***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of cold water immersion ( CWI ) on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation .  Ten male cyclists ( age , 29 + /- 6 yr ) performed two repeated supramaximal cycling exercises ( SE(1 ) and SE(2 ) ) interspersed with a 20-min passive recovery period , during which they were r and omly assigned to either 5 min of CWI in 14 degrees C or a control ( N ) condition where they sat in an environmental chamber ( 35.0 + /- 0.3 degrees C and 40.0 + /- 3.0 % relative humidity ) . Rectal temperature ( T(re ) ) and beat-to-beat heart rate ( HR ) were recorded continuously . The time constant of HR recovery ( HRRtau ) and a time ( 30-s ) varying vagal-related HR variability ( HRV ) index ( rMSSD(30s ) ) were assessed during the 6-min period immediately following exercise . Resting vagal-related HRV indexes were calculated during 3-min periods 2 min before and 3 min after SE(1 ) and SE(2 ) . Results showed no effect of  CWI  on T(re ) ( P = 0.29 ) , SE performance ( P = 0.76 ) , and HRRtau ( P = 0.61 ) . In contrast , all vagal-related HRV indexes were decreased after SE(1 ) ( P < 0.001 ) and tended to decrease even further after SE(2 ) under N condition but not with CWI . When compared with the N condition , CWI increased HRV indexes before ( P < 0.05 ) and rMSSD(30s ) after ( P < 0.05 ) SE(2 ) . Our study shows that CWI can significantly restore the impaired vagal-related HRV indexes observed after supramaximal exercise . CWI may serve as a simple and effective means to accelerate parasympathetic reactivation during the immediate period following supramaximal exercise The aim of this investigation was to eluci date the efficacy of repeated cold water immersions ( CWI ) in the recovery of  exercise induced muscle damage . A r and omised group consisting of eighteen males , mean ± s age , height and body mass were 24 ± 5 years , 1.82 ± 0.06 m and 85.7 ± 16.6 kg respectively , completed a bout of 100 drop jumps . Following the bout of damaging exercise , participants were r and omly but equally assigned to either a 12 min CWI ( 15 ± 1 ° C ; n = 9 ) group who experienced immersions immediately post-exercise and every 24 h thereafter for the following 3 days , or a control group ( no treatment ; n = 9 ) . Maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) of the knee extensors , creatine kinase activity ( CK ) , muscle soreness ( DOMS ) , range of motion ( ROM ) and limb girth were measured pre-exercise and then for the following 96 h at 24 h increments . In addition MVC was also recorded immediately post-exercise . Significant time effects were seen for MVC , CK , DOMS and limb girth ( p < 0.05 ) indicating muscle damage was evident , however there was no group effect or interaction observed showing that CWI did not attenuate any of the dependent variables ( p > 0.05 ) . These results suggest that repeated CWI do not enhance recovery from a bout of damaging eccentric contractions . Key pointsCryotherapy , particularly cold water immersions are one of the most common interventions used in order to enhance recovery post-exercise . There is little empirical evidence demonstrating benefits from cold water immersions . Research evidence is equivocal , probably due to method ological inconsistencies . Our results show that the cryotherapy administered did not attenuate any markers of EIMD or enhance the recovery of function . We conclude that repeated cold water immersions are ineffective in the recovery from heavy plyometric exercise and suggest athletes and coaches should use caution before using this intervention as a recovery strategy PURPOSE To investigate the effects of cooling human skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise using 31P MR spectroscopy and MR imaging . METHODS 14 male subjects ( mean age + /- SD , 23.8 + /- 2.3 yr ) were r and omly assigned to the normal ( N = 7 ) or the cooling group ( N = 7 ) . All subjects performed the ankle plantar flexion exercise ( 12 repetitions , 5 sets ) . Localized 31P-spectra were collected from the medial gastrocnemius before and after exercise ( immediately , 30 , 60 min , 24 , 48 , 96 , and 168 h ) to determine the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine ( Pi/PCr ) and intracellular pH. Transaxial T2-weighted MR images of the medial gastrocnemius were obtained to calculate T2 relaxation time ( T2 ) , indicative of intramuscular water level , before and after exercise ( 24 , 48 , 96 , and 168 h ) . In addition , the muscle soreness level was assessed at the same time as 31P-spectra measurements . Fifteen-minute cold-water immersion was administered to the cooling group after exercise and initial postexercise measurements . RESULTS The control group showed significantly increased T2 from rest at 48 h after exercise ( P < 0.05 ) , but the cooling group showed no significant change in T2 throughout this study . Both groups showed a significantly decreased intracellular pH immediately after exercise ( P < 0.05 ) . After that , the cooling group showed a significantly greater value than the value at rest or the control group at 60 min after exercise ( P < 0.05 ) . For the Pi/PCr , no significant change was observed in both groups throughout this study . The muscle soreness level significantly increased immediately and at 24 - 48 h after exercise in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that cooling causes an increase in intracellular pH and prevents the delayed muscle edema Cryotherapy is an effective treatment for acute sports injury to soft tissue , although the effect of cryotherapy on exercise-induced muscle damage is unclear . The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage following strenuous eccentric exercise . After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise ( eight sets of five maximal reciprocal contractions at 0.58 rad x s(-1 ) ) of the elbow flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer , 15 females aged 22.0+/-2.0 years ( mean + /- s ) were allocated to a control group ( no treatment , n = 7 ) or a cryotherapy group ( n = 8) . Subjects in the cryotherapy group immersed their exercised arm in cold water ( 15 degrees C ) for 15 min immediately after eccentric exercise and then every 12 h for 15 min for a total of seven sessions . Muscle tenderness , plasma creatine kinase activity , relaxed elbow angle , isometric strength and swelling ( upper arm circumference ) were measured immediately before and for 3 days after eccentric exercise . Analysis of variance revealed significant ( P < 0.05 ) main effects for time for all variables , with increases in muscle tenderness , creatine kinase activity and upper arm circumference , and decreases in isometric strength and relaxed elbow angle . There were significant interactions ( P<0.05 ) of group x time for relaxed elbow angle and creatine kinase activity . Relaxed elbow angle was greater and creatine kinase activity lower for the cryotherapy group than the controls on days 2 and 3 following the eccentric exercise . We conclude that although cold water immersion may reduce muscle stiffness and the amount of post-exercise damage after strenuous eccentric activity , there appears to be no effect on the perception of tenderness and strength loss , which is characteristic after this form of activity King , M and Duffield , R. The effects of recovery interventions on consecutive days of intermittent sprint exercise . J Strength Cond Res 23(6 ) : 1795 - 1802 , 2009-The purpose of this study was to compare four recovery interventions following simulated team sport , intermittent-sprint exercise on consecutive days . Ten female netball players performed four r and omized sessions of a simulated netball exercise circuit on consecutive days . Each condition consisted of two identical sessions ( Session 1 and 2 ) , with the recovery intervention implemented at the completion of Session 1 . Participants performed all interventions involving : passive recovery , active recovery ( ACT ) , cold water immersion ( CWI ) and contrast water therapy ( CTWT ) . No significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) were evident between conditions for exercise performance ( vertical jump , 20-m sprint , 10-m sprint , total circuit time ) during Session 2 . Effect size data indicated trends for an ameliorated decline in 5 × 20-m sprints and vertical jump for CTWT and CWI , respectively . CTWT demonstrated a significant reduction ( p = 0.04 ) in lactate post-intervention compared to ACT recovery . Further , ACT recovery result ed in a significantly elevated ( p < 0.01 ) heart rate compared to all other conditions postintervention and demonstrated significantly higher ( p < 0.01 ) rating of perceived exertion postintervention and muscle soreness pre-exercise Session 2 . It is likely that while interventions may be applicable to team sport practice s , the 24-hour recovery period between exercise bouts was sufficient to allow performance to be maintained , regardless of recovery interventions The principal source of increased turnover of erythrocytes in athletes is sport hemolysis , the intravascular hemolysis that characteristically occurs with athletic performance in sport . The use of the parameter mean sphered cell volume ( MSCV ) , automatically measured by means of the Coulter LH750 , could be useful for diagnosing the presence of sport hemolysis . We studied the behavior of  MSCV and mean corpuscular volume ( MCV )  in 30 top-level rugby players who underwent a heavy training session followed by 3 different recovery methods , administered to 3 subgroups of 10 athletes . We tested the use of active recovery consisting of cold water ( 5 degrees C ) immersion of legs for 10 minutes either before ( n = 10 ) or after ( n = 10 ) cycling at 180 W for 10 minutes . In the whole group of athletes , measurements performed at rest and after training session and recovery showed no differences in MCV and MSCV values . The difference between MCV and MSCV was significant in the whole group and in the subgroup performing passive recovery , whereas the difference was not significant in the subgroups performing active recovery . This finding indicates that the use of active recovery in the top-level rugby players prevented the modifications of erythrocyte volume and shape . We outline that the values of the difference between MCV and MSCV was significantly modified in the whole group but the variations were not significant in the active recovery subgroups . The use of an index of erythrocyte shape modification ( MCV - MSCV ) can be very useful for evaluating sport hemolysis UNLABELLED Cold water immersion ( CWI ) has become a popular means of enhancing recovery from various forms of exercise . However , there is minimal scientific information on the physiological effects of CWI following cycling in the heat . PURPOSE To examine the safety and acute thermoregulatory , cardiovascular , metabolic , endocrine , and inflammatory responses to CWI following cycling in the heat . METHODS Eleven male endurance trained cyclists completed two simulated approximately 40-min time trials at 34.3 + /- 1.1 degrees C. All subjects completed both a CWI trial ( 11.5 degrees C for 60 s repeated three times ) and a control condition ( CONT ; passive recovery in 24.2 + /- 1.8 degrees C ) in a r and omized cross-over design . Capillary blood sample s were assayed for lactate , glucose , pH , and blood gases . Venous blood sample s were assayed for catecholamines , cortisol , testosterone , creatine kinase , C-reactive protein , IL-6 , and IGF-1 on 7 of the 11 subjects . Heart rate ( HR ) , rectal ( Tre ) , and skin temperatures ( Tsk ) were measured throughout recovery . RESULTS CWI elicited a significantly lower HR ( CWI : Delta 116 + /- 9 bpm vs. CONT : Delta 106 + /- 4 bpm ; P = .02 ) , Tre ( CWI : Delta 1.99 + /- 0.50 degrees C vs. CONT : Delta 1.49 + /- 0.50 degrees C ; P = .01 ) and Tsk . However , all other measures were not significantly different between conditions . All participants subjectively reported enhanced sensations of recovery following CWI . CONCLUSION CWI did not result in hypothermia and can be considered safe following high intensity cycling in the heat , using the above protocol . CWI significantly reduced heart rate and core temperature ; however , all other metabolic and endocrine markers were not affected by CWI PURPOSE This study investigated whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( HBOT ) improves recovery after exercise-induced muscle injury . METHODS Healthy male subjects ( N = 24 ) were r and omly assigned to either a placebo group or a HBOT group . Subjects were tested for maximal isometric strength ( preexercise ) of their right elbow flexors . Each subject then completed a high-force eccentric workout of the elbow flexor muscle group to induce  delayed onset muscle soreness (  DOMS ) . On the seven successive days after this workout , the subjects were exposed to a hyperbaric environment of 2.5 ATA for 60 min , inspiring either a normoxic mixture ( P(I)O2 = 0.2 ATA ; placebo group ) or a hyperoxic 
    Output:
    
Despite the method ological limitations present in the studies included in the systematic review analyzed , we found the recommendation for cold water immersion ( cryotherapy ) reasonable in individuals with late muscle pain caused by high intensity sports