***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study investigated the  C. albicans adhesion to cold- and heat-polymerized soft lining material s that were initially incubated in two different artificial body fluids , namely saliva and nasal secretion , and examined the surface roughness the material s ( cold and heat polymerized soft liner ) tested in vitro . Cold ( Visco Gel ) and heat-polymerized ( Molloplast B ) soft liner specimens ( N=32 , n=8 per group ) ( 10x10x1.5 mm ) were r and omly produced to express the relationship between surface roughness and contamination , and influence of body fluids , and incubated in 1.5 ml contaminated solutions for 2 h. After fixation , all of material s were evaluated under optical microscope ( x400 ) and SEM . Surface roughness measurements were examined with profilometre for each material . Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA , Tukey 's HSD and Dunnett T3 tests ( alpha=0.05 ) . Material type ( p<0.05 ) and contamination media ( p<0.05 ) showed a significant influence on the C. albicans adherence . The surface roughness  of cold polymerized soft liner ( Visco Gel ) was significantly higher than heat-polymerized soft liner ( Molloplast B ) ( p<0.05 ) OBJECTIVE This study evaluated . the effect of mouthrinses and tissue conditioner on the clinical findings and microbial flora of 60 patients with Newton 's type II denture stomatitis ( N2DS ) BACKGROUND : Denture stomatitis is a common problem in complete denture wearers . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty patients with N2DS were included in this study and divided into three groups . Two groups of patients were instructed to rinse their mouth with the design ated mouthrinses DioxiDent and Corsodyl twice daily for 1 min and to soak their dentures overnight in these solutions for 15 days . For the third group , tissue conditioner was placed in each of 20 patients ' existing maxillary dentures . Patients were evaluated both clinical ly and microbiologically at baseline and after 15 days . Palatal swabs and smears were taken from each patient before and after treatment and these sample s were examined mycologically . The difference between C and ida colonisation before and after treatment and the differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment clinical findings were assessed . RESULTS DioxiDent and Corsodyl showed an improvement in palatal inflammation and a decrease in C and ida colonisation compared to Visco-gel . CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of topical chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine gluconate in the management of N2DS was demonstrated As poor denture hygiene is related to C and ida colonisation , disinfectant solutions have been proposed as an effective method of preventing denture stomatitis . This study assessed the efficacy of denture cleansers on C and ida albicans and C and ida glabrata adherence on denture liners . Another aim was to correlate material s ’ surface roughness ( Ra ) to C and ida adherence . Specimens of three denture liners ( soft and hard polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based and soft silicone-based )  were prepared and had their Ra measured . Specimens were r and omly divided to adherence assays with C. albicans or C. glabrata . After contamination with the fungi , specimens were treated with an enzymatic cleanser solution , a cleanser solution or a 0.5 % NaOCl solution by soaking for 3 , 15 or 10 min , respectively . Control group specimens were soaked in distilled water for 15 min . Number of remaining C and ida cells after treatment was determined by light microscopy ( ×400 ) . Analysis of variance ( α = 0.05 ) showed that Ra of the silicone-based liner was lower than that of the PMMA-based liners ( p < 0.05 ) . The overall results showed high C. glabrata adherence ( p < 0.001 ) , while the lowest levels of remaining C and ida cells were found for the treatment with 0.5 % NaOCl ( p = 0.0019 ) . No difference among denture cleansers and control was found ( p = 0.19 ) . There was no correlation between Ra and C. albicans or C. glabrata adherence in all material s tested . The only treatment able to reduce both C and ida species adherence on all material s tested was 0.5 % NaOCl solution Polymer-gel material s used as short-term denture soft linings are blended with plasticizers to lower the glass transition temperature ( Tg ) . A lower Tg allows for greater polymer chain mobility , thus producing a more flexible material . The present work evaluated the loss of plasticizers due to leaching both in vivo and in vitro . Two commercial denture soft-lining material s ( A and B ) were tested . These were both poly(ethyl methacrylate ) polymers , blended with alcohol and phthalate esters . A clinical study was conducted in which patients wore , sequentially , dentures bearing ( on separate occasions ) each of the two soft-polymer lining material s.  The two material s A and B were r and omly assigned for each of ten patients and were worn for 14 and 30 days , respectively . With one exception , patients wore dentures with both lining material s , for a total of 19 clinical evaluations . The plasticizer loss occurring during the clinical trial was determined by GC analysis from the initial and terminal day sampling of plasticizer content of the soft polymer-gel material s. The results of this analysis were compared with results obtained from an in vitro leachability study by use of sink conditions in water at 37 ° C for the same two commercial soft polymers conducted over the same time periods of 14 and 30 days . The results indicated that a higher loss of plasticizer occurred in vivo , compared with the in vitro tests for 17 of the 19 clinical evaluations . The average plasticizer lost in vivo from material A at 14 days was 122 ± 58 mg/g , and for material B at 30 days it was 33 ± 27 mg/g . This can be compared with the in vitro loss that was 13.41 ± 1.11 mg/g for material A at 14 days , and 8.47 ± 0.73 mg/g for material B at 30 days . It is not known how much of the plasticizer lost from the denture soft lining in the in vivo trial was ingested by the patient . Patients were caution ed against soaking the denture in any liquid ; however , it is not known how much was lost due to cleaning of the denture by the patients BACKGROUND Soft denture lining- material s are more susceptible to microbial adhesion than hard denture base acrylic resin . Poor oral hygiene and C and ida albicans infection are common among elderly denture wearers as these patients usually have difficulty in keeping them clean . PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of the oral hygiene methods on the formation of a biofilm over a soft denture-lining material . MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty volunteers were r and omly separated into two groups : G1 and G2 . Ten volunteers performed daily hygiene of the prostheses with a soft toothbrush and toothpaste . The G2 performed a treatment identical to G1 but also immersed the prostheses in sodium hypochlorite 0.5 % for 20 min , once a week . Quantification of the mean score values of biofilm formation at different times were statistically analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey 's test ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS G1 ( 0.65 + /- 0.52 ) showed the lowest mean score values of biofilm formation . There was statistical difference between G1 and G2 . The highest mean score values were found at 6 weeks ( 1.3 + /- 1.08 ) and were statistically different from other times . CONCLUSION The oral hygiene methods had a significant effect in the formation of the biofilm over a soft denture-lining material This study evaluated the long-term efficacy of denture cleansers against C and ida spp . biofilm recolonization on liner surface . Specimens were fabricated of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-based denture liner and had their surface roughness evaluated at baseline and after cleansing treatments . C. albicans or C. glabrata biofilms were formed on liner surface for 48 h , and then the specimens were r and omly assigned to one of cleaning treatments : two alkaline peroxides ( soaking for 3 or 15 min ) , 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( 10 min ) or distilled water ( control ; 15 min ) . After the treatments , the specimens were sonicated to disrupt the biofilm , and residual cells were counted ( cell/mL ) . Long-term effectiveness of the cleaning processes was determined by su bmi tting a set of cleaned specimens to biofilm growth conditions for 48 h followed by estimation of cell counts . The topography of specimens after cleaning treatments was analyzed by SEM . Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( α ; = 0.05 ) . Results of cell count estimation showed significant differences in cleanliness among the treatments ( p < 0.001 ) , and it could be observed by SEM . However , no significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) was observed among the C and ida species regarding the recolonization condition . Alkaline denture cleansers showed similar cleaning performance and both differed from the control ( p < 0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite was the only treatment that removed biofilm efficiently , since no viable cells were found after its use . In conclusion , alkaline peroxide denture cleansers were not effective in removing C and ida spp . biofilm from denture liner surfaces and preventing biofilm recolonization PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate if the use of a varnish on a tissue conditioner would affect biofilm adhesion . BACKGROUND After the surgery has been performed , before the delivery of a complete denture , it is often necessary to use material s such as tissue conditioners on the surgical wound . However , these material s present deficient physico-mechanical properties , which allow biofilm development . METHODS Forty elderly volunteers wearing complete maxillary dentures were selected . They were r and omly allocated into two groups ( n = 20 ) , G1 and G2 . In both groups , a silicone-based tissue conditioner was placed in a recess created at the base of the denture , according to the manufacturer 's guidelines . In group G1 , a varnish was applied to the tissue conditioner , while in group G2 , no treatment was applied . All volunteers performed daily hygiene of the prosthesis with a soft toothbrush , and toothpaste . Quantification of the mean score values of biofilm formed at different time points ( baseline , 1 week and 3 weeks ) was statistically analysed using anova ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Group G2 ( 1.6 + /- 1.2 ) showed the lowest mean score values of biofilm formation and there was a statistical difference between the groups ( p = 0.03 ) . The highest mean score values were found after 3 weeks ( 2.7 + /- 1.4 ) and were statistically different from the other time points studied ( baseline and 1 week ) . CONCLUSION The use of a varnish had a detrimental effect on the tissue conditioner studied , allowing higher biofilm formation 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The incorporation of nystatin ( in general , 500 000 units ) into tissue conditioners to prevent the onset of the disease and immersion in sodium hypochlorite for disinfection were the methods most often described in this systematic review , and both methods were able to prevent or inhibit C and ida colonization , depending on their concentrations .
The 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite concentration can disinfect tissue conditioners and denture liners .
Microwave irradiation has also been described an alternative method of disinfection .
The literature suggests that the use of 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite can help disinfect denture liners and tissue conditioners .
The incorporation of nystatin in those material s is also able to treat or prevent oral c and idiasis .