***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Low doses ( 0.05 mg/kg ) of intravenously administered droperidol were given intraoperatively to r and omly assigned pediatric strabismus patients in a controlled double-masked paradigm . No difference between control and treatment groups in the severity of vomiting was noted in the postanesthesia recovery room , but such a difference was probably present in the hospital rooms during the interval between room arrival and the meeting of hospital discharge criteria . Administration of the drug did not appear to produce somnolence sufficient to delay postoperative recovery STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of anesthesia and recovery and the frequency of postanesthetic retching and vomiting with propofol anesthesia for pediatric strabismus surgery . DESIGN R and omized , open , prospect i ve study . SETTING University hospital . PATIENTS Forty children scheduled for strabismus surgery . INTERVENTIONS The 40 patients were all premedicated with oral midazolam and received intraoperative opioids .  They were divided into two groups : Twenty children received propofol at induction , followed by maintenance of anesthesia with propofol infusion and an oxygen-nitrous oxide ( O2-N2O ) mixture . The other 20 children received thiopental sodium at induction , followed by isoflurane in an O2-N2O mixture . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At induction , pain and spontaneous movements were seen significantly more with propofol ( 11 of 20 vs. 0 of 20 for pain and 13 of 20 vs. 0 of 20 for spontaneous movements ; p < 0.001 ) , whereas thoracic rigidity was observed only with thiopental sodium ( 4 of 20 ) . During maintenance of anesthesia , significantly more oculocardiac reflexes were seen with propofol ( 10 of 20 vs. 3 of 20 ; p < 0.02 ) . The interval between termination of anesthesia and extubation was significantly shorter with propofol ( 13 minutes vs. 16 minutes ; p < 0.02 ) . For the first 24 hours after surgery , significantly less retching and vomiting were observed in the propofol group ( 4 of 20 vs. 11 of 20 ; p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Propofol induction and maintenance of anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children significantly lowers the frequency of postanesthetic retching and vomiting , but propofol is associated with pain and spontaneous movements at induction and a high frequency of oculocardiac reflexes during maintenance infusion Although droperidol is often used to prevent emesis , vomiting is still common in children undergoing strabismus surgery . METHODS . One hundred children aged 3 to 12 years admitted for strabismus surgery were enrolled in a r and omised , double-blind study to investigate the influence of the timing of the administration of droperidol ( 75 micrograms/kg i.v . ) and the effect of atropine ( 10 micrograms/kg i.v . ) on postoperative vomiting and the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex ( OCR ) . Each child was prospect ively assigned to one of the following groups : Group A : atropine and droperidol before the beginning of surgery ( n = 25 ) ; Group B : atropine before the beginning , droperidol after completion of surgery ( n = 25 ) ; Group C : no atropine , droperidol before the beginning of surgery ( n = 25 ) ; Group D : no atropine , droperidol after completion of surgery ( n = 25 ) . After oral premedication with 0.4 mg/kg midazolam , anaesthesia was induced via a face mask by inhalation of halothane , nitrous oxide , and oxygen and 1 mg/kg succinylcholine was given to facilitate tracheal intubation . Gastric contents were aspirated by a gastric tube at the end of the operation . Vomiting and retching were recorded for 24 h ; recovery from anaesthesia was assessed by a modified Steward score . RESULTS . The four groups were comparable regarding age , sex , body weight , duration of anaesthesia , and number of repaired eye muscles . Patients receiving droperidol before and after the end of surgery had a similar incidence of vomiting ( groups A and C 60 % vs. groups B and D 50 % ) . There was no significant difference in the number of patients vomiting between groups A and B ( 58 % ) and groups C and D ( 52 % ) . The incidence of the OCR was lower in the patients premedicated with atropine ( 18 % vs. 60 % , P < 0.01 ) . There was no statistical relationship between the occurrence of the OCR and post-operative emesis . Younger children ( 3 to 6 years ) vomited more often than older ones ( 7 to 12 years ) . The incidence of the OCR was higher in patients with more than two eye muscles repaired than in others . Recovery scores were slightly lower in patients with droperidol after completion of surgery ; postoperative recovery times did not differ significantly between the study groups . CONCLUSIONS . The timing of the administration of droperidol ( 75 micrograms/kg ) had no influence on postoperative vomiting . The application of atropine ( 10 micrograms/kg ) prior to surgery did not influence  vomiting after strabismus surgery .  Atropine ( 10 micrograms/kg ) reduced the incidence of the OCR significantly . There was no statistical relationship between the occurrence of the OCR and postoperative vomiting The incidence of nausea and vomiting after  strabismus surgery  was studied in 64 children aged one to six years . incidence was determined in the post-anaesthesia recovery room ( PARR ) , in the same day surgery ( SDS ) unit , and at home on days one and two after the operation . After induction of anaesthesia , the children received an intravenous injection of droperidol ( 50 μg·kg-1 ) or saline in a double-blind r and omized fashion , and an intravenous injection of glycopyrrolate ( 7.5 μg·kg-1 ) or atropine ( 10 μg·kg’-1 ) in an open r and omized fashion . The incidence of emetic symptoms was highest in the SDS unit and at home on day one . Droperidol slightly but significantly delayed awakening and was not , at least in this particular age group , associated with any difference in postoperative sickness . Despite theoretical advantages , glycopyrrolate offered no significant benefit over atropine as far as postoperative emesis was concerned . RésuméNous avons étudié la fréquence des nausées et vomissements après chirurgie du strabisme chez un groupe d’enfants âgés de un à six ans . L’incidence de cette complication a été relevée à la salle de réveil , à l’hospitalisation d’un jour , et à la maison pendant les deux premiers jours après l’6;opération . Après induction de l’anesthésie au masque , les enfants recevaient une injection intraveineuse de droperidol ( 50 μ g·kg-1 ) ou de salin , à double insu , selon une distribution aléatoire , et une injection intraveineuse de glycopyrrolate ( 7.5 μg·kg-1 ) ou d’atropine ( 10μg·kg-1 ) d’une façon r and omisée , mais connue de l’investigateur . L’incidence des nausées et vomissements a été maximale à l’hospitalisa-tion d’un jour et à la maison pendant le premier jour post-opératoire . Le droperidol a retardé le réveil de façon modeste , mais statistiquement significative et n’a en rien modifié l’évolution des nausées et vomissements post-opératoires . De même , le glycopyrrolate , malgré certains avantages théoriques , n’a pas diminué l’incidence de cette complication post-opératoire , comparativement à l’atropine The authors sought to compare the antiemetic and sedative postanesthetic effects of droperidol versus lidocaine given intravenously . One hundred and fifty children , ASA physical status I or II , ages 2 - 15 yr , were studied . Each child was r and omly assigned to receive either droperidol , 0.075 mg/kg ; lidocaine , 1.5 mg/kg ; or a combination of lidocaine , 1.5 mg/kg , and a reduced dose of droperidol , 0.025 mg/kg , immediately after induction of anesthesia , which was with thiopental , atropine , and succinylcholine . Anesthesia was maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide . The incidence of postanesthetic vomiting was 22 % in the droperidol-alone group , which was significantly less than the lidocaine-alone group ( 50 % ) . The incidence of vomiting in the combination group ( 30 % ) was not significantly different from either the droperidol- or lidocaine-alone groups . The time in the recovery room was significantly shorter for patients given lidocaine alone than those given droperidol alone or the combination . However , the mean time intervals from completion of surgery to recovery of full alertness and to discharge from the hospital did not differ significantly among the three groups . In summary , the authors found that intravenous droperidol is significantly more effective than lidocaine in reducing the incidence of vomiting in unpremedicated children after strabismus surgery . Furthermore , droperidol did not delay either the time to recovery of full alertness or the time to discharge from hospital compared to lidocaine The high incidence of postoperative emesis after strabismus surgery in pediatric out patients can be reduced by the prophylactic administration of droperidol 75 micrograms/kg intravenously . However , this may be associated with profound sedation , delayed discharge , dysphoria , agitation , and extrapyramidal symptoms in this population . Because lorazepam used as an antiemetic in children during chemotherapy decreased the incidence of nausea and vomiting , we compared the antiemetic effects of lorazepam and droperidol in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of 129 healthy children undergoing surgical correction of strabismus . The children , aged 1 - 13 yr , were r and omly allocated into three groups . The children in group 1 received droperidol 75 micrograms/kg intravenously ; those in group 2 received lorazepam 10 micrograms/kg intravenously ; and those in group 3 received placebo . Anesthesia consisted of halothane , nitrous oxide in oxygen , and atracurium . Study drugs were administered intravenously after induction of anesthesia but before surgery . In children 3 - 13 yr old , administration of either lorazepam or droperidol was associated with a lower ( P < 0.024 ) incidence of postoperative vomiting . There was no difference between the antiemetic effect of lorazepam and that of droperidol . The incidence of postoperative agitation was greater in the droperidol group ( P < 0.001 ) than in the lorazepam and placebo groups . Postdischarge vomiting was less ( P < 0.009 ) in children younger than 3 yr of age . Lorazepam , similar to droperidol , has an antiemetic effect in outpatient children 3 - 13 yr old undergoing strabismus correction , but it is associated with less postoperative agitation than is droperidol The incidence of  postoperative vomiting after squint surgery was studied for two anaesthetic techniques with and without prophylactic dixyrazine . After induction , anaesthesia was maintained with either fentanyl/pancuronium/nitrous oxide or halothane/nitrous oxide in two r and omly selected groups of 58 children each . Half of the children in each group were r and omly allocated to receive dixyrazine 0.25 mg kg‐1 i.v . after surgery had been completed but before reversal of muscle relaxants or termination of anaesthesia . With prophylactic dixyrazine  the incidence of postoperative vomiting was significantly reduced from 69 % ( 20/29 ) to 21 % ( 6/29 ) in the fentanyl group and from 45 % ( 13/29 ) to 10 % ( 3/29 ) in the halothane group . Without prophylactic dixyrazine , 20 of 29 children in the fentanyl group vomited compared to 13 of 29 in the halothane group ( n.s . ) . Thus , prophylactic dixyrazine reduced the incidence of vomiting in children given either opioid or halothane anaesthesia for squint surgery . In comparable groups avoidance of opioid anaesthetic technique and use of prophylactic dixyrazine result ed in a greatly reduced incidence of vomiting Vomiting in the postoperative period is common in children after strabismus surgery . One hundred ten pediatric patients , ages 8 months to 14 yr , admitted for outpatient strabismus surgery were enrolled in a r and omized , double-blinded study to compare droperidol and metoclopramide to placebo for the prevention of postoperative emesis . Each child was prospect ively assigned at r and om to one of four treatment groups : metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg , metoclopramide 0.25 mg/kg , droperidol 0.075 mg/kg , or saline control . Drugs were administered intravenously immediately after induction of inhalation anesthesia . No neuromuscular blocking agents were used . Tracheal extubation 
    Output:
    
Metoclopramide 0.15 and 0.25 mg kg-1 was significantly better than control only for early vomiting .
Propofol had a high incidence of oculocardiac reflex without conferring any significant antiemetic effect : it should not be used .