***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The K‐D2 point is the Korean h and acupressure point in Koryo H and Therapy for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting . We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin ointment at the K‐D2 point in 186 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a r and omised , prospect i ve , double‐blind and placebo‐controlled study . Patients were r and omised to have either placebo ointment or capsaicin ointment applied to the K‐D2 point of both h and s 1 h before surgery under st and ardised anaesthesia . The ointment was removed 8 h later . Postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated 6 and 24 h following surgery . The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the capsaicin group , with an absolute risk reduction ( ARR ) of 21 % , a relative risk reduction ( RRR ) of 50 % and a number‐needed‐to‐treat ( NNT ) of 5 at 0–6 h ( p = 0.001 ) , and an ARR of 11 % , a RRR of 85 % and a NNT of 9 at 6–24 h ( p = 0.003 ) . The need for rescue anti‐emetic treatment was also lower at 0–6 h ( 3 ( 3 % ) vs 11 ( 12 % ) ; p = 0.04 ) and at 6–24 h ( 5 ( 5 % ) vs 0 ; p = 0.02 ) Background Carbohydrate-rich liquid drinks ( CRLDs ) have been recommended to attenuate insulin resistance by shortening the preoperative fasting interval . The aim of our study the effect of preoperative oral administration of CRLDs on the well-being and clinical status of patients . Methods A r and omized , double blind , prospect i ve study of patients undergoing open colorectal operations ( CR ) and open cholecyctectomy ( CH ) was conducted . Patients were divided into three groups : study , placebo , and control .  Visual analogue scale ( VAS ) scores for seven parameters ( thirst , hunger , anxiety , mouth dryness , nausea , weakness and sleep quality ) were recorded and compared for two different time periods ( up to 24 h postoperatively and from 36 to 48 h postoperatively ) . The Simplified Acute Physiology Score changes (SAPS)-II between the three groups were also studied . Results There were 142 patients American Society of Anesthesiology ( ASA ) I or II enrolled in the study ( CR = 71 and CH = 71 ) . There were no significant differences in postoperative SAPS-II scores or lengths of hospital stay ( LOS ) between the groups . However , in CR patients , the degree of thirst was partially improved by drinking CRLDs ( P = 0.027 ) . In CH patients , on the other h and , feelings of thirst , hunger , mouth dryness , nausea and weakness showed significant improvement ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Oral administration of carbohydrate-rich liquid drinks ( CRLDs ) improves the well-being in patients undergoing CH , but the effect is less evident in patients undergoing CR . No significant improvements were seen in clinical status or in length of hospital stay in either group . Trial registration ANZCTR.org.au : ACTRN12614000995673 ( registered on 16/09/2014 ) Older work in man with meals of carbohydrates in water has indicated that such meals slow gastric emptying in proportion to their osomolarities . Nevertheless , different carbohydrates have been found to have differing efficacies per milliosmole . One possibility which would explain such discrepancies among carbohydrates is that hyperglycemia induced by carbohydrate absorption itself contributes to the slowing of gastric emptying . To test this possibility , normal subjects were made acutely hyperglycemic with intravenous loads of glucose during the ingestion of various liquid test meals , and rates of gastric emptying of these meals were compared in the same subjects during periods of induced hyperglycemia with rates of gastric emptying under euglycemia conditions . Induced hyperglycemia significantly slowed the rate of emptying of meals containing fat + protein , or protein , but did not significantly alter emptying of meals containing only NaCl . It is concluded that hyperglycemia does exert some effect on gastric emptying , but that these effects of hyperglycemia are variably expressed , depending on the presence of other factors which themselves slow gastric emptying BACKGROUND Iletrospective studies fail to identify predictors of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . The authors prospect ively studied 17,638 consecutive out patients who had surgery to identify predictors . METHODS Data on medical conditions , anesthesia , surgery , and PONV were collected in the post-anesthesia care unit , in the ambulatory surgical unit , and in telephone interviews conducted 24 h after surgery . Multiple logistic regression with backward stepwise elimination was used to develop a predictive model An independent set of patients was used to vali date the model RESULTS Age ( younger or older ) , sex ( female or male ) , smoking status ( nonsmokers or smokers ) , previous PONV , type of anesthesia ( general or other ) , duration of anesthesia ( longer or shorter ) , and type of surgery ( plastic , orthopedic shoulder , or other ) were independent predictors of PONV . A 10-yr increase in age decreased the likelihood of PONV by 13 % . The risk for men was one third that for women . A 30-min increase in the duration of anesthesia increased the likelihood of PONV by 59 % . General anesthesia increased the likelihood of PONV 11 times compared with other types of anesthesia . Patients with plastic and orthopedic shoulder surgery had a sixfold increase in the risk for PONV . The model predicted PONV accurately and yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.785+/-0.011 using an independent validation set . CONCLUSIONS A vali date d mathematical model is provided to calculate the risk of PONV in out patients having surgery . Knowing the factors that predict PONV will help anesthesiologists determine which patients will need antiemetic therapy Background and Objectives : During laparoscopy , the increase of the carbon dioxide tension may increase the synthesis of hydrochloric acid in the parietal cells of the stomach ; the source of the secreted hydrogen ions is carbonic acid derived from the hydration of carbon dioxide . The present report tests this hypothesis by correlating the changes of end-tidal PCO2 ( ETCO2 ) with the pH of the gastric juice in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Methods : 40 adult patients were investigated : 20 controls , and 20 patients receiving 100 mg nizatidine intravenously , prior to surgery . In both groups , the ETCO2 was measured by  capnography  and the pH of the gastric juice was monitored before carbon dioxide insufflation and at the end of laparoscopy prior to carbon dioxide deflation . Results : In the control group , the ETCO2 increased following carbon dioxide insufflation from a mean basal value of 30.2 ( st and ard deviation [ SD ] 4.6 ) mm Hg to 41.1 ( SD 9.5 ) mm Hg , while the mean pH of the gastric juice decreased significantly from 1.9 ( SD 0.4 ) to 1.27 ( SD 0.43 ) . There was a significant negative correlation between the ETCO2 and pH of the gastric juice ( r=-0.4 ) . In the Nizatidine group , the ETCO2 also increased following carbon dioxide insufflation from a mean basal value of 30.9 ( SD 3.0 ) mm Hg to 39.4 ( SD 5.3 ) mm Hg . However , in contrast with the control group , the mean pH of the gastric juice did not decrease , but paradoxically increased from 1.68 ( SD 0.36 ) to 3.6 ( SD 1.02 ) . Conclusions : During laparoscopy , the pH of the gastric juice is significantly decreased . This decrease is inversely related to the increase of ETCO2 . The preoperative administration of the selective H2-blocker nizatidine can prevent the increase in gastric acidity and can result in a paradoxical increase of pH of the gastric juice Purpose To examine the effects of iv compound sodium lactate ( CSL ) with and without caloric supplementation with dextrose on nausea , vomiting and pain following general anesthesia for laparoscopy . Methods We compared iv fluid loading with and without supplementary dextrose for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . In a prospect i ve double-blinded controlled trial , 120 ASA I female patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopy were r and omized to one of three groups , and received either : ( a ) CSL 1.5 mL·kg−1 per hour fasting duration ; ( b ) CSL , 1.5 mL·kg−1 per hour fasting duration with 0.5 g·kg−1 dextrose added in 50 % formulation ( CSL/dextrose ) ; or ( c ) no iv fluid ( control ) . Results Compared with control the percentage of patients who had no PONV within 24 hr of anesthesia in the CSL and CSL/dextrose groups was 78 % vs 83 % and 71 % , P = 0.81 and P = 0.683 respectively . The numbers needed-to-harm for causing PONV episodes in CSL/dextrose vs CSL or control groups were 5.7 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 5.57–5.91 ] and 8.2 ( 95 % Cl , 8.01–8.37 ) respectively . The number needed-to-treat for prevention of PONV episodes in CSL vs control was 19.2 ( 95 % Cl , 19.08–19.37 ) . A greater proportion of patients in the CSL/dextrose group required narcotic analgesia in the postanesthetic care unit compared to those in the control group ( 16/35 vs 7/37 , P = 0.03 ) . The CSL/dextrose group also demonstrated hyperglycemia ( serum glucose 14.0 ± 3.94 vs 5.0 ± 1.01 vs 5.2 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1 , P < 0.0001 ) in the postanesthetic care unit compared to the CSL and control groups . The CSL/dextrose group also reported increased thirst at 24 hr compared to control ( 20/35 vs 11/37 , P = 0.035 ) . Conclusion These findings suggest that : I ) administration of dextrose is associated with nausea , increased opioid requirement and late thirst after elective gynecological laparoscopy ; 2 ) iv fluids did not decrease PONVRésuméObjectifVérifier les effets d’un lactate de sodium composé iv ( LSC ) , avec et sans apport calorique complémentaire avec du dextrose , sur les nausées , les vomissements et la douleur après une anesthésie générale pour laparoscopie . MéthodeNous avons comparé une charge liquidienne avec et sans dextrose supplémentaire comme prévention des nausées et vomissements postopératoires ( NVPO ) . Une étude prospect i ve , contrôlée et à double insu a été réalisée auprès de 120 femmes d’état physique ASA I devant subir une laparoscopie gynécologique réglée . Les patientes , réparties en trois groupes , ont reçu : ( a ) 1,5 mL·kg−1 de LSC par heure de jeûne ; ( b ) 1,5 mL·kg−1 de LSC par heure de jeûne avec 0,5 g·kg−1 de dextrose ajouté dans une préparation à 50 % ( LSC/dextrose ) ou ( c ) aucun soluté (témoin).RésultatsComparé à celui des témoins , le pourcentage de patientes sans NVPO pendant les 24 h qui ont suivi l’anesthésie dans les groupes LSC et LSC/dextrose a été respectivement de 78 % vs 83 % et 71 % , P = 0,81 et P = 0,683 . Le nombre de patientes lésées , nécessaire pour causer des NVPO dans le groupe LSC/dextrose vs les groupes LSC ou témoin a été respectivement de 5,1 [ intervalle de confiance de 95 % ( IC ) , 5,57 - 5,91 ] et 8,2 ( IC de 95 % , 8,01 - 8,37 ) . Le nombre nécessaire à traiter pour prévenir les NVPO dans le groupe LSC vs le groupe témoin a été de 19,2 ( IC de 95 % , 19,08 - 19,37 ) . Plus de patientes du groupe LSC/dextrose ont eu besoin d’analgésique narcotique en salle de réveil , comparées aux patientes témoins ( 16/35 vs 7/37 , P = 0,03 ) . À la salle de réveil , on a aussi trouvé de l’hyperglycémie dans le groupe LSC/dextrose ( glucose sérique de 14,0 ± 3,94 vs 5,0 ± 1,01 vs 5,2 ± 0,9 mm 
    Output:
    
After subgroup analysis , the risk for PONV was reduced in patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy , but not other surgeries , and the effects of dextrose on the risk for PONV did not differ according to the fluid volume administered .
Conclusion Perioperative intravenous ( i.v . )
dextrose did not reduce the risk for PONV .
However , it did reduce the need for anti-emetics after general anesthesia .
Furthermore , the effects of dextrose varied according to the surgery type .