***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Substance use disorder ( SUD ) is a major health issue , especially among military veterans . We previously reported the effects of auricular acupuncture and the relaxation response ( RR ) on reducing craving and anxiety following 10-week interventions among veterans who were in recovery from SUDs . Our current analysis examines effects following each intervention session and RR daily practice . METHODS We conducted a three-arm r and omized controlled trial on residents of a homeless veteran rehabilitation program . Sixty-Seven enroled participants were r and omly assigned to acupuncture ( n=23 ) , RR ( n=23 ) , or usual care ( n=21 ) . Participants in the two intervention groups rated their degree of craving for substance on a scale of 1 - 10 and anxiety levels on a scale of 1 - 4 ( total score 20 - 80 ) before and after each intervention session . Mixed effects regression models were used for analysis . RESULTS Craving and anxiety levels decreased significantly following one session of acupuncture ( -1.04 , p=.0001 ; -8.83 , p<.0001 ) or RR intervention ( -.43 , p=.02 ; -4.64 , p=.03 ) . The level of craving continued to drop with additional intervention sessions ( regression coefficient b=-.10 , p=.01 , and b=-.10 , p=.02 for acupuncture and RR groups , respectively ) . Number of daily practice days of RR-eliciting techniques is also associated with reduction in craving ratings ( b=-.02 , p=.008 ) . CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate the value of attending regular acupuncture and RR-eliciting intervention sessions , as well as the daily practice of RR-eliciting techniques . SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Substance addiction is a complex disease and effective treatment remains a challenge . Our study findings add to the scientific evidence of these two non-pharmaceutical approaches for SUD Background Research has shown that treatments that solely addressed intimate partner violence ( IPV ) perpetration were not very effective in reducing IPV , possibly due to neglecting individual differences between IPV perpetrators . A large proportion of IPV perpetrators is diagnosed with co-occurring substance use disorders and it has been demonstrated that successful treatment of alcohol dependence among alcohol dependent IPV perpetrators also led to less IPV . The current study investigated the relative effectiveness of Integrated treatment for Substance abuse and Partner violence ( I-StoP ) to cognitive behavioral treatment addressing substance use disorders including only one session addressing partner violence ( CBT-SUD+ ) among patients in substance abuse treatment who repeatedly committed IPV .  Substance use and IPV perpetration were primary outcome measures . Method Patients who entered substance abuse treatment were screened for IPV . Patients who disclosed at least 7 acts of physical IPV in the past year ( N = 52 ) were r and omly assigned to either I-StoP or CBT-SUD+ . Patients in both conditions received 16 treatment sessions . Substance use and IPV perpetration were assessed at pretreatment , halfway treatment and posttreatment in blocks of 8 weeks . Both completers and intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analyses were performed . Results Patients ( completers and ITT ) in both conditions significantly improved regarding substance use and IPV perpetration at posttreatment compared with pretreatment . There were no differences in outcome between conditions . Completers in both conditions almost fully abstained from IPV in 8 weeks before the end of treatment . Conclusions Both I-StoP and CBT-SUD+ were effective in reducing substance use and IPV perpetration among patients in substance abuse treatment who repeatedly committed IPV and self-disclosed IPV perpetration . Since it is more cost and time-effective to implement CBT-SUD+ than I-StoP , it is suggested to treat IPV perpetrators in substance abuse treatment with CBT-SUD+.Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of personal goals ( abstinence or moderation ) on treatment outcomes for marijuana use . Hypotheses regarding self-efficacy for goal attainment were tested . DESIGN Adult marijuana users seeking treatment were assigned r and omly to three treatment conditions : ( 1 ) cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention support group ; ( 2 ) individualized brief motivational enhancement ; and ( 3 ) delayed treatment control group . Follow-up assessment s were conducted at 4 , 7 , 13 and 16 months . SETTING University research offices . PARTICIPANTS Participants were 291 adult marijuana users . Measurements Marijuana use , personal treatment goals and self-efficacy for achieving one 's goal were assessed across the 16-month follow-up . FINDINGS Greater marijuana related problems and dependence symptoms were associated with an initial goal of abstinence . Participants were more likely to achieve outcomes consistent with their personal goals . Participants with abstinence goals reported greater self-efficacy for goal achievement than those with moderation goals after participating in the abstinence oriented treatment ; self-efficacy for goal success predicted goal achievement for both moderate use and abstinence goals . CONCLUSIONS Marijuana users approaching an abstinence-oriented treatment varied in the extent to which they were actively seeking abstinence as the outcome . Differences in goals were predictable from severity of problems related to use . Goal preference and self-efficacy for achieving goals predicted outcomes . Future research should incorporate personal goals into treatment and assess their effects on outcomes Adult marijuana users ( N = 291 ) seeking treatment were r and omly assigned to an extended 14-session cognitive-behavioral group treatment ( relapse prevention support group ; RPSG ) , a brief 2-session individual treatment using motivational interviewing ( individualized assessment and intervention ; IAI ) , or a 4-month delayed treatment control ( DTC ) condition . Results indicated that marijuana use , dependence symptoms , and negative consequences were reduced significantly in relation to pretreatment levels at 1- , 4- , 7- , 13- , and 16-month follow-ups . Participants in the RPSG and IAI treatments showed significantly and substantially greater improvement than DTC participants at the 4-month follow-up . There were no significant differences between RPSG and IAI outcomes at any follow-up . The relative efficacy of brief versus extended interventions for chronic marijuana-using adults is discussed This pilot study sought to test the feasibility of procedures to screen students for marijuana use in Student Health Services ( SHS ) and test the efficacy of a web-based intervention design ed to reduce marijuana use and consequences . Students were asked to participate in voluntary screening of health behaviors upon arrival at SHS . One hundred and twenty-three students who used marijuana at least monthly completed assessment s and were r and omized to one of four intervention conditions in a 2 ( intervention : Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO vs. control) × 2 ( site of intervention : on-site vs. off-site ) between-groups design . Follow-up assessment s were conducted online at 3 and 6 months . Latent growth modeling was used to provide effect size estimates for the influence of intervention on outcomes . One thous and and eighty undergraduate students completed screening . The intervention did not influence marijuana use frequency . However , there was evidence of a small overall intervention effect on marijuana-related consequences and a medium effect in stratified analyses in the on-site condition . Analyses of psychological variables showed that the intervention significantly reduced perceived norms regarding peer marijuana use . These findings demonstrate that it is feasible to identify marijuana users in SHS and deliver an automated web-based intervention to these students in different context s. Effect size estimates suggest that the intervention has some promise as a means of correcting misperceptions of marijuana use norms and reducing marijuana-related consequences . Future work should test the efficacy of this intervention in a full scale r and omized controlled trial AIMS To examine the efficacy , 3- and 6-month follow-up effects of a psychological treatment for older adolescents and adults with DSM-IV cannabis use disorders . The program was tailored to the needs of this patient population . EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES A r and omized controlled clinical trial of 122 patients aged 16 to 44 years with DSM-IV cannabis dependence as the main substance use diagnosis was conducted . Patients were r and omly assigned to either Active Treatment ( AT , n = 90 ) or a Delayed Treatment Control group ( DTC , n = 32 ) . Treatment consisted of 10 sessions of therapy , detailed in a strictly enforced manual . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , during each therapy session , at post treatment and at follow-up assessment s at 3 and 6 months . RESULTS The treatment retention rate was 88 % . Abstinence was achieved in 49 % of AT patients and in 13 % of those in DTC ( p < 0.001 ; intend-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis ) . Further , AT patients improved significantly ( p < = 0.001 ) in the frequency of cannabis use per week , addiction severity , number of disability days , and overall level of psychopathology . Program effects were maintained over a 3-month- ( abstinence rate : 51 % ) and 6-month follow-up ( 45 % ) period . CONCLUSION The treatment program is effective in obtaining abstinence as well as reducing cannabis use and improves the associated social and mental health burden We sought to characterize attrition-related characteristics of three subgroups of adults ( i.e. early dropouts , late dropouts , treatment completers ) who had participated in a marijuana-dependence treatment outcome study involving two alternative forms of outpatient group counseling .  Early dropouts were younger , earned less income , were more likely to rent rather than own their domiciles , were less able to pay bills , and had a higher level of psychological distress than was the case with treatment completers . Late dropouts and completers were quite similar on a number of measures ( e.g. , age , income , home ownership , ability to pay bills , psychological stress level , confidence in being abstinent in the future ) , yet the lower rates of abstinence in the late dropouts largely resembled the treatment outcomes of early dropouts . The findings suggest that attrition prevention in the early phase of counseling ought to focus on motivational ambivalence as well as assisting the client in dealing with schedule conflicts or financial impediments to continued involvement . In the later stage of counseling , attrition reduction is more likely to be accomplished through efforts to better underst and and address the client 's dissatisfaction with treatment components delivered at that stage BACKGROUND R and omized trials targeting cannabis use disorders in patients with psychosis have generally been unsuccessful . One of the largest such trials was the CapOpus trial , which had an impact on the number of monthly joints used , but not on the number of days with cannabis use or positive or negative symptoms . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of CapOpus on psychiatric treatment . METHODS Six-month r and omized trial on participants meeting ICD-10 criteria for cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis . Participants were r and omized to treatment as usual ( TAU , n=51 ) alone versus TAU plus CapOpus ( n=52 ) consisting of  motivational interviewing and cognitive behavior therapy . Data regarding psychiatric treatment was obtained from complete nationwide registers . Analyses were intention-to-treat . Cox and poisson regression were used as appropriate . RESULTS Compared with treatment as usual , participants in the CapOpus group had an overall higher risk of having a psychiatric emergency room contact ( hazard ratio 2.02 , 95 % confidence interval 1.22 - 3.34 ) . Participants in CapOpus also had more contacts with psychiatric emergency rooms ( incidence rate ratio 3.47 ( 2.64 - 4.57 ) ) and more admissions to psychiatric hospitals ( incidence rate ratio 2.24 ( 1.65 - 3.03 ) ) ; conversely , CapOpus- participants spent fewer days admitted to psychiatric hospitals than treatment-as-usual participants ( incidence rate ratio 0.72 ( 0.68 - 0.75 ) ) . CONCLUSIONS CapOpus led to earlier and more psychiatric emergency room contacts and admissions that , however , were of fewer days . This pattern could indicate that participants receiving treatment as usual were inadequately treated . However , it can not be excluded that the differences might be an adverse reaction to the psychosocial intervention OBJECTIVE Most adolescents relapse within 90 days of discharge from residential substance use treatment .  We hypothesized that contingency management ( CM ) , assertive continuing care ( ACC ) , and their combination ( CM + ACC ) would each be more effective than usual continuing care ( UCC ) . METHOD Following residential treatment  , 337 adolescents were r and omized to 4 continuing care conditions : UCC alone , CM , ACC , or CM + ACC . UCC was available across all conditions . Outcome measures over 12 months included percentage of days abstinent from alcohol , heavy alcohol , marijuana , and any alcohol or other drugs ( AOD ) using self-reports and toxicology testing and remission status at 12 months . RESULTS CM had significantly higher rates of abstinence than UCC  for heavy alcohol use , t(297 ) = 2.50 , p < .01 , d = 0.34 ; any alcohol use , t(297 ) = 2.58 , p < .01 , d = 0.36 ; or any AOD use , t(297 ) = 2.12 , p = .01 , d = 0.41 ; and had a higher rate in remission , odds ratio ( OR ) = 2.45 , 90 % confidence interval ( CI ) [ 1.18 , 5.08 
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In line with treatments for other substance use , abstinence rates were relatively low overall , with approximately one-quarter of participants abstinent at final follow-up .
The rate of abstinence was low and unstable although comparable with treatments for other substance use .
Psychosocial intervention was shown , in comparison with minimal treatment controls , to reduce frequency of use and severity of dependence in a fairly durable manner , at least in the short term .
Among the included intervention types , an intensive intervention provided over more than four sessions based on the combination of MET and CBT with abstinence-based incentives was most consistently supported for treatment of cannabis use disorder