***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The conduct of r and omized , controlled trials of nonpharmacologic treatments presents specific challenges that are not adequately addressed in trial reports . OBJECTIVE To develop an extension of the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) Statement for trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . DESIGN A consensus meeting was organized to develop an extension of the CONSORT Statement that addresses r and omized trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . To prepare for the meeting , a survey was conducted to identify the specific issues for discussion . SETTING Consensus meeting in Paris , France . PARTICIPANTS A total of 33 experts attended the meeting . The experts were method ologists ( n = 17 ) ; surgeons ( n = 6 ) ; editors ( n = 5 ) ; and clinicians involved in rehabilitation ( n = 1 ) , psychotherapy ( n = 2 ) , education ( n = 1 ) , and implantable devices ( n = 1 ) . MEASUREMENTS Experts indicated which of the 22 items on the CONSORT checklist should be modified or which additional items should be added specifically for nonpharmacologic treatments . During a 3-day consensus meeting , all items were discussed and additional method ological issues related to nonpharmacologic research were identified . RESULTS The consensus was that 11 items on the CONSORT checklist needed some modifications for nonpharmacologic trials : item 1 ( title and abstract ) , item 3 ( participants ) , item 4 ( interventions ) , item 7 ( sample size ) , item 8 ( r and omization ) , item 11 ( blinding ) , item 12 ( statistical methods ) , item 13 ( participant flow ) , item 15 ( baseline data ) , item 20 ( discussion : interpretation ) , and item 21 ( generalizability ) . In addition , the meeting participants added 1 item related to implementation of the intervention . LIMITATION Evidence was not always available to support the inclusion of each checklist item . CONCLUSION The methods and processes used to develop this extension could be used for other reporting guidelines . The use of this extension to the CONSORT Statement should improve the quality of reporting r and omized , controlled trials assessing nonpharmacologic treatments BACKGROUND Clear , transparent , and sufficiently detailed abstract s of conferences and journal articles related to r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) are important , because readers often base their assessment of a trial solely on information in the abstract . Here , we extend the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) Statement to develop a minimum list of essential items , which authors should consider when reporting the results of a RCT in any journal or conference abstract . METHODS AND FINDINGS We generated a list of items from existing quality assessment tools and empirical evidence . A three-round , modified-Delphi process was used to select items . In all , 109 participants were invited to participate in an electronic survey ; the response rate was 61 % . Survey results were presented at a meeting of the CONSORT Group in Montebello , Canada , January 2007 , involving 26 participants , including clinical trialists , statisticians , epidemiologists , and biomedical editors . Checklist items were discussed for eligibility into the final checklist . The checklist was then revised to ensure that it reflected discussion s held during and subsequent to the meeting . CONSORT for Abstract s recommends that abstract s relating to RCTs have a structured format . Items should include details of trial objectives ; trial design ( e.g. , method of allocation , blinding/masking ) ; trial participants ( i.e. , description , numbers r and omized , and number analyzed ) ; interventions intended for each r and omized group and their impact on primary efficacy outcomes and harms ; trial conclusions ; trial registration name and number ; and source of funding . We recommend the checklist be used in conjunction with this explanatory document , which includes examples of good reporting , rationale , and evidence , when available , for the inclusion of each item . CONCLUSIONS CONSORT for Abstract s aims to improve reporting of abstract s of RCTs published in journal articles and conference proceedings . It will help authors of abstract s of these trials provide the detail and clarity needed by readers wishing to assess a trial 's validity and the applicability of its results Abstract Background . Cancer survivors are at increased risk for second malignancies , cardiovascular disease , diabetes , and functional decline . Evidence suggests that a healthful diet and physical activity may reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve health in this population . Methods . We conducted a feasibility study to evaluate a vegetable gardening intervention that paired 12 adult and child cancer survivors with Master Gardeners to explore effects on fruit and vegetable intake , physical activity , quality -of-life , and physical function . Throughout the year-long study period , the survivor-Master Gardener dyads worked together to plan/plant three gardens , harvest/rotate plantings , and troubleshoot/correct problems . Data on diet , physical activity , and quality -of-life were collected via surveys ; anthropometrics and physical function were objective ly measured . Acceptability of the intervention was assessed with a structured debriefing survey . Results . The gardening intervention was feasible ( robust enrollment ; minimal attrition ) and well-received by cancer survivors and Master Gardeners . Improvement in three of four objective measures of strength , agility , and endurance was observed in 90 % of survivors , with the following change scores [ median ( interquartile range ) ] noted between baseline and one-year follow-up : h and grip test [ + 4.8 ( 3.0 , 6.7 ) kg ] , 2.44 meter Get-Up- and -Go [ + 1.0 ( + 1.8 , + 0.2 ) seconds ] , 30-second chair st and [ + 3.0 ( + 1.0 , 5.0 ) st and s ] , and six-minute walk [ + 11.6 ( 6.1 , 48.8 ) meters ] . Increases of ≥ 1 fruit and vegetable serving/day and ≥ 30 minutes/week of physical activity were observed in 40 % and 60 % , respectively . Conclusion . These preliminary results support the feasibility and acceptability of a mentored gardening intervention and suggest that it may offer a novel and promising strategy to improve fruit and vegetable consumption , physical activity , and physical function in cancer survivors . A larger r and omized controlled trial is needed to confirm our results Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) is not optimal . Without transparent reporting , readers can not judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic review s. Recent method ological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects . Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs , which are considered the gold st and ard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias . A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs . It was first published in 1996 and up date d in 2001 . The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT . Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement . The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs . During the 2001 CONSORT revision , it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports . A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement . After an expert meeting in January 2007 , the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement . This up date improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition , such as selective outcome reporting bias . This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use , underst and ing , and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised . It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and up date d checklist item providing examples of good reporting and , where possible , references to relevant empirical studies . Several examples of flow diagrams are included . The CONSORT 2010 Statement , this revised explanatory and elaboration document , and the associated website ( www.consort-statement.org ) should be helpful re sources to improve reporting of r and omised trials PURPOSE To assess the effects of horticultural therapy ( HT ) on mood state and heart rate ( HR ) in patients participating in an inpatient cardiac rehabilitation program . METHODS Cardiac rehabilitation in patients ( n = 107 ) participated in the study . The  HT group consisted of 59 subjects ( 34 males , 25 females ) . The control group , which participated in patient education classes ( PECs ) , consisted of 48 subjects ( 31 males , 17 females ) . Both HT sessions and PEC are components of the inpatient rehabilitation program . Each group was evaluated before and after a class in their respective modality . Evaluation consisted of the completion of a Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) inventory , and an HR obtained by  pulse oximetry . RESULTS Changes in the POMS total mood disturbance ( TMD ) score and HR between preintervention and postintervention were compared between groups . There was no presession difference in either TMD score ( 16 + /- 3.6 and 19.0 + /- 3.2 , PEC and HT , respectively ) or HR ( 73.5 + /- 2.5 and 79 + /- 1.8 , PEC and HT , respectively ) . Immediately following the intervention , the  HT TMD was significantly reduced ( post-TMD = 1.6 + /- 3.2 , P < .001 ) , while PEC TMD was not significantly changed ( TMD = 17.0 + /- 28.5 ) . After intervention , HR fell in HT by 4 + /- 9.6 bpm ( P < .001 ) but was unchanged in PEC . CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HT improves mood state , suggesting that it may be a useful tool in reducing stress . Therefore , to the extent that stress contributes to coronary heart disease , these findings support the role of HT as an effective component of cardiac rehabilitation CONTEXT Therapists can use horticultural therapy as an adjuvant therapy in a non threatening context , with the intent of bringing about positive effects in physical health , mental health , and social interaction . Very few experimental studies exist that test its clinical effectiveness . OBJECTIVE To determine whether the addition of horticultural therapy to a pain-management program improved physical function , mental health , and ability to cope with pain . DESIGN The research team design ed a prospect i ve , nonr and omized , controlled cohort study , enrolling all patients consecutively referred to the Zurzach Interdisciplinary Pain Program ( ZISP ) who met the study s criteria . The team divided them into two cohorts based on when medical professionals referred them : before ( control group ) or after ( intervention group ) introduction of a horticultural therapy program . SETTING The setting was the rehabilitation clinic ( RehaClinic ) in Bad Zurzach , Switzerl and . PARTICIPANTS Seventy-nine patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain ( fibromyalgia or chronic , nonspecific back pain ) participated in the study . INTERVENTIONS The research team compared a 4-week , inpatient , interdisciplinary pain-management program with horticultural therapy ( intervention , n = 37 ) with a pain-management program without horticultural therapy ( control , n = 42 ) . The horticultural therapy program consisted of seven sessions of group therapy , each of 1-hour duration . OUTCOME MEASURES The research team assessed the outcome using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) , the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory ( MPI ) , the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , the Coping Strategies Question naire ( CSQ ) , and two functional performance tests . The team tested participants on entry to and discharge from the 4-week pain-management program . RESULTS Between-group differences in sociodemographic and outcome variables were not significant on participants entry to the pain-management program . On discharge , the research team measured small to moderate outcome effects ( effect size [ ES ] up to 0.71 ) within both groups . The study found significantly larger improvements for the horticultural therapy group vs the control group in SF-36 role physical ( ES = 0.71 vs 0.22 ; P = .018 ) ; SF-36 mental health ( ES = 0.46 vs 0.16 ; P = .027 ) ; HADS anxiety ( ES = 0.26 vs 0.03 ; P = .043 ) ; and CSQ pain behavior ( ES = 0.30 vs -0.05 ; P = .032 ) . CONCLUSION The addition of horticultural therapy to a pain management program improved participants ' physical and mental health and their coping ability with respect to chronic musculoskeletal pain PURPOSE We examined the effects of communication skills training and the use of memory books by certified nursing assistants ( CNAs )  on verbal interactions between CNAs ( n = 64 ) and nursing home residents ( n = 67 ) during care routines . DESIGN AND METHODS  CNAs  were taught to use communication skills and memory books during their interactions with residents with moderate cognitive impairments and intact communication abilities . A staff motivational system was used to encourage performance and maintenance of these skills . Formal measures of treatment implementation were included . RESULTS Results were compared with those for participants on no-treatment control units . Trained CNAs talked more , used positive statements more frequently , and tended to increase the number of specific instructions given to residents . Changes in staff behavior did not result in an increase in total time giving care to residents . Maintenance of CNA behavior change was 
    Output:
    
These studies showed significant effectiveness in one or more outcomes for mental health and behavior .
Although there was insufficient evidence in the studies of HT due to poor method ological and reporting quality and heterogeneity , HT may be an effective treatment for mental and behavioral disorders such as dementia , schizophrenia , depression , and terminal-care for cancer