***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: UNLABELLED Intellectual deficits play a significant role in the psychosocial comorbidity of children with epilepsy .  Early educational intervention is critical . OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the intellectual ability of children with common childhood epilepsy syndromes-generalised idiopathic epilepsy ( GIE ) , generalised symptomatic epilepsy ( GSE ) , temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) , frontal lobe epilepsy ( FLE ) , central epilepsy ( CE ) and non-localised partial epilepsy ( PE ) . METHODS A prospect i ve consecutive series of 169 children were recruited . Epilepsy syndrome was identified by clinical data , seizure semiology , interictal and ictal EEG in each child , using International League Against Epilepsy criteria . Each child had neuropsychology assessment  using age-normed and vali date d instruments . After adjusting for important epilepsy variables , 95 % confidence intervals were generated for mean full-scale intelligence quotient ( FSIQ ) using ANCOVA . RESULTS Significant differences between epilepsy syndrome groups were found for age of onset ( P<0.001 ) , duration of active epilepsy ( P=0.027 ) , seizure frequency ( P=0.037 ) and polytherapy ( P=0.024 ) . Analysing FSIQ , children with GIE , CE and TLE performed best , and did not differ statistically . Children with GSE had a statistically lower FSIQ than other syndrome groups except PE . FLE functioned significantly better than GSE , but did not differ statistically from other groups . CONCLUSIONS In childhood epilepsy , delineation of the syndrome has important implication s when considering intellectual potential . This information is invaluable in planning educational interventions and supporting the family Children with epilepsy and control children were followed over a 2-year interval . Comorbidities of epilepsy , often defined as problems related to IQ , academic achievement , language , and psychopathology , were evaluated prospect ively . It was hypothesized that over time ( 1 ) the presence of comorbidities would predict worse outcomes , and ( 2 ) epilepsy variables would negatively impact comorbidities . The study included 39 children with complex partial seizures ( CPS ) , 25 children with childhood absence epilepsy ( CAE ) , and 27 healthy children , aged 7.6 - 16.1years . The findings were notable for stability over the interval in all three groups . Additionally , baseline seizure variables and change over the interval appear to play a role in IQ and math achievement scores of children with epilepsy with average IQ and in the reading achievement scores of those with below-average IQ . However , seizure variables at baseline and follow-up were not predictors of DSM-IV diagnoses , depression , anxiety , or behavioral problems Objective : This large , prospect i ve , community-based study characterized neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement at the time of the first recognized seizure and identified risk factors for cognitive deficits . Methods : We compared 282 children ( ages 6–14 years , IQ ≥70 ) with a first recognized seizure to 147 healthy siblings on a battery of well-st and ardized and widely used  neuropsychological and academic achievement tests  and examined relationships with demographic and clinical variables . Results : In this intellectually normal cohort , 27 % with just one seizure and up to 40 % of those with risk factors exhibited neuropsychological deficits at or near onset . Risk factors associated with neuropsychological deficits included multiple seizures ( i.e. , second unprovoked seizure ; odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.96 ) , use of antiepileptic drugs ( OR = 2.27 ) , symptomatic/cryptogenic etiology ( OR = 2.15 ) , and epileptiform activity on the initial EEG ( OR = 1.90 ) ; a child with all 4 risks is 3.00 times more likely than healthy siblings to experience neuropsychological deficits by the first clinic visit . Absence epilepsy carried increased odds for neuropsychological impairment ( OR = 2.00 ) . Conclusions : A subgroup of intellectually normal children with seizures showed neuropsychological deficits at onset . Academic achievement was unaffected , suggesting that there is a window early in the disorder for intervention to ameliorate the impact on school performance . Therefore , the risk factors identified here ( especially if multiple risks are present ) warrant swift referral for neuropsychological evaluation early in the course of the condition Objective : To determine the neurocognitive deficits associated with newly diagnosed untreated childhood absence epilepsy ( CAE ) , develop a model describing the factorial structure of items measuring academic achievement and 3 neuropsychological constructs , and determine short-term differential neuropsychological effects on attention among ethosuximide , valproic acid , and lamotrigine . Methods : Subjects with newly diagnosed CAE entering a double-blind , r and omized controlled clinical trial had neuropsychological testing including assessment s of general intellectual functioning , attention , memory , executive function , and achievement . Attention was reassessed at the week 16–20 visit . Results : At study entry , 36 % of the cohort exhibited attention deficits despite otherwise intact neurocognitive functioning . Structural equation modeling of baseline neuropsychological data revealed a direct sequential effect among attention , memory , executive function , and academic achievement . At the week 16–20 visit , attention deficits persisted even if seizure freedom was attained . More subjects receiving valproic acid ( 49 % ) had attention deficits than subjects receiving ethosuximide ( 32 % ) or lamotrigine ( 24 % ) ( p = 0.0006 ) . Parental assessment did not reliably detect attention deficits before or after treatment ( p < 0.0001 ) . Conclusions : Children with CAE have a high rate of pretreatment attentional deficits that persist despite seizure freedom . Rates are disproportionately higher for valproic acid treatment compared with ethosuximide or lamotrigine . Parents do not recognize these attentional deficits . These deficits present a threat to academic achievement . Vigilant cognitive and behavioral assessment of these children is warranted . Classification of evidence : This study provides Class I evidence that valproic acid is associated with more significant attentional dysfunction than ethosuximide or lamotrigine in children with newly diagnosed CAE In this prospect i ve clinical study , the effects on cognitive functioning of absence seizures , epileptiform EEG discharges , and their abolishment by antiepileptic medication were evaluated in patients newly diagnosed with childhood absence epilepsy or juvenile absence epilepsy . Eleven children in the study group and ten age- and gender-matched controls with mild asthma underwent combined video/EEG and neurocognitive assessment  ( IQ , fine-motor fluency , attention , visual and spatial memory ) . The neuropsychological assessment was repeated after the introduction of antiepileptic medication .  Ten children with absence epilepsy became clinical ly seizure free . The study group improved in attention , fine-motor fluency , and visual memory . The controls improved only in fine-motor and attention skills . Duration of generalized 3-Hz spike-wave discharges and clinical absence seizures was negatively correlated with performance on the visual memory task . Cessation of seizures induced by antiepileptic medication may support neurocognitive functioning in children The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy , tolerability , and safety of levetiracetam therapy in children and adolescents with absence epilepsy . Twenty-one participants ( 11 male , 10 female ) with typical absence seizures were enrolled in this prospect i ve study from seven centres in Italy . The mean age and age range at time of enrollment into the study were 8 years 9 months ( SD 0.9 ) and 5 years 1 month to 13 years respectively . All patients were carefully evaluated at 6 months from baseline , and 12 patients were also re-evaluated at 12 months after the beginning of therapy with levetiracetam . At the 6-month evaluation , out of 21 patients studied , 11 were seizure free and one showed ' decreased ' seizures ( more than 50 % reduction in seizures ) . A less than 50 % reduction in seizures was observed in nine patients . At the 12-month evaluation , 10 patients were completely seizure free and two were seizure free with some anomalies in electroencephalograms . Two patients who had shown no improvement at 6 months had decreased seizures at the second follow-up . Our results suggest that monotherapy with levetiracetam could be effective and well tolerated in patients with childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile absence epilepsy . Prospect i ve , large , long-term double-blind studies are needed to confirm these findings PURPOSE To characterize patterns and determinants of normal and abnormal cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy compared to healthy controls . METHODS Longitudinal ( 2-year ) cognitive growth was examined in 100 children , age 8 - 18 years , including healthy controls ( n = 48 ) and children with new onset epilepsy ( n = 52 ) .  Cognitive maturation was examined as a function of the presence/absence of two neurobehavioral comorbitiies ( attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and /or academic problems ) identified at the time of epilepsy diagnosis . Groups were compared across a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing intelligence , academic achievement , language , memory , executive function , and psychomotor speed . RESULTS Children with new onset epilepsy without neurobehavioral comorbidities were comparable to healthy controls at baseline , rate of cognitive development , and follow-up assessment across all neuropsychological domains . In contrast , the presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities was associated with significantly worse baseline and prospect i ve cognitive trajectories across all cognitive domains , especially executive functions . CONCLUSION The presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities at the time of epilepsy onset is a major marker of abnormal cognitive development both prior to and after the onset of epilepsy 
    Output:
    
RESULTS In intellectual functioning , CAE patients seem to perform worse than healthy children , even if their IQ scores fall within the normal range .
Similarly , CAE seems to affect verbal skills and learning .
Executive functions have been reported to be mildly impaired .
Data regarding memory are still conflicting .