***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract AIM : To establish the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes on sheep farms in New Zeal and . METHODS : A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted , using a st and ardised  faecal nematode egg count ( FEC ) reduction ( FECR ) test ( FECRT ) for ivermectin , at a full ( 0.2 mg/kg ) and half ( 0.1 mg/kg ) dose rate , and albendazole , levamisole and albendazole-levamisole in combination , on 60 lambs ( n=10 per group ) on farms selected from throughout New Zeal and . Farms that conformed with selection criteria were chosen at r and om ( n=80 ) or with a history of suspected resistance to macrocy- clic lactone ( ML ) anthelmintics ( n=32 ) . Resistance to an an- thelmintic  was inferred when there was < 95 % reduction in FEC 7 - 10 days after treatment . Larval cultures were performed for all control groups and for treated groups for which resistance was evident . RESULTS : Of the farms r and omly selected , 36 % showed ≥95 % FECR for all anthelmintics tested ; resistance to ivermectin at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg liveweight was evident on 36 % and 25 % of these farms , respectively . Resistance to both ivermectin ( 0.2 mg/kg ) and levamisole was evident on 8/80 ( 10 % ) farms , to ivermectin and albendazole on 10/80 ( 13 % ) farms , and to iver- mectin , levamisole and albendazole on 6/80 ( 8 % ) farms . The prevalence of resistance to a half dose of ivermectin  tended to be more prevalent on farms with a history of suspected ML resistance ( p=0.06 ) . Resistance to albendazole  was seen across all the main parasite genera , and to levamisole in Nematodirus , Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia ) and Trichostrongylus species . Resistance to ivermectin was dominated by Ostertagia spp , although Cooperia , Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus species were also implicated . CONCLUSION : Anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nema-todes of sheep is common in New Zeal and . Not only was resistance to albendazole and levamisole common , but resistance to the ML , ivermectin , was at a higher prevalence than expected . Sheep farmers and advisors in New Zeal and need to re-evaluate the way they manage parasites , and more research is urgently needed if the steady decline in anthelmintic susceptibility is to be halted Abstract AIM : To test the theory that creating a reservoir of unselected worms by leaving a proportion of lambs in a flock untreated with anthelmintic , i.e. in refugia , will slow the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasite population s. METHODS : Newly weaned Romney lambs ( n=180 ) were infected with two nematode parasite species , Teladorsagia ( = Ostertagia ) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis . For each species , the challenge doses contained a mixture of infective larvae from benzimidazole-resistant and -susceptible isolates calculated to yield , from the combined population , a 95 % reduction in faecal nematode egg counts ( FEC ) following treatment with albendazole . Once the infections were patent , the lambs were divided into nine groups of 20 animals , and each group was allocated to one of three treatments . In Treatments 1 , 2 and 3 , 100 % , 90 % and 80 % of animals were treated with an anthelmintic , respectively . For treatments 2 and 3 , the heaviest animals remained untreated . Following treatment , each group was moved to its own previously prepared low-contamination pasture . Lambs grazed this pasture for 7 weeks before again being treated and moved to new low-contamination pastures ( Shift 1 and Shift 2 ) . The parasite population s on pasture result ing from the different treatments were subsequently sample d using tracer lambs , and worm eggs derived from these were used in both egg-hatch assays ( EHA ) and larval development assays ( LDA ) , to measure albendazole-resistance status . RESULTS : Treating all animals each time the groups were moved to new low-contamination pastures result ed in higher levels of albendazole resistance ( p<0.05 ) , measured using EHA and LDA , in subsequent parasite generations than when either 10 or 20 % of animals were left untreated . However , higher FEC in the tracer lambs grazed on pastures in Treatments 2 and 3 , compared with Treatment 1 , indicated an increased level of pasture contamination as a result of leaving some animals untreated . CONCLUSIONS : The results demonstrate that creating a reservoir of unselected parasites slows the development of anthelmintic resistance , and emphasises the risk of treating all animals prior to a shift on to low-contamination pasture . However , higher levels of pasture contamination , result ing from untreated animals , indicate the difficulty in managing both worm control and resistance Objective To investigate the effect of an additional review based on reporting guidelines such as STROBE and CONSORT on quality of manuscripts . Design Masked r and omised trial . Population Original research manuscripts su bmi tted to the Medicina Clínica journal from May 2008 to April 2009 and considered suitable for publication . Intervention Control group : conventional peer review s alone . Intervention group : conventional review plus an additional review looking for missing items from reporting guidelines . Outcomes Manuscript quality , assessed with a 5 point Likert scale ( primary : overall quality ; secondary : average quality of specific items in paper ) . Main analysis compared groups as allocated , after adjustment for baseline factors ( analysis of covariance ) ; sensitivity analysis compared groups as review ed . Adherence to review er suggestions assessed with Likert scale . Results Of 126 consecutive papers receiving conventional review  , 34 were not suitable for publication . The remaining 92 papers were allocated to receive conventional review s alone ( n=41 ) or additional review s ( n=51 ) . Four papers assigned to the conventional review group deviated from protocol ; they received an additional review based on reporting guidelines . We saw an improvement in manuscript quality in favour of the additional review group ( comparison as allocated , 0.25 , 95 % confidence interval –0.05 to 0.54 ; as review ed , 0.33 , 0.03 to 0.63 ) . More papers with additional review s than with conventional review s alone improved from baseline ( 22 ( 43 % ) v eight ( 20 % ) , difference 23.6 % ( 3.2 % to 44.0 % ) , number needed to treat 4.2 ( from 2.3 to 31.2 ) , relative risk 2.21 ( 1.10 to 4.44 ) ) . Authors in the additional review group adhered more to suggestions from conventional review s than to those from additional review s ( average increase 0.43 Likert points ( 0.19 to 0.67 ) ) . Conclusions Additional review s based on reporting guidelines improve manuscript quality , although the observed effect was smaller than hypothesised and not definitively demonstrated . Authors adhere more to suggestions from conventional review s than to those from additional review s , showing difficulties in adhering to high method ological st and ards at the latest research phases . To boost paper quality and impact , authors should be aware of future requirements of reporting guidelines at the very beginning of their study . Trial registration and protocol Although registries do not include trials of peer review , the protocol design was su bmi tted to sponsored research projects ( Instituto de Salud Carlos III , PI081903 ) Abstract Fifty four r and omly selected farms , located throughout the North Isl and and the Nelson region of South Isl and , were surveyed for anthelmintic usage and for sheep nematodes resistant to anthelmintics . Information on anthelmintic usage was recorded on a st and ardized question naire . Most fanners had used both benzimidazole and non- benzimidazole broad spectrum drenches on their properties in previous years . Sheep were being drenched , on average , 7 times within their first year of life but much less frequently thereafter . Commercial interests played the dominant role in helping farmers formulate their drenching policies . On each farm 24 numbered ewe replacement lambs were sample d for faeces at the beginning of the trial to provide material for egg counts and larval cultures . The lambs were weighed and divided into three groups of eight . One group received thiabendazole ( TBZ ) at 66 mg/kg , the second levamisole ( LEV ) at 8mg/kg while the third remained untreated as controls . All were re sample d 4 to 10 da Forty-three r and omly selected farms located throughout South Isl and , excluding the Nelson region , were surveyed for anthelmintic usage and for sheep nematodes resistant to anthelmintics . Most farmers had used both benzimidazole and non-benzimidazole broad-spectrum drenches on their properties in previous years . Sheep were being drenched , on average , 5.6 times within their first year of life but much less frequently thereafter . Commercial interests played the dominant role in helping farmers formulate their drenching policies . On each farm 24 numbered ewe replacement lambs , born during the spring of 1980 , were sample d for faeces at the beginning of the trial to provide material for egg counts and larval cultures . The lambs were weighed and divided into three groups of eight . One group received thiabendazole ( TBZ ) at 66 mg/kg , the second levamisole ( LEV ) at 8 mg/kg while the third remained untreated as controls . All were re sample d 4 to 10 days later . On 32 ( 88 % ) of the 40 farms where drenching trials were successfully carried out during autumn 1981 , the faecal egg count depression ( FECD ) following treatment with either drench was 100 % . On one farm TBZ was less than 100 % effective as gauged by FECD . LEV proved to be less than 100 % effective on 7 farms . On one farm the FECD was less than 80 % , on 2 between 90 % and 95 % and on 4 between 95 % and 99 % OBJECTIVES To develop and vali date a new risk-of-bias tool for nonr and omized studies ( NRSs ) . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We developed the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonr and omized Studies ( RoBANS ) . A validation process with 39 NRSs examined the reliability ( interrater agreement ) , validity ( the degree of correlation between the overall assessment s of RoBANS and Method ological Index for Nonr and omized Studies [ MINORS ] , obtained by plotting the overall risk of bias relative to effect size and funding source ) , face validity with eight experts , and completion time for the RoBANS approach . RESULTS RoBANS contains six domains : the selection of participants , confounding variables , the measurement of exposure , the blinding of the outcome assessment s , incomplete outcome data , and selective outcome reporting . The interrater agreement of the RoBANS tool except the measurement of exposure and selective outcome reporting domains ranged from fair to substantial . There was a moderate correlation between the overall risks of bias determined using RoBANS and MINORS . The observed differences in effect sizes and funding sources among the assessed studies were not correlated with the overall risk of bias in these studies . The mean time required to complete RoBANS was approximately 10 min . The external experts who were interviewed evaluated RoBANS as a " fair " assessment tool . CONCLUSIONS RoBANS shows moderate reliability , promising feasibility , and validity . The further refinement of this tool and larger validation studies are required This survey was conducted on 252 farms r and omly distributed over all the sheep raising areas in Uruguay . The study involved farms with more than 600 sheep , which represented 80 % of the total sheep population of the country . Three anthelmintic groups were assessed , namely , benzimidazoles , levamisole and avermectins . Overall , the results showed 80 % of sheep flocks had  benzimidazole resistance , 71 % had resistance to levamisole , and 1.2 % of flocks showed resistance to avermectins . Approximately 28 % of farms had resistance to one anthelmintic group , 64 % to two anthelmintic groups , and 1 % resistance to all three groups . Only 7.5 % of farms had no detectable levels of anthelmintic resistance . More than 80 % of farms had Trichostrongylus population s resistant to both benzimidazoles and levamisole . Resistance was recorded in all three anthelmintic groups for Haemonchus and resistance also occurred to benzimidazoles and levamisole in Ostertagia Abstract AIM : To examine the effect of an anthelmintic treatment to lambs , followed immediately by a shift onto pastures with differing levels of larval contamination , on the development of anthelmintic resistance , in order to support recommendations to farmers regarding drench- and -shift practice s for sustainable worm control . METHODS : Newly weaned Romney lambs ( n=72 ) were dosed with third-stage infective larvae ( L3 ) of two nematode parasite species , Teladorsagia ( = Ostertagia ) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis  , comprising benzimidazole-resistant and -susceptible isolates , calculated to yield , after treatment with albendazole 
    Output:
    
While there is abundant literature on the topic of AHR in sheep GINs , few studies have explicitly investigated the association between putative risk or protective factors and AHR .