***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The clinical question at issue , whether it is possible to combine implants and natural teeth via fixed bridges , is of current interest . The treatment of the subjects of this prospect i ve study was performed between June 1984 and December 1986 . This article presents the 5-year results of the study . The consecutive patient material comprised 23 patients with Applegate Kennedy Class I residual dentition in the m and ible and a complete maxillary denture . All 23 patients were provided with implants ad modum Brånemark  in each m and ibular quadrant . One side was r and omized to rehabilitation with fixed bridge between the distal tooth of the residual dentition and an implant ; the other side received a free-st and ang bridge on 2 implants . The fixture survival rate was 88 % . No difference was found between the two sides . Bridge stability was 89 % for the implant bridges and 91 % for the combination bridges . The change in marginal bone level at the implants  was small during the 5-year follow up period ( on average 0.1 - 0.3 mm ) and with no difference between the two sides . In conclusion , it was not possible to demonstrate any higher risk of implant or prosthetic failure for tooth-implant fixed bridges compared with implant-supported bridges This study conducted a longitudinal prospect i ve clinical study of the single-crystal sapphire ( Al2O3 ) cylindrical screw-shaped endosteal dental implant , and attempted to establish clinical parameters to evaluate implant success or failure . Twenty-eight m and ibular implants ( 17 patients ) were placed . After six weeks ' healing , 23 implants in 15 patients served as distal abutments for fixed prostheses ( baseline ) . Implants were evaluated for bleeding index , crevicular fluid volume index , plaque accumulation index , radiographic index , mobility index , and patient comfort . Any implant failing in three of these criteria or implants removed were judged as failures . After 10 years , of the 21 baseline implants recalled ( two implants were lost to recall ) , 17 were fully functional , for an 81 % success rate . The use of qualitative and quantitative clinical evaluation parameters as utilized in this study appears to be important and useful in assessment s of the clinical serviceability of dental implants . These parameters can be used in human clinical trials as well as in experimental animal studies PURPOSE The use of implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients is increasing . However , the possibilities of placing implants in the posterior part of the m and ible are often limited . The purpose of this longitudinal study with 10 years of follow-up was to evaluate the use of short implants supporting fixed partial dentures ( FPD ) in the posterior part of the m and ible , and to compare implant supported FPDs to tooth-implant supported FPDs . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The patient material comprised 23 patients with residual m and ibular anterior teeth , and each patient received FPDs unilaterally . On one side the FPD was supported by two implants , and on the other side by one implant and one tooth , thus permitting intraindividual comparison . The distribution of the two types of FPDs in each jaw was r and omized . Implant success rates , marginal bone changes , and mechanical complications were studied . RESULTS The tooth-implant connection did not demonstrate any negative influences on the overall success rates for the 10-year period , nor were the shorter implants found to be less favorable . CONCLUSION It is suggested that a prosthetic construction supported by both a tooth and an implant may be recommended as a predictable and reliable treatment alternative in the posterior m and ible OBJECTIVES To assess prospect ively over 10 years the incidences of technical and /or biological complications and failures occurring in a cohort of consecutive partially edentulous patients with fixed reconstructions on implants of the ITI Dental Implant System . METHODS Eighty-nine patients were available , 34 ( 38.2 % ) were male , 55 ( 61.8 % ) were female . At the 10-year examination ( range 8 - 12 years ) , they were 58.9 years old ( range 28 - 88 years ) . RESULTS Single crowns ( SC ) : 48 patients had been restored with 69 SC on 69 implants . Five of the implants with the crowns were lost because of biological failures . Two crowns ( 2.9 % ) were remade because of technical failures . Total failure amounted to seven ( 10 % ) . Implant borne fixed partial dentures ( I-I FPD ) : In 29 patients who had been restored with 33 implant borne suprastructures , the total number of failed I-I FPD was 2 ( 6.1 % ) . Tooth-implant borne fixed partial dentures ( I-T FPD ) : In 21 patients , 22 mixed tooth-implant borne reconstructions were constructed . The number of failed FPD reached 7 ( 31.8 % ) . Statistically significantly fewer biological failures occurred with I-I FPD compared with the I-T FPDs ( ANOVA , Bonferroni , P=0.022 ) . The I-T FPDs experienced statistically significantly more frequent technical failures compared with the other two groups of suprastructures ( P=0.003 , 0.031 ) . Consequences of complications : The occurrence of loss of retention as a complication increased the odds ratio ( OR ) to 17.6 ( P<0.001 ) to end up in a technical failure . Similarly , the event of a porcelain fracture increased the OR for the suprastructure to be a failure at 10 years to 11.0 ( P < or = 0.004 ) . Treatment of periimplantitis increased the OR to 5.44 ( P < or = 0.011 ) to result in a biological failure compared with implants in which this type of treatment was not applied . CONCLUSION The three groups of suprastructures demonstrated marked differences in their patterns of failures and complications . Complications increased the risk for failure . Support by CRF , University of Berne , Switzerl and PURPOSE This long-term follow-up study aim ed to compare the outcome of fixed prostheses supported by teeth and implants  and by  freest and ing implants only . MATERIAL S AND METHODS From prosthesis insertion up to 14 years ( mean 6.5 y ) , 18 patients were followed .  Implant-supported prostheses with and without tooth connection were compared within the same jaw . The tooth-implant prostheses were supported by 30 implants and 30 teeth , and the freest and ing prostheses were supported by 48 implants .  Implant outcome , marginal bone stability , and mechanical complications were recorded . RESULTS Neither implant mobility nor fractures of any component of the implants  were observed . No prosthesis complications were observed , and the same applied for crown cement failure and intrusion of teeth . Only one periapical lesion was detected at the first follow up . The annual change of the marginal bone level around connected and freest and ing implants did not differ significantly . The mean marginal bone loss ( over the 2 groups ) for the first 6 months amounted to 1.08 mm . After the first 6 months , an annual marginal bone loss of 0.015 mm was observed . There was no difference between the 3 connection types ( single implant connected to single tooth , multiple implants and /or multiple teeth connected with single connector , and multiple connectors ) for the first 6 months or thereafter . The marginal bone loss ( over the 3 groups ) for the first 6 months was 1.15 mm . After the first 6 months , the annual bone loss ( over the 3 groups ) amounted to 0.015 mm . CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study , splinting teeth with implants for implant-supported fixed prostheses did not affect the long-term outcome in comparison to freest and ing implants In 123 patients , 339 implants were connected to 313 teeth by means of fixed partial prostheses  ( test ) and followed up for 1.5 - 15 years ( mean : 6.5 ) . In another ad r and om selected 123 patients , 329 implants were connected to each other by means of 123 freest and ing fixed partial prostheses  ( control ) and were followed up for 1.3 - 14.5 years ( mean : 6.2 ) . The aim of this study was to compare both treatment modalities with each other based on implant , tooth and prosthesis complications . The cumulative implant success , based on implant immobility and /or lack of implant fractures after loading , in the test and control groups amounted to 95 % and 98.5 % , respectively . Although in the test group 10 implants versus only 1 in the control group failed , a regression analysis of the survival data , based on the cox proportional hazards model , revealed no significant difference . In the test group periapical lesions ( 3.5 % ) , tooth fracture ( 0.6 % ) and tooth extraction due to fatal decay or periodontitis ( 1 % ) were observed , besides tooth intrusion ( 3.4 % ) and crown cement failure ( 8 % ) . Framework fracture occurred in 3 patients . In the control group , only 2 abutment screws fractured . The treatment of partial edentulism  by means of oral implants  was beneficial for our patients . Because of a clear tendency of more implant failures ( mobility or fractures ) and tooth complications in the tooth-implant connected prostheses , the freest and ing solution is the primary option to be considered . To avoid intrusion of abutment teeth , the connection , if made , should be completely rigid Intramobile cylinder ( IMZ ) implants with either of two coatings , hydroxyapatite ( HA ) or titanium plasma-flame ( TPF ) , as distal abutments for combined tooth implant-supported restorations  , were compared in 313 partially edentulous m and ibles with respect to postprosthetical failure patterns and complication frequencies in a r and omized multicenter clinical trial . Within the treatment protocol s , the two coatings do not show evidence of different efficacy with respect to occurrence of postprosthetical integration deficiency ( ID ) or functional deficiency ( FD ) . Statistical equivalence for an absolute effect of + /-15 % in event-free survival could only be demonstrated for FD , not for ID , however . Intent-to-treat and per- protocol population analyses gave consistent results . Hazards of occurrence of ID and FD , adjusted for years of follow-up , were estimated for ID as 7 % per year ( 95%CI 4 - 10 % per year ) with HA and 5 % per year ( 95%CI 3 - 7 % per year ) with TPF , and for FD as 5 % per year ( 95%CI 3 - 7 % per year ) with HA and 4 % per year ( 95%CI 2 - 6 % per year ) with TPF . The 5-year cumulative success rates for no ID were 69.5 % ( 95%CI 58 - 81 % ) with HA and 82.2 % ( 95%CI 74 - 91 % ) with TPF . With respect to frequencies of complications , there was no relevant statistically significant difference between the two coatings 49 patients participated in a prospect i ve study of treatment of total or partial edentulism with fixed prosthodontics supported by Bioceram sapphire implants .  15 patients were treated for maxillary or m and ibular edentulism , and 7 for a missing maxillary anterior tooth . The remaining 27 patients , with Applegate-Kennedy Class I-IV residual dentitions , were treated with fixed bridges supported by free-st and ing implants , or bridges supported by teeth and implants .  Implant success , prosthesis stability , radiographic marginal bone level as well as parameters for peri-implant health were evaluated . The study began in 1982 , and clinical treatment of the last patients was completed in 1988 , i.e. , a follow-up period ranging from 7 to 13 years . Of the patients treated for total m and ibular edentulism , one implant fractured after 6 years in situ . The bone implant score ( BIS ) values for those implants were at the time for the bridge cementation 63.5 + /- 1.4 and at 1 , 2 , 3 and 5 year follow-ups 62.1 + /- 1.4 , 61.9 + /- 1.5 , 61.5 + /- 1.6 , and 60.95 + /- 1.3 , respectively . The success rate was 100 % , 100 % and 97.7 % for the m and ible at 3 , 5 and 10 years , respectively . Of the 7 edentulous patients treated with maxillary fixed bridges , 6 implants in 1 patient had to be removed after 1 year in service . Another 2 patients lost all their implants , 6 each , after 36 months . 6 implants in the 4th patient did not fulfil the criteria for success and were rated as failures at the four year follow-up . The success rate was thus 58.1 % , 44.2 % and 44.2 % for the maxilla at 3 , 5 and 10 year follow-ups , respectively . Of the 7 patients in whom single missing teeth were replaced , 1 implant in the premolar region was lost during the 1st year post-operatively , but no other complications or changes in BIS were observed . Of the 27 patients treated for partial edentulism ( 56 implants total ) 1 implant , of a 4-unit free st and ing maxillary bridge fractured after 6 years and was later replaced . There were no statistically significant differences in BIS changes for the implants when used as abutments for partial maxillary or m and ibular edentulism . The cumulative success rates for the impl 
    Output:
    
Despite a high survival of FPDs , biological and technical complications are frequent .
This , in turn , means that substantial amounts of chair time have to be accepted by the clinician following the incorporation of implant-supported FPDs .