***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The consumption of green tea has been associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . There have been some studies on the influence of green tea on the mineral status of obese subjects , but they have not yielded conclusive results . The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of green tea extract on the mineral , body mass , lipid profile , glucose , and antioxidant status of obese patients . A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted . Forty-six obese patients were r and omly assigned to receive either 379 mg of green tea extract , or a placebo , daily for 3 months . At baseline , and after 3 months of treatment , the anthropometric parameters , blood pressure , and total antioxidant status were assessed , as were the levels of plasma lipids , glucose , calcium , magnesium , iron , zinc , and copper . We found that 3 months of green tea extract supplementation result ed in decreases in body mass index , waist circumference , and levels of total cholesterol , low-density cholesterol , and triglyceride . Increases in total antioxidant level and in zinc concentration in serum were also observed . Glucose and iron levels were lower in the green tea extract group than in the control , although HDL-cholesterol and magnesium were higher in the green tea extract group than in the placebo group . At baseline , a positive correlation was found between calcium and body mass index , as was a negative correlation between copper and triglycerides . After 3 months , a positive correlation between iron and body mass index and between magnesium and HDL-cholesterol , as well as a negative correlation between magnesium and glucose , were observed . The present findings demonstrate that green tea influences the body 's mineral status . Moreover , the results of this study confirm the beneficial effects of green tea extract supplementation on body mass index , lipid profile , and total antioxidant status in patients with obesity The effect of the phenolic compounds in wine was examined in this study by performing radioiron-absorption measurements from extrinsically labeled test meals in 33 human subjects . In four separate studies we observed that absorption was 2- to 3-fold higher from white wine containing a low concentration of polyphenols than from two red wines containing a 10-fold higher concentration of polyphenols . The interaction between the polyphenols and alcohol in wine was evaluated by reducing the alcohol content of the wines by approximately 90 % . When the alcohol concentration was reduced , there was a significant 28 % decrease in nonheme-iron absorption with red wine but no effect with white wine . The inhibitory effect of red wines with reduced alcohol content was about twofold greater when they were consumed with a small bread roll than when taken without food . Our findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in red wine is unlikely to affect iron balance significantly Hydroxytyrosol ( HT ) is a main phenolic component of olive oil . In this study , we investigated the safety and effects produced by HT purified ( 99.5 % ) from olive mill waste . HT was administered at a daily dosage of 45 mg for 8 weeks to volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia ( n=14 ) . We measured markers of cardiovascular disease risk , enzyme markers of several clinical conditions , hematology , antioxidant parameters , vitamins and minerals at baseline ( T0 ) , 4 weeks ( T4 ) and 8 weeks ( T8 ) . The values obtained at T4 and T8 were compared with baseline . We found that the HT dose administered was safe and mostly did not influence markers of cardiovascular disease , blood lipids , inflammatory markers , liver or kidney functions and the electrolyte balance . Serum iron levels remained constant but a significant ( P<0.05 ) decrease in ferritin at T4 and T8 was found . Serum folate and red blood cell folate levels were also reduced at T4 and T8 . Finally , vitamin C increased by two-fold at T4 and T8 compared with levels at baseline . These results indicate a physiologically relevant antioxidant function for HT through increasing endogenous vitamin C levels Tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF alpha ) is a mediator of reactive oxygen species , which are implicated in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis . Type II diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and elevated circulating TNF alpha . We hypothesized that reducing serum levels of TNFalpha , using pentoxifylline , would improve endothelial function .  Thirteen subjects [ age 58+/-2 ( S.E.M. ) years ] with Type II diabetes ( disease duration 74+/-13 months ) undertook a r and omized , crossover study of 8 weeks pentoxifylline and 8 weeks placebo .  Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in resistance arteries was assessed via bilateral forearm venous occlusion plethysmography during intra-brachial infusions of acetylcholine ( ACh ) , sodium nitroprusside ( SNP ) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine ( L-NMMA ) . High-resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery in response to ischaemia was used to determine endothelium-dependent conduit vessel flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) , and endothelium-independent conduit function was assessed by sublingual administration of glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) .  Serum concentrations of TNF alpha were also determined . Pentoxifylline lowered serum TNF alpha from 4.1+/-0.7 to 2.9+/-0.6 pg x ml(-1 ) ( P=0.001 ) . Forearm blood flow ( FBF ) responses at each dose of ACh did not differ with treatment ( P=0.4 ) . Similarly , FBF responses to SNP ( P=0.8 ) and L-NMMA ( P=0.2 ) did not differ . There was also no significant difference in brachial artery diameter during FMD ( P=0.2 ) or GTN administration ( P=0.06 ) . Despite lowering serum TNF alpha concentration , pentoxifylline at a dose of 400 mg three times a day for 8 weeks did not improve vascular function in either conduit or resistance vessels in this group of Type II diabetic subjects OBJECTIVE Endothelial function is an independent predictor of prognosis in heart failure ( HF ) subjects .  Statins , beyond their lipid lowering role , exert beneficial effect in patients with atherosclerosis . In the present study we examined the impact of low and intermediate dose atorvastatin treatment on endothelial function , bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells ( EPC ) mobilization and inflammatory status according to HF patient status . METHODS We studied the effect of 4 weeks administration of atorvastatin in 26 patients with ischemic HF . The study was carried out on two separate arms , one with atorvastatin 40 mg/d and one with atorvastatin 10 mg/d ( r and omized , double-blind , cross-over design ) . The number of circulating CD34(+)/CD133(+)/KDR(+ ) EPCs was evaluated by flow cytometry . Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilation ( FMD ) in the brachial artery . Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) were measured by ELISA . RESULTS Treatment with atorvastatin 40 mg/d significantly increased circulating EPC ( p = 0.002 ) , FMD ( p = 0.001 ) and reduced TNF-α ( p = 0.01 ) compared to baseline . Similarly , treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg/day increased circulating EPC ( p = 0.01 ) , FMD ( p = 0.08 ) and reduced TNF-α ( p = 0.01 ) compared to baseline . Interestingly , with 40 mg/day atorvastatin treatment the increase in EPC was higher in subjects categorized as NYHA class II compared to subjects categorized as NYHA class III ( p = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the distinct impact of atorvastatin treatment on the restoration of endothelial function due to EPC mobilization in ischemic HF subjects . Moreover , these findings provide the potential clinical significance of EPC status monitoring to individualize treatment in HF subjects Nutraceuticals have generated interest as a way to mitigate the cognitive decline in older adults . The aim of this systematic review was to determine the evidence for these cl aims from the scientific literature in r and omised , double-blinded , controlled trials ( duration : ≥1 year ; participants : n≥100 ; age(mean ) : ≥65 years ) . Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ( PRISMA ) guidelines , we search ed four electronic data bases ( PubMed , Scopus , CINAHL and Web of Science ) and identified twenty-five studies published between the 15·June·2006 and 14·June·2016 . Interventions included B-vitamins , n-3 fatty acids , antioxidant vitamins and herbs . Of the B-vitamin studies , four found benefits to cognition with supplementation . The first of these B-vitamin studies , in individuals with mild cognitive impairment ( n 266 ; duration = 2 years ) , included benefit to executive function ( P=0·015 ) and improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) among participants with baseline homocysteine above 11·3 µmol/l ( P<0·001 ) . In the same sample , the second study found cognitive benefits  of B-vitamins dependent on the higher baseline plasma n-3 fatty acid status . The third B-vitamin study ( n 900 ; duration = 2 years ) reported improved performance in immediate ( P=0·046 ) and delayed recall ( P=0·013 ) , whereas the fourth study ( n 856 ; duration = 2 years ) reported slower rate of cognitive decline in the MMSE ( P=0·05 ) . One study investigating DHA treatment ( n 402 ; duration = 1·5 years ) revealed the slower rate of cognitive change in apoE e4 non-carriers ( P=0·03 ) . As only five included studies revealed notable benefits , presently based on the specific compounds explored here , there is not compelling evidence to support the use nutraceuticals to improve cognition in the elderly . Future long-term trials of nutraceuticals should investigate interactions with lifestyle , blood biomarkers and genetic risk factors Background : Tea has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of nonheme iron absorption , but it remains unclear whether the timing of tea consumption relative to a meal influences iron bioavailability . Objective : The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 1-h time interval of tea consumption on nonheme iron absorption in an iron-containing meal in a cohort of iron-replete , nonanemic female subjects with the use of a stable isotope ( 57Fe ) . Design : Twelve women ( mean ± SD age : 24.8 ± 6.9 y ) were administered a st and ardized porridge meal extrinsically labeled with 4 mg 57Fe as FeSO4 on 3 separate occasions , with a 14-d time interval between each test meal ( TM ) . The TM was administered with water ( TM-1 ) , with tea administered simultaneously ( TM-2 ) , and with tea administered 1 h postmeal ( TM-3 ) . Fasted venous blood sample s were collected for iron isotopic analysis and measurement of iron status biomarkers . Fractional iron absorption was estimated by the erythrocyte iron incorporation method . Results : Iron absorption was 5.7 % ± 8.5 % ( TM-1 ) , 3.6 % ± 4.2 % ( TM-2 ) , and 5.7 % ± 5.4 % ( TM-3 ) . Mean fractional iron absorption was found to be significantly higher ( 2.2 % ) when tea was administered 1 h postmeal ( TM-3 ) than when tea was administered simultaneously with the meal ( TM-2 ) ( P = 0.046 ) . An ∼50 % reduction in the inhibitory effect of tea ( relative to water ) was observed , from 37.2 % ( TM-2 ) to 18.1 % ( TM-3 ) . Conclusions : This study shows that tea consumed simultaneously with an iron-containing porridge meal leads to decreased nonheme iron absorption and that a 1-h time interval between a meal and tea consumption attenuates the inhibitory effect , result ing in increased nonheme iron absorption . These findings are not only important in relation to the management of iron deficiency but should also inform dietary advice , especially that given to those at risk of deficiency . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02365103 Abstract Background Iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ) remains a global health issue , affecting mainly children and adolescent and pregnant women . Because of problems associated with current iron compounds used in both supplementation and fortification areas , there is an emerging interest in new natural iron sources to combat IDA . Objective The objective of this study was to compare the iron absorption of iron-enriched Aspergillus oryzae [ Aspiron ( ASP ) ] with FeSO4 in humans . Methods Iron absorption was assessed using stable isotope and serum iron response methods after oral intake of iron by healthy women in 2 separate studies . In the first study , ASP was intrinsically labelled with 58Fe into a dry form containing 8 % iron . Subjects ( n = 16 , 18–35 y ) were r and omly assigned to consume liquid semipurified meals labelled with 2 stable iron isotopes , 57FeSO 
    Output:
    
Polyphenols did not appear to interfere with iron status , and most studies reported improvements in inflammatory markers and lipid profile .