***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objective : To compare tension-free vaginal tape with colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence .  Design : Multicentred r and omised comparative trial . Setting : Gynaecology or urology departments in 14 centres in the United Kingdom and Eire , including university teaching hospitals and district general hospitals . Participants : 344 women with urodynamic stress incontinence ; 175 r and omised to tension-free vaginal tape and 169 to colposuspension  Main outcome measures : Assessment before treatment and at six months postoperatively with the SF-36 , the Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms question naire , the EQ-5D health question naire , a one week urinary diary , one hour perineal pad test , cystometry , and , in some centres , urethral profilometry . Results : 23 women in the colposuspension group and 5 in the vaginal tape group withdrew before surgery . No significant difference was found between the groups for cure rates : 115 ( 66 % ) women in the vaginal tape group and 97 ( 57 % ) in the colposuspension group were objective ly cured ( 95 % confidence interval for difference in cure −4.7 % to 21.3 % ) . Bladder injury was more common during the vaginal tape procedure ; postoperative complications , in particular delayed resumption of micturition , were more common after colposuspension . Operation time , duration of hospital stay , and return to normal activity were all longer after colposuspension than after the vaginal tape procedure . Conclusion : Surgery with tension-free vaginal tape is associated with more operative complications than colposuspension , but colposuspension is associated with more postoperative complications and longer recovery .  Vaginal tape shows promise for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence because of minimal access and rapid recovery times ; cure rates at six months were comparable with colposuspension . What is already known on this topic Few r and omised trials exist on surgery for stress incontinence Systematic review s suggest that colposuspension is associated with cure rates of up to 90 % Case series of tension-free vaginal tape suggest cure rates of about 85 % , with rapid return to normal activity What this study adds At six months the tension-free vaginal tape procedure is as effective as colposuspension for the primary treatment of stress incontinence Operative complications were more common with vaginal tape , but duration of hospital stay and return to normal activity were shorter than with colposuspension  Postoperative complications were more common after Abstract : The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of cotrimoxazole administration after urodynamic testing to prevent urinary tract infections . In a single-blind prospect i ve r and omized study 94 women who attended for urodynamic evaluation were included . After multichannel urodynamic testing , including two catheterizations , the women received a single dose of cotrimoxazole or placebo . A clean-catch urine specimen was tested for infection after 1 week . Seventy women returned a urine specimen after 1 week : 2/37 ( 5.4 % ) in the treatment and 2/33 ( 6.1 % ) in the placebo group had acquired a new urinary tract infection after urodynamics . One major and one minor adverse reaction to cotrimoxazole were reported . The power of the sample size was unfortunately too small to draw conclusions as to the efficacy of prophylaxis Abstract Objectives : To describe the impact of surgery for stress incontinence on the severity of symptoms , other mental and physical symptoms , and overall health . To describe the incidence of postoperative complications . Design : Prospect i ve cohort study ; question naires completed by patients before and 3 , 6 , and 12 months after surgery . Question naires completed by surgeons both before and after surgery . Setting : 18 hospitals in the North Thames region . Subjects : 442 women treated surgically for stress incontinence between January 1993 and June 1994 . 367 women returned the 3 month question naire ; 364 returned the 6  month question  naire ; and 359 returned the 12 month question  naire . 49 surgeons provided perioperative information on 285 of the 442 women and postoperative information on 278 . Main outcome measures : Stress incontinence symptom severity index , other urinary symptoms , bowel function , mental health , complications , global measures . Results : Most women ( 288 ; 87 % ) reported an improvement in the severity of their stress incontinence , though only 92 ( 28 % ) were cured ( continent ) . These improvements persisted for at least 12 months . The likelihood of improvement was similar regardless of whether urodynamic pressure studies had been conducted before surgery . Following surgery , women were less likely to suffer from urinary frequency , nocturia , postvoid fullness , dysuria , and urgency . While mental health improved for 194 ( 71 % ) , a quarter of women reported deterioration . Only 37 ( 10 % ) were satisfied with postoperative pain control . A third experienced one or more complications while in hospital , most commonly difficulty urinating . This problem affected 1 in 11 women after discharge . A year after surgery two thirds of women reported feeling better ( 251 ; 72 % ) , that the outcome met or exceeded their expectations ( 230 ; 66 % ) , and that they would recommend the operation to a friend in a similar situation ( 239 ; 68 % ) . Surgeons tended to be more optimistic about the effects of surgery ; they were satisfied with the outcome in 176 ( 85 % ) cases and would again treat 245 ( 94 % ) of the women as they had done previously . Conclusions : Although surgery reduces the severity of stress incontinence it is not as effective as current textbooks suggest . Women considering surgery should be provided with more accurate information on the likelihood of an improvement in symptoms and the occurrence of complications , including postoperative pain . Urgency and urge incontinence should not be considered contraindications to surgery . The need for urodynamic assessment before surgery should be reappraised . Key messages Although surgery improves stress incontinence in most women ( 87 % ) , only 28 % are continent one year later The need for preoperative urodynamic testing should be reappraised Urgency and urge incontinence should not be considered contraindications to surgery Women considering surgery should receive more accurate information on the probability of an improvement in symptoms and possible complications There is a need for a rigorous , pragmatic , r and omised trial of surgery for stress Background Stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) is a common problem . In the Netherl and s , yearly 64.000 new patients , of whom 96 % are women , consult their general practitioner because of urinary incontinence . Approximately 7500 urodynamic evaluations and approximately 5000 operations for SUI are performed every year . In all major national and international guidelines from both gynaecological and urological scientific societies , it is advised to perform urodynamics prior to invasive treatment for SUI , but neither its effectiveness nor its cost-effectiveness has been assessed in a r and omized setting .The Value of Urodynamics prior to Stress Incontinence Surgery ( VUSIS ) study evaluates the positive and negative effects with regard to outcome , as well as the costs of urodynamics , in women with symptoms of SUI in whom surgical treatment is considered . Methods / design A multicentre diagnostic cohort study will be performed with an embedded r and omized controlled trial among women presenting with symptoms of ( predominant ) SUI.Urinary incontinence has to be demonstrated on clinical examination and /or voiding diary . Physiotherapy must have failed and surgical treatment needs to be under consideration . Patients will be excluded in case of previous incontinence surgery , in case of pelvic organ prolapse more than 1 centimeter beyond the hymen and /or in case of residual bladder volume of more than 150 milliliter on ultrasound or catheterisation . Patients with discordant findings between the diagnosis based on urodynamic investigation and the diagnosis based on their history , clinical examination and /or micturition diary will be r and omized to operative therapy or individually tailored therapy based on all available information . Patients will be followed for two years after treatment by their attending urologist or gynaecologist , in combination with the completion of question naires . Six hundred female patients will be recruited for registration from approximately twenty-seven hospitals in the Netherl and s. We aspect that one hundred and two women with discordant findings will be r and omized . The primary outcome of this study is clinical improvement of incontinence as measured with the vali date d Dutch version of the Urinary Distress Inventory ( UDI ) . Secondary outcomes of this study include costs , cure of incontinence as measured by voiding diary parameters , complications related to the intervention , re- interventions , and generic quality of life changes . Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT00814749 OBJECTIVE To assess the validity and reproducibility of a fiberoptic transducer urodynamic catheter for urethral closure pressure profiles and leak point pressure determination , using a microtransducer catheter as the st and ard . METHODS Ninety women without significant pelvic organ prolapse underwent urodynamic evaluations with both fiberoptic and microtransducer catheters .  Maximal urethral closure pressures and “ leak point pressures ” were repeatedly measured by the two catheters and statistically compared . The order of catheter use was r and omized . RESULTS Significantly lower mean maximal urethral closure pressures were recorded by the fiberoptic system than by the microtransducer system ( 28.9 cmH2O ± 17.3 versus 43.2 cmH2O ± 24.9 , P < .001 ) . The fiberoptic catheter predicted microtransducer values for maximum urethral closure pressure only within a range of 27 cmH2O . Mean “ leak point pressure ” recorded by the fiberoptic catheters ( 66.9 cmH2O ± 2.9 ) was not significantly different than that recorded by the microtransducer catheters ( 66.4 cmH2O ± 2.9 , P = .97 ) . CONCLUSION There is a significant difference between maximum urethral closure pressure values recorded by the microtransducer and fiberoptic catheter systems . No significant difference was found between the two systems in measurement of Valsalva “ leak point pressure . AIMS The urethral retro-resistance pressure ( URP ) is a retro grade urethral pressure profile measured by a new urodynamic measurement system.1GYNECARE MoniTorr Urodynamic Measurement System ( ETHICON , Inc. , Somerville , NJ ) . URP is the pressure required to achieve and maintain an open sphincter . This clinical investigation focused on a comparison of URP to st and ard urodynamic measurements and an examination of their relationship to incontinence severity . METHODS Twenty-two centers enrolled 258 stress incontinent women in a r and omized , crossover study of two groups : ( 1 ) test procedure followed by multichannel urodynamics , ( 2 ) multichannel urodynamics followed by test procedure . We defined incontinence severity categories using 24 hr urine loss and assessed these categories using incontinence quality of life ( I-QOL ) , urinary incontinence severity score ( UISS ) , incontinence visual analogue score ( VAS ) , URP , maximum urethral closure pressure ( MUCP ) , and leak point pressure ( LPP ) . RESULTS The mean age was 56.2 ( + /-12 ) years . No order effect was present . The correlation coefficient between URP and MUCP was 0.31 ( 95 % CI 0.19 - 1 , P < 0.0001 ) ; between URP and LPP was 0.28 ( 95 % CI 0.12 - 1 , P = 0.003 ) ; and between MUCP and LPP was 0.14 ( 95 % CI-0.04 - 1 , P = 0.101 ) . The mean values for URP across symptom severity categories were significantly different ( P = 0.028 ) and decreased with increasing severity . The mean values for MUCP and LPP did not decrease with increasing severity . CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that URP had a consistent relationship with incontinence severity . The data suggested that URP is a physiological measure of urethral function and may have clinical utility as a diagnostic tool . Future outcomes -based research is necessary to establish the predictive value of URP , MUCP , and LPP measurements in terms of incontinence cure rates and diagnosis of sphincter dysfunction PURPOSE We compared ambulatory urodynamics and conventional video cystometry findings in women with symptoms of bladder overactivity . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a prospect i ve r and omized crossover study 106 women with symptoms of urinary urgency with or without incontinence were comprehensively investigated by video cystometry and ambulatory urodynamics in r and om order . In addition , all women completed a vali date d symptoms question naire and voiding diary . RESULTS Involuntary detrusor activity was detected in 32 and 70 cases on video cystometry and ambulatory urodynamics , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . Video cystometry done according to International Continence Society st and ards diagnosed detrusor instability in 4 women with no involuntary detrusor activity on ambulatory urodynamics . Involuntary detrusor activity result ing in incontinence was observed in 39 cases on ambul 
    Output:
    
While urodynamic tests did change clinical decision making , there was some evidence that this did not result in better outcomes in terms of a difference in urinary incontinence rates after treatment .
There was no evidence about their use in men , children , or people with neurological diseases .