***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Since there is no consensus on the anticaries effectiveness of low-fluoride ( F ) dentifrice , this r and omized clinical trial evaluated its effect in children at different caries activity status . One hundred and twenty 2- to 4-year-old children , half with and half without active caries lesions , were r and omly divided into 2 groups which used 500- or 1,100-µg F/g ( NaF ) dentifrices during 1 year  . Caries progression or regression were evaluated as the number of lesions becoming active/cavities or inactive , respectively . The anticaries effect of the low-F dentifrice was similar to the conventional F dentifrice when used by caries-inactive children . However , in children with active caries lesions the low-F dentifrice was less effective than the 1,100-µg F/g dentifrice in controlling the progression of lesions . The data suggest that the child caries activity may be taken into account to recommend a low-F dentifrice Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) is not optimal . Without transparent reporting , readers can not judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic review s. Recent method ological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects . Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs , which are considered the gold st and ard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias . A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs . It was first published in 1996 and up date d in 2001 . The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT . Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement . The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs . During the 2001 CONSORT revision , it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports . A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement . After an expert meeting in January 2007 , the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement . This up date improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition , such as selective outcome reporting bias . This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use , underst and ing , and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised . It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and up date d checklist item providing examples of good reporting and , where possible , references to relevant empirical studies . Several examples of flow diagrams are included . The CONSORT 2010 Statement , this revised explanatory and elaboration document , and the associated website ( www.consort-statement.org ) should be helpful re sources to improve reporting of r and omised trials OBJECTIVE To evaluate the oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL ) of children by dental caries and fluorosis status . METHODS A r and om sample of South Australian 8- to 13-year-old children was selected . Caries data were collected from school dental service records to group children by combined deciduous and permanent tooth caries experience . Children were examined for fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov ( TF ) Index to form groups by fluorosis scores on maxillary central incisors . Occlusal traits were recorded using the Dental Aesthetic Index . Children and their parents completed the Child Perception Question naire ( CPQ ) and the Parental Perception Question naire ( PPQ ) and a global rating of oral health ( OH ) . OHRQoL indicators , rating OH as Excellent/Very good , and mean overall CPQ/PPQ scores were compared between groups by fluorosis scores and caries experience . Multivariate models were generated for both OH and CPQ/PPQ indicators . RESULTS Two hundred forty-two children ( 43.0 percent ) had 0 decayed , missing , and filled primary and permanent tooth surface ( dmfs/DMFS ) , while 170 ( 23.9 percent ) had 5 + dmfs/DMFS . The prevalence of TF scores 1 , 2 , and 3 were 14.5 , 9.5 , and 1.9 percent , respectively . The proportion of children/parents rating OH as Excellent/Very good was significantly associated with children 's caries experience . That proportion increased when fluorosis severity increased from a TF score of 0 to 2 , but decreased with a TF of 3 . Having low caries experience and better dental appearance were associated with parents ' perception of good OH . Having mild fluorosis and more acceptable appearance were significant factors for children 's perception of good OH . Caries and malocclusion were associated with lower OHRQoL , while having a TF score of 2 was associated with better OHRQoL in multivariate models for overall CPQ/PPQ scores . CONCLUSION Caries and less acceptable appearance showed a negative impact , while mild fluorosis had a positive impact on child and parental OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of regularly supplying free fluoride toothpaste regularly to children , initially aged 12 months , and living in deprived areas of the north west of Engl and on the level of caries in the deciduous dentition at 5 - 6 years of age . A further aim was to compare the effectiveness of a programme using a toothpaste containing 440 ppmF ( Colgate 0 - 6 Gel ) with one containing 1,450 ppmF ( Colgate Great Regular Flavour ) in reducing caries . DESIGN R and omised controlled parallel group clinical trial . Clinical data were collected from test and control groups when the children were 5 - 6 years old . SETTING A programme of posting toothpaste with dental health messages to the homes of children initially aged 12 months . Clinical examinations took place in primary schools . PARTICIPANTS 7,422 children born in 3-month birth cohorts living in high caries areas in nine health districts in north west Engl and . Within each district children were r and omly assigned to test or control groups . INTERVENTIONS Toothpaste , containing either 440 ppmF or 1450 ppmF , and dental health literature posted at three monthly intervals to children in test groups until they were aged 5 - 6 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The dmft index , missing teeth and the prevalence of caries experience . RESULTS An analysis of 3,731 children who were examined and remained in the programme showed the mean dmft to be 2.15 for the group who had received 1,450 ppmF toothpaste and 2.49 for the 440 ppmF group . The mean dmft for the control group was 2.57 . This 16 % reduction between the 1,450 ppmF and control group was statistically significant ( P<0.05 ) . The difference between the 440 ppmF group and control was not significant . Further analyses to estimate the population effect of the programme also confirmed this relationship . CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a programme distributing free toothpaste containing 1,450 ppmF provides a significant clinical benefit for high caries risk children living in deprived , non-fluori date d districts This study evaluated the fluoride intake from dentifrices with different fluoride concentrations ( [ F ] ) by children aged 24 - 36 months , as well as the influence of the dentifrice flavor in the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing . Thirty-three children were r and omly divided into 3 groups , according to the [ F ] in the dentifrices : G-A ( 523 microgF/g ) , G-B ( 1,062 microgF/g ) and G-C ( 1,373 microgF/g ) . Dentifrices A and B are marketed for children , while dentifrice C is a regular product . The amount of F ingested was indirectly obtained , subtracting the amount expelled and the amount left on the toothbrush from the amount initially loaded onto the brush . The results were analyzed by ANOVA , Tukey 's test and linear regression analysis ( p < 0.05 ) . Children ingested around 60 % of the dentifrice loaded onto the brush , but no significant differences were seen among the groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Mean daily fluoride intake from dentifrice for G-A , G-B and G-C was 0.022(a ) feminine , 0.032(a ) feminine and 0.061(b ) mg F/kg body weight , respectively ( p < 0.01 ) . There was a strong positive correlation ( r = 0.86 , p < 0.0001 ) between the amount of dentifrice used and the amount of fluoride ingested during toothbrushing . The results indicate the need for instructing children 's parents and care givers to use a small amount of dentifrice ( < 0.3 g ) to avoid excessive ingestion of fluoride . The use of low-[F ] dentifrices by children younger than 6 years also seems to be a good alternative to minimize fluoride intake . Dentifrice flavor did not influence the percentage of fluoride intake In this double-blind trial , the anticaries effectiveness of a test toothpaste formulated for young children with 550 ppm F was compared with that of a positive control toothpaste containing 1055 ppm fluoride .  More than 3000 2-year-old children were enrolled in the study and after 3 years of toothpaste use , 2177 ( 72 per cent ) were examined . From a clinical and radiographic assessment , more than half the children were found to be caries free and only 32 ( 1.5 per cent ) had evidence of rampant caries . There appeared to be little or no difference between children who had used test or control pastes , either in caries or in plaque levels . On the basis of this clinical trial the experimental toothpaste with 550 ppm fluoride would appear to have a similar anticaries efficacy to that of the control toothpaste . Differences were seen in relation to sex of the child and to social class . Girls had lower levels of plaque than boys but more carious teeth .  Children from families in higher social classes had fewer carious teeth and lower levels of plaque Background : Low-fluoride dentifrices have been suggested as alternatives to reduce dental fluorosis risk , but there is no consensus regarding their clinical effectiveness , which has been suggested to be increased when their pH is acidic . Aims : This single-blind r and omized clinical trial evaluated the caries increment during the use of a low-fluoride acidic liquid dentifrice . Methods : Four-year-old schoolchildren ( n = 1,402 ) living in a fluori date d area ( 0.6–0.8 ppm F ) were r and omly allocated to 4 groups differing according to the type of dentifrice used over a 20-month period . Group 1 ( n = 345 ) : liquid dentifrice , 1,100 ppm F , pH 4.5 . Group 2 ( n = 343 ) : liquid dentifrice , 1,100 ppm F , pH 7.0 . Group 3 ( n = 354 ) : liquid dentifrice , 550 ppm F , pH 4.5 . Group 4 ( n = 360 ) : toothpaste , 1,100 ppm F , pH 7.0 . At baseline and after 20 months , clinical examinations were conducted ( dmfs index ) and caries increment was calculated . Data were analysed by GLM procedure using classrooms ( cluster ) as unit of analysis ( p < 0.05 ) . Results : The mean ± SD ( 95 % CI ) net increments found were as follows . Group 1 : 2.06 ± 2.38 ( 1.8–2.3 ) ; group 2 : 2.08 ± 2.87 ( 1.7–2.4 ) ; group 3 : 2.05 ± 2.79 ( 1.7–2.4 ) , and group 4 : 2.08 ± 2.34 ( 1.8–2.4 ) . No significant differences were detected among the groups . Conclusion : In a population with high caries risk living in a fluori date d area , as the selected sample , and according to the present protocol , the low-fluoride acidic liquid dentifrice seems to lead to similar caries progression rates as conventional 1,100 ppm F toothpaste Objectives . To determine the prevalence and severity of  dental fluorosis in children aged 7–9 years from non-water-fluori date d Halmstad , Sweden , and to relate the results to their reported fluoride exposure history during infancy . Material and Methods . In Spring 2002 , a question naire distributed to a cluster r and om sample of 1039 parents enquired into their child 's early oral health behaviors and included a “ photographic toothpaste menu ” . The permanent upper anterior teeth ( 13–23 ) were examined clinical ly ( + 10 % repeats ) using a modified Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index . Results . Complete data were available for 53 % ( n=548 ) of the sample d children .  The prevalence of fluorosis at any level was 49 % ( 95 % CI : 45–54 % ) , and of fluorosis with esthetic concern ( TF score ≥3 ) 4 % ( 95 % CI : 3–6 % ) . Based on repeat observations , reliability was good ( kappa=0.82 ) . There was no statistically significant increased risk of dental fluorosis prevalence associated with any of the fluoride exposure risk factors examined , including reported usage of ( 1000 ppm ) fluoride to 
    Output:
    
There is no evidence to support the use of low F toothpastes by preschoolers regarding caries and fluorosis prevention