***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose To examine the impact of ingesting hydrolyzed beef protein , whey protein , and carbohydrate on resistance training outcomes , body composition , muscle thickness , blood indices of health and salivary human neutrophil peptides ( HNP1 - 3 ) , as reference of humoral immunity followed an 8-week resistance training program in college athletes . Methods Twenty-seven recreationally physically active males and females ( n = 9 per treatment ) were r and omly assigned to one of the three groups : hydrolyzed beef protein , whey protein , or non-protein isoenergetic carbohydrate . Treatment consisted of ingesting 20 g of supplement , mixed with orange juice , once a day immediately post-workout or before breakfast on non-training days . Measurements were performed pre- and post-intervention on total load ( kg ) lifted at the first and last workout , body composition ( via plethysmography ) vastus medialis thickness ( mm ) ( via ultrasonography ) , and blood indices of health . Salivary HNP1 - 3 were determined before and after performing the first and last workout . Results Salivary concentration and secretion rates of the HNP1 - 3 decreased in the beef condition only from pre-first-workout ( 1.90 ± 0.83 μg/mL ; 2.95 ± 2.83 μg/min , respectively ) to pre-last-workout ( 0.92 ± 0.63 μg/mL , p = 0.025 , d = 1.03 ; 0.76 ± 0.74 μg/min , p = 0.049 , d = 0.95 ) , and post-last-workout ( 0.95 ± 0.60 μg/mL , p = 0.032 , d = 1.00 ; 0.59 ± 0.52 μg/min , p = 0.027 , d = 1.02 ) . No other significant differences between groups were observed . Conclusions Supplementation with a carbohydrate – protein beverage may support resistance training outcomes in a comparable way as the ingestion of only carbohydrate . Furthermore , the ingestion of 20 g of hydrolyzed beef protein result ed in a decreased level and secretion rates of the HNP1 - 3 from baseline with no negative effect on blood indices of health Beef powder is a new high- quality protein source scarcely research ed relative to exercise performance . The present study examined the impact of ingesting hydrolyzed beef protein , whey protein , and carbohydrate on strength performance ( 1RM ) , body composition ( via plethysmography ) , limb circumferences and muscular thickness ( via ultrasonography ) , following an 8-week resistance-training program . After being r and omly assigned to one of the following groups : Beef , Whey , or Carbohydrate , twenty four recreationally physically active males ( n = 8 per treatment )  ingested 20 g of supplement , mixed with orange juice , once a day ( immediately after workout or before breakfast ) . Post intervention changes were examined as percent change and 95 % CIs . Beef ( 2.0 % , CI , 0.2 - 2.38 % ) and Whey ( 1.4 % , CI , 0.2 - 2.6 % ) but not Carbohydrate ( 0.0 % , CI , -1.2 - 1.2 % ) increased fat-free mass . All groups increased vastus medialis thickness : Beef ( 11.1 % , CI , 6.3 - 15.9 % ) , Whey ( 12.1 % , CI , 4.0 , -20.2 % ) , Carbohydrate ( 6.3 % , CI , 1.9 - 10.6 % ) . Beef ( 11.2 % , CI , 5.9 - 16.5 % ) and Carbohydrate ( 4.5 % , CI , 1.6 - 7.4 % ) , but not Whey ( 1.1 % , CI , -1.7 - 4.0 % ) , increased biceps brachialis thickness , while only Beef increased arm ( 4.8 % , CI , 2.3 - 7.3 % ) and thigh ( 11.2 % , 95%CI 0.4 - 5.9 % ) circumferences . Although the three groups significantly improved 1RM Squat ( Beef 21.6 % , CI 5.5 - 37.7 % ; Whey 14.6 % , CI , 5.9 - 23.3 % ; Carbohydrate 19.6 % , CI , 2.2 - 37.1 % ) , for the 1RM bench press the improvements were significant for Beef ( 15.8 % CI 7.0 - 24.7 % ) and Whey ( 5.8 % , CI , 1.7 - 9.8 % ) but not for carbohydrate ( 11.4 % , CI , -0.9 - 23.6 % ) . Protein-carbohydrate supplementation supports fat-free mass accretion and lower body hypertrophy . Hydrolyzed beef promotes upper body hypertrophy along with similar performance outcomes as observed when supplementing with whey isolate or maltodextrin BACKGROUND The anabolic effect of resistance exercise is enhanced by the provision of dietary protein . OBJECTIVES We aim ed to determine the ingested protein dose response of muscle ( MPS ) and albumin protein synthesis ( APS ) after resistance exercise . In addition , we measured the phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins thought to regulate acute changes in MPS . DESIGN Six healthy young men reported to the laboratory on 5 separate occasions to perform an intense bout of leg-based resistance exercise . After exercise , participants consumed , in a r and omized order , drinks containing 0 , 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 g whole egg protein .  Protein synthesis and whole-body leucine oxidation were measured over 4 h after exercise by a primed constant infusion of [1-(13)C]leucine . RESULTS MPS displayed a dose response to dietary protein ingestion and was maximally stimulated at 20 g. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase ( Thr(389 ) ) , ribosomal protein S6 ( Ser(240/244 ) ) , and the epsilon-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B ( Ser(539 ) ) were unaffected by protein ingestion . APS increased in a dose-dependent manner and also reached a plateau at 20 g ingested protein . Leucine oxidation was significantly increased after 20 and 40 g protein were ingested . CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 20 g intact protein is sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS and APS after resistance exercise . Phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins was not enhanced with any dose of protein ingested , which suggested that the stimulation of MPS after resistance exercise may be related to amino acid availability . Finally , dietary protein consumed after exercise in excess of the rate at which it can be incorporated into tissue protein stimulates irreversible oxidation Beef is a nutrient-rich , high- quality protein containing all the essential amino acids in proportions similar to those found in human skeletal muscle . In order to investigate the efficacy of a beef supplementation strategy on strength and body composition , we recruited 26 young healthy adults to participate in a resistance-training program of eight weeks , based on the use of isotonic machines and free weights at 75 % of one repetition maximum . Subjects were r and omly divided into two groups , food group and control group , of 12 and 14 subjects respectively . Food group were supplemented after resistance training with a 135 g serving of lean beef ( tinned meat ) , providing 20 g of protein and 1.7 g of fat . No supplementation was provided to control group . Fat mass , fat free mass , lean mass , assessed by bioelectrical impedance analyzer , and muscle strength , assessed by one repetition maximum test , were evaluated in all subjects both at the beginning ( week 0 ) and at the end ( week 8) of the study . Pre- and post-training differences were evaluated with paired t-tests while group differences for each outcome parameter was evaluated with independent t-tests . At the end of the study the food group showed a significantly decrease in fat mass ( week 0 : 15.0 ± 6.7 kg ; week 8 : 13.1 ± 7.6 kg ; Δ : −1.9 ± 2.9 kg ; p < 0.05 ) and a significantly increase in fat free mass ( week 0 : 52.8 kg ± 9.4 ; week 8 : 55.1 kg ± 10.9 ; Δ : 2.3 ± 2.5 kg ; p < 0.01 ) . No significant differences in lean mass were found in either food group or control group . No significant differences in one repetition maximum tests were found between food group and control group . Tinned meat can be considered a nutrition strategy in addition to other proteins or amino acid supplements , but as with any other supplementation strategy , a proper nutrition plan must be coupled Background Consumption of moderate amounts of animal-derived protein has been shown to differently influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy during resistance training when compared with nitrogenous and isoenergetic amounts of plant-based protein administered in small to moderate doses . Therefore , the purpose of the study was to determine if the post-exercise consumption of rice protein isolate could increase recovery and elicit adequate changes in body composition compared to equally dosed whey protein isolate if given in large , isocaloric doses . Methods 24 college-aged , resistance trained males were recruited for this study . Subjects were r and omly and equally divided into two groups , either consuming 48 g of rice or whey protein isolate ( isocaloric and isonitrogenous ) on training days . Subjects trained 3 days per week for 8 weeks as a part of a daily undulating periodized resistance-training program . The rice and whey protein supplements were consumed immediately following exercise . Ratings of perceived recovery , soreness , and readiness to train were recorded prior to and following the first training session . Ultrasonography determined muscle thickness , dual emission x-ray absorptiometry determined body composition , and bench press and leg press for upper and lower body strength were recorded during weeks 0 , 4 , and 8 . An ANOVA model was used to measure group , time , and group by time interactions . If any main effects were observed , a Tukey post-hoc was employed to locate where differences occurred . Results No detectable differences were present in psychometric scores of perceived recovery , soreness , or readiness to train ( p > 0.05 ) . Significant time effects were observed in which lean body mass , muscle mass , strength and power all increased and fat mass decreased ; however , no condition by time interactions were observed ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both whey and rice protein isolate administration post resistance exercise improved indices of body composition and exercise performance ; however , there were no differences between the two groups Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Compared to soy , whey protein is higher in leucine , absorbed quicker and results in a more pronounced increase in muscle protein synthesis . Objective : To determine whether supplementation with whey promotes greater increases in muscle mass compared to soy or carbohydrate , we r and omized non-resistance-trained men and women into groups who consumed daily isocaloric supplements containing carbohydrate ( carb ; n = 22 ) , whey protein ( whey ; n = 19 ) , or soy protein ( soy ; n = 22 ) . Methods : All subjects completed a supervised , whole-body periodized resistance training program consisting of 96 workouts ( ∼9 months ) . Body composition was determined at baseline and after 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Plasma amino acid responses to resistance exercise followed by supplement ingestion were determined at baseline and 9 months . Results : Daily protein intake ( including the supplement ) for carb , whey , and soy was 1.1 , 1.4 , and 1.4 g·kg body mass−1 , respectively . Lean body mass gains were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater in whey ( 3.3 ± 1.5 kg ) than carb ( 2.3 ± 1.7 kg ) and soy ( 1.8 ± 1.6 kg ) . Fat mass decreased slightly but there were no differences between groups . Fasting concentrations of leucine were significantly elevated ( 20 % ) and postexercise plasma leucine increased more than 2-fold in whey . Fasting leucine concentrations were positively correlated with lean body mass responses . Conclusions : Despite consuming similar calories and protein during resistance training , daily supplementation with whey was more effective than soy protein or isocaloric carbohydrate control treatment conditions in promoting gains in lean body mass . These results highlight the importance of protein quality as an important determinant of lean body mass responses to resistance training Bovine colostrum is the first milk secreted by cows after parturition and has high levels of protein , immunoglobulins , and various growth factors . We determined the effects of 8 weeks of bovine colostrum supplementation versus whey protein during resistance training in older adults . Males ( N = 15 , 59.1 ± 5.4 y ) and females ( N = 25 , 59.0 ± 6.7 y ) r and omly received ( double-blind ) 60 g/d of colostrum or whey protein complex  ( containing 38 g protein ) while participating in a  resistance training program  ( 12 exercises , 3 sets of 8 - 1 
    Output:
    
In summary , BP provides similar effects to WP on protein intake and body composition and , compared to NP , might be an effective intervention to increase total daily protein intake , LBM and lower-limb muscle strength