***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Despite growing interest in men 's perinatal mental health , we still know little about whether becoming a new father is associated with increases in psychological distress . AIMS To use prospect i ve longitudinal data to investigate whether becoming a first-time expectant ( partner pregnant ) and /or new father ( child < 1 year ) is associated with increases in depression and anxiety . METHOD Men were aged 20 - 24 years at baseline ( n = 1162 ) .  Levels of depression and anxiety were measured at four time points over 12 years . Over this time , 88 men were expectant fathers , 108 men were new fathers and 626 men remained non-fathers . RESULTS Longitudinal mixed models showed no significant increase in depression or anxiety as a function of expectant or new fatherhood , as compared with pre-fatherhood levels . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that , generally , expectant and new fathers are not at greater risk of depression or anxiety . Future epidemiological research should continue to identify men who are most ( and least ) at risk to focus re sources and assistance most effectively Objective : The effects of pregnancy on depression and anxiety remain unclear . Previous research is predominantly cross-sectional , not representative of the general community , and does not include data on mental health prior to pregnancy . This study used longitudinal Australian population -based data to examine whether pregnancy is associated with increases in women ’s  anxiety and depression levels ( from pre-pregnancy ) . Method : A community sample of Australian women aged 20–24 years were recruited prospect ively and assessed in 1999 , 2003 and 2007 . At the follow-up assessment s 76 women were pregnant ( with no prior children ) and 542 remained nulliparous . Mixed models repeated measures analyses of variance were undertaken to compare change in levels of anxiety and depression ( Goldberg Anxiety and Depression scales ) between those who became pregnant and those who remained non-pregnant . Results : Pregnancy was not associated with increased symptoms of depression or anxiety . No association was found with depression , while pregnancy was associated with a decrease in anxiety . Including somatic items in the measures of depression and anxiety result ed in higher symptom levels in pregnancy , suggesting possible item bias . Conclusions : This study is one of the first to follow a community sample of women from pre-pregnancy to pregnancy . The findings suggest that pregnancy is not typically detrimental to women ’s mental health . The current study offers a starting point for future prospect i ve studies to follow women from pre-pregnancy to postpartum . Study limitations to be improved upon in follow-up research include exp and ing the sample size , and including both pregnancy-specific measures and trimester-specific data . Future research should continue to identify those women who are most ( and least ) at risk during pregnancy in order to target re sources and assistance most effectively BACKGROUND A father who does not know how to assist the mother in relieving labor pains may experience a sense of powerlessness and anxiety . The objective of this study was to evaluate how an education program for expectant fathers who attended their partners ' labor and birth affected their anxiety . METHODS In a r and omized controlled trial , 87 expectant fathers who attended their pregnant partners through labor and birth at a hospital in central Taiwan were allocated by block r and omization to an experimental ( n = 45 ) and a control ( n = 42 ) group . The men completed their basic personal information , a  childbirth expectations question  naire , and a  Trait Anxiety Inventory  when they were recruited . Two hours after birth of their child , all the expectant fathers completed a  State of Anxiety Inventory .  RESULTS Our results showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups of fathers in trait anxiety and their prenatal childbirth expectations . After analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) was applied to correct for education level , sources of childbirth information , attendance at Lamaze childbirth classes , and childbirth expectations at baseline , the effect of the childbirth program was significant for the postnatal level of anxiety ( F = 3.38 , p = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The study findings justify the clinical implementation of a birth education program based on the self-efficacy theory as an effective means of reducing anxiety among expectant fathers The aims of the current study were to examine the effect of  fathers ' and mothers ' pre and postnatal mental health  on  mother-infant and father-infant interactions  . Mental health was broadly defined to include anxiety , depression and PTSD . A community sample of 44 mothers and 40 fathers from 45 families completed question naire measures of mental health  in late pregnancy and three months postpartum . Mother-infant and father-infant interactions were observed and videoed three months postpartum and analysed using the CARE-index . Results showed that prenatal mental health , in particular anxiety , was associated with parent-infant interactions to a greater extent than postnatal mental health . Fathers ' prenatal symptoms were associated with higher paternal unresponsiveness and infant passivity whilst fathers ' postnatal symptoms were associated with higher levels of infant difficulty in the father-baby interaction . The results also indicated that mothers and fathers interaction with their babies were similar , both on average and within the couples , with 34 % being inept or at risk . These findings highlight the need for early detection and prevention of both mental health and parent-infant relationship problems in fathers as well as mothers . However , further prospect i ve and longitudinal studies are needed to underst and the influences of parental mental health on the parent-infant interactions further . Also it should be noted that the mental health scores were low in this sample , which may reflect the sample characteristics . Future studies therefore would benefit from focusing on more vulnerable groups of parents Introduction Postnatal common mental disorders among women are an important public health problem internationally . Interventions to prevent postnatal depression have had limited success . What Were We Thinking ( WWWT ) is a structured , gender-informed , psychoeducational group programme for parents and their first infant that addresses two modifiable risks to postnatal mental health . This paper describes the protocol for a cluster r and omised controlled trial to test the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of WWWT when implemented in usual primary care . Methods and analysis 48 maternal and child health ( MCH ) centres from six diverse Local Government Areas , in Victoria , Australia are r and omly allocated to the intervention group ( usual care plus WWWT ) or the control group ( usual care ) . The required sample size is 184 women in each group . English-speaking primiparous women receiving postpartum healthcare in participating MCH centres complete two computer-assisted telephone interviews : baseline at 4 weeks and outcome at 6 months postpartum . Women attending intervention MCH centres are invited to attend WWWT in addition to usual care . The primary outcome is meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV ( DSM-IV ) diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode ; generalised anxiety disorder ; panic disorder with or without agoraphobia , agoraphobia with or without panic , social phobia , adult separation anxiety or adjustment disorder with depressed mood , anxiety or mixed depressed mood and anxiety within the past 30 days at 6 months postpartum . Secondary outcomes are self-rated general and emotional health , infant sleep problems , method of infant feeding , quality of mother – infant relationship and intimate partner relationship , and healthcare costs and outcomes . Ethics and dissemination Approval to conduct the study has been granted . A comprehensive dissemination plan has been devised . Trial registration number Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613000506796 . UTN U1111 - 1125 - 8208 BACKGROUND Research has reported that pregnant women and mothers become forgetful . However , in these studies , women are not recruited prior to pregnancy , sample s are not representative and studies are underpowered . AIMS The current study sought to determine whether pregnancy and motherhood are associated with brief or long-term cognitive deterioration using a representative sample and measuring cognition during and before the onset of pregnancy and motherhood . METHOD Women aged 20 - 24 years were recruited prospect ively and assessed in 1999 , 2003 and 2007 . Seventy-six women were pregnant at follow-up assessment s , 188 became mothers between study waves and 542 remained nulliparous . RESULTS No significant differences in cognitive change were found as a function of pregnancy or motherhood , although late pregnancy was associated with deterioration on one of four tests of memory and cognition . CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that pregnancy and motherhood are associated with persistent cognitive deterioration was not supported . Previous negative findings may be a result of biased sampling BACKGROUND Fathers are increasingly involved in infant care , and depression in postnatal fathers as well as mothers may have negative effects on child development and behaviour . The EPDS has been vali date d to identify depression in new mothers , but few validation studies have involved fathers and there is doubt as to whether the EPDS measures the same constructs in men as in women . SUBJECTS AND METHODS A population -based sample of 1014 couples were sent the EPDS and the HAD-A subscale 3 months postnatally . All high-scoring fathers and a r and om sample of fathers scoring low were invited for a diagnostic interview to assess the presence of any depression or anxiety disorder . A factor analysis of the EPDS data was conducted for mothers and fathers . FINDINGS A factor analysis of the EPDS data revealed a different factor structure for fathers , implying that the scale picks up more worry , anxiety and unhappiness than depression . The EPDS yields high sensitivity and specificity , but low positive predictive value when screening for probable major depression at the optimal cut-off score of 12 or more . The accuracy of the  EPDS  , however , is modest for minor depression , and low for anxiety disorders . Neither the EPDS-3A score nor the HAD-A subscale reached acceptable validity in this study . CONCLUSIONS The EPDS seems to pick up more distress than pure depression in new fathers . It is a valid instrument for screening for probable major depression , but it is question able if it should be used to screen for minor depression . Neither the EPDS nor the HAD-A subscale can be recommended for screening for anxiety in postnatal fathers . LIMITATIONS Confidence intervals around the estimates are wide and the interviewed fathers were selected preferentially Family-genetic studies suggest that anxiety disorders run in families and that mechanisms of familial transmission might act as early as during pregnancy . The aims of the Maternal Anxiety in Relation to Infant Development ( MARI ) Study are to prospect ively investigate the course of pregnancy in women with and without anxiety disorders prior to conception from early pregnancy to postpartum focussing on ( a ) maternal psychopathology , ( b ) maternal perinatal health , and ( c ) offspring outcomes that are supposed to be early indicators/ antecendents for later anxiety disorders . The MARI Study is a prospect ive-longitudinal study program with seven waves of assessment : T1 ( baseline : week 10 to 12 of gestation ) , T2 ( week 22 to 24 of gestation ) , T3 ( week 35 to 37 of gestation ) , T4 ( 10 days postpartum ) , T5 ( 2 months postpartum ) , T6 ( 4 months postpartum ) , and T7 ( 16 months postpartum ) . Overall , N = 306 pregnant women were enrolled during early pregnancy ( T1 ) and allocated to one of the following initial diagnostic groups : no AD : no anxiety nor depressive disorder prior to pregnancy ( N = 109 ) , pure D : pure depressive disorder(s ) prior to pregnancy ( N = 48 ) , pure A : pure anxiety disorder(s ) prior to pregnancy ( N = 84 ) , and comorbid AD : comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy ( N = 65 ) . Overall , N = 284 mothers could be retained until T6 ( retention rate : 92.8 % ) and N = 274 until T7 ( retention rate : 89.5 % ) . Clinical and psychosocial measures were used including a st and ardized diagnostic interview ( CIDI-V ) with dimensional scales and st and ardized observation paradigms ( mother-infant-relationship , infant temperament and neuropsychological development ) . Dimensional anxiety and depression liability indices were developed to reflect the severity of anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy and to ease longitudinal modelling . Findings from this study will contribute to improved knowledge about the natural course of anxiety disorders during transition to parenthood and associated outcomes that are assumed to be early indicators of later psychopathology in the offspring . Results are expected to provide new insights into mechanisms of familial transmission and clues for targeted prevention and early intervention A group of 51 expectant fathers , whose wives were in the last three months of their first pregnancy , was compared to a control group of 51 married men without children .  On the Anxiety Scale Question naire the expectant fathers were significantly higher in overall anxiety ( both overt and covert ) , as well as in tension and apprehensiveness . The Blacky Picture Test  indicated stronger Oedipal intensity , sibling rivalry and guilt feelings in the experimental group than in the control group . Clinical interviews with six of the subjects revealed considerable ambivalence , frequently related to re-aroused infantile fantasies , feminine identification s , castration fears and Oedipal themes , as well as attempt to defend against the ambivalent feelings through negation , denial , isolation , repression , intellectualization and reaction formation . While the higher levels of anxiety could be understood as a reaction to a reality stress situation , the Blacky Test results and the interview material point to more specific dynamic factors , and support several psychoanalytic hypothesis about significance of pregnancy for the prospect i ve father . The inner conflict aroused contributes 
    Output:
    
The data review ed suggest the course of anxiety across the perinatal period is fairly stable with potential decreases postpartum .
Anxiety is highly comorbid with depression , and thus measures of mixed anxiety/depression might better capture the overall burden of mental illness .
Anxiety disorders are common for men during the perinatal period .