***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION We explored the differential effect of cessation interventions ( behavioral support sessions with [ BSS+ ] and without [ BSS ] bupropion ) between hookah and cigarette smokers . METHODS We reanalyzed the data from a major cluster-r and omized controlled trial , ASSIST ( Action to Stop Smoking In Suspected Tuberculosis ) , which consisted of 3 conditions : ( a ) behavioral support sessions ( BSS ) , ( b ) behavioral support sessions plus 7 weeks of bupropion therapy ( BSS+ ) , and ( c ) controls receiving usual care . The trial originally recruited 1,955 adult smokers with suspected tuberculosis from 33 health centers in the Jhang and Sargodha districts of Pakistan between 2010 and 2011 . The primary endpoint was continuous 6-month smoking abstinence , which was determined by carbon monoxide levels . Subgroup-specific relative risks ( RRs ) of smoking abstinence were computed and tested for differential intervention effect using log binomial regression ( generalized linear model ) between 3 subgroups ( cigarette-only : 1,255 ; mixed : 485 ; and hookah-only : 215 ) . RESULTS The test result for homogeneity of intervention effects between the smoking forms was statistically significant ( p-value for BSS+ : .04 and for BSS : .02 ) . Compared to the control , both interventions appeared to be effective among hookah smokers ( RR = 2.5 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 - 4.7 and RR = 2.2 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 - 3.8 , respectively ) but less effective among cigarette smokers ( RR = 6.6 ; 95 % CI = 4.6 - 9.6 and RR = 5.8 ; 95 % CI = 4.0 - 8.5 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The differential intervention effects on hookah and cigarette smokers were seen ( a ) because the behavioral support intervention was design ed primarily for cigarette smokers ; ( b ) because of differences in demographic characteristics , behavioral , and sociocultural determinants ; or ( c ) because of differences in nicotine dependency levels between the 2 groups Abstract Many cancer patients continue to smoke postdiagnosis , which is associated with poorer clinical outcomes . Identifying prospect i ve predictors of smoking cessation among patients currently receiving smoking cessation treatment  can help guide the development and implementation of smoking cessation programs with this population . Material and methods . Data from 246 cancer patients participating in a r and omized placebo-controlled smoking cessation clinical trial were used to examine baseline predictors of end-of-treatment and six-month postbaseline smoking cessation outcomes . Baseline demographic , smoking-related , disease-related , and psychological variables were examined as predictors of biochemically-confirmed point-prevalence abstinence . Results . Multivariate analysis indicated that , for end-of-treatment abstinence , patients were significantly more likely to have quit smoking if they were older ( OR = 1.06 , 95 % CI : 1.03–1.10 , p < 0.05 ) and were diagnosed with a non-tobacco related cancer ( OR = 2.54 , 95 % CI : 1.24–5.20 , p < 0.05 ) . Likewise , for six-month abstinence , patients were significantly more likely to have quit smoking if they were older ( OR = 1.04 , 95 % CI : 1.01–1.08 , p < 0.05 ) and were significantly less likely to have quit smoking if they were female ( OR = 0.47 , 95 % CI : 0.22–0.97 , p < 0.05 ) . Patients with tobacco-related cancers and female patients reported significantly higher levels of depression symptoms ( p < 0.05 ) , which proved predictive of smoking relapse . Conclusions . Patient age , gender , and cancer-type may be important factors to consider when developing and implementing smoking cessation interventions for cancer patients Abstract BACKGROUND : This study evaluated the efficacy of bupropion for relapse prevention in smokers with and without a past history of major depressive disorder . Changes in depressive symptoms were also examined . DESIGN : Data were gathered prospect ively from a r and omized , double-blind relapse prevention trial of bupropion conducted at five study sites . A total of 784 smokers ( 54 % female , 97 % white ) were enrolled . Using the Structured Clinical Interview for Depression , 17 % of the subjects reported a past history of major depressive disorder at baseline . All subjects received open-label bupropion SR ( 300 mg/d ) for 7 weeks . Subjects abstinent from smoking at the end of 7 weeks ( N=429 ) were r and omized to bupropion SR ( 300 mg/d ) or placebo for the remainder of the year and followed for 1 year off medication . The primary outcome measures were median time to relapse to smoking and the 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence rate . Self-reported abstinence from smoking was verified by expired air carbon monoxide . The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depressive symptoms at baseline and at weeks 8 and 12 . RESULTS : Median time to relapse did not differ by past history of major depressive disorder . Bupropion was associated with higher point-prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of medication compared to placebo ( P=.007 ) , independent of a past history of major depressive disorder . Moreover , change in depressive symptoms during the double-blind phase did not differ for those with and without a past history of major depressive disorder . CONCLUSIONS : Extended use of bupropion for relapse prevention is effective for smokers with and without a history of major depression OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential efficacy of bupropion sustained release when used in combination with minimal counseling for moist snuff cessation in males . METHODS A double-blind , placebo-controlled 3-month trial . The active treatment group ( n = 35 ) received bupropion SR at 150 mg/qd day for the first 3 days , then beginning day 4 through day 49 ( 7 weeks ) 150 mg/ b.i.d . The placebo group ( n= 35 ) received 1 tablet qd for 3 days and beginning day 4 through day 49 , 1 tablet/b.i.d . RESULTS Bupropion 300 mg/day ( 150 b.i.d . ) produced significantly higher quit rates for smokeless tobacco cessation at the end of treatment ( 7 weeks ) than placebo ( p = 0.04 ) with an OR of 2.73 . CONCLUSION Bupropion SR appears to be effective for smokeless tobacco cessation Stopping smoking is the only known method to slow down the inevitable progression of COPD . Early detection of the disease in smokers at risk of COPD gives a unique opportunity to prevent the disease progression . The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of smoking intervention in a group of subjects with newly diagnosed airflow limitation ( AL ) . Of 558 current smokers participating in population spirometric screening for COPD combined with smoking cessation advice , 297 were diagnosed to have AL ( FEV1/FVC < 0.7 ) . After one year 193 presented for follow-up visit . Thirty subjects ( 10.1 % ) quit smoking . Remaining 163 smokers were invited to smokers ' clinic . Attendees ( n = 70 ) , 40 males , and 30 females , mean age 56 years , were r and omized at visit 1 to treatment with nicotine patch ( n = 38 ) or bupropion SR ( n = 32 ) . Follow-up was scheduled at 2 weeks , at the end of treatment , 6 months and 12 months . After 12 months a phone call assessed the smoking status . Non smoking was vali date d with carbon monoxide measurements in exhaled air . Patients who did not attend the follow-up visits were considered smokers . The number of participants at follow-up decreased significantly : from 70 subjects at visit one to 57 after 2 weeks , 34 at end of treatment and 14 subjects at months . Almost all ( n = 69 ) were reached at 12 month by the phone . The vali date d quit rate after 12 months was 18.5 % ( 13/70 ) , 8 in group treated with nicotine patch and 5 in the group treated with bupropion SR ( NS ) . When total group of smokers with newly diagnosed COPD was considered 10 % quit smoking as result of minimal intervention with another 4.5 % after pharmacological treatment The authors present results of a r and omized clinical trial of the efficacy of extended treatment with bupropion SR in producing longer term cigarette smoking cessation .  Adult smokers ( N = 362 ) received  open-label treatment  ( 11 weeks ) that combined relapse prevention training , bupropion SR , and nicotine patch followed by extended treatment ( 14 weeks ) with bupropion SR or matching placebo .  Abstinence percentages were relatively high ( week 11 : 52 % ; week 25 : bupropion , 42 % ; placebo , 38 % ; week 52 : bupropion , 33 % ; placebo , 34 % ) , but bupropion SR did not surpass placebo .  Gender and baseline craving level were identified as significant , independent moderators of treatment response . Men were more likely to abstain than women ( week 11 : 59 % vs. 43 % , p = .001 ; week 25 : 48 % vs. 31 % , p = .001 ; week 52 : 39 % vs. 27 % , p = .01 ) . Because most smokers suffer relapse with any current cessation treatment , the comparatively high abstinence percentages achieved in this trial are of interest PURPOSE AND METHODS Cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) constitutes the basis of smoking cessation programs . Quitting rates are usually increased by the concomitant use of CBT and pharmacotherapy . There are studies showing the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline compared to placebo , but there is just one published comparison between these drugs , unfortunately with low power to detect significant differences . This study was design ed to compare the efficacy of bupropion , nortriptyline and placebo in a group of smokers who also received intensive counseling therapy .  We conducted a double blind , double-dummy , placebo-controlled trial for smoking cessation that lasted 9 weeks . Patients were r and omized to receive nortriptyline 75 mg/day ( 52 subjects ) , bupropion 300 mg/day ( 53 subjects ) or placebo ( 51 subjects ) . All smokers also received the same intensive cognitive behavior therapy . The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 10 . Intensive counseling was provided at baseline , weekly during treatment , and at 10 , 13 , 16 , 20 and 26 weeks . Abstinence was defined as continuous when the subject was not smoking since the target-quitting day ( self-report ) and had an expired carbon monoxide concentration of 10 ppm or less . RESULTS The sustained abstinence rates at 6 months were 21.6 % in the placebo group , 30.8 % in the nortriptyline group ( p = 0.40 ) , and 41.5 % in the bupropion group ( p = 0.05 ) . The odds ratio was not statistically different for smokers using nortriptyline or bupropion ( OR 1.60 ; 95 % CI 0.66 - 3.86 ; p = 0.35 ) . The most common adverse events were dry mouth and drowsiness in the nortriptyline group and dry mouth and insomnia in the bupropion group . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CBT + bupropion result ed in a better 6-month rate of smoking cessation compared to CBT+nortriptyline or CBT + placebo .  Abstinence rate in the nortriptyline group was not statistically different from patients in the bupropion or placebo group Treatments that reduce the immediate effects of smoking withdrawal have potential for helping smokers quit . Serotonin-enhancing substances , such as tryptophan and high-carbohydrate diets , have been used in clinical disorders to relieve negative affect , a classic symptom of cigarette withdrawal . This research project investigated the use of tryptophan ( 50 mg/kg/day ) and high-carbohydrate diets , together with more traditional smoking cessation treatment techniques , to ameliorate the  smoking withdrawal syndrome  and to improve abstinence rates .  Subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either tryptophan ( n=16 ) or placebo ( n=15 ) . St and ard smoking cessation treatment was identical for the experimental and control groups and consisted of four 2-hr weekly sessions of multicomponent group therapy .  Smoking behavior , symptoms of nicotine withdrawal , and negative affect were assessed during a 2-week withdrawal period . Tryptophan-treated subjects who could not fully abstain were able to smoke fewer daily cigarettes . Reported anxiety and other withdrawal symptoms were lower in the tryptophan group compared with control subjects . These data suggest that serotonin-enhancing substances show promise for use as an adjunct to existing smoking cessation programs BACKGROUND Currently available smoking cessation therapies have limited success rates . Varenicline tartrate is a 
    Output:
    
There is insufficient evidence that adding bupropion ( 12 trials , N = 3487 , RR 1.9 , 95 % CI 0.94 to 1.51 ) or nortriptyline ( 4 trials , N = 1644 , RR 1.21 , 95 % CI 0.94 to 1.55 ) to nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) provides an additional long-term benefit .
Bupropion has been associated with suicide risk , but whether this is causal is unclear .
Nortriptyline has the potential for serious side-effects , but none have been seen in the few small trials for smoking cessation .
The antidepressants bupropion and nortriptyline aid long-term smoking cessation .
Adverse events with either medication appear to rarely be serious or lead to stopping medication .
Evidence suggests that the mode of action of bupropion and nortriptyline is independent of their antidepressant effect and that they are of similar efficacy to nicotine replacement .
Evidence suggests that neither selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( e.g. fluoxetine ) nor monoamine oxidase inhibitors aid cessation