***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A new guar-containing wheatflake product was developed to assess its effect on carbohydrate tolerance in normal-weight , healthy subjects . The extruded wheatflake breakfast cereals containing 0 ( control ) or approximately 90 g guar gum/kg DM were fed to ten fasting , normal-weight , healthy subjects using a repeated measures design . The meals were similar in energy ( approximately 1.8 MJ ) , available carbohydrate ( 78 g ) , protein ( 15 g ) and fat ( 5.4 g ) content . The guar gum content of the test meals was 6.3 g. Venous blood sample s were taken fasting and at 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , 120 , 150 and 240 min after commencing each breakfast and analysed for plasma glucose , insulin and C-peptide . The guar wheatflake meal produced a significant main effect for glucose and insulin at 0 - 60 min and 0 - 240 min time intervals respectively , but not for the C-peptide levels compared with the control meal . Significant reductions in postpr and ial glucose and insulin responses were seen following the guar wheatflake meal compared with the control meal at 15 and 60 min ( glucose ) and 15 , 60 , 90 and 120 min ( insulin ) . The 60 and 120 min areas under the curve for glucose and insulin were significantly reduced by the guar gum meal , as was the 240 min area under the curve for insulin . Thus , it can be concluded that the use of a severe method of heat extrusion to produce guar wheatflakes does not diminish the physiological activity of the guar gum Reliable tables of glycemic index ( GI ) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI , glycemic load , and health . The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate ( as simple or complex , as sugars or starches , or as available or unavailable ) , permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health . Several prospect i ve observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load ( GI x dietary carbohydrate content ) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and certain cancers . This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table ( first published in this Journal in 1995 ) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources , representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of st and ard methods . The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods The determine the effect of different foods on the blood glucose , 62 commonly eaten foods and sugars were fed individually to groups of 5 to 10 healthy fasting volunteers .  Blood glucose levels were measured over 2 h , and expressed as a percentage of the area under the glucose response curve when the same amount of carbohydrate was taken as glucose . The largest rises were seen with vegetables ( 70 + /- 5 % ) , followed by breakfast cereals ( 65 + /- 5 % ) , cereals and biscuits ( 60 + /- 3 % ) , fruit ( 50 + /- 5 % ) , dairy products ( 35 + /- 1 % ) , and dried legumes ( 31 + /- 3 % ) . A significant negative relationship was seen between fat ( p less than 0.01 ) and protein ( p less than 0.001 ) and postpr and ial glucose rise but not with fiber or sugar content The effectiveness of guar gum in reducing post-pr and ial blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in human subjects seems to depend mainly on its ability to increase the viscosity of digesta in the small intestine . However , the precise relationship between the rheological properties of guar gum ( either in vitro or in vivo ) and the changes in blood metabolites and hormones is unknown . The aim of the present study , therefore , was to investigate the effects of wheat breads containing guar gum sample s varying in molecular weight ( Mw ) and particle size ( characteristics that strongly influence the rheological properties of guar gum ) on post-pr and ial blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in healthy subjects . The sensory qualities of breads containing guar-gum flours of different Mw were also evaluated using a hedonic scoring technique . No significant differences in the post-pr and ial blood glucose responses were found between the control and guar breads . However , all the guar breads elicited significant ( P less than 0.05 ) decreases in the post-pr and ial rise in plasma insulin , an effect that did not appear to be influenced by large variations in Mw or particle size of guar gum . Moreover , the sensory qualities of guar bread were markedly improved by using low Mw grade s of guar gum Objective : Arabinoxylan ( AX ) consumption is associated with metabolic improvement during diabetes and with modulation of ghrelin , an orexigenic gut hormone . The effect of AX consumption on ghrelin secretion in disturbed metabolic states is unknown . Therefore , we investigated the postpr and ial responses to AX consumption of serum glucose , insulin and triglycerides and plasma total and acylated ghrelin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) . Design : R and omized , single-blind , controlled , crossover intervention trial . Subjects : Seven female and four male adults with IGT , aged 55.5 years , and body mass index ( BMI ) 30.1 kg/m2.Intervention : Subjects received either placebo or 15 g AX supplement for 6 weeks with a 6-week washout period in-between . Main outcome measurements : Postpr and ial responses of serum glucose , insulin and triglycerides , and plasma total and acylated ghrelin after a liquid meal challenge test ( LMCT ) measured at the beginning and at the end of the dietary intervention at −20 , −5 , 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , 120 , 150 , 180 , 210 and 240 min . Results : After LMCT  , AX consumption result ed in lower postpr and ial responses in serum glucose , insulin and triglycerides ( P<0.05 ) . Compared to placebo , total plasma ghrelin was also reduced by 42±8 pg/ml ( P<0.001 ) after AX consumption with no difference in plasma acylated ghrelin . Conclusion : AX consumption improved postpr and ial metabolic responses after an LMCT in subjects with IGT and reduced total ghrelin response . However , acylated ghrelin responses were unchanged , suggesting that the acylated ghrelin-mediated orexigenic regulation is not improved as only total plasma ghrelin decreased . Sponsorship : Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany ( PTJ-BIO/0313042C ) Diets with a high-fiber content have been shown to produce some beneficial effects on metabolic factors in subjects with NIDDM . However , some controversies still exist . In this report , the long-term effect of guar gum ( Guarina ) on both glycemic and blood lipid profiles was assessed in a r and omized , double-blind and cross-over study on 16 ( seven male and nine female ) subjects with NIDDM . Each subject received placebo ( P ) and Guarina ( G ) treatment for two eight-week periods separated by a four-week period to facilitate wash-out . Fasting plasma glucose levels showed significant improvement during G treatment but not during P treatment ( 151.7 + /- 7.9 vs 168.6 + /- 12.2 mg/dl , p less than 0.01 by paired Student 's t test ) . Hemoglobin Alc levels decreased significantly during G treatment but not during P treatment ( 6.9 + /- 0.2 vs 7.2 + /- 0.8 % , p less than 0.001 ) . Fasting insulin concentrations also showed significant lowering during G treatment but not during P treatment ( 18.3 + /- 2.1 vs 23.1 + /- 2.9 U/ml , p less than 0.005 ) . Other variables , including serum total cholesterol , triglyceride , HDLc , LDLc , sodium , potassium , chloride , magnesium and calcium levels showed no significant changes during G or P treatment . Ten out of the 16 patients ( 62.5 % ) suffered from side effects ; these included abdominal cramps ( one case ) , diarrhea ( seven cases ) and skin itching ( one case ) . In conclusion , guar gum effectively lowers fasting plasma glucose and HbAlc levels in subjects with NIDDM . Hyperinsulinemia could also be ameliorated . The effectiveness and side effects of guar gum treatment should be cautiously evaluated in each NIDDM subject 
    Output:
    
Percentage attenuation was significant , dose-dependent , and independent of the amount of available carbohydrate coingested .
A nonviscous palatable soluble polysaccharide can attenuate the glycemic response to carbohydrate foods .
Evidence of an effect was stronger for RMD in drinks than in foods