***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It has recently been reported how to quantify inter-individual differences in the response to an exercise intervention using the st and ard deviation of the change scores , as well as how to appraise these differences for clinical relevance . In a parallel-group r and omised controlled trial , the key trigger for further investigation into inter-individual responses is when the st and ard deviation of change in the intervention sample is substantially larger than the same st and ard deviation derived from a suitable comparator sample . ‘ True ’ and clinical ly relevant inter-individual differences in response can then be plausibly expected , and potential moderators and mediators of the inter-individual differences can be explored . We now aim to critically review the research on the inter-individual differences in response to exercise training , focusing on maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) . A literature search through the relevant bibliographic data bases result ed in the identification of six relevant studies that were published prior to the influential HEalth , RIsk factors , exercise Training And GEnetics ( HERITAGE ) Family Study . Only one of these studies was found to include a comparator arm . Re- analysis of the data from this study , accounting for r and om within-subjects variation , revealed an absence of clinical ly important inter-individual differences in the response of VO2max to exercise training . The st and ard deviation of change was , in fact , larger ( ±5.6 mL/kg/min ) for the comparator than the intervention group ( ±3.7 mL/kg/min ) . We located over 180 publications that result ed from the HERITAGE Family Study , but we could not find a comparator arm in any of these studies . Some authors did not explain this absence , while others reasoned that only inter-individual differences in exercise response were of interest , thus the intervention sample was investigated solely . We also found this absence of a comparator sample in on-going studies . A perceived high test – retest reliability is offered as a justification for the absence of a comparator arm , but the test – retest reliability analysis for the HERITAGE Family Study was over a much shorter term than the length of the actual training period between baseline and follow-up measurements of VO2max . We also scrutinised the studies in which twins have been investigated , result ing in concerns about how genetic influences on the magnitude of general within-subjects variability has been partitioned out ( again in the absence of a comparator no-training group ) , as well as with the intra-class correlation coefficient approach to data analysis . Twin pairs were found to be sometimes heterogeneous for the obviously influential factors of sex , age and fitness , thereby inflating an unadjusted coefficient . We conclude that most studies on inter-individual differences in VO2max response to exercise training have no comparator sample . Therefore , true inter-individual differences in response can not be quantified , let alone appraised for clinical relevance . For those studies with a comparator sample , we found that the inter-individual differences in training response were not larger than r and om within-subjects variation in VO2max over the same time period as the training intervention Background It has been suggested that exercise training results in compensatory mechanisms that attenuate weight loss . However , this has only been examined with large doses of exercise . The goal of this analysis was to examine actual weight loss compared to predicted weight loss ( compensation ) across different doses of exercise in a controlled trial of sedentary , overweight or obese postmenopausal women ( n = 411 ) . Methodology /Principal Findings Participants were r and omized to a non-exercise control ( n = 94 ) or 1 of 3 exercise groups ; exercise energy expenditure of 4 ( n = 139 ) , 8 ( n = 85 ) , or 12 ( n = 93 ) kcal/kg/week ( KKW ) . Training intensity was set at the heart rate associated with 50 % of each woman 's peak VO2 and the intervention period was 6 months . All exercise was supervised . The main outcomes were actual weight loss , predicted weight loss ( exercise energy expenditure/ 7700 kcal per kg ) , compensation ( actual minus predicted weight loss ) and waist circumference .  The study sample had a mean ( SD ) age 57.2 ( 6.3 ) years , BMI of 31.7 ( 3.8 ) kg/m2 , and was 63.5 % Caucasian . The adherence to the intervention was > 99 % in all exercise groups . The mean ( 95 % CI ) weight loss in the 4 , 8 and 12 KKW groups was −1.4 ( −2.0 , −0.8 ) , −2.1 ( −2.9 , −1.4 ) and −1.5 ( −2.2 , −0.8 ) kg , respectively . In the 4 and 8 KKW groups the actual weight loss closely matched the predicted weight loss of −1.0 and −2.0 kg , respectively , result ing in no significant compensation . In the 12 KKW group the actual weight loss was less than the predicted weight loss ( −2.7 kg ) result ing in 1.2 ( 0.5 , 1.9 ) kg of compensation ( P<0.05 compared to 4 and 8 KKW groups ) . All exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight . Conclusion In this study of previously sedentary , overweight or obese , postmenopausal women we observed no difference in the actual and predicted weight loss with 4 and 8 KKW of exercise ( 72 and 136 minutes respectively ) , while the 12 KKW ( 194 minutes ) produced only about half of the predicted weight loss . However , all exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT OBJECTIVES To study the effects of a supervised , intensive ( 85 % of one repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) ) 14 week resistance training programme on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy , sedentary , premenopausal women . SUBJECTS Twenty four women ( mean ( SD ) age 27 ( 7 ) years ) took part in the study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either a non-exercising control group or a resistance exercise training group . The resistance exercise training group took part in supervised 45 - 50 minute resistance training sessions ( 85 % of 1-RM ) , three days a week on non-consecutive days for 14 weeks . The control group did not take part in any structured physical activity . RESULTS Two way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) increases in strength ( 1-RM ) in the exercising group . There were significant ( p < 0.05 ) decreases in total cholesterol ( mean ( SE ) 4.68 ( 0.31 ) v 4.26 ( 0.23 ) mmol/1 ( 180 ( 12 ) v 164 ( 9 ) mg/dl ) ) , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 2.99 ( 0.29 ) v 2.57 ( 0.21 ) mmol/l ( 115 ( 11 ) v 99 ( 8) mg/dl ) , the total to high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ratio ( 4.2 ( 0.42 ) v 3.6 ( 0.42 ) ) , and body fat percentage ( 27.9 ( 2.09 ) v 26.5 ( 2.15 ) ) , as well as a strong trend towards a significant decrease in the LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio ( p = 0.057 ) in the resistance exercise training group compared with their baseline values . No differences were seen in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol . No changes were found in any of the measured variables in the control group . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that resistance training has a favourable effect on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy , sedentary , premenopausal women BACKGROUND No studies have been reported in children that assess correlates of body-composition changes in response to a physical training intervention . OBJECTIVE The hypothesis studied was that variation in diet and physical activity would explain a significant portion of the interindividual variation in the response of body composition to physical training . DESIGN The participants were 71 obese children aged 7 - 11 y ( 22 boys , 49 girls ; 31 whites , 40 blacks ) .  Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , physical activity by a 7-d recall interview , and diet by two , 2-d recalls . The children underwent 4 mo of physical training . RESULTS The mean attendance was 4 d/wk , the mean ( + /-SD ) heart rate for the 40-min sessions was 157 + /- 7 beats/min , and the mean energy expenditure was 946 + /- 201 kJ/session . On average , the percentage body fat decreased significantly in the total group , and total mass , fat-free soft tissue , bone mineral content , and bone mineral density increased , but there was a good deal of individual variability . Multiple regression models indicated that in general , more frequent attendance , being a boy , lower energy intake , and more vigorous activity were associated with healthier body-composition changes with physical training . Ethnicity was not retained as a correlate of the change of any component of body composition . CONCLUSIONS In obese children , age , vigorous activity , diet , and baseline percentage body fat together accounted for 25 % of the variance in the change in percentage body fat with physical training Background This study 's purpose investigated the impact of different macronutrient distributions and varying caloric intakes along with regular exercise for metabolic and physiological changes related to weight loss . Methods One hundred forty-one sedentary , obese women ( 38.7 ± 8.0 yrs , 163.3 ± 6.9 cm , 93.2 ± 16.5 kg , 35.0 ± 6.2 kg•m-2 , 44.8 ± 4.2 % fat ) were r and omized to either no diet + no exercise control group ( CON ) a no diet + exercise control ( ND ) , or one of four diet + exercise groups ( high-energy diet [ HED ] , very low carbohydrate , high protein diet [ VLCHP ] , low carbohydrate , moderate protein diet [ LCMP ] and high carbohydrate , low protein [ HCLP ] ) in addition to beginning a 3x•week-1 supervised resistance training program . After 0 , 1 , 10 and 14 weeks , all participants completed testing sessions which included anthropometric , body composition , energy expenditure , fasting blood sample s , aerobic and muscular fitness assessment s. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05 with LSD post-hoc analysis when appropriate . Results All dieting groups exhibited adequate compliance to their prescribed diet regimen as energy and macronutrient amounts and distributions were close to prescribed amounts . Those groups that followed a diet and exercise program reported significantly greater anthropometric ( waist circumference and body mass ) and body composition via DXA ( fat mass and % fat ) changes . Caloric restriction initially reduced energy expenditure , but successfully returned to baseline values after 10 weeks of dieting and exercising . Significant fitness improvements ( aerobic capacity and maximal strength ) occurred in all exercising groups . No significant changes occurred in lipid panel constituents , but serum insulin and HOMA-IR values decreased in the VLCHP group . Significant reductions in serum leptin occurred in all caloric restriction + exercise groups after 14 weeks , which were unchanged in other non-diet/non-exercise groups . Conclusions Overall and over the entire test period , all diet groups which restricted their caloric intake and exercised experienced similar responses to each other . Regular exercise and modest caloric restriction successfully promoted anthropometric and body composition improvements along with various markers of muscular fitness . Significant increases in relative energy expenditure and reductions in circulating leptin were found in response to all exercise and diet groups . Macronutrient distribution may impact circulating levels of insulin and overall ability to improve strength levels in obese women who follow regular exercise OBJECTIVE : The primary goal of this study was to assess whether increases in fat-free mass ( FFM ) and decreases in total and percentage fat mass from 15 weeks of twice weekly supervised strength training would be maintained over 6 months of unsupervised exercise in a r and omized controlled trial . DESIGN : In all , 60 women aged 30–50 y , body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2 , were r and omized to control or treatment groups . The treatment group performed twice-weekly supervised strength training followed by 6 months of unsupervised training . Measurements at baseline , 15 , and 39 weeks included body weight and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Repeated measures regression was used to assess between-group differences for changes over time . RESULTS : Almost 90 % of prescribed exercise sessions were completed . The body composition treatment effects over 15 weeks were largely maintained over 6 months of unsupervised exercise . Over the total 39 weeks of strength training , the treatment group gained + 0.89 kg more in FFM , lost −0.98 kg more in fat mass , and lost –1.63 % more in percent body fat when compared to the control group . P-values for these between-group differences in 39-week changes were 0.009 , 0.06 , and 0.006 , respectively . Strength training did not result in any significant weight loss or waist circumference attenuation . Adjustment for changes in energy intake and physical activity did not alter these results . CONCLUSIONS : Twice-weekly strength training is behaviorally feasible for busy midlife women and the favorable body composition changes result ing from supervised strength training can be maintained over time . These findings lay the groundwork for determining the long-term health benefits of this behaviorally feasible exercise prescription , potentially including prevention of age-associated fat gains Purpose The aim was to assess 1-year cardiovascular health effects of Intelligent Physical Exercise Training , IPET . Methods Office workers from six companies were 
    Output:
    
Therefore , we conclude that evidence is limited for the notion that there are clinical ly important individual differences in exercise-mediated weight change