***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Dietary fibre consumption may help to control appetite and to reduce calorie intake . Underlying molecular mechanisms were not fully investigated . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of barley beta-glucans on short-term appetite and on satiety-related hormones in healthy subjects . Fourteen volunteers were selected and r and omly assigned to have isocaloric breakfasts including a 3 % beta-glucan-enriched bread ( betaGB ) or a control bread ( CB ) . Post-breakfast individual self-records of appetite ratings and measure of calorie intake at an ad libitum lunch as well as measure of blood glucose , insulin , ghrelin and PYY concentrations , were performed . betaGB determined a significant higher reduction of hunger and increase of fullness and satiety than CB . Accordingly , a 19 % reduction of energy intake at lunch subsequent to betaGB consumption compared to CB , was recorded . A 23 % lower AUC(60 - 180 ) of plasma ghrelin and a 16 % higher total AUC of PYY response after betaGB than CB consumption , independent from insulin response , was found . Glucose response was also blunted by betaGB vs CB . Barley beta-glucans were able to control appetite in the short term by modulating sensations and reducing energy intake . Data suggested for the first time that satiety effect of beta-glucans are mediated by ghrelin and PYY Introduction . Oats are high in soluble fibers and effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) . We assessed the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran on serum nitric oxide ( NO ) endothelial function in patients with hypercholesterolemia . Method . Sixty hypercholesterolemic patients were r and omly divided to receive an experimental bread rich in beta-glucan from oat bran ( intervention ) or bread rich in wheat fiber ( control ) for four weeks . All subjects had the same diet for two-week baseline period and hypocaloric diet for four weeks of intervention . Serum NO concentration and flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) were determined before and after the experiment . Results . Mean age of the participants was 51.1 ± 9.3 years and 65 % ( n = 39 ) were female . After intervention , serum NO concentration increased by 50.2 ± 19.8 μmol/lit in the intervention group ( P = 0.017 ) , but no change was observed in the control group ( 17.5 ± 27.5 μmol/lit ; P = 0.530 ) . No change of FMD was observed in the intervention ( 0.48 ± 0.78 % ; P = 0.546 ) or in the control group ( 0.59 ± 0.92 % ; P = 0.533 ) . Conclusion . Consumption of oat bread for four weeks increases serum NO concentration but has no effect on FMD . Further studies are warranted in this regard BACKGROUND Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes . However , the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation  in conjunction with  energy restriction ( -300 kcal/d ) on loss of body weight and fat and , second , on metabolic risk markers in comparison with in a placebo group . DESIGN In a parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , we r and omly assigned 96 obese subjects to either an energy-restricted diet plus a placebo preload supplement or an energy-restricted diet plus an alginate-based preload supplement ( 15 g fiber ) . The preload was administered as a beverage 3 times/d before main meals for a period of 12 wk . RESULTS No differences in loss of body weight and fat between groups were shown in the intension-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . However , in the completer analysis ( n = 80 ) , we showed a greater weight loss with alginate ( 6.78 ± 3.67 kg ) than with the placebo ( 5.04 ± 3.40 kg ) ( P = 0.03 ) , which was mainly attributed to a reduction in the percentage of body fat ( P = 0.03 ) . In the ITT analysis , a larger decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was shown in the placebo group than in the alginate group ( P < 0.05 ) . Plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , C-reactive protein , and ghrelin , HOMA-IR , and lipid metabolism did not differ between treatment groups in the ITT analysis ( P > 0.1 ) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that alginate supplementation as an adjunct to energy restriction may improve weight loss in obese subjects who complete a 12-wk dietary intervention Epidemiological evidence shows an inverse relationship between dietary fibre intake and body weight gain .  Oat beta-glucan , a soluble fibre alters appetite hormones and subjective satiety in acute meal test studies , but its effects have not been demonstrated with chronic consumption . The present study aim ed to test the effects in women of two different doses of oat beta-glucan on weight loss and hormones associated with appetite regulation . In a 3-month parallel trial , sixty-six overweight females were r and omised into one of three 2 MJ energy-deficit diets : a control and two interventions including 5 - 6 g or 8 - 9 g beta-glucan .  Anthropometric and metabolic variables ( blood glucose level , insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL , HDL , TAG and leptin ) , together with markers of appetite regulation ( cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , ghrelin , peptide YY ( PYY ) and PYY3 - 36 ) were measured at baseline and at 3 months . After 3 months , all groups lost weight ( P < 0.001 ) and showed a reduced waist circumference ( P < 0.001 ) . The study sample also showed reductions in TC , LDL , HDL , leptin , PYY , GLP-1 values ( all P < 0.001 ) and an increase in CCK levels ( P < 0.001 ) . No significant differences were noted between the groups for all outcome values except PYY levels ( P = 0.018 ) . In broad terms , the addition of oat beta-glucan did not enhance the effect of energy restriction on weight loss in mildly overweight women , although wide variations in observed results suggests that individual responsiveness may be an issue BACKGROUND Fiber supplements added to a caloric diet have additional effects on weight reduction in overweight subjects . The aim of this study was to compare the effect of various commercial fiber supplements ( glucomannan , guar gum and alginate ) on weight reduction in healthy overweight subjects . MATERIAL / METHODS One hundred and seventy six men and women were included to receive either active fiber substance or placebo in r and omized placebo-controlled studies . The fiber supplements consisted of the viscous fibers glucomannan ( Chrombalance ) , glucomannan and guar gum ( Appe-Trim ) and glucomannan , guar gum and alginat ( Glucosahl ) . RESULTS All fiber supplements plus a balanced 1200 kcal diet induced significantly weight reduction more than placebo and diet alone , during a five week observation period . However , there were no significant differences between the different fibers in their ability to induce weight reduction , which was approximately 0.8 kg/week ( 3.8 + /- 0.9 , 4.4 + /- 2.0 , 4.1 + /- 0.6 in the Chrombalance , Appe-Trim and Glucosahl group , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Glucomannan induced body weight reduction in healthy overweight subjects , whereas the addition of guar gum and alginate did not seem to cause additional loss of weight OBJECTIVE We examined the feasibility and acceptability of a non-restrictive diet that was focused on increasing dietary fiber and lean protein intake for weight loss . METHODS Dietary intake was assessed using three r and omly selected 24-h dietary recalls . Fifteen obese adults enrolled in a 12-wk study that included six biweekly individual dietary counseling sessions to attain a daily goal of higher fiber ( 35 g/d ) and lean protein ( 0.8 g/kg/d of individual 's ideal body weight ) intake . Feasibility was determined by retention and attendance and dietary adherence was measured . RESULTS One participant dropped out of the study before the 12-wk assessment visit . Fourteen participants completed all six counseling sessions and one participant completed five sessions . At week 12 , 93 % of participants approved of the diet and 92 % of participants did not feel hungry while on the diet . Mean fiber intake increased by 6.8 g/d ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 3.2 to 10.5 g/d ) and total protein intake increased by 5.7 g/d ( 95 % CI , -3.7 to 15.0 g/d ) . The mean change in energy intake was -265.5 kcal/d ( 95 % CI , -454.8 to -76.2 kcal/d ) . The dietary quality score as measured by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index increased by 6.1 ( 95 % CI , 1.5 to 10.7 ) . The mean change in weight was -2.2 % ( 95 % CI , -3.6 to -0.7 % ) . CONCLUSIONS A diet that promotes increased fiber and lean protein intake demonstrates feasibility and high acceptability ratings , which result ed in calorie and weight reductions and an improvement of the dietary quality Purpose Obesity is characterized by insulin resistance and low- grade systemic and adipose tissue ( AT ) inflammation . It remains unclear whether beneficial effects of weight loss are related to AT inflammation . We aim ed to assess the effect of weight loss during low-calorie diet on insulin sensitivity , AT expression of genes associated with inflammation in young subjects with obesity . Furthermore , we estimated the effects of immunomodulatory ( 1 , 3)(1 , 6)-β-glucan ( BG ) on the above parameters . Methods The study group comprised 52 subjects with obesity .  Twelve-week dietary intervention was applied , with r and omization to receive or not 500 mg BG daily . Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp , subcutaneous AT biopsy were performed before and after the program . Twenty normal-weight subjects , examined at baseline , served as a control group . Results At baseline , obese subjects had lower insulin sensitivity , lower AT ADIPOQ , JAK1 , and JAK2 expression and higher AT expression of LEP , IL6ST , STAT3 , MIF , CCL2 , MMP9 , and IL18 . Forty obese subjects completed dietary intervention program , which result ed in 11.3 % weight loss and 27 % increase in insulin sensitivity ( both p < 0.0001 ) . AT IL6R , IL6ST , JAK1 , and JAK2 expression increased , whereas MIF , CCL2 , MMP9 , and IL18 gene expression did not change in response to weight loss . BG addition had no effect on any of the parameters studied . Conclusions Our data indicate that reduction in AT inflammation is not required for an improvement in insulin action during weight loss in subjects with uncomplicated obesity . BG does not have effects during dietary intervention Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a simple dietary advice with two energy-restricted diets with different carbohydrate and fiber contents on anthropometric , biochemical , and inflammatory markers over an 8-wk intervention period in individuals with diabetes . Methods Forty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes ( 31 women and 16 men ; age : 52.9 ± 8.0 years , body mass index : 29.5 ± 4.9 kg.m-2 ) completed an 8-wk r and omized intervention trial that compared a simple dietary advice aim ed to modulate carbohydrate intake ( n = 13 ) with the two calorie-restricted ( CR ) diets ( 25 % caloric restriction from total energy requirements ) differing with regard to carbohydrate and fiber content , one with higher fiber ( CRHF ) containing 55 % energy from carbohydrate plus a tablespoon of psyllium powder ( n = 18 ) and the other with lower carbohydrate ( CRLC ) containing 40 % energy from carbohydrate plus placebo powder ( n = 16 ) . Weight , plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , lipids , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) were determined at baseline and after 8 weeks . Results The mean change of body weight and plasma lipids were not different between the groups . Fasting plasma insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) were significantly lower in the CRHF group ( changes from baseline values in simple advice , CRHF , and CRLC were 1.3 ± 1.9 , -1.0 ± 1.2 , and 0.3 ± 3.1 µIL/mL for insulin and 0.5 ± 0.7 , -0.3 ± 0.6 , and 0.2 ± 0.9 for HOMA- 
    Output:
    
No effect on waist circumference was found .
Viscous fiber within a calorie-restricted diet significantly improved body weight and other markers of adiposity in overweight adults and those with additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease .