***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of induction with rabbit antithymocyte globulin ( RATG ) compared with interleukin-2 receptor antagonists in a racially diverse kidney transplant patient population under modern immunosuppression . Background : The optimal induction therapy in patients at risk for rejection , particularly black recipients , in the modern era of immunosuppression with flow cytometry-based cross-matching is unclear . Methods : This was a prospect i ve , risk-stratified , r and omized , single-center , open-label study of 200 consecutively enrolled patients in a large academic teaching center . Patients were r and omized to receive either daclizumab or basiliximab versus RATG for induction in combination with tacrolimus , mycophenolate mofetil , and corticosteroids . Patients were stratified between groups to ensure equal numbers of black , retransplants , high panel reactive antibodies ( PRAs ) ( > 20 % ) , and prolonged cold ischemic times ( > 24 hours ) in each group . Primary outcome measure is treatment efficacy defined as the incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection and estimated creatinine clearance . Patients were followed up for 12 months . Renal transplant recipients were included if they were adult ( ≥18 years old ) and received an allograft from a deceased , living unrelated , or nonhuman leukocyte antigen identical living-related donor . Results : A total of 200 patients ( n = 98 in the interleukin-2 receptor antagonists , and n = 102 in the RATG ) were enrolled from February 2009 through July 2011 . One-year acute rejection rates were low and similar between groups ( 10 % in the interleukin-2 receptor antagonist group vs 6 % in the RATG group ; P = 0.30 ) . Creatinine clearance was also similar between groups ( interleukin-2 receptor antagonist group 56 ± 20 mL/min per 1.73 m2 vs  RATG group 55 ± 22 mL/min per 1.73 m2 ; P = 0.73 ) . Sub analysis of recipient race revealed that in blacks  only RATG was protective against 6- and 12-month acute rejection , without an increased risk of infection . Induction did not affect rejection rates according to recipient calculated PRAs ; however , RATG was associated with an increased risk of BK virus in low-PRA patients . Conclusions and Relevance : RATG induction provides improved protection against early acute rejection in black renal transplant recipients , whereas sensitized patients do not seem to demonstrate a similar benefit from this therapy . This study is registered at Clinical trials.gov ( NCT00859131 ) We conducted a single-center prospect i ve double-arm open-labeled study on kidney transplant patients from 2010 to 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of induction therapy using low , single-dose rabbit-antithymocyte globulin ( r-ATG ) , 1.5 mg/kg on Day 0 ( n = 80 , 60 males , mean age 35.9 years ) , versus basiliximab ( Interleukin-2 blocker ) 20 mg on Days 0 and 4 ( n = 20 , 12 males , mean age 45.1 years ) on renal allograft function in terms of serum creatinine ( SCr ) , rejection and infection episodes and patient/graft survival and cost . Demographic and post-transplant follow-up including immunosuppression was similar in both groups . In the r-ATG group , donors were unrelated ( spouse , n = 25 ) , deceased ( n = 31 ) and parents/siblings ( others ) , with a mean HLA match of 1.58 . Donors in the basiliximab group were living unrelated ( spouse , n = 15 ) and deceased ( n = 5 ) , with a mean HLA match of 1.56 . No patient/graft was lost in the r-ATG group over a mean of one year follow-up , and the mean SCr was 1.28 mg/dL with 7.5 % acute rejection ( AR ) episodes ; infections were also not observed . In the basiliximab group , over the same period of follow-up , there was 95 % death-censored graft survival , and the mean SCr was 1.23 mg/dL with 10 % AR episodes . One patient died due to bacterial pneumonia and one succumbed to coronary artery disease ; one graft was lost due to uncontrolled acute humoral and cellular rejection . The cost of r-ATG and basiliximab were $ 600 and $ 2500 , respectively . We conclude that induction immunosuppressive therapy with a low-dose r-ATG may be a better option as compared with basiliximab in terms of graft function , survival and cost benefit in kidney transplant patients BACKGROUND Induction therapy reduces the frequency of acute rejection and delayed graft function after transplantation . A rabbit antithymocyte polyclonal antibody or basiliximab , an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody , is most commonly used for induction . METHODS In this prospect i ve , r and omized , international study , we compared short courses of antithymocyte globulin and basiliximab in patients at high risk for acute rejection or delayed graft function who received a renal transplant from a deceased donor . Patients taking cyclosporine , mycophenolate mofetil , and prednisone  were r and omly assigned to receive either rabbit antithymocyte globulin ( 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight daily , 141 patients ) during transplantation ( day 0 ) and on days 1 through 4 or basiliximab ( 20 mg , 137 patients ) on days 0 and 4 . The primary end point was a composite of acute rejection , delayed graft function , graft loss , and death . RESULTS At 12 months , the incidence of the composite end point was similar in the two groups ( P=0.34 ) . The antithymocyte globulin group , as compared with the basiliximab group , had lower incidences of acute rejection ( 15.6 % vs. 25.5 % , P=0.02 ) and of acute rejection that required treatment with antibody ( 1.4 % vs. 8.0 % , P=0.005 ) . The antithymocyte globulin group and the basiliximab group had similar incidences of graft loss ( 9.2 % and 10.2 % , respectively ) , delayed graft function ( 40.4 % and 44.5 % ) , and death ( 4.3 % and 4.4 % ) . Though the incidences of all adverse events , serious adverse events , and cancers were also similar between the two groups , patients receiving antithymocyte globulin had a greater incidence of infection ( 85.8 % vs. 75.2 % , P=0.03 ) but a lower incidence of cytomegalovirus disease ( 7.8 % vs. 17.5 % , P=0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Among patients at high risk for acute rejection or delayed graft function who received a renal transplant from a deceased donor , induction therapy consisting of a 5-day course of antithymocyte globulin , as compared with basiliximab , reduced the incidence and severity of acute rejection but not the incidence of delayed graft function . Patient and graft survival were similar in the two groups . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00235300 [ Clinical Trials.gov ] . ) Background / Aims : The long-term evaluation of basiliximab induction therapy has not been addressed yet . We aim to evaluate its long-term effects in living related donor kidney transplantation . Methods : 100 adult recipients with their first kidney allograft were r and omized into two treatment groups – one group received basiliximab and the second served as a control . All patients received a maintenance triple immunosuppressive therapy ( steroids , cyclosporine microemulsion and azathioprine ) and were closely followed for 5 years . Results : Basiliximab significantly reduced the proportion of patients who experienced an acute rejection in the first year ( 18/50 ) when compared to the control group ( 31/50 ) and in 5 years ( 27/50 ) when compared to ( 36/50 ) the controls . The cumulative steroid dose used throughout the study was significantly lower in the basiliximab group . The overall incidence of post-transplant complications was comparable between the two treatment groups . There was no significant difference in patients and graft survival ; 5-year patient and graft survival were 100 and 86 % for basiliximab , and 96 and 88 % for the control group respectively . Conclusion : Although routine basiliximab induction significantly reduces the incidence of acute rejection , its beneficial long-term effects on graft function and patient and graft survival are not yet evident Background . Sequential anti-thymocyte globulins (ATG)/cyclosporine immunosuppression has two main advantages : delayed introduction of the nephrotoxic drug cyclosporine and prevention of acute rejection . Basiliximab , a recently developed chimeric monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes the minor sub population of activated T lymphocytes , has been shown to reduce the incidence of acute rejection when used with cyclosporine introduced on day 1 . Methods . This open , r and omized , multicenter study was undertaken to compare the safety and efficacy of ATG versus basiliximab induction therapy ( IT ) with delayed introduction of cyclosporine for microemulsion ( Neoral ) in 105 low immunologic risk renal-transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and steroids .  Results . One-year patient and graft survival rates were 98.1 % and 94.2 % , respectively , in the basiliximab group ( n=52 ) , and 98.1 % and 96.2 % in the ATG group ( n=53 ) . The incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection was comparable ( basiliximab 9.6 % , ATG 9.4 % ) , as were key parameters of renal function , notably serum creatinine levels , time-to-nadir serum creatinine , and the number of patients requiring posttransplantation dialysis ( basiliximab 28.8 % , ATG 30.2 % ) . However , significantly fewer patients in the basiliximab group experienced cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection , leukopenia , and thrombocytopenia , and this without any significant difference in any other key safety parameters ( including the incidences of serum sickness , fever , lymphoma , and infections in general ) . Conclusions . Both ATG and basiliximab , when used for IT in a sequential protocol , are equally effective in terms of graft and patient survival as well as at preventing acute rejection . However , basiliximab is associated with a lower incidence of certain key adverse events , namely CMV infection , leukopenia , and thrombocytopenia Background . The aim of this prospect i ve r and omized study was to examine the effect of induction immunosuppression and low initial cyclosporine ( CsA ) on the onset of graft function and its long-term consequences . Methods . During 1999–2001 , 155 patients were r and omized to  single 9 mg/kg dose antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-Fresenius ( group A ) or two 20-mg doses of basiliximab ( group B ) with reduced dose CsA or conventional CsA triple therapy without induction ( group C ) . Results . Delayed function ( DGF ) was lower in group A than in groups B or C ( 5.7 % vs. 24.1 % and 15.9 % , P<0.025 ) and need of dialysis was less in groups A and B compared to C ( 10.3 and 10.4 vs. 20.0 days , P<0.05 ) . Acute rejections occurred in 11.3 % , 12.1 % and 20.5 % , and the mean ( median ) time to rejection was 16 ( 13 ) , 97 ( 46 ) and 101 ( 35 ) days in groups A , B , and C , respectively ( P<0.005 ) . One- and 5-year graft survivals ( GS ) were 98.1 % and 90.6 % ( group A ) , 96.6 % and 96.6 % ( group B ) , and 93.2 % and 84.1 % ( group C ) . Five-year GS was significantly better in group B than in group C ( P<0.05 ) . The death censored 5-year GS in groups A , B , and C were 94.3 % , 96.6 % , and 90.0 % ( P = NS ) . Single high-dose ATG induction was associated with hemodynamic and pulmonary disturbances without , however , serious or long-term consequences .  Conclusions . ATG induction significantly reduced DGF . Both induction regimens together with low initial CsA led to significantly less posttransplant dialysis and excellent survival . The high dose ATG was associated with significant hemodynamic and pulmonary side effects during drug infusion Background . The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)-induction on long-term outcomes of postrenal transplantation . Methods . Between January 1985 and January 1986 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Induction therapy of basiliximab has similar short-time effects on the recipients in renal transplantation compared with that of ATG .
However , regarding the long-term effect , as represented by the rate of neoplasm , basiliximab has a significant advantage