***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A total of 105 “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1988 were studied prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . The infants were recommended breastfeeding and /or hypoallergenic formula ( Nutramigen or Profylac ) combined with avoidance of solid foods during the first 6 months of life . All mothers had unrestricted diet . Avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoke , furred pets and dust‐collecting material s in the bedroom were advised . This prevention group was compared with a control group consisting of 54 identically defined “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1985 in the same area . All infants had either severe single atopic predisposition combined with cord blood IgE ≥ 0.5 KU/1 or biparental atopic predisposition . The control group had unrestricted diet and was not advised about environmental factors . Apart from the prevention programme and year of birth the prevention group and the control group were comparable . The parents were highly motivated and compliance was good . The rate of participation was 97 % , and 85 % followed the dietary measures strictly . The cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms was significantly lower at 18 months in the prevention group ( 32 % ) , as compared with the control group ( 74 % ) ( p<0.01 ) , due to reduced prevalence of recurrent wheezing ( 13 % , versus 37 % ; p<0.01 ) , atopic dermatitis ( 14 % versus 31 % ; p<0.01 ) , vomiting/diarrhoea ( 5 % versus 20 % ; p<0.01 ) and infantile colic ( 9 % versus 24 % ; p<0.01 ) . The cumulative prevalence of food allergy was significantly lower in the prevention group ( 6 % versus 17 % ; p<0.05 ) . In both high‐risk groups daily exposure to tobacco smoke increased the risk of recurrent wheezing significantly ( p<0.01 ) . The main difference between the prevention group and the control group was the diet . Thus , feeding with breastmilk and /or hypoallergenic formula combined with avoidance of solid foods until the age of 6 months appeared to reduce the cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms during the first 18 months of life We have previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ω-3 LCPUFA ) supplementation in pregnancy and lactation on IgE-associated eczema and food allergy in the infant during the first year of life . Here we investigate whether the effects of the LCPUFA supplementation on IgE-associated diseases last up to 2 yr of age and assess the relationship between plasma proportions of ω-3 PUFAs and the frequency and severity of infant allergic disease . 145 pregnant women , at risk of having an allergic infant , were r and omized to daily supplementation with 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) or placebo starting in the 25th gestational week and continuing through 3.5 months of breastfeeding . Clinical examinations , skin prick tests and analysis of maternal and infant plasma phospholipid fatty acids and infant specific IgE were performed . No difference in the prevalence of allergic symptoms was found between the intervention groups . The cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease was lower in the ω-3-supplemented group ( 6/54 , 13 % ) compared with the placebo group ( 19/62 , 30 % , p=0.01 ) . Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were associated with lower prevalence of IgE associated disease ( p=0.01 - 0.05 ) in a dose-dependent manner . Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were found if the infants presented none , when compared with multiple allergic symptoms , ( p<0.05 ) regardless of sensitization . In summary , the ω-3 supplementation offered no obvious preventive effect on the prevalence of clinical symptoms of allergic disease , but the decrease in cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease seen during the first year still remained until 2 yr of age . Furthermore , high proportions of DHA and EPA in maternal and infant plasma phospholipids were associated with less IgE-associated disease and a reduced severity of the allergic phenotype BACKGROUND Partially hydrolyzed whey formula ( pHWF ) has been recommended for infants with a family history of allergic disease at the cessation of exclusive breast-feeding to promote oral tolerance and prevent allergic diseases . OBJECTIVE To determine whether feeding infants pHWF reduces their risk of allergic disease . METHODS A single-blind ( participant ) r and omized controlled trial was conducted to compare allergic outcomes between infants fed a conventional cow 's milk formula , a pHWF , or a soy formula . Before birth , 620 infants with a family history of allergic disease were recruited and r and omized to receive the allocated formula at cessation of breast-feeding . Skin prick tests to 6 common allergens ( milk , egg , peanut , dust mite , rye grass , and cat d and er ) were performed at 6 , 12 , and 24 months . The primary outcome was development of allergic manifestations ( eczema and food reactions ) measured 18 times in the first 2 years of life . RESULTS Follow-up was complete for 93 % ( 575/620 ) at 2 years and 80 % ( 495/620 ) at 6 or 7 years of age . There was no evidence that infants allocated to the pHWF ( odds ratio , 1.21 ; 95 % CI , 0.81 - 1.80 ) or the soy formula ( odds ratio , 1.26 ; 95 % CI , 0.84 - 1.88 ) were at a lower risk of allergic manifestations in infancy compared with conventional formula . There was also no evidence of reduced risk of skin prick test reactivity or childhood allergic disease . CONCLUSION Despite current dietary guidelines , we found no evidence to support recommending the use of pHWF at weaning for the prevention of allergic disease in high-risk infants BACKGROUND Maternal diet during pregnancy might be one of the factors that influences fetal immune responses associated with childhood allergy . OBJECTIVE We analyzed the association between maternal diet during the last 4 wk of pregnancy and allergic sensitization and eczema in the offspring at 2 y of age . DESIGN Data from 2641 children at 2 y of age were analyzed within a German prospect i ve birth cohort study ( LISA ) . Maternal diet during the last 4 wk of pregnancy was assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency question naire , which was administered shortly after childbirth . RESULTS High maternal intake of margarine [ adjusted odds ratio ( aOR ) : 1 . 49 ; 95 % CI : 1.08 , 2.04 ] and vegetable oils ( aOR : 1.48 ; 95 % CI : 1.14 , 1.91 ) during the last 4 wk of pregnancy was positively associated and high maternal fish intake ( aOR : 0.75 ; 95 % CI : 0.57 , 0.98 ) was inversely associated with eczema during the first 2 y in the offspring . High celery ( aOR : 1.85 ; 95 % CI : 1.18 , 2.89 ) and citrus fruit ( aOR : 1.73 ; 95 % CI : 1.18 , 2.53 ) intakes increased the risk of sensitization against food allergens . In turn , sensitization against inhalant allergens was positively related to a high maternal intake of deep-frying vegetable fat ( aOR : 1.61 ; 95 % CI : 1.02 , 2.54 ) , raw sweet pepper ( aOR : 2.16 ; 95 % CI : 1.20 , 3.90 ) , and citrus fruit ( aOR : 1.72 ; 95 % CI : 1.02 , 2.92 ) . CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the intake of allergenic foods and foods rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy may increase and foods rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may decrease the risk of allergic diseases in the offspring BACKGROUND Early feeding with cow 's milk ( CM ) may increase the risk of cow 's milk allergy ( CMA ) . OBJECTIVE We sought to examine prospect ively whether supplementary feeding of CM at the maternity hospital would increase the risk when compared with feeding with pasteurized human milk or hydrolyzed formula . METHODS We studied 6209 unselected healthy , full-term infants , of whom 5385 ( 87 % ) required supplementary milk while in the hospital . The infants were r and omly assigned to receive CM formula ( 1789 infants ) , pasteurized human milk ( 1859 infants ) , or whey hydrolysate formula ( 1737 infants ) . The comparison group ( 824 infants ) was composed of infants who were exclusively breast-fed . The infants were followed for 18 to 34 months for symptoms suggestive of CMA . The primary endpoint was a challenge-proven adverse reaction to CM after a successful CM elimination diet . RESULTS The cumulative incidence of CMA in the infants fed CM was 2.4 % compared with 1.7 % in the pasteurized human milk group ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 0.70 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0 . 44 - 1.12 ) and 1.5 % in the whey hydrolysate group ( OR , 0.61 ; 95 % CI , 0 . 38 - 1.00 ) . In the comparison group , CMA developed in 2.1 % of the infants . Among the infants who required supplementary feeding at hospital , both exposure to CM while in the hospital ( OR , 1.54 ; 95 % CI , 1.04 - 2.30 ; P = .03 ) and obvious parental atopy ( OR , 2.32 ; 95 % CI , 1.53 - 3.52 ; P < .001 ) increased the risk of CMA . CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that feeding of CM at maternity hospitals increases the risk of CMA when compared with feeding of other supplements , but exclusive breast-feeding does not eliminate the risk The aim of this study was to assess the preventive effect of exclusive breast-feeding and early solid food avoidance on  atopic dermatitis ( AD ) in infancy . This study is part of a dietary clinical trial in a prospect i ve cohort of healthy term newborns at risk of atopy . It was recommended to breast-feed for at least 4 months and to avoid solid food in the same time-period . Eight hundred and sixty-five infants exclusively breast-fed , and 256 infants partially or exclusively formula-fed , were followed-up until the end of the first year following birth . AD and sensitization to milk and egg were considered as study end-points . The 1-year incidence of AD was compared between the two study groups . Adjusted odds ratios ( OR ) with 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) were calculated by multiple logistic regression . The incidence of AD was calculated in relation to age at introduction of solid food and amount of food given . In the breast-fed group , the adjusted OR for AD was 0.47 ( 95 % CI 0.30 - 0.74 ) . The strongest risk factor was the occurrence of AD in the subject 's core family . The risk of infants with AD to be sensitized to milk was four times higher , and to egg eight times higher , than in infants without AD . Age at first introduction of solid food and diversity of solid food showed no effect on AD incidence . We conclude that in infants at atopic risk , exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months is effective in preventing AD in the first year of life This prospect i ve , long-term study assessed the effects of a protein hydrolysate formula on allergy prevention in infants with a family history of allergy . Infants were r and omly assigned to receive either the  hydrolysate formula ( n = 92 ) or an adapted cow milk formula  ( n = 85 ) alone or with breast-feeding for 4 months . The groups did not differ in family allergy history scores or cord blood IgE levels . After 4 months , total IgE levels and allergic reactions did not differ significantly between groups , although the hydrolysate group had a lower prevalence of eczema . At 12 months of age , neither IgE levels nor allergic reactions were significantly different . At 2 years of age , however , 18 allergic reactions had occurred in the hydrolysate group and 31 had occurred in the control group ; the differences were significant for eczema ( p < 0.001 ) but not for asthma . At 4 years of age , allergic signs were found in 11 children in the hydrolysate group and in 17 children in the control group ; the difference was significant only for eczema ( p < 0.01 ) . These results suggest that early feeding of a protein hydrolysate formula to infants at risk for allergies had a long-term preventive effect on the prevalence of eczema but not of asthma In a prospect i ve study of a 1-year birth cohort of 158 high-risk infants the effect of feeding breastmilk , a casein hydrolysate ( Nutramigen ) or a new ultrafil 
    Output:
    
There was no good evidence to recommend that pregnant or breastfeeding women should change their diet or take supplements to prevent allergies in infants at high or normal risk .
There were mixed findings about the preventive benefits of breastfeeding for infants at high or normal risk , but there was evidence to recommend avoiding cow 's milk and substituting with extensively or partially hydrolyzed whey or casein formulas for infants at high risk for the first 4 months .
Soy milk and delaying the introduction of solid foods beyond 4 months did not have preventive benefits in those at high or normal risk .
There was very little evidence about strategies for preventing food allergy in older children or adults .