***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We report a prospect i ve comparison between  transcatheter valve implantation ( TAVI , n = 13 ) and surgical aortic valve replacement ( AVR , n = 10 ) in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and previous coronary bypass surgery ( CABG ) . All patients had at least bilateral patent internal thoracic arteries bypass without indication of repeat revascularization . After a similar post-procedure outcome , despite one early death in TAVI group , the 1-year survival was 100 % in surgical group and in transfemoral TAVI group , and 73 % in transapical TAVI group . When previous CABG is the lone surgical risk factor , indications for a TAVI procedure have to be cautious , specially if transfemoral approach is not possible UNLABELLED OBJECTIVES ; This study aim ed to investigate the early and late outcomes of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement ( AVR ) with previous coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) and patent grafts . METHODS Between January 2000 and March 2010 , 104 patients ( 87 males ) with previous CABG ± concomitant surgery and patent grafts underwent AVR . The median age of the patients was 75 years ( range : 37 - 90 years ; inter-quartile range : 69 - 79 years ) and the mean logistic EuroScore was 25.37 ± 16.8 .  The median time since the previous operation was 9 years ( range 1 - 25 ; inter-quartile range : 7 - 14 years ) . The left internal mammary artery ( LIMA ) had been used in 75 patients ( 72.1 % ) and remained patent in 72 cases ( 96.0 % ) . RESULTS Thirty-day mortality was 7.7 % ( n = 8) , which is less than the predicted mean logistic EuroScore . Isolated AVR was performed in 66 patients ( 63.5 % ) . The LIMA was dissected and isolated ( clamped or blocked with balloon ) in 60 patients . The median hospital stay was 10 days ( range : 4 - 183 days ; inter-quartile range : 7 - 15.25 days ) . Nineteen patients ( 18.3 % ) had pulmonary complications , while 12 ( 11.5 % ) had acute kidney injury . Seven patients ( 6.7 % ) required permanent pacemaker . Six LIMAs ( 8.3 % ) were injured and repaired . Prolonged aortic cross-clamp ( AXC ) time ( P = 0.038 ) and the presence of a previous LIMA graft ( P = 0.045 ) were identified as independent predictors of 30-day mortality . The actuarial survival at 1 and 5 years was 89.4 ± 0.3 and 81.5 ± 0.5 % , respectively . Perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump use ( P = 0.036 ) , prolonged AXC time ( P = 0.004 ) and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time ( P = 0.022 ) were associated with worse long-term overall survival on multivariate analysis . CONCLUSIONS AVR post-CABG with patent grafts can be performed in high-risk patients with excellent short- and long-term outcomes and appears to be superior to published catheter-based interventions . In the absence of r and omized trial data , we believe that open AVR remains the treatment of choice for aortic valve disease following prior CABG OBJECTIVES The purpose of this analysis was to assess 5-year outcomes of  transcatheter aortic valve implantation ( TAVI )  using the current technology of the self-exp and ing CoreValve prosthesis ( Medtronic Inc. , Minneapolis , Minnesota ) . BACKGROUND There is a paucity of evidence on long-term durability of currently available transcatheter heart valves . METHODS Starting in June 2007 , all consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVI with the third-generation 18-F CoreValve device in 8 Italian centers were prospect ively included in the Clinical Service Project . For the purpose s of this study , we included only consecutive patients with 5-year follow-up data available ( n = 353 ) treated from June 2007 to August 2009 . All outcomes were reported according to VARC ( Valve Academic Research Consortium)-1 criteria . RESULTS All-cause mortality rates at 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 years were 21 % , 29 % , 38 % , 48 % , and 55.0 % , respectively . Cardiovascular mortality rates at 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 years were 10 % , 14 % , 19 % , 23 % , and 28.0 % , respectively . The overall neurological event rate at 5 years was 7.5 % , of which more than two-thirds occurred early after the procedure . During follow-up , there were 241 rehospitalizations for cardiovascular reasons in 164 ( 46 % ) patients . Among all rehospitalizations , acute heart failure was the most frequently reported ( 42.7 % ) , followed by requirement of permanent pacemaker implantation ( 17.4 % ) . On echocardiography , mean transaortic gradients decreased from 55.6 ± 16.8 mm Hg ( pre-TAVI ) to 12.8 ± 10.9 mm Hg ( 5-year post-TAVI ) ( p < 0.001 ) . Late prosthesis failure occurred in 5 cases ( 1.4 % ) ; among these , redo TAVI was successfully carried out in 2 patients ( 0.6 % ) presenting with symptomatic prosthesis restenosis . The remaining 3 cases of prosthesis failure did not undergo further invasive interventions . Ten patients ( 2.8 % ) showed late mild stenosis with a mean transaortic gradient ranging from 20 to 40 mm Hg . No other cases of structural or nonstructural valvular deterioration were observed . Valve thrombosis or late valve embolization were not reported . CONCLUSIONS TAVI with the currently adopted CoreValve generation was associated with sustained clinical outcomes up to 5-year follow-up , with a low rate ( 1.4 % ) of significant prosthetic valve degeneration . The procedure appears to be an adequate and lasting resolution of aortic stenosis in selected high-risk patients BACKGROUND Clinical outcomes were compared among patients with previous cardiac surgery undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation ( TAVI ) or surgical aortic valve replacement ( AVR ) .  METHODS Between 2007 and 2014 a total of 142 consecutive patients with previous cardiac surgery were treated by TAVI  either by the transfemoral ( n=68 ) or transapical access ( n=74 ) , and 236 patients underwent a surgical redo-AVR .  Of these patients , propensity analysis ( m : n ) matched 62 ( group 1 , TAVI ) and 51 patients ( group 2 , redo-AVR ) . A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed . Moreover , mortality was compared between both groups by Cox regression . RESULTS Both groups differed significantly ( p<0.01 ) in regard to age and preoperative risk scores ( EuroSCORE and STS-Score ) . Thirty-day mortality was 14.5 % ( 9/62 ) in group 1 and 5.8 % ( 3/51 ) in group 2 ( p=0.23 ) . Risk-adjusted multivariable analysis revealed only the logistic EuroSCORE to be strongly correlated with 30-day mortality ( p=0.01 ) . Multivariate analysis showed no difference in 30-day mortality between both groups ( p=0.21 ) . Multivariate Cox regression revealed New York Heart Association functional class ( p=0.001 ) , logistic EuroSCORE ( p=0.01 ) , and STS-Score ( p=0.03 ) to be strongly associated with overall mortality . Moreover , evaluating overall mortality , Cox regression showed no difference between both groups ( p=0.36 ) . CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that in patients with cardiac reoperation , TAVI comes with similar outcomes when compared to surgical AVR . On the other h and , conventional redo-AVR is still a valuable and safe treatment option 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSIONS Patients with previous CABG who underwent TAVR had similar perioperative and long-term survival while experiencing more pacemaker implantations and shorter hospital stay compared to those who had SAVR making TAVR a safe and efficacious alternative to SAVR