***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Material & Methods We have analyzed the loss of enamel and dentine after exposure to different non-alcoholic drinks with a simple new method using bovine teeth . 100 enamel and 100 dentine specimens from freshly extracted bovine incisors were r and omly attributed to 10 groups ( n=10 for enamel and dentine each ) . Prior to the start of the experiment all specimens were weighed using a precision balance . The mean initial masses ( SD ) were 35.8 mg ( 7.2 ) for enamel and 24.7 mg ( 7.0 ) for dentine . No statistically significant differences were found between groups for initial masses ( p>0.05 , ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test ) . Thereafter , all specimens of one group were simultaneously placed in 200 ml of the following fluids : Coca-Cola , Coca-Cola light , Sprite , apple juice , Red Bull , orange juice , Bonaqua Fruits ( Mango-Acai ) , tap water , chlorinated swimming pool water , and lemon juice . Fluids were continuously ventilated at 37 ° C for 7 days . Thereafter the specimens were weighed again and the mean mass loss was calculated . Results The values were ( enamel/dentine ) : Coca-Cola 7.5 mg/6.6 mg ; Coca-Cola light 5.2 mg/3.5 mg , Sprite 26.1 mg/17.7 mg , apple juice 27.1 mg/15.2 mg , Red Bull 16.6 mg/17.0 mg , orange juice 24.3 mg/20.2 mg , Bonaqua Fruits ( Mango-Acai ) 17.8 mg/16.2 mg , tap water -0.2 mg/-0.3 mg , swimming pool water -0.3 mg/-0.2 mg , and lemon juice 32.0 mg/28.3 mg . From all drinks , Cola and Cola light showed the least erosivity ( p<0.001 , ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test ) whereas lemon juice showed statistically significant higher erosivity than all other drinks except Sprite and apple juice ( p<0.01 , ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test ) . Conclusions In conclusion , erosivity of common non-alcoholic drinks varies widely . For example , Sprite , apple juice , and orange juice are about five times more erosive than Coca-Cola light . The findings from the present study should be taken into account in choosing a diet that provides satisfactory nutrition while minimizing tooth erosion Bioactive molecules in berries may be helpful in reducing the risk of oral diseases . The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bilberry consumption on the outcome of a routine dental clinical parameter of inflammation , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , as well as the impact on selected biomarkers of inflammation , such as cytokines , in gingival crevicular fluid ( GCF ) in individuals with gingivitis . Study individuals who did not receive st and ard of care treatment were allocated to either a placebo group or to groups that consumed either 250 or 500 g bilberries daily over seven days . The placebo group consumed an inactive product ( starch ) . A study group , receiving st and ard of care ( debridement only ) was also included to provide a reference to st and ard of care treatment outcome . Cytokine levels were assayed using the Luminex MagPix system . The mean reduction in BOP before and after consumption of test product over 1 week was 41 % and 59 % in the groups that consumed either 250 or 500 g of bilberries/day respectively , and was 31 % in the placebo group , and 58 % in the st and ard of care reference group . The analysis only showed a significant reduction in cytokine levels in the group that consumed 500 g of bilberries/day . A statistically significant reduction was observed for IL-1β ( p = 0.025 ) , IL-6 ( p = 0.012 ) and VEGF ( p = 0.017 ) in GCF sample s in the group that consumed 500 g of bilberries daily . It appears that berry intake has an ameliorating effect on some markers of gingival inflammation reducing gingivitis to a similar extent compared to st and ard of care Objective : Many previous studies have reported that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of various disease , but whether or not their consumption is associated with the oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL ) is unclear . The objective of this study was to examine the association between the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and the OHRQoL  in elderly subjects by sex . Methods : We analyzed cross-sectional data from a population -based Kyoto-Kameoka Study in 2012 of 3112 men and 3439 women ( age ≥ 65 years ) . The frequencies of fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed using a vali date d food frequency question naire . We evaluated the OHRQoL using the General Oral Health Assessment Index ( GOHAI ) , a self-reported measure design ed to assess the oral health problems in old adults . Results : After adjusting for age , body mass index , alcohol , smoking , education , socioeconomic status , history of disease , medication use , mobility disability , and total energy intake , a higher frequency of combined fruit and vegetable consumption showed a significant positive association with the GOHAI score in both men and women ( p-trend < 0.001 in both sexes ) . These associations remained significant after adjustment for poor mastication and denture use ( p-trend all < 0.05 in both sexes ) . We observed a significant positive association even when the frequencies of fruit or vegetable consumption were analyzed separately ( all p-trend < 0.05 in both sexes ) . Conclusions : A higher frequency of fruit and /or vegetable consumption independently showed a strong positive association with the OHRQoL in both men and women . Further prospect i ve studies are needed to confirm these findings Aim A double-blind r and omized controlled trial to determine whether dietary supplementation with fruit/vegetable/berry juice powder concentrates , simultaneously with non-surgical periodontal therapy , improved 2-month treatment outcomes . Methods Volunteers with chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : fruit/vegetable ( FV ) , fruit/vegetable/berry ( FVB ) or placebo . Supplements were taken daily during non-surgical debridement and maintenance and outcomes assessed at 2 , 5 and 8 months after completion . Primary outcomes were mean probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , clinical attachment gain , % sites bleeding on probing ( % BOP ) at 2 months . Adherence and plasma β-carotene were determined . Results Sixty-one nutritionally replete ( by serum biochemistry ) volunteers enrolled and 60 ( n = 20 per arm ) completed the 2-month review . Clinical outcomes improved in all groups at 2 months , with additional improvement in PPD versus placebo for FV ( p < 0.03 ) . Gingival crevicular fluid volumes diminished more in supplement groups than placebo ( FVB ; p < 0.05 ) at 2 months , but not at later times . The % BOP ( 5 months ) and cumulative plaque scores ( 8 months ) were lowered more in the FV group ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Adjunctive juice powder concentrates appear to improve initial pocket depth reductions in nutritionally replete patients , where plasma micronutrient bioavailability is attainable . Definitive multicentre studies in untreated and treated patients are required to ascertain the clinical significance of such changes OBJECTIVE We hypothesise that a difference in nutrition influences  dental caries and periodontal disease .  There are few previous studies especially longitudinal ones which have evaluated this hypothesis . This study investigated the relationship between nutritional intake , including milk and milk products ( MMP ) , and dental disease , controlling for several confounding factors . MATERIAL AND METHODS A group of 600 subjects aged 70 , r and omly selected for this study , included approximately the same number of male and female subjects . The number of teeth on which root caries had occurred or where there was a periodontal event over a 6-year period was measured . To determine quantitative food intake at baseline , a semi-quantitative food frequency question naire was used during face-to-face interviews by dieticians . The stepwise method of multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of the number of root caries or periodontal disease events during the 6 years . Intake of the six food groups includes ( i ) fish , shellfish , meat , beans and eggs ; ( ii ) MMP ; ( iii ) dark green and yellow vegetables ( DYV ) ; ( iv ) other vegetables and fruits ; ( v ) cereals , nuts and seeds , sugar and sweeteners , confectioneries ( CNSC ) and ( vi ) fats and oils . The alcohol , gender and anthropometric evaluation including measurements of weight and height for the calculation of body mass index , educational level , the number of family members and the number of remaining teeth were used as independent variables . RESULTS According to stepwise multiple regression analysis , two variables ( quantity of MMP , and gender ) were negatively associated with the number of root caries events during the 6 years . The st and ardised coefficients were -0.14 ( p = 0.035 ) and -0.17 ( p = 0.007 ) respectively . In addition , DYV were negatively , and three other variables ( CNSC ; alcohol ; and the number of remaining teeth at baseline ) were positively associated with the number of periodontal disease events during the 6 years . The st and ardised coefficients were -0.16 ( p = 0.001 ) , 0.11 ( p = 0.042 ) , 0.10 ( p = 0.041 ) and 0.58 ( p < 0.001 ) respectively . CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intake of MMP in this elderly population correlated with root caries events . In addition , intake of vegetables negatively correlated , and intake of ' CNSC ' positively correlated with periodontal disease events OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a checklist that provides a profile of the paper , alerting review ers to its particular method ological strengths and weaknesses . Further work is required to improve the checklist and the training of raters in the assessment of external validity Objective Previous studies demonstrate a relationship between a lack of vitamin C and increased risk of periodontal disease . In the present study we examine the  vitamin C plasma levels and inflammatory measures in periodontitis patients before and after the consumption of grapefruit .  Subjects and methods Fifty-eight patients with chronic periodontitis were assigned to the test group ( non-smokers n=21 , smokers n=17 ) and a diseased control group ( non-smokers n=11 , smokers n=9 ) . Furthermore , 22 healthy subjects were recruited to compare vitamin C plasma levels between periodontally diseased and healthy subjects . Clinical evaluations , including plaque index ( PI ) , sulcus bleeding index ( SBI ) , probing pocket depths ( PPD ) and plasma vitamin C levels , were performed at baseline , and after two weeks of grapefruit consumption . Results At baseline , we observed significantly reduced plasma vitamin C levels in the test group and diseased controls in comparison with the healthy controls . On principle , smokers showed lower levels of vitamin C ( mean 0.39 ± 0.17 mg dl−1 ) than non-smokers ( mean 0.56±0.29 mg dl−1 ) . After grapefruit consumption , the mean plasma vitamin C levels rose significantly in the test group compared to the diseased controls ( non-smokers : 0.87±0.39 mg dl−1 , smokers : 0.74±0.30 mg 
    Output:
    
On the basis of the research it can be concluded that the consumption of at least 5 servings of F&V per day may prevent the progression of periodontal diseases , especially periodontitis , and even tooth loss .
Moreover , incorporation of specific F&V into the diet or , alternatively , their lyophilized forms , and nutritional education activities seem to support the st and ard of care therapy of gingivitis and periodontitis .