***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to monitor therapeutic response by determining the level of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in whole unstimulated saliva in patients with denture stomatitis ( DS ) , before and after laser phototherapy ( LPT ) . BACKGROUND DS is an inflammatory condition that occurs in subjects who wear dentures , and it is a common oral mucosal lesion . A potential noninvasive treatment for DS patients is LPT . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A sample consisting of 40 consecutive subjects was selected on a voluntary basis from patients who presented for the diagnosis and treatment of DS at the Oral Medicine Unit of the Medical Faculty at the University of Rijeka . A clinical examination was performed according to the st and ard clinical criteria . Lesions described as palatal inflammation were diagnosed as Newton type II denture stomatitis . The patients were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group ( 20 patients receiving real LPT ) or a control group ( 20 patients receiving inactive/placebo laser treatment ) . In order to determine the salivary levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 , ELISA ( Sigma Immunochemicals , St Louis , MO ) was performed . RESULTS Following treatment with LPT for 4 wk , the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased significantly ( p < 0.001 ) and were significantly different from controls ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that LPT may be an efficacious choice of therapy BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Denture stomatitis ( DS ) is a common inflammatory condition that affects denture wearers . The aim of this study was to examine , in vivo , the effect of diode laser irradiation on fungal growth in both the palatal mucosa and in denture base material s , in denture wearing patients . STUDY DESIGN / MATERIAL S AND METHODS In total , 70 patients with clinical study design evidence of DS participated in this parallel , single blind , and placebo controlled study . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of four different treatment regimens : ( 1 ) irradiation with a 685 nm wavelength laser for 10 minutes ( 30 mW ) ; ( 2 ) irradiation with a 830 nm wavelength laser for 5 minutes ( 60 mW ) . A semiconductor diode laser , BTL-2000 ( BTL-2 Dravotnicka Technika , Prague , Czech Republic ) , was used in both treatment cases using an energy density of 3.0 J/cm(2 ) and a continuous working mode for five consecutive days ; ( 3 ) placebo-sham irradiation of patients ; ( 4 ) antimicotic-self treatment of patient 's palatal mucosa with an antifungal oral gel and the use of an antiseptic solution for their dentures . The effect of laser light on fungal growth in vivo was evaluated after final treatment using the swab method and a semi-quantitative estimation of C and ida albicans colonies cultivated on agar plates . RESULTS A fungicidal effect was achieved in the laser treated and antimicotic treated groups , whereas most subjects in the placebo group were found to have unchanged conditions on both their palate ( P = 0,004 ) and dentures ( P < 0,001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Light from a low-power laser ( LLLT ) may be valuable in the treatment of DS . This is of great importance since the rate of recurrence of disease is high , whereas an optimal treatment modality has not yet been found OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with denture stomatitis ( DS ) . METHODS A question naire was used to gather demographic information . Clinical oral examination was performed to determine location of denture in the jaws and oral erythematous lesions . Presence of fungal hyphae in smokers and non-smokers was confirmed using exfoliative cytology . In both groups , aPDT was performed and colony forming units per milliliter ( CFU/ml ) were assessed i m both groups at 3-months follow-up . Level of significance was et at P<0.05 . RESULTS Twenty-two males with DS ( 12 smokers and 10 non-smokers ) were included . The mean ages of smokers and non-smokers was 73.8±2.5 and 70.5±1.2years , respectively . The duration and daily frequency of cigarette smoking was 20.6±4.5years and 12.3±1.5 cigarettes daily , respectively . Smokers and non-smokers had been wearing complete dentures since 6.2±0.8 and 5.8±0.4years , respectively . At 3-months follow-up , there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean fungal CFU/ml among smokers ( 25.5±8.3 CFU/ml ) compared with their respective baseline values 106.7±6.3 CFU/ml ( P<0.01 ) . Among non-smokers , the mean CFU/ml values were 12.7±0.8 CFU/ml compared with their respective baseline values ( 93.6±8.4 CFU/ml ) ( P<0.01 ) . At 3-months follow-up , fungal CFU/ml levels were statistically significantly higher among smokers ( 25.5±8.3 CFU/ml ) compared with non-smokers ( 12.7±0.8 CFU/ml ) ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION aPDT  is effective in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization  among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with . The role of denture is also emphasized PURPOSE Photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) appears to be an effective method for the in vitro and in vivo inactivation of C and ida spp . , but no clinical trials in this context have yet been conducted . The aim of this study was to compare the effect of oral miconazole gel to PDT combined with low-power laser ( LPL ) therapy in the treatment of denture stomatitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty participants with clinical and microbiological diagnoses of type II denture stomatitis were r and omly allocated to two treatment groups ( PDT and miconazole gel ) , each with 20 individuals . The PDT group was su bmi tted to one session of methylene blue-mediated PDT plus two sessions of low-laser therapy twice a week for 15 days . The miconazole group was su bmi tted to the drug four times a day for 15 days . RESULTS Forty percent of the patients achieved clinical and microbiological resolution of denture stomatitis after methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation followed by low-laser therapy . The cure rate associated with miconazole was 80 % ( p < 0.05 ) . Fifteen days after the end of treatment , the recurrence rate was 25 % in patients treated with PDT combined with LPL therapy and 12.5 % in patients treated with miconazole . CONCLUSION Miconazole gel provides better results than a protocol combining methylene blue-mediated PDT and LPL therapy in the treatment of type II denture stomatitis STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Mucosal inflammation under dentures causes problems for prosthodontists and patients . PURPOSE OF STUDY This study evaluated the effectiveness of a low-energy laser used in the treatment of denture-induced mucosal lesions in comparison with other conventional methods . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen men were selected and divided into three groups of six according to the treatment applied : denture removal , relined dentures with temporary tissue treatment , and application of laser irradiation for the lesions while continuing to wear the dentures . Oral hygiene and nutrition were maintained during the study . Clinical , histologic , and densitometric assessment s were used to evaluate the three treatment methods . RESULTS The results revealed that lesions in the group treated with laser irradiation were clinical ly superior in healing when compared with the other groups . Histologic evidence of the therapeutic effect of lasers in healing denture-induced mucosal lesions was demonstrated . Densitometric evaluation showed an increase in the optical density of alveolar bone underneath the irradiated lesions compared with untreated lesions . CONCLUSION These findings suggest the effect of therapeutic laser treatment on both soft tissue and bone with subsequent improvement of denture foundation after treatment of denture-induced mucosal lesions PURPOSE To evaluate the antiseptic properties of five different disinfectant techniques on three different peri-implantitis ( PI ) associated biofilms . METHODS 90 implant titanium disks , with the same thickness and diameter , were prepared and r and omly divided into 18 groups ( n = 5 ) based on the microbiota strains ( S. aureus , S. epidermidis and C. albicans ) and using the following disinfectant techniques : soft laser therapy , photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) , 0.12 % NaOCl , 0.2 % chlorhexidine , 3 % H2O2 , and control groups . After forming a protein layer on disk surfaces , the specimens were exposed to the microbial suspensions . After decontamination according to design ated techniques , 2 % Trypsin protease was administered to isolate the surviving microorganisms . Muller Hinton agar culture was used for microbiota growth . After 48-hour incubation , the st and ard colony forming unit ( CFU ) was assayed and the collected data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significance level of 0.05 . RESULTS The highest amount of CFU/ml values was shown by C. albicans , which was subjected to PDT ( 25.12 ± 30.23 ) . The least disinfecting efficacy on S. epidermidis was demonstrated by the laser group ( all P-values ≤ 0.01 ) . Nevertheless , all of the groups exhibited significant differences with the control groups ( all P-values < 0.01 ) . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE None of the studied disinfectant techniques had the highest lethal effects on all of the tested microbiotas . Therefore , a combination of these disinfectant techniques , for instance PDT ⁺ 3 % H2O2 or 0.2 % chlorhexidine , is recommended Photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) is a promising treatment for oral c and idoses . Its use as an alternative to antifungals prevents several adverse effects , including microbial resistance . However , most PDT protocol s do not employ devices and consumables commonly available in dental practice , thus influencing treatment affordability . This study aim ed to determine the efficacy of a PDT method based on light curing units ’ blue LEDs combined to a plaque-disclosing composition ( 5 % erythrosine ) against C. albicans in culture and in a murine model of oral c and idosis . St and ard and resistant fungal strains were tested in vitro in planktonic and biofilm forms . PDT ( pre-irradiation time periods : 30 and 60 s ; irradiation time : 3 min ) was compared to control conditions without light and /or erythrosine .  Mice with induced oral c and idosis ( n = 40 ) r and omly received PDT or similar control conditions with subsequent C. albicans count . These mice underwent histological analysis , as well as 12 healthy mice su bmi tted to experimental treatments . PDT  completely inactivated C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilm . Control conditions presented minor differences ( ANOVA , p < 0.05 ) , with mean values ranging from 5.2 to 6.8 log10 ( UFC/mL ) . Infected mice presented no significant difference in C. albicans counts consequent to treatments ( ANOVA , p = 0.721 ) , although the PDT protocol was able to enhance the inflammatory infiltrate in healthy mice . It can be concluded that the tested PDT protocol can inactivate C. albicans but still needs further investigation in order to achieve efficacy and safety The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) for the disinfection of complete dentures .  Biofilm sample s were collected from dentures of 60 denture users who were r and omly divided into four experimental groups ( n = 15 each ) : subjects whose maxillary dentures were sprayed with 50 and 100 mg/l of Photogem ® suspension ( groups P50S and P100S ) and patients whose maxillary dentures were treated with 50 and 100 mg/l of Photogem ® gel ( groups P50 G and P100 G ) . Dentures with photosensitizers were left in the dark for 30 min ( pre-irradiation time ) and then irradiated with blue LED light at 37.5 J/cm2 ( 26 min ) . Denture sample s were taken with sterile cotton swab before ( left side surfaces ) and after ( right side surfaces ) PDT . All microbial material was diluted and plated on selective media for C and ida spp . , Staphylococcus mutans spp . , streptococci and a non-selective media . After incubation ( 48 h/37 ° C ) , the number of colony-forming units ( cfu/ml ) was counted . Microorganisms grown on selective media were identified using biochemical methods before and after PDT . The data were su bmi tted to McNemar and Kruskal – Wallis tests ( α = 0.05 ) . No growth after P 
    Output:
    
Based on the available RCTs , LLLT has a significant role in the clinical treatment of DS .
However , the results of PDT were similar to those of conventional antifungal therapies