***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent developments in dressings for intravenous access sites include a transparent dressing which does not retain moisture . This article describes a r and omised controlled trial to compare the new dressing with a st and ard dressing . There was no difference in sepsis rates between the two groups , and both methods had advantages and disadvantages . The authors suggest that cost may be a factor in choice of dressing The objective of this study was to assess the risk of bacteremia , estimate the cost and evaluate the quality of life by using a transparent dressing ( TD ) versus ( vs ) a dry gauze ( DG ) on the exit site of long term central I.V. catheters ( LTCC ) of hemodialysis patients . This 6-months preliminary study was conducted on 58 patients ( pts ) r and omized to receive DG replaced 3 times/week ( 29 pts ) or TD replaced every 7 days ( 29 pts ) .  Data on patients , conditions of the exit site , local infection , bacteremia , quality of life and cost related to each type of dressing were collected . Two pts in the DG group experienced bacteremia related to their LTCC vs 1 pt in the group TD . A total of 7 ( DG ) vs 13 ( TD ) pts experienced skin condition changes at the catheter exit site . Some skin reactions , erythema and pruritus , did occur initially in the group TD and was due in part to insufficient drying time of the skin preparation solution . The estimated individual , weekly costs for using the DG was $ 7.60 vs $ 4.72 Canadian dollars for the TD . The SF-36 ™ scores did not show a significant difference between the 2 groups during the study ( 3.8 ( PCS ) , 6.4 ( MCS ) at study end ) . Although this study was statistically underpowered , it suggests that the incidence of bacteremia was not increased with the use of a TD . Moreover , the use of a TD allowed fewer dressing changes , lowered total treatment costs , with no observed unfavorable impact on the quality of life and without significant local complications of the exit site . Based on the positive results observed in this pilot study , further study is warranted to examine the cost effectiveness of long-term use of TD dressings on dialysis catheter exit sites A prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial has been conducted to compare the clinical performance , with prolonged use , of two film-type transparent dressings used over subclavian and jugular single-lumen venous catheters . ' OpSite ' , a traditional dressing with a moderate moisture vapour permeability was compared with a new dressing of high moisture vapour permeability , ' OpSite IV3000 ' . Information was collected daily to assess the nature and incidence of complications , dressing durability and the ease of application and removal .  One hundred and one patients provided two well-matched population s receiving a total of 153 dressings for a total of 780 catheter-days . No differences between the two dressings were noted with respect to the incidence of complications , such as moisture accumulation or lifting , and dressing durability . The low incidence of catheter-related sepsis ( ' OpSite ' group three episodes and ' OpSite IV3000 ' group one episode ) suggests that transparent dressings do not increase this risk . This clinical study demonstrated the new ' OpSite IV3000 ' to be easier to h and le , leading to better application , improved catheter fixation and easy removal A comparative study of ' Op-site ' and ' Nobecutan-gauze ' dressings for central venous lines was performed . Seventy-seven long antebrachial and 68 infraclavicular subclavian catheters were studied . A statistically significant reduction in the incidence of positive cultures from the catheter tip and from the skin puncture site was found with the ' Nobecutan-gauze ' dressing . No difference in the incidence of catheter-related septicaemia was found . The theoretical advantage of being able to observe signs of inflammation when ' Op-site ' was used did not reduce the incidence of local infection at the skin puncture site . In conclusion we found that a ' Nobecutan-gauze ' dressing was a satisfactory alternative to an ' Op-site ' dressing The incidence of catheter-related sepsis associated-with the use of Tegaderm or Opsite IV3000 dressings on 100 critically ill patients with liver disease was studied . All the patients had central venous catheters in situ and they were r and omly assigned to one of the two dressings . In this study the sites of insertion were assessed at each dressing change , together with any fluid under the dressing . No statistically significant difference between the two dressings was found in accumulation of fluid , skin microbial colonization , local infection or systemic infection of patients in our sample . There was no apparent advantage to using the more permeable Opsite IV3000 dressing The CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omized , controlled trials . Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating experience . Patients having central venous catheters for three or more days were prospect ively r and  omized  to receive a transparent ( n = 58 ) or gauze ( n = 57 ) dressing to compare the incidence of insertion site colonization , local catheter-related infection , and catheter-related sepsis . Quantitative cultures of the catheter insertion site ( 25 cm2 ) revealed significantly greater colonization ( P less than or equal to .009 ) after 48 h in the transparent versus the gauze dressing group . Local catheter-related infection occurred significantly more often ( P = .002 ) in the transparent ( 62 % ) than in the gauze group ( 24 % ) . Seven episodes of catheter-related bacteremia occurred in the transparent group ( 16.6 % ) and none in the gauze group ( P = .015 ) . Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that cutaneous colonization at the insertion site of greater than or equal to 10(3 ) cfu/mL ( relative risk , 13.16 ) and difficulty of insertion ( relative risk , 5.39 ) were significant factors for catheter-related infection . These data suggest that transparent dressings are associated with significantly increased rates of insertion site colonization , local catheter-related infection , and systemic catheter-related sepsis in patients with long-term central venous catheters PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of two central venous catheter ( CVC ) dressing protocol s on catheter-related infections in hospitalized patients with long-term tunneled catheters undergoing an autologous bone marrow transplant ( BMT ) , to determine the prevalence of long-term CVC-related infections in this population , and to identify other factors in the study sample related to long-term CVC infection . DESIGN Experimental . SETTING BMT unit of a regional oncology center in a tertiary care hospital . SAMPLE The sample consisted of 101 adult patients with cancer with long-term , tunneled CVCs inserted in the operating room on admission for autologous BMT . METHODS Patients r and omly were assigned to one of two dressing-change procedure groups . The control group received the current st and ard of care for patients receiving BMT -- a dry , sterile gauze dressing ( DSGD ) changed every 24 hours . The experimental group received Opsite 3000TM ( Smith + Nephew Ltd. , Massilon , OH ) transparent moisture vapor permeable dressings ( MVPD ) changed weekly . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES CVC infection rates , frequency of IV tubing changes , immune status , duration of catheter use , occurrence and outcome of catheter occlusion , and use of a catheter for total parenteral nutrition . FINDINGS Research ers determined the difference in CVC-related infections between the two groups and the impact of select variables on CVC-related infection . When all categories of CVC-related infection ( i.e. , suspected , sepsis , tunnel ) were considered , no statistical difference was found in the likelihood of the groups remaining infection-free ( p = 0.76 ) over time . CVC sepsis occurred in one patient in the DSGD group and five patients in the MVPD group ; however , this difference was not statistically significant over time ( p = 0.067 ) . CONCLUSIONS Development of CVC sepsis or tunnel infection in close proximity to the time of CVC surgical placement suggests that factors other than the assigned dressing were associated with the occurrence of CVC-related infection in three cases . Although the MVPD group required dressing changes more frequently than every seven days ( as specified by the protocol ) because of exit-site drainage and nonocclusiveness , transparent dressings were more cost-effective than daily gauze dressings in this population . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE For adults undergoing autologous BMT , either DSGD or transparent CVC dressing can be used safely based on patient preference and skin tolerance to the dressing material Patients undergoing bone marrow transplant ( BMT ) are at great risk of infection and sepsis . Long-term central catheters ( LTCCs ) , required for IV therapy , can be a portal of entry for infectious agents . This r and omized , prospect i ve study compared two types of catheter dressings in 98 patients undergoing BMT :  a dry sterile gauze dressing ( DSGD ) changed daily and a transparent adherent dressing ( TAD ) changed every four days . Study outcomes included incidence and severity of local and systemic complications , patient assessment of comfort , and calculation of nursing time . One case of catheter-related infection occurred during the study . No significant differences existed between the two dressings in the incidence of positive skin cultures or local complications with the exception of skin irritation . The TAD caused less skin irritation , was preferred by patients , cost less , and required less nursing time . The findings indicate that TADs provide a safe , comfortable , and cost-effective alternative to DSGDs for patients undergoing BMT and receiving antibiotic support during aplasia A prospect i ve , r and omized study compared the use of Opsite and st and ard gauze/tape dressings in 261 patients receiving parenteral nutrition . Eighty-four patients had a source of external drainage and were evaluated as a separate group . Catheter-related sepsis was assessed by blood culture , catheter tip culture , clinical sepsis , and clinical defervescence of fever after catheter removal . Although no statistically significant difference between Opsite and st and ard dressings could be identified , Opsite-treated patients consistently had increased parameters of catheter-related sepsis in all comparisons . As used here , Opsite is probably not a suitable catheter dressing system for parenteral nutrition Central venous lines are now common in children who need a permanent form of intravenous access . These lines frequently become infected . This study compared the effects of different antiseptics ( Hibiclens [ chlorhexadine 4 % ; Stuart Pharmaceutical , Wilmington , DE ] and Betadine [ povidone-iodine , Clini Pad Corp , Guilford , CT ] ) used to clean the skin as well as the dressings used to cover the exit site ( Tegaderm [ 3-M Medical-Surgical Division , St Paul , MN ] and gauze ) on microorganism growth on the skin in a pediatric oncology population . Sixty subjects were recruited from the oncology and bone marrow transplant units of Children 's Hospital in Boston , MA . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of four dressing groups . These included : 1 , Betadine and Tegaderm ; 2 , Betadine and gauze ; 3 , Hibiclens and Tegaderm ; and 4 , Hibiclens and gauze . Dressings were done on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday basis . Quantitative cultures were obtained before the first and after the fifth dressing changes . There were no significant differences in incidence of bacterial growth between dressing groups ( F = 1.05 , P = .377 ) . Redness ( F = 3.01 , P = .037 ) and swelling ( F = 2.75 , P = .051 ) were more frequently seen in Betadine groups . Boys were more often infected than girls . ( χ 2 = 4.075 , P = .044 Abstract Central venous catheterization is one of the important sepsis reasons in surgical patients . In this r and omized controlled study , the effect of the frequency and type of catheter site care , as well as age , coexisting malignancy or diabetes mellitus , total parenteral nutrition administration and antibiotics use , on central venous catheter infection was investigated . Seventy-two single-lumen polyurethane catheters were included . In group I ( n : 33 ) , a transparent occlusive dressing was applied to the insertion site and not removed for 7 days unless there were signs of local infection . In group II ( n : 39 ) , daily site care was done with povidone-iodine 10 % solution and a new sterile gauze was applied . Chi-square , linear correlation and multiple regression tests were used for statistical analysis . Mean duration of catheters was 8 ±4 days . There was no catheter-related sepsis . Ten ( 13.9 % ) patients had positive catheter tip cultures of whom three had site infection as well . The incidence of site and tip infections were not significantly different in group I and II ( p > 0.05 ) . Site infection and age younger than 60 years significantly increased the rate of tip infection ( p : 0.004 and p : 0.02 respectively ) . Total parenteral nutrition administration was associated with higher rate of tip infection ( p : 0.06 ) . Coexisting malignancy or diabetes mellitus , duration of catheter and antibiotics use did not have any significant effect on the rate of central venous catheter infe 
    Output:
    
There was no evidence of a difference between highly permeable polyurethane dressings and other polyurethane dressings in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection ( low quality evidence ) .