***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined profiles of  nonresidential father engagement  ( i.e. , support to the adolescent , contact frequency , remarriage , relocation , and interparental conflict ) with their adolescent children ( N = 156 ) 6 to 8 years following divorce and the prospect i ve relation between these profiles and the psychosocial functioning of their offspring , 9 years later . Parental divorce occurred during late childhood to early adolescence ; indicators of nonresidential father engagement were assessed during adolescence , and mental health problems and academic achievement of offspring were assessed 9 years later in young adulthood . Three profiles of father engagement were identified in our sample of mainly White , non-Hispanic divorced fathers : Moderate Involvement/Low Conflict , Low Involvement/Moderate Conflict , and High Involvement/High Conflict . Profiles differentially predicted offspring outcomes 9 years later when they were young adults , controlling for quality of the mother – adolescent relationship , mother 's remarriage , mother 's income , and gender , age , and offspring mental health problems in adolescence . Offspring of fathers characterized as Moderate Involvement/Low Conflict had the highest academic achievement and the lowest number of externalizing problems 9 years later compared to offspring whose fathers had profiles indicating either the highest or lowest levels of involvement but higher levels of conflict . Results indicate that greater paternal psychosocial support and more frequent father – adolescent contact do not outweigh the negative impact of interparental conflict on youth outcomes in the long term . Implication s of findings for policy and intervention are discussed The ability of parents to forge harmonious coparenting relationships following divorce is an important predictor of their children 's long-term well-being . However , there is no convincing evidence that this relationship can be modified through intervention . A preventive intervention that we developed , Dads for Life ( DFL ) , which targeted noncustodial parents as participants , has previously been shown in a r and omized field trial to favorably impact child well-being . We explore here whether it also has an impact on  mothers ' and fathers ' perceptions of coparenting and interparental conflict in the 2 years following divorce . Results of the latent growth curve models we evaluated showed that both mothers and fathers reported less conflict when the father participated in DFL as compared with controls . For the fathers , perceptions of coparenting did not change over time in either the DFL or control conditions . Alternatively , mothers ' perceptions of support declined over time in the control group , whereas those whose ex-husb and s participated in the DFL program reported significant positive growth change toward healthier coparenting . The positive findings for mothers ' reports are particularly compelling because mothers were not the participants , and thus common alternative explanations are ruled out . The DFL intervention , then , offers courts a promising program to improve families ' functioning after divorce BACKGROUND Influential studies have cast doubt on the validity of  retrospective reports by adults of their own adverse experiences in childhood . Accordingly , many research ers view retrospective reports with scepticism . METHOD A computer-based search , supplemented by h and search es , was used to identify studies reported between 1980 and 2001 in which there was a quantified assessment of the validity of retrospective recall of sexual abuse , physical abuse , physical/emotional neglect or family discord , using sample s of at least 40 . Validity was assessed by means of comparisons with contemporaneous , prospect ively obtained , court or clinic or research records ; by agreement between retrospective reports of two siblings ; and by the examination of possible bias with respect to differences between retrospective and prospect i ve reports in their correlates and consequences . Medium- to long-term reliability of retrospective recall  was determined from studies in which the test-retest period extended over at least 6 months . RESULTS Retrospective reports in adulthood of major adverse experiences in childhood , even when these are of a kind that allow reasonable operationalisation , involve a substantial rate of false negatives , and substantial measurement error . On the other h and , although less easily quantified , false positive reports are probably rare . Several studies have shown some bias in retrospective reports . However , such bias is not sufficiently great to invali date retrospective case-control studies of major adversities of an easily defined kind . Nevertheless , the findings suggest that little weight can be placed on the retrospective reports of details of early experiences or on reports of experiences that rely heavily onjudgement or interpretation . CONCLUSION Retrospective studies have a worthwhile place in research , but further research is needed to examine possible biases in reporting Advancing the long-term prospect i ve study of explanations for the effects of marital conflict on children 's functioning , relations were examined between interparental conflict in kindergarten , children 's emotional insecurity in the early school years , and subsequent adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems . Based on a community sample of 235 mothers , fathers , and children ( Ms=6.00 , 8.02 , 12.62years ) , and multi method and multireporter assessment s , structural equation model tests provided support for emotional insecurity in early childhood as an intervening process related to adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems , even with stringent autoregressive controls over prior levels of functioning for both mediating and outcome variables . Discussion considers implication s for underst and ing pathways between interparental conflict , emotional insecurity , and adjustment in childhood and adolescence This study investigated the ability of a theoretically driven , psychosocial prevention program implemented through childbirth education programs to enhance the coparental relationship , parental mental health , the parent-child relationship , and infant emotional and physiological regulation . A sample of 169 heterosexual , adult couples who were expecting their 1st child was r and omized to intervention and control conditions . The intervention families participated in Family Foundations , a series of 8 classes , delivered before and after birth , that was design ed as a universal prevention program ( i.e. , it was applicable to all couples , not just those at high risk ) . Intent-to-treat analyses indicated significant program effects on coparental support , maternal depression and anxiety , distress in the parent-child relationship , and several indicators of infant regulation . Intervention effects were not moderated by income , but greater positive impact of the program was found for lower educated parents and for families with a father who reported higher levels of insecure attachment in close relationships . These findings support the view that coparenting is a potentially malleable intervention target that may influence family relationships as well as parent and child well-being 
    Output:
    
Significant positive associations were also found between other specific dimensions of coparenting ( coparental support , cooperation , and agreement ) , overall mental health , self-esteem , and academic performance .