***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The study examined the effects of 1 year of football or strength training on cardiovascular function in 65- to 75-year-old men . Twenty-six untrained men ( age : 68.2 ± 3.2 years ) were r and omized to football training ( FTG ; n = 9 ) , strength training ( STG ; n = 9 ) , or control ( CG ; n = 8) . In FTG , left ventricular ( LV ) internal diastolic diameter , end-diastolic volume , and mass index were 8 % , 21 % , and 18 % higher ( P < 0.01 ) , respectively , after 12 months , with no changes in STG and CG . After 12 months , LV ejection fraction was increased ( P < 0.05 ) by 8 % and 5 % in FTG and STG , respectively , and systolic longitudinal two-dimensional strain by 8 % and 6 % , whereas right ventricular systolic function improved ( P < 0.05 ) by 22 % in FTG , but not in STG and CG . In FTG , LV diastolic mitral inflow ( E/A ) ratio and peak early diastolic velocity ( E ' ) improved ( P < 0.05 ) by 25 % and 12 % , respectively , after 12 months , with no changes in STG and CG . In FTG , maximum oxygen uptake was 16 % and 18 % higher ( P < 0.001 ) after 4 and 12 months , respectively , and resting heart rate was 6 and 8 beats per minute lower ( P < 0.001 ) , respectively , with no changes in STG and CG . In conclusion , football training elicited superior cardiovascular effects  compared with strength training in elderly untrained men There is a dem and for effective training methods that encourage exercise adherence during advancing age , particularly in sedentary population s. This study examined the effects of high-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) exercise on health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) , aerobic fitness and motivation to exercise in ageing men . Participants consisted of males who were either lifelong sedentary ( SED ; N = 25 ; age 63 ± 5 years ) or lifelong exercisers ( LEX ; N = 19 ; aged 61 ± 5 years ) .  V˙O2max$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2 \max } $ $ and HRQL were measured at three phases : baseline ( Phase A ) , week seven ( Phase B ) and week 13 ( Phase C ) . Motivation to exercise was measured at baseline and week 13 . V˙O2max$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2 \max } $ $ was significantly higher in LEX ( 39.2 ± 5.6 ml kg min−1 ) compared to SED ( 27.2 ± 5.2 ml kg min−1 ) and increased in both groups from Phase A to C ( SED 4.6 ± 3.2 ml kg min−1 , 95 % CI 3.1 – 6.0 ; LEX 4.9 ± 3.4 ml kg min−1 , 95 % CI 3.1–6.6 ) Physical functioning ( 97 ± 4 LEX ; 93 ± 7 SED ) and general health ( 70 ± 11 LEX ; 78 ± 11 SED ) were significantly higher in LEX but increased only in the SED group from Phase A to C ( physical functioning 17 ± 18 , 95 % CI 9–26 , general health 14 ± 14 , 95 % CI 8–21 ) . Exercise motives related to social recognition ( 2.4 ± 1.2 LEX ; 1.5 ± 1.0 SED ) , affiliation ( 2.7 ± 1.0 LEX ; 1.6 ± 1.2 SED ) and competition ( 3.3 ± 1.3 LEX ; 2.2 ± 1.1 ) were significantly higher in LEX yet weight management motives were significantly higher in SED ( 2.9 ± 1.1 LEX ; 4.3 ± 0.5 SED ) . The study provides preliminary evidence that low-volume HIIT increases perceptions of HRQL , exercise motives and aerobic capacity in older adults , to varying degrees , in both SED and LEX groups Background : Poor fitness in middle age is a risk factor for heart failure , particularly heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction . The development of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction is likely mediated through increased left ventricular ( LV ) stiffness , a consequence of sedentary aging . In a prospect i ve , parallel group , r and omized controlled trial , we examined the effect of 2 years of supervised high-intensity exercise training on LV stiffness . Methods : Sixty-one ( 48 % male ) healthy , sedentary , middle-aged participants ( 53±5 years ) were r and omly assigned to either 2 years of exercise training ( n=34 ) or attention control ( control ; n=27 ) . Right heart catheterization and 3-dimensional echocardiography were performed with preload manipulations to define LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships and Frank-Starling curves . LV stiffness was calculated by curve fit of the diastolic pressure-volume curve . Maximal oxygen uptake ( Vo2max ) was measured to quantify changes in fitness . Results : Fifty-three participants completed the study . Adherence to prescribed exercise sessions was 88±11 % . Vo2max increased by 18 % ( exercise training : pre 29.0±4.8 to post 34.4±6.4 ; control : pre 29.5±5.3 to post 28.7±5.4 , group × time P<0.001 ) and LV stiffness was reduced ( right/downward shift in the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships ; preexercise training stiffness constant 0.072±0.037 to postexercise training 0.051±0.0268 , P=0.0018 ) , whereas there was no change in controls ( group × time P<0.001 ; pre stiffness constant 0.0635±0.026 to post 0.062±0.031 , P=0.83  ) . Exercise increased LV end-diastolic volume ( group × time P<0.001 ) , whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was unchanged , providing greater stroke volume for any given filling pressure ( loading × group × time P=0.007 ) . Conclusions : In previously sedentary healthy middle-aged adults , 2 years of exercise training  improved maximal oxygen uptake and decreased cardiac stiffness . Regular exercise training may provide protection against the future risk of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction by preventing the increase in cardiac stiffness attributable to sedentary aging . Clinical Trial Registration : URL : https://www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT02039154 Aging is associated with impaired early diastolic filling ; however , the effect of endurance training on resting diastolic function in older subjects is unclear . Heart rate and ventricular loading conditions affect mitral inflow velocities measured by Doppler echocardiography ; therefore , tissue Doppler imaging of mitral annular velocity , which is relatively preload independent , was combined with mitral inflow velocity and maximal oxygen consumption ( V(o2 max ) ) in young ( 20 - 35 yr ) and older ( 60 - 80 yr ) trained and untrained men to determine whether endurance training is associated with an attenuation of age-associated changes in diastolic filling . As expected , V(o2 max ) was higher in trained men ( P < 0.01 ) and lower in older men ( P < 0.01 ) . Peak early mitral inflow velocity ( E ) and early-to-late mitral inflow velocity ratios were lower in older vs. young men ( P < 0.01 ) ; however , there was no training effect ( P > 0.05 ) . Peak early mitral annular velocity ( E ' ) was higher and peak late mitral annular velocity ( A ' ) was lower in young vs. older men ( P < 0.01 ) . A significant interaction effect was found for A ' , E'/A ' , and peak systolic mitral annular velocity ( S ' ) . Training was associated with lower A ' in young and higher A ' in older men . S ' was greater in trained vs. untrained older men ( P < 0.05 ) , but it was similar in trained and untrained young men . These findings suggest that early diastolic filling is not affected by training in older men , and the effect of training on A ' and S ' is different in young and older men Objective : To investigate cardiac structure and function and exercise capacity in senior former elite athlete women . Design : Cross-sectional study . Participants : Twenty postmenopausal former elite endurance athletes and 19 age-matched sedentary controls . Methods : All subjects underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer . Main Outcome Measures : Cardiac chamber dimensions , wall thickness , cardiac function , and exercise capacity . Results : The athletes had a greater exercise capacity ( 183 ± 26 vs. 144 ± 36 W ; P < 0.01 ) compared with controls . Three of 20 ( 15 % ) athletes and 9 of 19 ( 47 % ) controls exhibited ST depressions during exercise test ( P < 0.05 ) . Echocardiographic measurements demonstrated larger left ventricular diameter ( 2.9 ± 0.3 vs. 2.6 ± 0.2 cm/m2 ; P < 0.01 ) , left ventricular volume ( 64 ± 14 vs. 54 ± 8 mL/m2 ; P < 0.05 ) , right ventricular diameter ( 1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 cm/m2 ; P < 0.01 ) , left atrial volume ( 20.8 ± 6 vs. 16.6 ± 3.6 mL/m2 ; P < 0.05 ) , and stroke volume ( 45 ± 10 vs. 36 ± 5 mL/m2 ; P < 0.01 ) in athletes than controls , whereas interventricular septum ( 9.3 ± 1.7 vs. 10.1 ± 1.8 mm ; P > 0.05 ) and posterior wall thickness ( 9.0 ± 1.6 vs. 9.2 ± 1.0 mm ; P > 0.05 ) did not differ between the groups . Conclusions : This study demonstrates cardiac enlargement without increased wall thickness in postmenopausal former elite endurance athlete women . Our results also indicate that long-term training maintains a high level of cardiovascular fitness in the aging female athletes OBJECTIVE To determine whether older men who have undergone intensive endurance training over many years demonstrate less age-associated impairment of early diastolic left ventricular ( LV ) filling performance than their sedentary peers . DESIGN Cross-sectional prospect i ve study . SETTING Community-dwelling research volunteers . PARTICIPANTS Sixteen older competitive male endurance athletes aged 52 through 76 years and 17 young ( < 40 years ) and 23 older ( 52 through 76 years ) sedentary control subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging . INTERVENTION All subjects underwent resting Doppler echocardiography and determination of maximal aerobic capacity ( VO2max ) during grade d treadmill exercise . Doppler echocardiographic studies were interpreted without knowledge of the subject 's age or exercise habits . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Doppler-derived measures of LV diastolic filling performance : peak early ( E ) filling velocity , peak late ( A ) filling velocity , ratio of peak E to peak A velocities ( E/A ) , and atrial filling fraction . RESULTS Older athletes demonstrated higher VO2max ( 47 + /- 6 mL/kg per minute [ mean + /- SD ] ) than either the young controls ( 41 + /- 7 mL/kg per minute ) or older controls ( 30 + /- 7 mL/kg per minute ) ( P < .05 ) as evidence of their superior conditioning status . However , peak E diastolic LV filling velocity was higher in young controls ( 79 + /- 17 cm/s ) than in older athletes ( 56 + /- 15 cm/s ) or older controls ( 68 + /- 18 cm/s ) ( P < .001 ) . This age difference persisted after normalizing peak E velocity for mitral stroke volume . Peak E/A ratio and atrial filling fraction were also similar in older athletes ( 1.2 + /- 0.5 and 0.41 + /- 0.1 , respectively ) and older controls ( 1.1 + /- 0.4 and 0.41 + /- 0.1 , respectively ) , and differed significantly from corresponding values of 1.7 + /- 0.4 and 0.33 + /- 0.1 in young controls ( P < .001 and P < .05 , respectively ) . By multiple regression analysis , age but not treadmill VO2max was a significant predictor of peak E velocity , peak A velocity , peak E/A ratio , and atrial filling fraction . CONCLUSION Older men with a long history of intensive endurance training demonstrate impaired early diastolic LV filling similar to that of their sedentary peers . Thus , impairment of early diastolic filling appears to be intrinsic to normative aging and not secondary to 
    Output:
    
Meta-regression for chronological age identified that athlete – control differences , in the main , are maintained during advancing age .
Conclusions Athletic older men have larger cardiac dimensions and enjoy more favourable cardiac function than healthy , non-athletic counterparts .
Notably , the athlete groups maintain these effects during chronological ageing