***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The 2015 WHO recommendation of antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) for all immediately following HIV diagnosis is partially based on the anticipated impact on HIV incidence in the surrounding population . We investigated this approach in a cluster-r and omised trial in a high HIV prevalence setting in rural KwaZulu-Natal . We present findings from the first phase of the trial and report on uptake of  home-based HIV testing  , linkage to care , uptake of ART , and community attitudes about ART . Methods and Findings Between 9 March 2012 and 22 May 2014 , five clusters in the intervention arm ( immediate ART offered to all HIV-positive adults ) and five clusters in the control arm  ( ART offered according to national guidelines , i.e. , CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl ) contributed to the first phase of the trial . Households were visited every 6 mo . Following informed consent and administration of a study question naire , each resident adult ( ≥16 y ) was asked for a finger-prick blood sample , which was used to estimate HIV prevalence , and offered a rapid HIV test using a serial HIV testing algorithm . All HIV-positive adults were referred to the trial clinic in their cluster . Those not linked to care 3 mo after identification were contacted by a linkage-to-care team . Study procedures were not blinded . In all , 12,894 adults were registered as eligible for participation ( 5,790 in intervention arm ; 7,104 in control arm ) , of whom 9,927 ( 77.0 % ) were contacted at least once during household visits . HIV status was ever ascertained for a total of 8,233/9,927 ( 82.9 % ) , including 2,569 ascertained as HIV-positive ( 942 tested HIV-positive and 1,627 reported a known HIV-positive status ) . Of the 1,177 HIV-positive individuals not previously in care and followed for at least 6 mo in the trial , 559 ( 47.5 % ) visited their cluster trial clinic within 6 mo . In the intervention arm , 89 % ( 194/218 ) initiated ART within 3 mo of their first clinic visit . In the control arm , 42.3 % ( 83/196 ) had a CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl at first visit , of whom 92.8 % initiated ART within 3 mo . Regarding attitudes about ART , 93 % ( 8,802/9,460 ) of participants agreed with the statement that they would want to start ART as soon as possible if HIV-positive . Estimated baseline HIV prevalence was 30.5 % ( 2,028/6,656 ) ( 95 % CI 25.0 % , 37.0 % ) . HIV prevalence , uptake of home-based HIV testing , linkage to care within 6 mo , and initiation of ART within 3 mo in those with CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl did not differ significantly between the intervention and control clusters . Selection bias related to noncontact could not be entirely excluded . Conclusions Home-based HIV testing  was well received in this rural population , although men were less easily contactable at home ; immediate ART was acceptable , with good viral suppression and retention . However , only about half of HIV-positive people accessed care within 6 mo of being identified , with nearly two-thirds accessing care by 12 mo . The observed delay in linkage to care would limit the individual and public health ART benefits of universal testing and treatment in this population . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Objective : To assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge , attitudes , and practice s among the general population in South India . Methods : The 1669 participants ( 834 males , 835 females ) aged 19 - 49 years were surveyed using a stratified 2-stage r and om sampling design with probability proportional to size . Results : Although 54 % of participants knew that AIDS is caused by “ HIV ” virus and 44 % could correctly identify all modes of transmission , 52 % believed in one or more myths , 41 % did not know that condoms can prevent HIV , and 18 % had not heard of a condom . Higher HIV knowledge scores were significantly associated with male gender , higher education , currently married , higher frequency of reading newspapers , listening to radio or watching television , and willingness to get tested for HIV ( P < .01 ) . Thirty-four percent felt that HIV-infected individuals should be kept away from others , and 40 % were not willing to accept a family member with HIV . There was a significant and positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores ( P < .01 ) . Among respondents who ever had sexual intercourse , significantly more males declared having more than one sexual partner compared to females ( P < .01 ) . Only16 % of respondents reported that they consistently used condoms . Sixty-two percent of the respondents were willing to undergo an HIV test if provided free of cost . This willingness to opt for HIV testing increased significantly with better knowledge score , better attitude score , and higher education status ( P < .01 ) . Conclusions : HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns in India should focus on public education , stigma reduction , promotion of condom use , and risk-reduction behaviors in urban and rural communities targeted toward young adults Risky drug- and sex-related behaviors put criminal offenders at high risk for HIV . Intervening with this population under supervision can potentially reduce risk . This study reports a r and omized trial that examines the efficacy of brief negotiation interviewing ( BNI ) compared to usual education activities . BNI is a computerized , self-directed intervention that combines a short structured interview with a brief counseling session . The study examined whether BNI could decrease HIV risks and increase testing for HIV in a cohort of criminal-justice-involved clients . The trial r and omly assigned 212 participants to experimental ( 108 ) and control ( 104 ) conditions . Interview data were collected at baseline and at 2-month follow-up . Results indicate that the BNI intervention group had a significantly higher rate of HIV testing and was more likely to consider behavioral changes The seven articles in this issue , and the accompanying meta- analysis in Health Psychology Review [ McEachan , R.R.C. , Conner , M. , Taylor , N. , & Lawton , R.J. ( 2011 ) . Prospect i ve prediction of health-related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior : A meta- analysis . Health Psychology Review , 5 , 97–144 ] , illustrate the wide application of the theory of planned behaviour [ Ajzen , I. ( 1991 ) . The theory of planned behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50 , 179–211 ] in the health domain . In this editorial , Ajzen reflects on some of the issues raised by the different authors . Among the topics addressed are the nature of intentions and the limits of predictive validity ; rationality , affect and emotions ; past behaviour and habit ; the prototype/willingness model ; and the role of such background factors as the big five personality traits and social comparison tendency 
    Output:
    
The most commonly assessed variables were HIV risk perception and HIV knowledge rather than HIV test-specific psychological factors .
There was evidence that HIV risk perception and pro-testing attitudes were consistently associated with HIV testing intention across a number of studies .