***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Smoking cessation pharmacotherapies tested in persons with opioid use disorder have produced low quit rates . Electronic cigarettes ( e-cigarettes ) have been used by many methadone-maintained ( MMT ) smokers , but controlled trials evaluating cessation and reduction outcomes have not been performed in this population with deleterious tobacco-related health consequences . METHODS In this open trial of NJOY e-cigarettes , MMT smokers received 6 weeks of treatment and were instructed to use only e-cigarettes . Outcomes included carbon monoxide confirmed 7-day point smoking cessation prevalence at week 7 ( end of treatment ) and self-reported change in mean cigarettes per day ( CPD ) at each 2-week assessment . The final assessment was 2 weeks after treatment ended ( week 9 ) . RESULTS The 12 participants averaged 46 years old and 50 % were male . On average , participants reported smoking 17.8 ( ±5.3 ) CPD . One person had a biochemically confirmed quit at week 7 . Participants tended to report marked reductions in mean CPD between quit day ( week 1 ) and the week 3 assessment . Relative to baseline , statistically significant reductions in mean CPD were observed at all follow-up assessment s. Mean reductions in CPD were -12.4 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : -15.0 , -9.9 ; P < .001 ) , -14.8 ( 95 % CI : -17.4 , -12.2 ; P < .001 ) , -13.9 ( 95 % CI : -16.6 , -11.2 ) , and -10.8 ( 95 % CI : -13.4 , -8.2 ; P < .01 ) at the 3- , 5- , 7- , and 9-week assessment s , respectively . Adherence  to e-cigarettes was 89.1 % during the 6 treatment weeks . CONCLUSIONS E-cigarettes were associated with reductions in cigarette use . Smoking cessation rates in MMT smokers are low and whether long-term smoking reductions can persist and produce health benefits should be studied . IMPLICATION S E-cigarettes were associated with reduced tobacco use in MMT smokers . Adherence to e-cigarettes is high among methadone smokers . Week-7 smoking quit rates are similar to pharmacotherapies tested in this population Background People with mental illness have higher rates of smoking than the general population and are at greater risk of smoking-related death and disability . In smokers from the general population , electronic cigarettes ( e-cigarettes ) have been shown to have a similar effect on quit rates as nicotine replacement therapy , but little is known about their effect in smokers with mental illness . Methods Secondary analysis of data from the ASCEND trial involving 657 dependent adult smokers motivated to quit , r and omised to 16 mg nicotine e-cigarette , 21 mg nicotine patch , or 0 mg nicotine e-cigarette  ,  with minimal behavioural support . Using self-reported medication use and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System , we identified 86 participants with mental illness and analysed their cessation and smoking reduction outcomes . Results For e-cigarettes alone , and all interventions pooled , there was no statistically significant difference in biochemically verified quit rates at six months between participants with and without mental illness , nor in smoking reduction , adverse events , treatment compliance , or acceptability . Rates of relapse to smoking were higher in participants with mental illness . Among this group , differences between treatments were not statistically significant for cessation ( patch 14 % [ 5/35 ] , 16 mg e-cigarette 5 % [ 2/39 ] , 0 mg e-cigarette 0 % [ 0/12 ] , p = 0.245 ) , adverse events or relapse rates . However , e-cigarette users had higher levels of smoking reduction , treatment compliance , and acceptability . Conclusions The use of e-cigarettes for quitting appears to be equally effective , safe , and acceptable for people with and without mental illness . For people with mental illness , e-cigarettes may be as effective and safe as patches , yet more acceptable , and associated with greater smoking reduction . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical trials Registry , number : ACTRN12610000866000 BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes ( e-cigarettes ) can deliver nicotine and mitigate tobacco withdrawal and are used by many smokers to assist quit attempts . We investigated whether e-cigarettes are more effective than nicotine patches at helping smokers to quit . METHODS We did this pragmatic r and omised-controlled superiority trial in Auckl and , New Zeal and , between Sept 6 , 2011 , and July 5 , 2013 . Adult ( ≥18 years ) smokers wanting to quit were r and omised ( with computerised block r and omisation , block size nine , stratified by ethnicity [ Māori ; Pacific ; or non-Māori , non-Pacific ] , sex [ men or women ] , and level of nicotine dependence [ > 5 or ≤5 Fagerström test for nicotine dependence ] ) in a 4:4:1 ratio to 16 mg nicotine e-cigarettes , nicotine patches ( 21 mg patch , one daily ) , or placebo e-cigarettes ( no nicotine ) , from 1 week before until 12 weeks after quit day , with low intensity behavioural support via voluntary telephone counselling . The primary outcome was biochemically verified continuous abstinence at 6 months ( exhaled breath carbon monoxide measurement < 10 ppm ) . Primary analysis was by intention to treat . This trial is registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry , number ACTRN12610000866000 . FINDINGS 657 people were r and omised ( 289 to nicotine e-cigarettes , 295 to patches , and 73 to placebo e-cigarettes ) and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis . At 6 months , verified abstinence was 7·3 % ( 21 of 289 ) with nicotine e-cigarettes , 5·8 % ( 17 of 295 ) with patches , and 4·1 % ( three of 73 ) with placebo e-cigarettes ( risk difference for nicotine e-cigarette vs patches 1·51 [ 95 % CI -2·49 to 5·51 ] ; for nicotine e-cigarettes vs placebo e-cigarettes 3·16 [ 95 % CI -2·29 to 8·61 ] ) . Achievement of abstinence was substantially lower than we anticipated for the power calculation , thus we had insufficient statistical power to conclude superiority of nicotine e-cigarettes to patches or to placebo e-cigarettes . We identified no significant differences in adverse events , with 137 events in the nicotine e-cigarettes group , 119 events in the patches group , and 36 events in the placebo e-cigarettes group . We noted no evidence of an association between adverse events and study product . INTERPRETATION E-cigarettes , with or without nicotine , were modestly effective at helping smokers to quit , with similar achievement of abstinence as with nicotine patches , and few adverse events . Uncertainty exists about the place of e-cigarettes in tobacco control , and more research is urgently needed to clearly establish their overall benefits and harms at both individual and population levels . FUNDING Health Research Council of New Zeal and INTRODUCTION Up to 75 % of people with serious mental illness ( SMI ) smoke , and most are highly dependent on nicotine , consuming more cigarettes per day than smokers without mental illness . Even with evidence -based treatment , relapses are common , result ing in high morbidity and early mortality from tobacco-related diseases . Electronic cigarettes ( e-cigarettes ) are theoretically safer because they deliver no tar or carbon monoxide ; however , their appeal is largely untested in people with SMI . METHODS We enrolled 21 chronic smokers with SMI who had failed a quit attempt and were not engaged in cessation treatment . Research staff provided e-cigarettes and instructions on how to use them , and assessed participants weekly for 4weeks . RESULTS Of the enrolled participants , 19 completed weekly assessment s. From baseline to the final study visit , mean self-reported use of combustible tobacco declined from 192 to 67cigarettes/week ( t=3.62 , df=17 , p=0.005 ) , confirmed by reduction in breath carbon monoxide from 27ppm to 15ppm ( t=3.246 , df=18 , p=0.004 ) . Use of e-cigarettes  did not escalate over the 4weeks . Temporary and mild side effects , including dry/sore throat , nausea , dizziness , and cough , were reported by 58 % of participants . End of trial ratings of enjoyment , satisfaction compared to regular cigarettes , and willingness to buy e-cigarettes were high ( ranging from 3.82 - 4.51 on a 5-point scale ) . CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that people with SMI may find e-cigarettes an appealing substitute for combustible cigarettes . We found no evidence of increasing nicotine dependence . Further r and omized studies are needed to better assess e-cigarette appeal and toxicity Background : Cigarette smoking is a tough addiction to break . This dependence is the most common dual diagnosis for individuals with schizophrenia . Currently three effective drugs are approved for smoking cessation : nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) , varenicline and bupropion . However , some serious side effects of varenicline have been reported , including depression , suicidal thoughts , and suicide . The use of bupropion also has side effects . It should not be used by people who have epilepsy or any condition that lowers the seizure threshold , nor by people who take a specific class of drugs called monoamine oxidase inhibitors . Hence , there are pharmacodynamic reason to believe they could precipitate or exacerbate psychosis . For its capacity to deliver nicotine and provide a coping mechanism for conditioned smoking cues by replacing some of the rituals associated with smoking gestures , electronic-cigarettes may reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms without serious side effects . Our recent work with ECs in healthy smokers not intending to quit consistently show surprisingly high success rates . We hypothesised that these positive findings could be replicated in difficult patients with schizophrenia This tool may help smokers with schizophrenia remain abstinent during their quitting attempts or to reduce cigarette consumption . Efficacy and safety of these devices in long-term smoking cessation and /or smoking reduction studies have never been investigated for this special population . Methods : In this study we monitored possible modifications in smoking habits of 14 smokers ( not intending to quit ) with schizophrenia experimenting with the “ Categoria ” e-Cigarette  with a focus on smoking reduction and smoking abstinence . Study participants were invited to attend six study visits : at baseline , week-4 , week-8 , week-12 week-24 and week 52 . Product use , number of cigarettes smoked , carbon monoxide in exhaled breath ( eCO ) and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia levels were measured at each visit . Smoking reduction and abstinence rates were calculated . Adverse events were also review ed . Results : Sustained 50 % reduction in the number of cig/day at week-52 was shown in 7/14 ( 50 % ) participants ; their median of 30 cig/day decreasing significantly to 15 cig/day ( p = 0.018 ) . Sustained smoking abstinence at week-52 was observed in 2/14 ( 14.3 % ) participants . Combined sustained 50 % reduction and smoking abstinence was shown in 9/14 ( 64.3 % ) participants . Nausea was observed in 2/14 ( 14.4 % ) of participants , throat irritation in 2/14 ( 14.4 % ) of participants , headache in 2/14 ( 14.4 % ) of participants , and dry cough in 4/14 ( 28.6 % ) of participants . However , these adverse events diminished substantially by week-24 . Overall , one to two cartridges/day were used throughout the study . Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are not increased after smoking reduction/cessation in patients using e-cigarettes . Conclusions : We have shown for the first time that the use of e-cigarette substantially decreased cigarette consumption without causing significant side effects in chronic schizophrenic patients who smoke not intending to quit . This was achieved without negative impacts on the symptoms of schizophrenia as assessed by SAPS and SANS symptoms scales Objectives While substantial research has demonstrated the poor health status of homeless population s , the health status of vulnerably housed individuals is largely unknown . Furthermore , few longitudinal studies have assessed the impact of housing transitions on health . The health and housing in transition ( HHiT ) study is a prospect i ve cohort study that aims to track the health and housing status of a representative sample of homeless and vulnerably housed single adults in three Canadian cities ( Toronto , Ottawa , and Vancouver ) . This paper discusses 
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IMPLICATION S Smoking prevalence among people with mental illness , substance misuse , homelessness , or criminal justice system involvement remains high .
E-cigarettes could support cessation .
Qualitative thematic synthesis revealed barriers and facilitators mapping to each component of the COM-B ( capability , opportunity , motivation , and behavior ) model , including practical barriers ; perceived effectiveness ; design features contributing to automatic and reflective motivation ; smoking bans facilitating practical opportunity ; and social connectedness increasing social opportunity .