***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate effectiveness of the Adolescent Coping With Depression ( CWD-A ) course , a cognitive-behavioral group intervention for depressed adolescents with comorbid conduct disorder . METHOD Between 1998 and 2001 , 93 nonincarcerated adolescents ( ages 13 - 17 years ) meeting criteria for major depressive disorder and conduct disorder were recruited from a county juvenile justice department and r and omly assigned to the CWD-A or a life skills/tutoring control condition . Participants were assessed post-treatment and at 6- and 12-month follow-up . Dichotomous outcomes were analyzed with logistic regression ; dimensional measures were analyzed using r and om effects regression . RESULTS Major depressive disorder recovery rates post-treatment were greater in CWD-A ( 39 % ) compared with life skills/tutoring control ( 19 % ) ( odds ratio 2.66 , 95 % confidence interval = 1.03 - 6.85 ) . CWD-A participants reported greater reductions in Beck Depression Inventory-II ( r2 = 0.055 , p = .033 ) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( r2 = 0.047 , p = .039 ) scores and improved social functioning ( r2 = 0.064 , p = .019 ) post-treatment . Group differences in major depressive disorder recovery rates at 6- and 12-month follow-up were nonsignificant , as were differences in conduct disorder both post-treatment and during follow-up . CONCLUSIONS This is the first r and omized , controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention with adolescents with major depressive disorder and conduct disorder . Although the CWD-A appears to be an effective acute treatment for depression in adolescents with multiple disorders , findings emphasize the need to improve long-term outcomes for depressed adolescents with psychiatric comorbidity and imply that interventions for comorbid population s focus directly on each specific disorder AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the intervention effects of intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents with suicidal risk ( IPT-A-IN ) by comparison with treatment as usual ( TAU ) at schools . METHODS A total of 347 students from one-fifth of the classes of a high school in southern Taiwan completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II , the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation , the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Hopelessness Scale for screening for suicidal risk . Of them , 73 depressed students who had suicidal risk on screening were r and omly assigned to the IPT-A-IN or TAU group . Analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) was performed to examine the effect of IPT-A-IN on reducing the severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness . RESULTS Using the pre-intervention scores as covariates , the IPT-A-IN group had lower post-intervention severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness than the TAU group . CONCLUSION Intensive school-based IPT-A-IN is effective in reducing the severity of depression , suicidal ideation , anxiety and hopelessness in depressed adolescents with suicidal risk The efficacy of Structured Learning Therapy ( SLT ) in treating adolescent depression  was evaluated . SLT treatment focuses on developing social competencies , self-evaluation skills , and appropriate affective expression . Eighteen adolescents , aged 14 - 19 years , prescreened for depression were r and omly assigned to the SLT treatment or control group . All subjects participated in six biweekly 60-minute sessions . Pre- , post , and follow-up assessment s on depression , self-esteem , and personality measures were conducted . Results suggest that SLT reliably reduced depression in males ( p < .05 ) and maintained their improved level of functioning ( p < .02 ) . Female treatment subjects did not improve significantly . Results suggest differential effectiveness of treatment across gender OBJECTIVE To design a treatment manual and adherence measure for attachment-based family therapy ( ABFT ) for adolescent depression and to collect pilot data on the treatment 's efficacy . METHOD Over a period of 2 years , 32 adolescents meeting criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) were r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of ABFT or a 6-week , minimal-contact , waitlist control group . The sample was 78 % female and 69 % African American ; 69 % were from low-income , inner-city communities . RESULTS At post-treatment , 81 % of the patients treated with ABFT no longer met criteria for MDD , in contrast with 47 % of patients in the waitlist group . Mixed factorial analyses of variance revealed that , compared with the waitlist group , patients treated with ABFT showed a significantly greater reduction in both depressive and anxiety symptoms and family conflict . Of the 15 treated cases assessed at the follow-up , 13 patients ( 87 % ) continued to not meet criteria for MDD 6 months after treatment ended . CONCLUSIONS ABFT appears to be a promising treatment and worthy of further development BACKGROUND Although considered clinical ly effective , there is little systematic research confirming the use of Individual Psychodynamic Psychotherapy or Family Therapy as treatments for depression in children and young adolescents . AIMS A clinical trial assessed the effectiveness of these two forms of psychotherapy in treating moderate and severe depression in this age group . METHODS A r and omised control trial was conducted with 72 patients aged 9 - 15 years allocated to one of two treatment groups . RESULTS Significant reductions in disorder rates were seen for both Individual Therapy and Family Therapy . A total of 74.3 % of cases were no longer clinical ly depressed following Individual Therapy and 75.7 % of cases were no longer clinical ly depressed following Family Therapy . This included cases of Dysthymia and " Double Depression " ( co-existing Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia ) . There was also an overall reduction in co-morbid conditions across the study . The changes in both treatment groups were persistent and there was ongoing improvement . At follow up six months after treatment had ended , 100 % of cases in the Individual Therapy group , and 81 % of cases in the Family Therapy group were no longer clinical ly depressed . CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence supporting the use of focused forms of both Individual Psychodynamic Therapy and Family Therapy for moderate to severe depression in children and young adolescents OBJECTIVE Aspects of depressed adolescents ' perceived interpersonal functioning were examined as moderators of response to treatment among adolescents  treated with interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents ( IPT-A ; Mufson , Dorta , Moreau , & Weissman , 2004 ) or treatment as usual ( TAU ) in school-based health clinics . METHOD Sixty-three adolescents ( 12 - 18 years of age ) participated in a clinical trial examining the effectiveness of IPT-A ( Mufson , Dorta , Wickramaratne , et al. , 2004 ) . The sample was 84.1 % female and 15.9 % male ( mean age = 14.67 years ) . Adolescents were 74.6 % Latino , 14.3 % African American , 1.6 % Asian American , and 9.5 % other . They came primarily from low-income families . Adolescents were r and omly assigned to receive IPT-A or TAU delivered by school-based mental health clinicians . Assessment s , completed at baseline and at Weeks 4 , 8 , and 12 ( or at early termination ) , included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( Hamilton , 1967 ) , the Conflict Behavior Question naire ( Robin & Foster , 1989 ) , and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report ( Weissman & Bothwell , 1976 ) . RESULTS Multilevel modeling indicated that treatment condition interacted with adolescents ' baseline reports of conflict with their mothers and social dysfunction with friends to predict the trajectory of adolescents ' depressive symptoms over the course of treatment , controlling for baseline levels of depression . The benefits of IPT-A over TAU were particularly strong for the adolescents who reported high levels of conflict with their mothers and social dysfunction with friends . CONCLUSIONS Replication with larger sample s would suggest that IPT-A may be particularly helpful for depressed adolescents who are reporting high levels of conflict with their mothers or interpersonal difficulties with friends Nine-month outcome data of a r and omized controlled out-patient trial of cognitive-behavioural treatment ( CBT ) for children and adolescents with depression are presented . CBT was compared with a non-focussed intervention ( NFI ) in 56 subjects . At 9 months after thr termination of the trial , 21 children ( 37.5 % ) fulfilled criteria for a psychiatric disorder ( DSM-III-R ) , out of whom 15 ( 26.8 % ) had a depressive illness . However , 25 subjects ( 45 % ) reported depressive symptoms of significant severity to suggest a depressive episode during the previous 9-month period . Both treatment groups maintained a significant improvement on all psychosocial measures since the post-treatment assessment . No significant treatment effect was established . Low self-esteem at the time of referral , predicted presence of psychiatric disorder , and child-reported scores of depressive symptoms and low self-esteem at follow-up . The research and clinical implication s for the treatment of depressive disorders in young life are discussed A controlled trial was conducted to evaluate a prevention program aim ed at reducing depressive and anxious symptoms in rural school children . Seventh- grade children with elevated depression were selected . Nine primary schools ( n = 90 ) were r and omly assigned to receive the program , and 9 control schools ( n = 99 ) received their usual health education classes .  Children completed question naires on depression , anxiety , explanatory style , and social skills . Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist ( T. M. Achenbach , 1991 ) . No intervention effects were found for depression . Intervention group children reported less anxiety than the control group after the program and at 6-month follow-up and more optimistic explanations at postintervention . Intervention group parents reported fewer child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at postintervention only BACKGROUND Previous studies in non clinical sample s have shown psychosocial treatments to be efficacious in the treatment of adolescent depression , but few psychotherapy treatment studies have been conducted in clinical ly referred , depressed adolescents . METHODS One hundred seven adolescent patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder ( MDD ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments : individual cognitive behavior therapy , systemic behavior family therapy ( SBFT ) , or individual nondirective supportive therapy ( NST ) . Treatments were 12 to 16 sessions provided in as many weeks . Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using all follow-up data . RESULTS Of the 107 patients enrolled in the study , 78 ( 72.9 % ) completed the study , 4 ( 3.7 % ) never initiated treatment , 10 ( 9.3 % ) had exclusionary criteria that were undetected at entry , 8 ( 7.5 % ) dropped out , and 7 ( 6.5 % ) were removed for clinical reasons . Cognitive behavior therapy showed a lower rate of MDD at the end of treatment compared with NST ( 17.1 % vs 42.4 % ; P = .02 ) , and result ed in a higher rate of remission ( 64.7 % , defined as absence of MDD and at least 3 consecutive Beck Depression Inventory scores < 9 ) than SBFT ( 37.9 % ; P = .03 ) or NST ( 39.4 % ; p = .04 ) . Cognitive behavior therapy result ed in more rapid relief in interviewer-rated ( vs both treatments , P = .03 ) and self-reported depression ( vs SBFT , P = .02 ) . All 3 treatments showed significant and similar reductions in suicidality and functional impairment . Parents ' views of the credibility of cognitive behavior therapy improved compared with parents ' views of both SBFT ( P = .01 ) and NST ( P = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Cognitive behavior therapy is more efficacious than SBFT or NST for adolescent MDD in clinical setting s , result ing in more rapid and complete treatment response Les auteurs ont trouve une efficacite semblable pour la therapie cognitivo-comportementale et pour la relaxation , dans le traitement de la depression chez Mixed treatment comparison ( MTC ) meta- analysis is a generalization of st and ard pairwise meta- analysis for A vs B trials , to data structures that include , for example , A vs B , B vs C , and A vs C trials . There are two roles for MTC : one is to strengthen inference concerning the relative efficacy of two treatments , by including both ' direct ' and ' indirect ' comparisons . The other is to facilitate simultaneous inference regarding all treatments , in order for example to select the best treatment . In this paper , we present a range of Bayesian hierarchical models using the Markov chain Monte Carlo software WinBUGS . These are multivariate r and om effects models that allow for variation in true treatment effects across trials . We consider models where the between-trials variance is homogeneous across treatment comparisons as well as heterogeneous variance models . We also compare models with fixed ( unconstrained ) baseline study effects with models with r and om baselines drawn from a common distribution . These models are applied to an illustrative data set and posterior parameter distributions are compared . We discuss model critique and model selection , illustrating the role of Bayesian deviance analysis , and node-based model criticism . The assumptions underlying the MTC models and their parameterization are also discussed OBJECTIVE A r and omized , 
    Output:
    
In addition , IPT and CBT were more beneficial than problem-solving therapy .
Waitlist was significantly inferior to other control conditions .
These data suggest that IPT and CBT should be considered as the best available psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents .
Waitlist may inflate the effect of psychotherapies , so that psychological placebo or treatment-as-usual may be preferable as a control condition in psychotherapy trials