***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The underlying changes in biological processes that are associated with reported changes in mental and physical health in response to meditation have not been systematic ally explored . We performed a r and omized , controlled study on the effects on brain and immune function of a well‐known and widely used 8‐week clinical training program in mindfulness meditation applied in a work environment with healthy employees . Methods : We measured brain electrical activity before and immediately after , and then 4 months after an 8‐week training program in mindfulness meditation .  Twenty‐five subjects were tested in the meditation group . A wait‐list control group ( N = 16 ) was tested at the same points in time as the meditators . At the end of the 8‐week period , subjects in both groups were vaccinated with influenza vaccine . Results : We report for the first time significant increases in left‐sided anterior activation , a pattern previously associated with positive affect , in the meditators compared with the nonmeditators . We also found significant increases in antibody titers to influenza vaccine among subjects in the meditation compared with those in the wait‐list control group . Finally , the magnitude of increase in left‐sided activation predicted the magnitude of antibody titer rise to the vaccine . Conclusions : These findings demonstrate that a short program in mindfulness meditation produces demonstrable effects on brain and immune function . These findings suggest that meditation may change brain and immune function in positive ways and underscore the need for additional research Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention . However , the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use r and om assignment of participants to conditions to confirm these findings . This article shows that a group r and omly assigned to 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body – mind training method shows significantly better attention and control of stress than a similarly chosen control group given relaxation training . The training method comes from traditional Chinese medicine and incorporates aspects of other meditation and mindfulness training . Compared with the control group , the experimental group of 40 undergraduate Chinese students given 5 days of 20-min integrative training showed greater improvement in conflict scores on the Attention Network Test , lower anxiety , depression , anger , and fatigue , and higher vigor on the Profile of Mood States scale , a significant decrease in stress-related cortisol , and an increase in immunoreactivity . These results provide a convenient method for study ing the influence of meditation training by using experimental and control methods similar to those used to test drugs or other interventions ABSTRACT Stress is important in substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . Mindfulness training ( MT ) has shown promise for stress-related maladies . No studies have compared MT to empirically vali date d treatments for SUDs . The goals of this study were to assess MT compared to cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) in substance use and treatment acceptability , and specificity of MT compared to CBT in targeting stress reactivity . Thirty-six individuals with alcohol and /or cocaine use disorders were r and omly assigned to receive group MT or CBT in an outpatient setting . Drug use was assessed weekly . After treatment , responses to personalized stress provocation were measured . Fourteen individuals completed treatment . There were no differences in treatment satisfaction or drug use between groups . The laboratory paradigm suggested reduced psychological and physiological indices of stress during provocation in MT compared to CBT . This pilot study provides evidence of the feasibility of MT in treating SUDs and suggests that MT may be efficacious in targeting stress BACKGROUND Research has shown that exposure to stress/negative affect and to alcohol cues can each increase alcohol craving and relapse susceptibility in alcohol-dependent individuals . However , whether the emotional and physiological states associated with stress-induced and alcohol cue-induced craving are comparable has not been well studied . Therefore , this study examined the craving , emotional , and physiological responses to stress and to alcohol cues in treatment-engaged , 4-week abstinent , alcohol-dependent individuals using analogous stress and alcohol cue imagery methods . METHOD Twenty treatment-seeking , alcohol-dependent participants ( 18 males/2 females ) were exposed to a brief 5-minute guided imagery procedure that involved imagining a recent personal stressful situation , a personal alcohol cue-related situation , and a neutral-relaxing situation , 1 imagery per session presented in r and om order .  Alcohol craving , anxiety and emotion rating scales , cardiovascular measures , and salivary cortisol were compared across the 3 conditions . RESULTS Exposure to stress and to alcohol cues each produced significant increases in alcohol craving , anxiety , and negative emotions and decreases in positive emotions . Stress-induced alcohol craving was significantly correlated with increases in sadness , anger , and anxiety ratings , but alcohol cue-induced craving was associated with decreases in positive affect ( joy and neutral relaxed state ) and increases in anxiety and fear ratings . Furthermore , stress increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses , but significant increases in salivary cortisol were only observed in the alcohol cue condition . CONCLUSIONS Although both stress and alcohol cues produce increases in anxiety associated with alcohol craving , each produced a dissociable psychobiological state involving subjective emotional , cardiovascular , and cortisol responses . These data could have significant implication s for underst and ing the specific psychobiology associated with stress or alcohol cue exposure and their potential effects on alcohol relapse susceptibility ABSTRACT The current study is the first r and omized-controlled trial evaluating the feasibility and initial efficacy of an 8-week outpatient Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention ( MBRP ) program as compared to treatment as usual ( TAU ) .  Participants were 168 adults with substance use disorders who had recently completed intensive inpatient or outpatient treatment . Assessment s were administered pre-intervention , post-intervention , and 2 and 4 months post-intervention . Feasibility of MBRP was demonstrated by consistent homework compliance , attendance , and participant satisfaction . Initial efficacy was supported by significantly lower rates of substance use in those who received MBRP as compared to those in TAU over the 4-month post-intervention period . Additionally , MBRP participants demonstrated greater decreases in craving , and increases in acceptance and acting with awareness as compared to TAU . Results from this initial trial support the feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP as an aftercare approach for individuals who have recently completed an intensive treatment for substance use disorders 
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They used a linguistic analysis method applied to participant-written stories of stress and found that the MBTC group used fewer negative words than the control group over all time points .
Britton and colleagues , in the study : " The Contribution of Mindfulness Practice to a Multicomponent Behavioral Sleep Intervention Following Substance Abuse Treatment in Adolescents , " found that mindfulness practice was associated with improved sleep , psychological health and reduced substance use .
Amaro and colleagues , in their study : " Addiction Treatment Intervention : An Uncontrolled Prospect i ve Pilot Study of Spiritual Self-Schema Therapy with Latina Women , " noted high rates of intervention acceptability , and positive changes in outcomes relevant to HIV prevention and recovery from addiction .
Although conclusive data for mindfulness meditation based interventions as therapies for SUDs are lacking , the preliminary evidence reported in these and prior studies suggests their efficacy .
The promise of mindfulness based therapies is supported by the consistency of positive results demonstrated across different study design s , intervention modalities , subject population s and addictive disorders treated ( 2 ) .
Additional support for the potential efficacy of these interventions in SUDs can be drawn from the results of studies of other clinical conditions ; mindfulness based therapies have been shown effective or potentially effective for a variety of medical and mental health disorders , including stress , anxiety , depression , emotion dysregulation , avoidance coping,(7–12 ) all known risk factors for relapse in SUDs ( 13,14 ) .
In this context , mindfulness meditation based interventions may be particularly helpful for patients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders ( " dual diagnosis " ) .
In addition , mindfulness based interventions appear safe , satisfying to clients and may have long-lasting effects in the context of continued meditation practice ( 2,7 ) – all vital qualities of an " ideal " treatment .