***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Pulmonary complications , respiratory symptoms and depression are common occurrences which contribute to the morbidity and mortality seen in individuals living with HIV/AIDS . This study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on the pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status of people living with HIV . Methods : This study was conducted in Lagos , Nigeria from October 2014 to May 2015 . Forty eligible individuals with HIV aged 18 yr and above participated , of which 33 cooperated to the end . They were recruited from the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Intervention Initiative ( APIN ) Clinic , Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Nigeria and were r and omly assigned to either the study or the control group . The study group received aerobic exercise training three times a week for six weeks and counselling while the control group received only counselling .  Pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status were evaluated at baseline and at six weeks . Inferential statistics of paired and independent t-test were used to analyze the data . Results : Comparison of mean changes in the pulmonary variables of the study group with those of the control group showed significant differences in all but in the respiratory rate ( RR ) - [ Forced Expiratory Volume in one second : , P=0.001 , Forced Vital Capacity : P=0.001 , Peak Expiratory Flow : P=0.001 ] . There were also significant differences between the mean changes in respiratory symptoms ( P=0.001 ) and depressive symptoms ( P=0.001 ) of study group and those of the control group . Conclusions : Aerobic exercise training significantly improved pulmonary functions as well as significantly reduced respiratory and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV Objective Our objective was to examine the effects of exercise training ( EXS ) on quality of life ( QoL ) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-positive ( HIV+ ) subjects with body fat redistribution ( BFR ) in Rw and a. Methods The effects of a r and omised controlled trial of EXS on QoL were measured using World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF  in HIV+ subjects with BFR r and omised to EXS ( n = 50 ; BFR + EXS ) or no exercise training ( n = 50 ; BFR + noEXS ) . Results At 6 months , scores on the psychological [ 1.3 ( 0.3 ) vs. 0.5 ( 0.1 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , independence [ 0.6 ( 0.1 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationships [ 0.6 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] and HIV HAART-specific QoL domains [ 1.4 ( 0.2 ) vs. −0.1 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Self-esteem [ 1.3 ( 0.8 ) vs. 0.1 ( 0.6 ) ; P < 0.001 ] , body image [ 1.5 ( 0.6 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] and emotional stress [ 1.6 ( 0.7 ) vs. 0.2 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] improved more in the BFR + EXS group than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Psychological [ 1.5 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.1 ( 0.3 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationship [ 0.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.4 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , and HIV HAART-specific well-being [ 1.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS female than male subjects . Conclusions Exercise training improved several components of QoL in HAART-treated HIV+ African subjects with BFR .  Exercise training is an inexpensive and efficacious strategy for improving QoL in HIV+ African subjects , which may improve HAART adherence and treatment initiatives in re source -limited areas of sub-Saharan Africa QUESTION What is the effect of a six-month , supervised , aerobic and resistance exercise program on self-efficacy in men living with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) ? DESIGN R and omised , controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS 40 ( 5 dropouts ) men living with HIV , aged 18 years or older . INTERVENTION The experimental group participated in a twice-weekly supervised aerobic and resistance exercise program for six months and the control group participated in a twice-weekly unsupervised walking program and attended a monthly group forum . OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was self-efficacy using the General Self-Efficacy Scale . Secondary outcome measures were cardiovascular fitness using the Kasch Pulse Recovery test , and health-related quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey . Measures were taken by an assessor blinded to group allocation . RESULTS By six months , the experimental group had improved their self-efficacy by 6.8 points ( 95 % CI 3.9 to 9.7 , p < 0.001 ) and improved their cardiovascular fitness by reducing their heart rate by 20.2 bpm ( 95 % CI -25.8 to -14.6 , p < 0.001 ) more than the control group . Health-related quality of life improved in only two out of the eleven dimensions : the experimental group improved their overall health by 20.8 points ( 95 % CI 2.0 to 39.7 , p = 0.03 ) and their cognitive function by 14 points ( 95 % CI 0.7 to 27.3 , p = 0.04 ) more than the control group . CONCLUSION The findings of this study add to the known benefits of exercise for the HIV-infected population Background With increased life expectancy for HIV-infected persons , there is concern regarding comorbid depression because of its common occurrence and association with behaviors that may facilitate HIV transmission . Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of current depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care and assess the burden of major depression , relative to that in the general population . Methods and Findings We used data from the Medical Monitoring Project ( MMP ) and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) . The eight-item Patient Health Question naire was used to identify depression . To assess the burden of major depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care , we compared the prevalence of current major depression between the MMP and BRFSS population s using stratified analyses that simultaneously controlled for gender and , in turn , each of the potentially confounding demographic factors of age , race/ethnicity , education , and income . Each unadjusted comparison was summarized as a prevalence ratio ( PR ) , and each of the adjusted comparisons was summarized as a st and ardized prevalence ratio ( SPR ) . Among HIV-infected persons receiving care , the prevalence of a current episode of major depression and other depression , respectively , was 12.4 % ( 95 % CI : 11.2 , 13.7 ) and 13.2 % ( 95 % CI : 12.0 % , 14.4 % ) . Overall , the PR comparing the prevalence of current major depression between HIV-infected persons receiving care and the general population was 3.1 . When controlling for gender and each of the factors age , race/ethnicity , and education , the SPR ( 3.3 , 3.0 , and 2.9 , respectively ) was similar to the PR . However , when controlling for gender and annual household income , the SPR decreased to 1.5 . Conclusions Depression remains a common comorbidity among HIV-infected persons . The overall excess burden among HIV-infected persons receiving care is about three-times that among the general population and is associated with differences in annual household income between the two population s. Relevant efforts are needed to reduce this burden The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training among self-reported mood disturbances , perceived stress , frequency of self-reported symptoms , and symptom distress in a sample of HIV+ adults . For this purpose , 49 participants were r and omly assigned into an exercise ( EX ) or control ( CON ) group . Those in the EX group completed 50 min of supervised aerobic and resistance training at a moderate intensity twice a week for 6 weeks . The CON group reported to the university and engaged in sedentary activities . Data were collected at baseline before r and omization and 6 weeks post intervention . Measures included the symptom distress scale ( SDS ) , perceived stress scale ( PSS ) , profile of mood states ( POMS ) total score , and the POMS sub-scale for depression and fatigue . A 2 way ANOVA was used to compare between and within group interactions . The EX group showed a significant decrease in reported depression scores ( p=0.03 ) and total POMS ( p=0.003 ) . The CON group reported no change in POMS or SDS , but showed a significant increase in PSS . These findings indicate that combination aerobic and resistance training completed at a moderate intensity at least twice a week provides additional psychological benefits independent of disease status and related symptoms The final development of the Sickness Impact Profile ( SIP ) , a behaviorally based measure of health status , is presented . A large field trial on a r and om sample of prepaid group practice enrollees and smaller trials on sample s of patients with hyperthyroidism , rheumatoid arthritis and hip replacements were undertaken to assess reliability and validity of the SIP and provide data for category and item analyses . Test-retest reliability ( r = 0.92 ) and internal consistency ( r = 0.94 ) were high . Convergent and discriminant validity was evaluated using the multitrait – multi method technique . Clinical validity was assessed by determining the relationship between clinical measures of disease and the SIP scores . The relationship between the SIP and criterion measures were moderate to high and in the direction hypotheszed . A technique for describing and assessing similarities and differences among groups was developed using profile and pattern analysis . The final SIP contains 136 items in 12 categories . Overall , category , and dimension scores may be calculated BACKGROUND High plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations are associated with increased risk of HIV-1 transmission . Initiation of antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) reduces plasma HIV-1 concentrations . We aim ed to assess the effect of ART use by patients infected with HIV-1 on risk of transmission to their uninfected partners . METHODS Participants in our prospect i ve cohort analysis were from a r and omised placebo-controlled trial that enrolled heterosexual African adults who were seropositive for both HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 , and their HIV-1 seronegative partners . At enrolment , HIV-1 infected participants had CD4 counts of 250 cells per microL or greater and did not meet national guidelines for ART initiation ; during 24 months of follow-up , CD4 counts were measured every 6 months and ART was initiated in accordance with national guidelines . Uninfected partners were tested for HIV-1 every 3 months . The primary outcome was genetically-linked HIV-1 transmission within the study partnership . We assessed rates of HIV-1 transmission by ART status of infected participants . FINDINGS 3381 couples were eligible for analysis . 349 ( 10 % ) participants with HIV-1 initiated ART during the study , at a median CD4 cell count of 198 ( IQR 161 - 265 ) cells per microL. Only one of 103 genetically-linked HIV-1 transmissions was from an infected participant who had started ART , corresponding to transmission rates of 0.37 ( 95 % CI 0.09 - 2.04 ) per 100 person-years in those who had initiated treatment and 2.24 ( 1.84 - 2.72 ) per 100 person-years in those who had not-a 92 % reduction ( adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.08 , 95 % CI 0.00 - 0.57 , p=0.004 ) . In participants not on ART , the highest HIV-1 transmission rate ( 8.79 per 100 person-years ) was from those with CD4 cell counts lower than 200 cells per microL. In couples in whom the untreated HIV-1 infected partner had a CD4 cell count greater than 200 cells per microL , 66 ( 70 % ) of 94 transmissions occurred when plasma HIV-1 concentrations exceeded 50 000 copies per mL. INTERPRETATION Low CD4 cell counts and high plasma HIV-1 concentrations might guide use of ART to achieve an HIV-1 prevention benefit . Provision of ART to HIV-1 infected patients could be an effective strategy to achieve population -level reductions in HIV-1 transmission . FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ; US National Institutes of Health Objective : Guided by Cognitive Adaptation Theory , the aim was to determine whether psychological re sources ( positive affect , positive expectancy regarding health outcomes , finding meaning in challenging circumstances ) protect against HIV-related mortality and decline in  CD4 lymphocyte counts among women with HIV . Design : The HIV Epidemiologic Research Study , a longitudinal prospect i ve cohort study , with semi-annual interview , physical examination and laboratory assays . Methods : A total of 77 
    Output:
    
Discussion Both aerobic and resistance exercise have independent and combined positive effects on various indicators of mental health in people living with HIV .