the relationship between a range of feeding behaviors , and preschoolers ' appetitive traits . METHOD Four hundred thirty-nine parents of UK 3 - 5 year olds completed scales measuring authoritarian vs. authoritative forms of limiting ( Restriction vs. Monitoring ) and promoting ( Pressuring vs. Prompting ) intake , as well as Emotional and Instrumental Feeding .  Parents also completed scales measuring child Food responsiveness and Satiety responsiveness . Child BMI z-scores were calculated based on measured heights and weights . RESULTS Parental Restriction was significantly associated with greater child Food responsiveness ( p < .001 ) , but parental Monitoring was not . Parental Pressuring was significantly associated with greater child Satiety responsiveness ( p < .001 ) , while parental Prompting was not . Parental Instrumental and Emotional feeding were both associated with greater child Food responsiveness ( p < .001 ) . All relationships were independent of child BMI z-score . DISCUSSION Prospect i ve data are needed to determine whether the parent-child feeding relationships identified here promote , or protect against , the development of eating pathology in children . However , our results suggest that cross-sectional associations depend on the style ( e.g. , authoritarian vs. authoritative ) , as well as the type of feeding behavior measured OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a parent-focused behavioral intervention on parent and child eating changes and on percentage of overweight changes in families that contain at least one obese parent and a non-obese child . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Families with obese parents and non-obese children were r and omized to groups in which parents were provided a comprehensive behavioral weight-control program and were encouraged to increase fruit and vegetable intake or decrease intake of high-fat/high-sugar foods . Child material s targeted the same dietary changes as their parents without caloric restriction . RESULTS Changes over 1 year showed that treatment influenced targeted parent and child fruit and vegetable intake and high-fat/high-sugar intake , with the Increase Fruit and Vegetable group also decreasing their consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods .  Parents in the increased fruit and vegetable group showed significantly greater decreases in percentage of overweight than parents in the decreased high-fat/high-sugar group . DISCUSSION These results suggest that focusing on increasing intake of healthy foods may be a useful approach for nutritional change in obese parents and their children BACKGROUND It is often assumed that children avoid fruit in school cafeterias because of higher relative prices and preferences for other foods . Interviews with children reveal that eating whole fresh fruit can be difficult for those with small mouths or braces . Older girls find whole fruits messy and unattractive to eat . PURPOSE To determine the effect of offering pre-sliced fruit in schools on selection and intake . DESIGN Three of six schools were assigned r and omly to serve apples in slices .  Three control schools  served apples whole . Selection , consumption , and waste of apples were measured prior to and during treatment . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Cafeterias in six public middle schools in Wayne County NY in 2011 . Participants included all students who purchased lunch on days when data were collected . INTERVENTION Treatment schools were provided with a st and ard commercial fruit slicer , and cafeteria staff members were instructed to use it when students requested apples . Trained research ers recorded how much of each apple was consumed and how much was wasted in both control and treatment schools . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily apple sales , percentage of an apple serving consumed per student , and percentage of an apple serving wasted per student . RESULTS Data were analyzed in 2012 . Schools that used fruit slicers to pre-slice fruit increased average daily apple sales by 71 % compared to control schools ( p<0.01 ) . The percentage of students who selected apples and ate more than half increased by 73 % ( p=0.02 ) at schools that served pre-sliced fruit , and the percentage that wasted half or more decreased by 48 % ( p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Sliced fruit is more appealing to children than whole fruit because it is easier and tidier to eat . This study applies the principle of convenience from behavioral economics and provides an example of a scalable , low-cost environmental change that promotes healthy eating and decreases waste OBJECTIVE To examine whether televised food commercials influence preschool children 's food preferences .  DESIGN In this r and omized , controlled trial , preschool children viewed a videotape of a popular children 's cartoon either with or without embedded commercials . Children were then asked to identify their preferences from pairs of similar products , one of which was advertised in the videotape with embedded commercials .  Preschoolers ' parents were interviewed to determine children 's demographic characteristics and media use patterns . SUBJECTS Forty-six 2- to 6-year-olds from a Head Start program in northern California . STATISTICAL ANALYSES For demographic and media use characteristics , univariate data were examined and Student t and chi 2 tests were used to test for differences between the control and treatment groups . We calculated the Cochran Q statistic to assess whether the proportion of those choosing advertised food items was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group . RESULTS Children exposed to the videotape with embedded commercials were significantly more likely to choose the advertised items than children who saw the same videotape without commercials ( Qdiff = 8.13 , df = 1 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS /APPLICATIONS Even brief exposures to televised food commercials can influence preschool children 's  food preferences . Nutritionists and health educators should advise parents to limit their preschooler 's exposure to television advertisements . Furthermore , advocates should raise the public policy issue of advertising and young children , especially given the recent epidemic of childhood obesity and the ever-changing media environment Background / Objectives : Previous research in the United Kingdom , where there is a school canteen system , has shown that the Food Dudes intervention substantially increases children 's fruit and vegetable consumption . The current study evaluated its effectiveness in Irel and where school meals are not provided and children bring food to school in lunchboxes . Subjects/ Methods : Participants were 4- to 11-year-old children attending two primary schools ; the schools were r and omly assigned to experimental or control conditions ( n=228 and 207 , respectively ) . During the 16-day intervention in the experimental school , children watched video adventures featuring the heroic Food Dudes , and received small rewards for eating fruit and vegetables provided . In both schools , parental provision and children 's consumption of fruit and vegetables in the lunchboxes were assessed at baseline and 12-month follow-up ( Lunchbox measures ) . Fruit and vegetables were provided in both schools over an 8-day baseline phase and the 16-day intervention , and children 's consumption was measured ( school-provided food measures ) . Results : Relative to baseline , consumption of the school-provided foods increased during the intervention in the experimental school ( P<0.001 ) , whereas in the control school it showed a significant decline . At 12-month follow-up , parents in the experimental school provided and their children consumed significantly more lunchbox fruit , vegetables and juice relative to baseline and to the control school ( P<0.001 in all instances ) . Conclusions : The Food Dudes intervention was effective in changing parental provision and children 's consumption of lunchbox fruit and vegetables in Irel and This study investigated the effectiveness of the ' Food Dudes ' school-based intervention consisting of rewards , peer-modeling and food exposure on food neophobia  and the liking of fruits and vegetables ( FV ) in a large cohort of children . Five-hundred sixty children recruited from three schools were assigned to the experimental or control group . For 16 days , children in the experimental group watched motivational videos , were read letters to encourage them to eat FV and received a small reward for eating one portion of both a fruit and a vegetable . The control group was only provided with FV for the same time period . Food neophobia and liking were measured in both groups of children before and after the intervention , and a follow-up measurement was carried out 6 months later . The intervention was effective in reducing food neophobia and , most importantly , a persistent effect was observed 6 months after the intervention as children of the experimental group showed significantly lower neophobia scores than the control group . Additionally , the program was effective in increasing liking for both FV ; however , this effect was maintained only for fruit after 6 months This study investigated whether unfamiliar characters are as effective as familiar characters in stimulating children 's affective responses toward healthy foods . In particular , the authors investigated whether an unfamiliar character which is congruent with a product can be as effective as a familiar character . The authors tested 2 types of character – product congruence : conceptual congruence ( on the basis of a familiar link ) , and perceptual congruence ( on the basis of color similarity ) . In a repeated measures design , 166 children ( 4–6 years old ) were exposed to a picture of a carrot combined r and omly with 5 different types of character : an ( incongruent ) familiar character and four unfamiliar characters varying in character – product congruence ( i.e. , both conceptually and perceptually congruent , conceptual only , perceptual only 
    Output:
    
HFSS foods have higher intrinsically rewarding properties that make them more “ wanted ” and “ liked ” than fruit and vegetables , thereby inducing unhealthy eating behavior among children .