***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The goal of this study was to develop a cognitive – behavioral self-help manual for anorexia nervosa . Patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa ( N=102 ) , binge eating/purging type ( AN-B/P ) , were consecutively assigned to one of two conditions : 6-week manualized guided self-help or a wait-list control .  All patients thereafter received inpatient treatment in a hospital for behavioral medicine . The primary outcome variable was the number of days in inpatient treatment . Secondary outcome variables were measures of psychopathology . Results showed that duration of inpatient treatment was significantly shorter ( by 5.2 days ) among participants receiving guided self-help . Body image , slimness ideal , general psychopathology , and some bulimic symptoms improved significantly during self-help . The authors conclude that , to increase effects of therapist-guided self-help in AN-B/P , additional variants of a self-help manual should be tried in different therapeutic setting The present study investigated the efficacy of self-help based on cognitive behaviour therapy in combination with Internet support in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder . After confirming the diagnosis with an in-person interview , 73 patients were r and omly allocated to treatment or a waiting list control group . Treated individuals showed marked improvement after 12 weeks of self-help compared to the control group on both primary and secondary outcome measures . Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that 37 % ( 46 % among completers ) had no binge eating or purging at the end of the treatment and a considerable number of patients achieved clinical ly significant improvement on most of the other measures as well . The results were maintained at the 6-month follow-up , and provide evidence to support the continued use and development of self-help programmes OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effectiveness of a self-help treatment as a first line primary care intervention for  binge eating disorder ( BED ) in obese patients . This study compared the effectiveness of a usual care plus self-help version of cognitive behavioral therapy ( shCBT ) to usual care ( UC ) only in ethnically/racially diverse obese patients with BED in primary care setting s in an urban center . METHOD 48 obese patients with BED were r and omly assigned to either shCBT ( N = 24 ) or UC ( N = 24 ) for four months . Independent assessment s were performed monthly throughout treatment and at post-treatment . RESULTS Binge-eating remission rates did not differ significantly between shCBT ( 25 % ) and UC ( 8.3 % ) at post-treatment . Mixed models of binge eating frequency determined using the Eating Disorder Examination ( EDE ) revealed significant decreases for both conditions but that shCBT and UC did not differ . Mixed models of binge eating frequency from repeated monthly EDE- question naire assessment s revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction indicating that shCBT had significant reductions whereas UC did not during the four-month treatments . Mixed models revealed no differences between groups on associated eating disorder psychopathology or depression . No weight loss was observed in either condition . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that pure self-help CBT did not show effectiveness relative to usual care for treating BED in obese patients in primary care . Thus , self-help CBT may not have utility as a front-line intervention for BED for obese patients in primary care and future studies should test guided-self-help methods for delivering CBT in primary care generalist setting OBJECTIVE A group dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program , in which young women critique the thin ideal , reduces eating disorder risk factors and symptoms , but it can be difficult to identify school clinicians with the time and expertise to deliver the intervention . Thus , we developed a prototype Internet version of this program and evaluated it in a preliminary trial . METHOD Female college students with body dissatisfaction ( N = 107 ; M age = 21.6 years , SD = 6.6 ) were r and omized to the Internet intervention , group intervention , educational video condition , or educational brochure condition . RESULTS Internet and group participants showed greater pre-post reductions in eating disorder risk factors and symptoms than video controls ( M ds = 0.47 and 0.54 , respectively ) and brochure controls ( M ds = 0.75 and 0.72 , respectively ) , with many effects reaching significance . Effects did not differ significantly for Internet versus group participants ( M ds = -0.13 ) or for video versus brochure controls ( M d = 0.25 ) . Effect sizes for the Internet intervention were similar to those previously observed for group versions of this intervention . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that this prototype Internet intervention is as efficacious as the group intervention , implying that there would be merit in completing this intervention and evaluating it in a fully powered trial This study evaluated a targeted intervention design ed to alleviate body image and eating problems in adolescent girls that was delivered over the internet so as to increase access to the program . The program consisted of six , 90-minute weekly small group , synchronous on-line sessions and was facilitated by a therapist and manual . Participants were 73 girls ( mean age=14.4 years , SD=1.48 ) who self-identified as having body image or eating problems and were r and omly assigned to an intervention group ( n=36 ) ( assessed at baseline , post-intervention and at 2- and 6-months follow-up ) or a delayed treatment control group ( n=37 ) ( assessed at baseline and 6–7 weeks later ) . Clinical ly significant improvements in body dissatisfaction , disordered eating , and depression were observed at post-intervention and maintained at follow-up . Internet delivery was enthusiastically endorsed . The program offers a promising approach to improve body image and eating problems that also addresses geographic access problems The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons . Two question naires were developed . A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations ( e.g. , eating large amounts of food ) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode ( e.g. , guilt , fear of being unable to stop eating ) . An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating : the tendency to set unrealistic st and ards for a diet ( e.g. , eliminating " favorite foods " ) and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet . The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no , moderate or severe binge eating problems . Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet . The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity  and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating OBJECTIVE This study examined the outcome of a body image and disordered eating intervention for midlife women . The intervention was specifically design ed to address risk factors that are pertinent in midlife . METHOD Participants were 61 women aged 30 to 60 years ( M = 43.92 , SD = 8.22 ) r and omly assigned to intervention ( n = 32 ) or ( delayed treatment ) control ( n = 29 ) groups . Following an 8-session facilitated group cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention , outcomes from the Body Shape Question naire ; Eating Disorder Examination Question naire ; Body Image Avoidance Question naire ; Physical Appearance Comparison Scale ; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale , Internalization subscale ; measures of appearance importance , cognitive re appraisal , and self-care ; Dutch Eating Behavior Question naire ; and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were compared for statistical and clinical significance from baseline to posttest and 6-month follow-up . RESULTS Following the intent-to-treat principle , mixed-model analyses with a mixed within-between design demonstrated that the intervention group had large improvements that were statistically significantly different from the control group in body image , disordered eating , and risk factor variables and that were maintained at 6-month follow-up . Furthermore , the improvements were also of clinical importance . CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the efficacy of an intervention to reduce body image and eating concerns in midlife women . Further research into interventions tailored for this population is warranted We performed a r and omized controlled study to test the relative efficacy of guided self-help ( gsh ) cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBTgsh ) and behavioral weight loss treatment ( BWLgsh ) treatments for  binge eating disorder ( BED ) . To provide an additional partial control for non-specific influences of attention , a third control ( CON ) treatment condition was included . We tested the treatments using a guided self-help approach given the promising results from initial studies using minimal therapist guidance . Ninety consecutive overweight patients ( 19 males , 71 females ) with BED were r and omly assigned ( 5:5:2 ratio ) to one of three treatments : CBTgsh ( N=37 ) , BWLgsh ( N=38 ) , or CON ( N=15 ) . The three 12-week treatment conditions were administered individually following guided self-help protocol s. Overall , 70 ( 78 % ) completed treatments ; CBTgsh ( 87 % ) and CON ( 87 % ) had significantly higher completion rates than BWLgsh ( 67 % ) . Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that CBTgsh had significantly higher remission rates ( 46 % ) than either BWLgsh ( 18 % ) or CON ( 13 % ) . Weight loss was minimal and differed little across treatments . The findings suggest that CBT , administered via guided self-help , demonstrates efficacy for BED , but not for obesity . The findings support CBT administered via guided self-help as a first step in the treatment of BED and provide evidence for its specific effects CONTEXT Eating disorders , an important health problem among college-age women , may be preventable , given that modifiable risk factors for eating disorders have been identified and interventions have been evaluated to reduce these risk factors . OBJECTIVE To determine if an Internet-based psychosocial intervention can prevent the onset of eating disorders ( EDs ) in young women at risk for developing EDs . SETTING San Diego and the San Francisco Bay Area in California . PARTICIPANTS College-age women with high weight and shape concerns were recruited via campus e-mails , posters , and mass media . Six hundred thirty-seven eligible participants were identified , of whom 157 were excluded , for a total sample of 480 . Recruitment occurred between November 13 , 2000 , and October 10 , 2003 . Intervention A r and omized controlled trial of an 8-week , Internet-based cognitive-behavioral intervention ( Student Bodies ) that included a moderated online discussion group . Participants were studied for up to 3 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was time to onset of a sub clinical or clinical ED . Secondary measures included change in scores on the Weight Concerns Scale , Global Eating Disorder Examination Question naire , and Eating Disorder Inventory drive for thinness and bulimia subscales and depressed mood . Moderators of outcome were examined . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in Weight Concerns Scale scores in the Student Bodies intervention group compared with the control group at postintervention ( P < .001 ) , 1 year ( P < .001 ) , and 2 years ( P < .001 ) . The slope for reducing Weight Concerns Scale score was significantly greater in the treatment compared with the control group ( P = .02 ) . Over the course of follow-up , 43 participants developed sub clinical or clinical EDs . While there was no overall significant difference in onset of EDs between the intervention and control groups , the intervention significantly reduced the onset of EDs in 2 subgroups identified through moderator analyses : ( 1 ) participants with an elevated body mass index ( BMI ) ( > or = 25 , calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared ) at baseline and ( 2 ) at 1 site , participants with baseline compensatory behaviors ( eg , self-induced vomiting , laxative use , diuretic use , diet pill use , driven exercise ) . No intervention participant with an elevated baseline BMI developed an ED , while the rates of onset of ED in the comparable BMI control group ( based on survival analysis ) were 4.7 % at 1 year and 11.9 % at 2 years . In the subgroup with a BMI of 25 or higher , the cumulative survival incidence was significantly lower at 2 years for the intervention compared with the control group ( 95 % confidence interval , 0 % for intervention group ; 2.7 % to 21.1 % for control group ) . For the San Francisco Bay Area site sample with baseline compensatory behaviors , 4 % of participants in the intervention group developed EDs at 1 year and 14.4 % , by 2 years . Rates for the comparable control group were 16 % and 30.4 % , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Among college-age women with high weight and shape concerns , an 8-week , Internet-based cognitive-behavioral intervention can significantly reduce weight and shape concerns for up to 2 years and decrease risk for the onset of EDs , at least in some high-risk groups . To our knowledge , this is the first study to show that EDs can be prevented in high-risk groups Previous research has addressed the issues of behavior change and eating disorder prevention among adolescents and young women . The current study was design ed to evaluate : ( a ) whether an 8-week psychoeducational intervention can reduce maladaptive weight-management practice s in women ( University females , N=24 ) with sub- clinical levels of eating pathology ; and ( b ) whether its implementation reduces the risk of developing more severe eating pathology across time . Particip 
    Output:
    
Intervention and participant characteristics did not predict success in decreasing depressive symptoms .
Conclusions Indicated prevention and early intervention programs targeting eating disorder symptoms are limited in their success in decreasing concurrent depressive symptoms .