***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION We explored the differential effect of cessation interventions ( behavioral support sessions with [ BSS+ ] and without [ BSS ] bupropion ) between hookah and cigarette smokers . METHODS We reanalyzed the data from a major cluster-r and omized controlled trial , ASSIST ( Action to Stop Smoking In Suspected Tuberculosis ) , which consisted of 3 conditions : ( a ) behavioral support sessions ( BSS ) , ( b ) behavioral support sessions plus 7 weeks of bupropion therapy ( BSS+ ) , and ( c ) controls receiving usual care . The trial originally recruited 1,955 adult smokers with suspected tuberculosis from 33 health centers in the Jhang and Sargodha districts of Pakistan between 2010 and 2011 . The primary endpoint was continuous 6-month smoking abstinence , which was determined by carbon monoxide levels . Subgroup-specific relative risks ( RRs ) of smoking abstinence were computed and tested for differential intervention effect using log binomial regression ( generalized linear model ) between 3 subgroups ( cigarette-only : 1,255 ; mixed : 485 ; and hookah-only : 215 ) . RESULTS The test result for homogeneity of intervention effects between the smoking forms was statistically significant ( p-value for BSS+ : .04 and for BSS : .02 ) . Compared to the control , both interventions appeared to be effective among hookah smokers ( RR = 2.5 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 - 4.7 and RR = 2.2 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 - 3.8 , respectively ) but less effective among cigarette smokers ( RR = 6.6 ; 95 % CI = 4.6 - 9.6 and RR = 5.8 ; 95 % CI = 4.0 - 8.5 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The differential intervention effects on hookah and cigarette smokers were seen ( a ) because the behavioral support intervention was design ed primarily for cigarette smokers ; ( b ) because of differences in demographic characteristics , behavioral , and sociocultural determinants ; or ( c ) because of differences in nicotine dependency levels between the 2 groups INTRODUCTION Tobacco use in low- to middle-income countries is a major public health concern for both smokers and those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) . Egypt has made important strides in controlling tobacco use , but smoking and ETS remain highly prevalent . This r and omized intervention sought to improve the target population 's knowledge regarding the hazards of smoking and ETS and to change attitudes and smoking behaviors within the community and the household . METHODS In this 2005 - 2006 study in Egypt 's Qalyubia governorate , trained professionals visited schools , households , mosques , and health care centers in rural villages r and omly selected for the intervention to discuss the adverse effects of smoking and ETS exposure and ways to reduce one 's ETS exposure . Data collected in interviewer-facilitated surveys before and after the intervention period were analyzed in pairwise comparisons with data from control villages to assess the effectiveness of the intervention in achieving its aims . RESULTS The intervention group showed a greater increase in underst and ing the dangers associated with smoking cigarettes and waterpipes  and became more proactive in limiting ETS exposure by asking smokers to stop , avoiding areas with ETS , and enacting smoking bans in the home . However , the intervention had little to no impact on the number of smokers and the amount of tobacco smoked . CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with previous studies showing that changing smokers ' behavior can be difficult , but community-wide efforts to reduce ETS exposure through smoking bans , education , and empowering people to ask smokers to stop are effective . The method can be generalized to other setting In the GRADE approach , r and omized trials start as high- quality evidence and observational studies as low- quality evidence , but both can be rated down if most of the relevant evidence comes from studies that suffer from a high risk of bias . Well-established limitations of r and omized trials include failure to conceal allocation , failure to blind , loss to follow-up , and failure to appropriately consider the intention-to-treat principle . More recently recognized limitations include stopping early for apparent benefit and selective reporting of outcomes according to the results . Key limitations of observational studies include use of inappropriate controls and failure to adequately adjust for prognostic imbalance . Risk of bias may vary across outcomes ( e.g. , loss to follow-up may be far less for all-cause mortality than for quality of life ) , a consideration that many systematic review s ignore . In deciding whether to rate down for risk of bias -- whether for r and omized trials or observational studies -- authors should not take an approach that averages across studies . Rather , for any individual outcome , when there are some studies with a high risk , and some with a low risk of bias , they should consider including only the studies with a lower risk of bias INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains a major public health problem worldwide . Water-pipe smoking is spreading rapidly and threatening to undermine the successes achieved in tobacco control . METHODS A school-based longitudinal study in the city of Irbid , Jordan , was performed from 2008 to 2010 . All seventh- grade students in 19 r and omly selected schools , out of a total of 60 schools in the city , were enrolled at baseline and surveyed annually . RESULTS Of the 1781 students enrolled at baseline 1,701 ( 95.5 % ) were still in the study at the end of the second year of follow-up ( 869 boys , median age at baseline 13 years ) . Ever and current water-pipe smoking  were higher than those of cigarette smoking at baseline ( ever smoking : 25.9 % vs. 17.6 % and current smoking : 13.3 % vs. 5.3 % for water-pipe and cigarette smoking , respectively ; p < .01 for both ) but cigarette smoking caught up by the second year of follow-up ( ever smoking : 46.4 % vs. 44.7 % ; p = .32 and current smoking : 18.9 % vs. 14.9 % ; p < .01 ) . Water pipe-only smokers at baseline were twice as likely to become current cigarette smokers after 2 years compared with never smokers ( relative risk ( RR ) = 2.1 ; 95 % CI = 1.2 , 3.4 ) . A similar pattern was observed for cigarette-only smokers at baseline ( RR = 2.0 ; 95 % CI = 0.9 , 4.8 ) . CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of water-pipe and cigarette smoking increased dramatically over the 2-year follow-up period with similar patterns in boys and girls , although girls had lower prevalence in all categories . Water-pipe smoking at baseline predicted the progress to cigarette smoking in the future and vice versa Background Involving children in research studies requires obtaining parental permission . A school-based intervention to delay/prevent waterpipe use for 7th and 8th grade rs in Qatar was developed , and parental permission requested . Fifty three percent ( 2308/4314 ) of the parents returned permission forms ; of those 19.5 % of the total ( 840/4314 ) granted permission . This paper describes the challenges to obtaining parental permission . No research to date has described such challenges in the Arab world . Methods A r and om sample of 40 schools in Doha , Qatar was selected for inclusion in the original intervention .  Permission forms were distributed to parents for approval of their child ’s participation . The permission forms requested that parents indicate their reasons for non-permission if they declined . These were categorized into themes . In order to underst and reasons for non-permission , interviews with parents were conducted . Phone numbers of parents were requested from the school administration ; 12 of the 40 schools ( 30 % ) agreed to provide the contact information . A r and om sample of 28 parents from 12 schools was interviewed to reach data saturation . Thematic analysis was used to analyze their responses . Results Reasons for non-permission documented in both the forms and interviews included : poor timing ; lack of interest ; the child not wanting to participate ; and the child living in a smoke-free environment . Interviews provided information on important topics to include in the consent forms , parents ’ decision-making processes regarding their child ’s participation , and considerations for communicating with parents . Many parents also indicated that this was the first time they had been asked to give an informed consent for their child ’s participation in a study . Conclusions Results indicate that more attention needs to be given to the informed parental consent process . Research ers should consider enhancing both the methods of communicating information as well the specific information provided . Before embarking on recruitment of children for studies , formative research on the parental consent process is suggested Background Among Arab citizens in Israel , cigarette and nargila ( hookah , waterpipe ) smoking is a serious public health problem , particularly among the young adult population . With the dramatic increase of Internet and computer use among Arab college and university students , a Web-based program may provide an easy , accessible tool to reduce smoking rates without heavy re source dem and s required by traditional methods . Objective The purpose of this research was to examine the acceptability and feasibility of a pilot Web-based program that provides tailored feedback to increase smoking knowledge and reduce cigarette and nargila smoking behaviors among Arab college/university students in Israel . Methods A pilot Web-based program was developed , consisting of a self-administered question naire and feedback system on cigarette and nargila smoking .  Arab university students were recruited to participate in a mixed- methods study , using both quantitative ( pre-/posttest study design ) and qualitative tools . A posttest was implemented at 1 month following participation in the intervention to assess any changes in smoking knowledge and behaviors . Focus group sessions were implemented to assess acceptability and preferences related to the Web-based program . Results A total of 225 participants —response rate of 63.2 % (225/356)—completed the intervention at baseline and at 1-month post study , and were used for the comparative analysis . Statistically significant reductions in nargila smoking among participants ( P=.001 ) were found . The intervention did not result in reductions in cigarette smoking . However , the tailored Web intervention result ed in statistically significant increases in the intention to quit smoking ( P=.021 ) . No statistically significant increases in knowledge were seen at 1-month post study . Participants expressed high satisfaction with the intervention and 93.8 % ( 211/225 ) of those who completed the intervention at both time intervals reported that they would recommend the program to their friends , indicating excellent acceptability and feasibility of the intervention . This was further emphasized in the focus group sessions . Conclusions A tailored Web-based program may be a promising tool to reduce nargila smoking among Arab university students in Israel . The tailored Web intervention was not successful at significantly reducing cigarette smoking or increasing knowledge . However , the intervention did increase participants ’ intention to quit smoking . Participants considered the Web-based tool to be an interesting , feasible , and highly acceptable strategy . Trial Registration Trial Registration : IS RCT N registry IS RCT N59207794 ; http://www.is rct n.com/IS RCT N59207794 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6VkYOBNOJ ) Objectives : This research was undertaken with the aim of assessing the indoor air quality in popular hospitality venues , as also to evaluate the effectiveness of the nationwide comprehensive public smoking ban . The analysis was split into two halves – baseline study taken up prior to implementation of the said ban on 2nd October 2008 , and the follow-up study after it came into effect . Material s and Methods : Twenty-five venues including five restaurants , fourteen resto-bars , two hookah ( smoking water-pipe ) cafes and four pubs were selected using a mix of r and om , convenience and purpose ful sampling . Particulate matter ( PM2.5 ) measurements at these venues were made using TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor . Results : The average PM2.5 level in venues where smoking was permitted prior to implementation of ban was found to be 669.95 μg/m3 in the baseline study . Post ban , the average PM2.5 level in same test venues reduced to 240.8 μg/m3 . The hookah cafes were an exception as the average PM2.5 levels exceeded the permissible limits before as well as post ban . Conclusion : The baseline study showed that the hospitality venues had hazardous levels of PM2.5 particles arising from second-h and smoke prior to smoking ban . These decreased by a maximum of 64 % after the law took effect . A substantial improvement in air quality at these venues post implementation of the smoking ban indicated the effectiveness of the law BACKGROUND Waterpipe use has increased dramatically in the Middle East and other parts of the world . Many users exhibit signs of dependence , including withdrawal and difficulty quitting , but there is no evidence base to guide cessation efforts . METHODS We developed a behavioral cessation program for willing-to-quit waterpipe users , and evaluated its feasibility and efficacy in a pilot , two arm , parallel group , r and omized , open label trial in Aleppo , Syria . Fifty adults who smoked waterpipe ≥3 times per week in the last year , did not smoke cigarettes , and were interested in quitting were r and omized to receive either brief ( 1 in-person session and 3 phone calls ) or intensive ( 3 in-person sessions and 5 phone calls ) behavioral cessation treatment delivered by a trained physician in a clinical setting . The primary efficacy end point of the developed interventions was prolonged abstinence at three months post-quit day , assessed by self-report and exhaled carbon monoxide levels of < 10 ppm . Secondary end points were 7 day point-prevalent abstinence and adherence to treatment . RESULTS Thirty percent of participants were fully adherent to 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , there is a lack of evidence of effectiveness for most waterpipe interventions .