***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the middle and junior high school Drug Abuse Resistance Education ( D.A.R.E. ) and D.A.R.E. Plus programs on drug use and violence . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial of 24 schools , with 3 conditions : D.A.R.E. only , D.A.R.E. Plus , and delayed program control . SETTING Schools and neighborhoods , primarily in Minneapolis-St Paul . PARTICIPANTS All seventh- grade students in 24 schools in the academic year 1999 - 2000 ( N = 6237 at baseline , 67.3 % were white , and there was 84.0 % retention at final follow-up ) . INTERVENTIONS The middle and junior high school D.A.R.E. curriculum in the 16 schools that received D.A.R.E. only and D.A.R.E. Plus . In the 8 schoolts that received D.A.R.E. Plus , additional components included a peer-led parental involvement classroom program called " On the VERGE , " youth-led extracurricular activities , community adult action teams , and postcard mailings to parents . The interventions were implemented during 2 school years , when the cohort was in the seventh and eighth grade s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported tobacco , alcohol , and marijuana use ; multidrug use ; violence ; and victimization , assessed at the beginning and end of seventh grade and at the end of eighth grade . Growth curve analytic methods were used to assess changes over time by condition . RESULTS There were no significant differences between D.A.R.E. only and the controls ; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and controls for tobacco , alcohol , and multidrug use and victimization ; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and D.A.R.E. only in tobacco use and violence ; and no significant behavioral differences among girls . CONCLUSION D.A.R.E. Plus significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. curriculum among boys and was more effective than the delayed program controls , underscoring the potential for multiyear , multicomponent prevention programs and demonstrating sex differences in response to intervention programs This study examined the effects of the  Iowa Strengthening Families Program ( ISFP ) and the Preparing for the Drug-Free Years program ( PDFY ) on young adolescent transitions from nonuse of substances to initiation and progression of substance use . Analyses incorporated 3 waves of data collected over a 2.5-year period from 329 rural young adolescents . Outcomes were analyzed by using log-linear models that incorporated substance use status frequencies derived from latent transition analyses . Effects on delayed substance use initiation were shown for both the ISFP and the PDFY at a 2-year follow-up . Also at this follow-up , the PDFY showed effects on delayed progression of use among those previously reporting initiation OBJECTIVE To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) alone or with " boosters " could enhance ( either broaden or sustain or both ) the effect of a small group , face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . METHODS A longitudinal , r and omized , community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income , community-based , in-town setting s. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied . After completion of baseline measures , youths were r and omized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone ( FOK only ) , a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention ( FOK plus ImPACT ) , or both of the above plus boosters ( FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters ) .  Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention . RESULTS At 6 months ' follow-up , youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse , sex without a condom , alcohol use , and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of " risky sexual behavior " compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only . At 12 months after intervention , rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths . With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months , 2 risk behaviors -- use of crack/cocaine and drug selling -- were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters . The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS The results of this r and omized , controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only . At the same time , the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention OBJECTIVES This study examined the relative perceived effectiveness of 30  antidrug public service announcements ( PSAs )  and assessed the extent to which judgments of effectiveness are related to judgments of realism , amount learned , and positive and negative emotional responses . METHODS Data were obtained from 3608 students in grade s 5 through 12 in 10 schools . The ethnically diverse sample was 50.8 % male . Students in 5 experimental conditions viewed sets of 6 antidrug PSAs and filled out a brief evaluation question naire following each PSA . Those in the control condition viewed a non-drug-related television program . RESULTS The relative perceived effectiveness of the 30 PSAs varied considerably . Sixteen were rated as significantly more effective , and 6 as significantly less effective , than the control program .  Relative rated effectiveness was highly related to realism ( r = .87 ) , amount learned ( r = .88 ) , negative emotion ( r = .87 ) , and positive emotion ( r = -.35 ) . CONCLUSIONS Evaluative research is necessary to prevent broadcast of PSAs that could have a negative impact . PSAs should point out the negative consequences of drug use behavior rather than telling adolescents to " just say no. The Adolescent Transitions Program ( ATP ) promotes student adjustment and reduces risk within a public school setting , focusing primarily on parenting practice s using a tiered , multilevel prevention strategy . A description is given of the program , levels of engagement , and intervention effects . Within each school , multiethnic students ( N = 672 ) and their families were r and omly assigned at the individual level to a control condition or the ATP intervention . Analyses focus on the longitudinal effects of the ATP intervention on self-reported substance use through middle school and the 1st year of high school ( Grade s 6 , 7 , 8 , and 9 ) . Levels of engagement in the selected and indicated interventions were somewhat less than expected . Despite relatively low levels of engagement , the intervention reduced initiation of substance use in both at-risk and typically developing students . These findings are discussed with respect to lessons learned about parent engagement , optimizing strategies for schoolwide implementation , and the promise of embedding family interventions within the public school ecology OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of 2 programs design ed to reduce high-risk behaviors among inner-city African American youth . DESIGN Cluster r and omized trial . SETTING Twelve metropolitan Chicago , Ill , schools and the communities they serve , 1994 through 1998 . PARTICIPANTS Students in grade s 5 through 8 and their parents and teachers . INTERVENTIONS The social development curriculum ( SDC ) consisted of 16 to 21 lessons per year focusing on social competence skills necessary to manage situations in which high-risk behaviors occur . The school/community intervention ( SCI ) consisted of SDC and school-wide climate and parent and community components . The control group received an attention-placebo health enhancement curriculum ( HEC ) of equal intensity to the SDC focusing on nutrition , physical activity , and general health care . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Student self-reports of violence , provocative behavior , school delinquency , substance use , and sexual behaviors ( intercourse and condom use ) . RESULTS For boys , the SDC and SCI significantly reduced the rate of increase in violent behavior ( by 35 % and 47 % compared with HEC , respectively ) , provoking behavior ( 41 % and 59 % ) , school delinquency ( 31 % and 66 % ) , drug use ( 32 % and 34 % ) , and recent sexual intercourse ( 44 % and 65 % ) , and improved the rate of increase in condom use ( 95 % and 165 % ) . The SCI was significantly more effective than the SDC for a combined behavioral measure ( 79 % improvement vs 51 % ) . There were no significant effects for girls . CONCLUSIONS Theoretically derived social-emotional programs that are culturally sensitive , developmentally appropriate , and offered in multiple grade s can reduce multiple risk behaviors for inner-city African American boys in grade s 5 through 8 . The lack of effects for girls deserves further research PURPOSE With the increasing rate of HIV infection among adolescents , there is an urgent need for interventions that will provide teenagers with information , the ability to make decisions , and the assertiveness and communication skills required for effective prevention and risk reduction . This study evaluated an AIDS Risk Reduction Education and Skills Training ( ARREST ) program design ed for adolescents , ages 12 - 16 years . METHODS Eighty-seven inner-city , African-American ( 36 % ) and Latino ( 55 % ) adolescents were recruited from community-based after-school programs , and r and omly assigned to either the ARREST intervention or a wait-list control group . Adolescents assigned to the ARREST intervention participated in three 90-minute intervention sessions . ARREST was evaluated by comparing pre- and post-test scores on a battery of self-report measures and videotaped role-play simulations . RESULTS Analyses revealed significant post-test differences between the ARREST and wait-list control groups , with teens in the ARREST group demonstrating significant changes in knowledge and negative attitudes about HIV/AIDS , perception of risk , and appropriate concern about contracting AIDS . Most importantly , adolescents in the ARREST group demonstrated a significant increase in behavioral skills for negotiating prevention and risk reduction , and resisting peer pressures to engage in risk-related sexual and drug-use behaviors . CONCLUSIONS ARREST was effective in meeting its short-term objectives for changes in knowledge and behavioral skills , which are important prerequisites for behavior change . Replication with long-term follow-up assessment is needed , however , to determine this intervention 's effectiveness at changing risk-related sexual and drug-use behaviors OBJECTIVES This study evaluated a community-based program in China to prevent initiation of  drug use in young men . METHODS Similar intervention and control areas were selected . Village leaders , teachers , and women and youth leaders were recruited to participate in the program . Community activities were organized and intervention activities in schools were implemented . Incidence of new drug users was estimated . RESULTS There was a 2.7-fold greater reduction in drug use initiation in the intervention area ( 1.59 % vs 0.60 % ) . Reduction was highest among males aged 15 to 19 , single men , illiterate men , and the Jingpo minority .  HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes and recognition of drug problems were all significantly better in the intervention area . CONCLUSIONS Community-based intervention programs to prevent drug use can be successful in rural areas of China The entire early adolescent population of the 15 communities that constitute the Kansas City ( Kansas and Missouri ) metropolitan area has participated in a community-based program for prevention of drug abuse since September 1984 . The Kansas City area is the first of two major metropolitan sites being evaluated in the Midwestern Prevention Project , a longitudinal trial for primary prevention of cigarette , alcohol , and marijuana use in adolescents . The project includes mass media programming , a school-based educational program for youths , parent education and organization , community organization , and health policy components that are introduced sequentially into communities during a 6-year period . Effects of the program are determined through annual assessment s of adolescent drug use in schools that are assigned to immediate intervention or delayed intervention control conditions . In the first 2 years of the project , 22,500 sixth- and seventh- grade adolescents received the school-based educational program component , with parental involvement in homework and mass media coverage . Analyses of 42 schools indicate that the prevalence rates of use for all three drugs are significantly lower at 1-year follow-up in the intervention condition relative to the delayed intervention condition , with or without controlling for race , grade , socioeconomic status , and urbanicity ( 17 % vs 24 % for cigarette smoking , 11 % vs 16 % for alcohol use , and 7 % vs 10 % for marijuana use in the last month ) , and the net increase in drug use prevalence among intervention schools is half that of delayed intervention schools This study evaluated the substance initiation effects of an intervention combining family and school-based competency-training intervention components . Thirty-six rural schools were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions : ( a ) the classroom-based Life Skills Training ( LST ) and the Strengthening Families Program : For Parents and Children 10 - 14  , ( b ) LST only , or ( c ) a control condition . Outcomes were examined 1 year after the intervention posttest , using a substance initiation index ( SII ) measuring lifetime use of alcohol , cigarettes , and marijuana and by rates of each individual substance . Planned intervention-control contrasts showed significant effects for both the combined and LST-only interventions on the SII and on marijuana initiation . Relative reduction rates for alco 
    Output:
    
There is a lack of evidence of effectiveness of the included interventions .
Motivational interviewing and some family interventions may have some benefit .