***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Adult height has been found in some but not all studies to be associated positively with overall cancer incidence as well as several site-specific cancers . The Physicians ' Health Study ( PHS ) , a r and omized trial of beta-carotene and aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease in men , provided an opportunity to examine the association between height and total malignant neoplasms ( excluding non-melanoma skin cancer ) , as well as site-specific cancers including prostate , colorectal , and lung cancer . The PHS is comprised of 22,071 US male physicians in the United States , a population homogeneous for adult socioeconomic status , aged 40 to 84 years in 1982 . Participants were classified into five height categories at study entry . After an average follow-up of over 12 years , there were 2,566 cases of incident total malignant neoplasms , including 1,047 prostate , 341 colorectal , and 170 lung cancer cases . Height was associated positively with both total malignant neoplasms and prostate cancer . Compared with men in the shortest category(≤ 67 inches ) , relative risks and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI)for total malignant neoplasms for men whose height ( in inches ) was 68 - 69,70 - 71 , 72 , and 73 + were , respectively : 1.13 ( CI = 0.99 - 1.28 ) , 1.15 ( CI = 1.02 - 1.30 ) , 1.29 ( CI = 1.12 - 1.49 ) , and 1.21 ( CI = 1.05 - 1.39 ) , P trend 0.001,adjusted for age , r and omized treatment assignments , body mass index ( wt/ht2 ) , cigarette smoking , alcohol use , and exercise frequency . For prostatecancer , the corresponding RR values were 1.23 ( CI = 1.00 - 1.51 ) , 1.26 ( CI = 1.04 - 1.54 ) , 1.59 ( CI = 1.27 - 1.98 ) , and 1.26 ( CI = 1.00 - 1.59 ) , P trend 0.005.For colorectal cancer , in some but not all height categories compared with the shortest , there were elevated RRs without a significant linear trend : RR= 1.51 ( CI = 1.06 - 2.14 ) , 1.14 ( CI = 0.80 - 1.62 ) , 1.19 ( CI = 0.79 - 1.80 ) , and 1.53 ( CI = 1.04 - 2.25 ) , P trend 0.23 . In contrast , there was no evidence of an association of height with lung cancer . These data indicate a positive association between height and risk of total malignant neoplasms , as well as of prostate cancer and , possibly , colorectal cancer Background : Because of its nutrients and anabolic hormones , cow 's milk may promote height growth , which in turn has been related to breast cancer risk . We prospect ively investigated associations between dairy intakes and height growth . Methods : A cohort of 5,101 girls from throughout the United States completed annual surveys ( 1996 - 2001 , 2003 ) , providing height , weight , and past-year diet . At baseline , all were premenarchal , ages 9 years and above , with no serious medical conditions . We studied three outcomes : annual height growth , peak growth velocity , and adult height . Multivariate models estimated the effects of milk , cheese , yogurt , and energy on subsequent growth , adjusted for race/ethnicity , age , prior height , and body mass index . Other models studied fats and proteins . Results : Premenarchal girls who drank > 3 servings per day of milk  grew 0.11 in . ( P = 0.02 ) more the following year than girls consuming < 1 serving per day . Yogurt ( + 0.13 in./cup ; P = 0.02 ) , but not cheese or total calories , predicted height growth . In a separate model , dairy protein ( + 0.034 in./10 g ; P < 0.001 ) predicted height growth . Larger peak velocities were seen among girls reporting , at baseline , more milk ( > 3 glasses per day versus < 1 ; + 0.14 in . , P = 0.01 ) , more yogurt ( + 0.17 in./cup , P = 0.02 ) , and , in a separate model , more dairy protein ( + 0.039 in./10 g ; P = 0.003 ) . Baseline milk and dairy protein predicted taller adults .  Dairy protein was more important than dairy fat , for all outcomes . Nondairy animal protein and vegetable protein were never significant , nor were nondairy animal fat and vegetable fat . Conclusion : Of the foods/nutrients studied , dairy protein had the strongest association with height growth . These findings suggest that a factor in the nonlipid phase of milk , but not protein itself , has growth-promoting action in girls . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1881–7 AIM To examine whether peanut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer  in a prospect i ve cohort with a 10-year follow-up . METHODS In 1990 - 1992 , residents ( 12026 men and 11917 women aged 30 to 65 years ) in 7 townships , Taiwan , were interviewed and recruited into a cancer-screening cohort and annually followed up . Colorectal cancer cases in this cohort were identified from cancer registry and death certificates . Incidence rates of this disease by the end of 2001 were calculated by gender for the primary study variable and covariates . The  dietary intake  was assessed by means of weekly food frequency measures , including frequently consumed food groups and folk dishes including sweet potato , bean products , peanut products , pickled foodstuffs , nitrated or smoked foodstuffs . RESULTS During the study period , 107 new colorectal cancer cases ( 68 men and 39 women ) were confirmed . The multivariate Cox 's proportional hazard model showed that the relative risk ( RR ) of peanut consumption was 0.73 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.44 - 1.21 ] for men and 0.42 ( 95 % CI = 0.21 - 0.84 ) for women . However , frequent intake of pickled foodstuffs was harmful for women ( RR = 2.15 , 95 % CI = 0.99 - 4.65 ) . The risk of colorectal cancer was also elevated among cigarette smokers but not significant ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION This study suggests that frequent intake of peanut and its products may reduce colorectal cancer risk in women , demonstrating the anti-proliferating effect of peanut intake To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose , meat , and fat , and anthropometric , lifestyle , hormonal , and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence , data were analyzed from a prospect i ve cohort study of 35,215 Iowa ( United States ) women , aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer , who completed mailed dietary and other question naires in 1986 . Through 1990 , 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented . Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors . Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included : ( i ) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk ;  relative risks ( RR ) across the quintiles=1.00 , 1.73 , 1.56 , 1.54 , and 2.00 ( 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0 ) ; ( ii ) sucrose ; RR across the quintiles=1.00 , 1.70 , 1.81 , 1.82 , and 1.45 ( CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0 ) ; ( iii ) height ; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile ( P for trend-0.02 ) ; ( iv ) body mass index ; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile ( P for trend=0.03 ) ; and ( v ) number of livebirths , RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none ( P for trend=0.04 ) . These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk ; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk ; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age , cigarette smoking , or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy ; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat , fat , protein , and physical activity . Cancer Causes and Control 1994 , 5 , 38–52 The relation between diet and female colorectal cancer was analyzed in a prospect i ve study of 14,727 women aged 34 - 65 years , who were enrolled at mammographic screening clinics in New York and Florida from 1985 to 1991 . They were followed through the end of 1994 ( average 7.1 yrs ) by a combination of direct contact through mail and telephone and record linkages with regional tumor registries , result ing in 100 incident cases of colorectal cancer . There was no overall positive or inverse association of colorectal cancer risk with intakes of total calories , total or subclasses of fat , carbohydrate , or dietary fiber , whereas there was an inverse association with total protein . Among major food groups , there was a progressive decline in risk of colorectal cancer with increasing intake of fish and shellfish ( relative risk for 4th vs. 1st quartile = 0.49 , 95 % confidence interval = 0.27 - 0.89 ) . A similar inverse association was also observed for consumption of dairy products , and this association was explained mainly by calcium , not by other nutrients , such as fat or protein . The results of the present study indicated that certain dietary components of fish or dairy products may protect against colorectal cancer , whereas the relations with red meat or total fat remained unclear Cancer is a leading cause of death , and the dietary pattern in Korea is changing rapidly from a traditional Korean diet to a Westernised diet . In the present study , we investigated the effects of dietary factors on cancer risk with a prospect i ve cohort study . Among 26,815 individuals who participated in cancer screening examinations from September 2004 to December 2008 , 8024 subjects who completed a self-administered question naire concerning demographic and lifestyle factors , and a 3 d food record were selected . As of September 2013 , 387 cancer cases were identified from the National Cancer Registry System , and the remaining individuals were included in the control group .  The hazard ratio ( HR ) of cancer for the subjects older than or equal to 50 years of age was higher ( HR 1.80 , 95 % CI 1.41 , 2.31 ; P < 0.0001 ) than that for the other subjects  . Red meat consumption , Na intake and obesity ( BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² ) were positively associated with overall cancer incidence in men ( HR 1.41 , 95 % CI 1.02 , 1.94 ; P= 0.0382 ) , gastric cancer ( HR 2.34 , 95 % CI 1.06 , 5.19 ; P= 0.0365 ) and thyroid cancer ( HR 1.56 , 95 % CI 1.05 , 2.31 ; P= 0.0270 ) , respectively . Participants who had at least three dietary risk factors among the high intakes of red meat and Na , low intakes of vegetables and fruits , and obesity suggested by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research at baseline tended to have a higher risk of cancer than the others ( HR 1.26 , 95 % CI 0.99 , 1.60 ; P= 0.0653 ) . In summary , high intakes of red meat and Na were significant risk factors of cancer among Koreans BACKGROUND Although obesity has been linked to an increased risk of  colorectal cancer ( CRC ) , the risk associated with long-term status or change of body fat distribution has not been fully eluci date d. METHODS Using repeated anthropometric assessment s in the Nurses ' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study , we prospect ively investigated cumulative average waist circumference , hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio , as well as their 10-year changes over adulthood , in relation to CRC risk over 23 - 24 years of follow-up . Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratio ( HR ) and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) . RESULTS High waist circumference , hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were all associated with a  higher CRC risk in men , even after adjusting for body mass index . The association was attenuated to null in women after adjusting for body mass index . Ten-year gain of waist circumference was positively associated with CRC risk in men ( P for trend = 0.03 ) , but not in women ( P for trend = 0.34).Compared with men maintaining their waist circumference , those gaining wa 
    Output:
    
The significant association for BMI and CRC risk was stronger in men than in women .
Conclusion The positive association between height and risk of CRC suggests that life factors during childhood and early adulthood might play a role in CRC aetiology .
Higher general and abdominal body fatness during adulthood are risk factors of CRC and these associations are stronger in men than in women