***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The majority of clinical trials of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for schizophrenia have used individual therapy to target positive symptoms . Promising results have been found , however , for group CBT interventions and other treatment targets like psychosocial functioning . CBT for functioning in schizophrenia is based on a cognitive model of functional outcome in schizophrenia that incorporates dysfunctional attitudes ( eg , social disinterest , defeatist performance beliefs ) as mediators between neurocognitive impairment and functional outcome . In this report , 18 clinical trials of  CBT for schizophrenia that included measures of psychosocial functioning were review ed , and two-thirds showed improvements in functioning in CBT . The cognitive model of functional outcome was also tested by examining the relationship between social disinterest attitudes and functional outcome in 79 people with schizophrenia r and omized to either group cognitive-behavioral social skills training or a goal -focused supportive contact intervention . Consistent with the cognitive model , lower social disinterest attitudes at baseline and greater reduction in social disinterest during group therapy predicted better functional outcome at end of treatment for both groups . However , the groups did not differ significantly with regard to overall change in social disinterest attitudes during treatment , suggesting that nonspecific social interactions during group therapy can lead to changes in social disinterest , regardless of whether these attitudes are directly targeted by cognitive therapy interventions OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of the illness management and recovery program on mental illness and functional outcomes of persons with serious mental illness who were receiving supportive housing services . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial was conducted with 104 persons with serious mental illness who were assigned either to illness management classes for six months or to a waitlist control group , with follow-up assessment s conducted six months posttreatment . Assessment s included self-reports , nonblinded clinical ratings , and blinded interview ratings and included the domains of illness management , symptoms , psychosocial functioning , hospitalizations , and substance abuse and dependence . RESULTS Participants assigned to the program showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in self-reported and clinician ratings of illness management , interview-based ratings of symptoms on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , and interview-based ratings of psychosocial functioning on the abbreviated Quality of Life Scale . Participants in both groups improved in self-ratings of symptom distress and had low rates of hospitalization and substance abuse over the course of the study . CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the program was effective at improving illness management and functional outcomes for persons with serious mental illness who were receiving supportive housing services OBJECTIVE This study examined the effectiveness of an  Internet parenting education and support intervention among mothers with a serious mental illness ( SMI ) . METHODS Sixty mothers diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum or mood disorder who had primary /shared custody for a child 18 or younger were enrolled in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) with two conditions . The experimental condition involved participation in the online parental education course and a listserv co-moderated by a parent with a mental illness and a mental health professional . The control condition involved participation in online education healthy lifestyle course . St and ardized measures were used at baseline and 3 months to assess outcomes . Using an intent-to-treat approach , group differences over time were assessed using a two-tailed independent sample t test on all dependent variables , including parental efficacy , skills , coping , support , and stress . RESULTS Participation in an online parenting intervention for mothers with a SMI  enhanced parenting and coping skills , and decreased parental stress . No support was found for improved efficacy or support . CONCLUSION This RCT establishes that mothers with a SMI are interested in and capable of receiving online parenting education and support . Findings demonstrate that an online parenting intervention can improve parenting and coping skills and decrease parental stress Objectives : To investigate the effectiveness of a long established intervention , occupational therapy for people with psychotic conditions , and to inform future research design s. Design : A pilot r and omized controlled trial . Setting : Two community mental health teams in a UK city . Participants : Forty-four adults with schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions , and functional problems . Interventions : Twelve months of individualized occupational therapy in community setting s , as an adjunct to usual care and compared to treatment as usual . A two to one r and omization ratio was used in favour of occupational therapy . Outcome measures : Social Functioning Scale , Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and employment . Results : Both groups ' scores on Social Functioning Scale and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms showed significant improvement over 12 months . The Social Functioning Scale overall mean difference for occupational therapy was 2.33 , P=0.020 and for treatment as usual was 6.17 , P=0.023 . The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms total mean difference for occupational therapy was -16.25 , P<0.001 and for treatment as usual was -17.36 , P= 0.011 . There were no differences between the two groups on any of the outcome measures . After 12 months the occupational therapy group showed clinical ly significant improvements that were not apparent in the control group . These were in four subscales of the Social Functioning Scale : relationships , independence performance , independence competence and recreation . Out of 30 people receiving occupational therapy  those with a clinical level of negative symptoms reduced from 18 ( 64 % ) to 13 ( 46 % ) , P=0.055 . Conclusion : This pilot study suggested that individualized occupational therapy may contribute to recovery but more focus is recommended on people 's cognitive abilities and employment BAKGROUND To investigate the efficacy of the " Life Adaptation Skills Training ( LAST ) " program for persons with depression . METHODS Sixty-eight subjects with depressive disorder were recruited from psychiatric outpatient clinics in Taipei city and were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( N=33 ) , or a control group ( N=35 ) . The intervention group received 24-sessions of the LAST program , as well as phone contact mainly related to support for a total of 24 times . The control group only received phone contact 24 times . The primary outcome measure utilized was the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF-Taiwan version . Secondary outcome measures included the Occupational self- assessment , the Mastery scale , the Social support question naire , the Beck anxiety inventory , the Beck depression inventory-II , and the Beck scale for suicide ideation . The mixed-effects linear model was applied to analyze the incremental efficacy of the LAST program , and the partial eta squared ( ηp(2 ) ) was used to examine the within- and between- group effect size . RESULTS The subjects who participated in the LAST program showed significant incremental improvements with moderate to large between-group effect sizes on their level of anxiety ( -5.45±2.34 , p<0.05 ; ηp(2)=0.083 ) and level of suicidal ideation ( -3.09±1.11 , p<0.01 ; ηp(2)=0.157 ) when compared to the control group . The reduction of suicidal ideations had a maintenance effect for three months after the end of intervention ( -3.44±1.09 , p<0.01 ) , with moderate between-group effect sizes ( ηp(2)=0.101 ) . Both groups showed significant improvement on overall QOL , overall health , physical QOL , psychological QOL , level of anxiety , and level of depression . The within-group effect sizes achieved large effects in the intervention group ( ηp(2)=0.328 - 0.544 ) , and were larger than that of the control group . LIMITATIONS A small sample size in the study , a high dropout rate , lower compliance rates for the intervention group , and lacking of true control group . CONCLUSIONS The occupation-based LAST program , which focuses on lifestyle rearrangement and coping skills enhancement , could significantly improve the level of anxiety and suicidal ideations for persons with depression BACKGROUND Social cognition difficulties in schizophrenia are seen as a barrier to recovery . Intervention tackling problems in this domain have the potential to facilitate functioning and recovery . Social Cognition and Interaction Training ( SCIT ) is a manual-based psychological therapy design ed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia . AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a modified version of SCIT for inpatient forensic wards . The potential benefits of the intervention were also assessed . METHOD This study is a r and omized single blind controlled design , with participants r and omized to receive SCIT ( N = 21 ) or treatment as usual ( TAU ; N = 15 ) .  SCIT consisted of 8-week therapy sessions twice per week . Participants were assessed at week 0 and one week after the intervention on measures of social cognition . Feasibility was assessed through group attendance and attrition . Participant acceptability and outcome was evaluated through post-group satisfaction and achievement of social goals . RESULTS The intervention was well received by all participants and the majority reported their confidence improved . The SCIT group showed a significant improvement in facial affect recognition compared to TAU . Almost all participants agreed they had achieved their social goal as a result of the intervention . CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to deliver SCIT in a forensic ward setting ; however , some adaptation to the protocol may need to be considered in order to accommo date for the reduced social contact within forensic wards . Practice of social cognition skills in real life may be necessary to achieve benefits to theory of mind and attributional style Sleep disturbance is a common problem associated with depression , and cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) is a more common behavioral intervention for sleep problems . The present study compares the effect of a newly developed Chinese Chan-based intervention , namely Dejian mind-body intervention ( DMBI ) , with the CBT on improving sleep problems of patients with depression . Seventy-five participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder were r and omly assigned to receive 10 weekly sessions of CBT or DMBI , or placed on a waitlist . Measurements included ratings by psychiatrists who were blinded to the experimental design , and a st and ardized question naire on sleep quantity and quality was obtained before and after the 10-week intervention . Results indicated that both the CBT and DMBI groups demonstrated significantly reduced sleep onset latency and wake time after sleep onset ( effect size range = 0.46–1.0 , P ≤ 0.05 ) as compared to nonsignificant changes in the waitlist group ( P > 0.1 ) . Furthermore , the DMBI group , but not the CBT or waitlist groups , demonstrated significantly reduced psychiatrist ratings on overall sleep problems ( effect size = 1.0 , P = 0.00 ) and improved total sleep time ( effect size = 0.8 , P = 0.05 ) after treatment . The present findings suggest that a Chinese Chan-based mind-body intervention has positive effects on improving sleep in individuals with depression OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for  insomnia  ( CBT-I ) in in patients with a diagnosis of depression and comorbid insomnia . METHOD This study used a prospect i ve , parallel-group design . The experimental group received CBT-I for no more than 90 min once weekly for 6 weeks and the control group only have health education manuals for insomnia . The following question naires were administered at baseline : the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) , Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep ( DBAS ) , Presleep Arousal Scale ( PSAS ) , Sleep Hygiene Practice ( SHP ) , and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index . The question naires were readministered after the completion of the 6-wk CBT-I intervention and 1 month following the completion of CBT-I , to determine the effects of the CBT-I intervention over time . The analysis of Generalized Estimation Equations was identified the difference between the experimental group and the control group by controlling for the variables in BZD dose and propensity score of gender , age , and the scores for the DBAS-16 , PSAS , SHPS , and HAM-D. RESULTS Consequently , the significant difference in the PSQI scores was observed at the 1-month follow-up assessment however , no significant intergroup difference in the PSQI scores was found at the completion of the CBT-I intervention between two groups . CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion , we found that overall sleep quality significantly improved in patients who received CBT-I after we controlled for the BZD dose and propensity score , which suggests that CBT-I may represent a useful clinical strategy for improving sleep quality in patients with depression and comorbid insomnia The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sailing rehabilitation program on the quality of life ( QoL ) in a sample of patients with severe mental disorders . The study adopted a r and omized , crossover , waiting-list controlled design . The participants enrolled in the study were out patients diagnosed with severe chronic mental disorders . The participants ( N=40 ) exposed to rehabilitation with sailing  took part in a series of supervised cruises near the gulf of Cagliari , South Sardinia , and showed a statistically significant improvement of their quality of life compared to the control group . This improvement was comparable to the improvement in psychopathologic status and social functioning as shown in a previous report of the same research project . The improvement was maintained at follow-up only during the trial and for a few months later : after 12 months , patients returned to their baseline values and their quality of life showed a worsening trend . This is the first study to show that rehabilitation with sailing may improve the quality of life of people with severe chronic mental disorders . In all likelihood , a program grounded on learning how to manage a sailing vessel - during which patients perform cruises that emphasize the exploration of the marine environment by sailing - might be interesting enough and capture the attention of 
    Output:
    
The review yielded strong evidence for  psychoeducation and occupation‐ and cognitive‐based interventions  , moderate evidence for skills‐based interventions , and limited evidence for technology‐supported interventions .
NA ; Effective occupational therapy interventions help people with SMI to engage in everyday living activities , leisure , social participation , and rest and sleep