***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: AIM Interleukin (IL)-17 pathway is being clinical ly targeted in immune-mediated diseases , most of which are associated with a significant cardiovascular risk . We investigated the relationship between serum levels of IL-17 and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS AND RESULTS We used data from 981 patients enrolled in the prospect i ve , multicentre French registry of Acute ST elevation , or non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infa rct ion ( Fast-MI , NCT00673036 ) . Serum levels of IL-17 were associated with the risk of all-cause death and recurrent MI at 2 years , with levels of IL-17 below the median indicative of a worse outcome . The impact of IL-17 remained significant after adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors , C-reactive protein , and treatments including statins : hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.40 ( 1.03 - 1.91 ) ; P = 0.03 . IL-17 inhibited mononuclear cell adhesion to endothelium and reduced endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule ( VCAM-1 ) expression . Patients with low ( below the median ) IL-17 levels and high ( above the median ) soluble VCAM-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) levels were at particularly increased risk of death and MI : adjusted HR = 2.22 ( 1.32 - 3.75 ) compared with the high IL-17/low sVCAM-1 group ( P = 0.002 ) . CONCLUSIONS Low serum levels of IL-17 are associated with a higher risk of major cardiovascular events in Caucasian patients with acute MI . Our results raise possible concern about the use of inhibitors of the IL-17 pathway in clinical setting s associated with a high cardiovascular risk . CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00673036 BACKGROUND ACE inhibitors attenuate the detrimental effects of angiotensin II , and improve survival and reduce morbidity in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion and evidence of heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction . Selective antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor represents an alternative approach to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system . We did a multicentre , r and omised trial to test the hypothesis that the angiotensin II antagonist losartan would be superior or non-inferior to the ACE inhibitor captopril in decreasing all-cause mortality in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS 5477 patients 50 years of age or older ( mean age 67.4 years [ SD 9.8 ] ) , with confirmed acute myocardial infa rct ion and heart failure during the acute phase or a new Q-wave anterior infa rct ion or reinfa rct ion , were recruited from 329 centres in seven European countries . Patients were r and omly assigned and titrated to a target dose of losartan ( 50 mg once daily ) or captopril ( 50 mg three times daily ) as tolerated . The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality . Analysis was by intention to treat . FINDINGS There were 946 deaths during a mean follow-up of 2.7 ( 0.9 ) years : 499 ( 18 % ) in the losartan group and 447 ( 16 % ) in the captopril group ( relative risk 1.13 [ 95 % CI 0.99 - 1.28 ] , p=0.07 ) . The results for the secondary and tertiary endpoints were as follows : sudden cardiac death or resuscitated cardiac arrest 239 ( 9 % ) versus 203 ( 7 % ) , 1.19 ( 0.98 - 1.43 ) , p=0.07 , and fatal or non-fatal reinfa rct ion 384 ( 14 % ) versus 379 ( 14 % ) , 1.03 ( 0.89 - 1.18 ) , p=0.72 . The all-cause hospital admission rates were 1806 ( 66 % ) versus 1774 ( 65 % ) , 1.03 ( 0.97 - 1.10 ) , p=0.37 . Losartan was significantly better tolerated than captopril , with fewer patients discontinuing study medication ( 458 [ 17 % ] vs 624 [ 23 % ] , 0.70 [ 0.62 - 0.79 ] , p<0.0001 ) . INTERPRETATION Since we saw a non-significant difference in total mortality in favour of captopril , ACE inhibitors should remain first-choice treatment in patients after complicated acute myocardial infa rct ion .  Losartan can not be generally recommended in this population . However , it was better tolerated than captopril , and was associated with significantly fewer discontinuations . Although the role of losartan in patients intolerant of ACE inhibition is not clearly defined , it can be considered in such patients BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical utility and prognostic significance of a cluster of 27 serum cytokines for risk stratification after myocardial infa rct ion . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We enrolled 33 consecutive patients admitted to our institution for acute myocardial infa rct ion and prospect ively followed . We evaluated traditional cardiovascular risk factors and assayed , during the acute phase , 27 serum cytokines ( IL-1 , IL-1ra , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6 , IL -7 , IL-8 , IL-9 , IL-10 , IL-12 , IL-13 , IL-15 , IL-17 , EOTAXIN , FGF , G-CSF , GM-CSF , IFN-γ , IP-10 , MCP-1 , MIP-1α , MIP-1β , PDGF , RANTES , TNF-α , VEGF ) potentially associated with cardiovascular risk . Patients were divided into two groups during follow-up according to the occurrence or absence of adverse cardiovascular events ( recurrence of angina , re-infa rct ion , death , need of new revascularization , occurrence of heart failure ) . We developed an additive risk score by assigning one point for each cytokine that had a value greater than the median value ( range 0 - 27 ) . Cytokines alone and the cytokines score were related to cardiovascular events . RESULTS Patients with and without major adverse cardiovascular events ( MACEs ) at follow up had a homogenous distribution of the main cardiovascular risk factors ; differences were detected only for sex and age . Patients who experienced MACE had a significantly different distribution of I troponin ( p=0.036 ) , IL-8 ( p=0.006 ) , IL-13 ( p=0.06 ) , IL-10 ( p=0.02 ) , IL-17 ( p=0.015 ) , IP-10 ( p=0.02 ) , MIP-1β ( p=0.05 ) . At univariate analysis , IL -8 ( p=0.046 OR 1.13 ) , IL-10 ( p=0.05 OR 1.14 ) and MIP-1β ( p=0.016 , OR 1.02 ) were significantly associated with the occurrence of MACE . This association was not confirmed at multivariate analysis . At the analysis of variance , a higher score was significantly associated with the occurrence of adverse events at follow up ( F=5.07 , p=0.03 ) . At ROC curve analysis , a score greater than 13 better predicted the occurrence of adverse events at follow-up ( AUC 0.72 , p=0.03 , sensibility 59.1 % , specificity 81.8 % ) . CONCLUSIONS In our study we did not identify a single inflammatory cytokine able to predict adverse events in a long term follow up , whereas the presence of more than 13 cytokines above the median value was useful for risk stratification Background The Proximity Extension Assay proteomics chip provides a large-scale analysis of 92 biomarkers linked to cardiovascular disease or inflammation . We aim ed to identify the biomarkers that best predicted long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion . Methods In this prospect i ve cohort study , 92 biomarkers were analysed in 847 consecutive patients from the Västmanl and Myocardial Infa rct ion Study with a median follow-up of 6.9 years . Results The mean ( ± st and ard deviation ) age of the patients was 70 ( 11.8 ) years and 32.7 % were female . Two hundred and seven patients had died after follow-up . The biomarkers most strongly linked to all-cause mortality were growth differentiation factor 15 ( GDF-15 ) and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing lig and receptor 2 ( TRAIL-R2 ) . Cox regression analysis showed that GDF-15 ( hazard ratio 1.25 per unit change , 95 % confidence interval , 1.02–1.53 , p = 0.031 ) and TRAIL-R2 ( hazard ratio 1.37 per unit change , 95 % confidence interval 1.12–1.67 , p = 0.002 ) were independent predictors of long-term all-cause mortality after adjusting for age , gender , diabetes , previous myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , heart failure , hypertension , smoking , hypercholesterolaemia , body mass index , ST-elevation myocardial infa rct ion , left ventricular ejection fraction , troponin I , estimated glomerular filtration rate , N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein . The combination of GDF-15 and TRAIL-R2 with established risk factors and biomarkers showed a discriminating accuracy of separating survivors from non-survivors with a cross-vali date d area under the receiving operating characteristics curve of 0.88 within five years . Conclusion GDF-15 and TRAIL-R2 were the most powerful Proximity Extension Assay chip biomarkers in predicting long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion Objective : To investigate the relation between serum high sensitivity ( hs ) C reactive protein ( CRP ) , proinflammatory cytokine concentrations , proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios and long-term prognosis in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome ( NSTEACS ) . Design : Prospect i ve follow-up study for the first six months and then for the first year after admission to hospital . Setting : Tertiary referral centre . Patients : 80 patients ( 60 men , 20 women , mean age 60 ( SD 10 ) years ) with NSTEACS and moderate to high TIMI ( Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infa rct ion ) risk scores . Interventions : Blood sample s from patients with NSTEACS  were obtained at the time of admission . Serum concentrations of hs-CRP , ( hs ) pro-inflammatory ( interleukin ( IL ) -1β , IL-6 , tumour necrosis factor α ) and ( hs ) anti-inflammatory ( IL-10 ) cytokines were analysed and proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios were calculated by dividing proinflammatory cytokine concentrations by anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 . Main outcome measure : The primary end point of the study was new coronary events ( NCE ) defined as the combination of cardiac death , non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion and recurrent rest angina that required hospitalisation within 12 months of follow up . Results : During the one-year follow-up period , 23 patients ( 29 % ) met the NCE criteria . Concentrations of hs-CRP , IL-1β and IL-6 and ratios of IL-1β : IL-10 and IL-6:IL-10 were significantly higher in patients with NCE than in patients without NCE . In the logistic regression analysis , IL-6:IL-10 ratio was the most important predictor for NCE ( p = 0.006 ) with an odds ratio of 2.24 ( 95 % CI 1.26 to 3.97 ) . Conclusions : Cytokine concentrations and proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios may be useful markers for predicting vascular risk in patients with NSTEACS BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses after intracoronary injection of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells ( m BMC ) are not clarified . The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of intracoronary injection of m BMC on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) . METHODS Patients with AMI in the ASTAMI trial ( N = 100 ) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention  were r and omized to intracoronary injections of m BMC or control . Fasting blood sample s were drawn the day before stem cell transplantation ( baseline 4 - 5 days after AMI ) and 1 day , 3 days , 2 to 3 weeks , and 3 months after transplantation for determination of circulating levels of selected inflammatory markers and mRNA levels in whole blood sample s. RESULTS From 
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Conclusion A combination of multiple cytokines had a better association with MACE than individual cytokines .