***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of massage on  delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) . METHODS Eighteen volunteers were r and omly assigned to either a massage or control group . DOMS was induced with six sets of eight maximal eccentric contractions of the right hamstring , which were followed 2 h later by 20 min of massage or sham massage ( control ) . Peak torque and mood were assessed at 2 , 6 , 24 , and 48 h postexercise . Range of motion ( ROM ) and intensity and unpleasantness of soreness were assessed at 6 , 24 , and 48 h postexercise . Neutrophil count was assessed at 6 and 24 h postexercise . RESULTS A two factor ANOVA ( treatment v time ) with repeated measures on the second factor showed no significant treatment differences for peak torque , ROM , neutrophils , unpleasantness of soreness , and mood ( p > 0.05 ) . The intensity of soreness , however , was significantly lower in the massage group relative to the control group at 48 h postexercise ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Massage administered 2 h after exercise induced muscle injury did not improve hamstring function but did reduce the intensity of soreness 48 h after muscle insult Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of wearing graduated compression stockings on physiological and perceptual variables during and after intermittent ( Experiment 1 ) and continuous ( Experiment 2 ) running exercise . Fourteen recreational runners performed two multi-stage intermittent shuttle running tests with 1 h recovery between tests ( Experiment 1 ) . A further 14 participants performed a fast-paced continuous 10-km road run ( Experiment 2 ) . Participants wore commercially available knee-length graduated compression stockings ( pressure at ankle 18 – 22 mmHg ) beneath ankle-length sports socks ( experimental trials ) or just the latter ( control trials ) in a r and omized counterbalanced design ( for both experiments ) . No performance or physiological differences were observed between conditions during intermittent shuttle running . During the 10-km trials , there was a reduction in delayed-onset muscle soreness 24 h after exercise when wearing graduated compression stockings ( P < 0.05 ) . There was a marked difference in the frequency and location of soreness : two participants in the stockings trial but 13 participants in the control trial indicated soreness in the lower legs . Wearing graduated compression stockings during a 10-km road run appears to reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise in recreationally active men The aim of this investigation was to eluci date the efficacy of repeated cold water immersions ( CWI ) in the recovery of  exercise induced muscle damage . A r and omised group consisting of eighteen males , mean ± s age , height and body mass were 24 ± 5 years , 1.82 ± 0.06 m and 85.7 ± 16.6 kg respectively , completed a bout of 100 drop jumps . Following the bout of damaging exercise , participants were r and omly but equally assigned to either a 12 min CWI ( 15 ± 1 ° C ; n = 9 ) group who experienced immersions immediately post-exercise and every 24 h thereafter for the following 3 days , or a control group ( no treatment ; n = 9 ) . Maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) of the knee extensors , creatine kinase activity ( CK ) , muscle soreness ( DOMS ) , range of motion ( ROM ) and limb girth were measured pre-exercise and then for the following 96 h at 24 h increments . In addition MVC was also recorded immediately post-exercise . Significant time effects were seen for MVC , CK , DOMS and limb girth ( p < 0.05 ) indicating muscle damage was evident , however there was no group effect or interaction observed showing that CWI did not attenuate any of the dependent variables ( p > 0.05 ) . These results suggest that repeated CWI do not enhance recovery from a bout of damaging eccentric contractions . Key pointsCryotherapy , particularly cold water immersions are one of the most common interventions used in order to enhance recovery post-exercise . There is little empirical evidence demonstrating benefits from cold water immersions . Research evidence is equivocal , probably due to method ological inconsistencies . Our results show that the cryotherapy administered did not attenuate any markers of EIMD or enhance the recovery of function . We conclude that repeated cold water immersions are ineffective in the recovery from heavy plyometric exercise and suggest athletes and coaches should use caution before using this intervention as a recovery strategy PURPOSE Venous hemodynamics evaluated during walking better reflect changes that occur under active physiologic conditions than do conventional static modes of exercise such as tip-toe exercise , knee bending , or dorsiflexion . We prospect ively studied the efficacy of  air-plethysmography ( APG ) in monitoring venous hemodynamics during ambulation , and with this method we determined the hemodynamic effects of graduated elastic compression stockings on the lower limb during walking at various speeds . METHODS The residual volume fraction ( RVF% ) during treadmill walking was monitored with APG in 10 limbs with primary chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)(CEAP(2 - 4 ) ) at four speeds ( 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 and 2.5 km/h consecutively ) , with and without elastic compression ( 21 mm Hg at the ankle ) . The method was vali date d in comparison with st and ard APG , which is based on tip-toe exercise . RVF obtained during treadmill walking at 1.5 km/h was correlated with RVF measured with st and ard APG in 30 subjects : 12 healthy volunteers , 11 patients with primary CVI , and 7 postthrombotic limbs . Data were analyzed with nonparametric statistics . RESULTS RVF measurements during walking were reproduced with an intra-day coefficient of variation of 5.1 % to 16.5 % . RVF during walking correlated well with RVF during st and ard APG ( tip-toe ) ( r = 0.5 , P = .004 ) . At each of the investigated walking speeds , stockings improved venous hemodynamics by decreasing RVF , from a median of 50.5 % without stockings to 40.5 % with stockings at 1.0 km/h ( 19.8 % decrease ) , from 49 % to 39.5 % at 1.5 km/h ( 19.4 % decrease ) , from 50.5 % to 41 % at 2.0 km/h ( 18.8 % decrease ) , and from 53 % to 45.5 % at 2.5 km/h ( 14.2 % decrease ) ( all speeds , P < .02 ) . Efficacy of the  stockings  in decreasing RVF ( percent change in RVF ) was similar across the spectrum of examined speeds ( P = .47 ) . During walking with elastic stockings , nominal RVF values were also similar across the spectrum of walking speeds , except at 2.5 km/h ( P = .012 ) . During walking without stockings , RVF did not change with treadmill speed , nor did it differ from that obtained with conventional APG ( tip-toe ) ( P = .46 ) . The percentage decrease in RVF generated with elastic stockings correlated with the venous filling index ( r = 0.73 , P = .017 ) at 1.0 km/h . CONCLUSIONS APG is a reproducible and valid method for monitoring venous hemodynamics during walking . Graduated elastic compression stockings significantly improved venous hemodynamics by reducing RVF in limbs with primary CVI at all examined walking speeds ( 1.0 to 2.5 km/h ) . The effect was linearly correlated with the amount of reflux ( 1.0 km/h ) . The modified application of APG during walking offers a new noninvasive method for assessment of venous hemodynamics in limbs with CVI , enabling quantification of the actual effect of elastic compression therapy during ambulation PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether compression garments improve intermittent-sprint performance and aid performance or self-reported recovery from high-intensity efforts on consecutive days . METHODS Following familiarization , 14 male rugby players performed two r and omized testing conditions ( with or without garments )  involving consecutive days of a  simulated team sport exercise protocol , separated by 24 h of recovery within each condition and 2 weeks between conditions . Each day involved an 80-min high-intensity exercise circuit , with exercise performance determined by repeated 20-m sprints and peak power on a cart dynamometer ( single-man scrum machine ) . Measures of nude mass , heart rate , skin and tympanic temperature , and blood lactate ( La- ) were recorded throughout each day ; also , creatine kinase ( CK ) and muscle soreness were recorded each day and 48 h following exercise . RESULTS No differences ( P=.20 to 0.40 ) were present between conditions on either day of the exercise protocol for repeated 20-m sprint efforts or peak power on a cart dynamometer . Heart rate , tympanic temperature , and body mass did not significantly differ between conditions ; however , skin temperature was higher under the compression garments . Although no differences ( P=.50 ) in La- or CK were present , participants felt reduced levels of perceived muscle soreness in the ensuing 48 h postexercise when wearing the garments ( 2.5+/-1.7 vs 3.5+/-2.1 for garment and control ; P=.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of compression garments did not improve or hamper simulated team-sport activity on consecutive days . Despite benefits of reduced self-reported muscle soreness when wearing garments during and following exercise each day , no improvements in performance or recovery were apparent Objective : To compare the effects of three types of full-body compression garments ( Skins , Adidas and Under Armour ) on repeat-sprint and throwing performance in cricket players . Methods : Following familiarisation , 10 male cricket players performed four r and omised exercise sessions  ( 3 garments and a control ) . Each session involved a 30 min repeat-sprint exercise protocol comprising 20 m sprints every minute , separated by submaximal exercise . Throwing tests included a pre-exercise and a postexercise maximal distance test and accuracy throwing tests . During each session , measures of heart rate , skin temperature , change in body mass , rate of perceived exertion and perceived muscle soreness were recorded . Capillary blood sample s were analysed before and after exercise for lactate , pH , O2 saturation and O2 partial pressure , and 24 h after exercise for creatine kinase ( CK ) . Ratings of perceived muscle soreness were also obtained 24 h after exercise . Results : No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were evident in repeat-sprint performance ( 10 m , 20 m time or total submaximal distance covered ) or throwing performance ( maximum distance or accuracy ) . No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were observed in heart rate , body mass change or blood measures during exercise . Significant differences ( p<0.05 ) were observed by way of higher mean skin temperature , lower 24 h postexercise CK values and lower 24 h postexercise ratings of muscle soreness when wearing compression garments . Analysis between respective br and s of compression garments revealed no statistical differences ( p>0.05 ) . Conclusions : No benefit was noted when wearing compression garments for repeat-sprint or throwing performance ; however , the use of the garments as a recovery tool , when worn after exercise , may be beneficial to reduce postexercise trauma and perceived muscle soreness PURPOSE This study was conducted to determine if 6 wk of supplementation with vitamins E and C could alleviate exercise-induced muscle damage . We studied 22 runners during a 50-km ultramarathon . METHODS Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : ( a ) placebos ( PL ) or ( b ) antioxidants ( AO ) ( 1000 mg vitamin C and 300 mg RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate ) . Blood sample s were obtained before supplementation ( baseline ) , 24 h pre- , 12 h pre- , and 1 h prerace ; midrace , postrace , 2 h postrace , and for 6 d postrace . Plasma alpha-tocopherol ( alpha-TOH ) , ascorbic acid ( AA ) , and muscle damage markers ( creatine kinase ( CK ) and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) ) , as well as maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) of the hamstring and quadriceps were assessed . RESULTS With supplementation , plasma alpha-TOH and AA increased in the AO but not the PL group . LDH and CK increased in response to the race ; LDH peaked at postrace and CK reached maximal values 2 h and 1 d postrace ; neither was affected by treatment . Adjusting for between-subject differences in baseline CK values revealed that men had higher levels of CK than did women throughout the study . Correcting CK values for lean body mass ( kg ) eliminated sex differences , but not changes over time . CK was significantly correlated ( R = 0.52 , P < 0.0001 ) with C-reactive protein , an acute phase response marker . MVC decreased 14 - 26 % in all groups in response to the run . Eccentric hamstring ( EH ) torque and concentric quadriceps ( CQ ) power exhibited the largest deficits , 26 and 24 % , respectively , with no effect of treatment . CQ recovered at a faster rate in women than in men . CONCLUSION Antioxidants appeared to have no effect on exercise-induced increases in muscle damage or recovery , but important sex differences were observed BACKGROUND The true frequency of deep-vein thrombosis ( DVT ) during long- 
    Output:
    
These results indicate that compression garments are effective in enhancing recovery from muscle damage