***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Mood disorders in pregnancy and post-partum period are common and considered as a public health issue . Research ers have studied the relationship between low serum vitamin D concentration and perinatal depression , although no clinical trial has been conducted on vitamin D ’s effects on depression related to childbirth . This study evaluated the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on perinatal depression scores . Methods This r and omized clinical trial was done in pregnant women who were under prenatal care in a teaching hospital in Shiraz , Iran . The inclusion criteria were : being 18 years or older , no history of mental illness and internal diseases , a singleton live fetus , without any pregnancy complications , gestational age of 26–28 weeks upon enrollment , and depression score of 0 to 13 . The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale was used to evaluate depression scores . A total of 169 participants were assigned to the two groups of placebo and vitamin D through block r and omization design . Vitamin D group received 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily from 26 to 28 weeks of gestation until childbirth . Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured at baseline and childbirth . Besides , depression scores were evaluated four times : at 26–28 and 38–40 weeks of gestation , and finally at 4 and 8 weeks after birth . Results The two groups were similar in relation to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations . However , at childbirth , the vitamin D group had significantly higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in comparison to the control group ( p < 0.001 ) . At baseline , no correlation was observed between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and depression score ( r = 0.13 , p = 0.09 ) . There was no significant difference between the two study groups in relation to the baseline depression score . While , the vitamin D group had greater reduction in depression scores than the control group at 38–40 weeks of gestation ( p = 0.01 ) also , at 4 and 8 weeks after birth ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions The present trial showed that consuming 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily during late pregnancy was effective in decreasing perinatal depression levels . We suggest further clinical trial in pregnant mothers who are at risk for postnatal depression . Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials I RCT 2015020310327N11 . Date of registration : March 9th 2015 Only one epidemiologic study has investigated the association between dairy product intake during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms . Epidemiologic evidence on the relationships between calcium and vitamin D intake during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms is also lacking . The present prospect i ve study examined these issues in Japan . Study subjects were 1319 women . During pregnancy , dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history question naire in the baseline survey .  Postpartum depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of 9 or higher between 3 and 4 months postpartum . Adjustment was made for age , gestation at baseline , region of residence , number of children , family structure , history of depression , family history of depression , job type , education , body mass index , having smoked during pregnancy , cesarean delivery , baby 's sex , baby 's birth weight , and total energy intake . After adjustment for the confounding factors , compared with milk intake in the lowest quartile , intake levels in the second and fourth quartiles were independently associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depressive symptoms , although the inverse exposure-response relationship was not significant : the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.51 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.28 - 0.93 ; P for trend = .12 ) . No material relationships were observed between intake of total dairy products , yogurt , cheese , calcium , or vitamin D and the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms . The present prospect i ve cohort study in Japan suggests that higher milk intake during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depressive symptoms Background Vitamin D insufficiency may be associated with  depressive symptoms in non-pregnant adults . We performed this study to evaluate whether low maternal vitamin D levels are associated with depressive symptoms in pregnancy . Methods This study was a secondary analysis of a r and omized trial design ed to assess whether prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation would prevent depressive symptoms . Pregnant women from Michigan who were at risk for depression based on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Score or history of depression were enrolled . Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at 12–20 weeks , 26–28 weeks , 34–36 weeks , and 6–8 weeks postpartum .  Vitamin D levels were measured at 12–20 weeks ( N = 117 ) and 34–36 weeks ( N = 112 ) . Complete data sets were available on 105 subjects . Using regression analyses , we evaluated the relationship between vitamin D levels with BDI scores as well as with MINI diagnoses of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder . Our primary outcome measure was the association of maternal vitamin D levels with BDI scores during early and late pregnancy and postpartum . Results We found that vitamin D levels at 12–20 weeks were inversely associated with BDI scores both at 12—20 and at 34–36 weeks ’ gestation ( P < 0.05 , both ) . For every one unit increase in vitamin D in early pregnancy , the average decrease in the mean BDI score was .14 units . Vitamin D levels were not associated with diagnoses of major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder . Conclusions In women at risk for depression , early pregnancy low vitamin D levels are associated with higher depressive symptom scores in early and late pregnancy . Future investigations should study whether vitamin D supplementation in early pregnancy may prevent perinatal depressive symptoms . Trial registration https:// clinical trials.gov/ Registration Number : OBJECTIVE  Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes . Maternal nutritional status may be a modifiable risk factor for antenatal depression . We evaluated the association between patterns in mid-pregnancy nutritional biomarkers and MDD . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA . SUBJECTS Women who enrolled at ≤20 weeks ' gestation and had a diagnosis of MDD made with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition ) at 20- , 30- and 36-week study visits . A total of 135 women contributed 345 person-visits .  Non-fasting blood drawn at enrolment was assayed for red cell essential fatty acids , plasma folate , homocysteine and ascorbic acid ; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D , retinol , vitamin E , carotenoids , ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors . Nutritional biomarkers were entered into principal components analysis . RESULTS Three factors emerged : Factor 1 , Essential Fatty Acids ; Factor 2 , Micronutrients ; and Factor 3 , Carotenoids . MDD was prevalent in 21·5 % of women . In longitudinal multivariable logistic models , there was no association between the Essential Fatty Acids or Micronutrients pattern and MDD either before or after adjustment for employment , education or pre-pregnancy BMI . In unadjusted analysis , women with factor scores for Carotenoids in the middle and upper tertiles were 60 % less likely than women in the bottom tertile to have MDD during pregnancy , but after adjustment for confounders the associations were no longer statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS While meaningful patterns were derived using nutritional biomarkers , significant associations with MDD were not observed in multivariable adjusted analyses . Larger , more diverse sample s are needed to underst and nutrition-depression relationships during pregnancy Vitamin D has been recently implicated in brain function . Our objective was to test whether genetic variance in the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) gene is associated with cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms in old age . The study was carried out in the prospect i ve population -based Leiden 85-plus Study . All 563 participants of the study were genotyped for Cdx-2 , FokI , BsmI , ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms in the VDR gene . Our data revealed an overall worse performance on tests measuring cognitive functioning for carriers of BsmI ( p=0.013 ) and TaqI ( p=0.004 ) polymorphisms , and of haplotype 2 ( BAt ) ( p=0.004 ) . In contrast , carriers of ApaI variant-allele and of haplotype 1 ( baT ) had better cognitive functioning together with less depressive symptoms . These associations could not be explained by differences in calcium levels , and by selective survival , since no associations between the VDR gene variants and calcium levels and mortality were observed . In conclusion , our results show that genetic variance in the VDR gene influences the susceptibility to age-related changes in cognitive functioning and in depressive symptoms Pregnancy is a time of vulnerability for vitamin D insufficiency , and there is an emerging literature associating low levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D with depressive symptoms . However , the link between 25(OH)-vitamin D status in pregnancy and altered risk of postnatal depressive symptoms has not been examined . We hypothesise that low levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D in maternal serum during pregnancy will be associated with a higher incidence of postpartum depressive symptoms . We prospect ively collected sera at 18 weeks gestation from 796 pregnant women in Perth ( 1989–1992 ) who were enrolled in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort ( Raine ) Study and measured levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D.  Women reported postnatal depressive symptoms at 3 days post-delivery . Women in the lowest quartile for 25(OH)-vitamin D status were more likely to report a higher level of postnatal depression symptoms than women who were in the highest quartile for vitamin D , even after accounting for a range of confounding variables including season of birth , body mass index and sociodemographic factors . Low vitamin D during pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of postpartum depression symptoms Objective To examine low maternal vitamin D  status as a potential risk factor for high levels of depressive symptoms in a pregnant population . Methods In the Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development cohort , maternal serum vitamin D  ( n = 4236 ) was measured during early pregnancy ( median , 13 weeks ) and labeled “ deficient ” ( ⩽29.9 nM ) , “ insufficient ” ( 30–49.9 nM ) , “ sufficient ” ( 50–79.9 nM ) , and “ normal ” ( ≥80 nM ) . Maternal depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at 16-week gestation . The association of vitamin D status with high levels of depressive symptoms ( Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression score ≥16 ) was assessed by multivariate logistic regression ( final sample , 4101 ) . Results Overall , 23 % of women had vitamin D deficiency , and 21 % of women had vitamin D insufficiency . Women with high levels of depressive symptoms ( 28 % ) had lower vitamin D concentrations than women with low levels of depressive symptoms ( p < .001 ) . After adjustment for constitutional factors , life-style and psychosocial covariates , and sociodemographic factors , vitamin D deficiency ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 1.48 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.13–1.95 ) and insufficiency ( OR , 1.44 ; 95 % CI , 1.12–1.85 ) were significantly associated with high levels of depressive symptoms . Additional analyses revealed a linear trend , with an OR of 1.05 ( 95 % CI , 1.02–1.08 ) for each 10-nM decrease in vitamin D status . Conclusions In this study , low early-pregnancy vitamin D status was associated with elevated depressive symptoms in pregnancy . Further research , using a r and omized controlled design , would be required to confirm the causality of this association and the potential benefits of higher vitamin D intake for psychosocial health OBJECTIVES  Postpartum depression ( PPD ) is a common disorder that affects 10 - 15 % of postpartum women , and it can have negative effects on both the mother and newborn . Recent studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D are associated with poor mood and depression . The aim of this prospect i ve study was to evaluate a possible association between PPD and serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 ( 25(OH)D3 ) , a reliable measurement of vitamin D , during mid-pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN The source population consisted of all pregnant women between 24 and 28 gestational weeks from June 2012 to October 2012 at Bornova Health Research and Application Hospital , Sifa University . In order to better evaluate a possible effect between vitamin D levels and PPD , individuals with characteristics that put them at risk for developing PPD were excluded from the study . Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were evaluated mid-pregnancy 
    Output:
    
While results of this systematic review vary , they indicate a significant association between vitamin D status and AD and PD