***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In normal elderly subjects , the best electroencephalogram (EEG)-based predictor of cognitive impairment is theta EEG activity abnormally high for their age . The goal of this work was to explore the effectiveness of a neurofeedback ( NFB ) protocol in reducing theta EEG activity in normal elderly subjects who present abnormally high theta absolute power ( AP ) . Fourteen subjects were r and omly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group ; the experimental group received a reward ( tone of 1000 Hz ) when the theta AP was reduced , and the control group received a placebo treatment , a r and om administration of the same tone . The results show that the experimental group exhibits greater improvement in EEG and behavioral measures . However , subjects of the control group also show improved EEG values and in memory , which may be attributed to a placebo effect . However , the effect of the NFB treatment was clear in the EG , although a placebo effect may also have been present OBJECTIVES The present study aim ed to investigate the effectiveness of the frontal-midline theta ( fmθ ) activity uptraining protocol on attention and working memory performance of older and younger participants . METHODS Thirty-two participants were recruited . Participants within each age group were r and omly assigned to either the neurofeedback training ( fmθ uptraining ) group or the sham-neurofeedback training group . RESULTS There was a significant improvement in orienting scores in the older neurofeedback training group . In addition , there was a significant improvement in conflict scores in both the older and young neurofeedback training groups . However , alerting scores failed to increase . In addition , the fmθ training was found to improve working memory function in the older participants . The results further showed that fmθ training can modulate resting EEG for both neurofeedback groups . CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that fmθ uptraining improved attention and working memory performance and theta activity in the resting state for normal aging adults . In addition , younger participants also benefited from the present protocol in terms of improving their executive function . SIGNIFICANCE The current findings contribute to a better underst and ing of the mechanisms underlying neurofeedback training in cognitive function , and suggest that the fmθ uptraining protocol is an effective intervention program for cognitive aging Real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging ( rtfMRI ) is a novel technique that has allowed subjects to achieve self‐regulation of circumscribed brain regions . Despite its anticipated therapeutic benefits , there is no report on successful application of this technique in psychiatric population s. The objectives of the present study were to train schizophrenia patients to achieve volitional control of bilateral anterior insula cortex on multiple days , and to explore the effect of learned self‐regulation on face emotion recognition ( an extensively studied deficit in schizophrenia ) and on brain network connectivity . Nine patients with schizophrenia were trained to regulate the hemodynamic response in bilateral anterior insula with contingent rtfMRI neurofeedback , through a 2‐weeks training . At the end of the training stage , patients performed a face emotion recognition task to explore behavioral effects of learned self‐regulation . A learning effect in self‐regulation was found for bilateral anterior insula , which persisted through the training . Following successful self‐regulation , patients recognized disgust faces more accurately and happy faces less accurately . Improvements in disgust recognition were correlated with levels of self‐activation of right insula . RtfMRI training led to an increase in the number of the incoming and outgoing effective connections of the anterior insula . This study shows for the first time that patients with schizophrenia can learn volitional brain regulation by rtfMRI feedback training leading to changes in the perception of emotions and modulations of the brain network connectivity . These findings open the door for further studies of rtfMRI in severely ill psychiatric population s , and possible therapeutic applications . Hum Brain Mapp , 2013 . © 2011 Wiley Periodicals , The present study is a r and omized controlled trial that aims to evaluate the efficacy of Neurofeedback compared to st and ard pharmacological intervention in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . The final sample consisted of 23 children with ADHD ( 11 boys and 12 girls , 7 - 14 years old ) . Participants carried out 40 theta/beta training sessions or received methylpheni date .  Behavioral rating scales were completed by fathers , mothers , and teachers at pre- , post-treatment , two- , and six-month naturalistic follow-up . In both groups , similar significant reductions were reported in ADHD functional impairment by parents ; and in primary ADHD symptoms by parents and teachers . However , significant academic performance improvements were only detected in the Neurofeedback group . Our findings provide new evidence for the efficacy of Neurofeedback , and contribute to enlarge the range of non-pharmacological ADHD intervention choices . To our knowledge , this is the first r and omized controlled trial with a six-month follow-up that compares Neurofeedback and stimulant medication in ADHD Self-regulation of brain activity in humans based on real-time feedback of functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) signal is emerging as a potentially powerful , new technique . Here , we assessed whether patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) are able to alter local brain activity to improve motor function .  Five patients learned to increase activity in the supplementary motor complex over two fMRI sessions using motor imagery . They attained as much activation in this target brain region as during a localizer procedure with overt movements . Concomitantly , they showed an improvement in motor speed ( finger tapping ) and clinical ratings of motor symptoms ( 37 % improvement of the motor scale of the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ) . Activation during neurofeedback was also observed in other cortical motor areas and the basal ganglia , including the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus , which are connected to the supplementary motor area ( SMA ) and crucial nodes in the pathophysiology of PD . A PD control group of five patients , matched for clinical severity and medication , underwent the same procedure but did not receive feedback about their SMA activity . This group attained no control of SMA activation and showed no motor improvement . These findings demonstrate that self-modulation of cortico-subcortical motor circuits can be achieved by PD patients through neurofeedback and may result in clinical benefits that are not attainable by motor imagery alone 
    Output:
    
The analysis of studies indicates that EEG Biofeedback/Neurofeedback is used for treatment of neurological , somatic and mental disorders .
Its psychiatric applications for clinical ly diagnosed disorders include treatmentof depression , anorexia , dyslexia , dysgraphia , ADD , ADHD , schizophrenia , abuse of substances , neuroses , PTSD , and Alzheimer 's disease .
Research results imply that the neuromodulating effect of the therapy positively influences cognitive processes , mood , and anxiety levels .
Positive effects of EEG Biofeedback  confirm usefulness of this method as a main or auxiliary method in treatment of people with mental disorders .