***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis whether weight transfer during sit-to-st and ( STS ) is the result of coordinated ground forces exerted by buttocks and feet before seat-off . Whole-body kinematics and three-dimensional ground forces from left and right buttock as well as from left and right foot were recorded for seven adults during STS .  We defined a preparatory phase from onset of the first detectable anterior/posterior ( A/P ) force to seat-off ( buttock forces fell to 0 ) and a rising phase from seat-off to the decrease of center of mass ( CoM ) vertical velocity to zero . STS was induced by an increase of vertical and backward directed ground forces exerted by the buttocks that significantly preceded the onset of any trunk movement . All ground forces peaked before or around the moment of seat-off , whereas all kinematic variables , except trunk forward rotation and hip flexion , peaked after seat-off , during or after the rising phase . The present study suggests that the weight transfer from sit to st and is induced by ground forces exerted by buttocks and feet before seat-off , i.e. , during the preparatory phase . The buttocks generate the isometric " rising forces , " e.g. , the propulsive impulse for the forward acceleration of the body , while the feet apply adequate damping control before seat-off . This indicates that the rising movement is a result of these coordinated forces , targeted to match the subject 's weight and support base distance between buttocks and feet . The single peaked , bell-shaped profiles peaking before seat-off , were seen beneath buttocks for the " rising drive , " i.e. , between the time of peak backward directed force and seat-off , as well as beneath the feet for the " damping drive , " i.e. , from onset to the peak of forward-directed force and for CoM A/P velocity . This suggests that both beginning and end of the weight transfer process are programmed before seat-off . The peak deceleration of A/P CoM took place shortly ( approximately 100 ms ) after CoM peak velocity , result ing in a well controlled CoM deceleration before seat-off . In contrast to the view of other authors , this suggests that body equilibrium is controlled during weight transfer Background Chronic nonspecific low back pain ( CNLBP ) is among the most prevalent health problems . Lumbar spine and hips kinematics and coordination can be affected in CNLBP . The effects of exercises on the kinematics and coordination of lumbar spine and hips during sit-to-st and ( STS ) and its reverse have not been evaluated . Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of core stabilization exercise on the kinematics and joint coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during STS and its reverse in CNLBP patients . Methods COSCIOUS is a parallel r and omized double-blind controlled trial . A total of 30 CNLBP patients and 15 asymptomatic participants will be included . The kinematics and joint coordination of the lumbar spine and hips will be evaluated during STS and its reverse using a motion capture system . The participants will be asked to sit in their usual posture on a stool . Reflective markers will be placed over the T12 , S2 , anterior and posterior superior iliac spines , greater trochanters , and lateral femoral epicondyles of both legs . The participants will be instructed to st and up at natural speed , remain in the erect posture for 3 seconds , and then sit down . Kinematic variables of the lumbar spine and hip will be computed . Afterward , the CNLBP participants will be allocated at r and om to receive one of 2 interventions : core stabilization or general exercise . Treatment sessions will be held 3 times per week for 16 sessions . After intervention , CNLBP participants will be assessed again . Results Funding for the study was provided in 2016 by Iran University of Medical Sciences . The study is expected to last approximately 12 months , depending on recruitment . Findings on the study ’s primary outcomes are expected to be finalized by December 2017 . The results of the study will be published in a peer- review ed journal . Conclusions This investigation will evaluate the effects of core stabilization exercise on the kinematics and joint coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during STS and its reverse in patients with CNLBP . In addition , the effects of CNLBP on STS and its reverse will be investigated in COSCIOUS . Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials I RCT 2016080812953N2 ; http://en . search .i rct .ir/view/32003?format = xml ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6qjTWd4Az Background and Objective . To present quantitative data on sit-to-st and (STS)-related functioning and recovery during the first year after stroke .  STS-related functioning was used to evaluate independent STS movement , rising speed , and actual STS performance during normal daily life . Methods . This was a prospect i ve cohort study of 50 patients poststroke . Assessment s were made at 0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 24 , and 48 weeks poststroke . Actual STS performance was assessed at 0 , 12 , and 48 weeks . The main outcome measures were the following : ability to rise independently , rising speed ( power chair st and up ) , number of STS movements , percentage of time walking and st and ing during daily life ( using an activity monitor ) , and clinical outcomes , measured among others by the Barthel index ( BI ) . Results . During year 1 , the percentage of patients able to rise increased from 54 % to 83 % . Most improvements occurred during weeks 0 to 12 , whereas no significant changes were observed during weeks 12 to 24 . Rising speed similarly increased from 0.15 to 0.26 s− 1 during weeks 0 to 12 and to 0.30 s−1 at week 48 . Gait speed and BI also significantly increased . The number of STS movements increased significantly during weeks 0 to 12 ( from 10.6 to 17.7 ) but not during weeks 12 to 48 . Conclusions . STS-related functioning improved significantly in the first year after stroke , with the most improvement occurring during the first 12 weeks . After 12 weeks , rising speed , gait speed , and BI continue to improve In the GRADE approach , r and omized trials start as high- quality evidence and observational studies as low- quality evidence , but both can be rated down if most of the relevant evidence comes from studies that suffer from a high risk of bias . Well-established limitations of r and omized trials include failure to conceal allocation , failure to blind , loss to follow-up , and failure to appropriately consider the intention-to-treat principle . More recently recognized limitations include stopping early for apparent benefit and selective reporting of outcomes according to the results . Key limitations of observational studies include use of inappropriate controls and failure to adequately adjust for prognostic imbalance . Risk of bias may vary across outcomes ( e.g. , loss to follow-up may be far less for all-cause mortality than for quality of life ) , a consideration that many systematic review s ignore . In deciding whether to rate down for risk of bias -- whether for r and omized trials or observational studies -- authors should not take an approach that averages across studies . Rather , for any individual outcome , when there are some studies with a high risk , and some with a low risk of bias , they should consider including only the studies with a lower risk of bias BACKGROUND numerous tests have been suggested as fall risk indicators . However , the validity of these assessment s has not been demonstrated in large representative sample s of community-dwelling older people . OBJECTIVE the objective of this study was to examine the comparative ability and clinical utility of eight mobility tests for predicting multiple falls in older community-dwelling people . METHODS design -- prospect i ve cohort study ; subjects--362 subjects aged 74 - 98 years ; measurements --the sit-to-st and test with one and five repetitions , the pick-up-weight test , the half-turn test , the alternate-step test ( AST ) , the six-metre-walk test ( SMWT )  and  stair ascent and descent tasks . Falls were monitored for 1 year with fall calendars . RESULTS in the 12-month follow-up period , 80 subjects ( 22.1 % ) suffered two or more falls . Multiple fallers performed significantly worse than non-multiple fallers in the sit-to-st and test with five repetitions ( STS-5 ) , the AST , the  half-turn test  , the  SMWT  and the stair-descent test .  When dichotomised using cut-off points from receiver-operated characteristics ( ROC ) curve analyses , these tests demonstrated reasonable sensitivity and specificity in identifying multiple fallers . A principal components analysis identified only one factor underlying the mobility tests . Poor performances in two mobility tests , however , increased the risk of multiple falls more than poor performance in one test alone ( ORs = 3.66 , 95 % CI = 1.44 , 9.27 and 1.61 , 95 % CI = 0.62 , 4.16 respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS the mobility tests appear to be measuring a similar ' mobility ' construct . Based on feasibility and predictive validity , the AST , STS-5 and SMWTs were the best tests Low back pain ( LBP ) is the second greatest cause of disability in the USA.1 USA data supports that in spite of an enormous increase in the health re sources spent on LBP disorders , the disability relating to them continues to increase.2 The management of LBP is underpinned by the exponential increase in the use of physical therapies , opiod medications , spinal injections as well as disc replacement and fusion surgery.2 This is maintained by the underlying belief that LBP is fundamentally a patho-anatomical disorder and should be treated within a biomedical model.1 This is in spite of calls over a number of years to adopt a bio-psycho-social approach , and evidence that only 8–15 % of patients with LBP have an identified patho-anatomical diagnosis , result ing in the majority being diagnosed as having non-specific LBP.3 Of this population , a small but significant group becomes chronic and disabled , labelled non-specific chronic low back pain ( NSCLBP ) , consuming a disproportionate amount of healthcare re sources .4 1 . Over the past decade , the traditional biomedical view of LBP has been greatly challenged . This is a result of : the failure of simplistic single-dimensional therapies to show large effects in patients with NSCLBP5–8 ; 2 . the results of clinical trials testing commonly prescribed interventions demonstrating that no management approaches are clearly superior5–7 9 ; 3 . the stories of NSCLBP patients relating their own ongoing pain experiences of multiple failed treatments , conflicting diagnoses , lost hope and ongoing suffering10 ; 4 . the indisputable evidence supporting the multidimensional nature of NSCLBP as a disorder , where disability levels are more closely associated with cognitive and behavioural aspects of pain rather than sensory and biomedical ones11 12 ; 5 . positive outcomes in r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) are best predicted by changes in psychological distress , fear avoidance beliefs , self-efficacy in Study Design . Classification and functional assessment model for nonspecific low back pain ( LBP ) patients and controls on the basis of kinematic analysis parameters . Objective . Develop a logistic regression model using kinematic analysis variables to ( 1 ) discriminate between LBP patients and controls and ( 2 ) obtain objective parameters for LBP functional assessment . Summary of Background Data . Functional assessment of spinal disorders has been carried out traditionally by means of subjective scales . Objective functional techniques have been developed , which usually involve the application of external loads or the analysis of highly st and ardized trunk flexion-extension maneuvers . Few studies have used everyday activities such as sit-to-st and or lifting an object from the ground . They have shown that the motion patterns of LBP patients differ from those of healthy subjects . Nevertheless , very few studies have tried to correlate objective findings to the results of subjective scales , and no previous study has developed a LBP classification and functional assessment model on the basis of kinematic analysis of everyday activities . Methods . Sixteen controls and 39 LBP patients performed a sit-to-st and task , and lifted three different weights from a st and ing position . The vertical forces exerted and the relative positions of the lower limb and the cervical , thoracic , lumbar , and sacroiliac regions were recorded . Reliability was determined from repetitions of the tests performed by the control group . Binary logistic regression analyses were computed . The results of the selected regression equation were correlated to the Oswestry Disability Index scale results , to check the validity of the procedure for the measurement of functional disability . Results . Reliability of the parameters was good . The selected regression model used two variables , and correctly classified 97.3 % of the patients . High correlations were found between the results of this regression equation and the Oswestry Disability Index scale . Conclusion . It is possible to distinguish LBP patients from healthy subjects by means of the biomechanical analysis of everyday tasks . This kind of analysis can produce objective and reliable indexes about the patients ' degree of functional impairment Objective : To determine the effectiveness of sit-to-st and training in individuals with stroke . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Rehabilitation medical centre . Participants : Thirty-two subjects with stroke were r and omly assigned to the control and experimental groups ( n = 16 for each group ) . Interventions : Subjects in both groups received 30 minutes of general physical therapy three times a week for four weeks . Subjects in the experimental group received additional sit-to-st and training for 15 minutes each time . The total amount of therapy received was 45 minutes in the experimental group and 30 minutes in the control group each time . Main outcome measures : The weight-bearing distribution during quiet st and ing , the directional control and maximal excursion during limits of stability test , the scores of Berg Balance Scale and the extensor muscle strength of lower extremity were assessed before and after completing the 12 treatment sessions . Results : Our data showed significant improvements in directional control anteriorly in the experimental group ( from 47. 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The results indicated that the kinematics of the spine are greatly changed in patients with LBP .
It has been shown that there is no difference between the kinematics of patients with LBP and healthy population when the spine is analyzed as a single segment .
Furthermore , between-gender differences are present during STS movement .
This review provided a valuable summary of the research to date examining the kinematics of the spine during STS