***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Great Taste , Less Waste ( GTLW ) , a communications campaign , capitalized on the synergy between healthy eating and eco-friendly behaviors to motivate children to bring more fruits and vegetables and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) to school . METHODS A cluster-r and omized trial in Eastern Massachusetts elementary schools in 2011 - 2012 tested the hypothesis that GTLW would improve the quality of foods from home more than a nutrition-only campaign -- Foods 2 Choose (F2C)--or control .  Lunch and snack items from home were measured at baseline and 7 months later using digital photography . Mixed linear models compared change in mean servings of fruits , vegetables , and SSBs among groups , and change in mean prevalence of packaging type . Change in prevalence of food items of interest was compared among groups using generalized linear models . RESULTS Five hundred and eighty-two third and fourth grade rs from 82 classrooms in 12 schools participated . At follow-up , no significant differences were observed between groups in change in mean servings or change in prevalence of items of interest . No packaging differences were observed . CONCLUSION GTLW was well received , but no significant changes were observed in the quality of food brought to school . Whether classrooms are an effective environment for change remains to be explored . Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT0157384 Aims : The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of placing water coolers on sugar-sweetened beverage sales at secondary schools ( age 12–18 years ) in the city of Zwolle , the Netherl and s. Methods : Six schools , hosting 5,866 pupils , were divided in three intervention and three control schools . In the intervention schools , water coolers were placed in the canteen . Hidden observations were performed in one school to study the intervention ’s feasibility , and school personnel was interviewed . Beverage sales were monitored before and during the intervention . After the intervention period , 366 class 1 and 2 pupils completed a question naire about their drinking habits ( response rate 81 % ) . Results : Placement of water coolers appeared to be a feasible intervention at secondary schools . However , it did not affect sales of sugar-sweetened beverages at schools . Although mean intake of sugar-sweetened beverages at school was high , more than 500 ml/day for boys , and more than 250 ml/day for girls , only a minority of these quantities was purchased at school . Conclusion : We conclude that placing water coolers as a single-issue intervention in secondary school canteens should not be prioritized in the combat against obesity Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has at least doubled in the past 25 years with a major impact on health . In 2005 a prevention protocol was developed applicable within Youth Health Care . This study aims to assess the effects of this protocol on prevalence of overweight and health behaviour among children . Methods and design A cluster r and omised controlled trial is conducted among 5-year-old children included by 44 Youth Health Care teams r and omised within 9 Municipal Health Services . The teams are r and omly allocated to the intervention or control group . The teams measure the weight and height of all children . When a child in the intervention group is detected with overweight according to the international age and gender specific cut-off points of BMI , the prevention protocol is applied . According to this protocol parents of overweight children are invited for up to three counselling sessions during which they receive personal advice about a healthy lifestyle , and are motivated for and assisted in behavioural change . The primary outcome measures are Body Mass Index and waist circumference of the children . Parents will complete question naires to assess secondary outcome measures : levels of overweight inducing/reducing behaviours ( i.e. being physically active , having breakfast , drinking sweet beverages and watching television/playing computer games ) , parenting styles , parenting practice s , and attitudes of parents regarding these behaviours , health-related quality of life of the children , and possible negative side effects of the prevention protocol . Data will be collected at baseline ( when the children are aged 5 years ) , and after 12 and 24 months of follow-up . Additionally , a process and a cost-effectiveness evaluation will be conducted . Discussion In this study called ' Be active , eat right ' we evaluate an overweight prevention protocol for use in the setting of Youth Health Care . It is hypothesized that the use of this protocol will result in a healthier lifestyle of the children and an improved BMI and waist circumference . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT OBJECTIVE . The study tested whether a combined environmental and educational intervention solely promoting water consumption was effective in preventing overweight among children in elementary school . METHODS . The participants in this r and omized , controlled cluster trial were second- and third- grade rs from 32 elementary schools in socially deprived areas of 2 German cities .  Water fountains were installed and teachers presented 4 prepared classroom lessons in the intervention group schools ( N = 17 ) to promote water consumption .  Control group schools ( N = 15 ) did not receive any intervention . The prevalence of overweight ( defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria ) , BMI SD scores , and beverage consumption ( in glasses per day ; 1 glass was defined as 200 mL ) self-reported in 24-hour recall question naires , were determined before ( baseline ) and after the intervention . In addition , the water flow of the fountains was measured during the intervention period of 1 school year ( August 2006 to June 2007 ) . RESULTS . Data on 2950 children ( intervention group : N = 1641 ; control group : N = 1309 ; age , mean ± SD : 8.3 ± 0.7 years ) were analyzed . After the intervention , the risk of overweight was reduced by 31 % in the intervention group , compared with the control group , with adjustment for baseline prevalence of overweight and clustering according to school . Changes in BMI SD scores did not differ between the intervention group and the control group . Water consumption after the intervention was 1.1 glasses per day greater in the intervention group . No intervention effect on juice and soft drink consumption was found . Daily water flow of the fountains indicated lasting use during the entire intervention period , but to varying extent . CONCLUSION . Our environmental and educational , school-based intervention proved to be effective in the prevention of  overweight among children in elementary school , even in a population from socially deprived areas OBJECTIVES The objectives of this pilot study were to compare the dietary , physiological and metabolic effects of 12-week modified carbohydrate nutrition intervention when disseminated in an individualized home-based format versus a group classroom-based format . METHODS Twenty-three overweight ( > /=85(th ) percentile BMI ) Latina adolescent females ( 12 - 17 years of age ) were r and omized to a 12-week modified carbohydrate dietary intervention delivered in either an individualized home-based format ( n = 11 ) or a group classroom-based format ( n = 12 ) . Anthropometrics , dietary intake by 3-day diet records , insulin dynamics by extended 3-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance test ( OGTT ) and body composition by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) were measured before and after intervention ; 24-hour diet recalls were collected once or twice per month throughout the program . RESULTS Mixed modeling showed no significant differences in changes in dietary intake between intervention groups , but both groups significantly reduced intake of added sugar , sugary beverages and refined carbohydrates by 33 % , 66 % , and 35 % , respectively , and dietary fiber significantly increased by 44 % ( p < 0.01 ) throughout the 12 weeks . There was a significant time effect for BMI z-scores within each intervention group ( p < 0.05 ) . There was no significant time*intervention group interaction for any of the physiological or metabolic variables , indicating that change over time was not significantly different between intervention groups . CONCLUSIONS Although a culturally tailored , modified carbohydrate dietary intervention led to significant improvements in dietary intake and BMI z-scores , the extremely intensive , individualized , home-based program was no more effective at improving diet , decreasing adiposity or reducing type 2 diabetes risk factors than the traditional classroom-based format BACKGROUND Secondary school students often do not drink sufficient quantities of water during the school day to prevent dehydration , promote learning and good health . The study aim ed to measure the effect of health promotion and the free provision of cooled filtered water on the consumption of water and soft drinks . It also aim ed to explore students ' views of drinking water provision . METHODS A study was conducted with three secondary schools in North Tyneside . Over a 3 month period one school was given cooled filtered water and active promotion ( W + P ) , another had water only ( W ) . The control school ( C ) took part in post-intervention focus group work . RESULTS The average volume of water drunk by students , in school ' W + P ' was greater ( P = 0.05 ) than that drunk in school ' W ' and control school ' C ' . The volume of soft drinks purchased by students in all three schools before and during the intervention remained static . Focus group data revealed that students viewed their existing water provision as poor and wanted sufficient supplies of cooled filtered water in school . CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that active promotion of water drinking increased consumption of water by secondary school students . Further developments of the project are suggested Background Computer tailoring may be a promising technique for prevention of overweight in adolescents . However , very few well-developed , evidence -based computer-tailored interventions are available for this target group . We developed and evaluated a computer-tailored intervention for adolescents targeting energy balance-related behaviours : i.e. consumption of snacks , sugar-sweetened beverages , fruit , vegetables , and fibre , physical activity , and sedentary behaviours . This paper describes the planned development of a school-based computer-tailored intervention aim ed at improving energy balance-related behaviours in order to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents , and the protocol for evaluating this intervention . Methods / design Intervention development : Informed by the Pre caution Adoption Process Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour , the computer-tailored intervention provided feedback on personal behaviour and suggestions on how to modify it . The intervention ( VETisnietVET translated as ' FATaintPHAT ' ) has been developed for use in the first year of secondary school during eight lessons . Evaluation design : The intervention will be evaluated in a cluster-r and omised trial including 20 schools with a 4-months and a 2-years follow-up . Outcome measures are BMI , waist circumference , energy balance-related behaviours , and potential determinants of these behaviours . Process measures are appreciation of and satisfaction with the program , exposure to the program 's content , and implementation facilitators and barriers measured among students and teachers . Discussion This project result ed in a theory and evidence -based intervention that can be implemented in a school setting . A large-scale r and omised controlled trial with a short and long-term follow-up will provide sound statements about the effectiveness of this computer-tailored intervention in adolescents . Trial Registration IS RCT OBJECTIVE To explore whether the effects on dietary behaviours of a computer-tailored intervention aim ed to prevent excessive weight gain among adolescents , FATaintPHAT , were moderated by sociodemographic , cognitive and home environmental factors . DESIGN A two-group cluster r and omized trial . Potential moderation of the outcome measures ( consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages , snacks , fruits and vegetables ) was studied by gender , education level , ethnicity , awareness of risk behaviour , intention and home availability . SETTING Twenty schools in the Netherl and s. SUBJECTS Students ( n 883 ) aged 12 - 13 years . RESULTS Of the twenty-four interactions tested , only three were significant . The intervention effect on sugar-sweetened beverages  was moderated by level of education ( P = 0·009 ) ; intervention effects were found only among academic preparatory students . The intervention effects on fruit and vegetable intake were moderated by awareness of fruit intake ( P < 0·001 ) and home availability of vegetables ( P = 0·007 ) ; an effect on fruit intake was found only among students who were aware of their low fruit intake at baseline and an effect on vegetable consumption was found only among students who reported that vegetables were always available at their home . CONCLUSIONS The effects of the intervention generally did not differ between sociodemographic subgroups . The moderation by home availability illustrates that the environment may influence the effects of educational interventions BACKGROUND During the nutrition transition in Chile , dietary changes were marked by increased consumption of high-energy , nutrient-poor products , including sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) . Obesity is now the primary nutritional problem in posttransitional Chile . OBJECTIVE We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to examine the effects on body composition of delivering milk beverages to the homes of overweight and obese children to displace SSBs . DESIGN We r and omly assigned 98 children aged 8 - 10 y who regularly consumed SSBs  to intervention and control groups . During a 16-wk intervention , children were instructed to drink 3 servings/d ( approximately 200 g per serving ) of the milk delivered to their homes and to not consume SSBs .  Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle . RESULTS For the intervention group , milk consumption increased by a mean ( + /- SEM ) of 452.5 + /- 37.7 g/d ( P < 0.0001 ) , and consumption of SSBs  decreased by -711.0 + /- 33.7 g/d 
    Output:
    
Adoption , implementation , and maintenance reporting did not vary among levels .