***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To compare training and follow-up effects of combined aerobic and strength training versus aerobic-only training on cognitive and motor function in institutionalized patients with dementia and to explore whether improved motor function mediates improved cognitive function . METHODS Using a 9-week , parallel , three-group , single-blind , r and omized , controlled trial with a follow-up assessment at week 18 , we assessed 109 patients with dementia ( age 85.5 ± 5.1 years ) in a psycho-geriatric nursing home . Each 9-week intervention consisted of 36 , 30-minute sessions . A combined group ( N = 37 ) received and completed two strength and two walking sessions per week , an aerobic group ( N = 36 ) completed four walking sessions , and a social group ( N = 36 ) completed four social visits per  week . Cognitive and motor functions were assessed at baseline , after the 9-week intervention , and after a consecutive 9 weeks of usual care . RESULTS Baseline corrected post-test scores in the combined versus the social group were higher for global cognition , visual memory , verbal memory , executive function , walking endurance , leg muscle strength , and balance . Aerobic versus social group scores were higher for executive function . Follow-up effects reversed toward baseline values . Motor improvement did not significantly mediate cognitive improvement . CONCLUSION Compared with a nonexercise control group , a combination of aerobic and strength training is more effective than aerobic-only training in slowing cognitive and motor decline in patients with dementia . No mediating effects between improvements in cognitive function via improved motor function were found . Future research into the underlying mechanistic associations is needed Background About one-third of people older than 65 years fall at least once a year . Physical exercise has been previously demonstrated to improve gait , enhance physical fitness , and prevent falls . Nonetheless , the addition of cognitive training components may potentially increase these effects , since cognitive impairment is related to gait irregularities and fall risk . We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive – physical training would lead to greater improvements in dual-task ( DT ) gait compared to exclusive physical training . Methods Elderly persons older than 70 years and without cognitive impairment were r and omly assigned to the following groups : 1 ) virtual reality video game dancing ( DANCE ) , 2 ) treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training ( MEMORY ) , or 3 ) treadmill walking ( PHYS ) . Each program was complemented with strength and balance exercises . Two 1-hour training sessions per week over 6 months were applied . Gait variables , functional fitness ( Short Physical Performance Battery , 6-minute walk ) , and fall frequencies were assessed at baseline , after 3 months and 6 months , and at 1-year follow-up . Multiple regression analyses with planned comparisons were carried out . Results Eighty-nine participants were r and omized to three groups initially ; 71 completed the training and 47 were available at 1-year follow-up . DANCE/MEMORY showed a significant advantage compared to PHYS in DT costs of step time variability at fast walking ( P=0.044 ) . Training-specific gait adaptations were found on comparing DANCE and MEMORY : DANCE reduced step time at fast walking ( P=0.007 ) and MEMORY reduced gait variability in DT and DT costs at preferred walking speed ( both trend P=0.062 ) . Global linear time effects showed improved gait ( P<0.05 ) , functional fitness ( P<0.05 ) , and reduced fall frequency ( −77 % , P<0.001 ) . Only single-task fast walking , gait variability at preferred walking speed , and Short Physical Performance Battery were reduced at follow-up ( all P<0.05 or trend ) . Conclusion Long-term multicomponent cognitive – physical and exclusive physical training programs demonstrated similar potential to counteract age-related decline in physical functioning This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of different types of exercise on cognition . Eighty participants , 32 males and 48 females , aged 66.96 ± 11.73 , volunteered for this study . The participants were r and omly divided into the four following groups : Resistance Group ( RG ; n=20 ) , involved in high intensity strength training ; Cardiovascular Group ( CVG ; n=20 ) , involved in high intensity cardiovascular training ; Postural Group ( PG ; n=20 ) involved in low intensity training , based on postural and balance exercises ; and Control Group ( CG ; n=20 ) . Exercises were performed over the course of 12 weeks . All participants were tested for their cognitive functions pre- and post-intervention using the following neurocognitive tests : the Attentive Matrices Test , Raven 's Progressive Matrices , Stroop Color and Word Interference Test , Trail Making Test and Drawing Copy Test . Statistical analysis showed that the CVG group improved significantly in the Attentive Matrices Test and Raven 's Progressive Matrices ( both p=<0.05 ) , whereas the RG group improved in Drawing Copy Test time ( p=<0.05 ) . These results confirm that different types of exercise interventions  have unique effects on cognition .  Cardiovascular training is effective in improving performance attentive and analytic tasks , whereas resistance training is effective in improving praxis . Further investigation is necessary to evaluate the combination of the two exercise types in order to ascertain if their respective effects can be summated when performed together This study examined transfer effects of fall training on fear of falling ( Falls Efficacy Scale-International [ FES-I ] ) , balance performance , and spatiotemporal gait characteristics in older adults . Eighteen community-dwelling older adults ( ages 65 - 85 ) were r and omly assigned to an intervention or control group . The intervention group completed 12 training sessions ( 60 min , 6 weeks ) . During pre- and posttesting , we measured FES-I , balance performance ( double limb , closed eyes ; single limb , open eyes ; double limb , open eyes with motor-interfered task ) , and gait parameters ( e.g. , velocity ; cadence ; stride time , stride width , and stride length ; variability of stride time and stride length ) under single- and motor-interfered tasks . Dual tasks were applied to appraise improvements of cognitive processing during balance and gait . FES-I ( p = .33 ) and postural sway did not significantly change ( 0.36 < p < .79 ) . Trends toward significant interaction effects were found for step width during normal walking and stride length variability during the motor dual task ( p = .05 , ηp 2 = .22 ) . Fall training did not sufficiently improve fear of falling , balance , or gait performance under single- or dual-task conditions in healthy older adults Background Stepping impairments are associated with physical and cognitive decline in older adults and increased fall risk . Exercise interventions can reduce fall risk , but adherence is often low . A new exergame involving step training may provide an enjoyable exercise alternative for preventing falls in older people . Purpose To assess the feasibility and safety of unsupervised , home-based step pad training and determine the effectiveness of this intervention on stepping performance and associated fall risk in older people . Design Single-blinded two-arm r and omized controlled trial comparing step pad training with control ( no-intervention ) . Setting / Participants Thirty-seven older adults residing in independent-living units of a retirement village in Sydney , Australia . Intervention Intervention group ( IG ) participants were provided with a computerized step pad system connected to their TVs and played a step game as often as they liked ( with a recommended dose of 2–3 sessions per week for 15–20 minutes each ) for eight weeks . In addition , IG participants were asked to complete a choice stepping reaction time ( CSRT ) task once each week . Main Outcome Measures CSRT , the Physiological Profile Assessment ( PPA ) , neuropsychological and functional mobility measures were assessed at baseline and eight week follow-up . Results Thirty-two participants completed the study ( 86.5 % ) . IG participants played a median 2.75 sessions/week and no adverse events were reported . Compared to the control group , the IG significantly improved their CSRT ( F31,1 = 18.203 , p<.001 ) , PPA composite scores ( F31,1 = 12.706 , p = 0.001 ) , as well as the postural sway ( F31,1 = 4.226 , p = 0.049 ) and contrast sensitivity ( F31,1 = 4.415 , p = 0.044 ) PPA sub-component scores . In addition , the IG improved significantly in their dual-task ability as assessed by a timed up and go test/verbal fluency task ( F31,1 = 4.226 , p = 0.049 ) . Conclusions Step pad training can be safely undertaken at home to improve physical and cognitive parameters of fall risk in older people without major cognitive and physical impairments . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12611001081909 Different types of exercise training have the potential to induce structural and functional brain plasticity in the elderly . Thereby , functional brain adaptations were observed during cognitive tasks in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that correlated with improved cognitive performance . This study aim ed to investigate if exercise training induces functional brain plasticity during challenging treadmill walking and elicits associated changes in cognitive executive functions . Forty-two elderly participants were recruited and r and omly assigned to either interactive cognitive-motor video game dancing ( DANCE ) or balance and stretching training ( BALANCE ) . The 8-week intervention included three sessions of 30 min per week and was completed by 33 participants ( mean age 74.9 ± 6.9 years ) . Prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) activity during preferred and fast walking speed on a treadmill was assessed applying functional near infrared spectroscopy pre- and post-intervention . Additionally , executive functions comprising shifting , inhibition , and working memory were assessed . The results showed that both interventions significantly reduced left and right hemispheric PFC oxygenation during the acceleration of walking ( p < 0.05 or trend , r = 0.25–0.36 ) , while DANCE showed a larger reduction at the end of the 30-s walking task compared to BALANCE in the left PFC [ F(1 , 31 ) = 3.54 , p = 0.035 , r = 0.32 ] . These exercise training induced modulations in PFC oxygenation correlated with improved executive functions ( p < 0.05 or trend , r = 0.31–0.50 ) . The observed reductions in PFC activity may release cognitive re sources to focus attention on other processes while walking , which could be relevant to improve mobility and falls prevention in the elderly . This study provides a deeper underst and ing of the associations  between exercise training , brain function during walking , and cognition in older adults Background Although basic research has uncovered biological mechanisms by which exercise could maintain and enhance adult brain health , experimental human studies with older adults have produced equivocal results . Purpose This r and omized clinical trial aim ed to investigate the hypotheses that ( a ) the effects of exercise training on the performance of neurocognitive tasks in older adults is selective , influencing mainly tasks with a substantial executive control component and ( b ) performance in neurocognitive tasks is related to cardiorespiratory fitness . Methods Fifty-seven older adults ( 65–79 years ) participated in aerobic or strength- and -flexibility exercise training for 10 months . Neurocognitive tasks were selected to reflect a range from little ( e.g. , simple reaction time ) to substantial ( i.e. , Stroop Word – Color conflict ) executive control . Results Performance in tasks requiring little executive control was unaffected by participating in aerobic exercise .  Improvements in Stroop Word – Color task performance were found only for the aerobic exercise group . Changes in aerobic fitness were unrelated to changes in neurocognitive function . Conclusions Aerobic exercise in older adults can have a beneficial effect on the performance of speeded tasks that rely heavily on executive control . Improvements in aerobic fitness do not appear to be a prerequisite for this beneficial effect Strength training has been reported as a potentially useful exercise to improve psychological aspects in the elderly , but its effects remain controversial . This study investigated the effectiveness of strength training conducted twice a week for 12 weeks for improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and executive cognitive function . The study was a single-blind r and omized controlled trial with assessment s before and after intervention . HRQOL and executive function were assessed using the SF-36 Health Status Survey and a computerized neuro-cognitive assessment using task-switch reaction time trials , respectively . Subjects comprised 119 participants > or = 65 years old , r and omized to either strength training ( n=65 ) or health education classes ( controls , n=54 ) . The strength training program was design ed to strengthen the large muscle groups most important for functional activities and to improve balance . The effects of the intervention on the eight dimensions of the SF-36 in the control and training groups were analyzed . Only the mental health scale of the SF-36 was significantly improved for the training group compared with controls after 12 weeks . Task-switch reaction time and correct response rate remained unchanged . Short-term strength training might have modest positive effects on HRQOL , although this training period may not be sufficient to affect executive function in relatively healthy older people Background Physical activity ( PA ) for older adults has well-documented physical and cognitive benefits , but most seniors do not meet recommended guidelines for PA , and interventions are lacking . Objectives This study evaluated the efficacy of a 12-week Internet intervention to help sedentary older adults over 55 years of age adopt and maintain an exercise regimen . Methods A total of 368 sedentary men and women ( M=60.3 ; SD 4.9 ) were recruited , screened , and assessed online . They were r and omized into treatment and control groups and assessed at pretest , at 12 weeks , 
    Output:
    
The current systematic review will focus mainly on behavioral studies that look into the dual effects of different types of physical training ( e.g. , balance training , aerobic training , strength training , group sports , etc . )
Overall , observations from the 19 included studies conclude that improvements on both motor and cognitive functions were found , mainly in interventions that adopt physical-cognitive training or combined exercise training .