***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The effects of the powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale on the symptoms of motion sickness were compared with those of dimenhydrinate and placebo in 36 undergraduate men and women who reported very high susceptibility to motion sickness . Motion sickness was induced by placing the blindfolded subject in a tilted rotating chair . Measurements of perceived degree of gastrointestinal distress were reported every 15 s for up to 6 minutes by means of psychophysical methods . Z. officinale was superior to dimenhydrinate in reducing motion sickness Objective Ginger has been reported to improve upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Little information about the effects of ginger on gastric motor function , exists , however . Our aim was to investigate the effects of ginger on gastric emptying , antral motility , proximal gastric dimensions , and postpr and ial symptoms . Methods Twenty-four healthy volunteers were studied twice in a r and omized double-blind manner . After an 8 h fast , the volunteers ingested three ginger capsules ( total 1200 mg ) or placebo , followed after 1 h by 500 ml low-nutrient soup .  Antral area , fundus area and diameter , and the frequency of antral contractions were measured using ultrasound at frequent intervals over 90 min , and the gastric half-emptying time was calculated from the change in antral area . Gastrointestinal sensations and appetite were scored using visual analog question naires . Data are expressed in terms of mean±st and ard error . Results Antral area decreased more rapidly ( P<0.001 ) and the gastric half-emptying time was less after ginger than placebo ingestion ( 13.1±1.1 vs. 26.7±3.1 min , P<0.01 ) , whereas the frequency of antral contractions was greater ( P<0.005 ) . Fundus dimensions did not differ , and there was no significant difference in any gastrointestinal symptoms . Conclusion Ginger accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates antral contractions in healthy volunteers . These effects could potentially be beneficial in symptomatic patient groups Background : Nausea and vomiting are common and unpleasant complications in pregnancy . Although many alternative therapists support the use of ginger for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , there is currently insufficient clinical evidence to support its use in this condition Objectives : The present study was performed to assess the effectiveness of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy . Patients and Methods : This seven-day clinical trial was performed on 120 eligible pregnant women with symptoms of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting before 16 weeks gestation . They were divided into ; ginger , placebo and control groups , by block r and omization . Women were asked to record their nausea and vomiting for three days , and then participants received either ginger capsules , or a placebo for four days . No intervention was done with the control group . Data measure was self-recorded symptoms according to the Rhodes Index . Data were analyzed by ANOVA , ANCOVA , Kruskal-Wallis , Chi-square , and Fisher ’s exact test , for the quantitative and qualitative variables . Results : There were no statistical differences in the baseline demographics between the three groups apart from age of marriage and wanted or unwanted pregnancy . An ANCOVA test ( covariance test ) showed significant differences in mean scores after the intervention in the three groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Ginger was effective for the relief of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting in pregnant women at less than 16 weeks gestation In a placebo-controlled study the effect of ginger and fenugreek was examined on blood lipids , blood sugar , platelet aggregation , fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity .  The subjects included in this study were healthy individuals , patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , and patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) who either had CAD or were without CAD . In patients with CAD  powdered ginger administered in a dose of 4 g daily for 3 months did not affect ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation . Also , no change in the fibrinolytic activity and fibrinogen level was observed . However , a single dose of 10 g powdered ginger administered to CAD patients produced a significant reduction in platelet aggregation induced by the two agonists . Ginger did not affect the blood lipids and blood sugar .  Fenugreek given in a dose of 2.5 g twice daily for 3 months to healthy individuals did not affect the blood lipids and blood sugar ( fasting and post pr and ial ) . However , administered in the same daily dose for the same duration to CAD patients also with NIDDM , fenugreek decreased significantly the blood lipids ( total cholesterol and triglycerides ) without affecting the HDL-c . When administered in the same daily dose to NIDDM ( non-CAD ) patients ( mild cases ) , fenugreek reduced significantly the blood sugar ( fasting and post pr and ial ) . In severe NIDDM cases , blood sugar ( both fasting and post pr and ial ) was only slightly reduced . The changes were not significant . Fenugreek administration did not affect platelet aggregation , fibrinolytic activity and fibrinogen ♦ Background : In peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) patients , one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease is lipid abnormalities . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of ginger supplementation on serum lipids and lipoproteins in PD patients . ♦ Methods : In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 36 PD patients were r and omly assigned to either the ginger or the placebo group . The patients in the ginger group received 1,000 mg ginger daily for 10 weeks , while the placebo group received corresponding placebos . At baseline and at the end of week 10 , 7 mL of blood were obtained from each patient after a 12- to 14-hour fast , and serum concentrations of triglyceride , total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp ( a ) ] were measured . ♦ Results : Serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly up to 15 % in the ginger group at the end of week 10 compared with baseline ( p < 0.01 ) , and the reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in mean changes of serum total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , and Lp ( a ) . ♦ Conclusion : This study indicates that daily administration of 1,000 mg ginger reduces serum triglyceride concentration , which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease , in PD patients Background The activity of ginger in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) has been suggested , but design inadequacies , heterogeneity of the population , small numbers and poor quality of tested products limit the possibility to offer generalizable results . Patients and methods We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , multicenter study in patients planned to receive ≥2 chemotherapy cycles with high dose ( > 50 mg/m2 ) cisplatin .  Patients received ginger 160 mg/day ( with st and ardized dose of bioactive compounds ) or placebo in addition to the st and ard antiemetic prophylaxis for CINV , starting from the day after cisplatin administration . CINV was assessed through daily visual-analogue scale and Functional Living Index Emesis question naires . The main objective was protection from delayed nausea ; secondary end points included intercycle nausea and nausea anticipatory symptoms . Results In total , 121 patients received ginger  and 123 placebo . Lung ( 49 % ) and head and neck cancer ( HNC ; 35 % ) were the most represented tumors . No differences were reported in terms of safety profile or compliance . The incidence of delayed , intercycle and anticipatory nausea did not differ between the two arms in the first cycle and second cycle . A benefit of ginger over placebo  in Functional Living Index Emesis nausea score differences ( day 6-day 1 ) was identified for females ( P = 0.048 ) and HNC patients ( P = 0.038 ) . Conclusions In patients treated with high-dose cisplatin , the daily addition of ginger , even if safe , did not result in a protective effect on CINV . The favorable effect observed on nausea in subgroups at particular risk of nausea ( females ; HNC ) deserves specific investigation Chilli peppers have been shown to enhance diet-induced thermogenesis ( DIT ) and reduce energy intake ( EI ) in some studies , but there are few data on other pungent spices . The primary aim of the present study was to test the acute effects of black pepper ( pepper ) , ginger , horseradish and mustard in a meal on 4 h postpr and ial DIT . The secondary aim was to examine the effects on subjective appetite measures , ad libitum EI and energy balance . In a five-way placebo-controlled , single-blind , cross-over trial , twenty-two young ( age 24·9 ( SD 4·6 ) years ) , normal-weight ( BMI 21·8 ( SD 2·1 ) kg/m² ) males were r and omly assigned to receive a brunch meal with either pepper ( 1·3 g ) , ginger ( 20 g ) , horseradish ( 8·3 g ) , mustard ( 21 g ) or no spices ( placebo ) . The amounts of spices were chosen from pre-testing to make the meal spicy but palatable . No significant treatment effects were observed on DIT , but mustard produced DIT , which tended to be larger than that of placebo ( 14 % , 59 ( SE 3 ) v. 52 ( SE 2 ) kJ/h , respectively , P=0·08 ) . No other spice induced thermogenic effects approaching statistical significance . Subjective measures of appetite ( P>0·85 ) , ad libitum EI ( P=0·63 ) and energy balance ( P=0·67 ) also did not differ between the treatments . Finally , horseradish decreased heart rate ( P=0·048 ) and increased diastolic blood pressure ( P= 0·049 ) compared with placebo . In conclusion , no reliable treatment effects on appetite , EI or energy balance were observed , although mustard tended to be thermogenic at this dose . Further studies should explore the possible strength and mechanisms of the potential thermogenic effect of mustard actives , and potential enhancement by , for example , combinations with other food components Abstract 6-Gingerol is a natural compound extracted from ginger . Pre clinical studies demonstrated that 6-gingerol has an anti-emetic activity by inhibiting neurokinin-1 , serotonin , and dopamine receptors . Several clinical trials examined crude ginger powder for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) , but none of them was conducted with a st and ardized bioactive compound . Patients who received moderately to highly emetogenic adjuvant chemotherapy were r and omized to receive 6-gingerol 10 mg or placebo orally twice daily for 12 weeks . Ondansetron , metoclopramide , and dexamethasone were given to all patients . The primary endpoint was complete response ( CR ) rate defined as no emesis or rescue treatment at any time . Eighty-eight patients were r and omized to receive  6-gingerol ( N = 42 ) or placebo ( N = 46 ) . Most patients received highly emetogenic chemotherapy ( 93 % ) . Overall CR rate was significantly higher in 6-gingerol group as compared with that of the placebo ( 77 vs. 32 % ; P < 0.001 ) . The difference in means of appetite score was significant ( P = 0.001 ) and more noticeable over time . Mean FACT-G score indicating quality of life was significantly higher ( 86.21 ) in 6-gingerol group at 64 days as compared with that of placebo group ( 72.36 ) ( P < 0.001 ) . No toxicity related to 6-gingerol was observed . Patients treated with 6-gingerol reported significantly less grade 3 fatigue ( 2 vs. 20 % ; P = 0.020 ) . 6-Gingerol significantly improved overall CR rate in CINV , appetite and quality of life in cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy . A phase III r and omized study of 6-gingerol is warranted to confirm these results Purpose The aim of the study was to compare the effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain management in primary dysmenorrhea . Methods One hundred and twenty-two female students with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea were r and omly allocated to the ginger and mefenamic groups in a r and omized clinical trial . The mefenamic group received 250 mg capsules every 8 h , and the ginger group received 250 mg capsules ( zintoma ) every 6 h from the onset of menstruation until pain relief lasted 2 cycles . The intensity of pain was assessed by the visual analog scale . Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics , t test , Chi-square , Fisher exact test and repeated measurement . Results The pain intensity in the mefenamic and ginger group was 39.01 ± 17.77 and 43.49 ± 19.99 , respectively , in the first month , and 33.75 ± 17.71 and 38.19 ± 20.47 , respectively , in the second month ( p >  
    Output:
    
The included studies that examined the improvement of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy , inflammation , metabolic syndromes , digestive function , and colorectal cancer ’s markers were consistently supported , whereas other expected functions were relatively controversial .
In addition to the quality assessment result , small population s and unst and ardized evaluation systems were the observed shortcomings in ginger clinical trials .
Further studies with adequate design s are warranted to vali date the reported clinical functions of ginger