***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Most patients with hip fractures are characterised by older age ( > 70 years ) , frailty , and functional deterioration , and their long-term outcomes are poor with increased costs . We compared the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of giving these patients comprehensive geriatric care in a dedicated geriatric ward versus the usual orthopaedic care . METHODS We did a prospect i ve , single-centre , r and omised , parallel-group , controlled trial . Between April 18 , 2008 , and Dec 30 , 2010 , we r and omly assigned home-dwelling patients with hip-fractures aged 70 years or older who were able to walk 10 m before their fracture , to either comprehensive geriatric care or orthopaedic care in the emergency department , to achieve the required sample of 400 patients . R and omisation was achieved via a web-based , computer-generated , block method with unknown block sizes . The primary outcome , analysed by intention to treat , was mobility measured with the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) 4 months after surgery for the fracture . The type of treatment was not concealed from the patients or staff delivering the care , and assessors were only partly masked to the treatment during follow-up . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00667914 . FINDINGS We assessed 1077 patients for eligibility , and excluded 680 , mainly for not meeting the inclusion criteria such as living in a nursing home or being aged less than 70 years . Of the remaining patients , we r and omly assigned 198 to comprehensive geriatric care  and 199 to orthopaedic care .  At 4 months , 174 patients remained in the comprehensive geriatric care group and 170 in the orthopaedic care group ; the main reason for dropout was death . Mean SPPB scores at 4 months were 5·12 ( SE 0·20 ) for comprehensive geriatric care and 4·38 ( SE 0·20 ) for orthopaedic care ( between-group difference 0·74 , 95 % CI 0·18 - 1·30 , p=0·010 ) . INTERPRETATION Immediate admission of patients aged 70 years or more with a hip fracture  to comprehensive geriatric care in a dedicated ward improved mobility at 4 months , compared with the usual orthopaedic care . The results suggest that the treatment of older patients with hip fractures should be organised as orthogeriatric care . FUNDING Norwegian Research Council , Central Norway Regional Health Authority , St Olav Hospital Trust and Fund for Research and Innovation , Liaison Committee between Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology , the Department of Neuroscience at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology ( SINTEF ) , and the Municipality of Trondheim BACKGROUND People with cognitive impairment and dementia have a poor outcome after a hip fracture surgery , about 30 - 50 % of all those who sustain a hip fracture have dementia . Therefore the aim was to investigate whether a multidisciplinary postoperative intervention program could reduce postoperative complications and improve functional recovery among people with dementia . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial with subgroup analyses among patients with dementia . Sixty-four patients with femoral neck fracture , aged ≥70 years at Umeå University Hospital , Sweden . The intervention consisted of staff education , individualized care planning and rehabilitation , active prevention , detection and treatment of postoperative complications , especially delirium . The staff worked in teams to apply comprehensive geriatric assessment , management and rehabilitation , including a follow-up at 4 months postoperatively . The control group followed conventional postoperative routines . RESULTS There were fewer postoperative complications in the intervention group such as urinary tract infections , p=0.001 ; nutritional problems , p=0.025 ; postoperative delirium , p=0.002 ; falls , p=0.006 . At 4 months a larger proportion in the intervention group had regained their previous independent indoor walking ability performance , p=0.005 . At 12 months a larger proportion in the intervention group had regained the activities of daily living ( ADL ) performance level they had before the fracture , p=0.027 . CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patients with dementia who suffer a hip fracture can benefit from multidisciplinary geriatric assessment and rehabilitation and should not be excluded from rehabilitation programs Abstract Objective : To evaluate the effect of intensive geriatric rehabilitation on demented patients with hip fracture . Design : Preplanned sub analysis of r and omised intervention study . Settting : Jyväskylä Central Hospital , Finl and . Participants : 243 independently living patients aged 65 years or older admitted to hospital with hip fracture . Intervention : After surgery patients in the intervention group ( n=120 ) were referred to the geriatric ward whereas those in the control group were discharged to local hospitals . Main outcome measures : Length of hospital stay , mortality , and place of residence three months and one year after surgery for hip fracture . Results : The median length of hospital stay of hip fracture patients with moderate dementia ( mini mental state examination score 12 - 17 ) was 47 days in the intervention group ( n=24 ) and 147 days in the control group ( n=12 , P=0.04 ) . The corresponding figures for patients with mild dementia ( score 18 - 23 ) were 29 days in the intervention group ( n=35 ) and 46.5 days in the control group ( n=42 , P=0.002 ) . Three months after the operation , in the intervention group 91 % ( 32 ) of the patients with mild dementia and 63 % ( 15 ) of the patients with moderate dementia were living independently . In the control group , the corresponding figures were 67 % ( 28 ) and 17 % ( 2 ) . There were no significant differences in mortality or in the lengths of hospital stay of severely demented patients and patients with normal mini mental state examination scores . Conclusions : Hip fracture patients with mild or moderate dementia can often return to the community if they are provided with active geriatric rehabilitation IMPORTANCE Low mobility is common during hospitalization and associated with loss or declines in ability to perform activities of daily living ( ADL ) and limitations in community mobility . OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of an in-hospital mobility program ( MP ) on  posthospitalization function and community mobility . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS This single-blind r and omized clinical trial used masked assessors to compare a MP with usual care ( UC ) .  Patients admitted to the medical wards of the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center from January 12 , 2010 , through June 29 , 2011 , were followed up throughout hospitalization with 1-month posthospitalization telephone follow-up . One hundred hospitalized patients 65 years or older were r and omly assigned to the MP or UC groups . Patients were cognitively intact and able to walk 2 weeks before hospitalization . Data analysis was performed from November 21 , 2012 , to March 14 , 2016 . INTERVENTIONS Patients in the MP group were assisted with ambulation up to twice daily , and a behavioral strategy was used to encourage mobility . Patients in the UC group received twice-daily visits . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Changes in self-reported ADL and community mobility were assessed using the Katz ADL scale and the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging Life-Space Assessment ( LSA ) , respectively . The LSA measures community mobility based on the distance through which a person reports moving during the preceding 4 weeks . RESULTS Of 100 patients , 8 did not complete the study ( 6 in the MP group and 2 in the UC group ) . Patients ( mean age , 73.9 years ; 97 male [ 97.0 % ] ; and 19 black [ 19.0 % ] ) had a median length of stay of 3 days . No significant differences were found between groups at baseline . For all periods , groups were similar in ability to perform ADL ; however , at 1-month after hospitalization , the LSA score was significantly higher in the MP ( LSA score , 52.5 ) compared with the UC group ( LSA score , 41.6 ) ( P = .02 ) . For the MP group , the 1-month posthospitalization LSA score was similar to the LSA score measured at admission . For the UC group , the LSA score decreased by approximately 10 points . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A simple MP intervention had no effect on ADL function . However , the MP intervention enabled patients to maintain their prehospitalization community mobility , whereas those in the UC group experienced clinical ly significant declines . Lower life-space mobility is associated with increased risk of death , nursing home admission , and functional decline , suggesting that declines such as those observed in the UC group would be of great clinical importance . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00715962 UNLABELLED Aging population , increases the number of  major abdominal surgery ( MAS ) performed in the elderly . Main goal of physiotherapy after that surgery is prevention postoperative complications and reduction of functional limitation . The aim of the study was to asses functional status elderly people after MAS  during early postoperative physiotherapy . MATERIAL AND METHODS In a prospect i ve r and omized study involved 34 patients scheduled for elective MAS , aged 65 + . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive PNF or conventional physiotherapy . The study included  forced spirometry ( FVC , FEV1 , PEF )  and  functional tests ( gait speed , up&go ) . Measurements were performed before surgery and the fourth day after surgery . Also analyzed age , sex , BMI and the level of postoperative independence ( postoperative independence scale SAP ) . Kolmogorow- Smirnow test was used to check normal distribution , t-Student was used to check whether two sets of data differ significantly , and r-Pearsons for correlations testing . p values < 0.05 were considered significant . RESULTS After surgery the time of gait speed test and up and go test was significant longer in comparison to preoperative value . FVC% , FEV1 % , PEF% values was decrease . In the PNF group was found significantly higher postoperative independence(SAP ) and shorter length of stay in hospital compared to conventional physiotherapy group . Results of SAP and functional tests were significantly positive correlated . CONCLUSIONS Major abdominal surgery decrees efficiency of walking and lung ventilation after 65 year old in early postoperative period . Some techniques of the PNF concept used in improving older patients after the MAS may favourably affect the postoperative increase independence and reduce the time of hospitalization OBJECTIVE to prove the effectiveness of geriatric evaluation and management for elderly , hospitalized patients , combined with post-discharge home intervention by an interdisciplinary team . DESIGN r and omized controlled trial with outcome and costs assessed for 12 months after the date of admission . SETTING university-affiliated geriatric hospital and the homes of elderly patients . SUBJECTS 545 patients with acute illnesses admitted from home to the geriatric hospital . INTERVENTIONS patients were r and omly assigned to receive either comprehensive geriatric assessment and post-discharge home intervention ( intervention ) , comprehensive geriatric assessment alone ( assessment ) or usual care . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES survival , functional status , rehospitalization , nursing home placement and direct costs over 12 months . RESULTS the intervention group showed a significant reduction in length of hospital stay ( 33.49 days vs 40.7 days in the assessment group and 42.7 days in the control group ; P < 0.05 ) and rate of immediate nursing home placement ( 4.4 % vs 7.3 % and 8.1 % ; P < 0.05 ) . There was no difference in survival , acute care hospital readmissions or new admissions to nursing homes but the intervention group had significantly shorter hospital readmissions ( 22.2 days vs 34.2 days and 35.7 days ; P < 0.05 ) and nursing home placements ( 114.7 days vs 161.6 days and 170.0 days ; P < 0.05 ) . Direct costs were lower in the intervention group [ about DM 7000 ( US $ 4000 ) per person per year ] . Functional capacities were significantly better in the intervention group . CONCLUSIONS comprehensive geriatric assessment in combination with post-discharge home intervention does not improve survival , but does improve functional status and can reduce the length of the initial hospital stay and of subsequent readmissions . It can reduce the rate of immediate nursing home admissions and delay permanent nursing home placement . It may also substantially reduce direct costs of hospitalized patients OBJECTIVE To investigate the short- and long-term effects of a multidisciplinary postoperative rehabilitation programme in patients with femoral neck fracture . DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A r and omized controlled trial in patients ( n = 199 ) with femoral neck fracture , aged > or= 70 years . METHODS The primary outcomes were : living conditions , walking ability and activities of daily living performance on discharge , 4 and 12 months postoperatively . The intervention consisted of staff education , individualized care planning and rehabilitation , active prevention , detection and treatment of postoperative complications . The staff worked in teams to apply comprehensive geriatric assessment , management and rehabilitation . A geriatric team assessed those in the intervention group 4 months postoperatively , in order to detect and treat any complications . The control group followed conventional postoperative 
    Output:
    
Outcome measures differed considerably within each category and showed a large heterogeneity in their matching to the intervention , study sample , and setting .
Outcome measures that specifically matched the intervention contents were more likely to document intervention-induced benefits .
Mobility instruments seemed to be the most sensitive outcome measures to reveal such benefits .
Conclusions This review highlights that the selection of outcome measures has to be highly specific to the intervention contents as this is a key factor to reveal benefits attributable to early rehabilitation in acutely hospitalized older patients .