***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Investigators examined the 6-month impact of three cognitive-behavioral HIV risk-reduction programs on behavioral factors ( substance use and sexual risk behaviors ) and cognitive and psychological re sources of 325 women who resided in emergency or sober-living shelters and their 308 intimate sexual partners . Participants were r and omized by shelter to a peer-mentored , a nurse case-managed , or a st and ard care HIV risk-reduction program . Significant improvements were observed in all groups in all behavioral factors and cognitive and psychological re sources except for self-esteem . Participants in the peer-mentored and nurse case-managed groups did not differ significantly from the st and ard group in self-esteem , life satisfaction , psychological well-being , use of noninjection drugs , sex with multiple partners , and unprotected sex at 6 months ( n = 633 ) . It was concluded that a st and ard approach by health care professionals appears to effectively modify HIV risk behaviors for a majority of homeless participants and may have important economic and policy implication s. Further , the impact of short-term programs that address psychological vulnerabilities of impoverished population s needs to be studied further A women 's therapeutic community ( TC ) design ed to prevent homelessness was evaluated using a quasi-experimental process . Propensity analysis selected comparable experimental ( E ) and comparison ( C ) participants . Significant improvements were found for the E group at the domain level , both in “ psychological ” dysfunction on symptoms ( e.g. , depression ) , and in “ health , ” including ratings of health and adherence to medication regimens . No significant difference was found at the domain level for “ parenting ” or “ housing stabilization , ” but specific outcomes did differ . For example , a greater number of children resided with the E  group mothers who also assumed financial responsibility for more of their children This pilot study tested the feasibility and effectiveness of a social support intervention with women ( n = 24 ) while they were in a domestic violence shelter . Health outcomes were examined pre and postintervention using a r and omized control design . The intervention group had greater improvement ( p = .013 ) in psychological distress symptoms and greater improvement in perceived availability of social support ( p = .016 ) than the control group . The intervention group showed less health care utilization ( p = .032 ) than the control group . Social support interventions for women in shelters are effective in improving health outcomes . Further research should be aim ed at testing the effectiveness of different types of interventions on health and abuse outcomes in women who experience interpersonal violence Background : The efficacy of a nurse case-managed intervention was evaluated in sub sample s of participants with one of the following characteristics : female gender , African American ethnicity , recruited from a homeless shelter , a history of military service , lifetime injection drug use , daily alcohol and drug use , poor physical health , and a history of poor mental health . Objective : To determine whether a vali date d nurse case-managed intervention with incentives and tracking would improve adherence to latent tuberculosis infection treatment in sub sample s of homeless persons with characteristics previously identified in the literature as predictive of nonadherence . Methods : A prospect i ve 2-group site-r and omized design was conducted with 520 homeless adults residing in 12 homeless shelters and residential recovery sites in the Skid Row region of Los Angeles from 1998 to 2003 . Results : Daily drug users , participants with a history of injection drug use , daily alcohol users , and persons who were not of African American race or ethnicity had particularly poor completion rates , even in the nurse case-managed intervention program ( 48 % , 55 % , 54 % , and 50 % , respectively ) . However , the intervention achieved a 91 % completion rate for homeless shelter residents and significantly improved latent tuberculosis infection treatment adherence in 9 of 12 subgroups tested ( odds ratios = 2.51 - 10.41 ) , including daily alcohol and drug users , when potential confounders were controlled using logistic regression analysis . Discussion : Nurse case management with incentives appears to be a good foundation for increasing adherence to 6-month isoniazid treatment in a variety of homeless subgroups and , in particular , for sheltered homeless population s. However , additional social-structural and environmental strategies are needed to address those at greatest risk of nonadherence BACKGROUND Substance use poses a significant threat to the health of women , and homeless women are more likely to use alcohol and drugs than other women . Addressing risk factors in this population requires a focus on the social context of substance use among homeless women . METHODS Participants were 445 homeless women who were r and omly sample d and interviewed in shelter setting s about the characteristics of their personal networks . Binomial logistic regressions predicted days of binge drinking and of using marijuana , crack , cocaine , and methamphetamine or other amphetamines in the past 6 months . RESULTS Homeless women with a greater proportion of heavy alcohol users in their personal networks had greater odds of engaging in binge drinking , and women with a greater proportion of drug users in their networks had greater odds of using marijuana , cocaine , crack , and methamphetamine or other amphetamines . Women with a greater proportion of individuals in their networks that they had met in school or through work had lower odds of marijuana , cocaine , and crack use . CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the importance of structural solutions in addressing homeless women 's alcohol and drug use , including greater access to treatment and recovery support for alcohol and drug problems as well as depression , and enhancing employment and educational opportunities for homeless women Background : Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection constitutes a major health problem for homeless persons . Ability to complete an HBV vaccination series is complicated by the need to prioritize competing needs , such as addiction issues , safe places to sleep , and food , over health concerns . Objectives : The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-case-managed intervention compared with that of two st and ard programs on completion of the combined hepatitis A virus ( HAV ) and HBV vaccine series among homeless adults and to assess sociodemographic factors and risk behaviors related to the vaccine completion . Methods : A r and omized , three-group , prospect i ve , quasi-experimental design was conducted with 865 homeless adults residing in homeless shelters , drug rehabilitation sites , and outdoor areas in the Skid Row area of Los Angeles . The programs included ( a ) nurse-case-managed sessions plus targeted hepatitis education , incentives , and tracking ( NCMIT ) ; ( b ) st and ard targeted hepatitis education plus incentives and tracking ( SIT ) ; and ( c ) st and ard targeted hepatitis education and incentives only ( SI ) . Results : Sixty-eight percent of the NCMIT participants completed the three-series vaccine at 6 months , compared with 61 % of SIT participants and 54 % of SI participants . NCMIT participants had almost 2 times greater odds of completing vaccination than those of participants in the SI program . Completers were more likely to be older , to be female , to report fair or poor health , and not to have participated in a self-help drug treatment program . Newly homeless White adults were significantly less likely than were African Americans to complete the vaccine series . Discussion : The use of vaccination programs incorporating nurse case management and tracking is critical in supporting adherence to completion of a 6-month HAV/HBV vaccine . The finding that White homeless persons were the least likely to complete the vaccine series suggests that programs tailored to address their unique cultural issues are needed Alcohol and drug use are significant public health problems facing homeless women , but few prospect i ve studies have examined risk and protective factors for substance use in this population . This 6-month prospect i ve study identified psychosocial , behavioral , and economic predictors of drinking to intoxication , crack use , and marijuana use in a probability sample of 402 women living in temporary shelter setting s in Los Angeles County with a simple majority of homeless residents ( 92 % of these women had a history of homelessness ) . Engaging in sexual risk behavior and having depressive symptoms were risk factors for more frequent intoxication , marijuana use , and crack use . Drinking to intoxication was additionally predicted by perceived HIV susceptibility , lower social support , more avoidant and less active coping , and lower self-esteem . Additional predictors of marijuana use included partner alcohol misuse and less social support , whereas more frequent crack use was additionally predicted by partner alcohol misuse , lack of economic re sources , and more avoidant and less active coping . These findings suggest that effective substance use programs may need an integrative approach that addresses other types of risk behaviors , assists women in strengthening their support networks and learning effective coping skills , and provides access to basic services ( e.g. , housing , health care ) . For women in relationships , there may be a further need to address issues of partner substance use Abstract The purpose of the present study was to obtain preliminary data on the effectiveness of a faith-based treatment adjunct for cocaine-using homeless mothers in residential treatment . The Bridges intervention utilizes various Black church communities to provide culturally-relevant group activities and individual mentoring from volunteers . Eighteen women who were recent treatment admissions were r and omly assigned to receive St and ard Treatment plus Bridges or St and ard Treatment with an Attention Control . Participants were assessed at intake and three and six months after intake . Bridges treatment result ed in significantly better treatment retention ( 75 % vs. 20 % at six months ) than st and ard residential treatment alone . In addition , Bridges produced superior outcomes at the six month followup assessment on a secondary measure of cocaine abstinence . Creating a community of social support through Black churches appears feasible and promising , and may be a cost-effective means of providing longer-term post-treatment support for cocaine-addicted women 
    Output:
    
The aspects of the effective interventions could form the basis of community nursing programmes for our communities .