***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: : In recent years , skin grafting has evolved from the initial autograft and allograft preparations to biosynthetic and tissue-engineered living skin replacements . This review details the pioneering work of numerous investigators that led to the following precursors of tissue-engineered skin replacement : cultured autologous keratinocyte grafts , cultured allogeneic keratinocyte grafts , autologous/allogeneic composites , acellular collagen matrices , and cellular matrices . It also discusses the rationale for the development of the newer products and describes the technical advances leading to the development of Apligraf , a tissue-engineered human skin product BACKGROUND Burn-induced hypertrophic scars are disfiguring and can be associated with severe and intractable pruritus . No effective treatment modalities are currently available for symptomatic control of pruritus for most patients . We assessed the effect of the Antipruritic Hydrogel ( CQ-01 ) in the symptomatic treatment of severe and intractable pruritus associated with burn-induced hypertrophic scars in a prospect i ve , multicenter , controlled trial . METHODS A pilot study was conducted in healthy adult volunteers to identify the most appropriate hydrogel formulation . A selected preparation called Chongqing No. 1 ( CQ-01 ; a guar gum-based hydrogel impregnated with peppermint oil , menthol , and methyl salicylate by a nanoemulsion ) , showed an excellent symptomatic relief in an exploratory study in 2 patients with intractable pruritus . A statistically powered , prospect i ve , multicenter , controlled study was then conducted in 74 patients to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 24-h application of CQ-01 compared to a gel control and a negative control on three separate areas in each patient . Symptom assessment was based on our visual analog JW scale ( ranging from 0 to 100 ) at baseline and various time points up to 7 days after application . Follow-up studies were conducted to determine the reproducibility of CQ-01 in repeated applications . RESULTS Of the 74 enrolled subjects , the only observed adverse event was skin irritation reported in 6 patients ( 8 % ) and resolved shortly after gel removal . Compared to the baseline , the gauze negative control had a mean JW score reduction of 7 ; while the gel control and CQ-01 had a drop of 18 ( p<0.001 ) and 36 ( p<0.001 ) , respectively . The CQ-01 clinical effect was significant for up to 3 days and waned slowly from 3 to 7 days . There was no statistical correlation between the treatment response and any of the demographic , patient or burn-related factors . Further studies showed a trend that repeated applications might be more effective , suggesting the absence of tachyphylaxis . CONCLUSIONS This prospect i ve , multicenter , controlled study showed that this novel hydrogel CQ-01 is safe and provides significant symptomatic relief for severe and intractable pruritus associated with hypertrophic scars , an unmet medical need for these patients . This effect is independent of the etiology of the burn trauma , extent of the scarring , and duration of the scar formation In a retrospective survey , 487 research projects approved by the Central Oxford Research Ethics Committee between 1984 and 1987 , were studied for evidence of publication bias . As of May , 1990 , 285 of the studies had been analysed by the investigators , and 52 % of these had been published . Studies with statistically significant results were more likely to be published than those finding no difference between the study groups ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] 2.32 ; 95 % confidence interval [ Cl ] 1.25 - 4.28 ) . Studies with significant results were also more likely to lead to a greater number of publications and presentations and to be published in journals with a high citation impact factor . An increased likelihood of publication was also associated with a high rating by the investigator of the importance of the study results , and with increasing sample size . The tendency towards publication bias was greater with observational and laboratory-based experimental studies ( OR = 3.79 ; 95 % Cl = 1.47 - 9.76 ) than with r and omised clinical trials ( OR = 0.84 ; 95 % Cl = 0.34 - 2.09 ) . We have confirmed the presence of publication bias in a cohort of clinical research studies . These findings suggest that conclusions based only on a review of published data should be interpreted cautiously , especially for observational studies . Improved strategies are needed to identify the results of unpublished as well as published studies 
    Output:
    
Compared to the latter , hydrogel dressings associated with a significantly shortened healing time of degree II burn ( superficial and deep ) wounds , diabetic foot ulcers , traumatic skin injuries , radioactive skin injuries , dog bites , and body surface ulcers .
In addition , hydrogel dressing obviously increased the cure rate of diabetic foot ulcers , surgical wounds , dog bites , and body surface ulcers .
Moreover , hydrogel dressing significantly relieved pain in degree II burn ( superficial and deep ) wounds , traumatic skin injuries , and laser treatment-induced wounds .
However , no significant differences obtained between hydrogel and non-hydrogel dressings in the healing time of surgical wounds , the cure rate of in patients ' pressure ulcers , and phlebitis ulcers .
This comprehensive systematic review and meta- analysis of the available evidence reveals that the application of hydrogel dressings advances the healing of various wound types and effectively alleviates the pain with no severe adverse reactions .
These results strongly indicate that hydrogel products are effective and safe in wound management