***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Green tea ( GT ) consumption is known to be associated with enhanced cardiovascular and metabolic health . The purpose of this study is to examine the hypothesis that supplementation with GT alters insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in obese , hypertensive patients . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 56 obese , hypertensive subjects were r and omized to receive a daily supplement of 1 capsule that contained either 379 mg of GT extract ( GTE ) or a matching placebo , for 3 months . At baseline and after 3 months of treatment , the anthropometric parameters , blood pressure , plasma lipid levels , glucose levels , creatinine levels , tumor necrosis factor α levels , C-reactive protein levels , total antioxidant status , and insulin levels were assessed . Insulin resistance was evaluated according to the homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance protocol . After 3 months of supplementation , both systolic and diastolic blood pressures had significantly decreased in the GTE group as compared with the placebo group ( P < .01 ) . Considerable ( P < .01 ) reductions in fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and insulin resistance were observed in the GTE group when compared with the placebo group . Serum tumor necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein were significantly lower , whereas total antioxidant status increased in the GTE group compared with the placebo ( P < .05 ) . Supplementation also contributed to significant ( P < .05 ) decreases in the total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides , but an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol . In conclusion , daily supplementation with 379 mg of GTE favorably influences blood pressure , insulin resistance , inflammation and oxidative stress , and lipid profile in patients with obesity-related hypertension BACKGROUND Since inflammation is believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events , measurement of markers of inflammation has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of the risk of these events . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , nested case-control study among 28,263 apparently healthy postmenopausal women over a mean follow-up period of three years to assess the risk of cardiovascular events associated with base-line levels of markers of inflammation . The markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , serum amyloid A , interleukin-6 , and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 ( sICAM-1 ) . We also studied homocysteine and a variety of lipid and lipoprotein measurements .  Cardiovascular events were defined as death from coronary heart disease , nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion or stroke , or the need for coronary-revascularization procedures . RESULTS Of the 12 markers measured , hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events ; the relative risk of events for women in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile for this marker was 4.4 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 2.2 to 8.9 ) . Other markers significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events were serum amyloid A ( relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile , 3.0 ) , sICAM-1 ( 2.6 ) , interleukin-6 ( 2.2 ) , homocysteine ( 2.0 ) , total cholesterol ( 2.4 ) , LDL cholesterol ( 2.4 ) , apolipoprotein B-100 ( 3.4 ) , HDL cholesterol ( 0.3 ) , and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( 3.4 ) . Prediction models that incorporated markers of inflammation in addition to lipids were significantly better at predicting risk than models based on lipid levels alone ( P<0.001 ) . The levels of hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors of risk even in the subgroup of women with LDL cholesterol levels below 130 mg per deciliter ( 3.4 mmol per liter ) , the target for primary prevention established by the National Cholesterol Education Program . In multivariate analyses , the only plasma markers that independently predicted risk were hs-CRP ( relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile , 1.5 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 1.1 to 2.1 ) and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( relative risk , 1.4 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 1.1 to 1.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS The addition of the measurement of C-reactive protein to screening based on lipid levels may provide an improved method of identifying persons at risk for cardiovascular events OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture on weight maintenance after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects in relation to habitual caffeine intake . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A r and omized placebo-controlled double blind parallel trial in 76 overweight and moderately obese subjects , ( BMI , 27.5 + /- 2.7 kg/m2 ) matched for sex , age , BMI , height , body mass , and habitual caffeine intake was conducted . A very low energy diet intervention during 4 weeks was followed by 3 months of weight maintenance ( WM ) ; during the WM period , the subjects received a green tea-caffeine mixture ( 270 mg epigallocatechin gallate + 150 mg caffeine per day ) or placebo . RESULTS Subjects lost 5.9 + /-1.8 ( SD ) kg ( 7.0 + /- 2.1 % ) of body weight ( p < 0.001 ) . At baseline , satiety was positively , and in women , leptin was inversely , related to subjects ' habitual caffeine consumption ( p < 0.01 ) . High caffeine consumers reduced weight , fat mass , and waist circumference more than low caffeine consumers ; resting energy expenditure was reduced less and respiratory quotient was reduced more during weight loss ( p < 0.01 ) . In the low caffeine consumers , during WM , green tea still reduced body weight , waist , respiratory quotient and body fat , whereas resting energy expenditure was increased compared with a restoration of these variables with placebo ( p < 0.01 ) . In the high caffeine consumers , no effects of the green tea-caffeine mixture were observed during WM . DISCUSSION High caffeine intake was associated with weight loss through thermogenesis and fat oxidation and with suppressed leptin in women . In habitual low caffeine consumers , the green tea-caffeine mixture improved WM , partly through thermogenesis and fat oxidation Purpose Cardiovascular risk factors have been identified in the postpr and ial state , particularly in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) .  Tea consumption has been linked to cardiovascular risk reduction , but the beneficial effect of tea has not been investigated under postpr and ial conditions . The objective was to examine the effect of green tea on postpr and ial levels of plasma total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , serum lipids , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and glucose in patients with CAD . Methods In a r and omized controlled , parallel design with 2 arms , 43 patients with CAD were assigned to consume breakfast consisting of bread , butter and 330 ml water or tea ( 4.5 g green tea/330 ml , providing approximately 400 mg catechins ) . Blood sample s were drawn immediately before and 1.5 , 3 and 5 h after breakfast . TAC was measured in plasma with the ferric reducing antioxidant power of plasma and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays . Total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , triglycerides , glucose , CRP , uric acid and pancreatic lipase levels were measured in serum . Results Tested biomarkers did not differ between tea and water group at baseline , 1.5 , 3 and 5 h ( P > 0.05 ) postpr and ially . However , TAC increased 1.5 and 3 h after consumption of breakfast with tea ( P < 0.005 ) , but no change was observed after consumption of breakfast with water . Serum triglycerides levels significantly increased 3 h after breakfast with water ( P = 0.031 ) , but not after breakfast with tea . Serum uric acid decreased 1.5 h after breakfast with tea ( P = 0.038 ) . Pancreatic lipase , CRP , total cholesterol , HDL-C , LDL-C and glucose levels remained unchanged after breakfast with tea at any time point ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusions Tea consumption did not affect selected biomarkers at any postpr and ial time point in patients with CAD Introduction Our aim was to compare changes of body mass index ( BMI ) and waist circumference ( WC ) curves of Iranian children by comparing the results of two national surveys of a surveillance program , i.e. CASPIAN-I ( 2003–2004 ) and CASPIAN-III ( 2009–2010 ) . The second objective was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity , overweight and underweight among 10–18-year-old Iranian children and adolescents . Material and methods This study was performed among students who were selected by multistage r and om cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of 27 provinces of Iran , as part of a national survey of school student high risk behavior entitled CASPIAN-III , conducted in 2009–2010 . Results We evaluated 5088 school students ( 50.2 % boys ) . In rural areas , underweight was more common in boys and overweight and obesity in girls . In urban areas underweight and obesity were more common in boys , whereas overweight was more common in girls . The highest prevalence of underweight ( 23.5 % ) was seen in students aged 13 years and the lowest ( 11.4 % ) in those aged 18 years . Underweight was significantly more common in rural than in urban areas ( 22.1 % vs. 15.8 % , respectively , p < 0.0001 ) and overweight/obesity was more common in urban than in rural areas . Compared with the findings in 2003–2004 , the overall prevalence of elevated body mass index ( 16.6 % ) including obesity ( 9.1 % ) and overweight ( 7.5 % ) as well as underweight ( 17.5 % ) increased from 2003 to 2010 . Conclusions In recent years , the double burden of nutritional disorders has increased among Iranian children and adolescents , especially in rural areas . This change may be related to epidemiologic transition , notably in terms of nutrition transition and rapid changes in lifestyle habits . This finding is an important issue for policy-makers for interventional preventive programs BACKGROUND Inflammatory reactions in coronary plaques play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute atherothrombotic events ; inflammation elsewhere is also associated with both atherogenesis generally and its thrombotic complications . Recent studies indicate that systemic markers of inflammation can identify subjects at high risk of coronary events . METHODS AND RESULTS We used a sensitive immunoradiometric assay to examine the association of serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) with the incidence of first major coronary heart disease ( CHD ) event in 936 men 45 to 64 years of age . The subjects , who were sample d at r and om from the general population , participated in the first MONICA Augsburg survey ( 1984 to 1985 ) and were followed for 8 years . There was a positive and statistically significant unadjusted relationship , which was linear on the log-hazards scale , between CRP values and the incidence of CHD events ( n=53 ) . The hazard rate ratio ( HRR ) of CHD events associated with a 1-SD increase in log-CRP level was 1.67 ( 95 % CI , 1.29 to 2 . 17 ) . After adjustment for age , the HRR was 1.60 ( 95 % CI , 1.23 to 2 . 08 ) . Adjusting further for smoking behavior , the only variable selected from a variety of potential confounders by a forward stepping process with a 5 % change in the relative risk of CRP as the selection criterion , yielded an HRR of 1.50 ( 95 % CI , 1.14 to 1.97 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the prognostic relevance of CRP , a sensitive systemic marker of inflammation , to the risk of CHD in a large , r and omly selected cohort of initially healthy middle-aged men . They suggest that low- grade inflammation is involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis , especially its thrombo-occlusive complications Background Previous observational studies have indicated that green tea ( GT ) consumption is associated with reduced mortality from cerebral infa rct ion but not with mortality from cerebral hemorrhage . Therefore , we hypothesized that GT exerts a direct antiatherosclerotic effect without any effect on hypertension . To investigate this hypothesis , we focused on adiponectin that seems to be among the several key players in atherosclerosis . Objective The objective of this r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) was to assess whether the consumption of catechin-enriched GT affects serum adiponectin levels and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors among apparently healthy subjects . Design A total of 51 individuals participated in the study . Eligible participants were r and omly assigned into GT consumption 
    Output:
    
This meta- analysis of data from 11 RCT arms did not indicate a significant effect of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma CRP concentrations .