***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Moderate vitamin B-12 deficiency is relatively common in older people . However , there is little robust evidence on the effect of vitamin B-12 supplementation on neurologic and cognitive outcomes in later life . Objective : We investigated whether vitamin B-12 supplementation benefits neurologic and cognitive function in moderately vitamin B-12–deficient older people . Design : We conducted a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial in 7 general practice s in South East Engl and , United Kingdom . Study participants were aged ≥75 y and had moderate vitamin B-12 deficiency ( serum vitamin B-12 concentrations : 107–210 pmol/L ) in the absence of anemia and received 1 mg crystalline vitamin B-12 or a matching placebo as a daily oral tablet for 12 mo . Peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction , central motor conduction , a clinical neurologic examination , and cognitive function were assessed before and after treatment . Results : A total of 201 participants were enrolled in the trial , and 191 subjects provided outcome data . Compared with baseline , allocation to vitamin B-12 was associated with a 177 % increase in serum concentration of vitamin B-12 ( 641 compared with 231 pmol/L ) , a 331 % increase in serum holotranscobalamin ( 240 compared with 56 pmol/L ) , and 17 % lower serum homocysteine ( 14.2 compared with 17.1 μmol/L ) . In intention-to-treat analysis of covariance models , with adjustment for baseline neurologic function , there was no evidence of an effect of supplementation on the primary outcome of the posterior tibial compound muscle action potential amplitude at 12 mo ( mean difference : −0.2 mV ; 95 % CI : –0.8 , 0.3 mV ) . There was also no evidence of an effect on any secondary peripheral nerve or central motor function outcome , or on cognitive function or clinical examination . Conclusion : Results of the trial do not support the hypothesis that the correction of moderate vitamin B-12 deficiency , in the absence of anemia and of neurologic and cognitive signs or symptoms , has beneficial effects on neurologic or cognitive function in later life . This trial was registered at www.is rct n.com as IS RCT N54195799 Background — Cardiovascular factors are associated with  cognitive decline .  Antioxidants may be beneficial . Methods and Results — The Women ’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study was a trial of vitamin E ( 402 mg every other day ) , beta carotene ( 50 mg every other day ) , and vitamin C ( 500 mg daily ) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease . From 1995 to 1996 , women ≥40 years of age with cardiovascular disease or ≥3 coronary risk factors were r and omized . From 1998 to 1999 , a cognitive function sub study was initiated among 2824 participants ≥65 years of age . With 5 cognitive tests , cognition was assessed by telephone 4 times over 5.4 years . The primary outcome was a global composite score averaging all scores ; repeated- measures analyses were used to examine cognitive change over time . Vitamin E supplementation and beta carotene supplementation were not associated with slower rates of cognitive change ( mean difference in change for vitamin E versus placebo , −0.01 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.05 to 0.04 ; P=0.78 ; for beta carotene , 0.03 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.02 to 0.07 ; P=0.28 ) . Although vitamin C supplementation was associated with better performance at the last assessment ( mean difference , 0.13 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.06 to 0.20 ; P=0.0005 ) , it was not associated with cognitive change over time ( mean difference in change , 0.02 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.03 to 0.07 ; P=0.39 ) . Vitamin C was more protective against cognitive change among those with new cardiovascular events during the trial ( P for interaction=0.009 ) . Conclusions — Antioxidant supplementation did not slow cognitive change  among women with preexisting cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors . A possible late effect of vitamin C or beta carotene among those with low dietary intake on cognition warrants further study BACKGROUND Rapid aging of the population worldwide necessitates a heightened concern about preventing cognitive decline . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of B vitamins and omega-3 ( n-3 ) fatty acid supplementation on cognition in a high-risk population . DESIGN This was an ancillary study of the SU.FOL.OM3 ( SUpplementation with FOLate , vitamins B-6 and B-12 and /or OMega-3 fatty acids ) secondary prevention trial conducted in France between 2003 and 2009 . The present sample included 1748 men and women aged 45 - 80 y with a history of myocardial infa rct ion , unstable angina , or ischemic stroke and who were recruited via a network of 417 physicians . With the use of block r and omization with stratification by sex , age , prior cardiovascular disease , and city of residence , participants were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to 1 of 4 groups : 1 ) 5-methyltetrahydrofolate ( folate , 0.56 mg ) and vitamins B-6 ( 3 mg ) and B-12 ( 0.02 mg ) , 2 ) eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ( 600 mg ) in a 2:1 ratio , 3 ) B vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids , or 4 ) placebo .  Cognitive function after 4 y of supplementation was assessed with the French version of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status . RESULTS No significant main effects of group assignment on cognitive function were found ; however , we found some evidence of disease history- and age-specific effects . In the subgroup with prior stroke , for example , participants assigned to receive B vitamins plus omega-3 fatty acids were significantly less likely to have a decreased score on the temporal orientation task than were those assigned to receive placebo ( odds ratio : 0.43 ; 95 % CI : 0.21 , 0.86 ) . CONCLUSIONS If present , dietary effects on cognition are likely group-specific . These results could be useful in interventions aim ed at preventing cognitive decline in high-risk individuals . This trial is registered at controlled-trials.com as IS RCT N41926726 BACKGROUND & AIMS Older diabetic people are at risk of cognitive decline . Vitamin B12 deficiency in older people is associated with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease . Vitamin B12 deficiency may therefore contribute to cognitive decline in older diabetic people . We therefore performed a r and omized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin B12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in older diabetic people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency . METHODS 271 diabetic non-demented out patients aged 70 years or older with plasma vitamin B12 150 - 300 pmol/L in outpatient clinics were r and omly assigned to take either methylcobalamin 1000 μg or two similar looking placebo tablets once daily for 27 months . All subjects were followed up at 9 monthly intervals . The primary outcome is cognitive decline as defined by an increase in clinical dementia rating scale ( CDR ) global score . The secondary outcomes included Neuropsychological Test Battery ( NTB ) z-scores , serum methymalonic acid ( MMA ) and homocysteine . RESULTS The subjects in the trial groups were well matched in clinical characteristics , except that active intervention group had more smokers . 46.5 % and 74.1 % had elevated serum methymalonic acid ( ≥0.21 μmol/L ) and homocysteine ( ≥13 μmol/L ) respectively . 44 % of the subjects had CDR score of 0.5 suggesting question able dementia . At month 9 and 27 , serum MMA and homocysteine was significantly reduced in the active treatment group , when compared with placebo group . ( P < 0.0001 , student t test ) At month 27 , there was no significant group difference in changes in CDR or NTB z-scores . Exclusion of smokers did not alter the results . Subgroup analysis of high MMSE and serum MMA showed similar results . CONCLUSION Vitamin B12 supplementation did not prevent cognitive decline in older diabetic patients with borderline vitamin B12 status . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov : NCT02457507 BACKGROUND Vitamin B-12 deficiency is associated with cognitive impairment in older people . However , evidence from r and omized trials of the effects of vitamin B-12 supplementation on cognitive function is limited and inconclusive . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether daily supplementation with high doses of oral vitamin B-12 alone or in combination with folic acid has any beneficial effects on cognitive function in persons aged > /=70 y with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 195 subjects were r and omly assigned to receive 1000 microg vitamin B-12 , 1000 microg vitamin B-12 + 400 microg folic acid , or placebo for 24 wk . Vitamin B-12 status was assessed on the basis of methylmalonic acid , total homocysteine ( tHcy ) , and holotranscobalamin ( holoTC ) concentrations before and after 12 and 24 wk of treatment . Cognitive function was assessed before and after 24 wk of treatment with the use of an extensive neuropsychologic test battery that included the domains of attention , construction , sensomotor speed , memory , and executive function . RESULTS Vitamin B-12 status did not change significantly after treatment in the placebo group ; however , oral vitamin B-12 supplementation corrected mild vitamin B-12 deficiency .  Vitamin B-12 + folic acid supplementation increased red blood cell folate concentrations and decreased tHcy concentrations by 36 % . Improvement in memory function was greater in the placebo group than in the group who received vitamin B-12 alone ( P = 0.0036 ) . Neither supplementation with vitamin B-12 alone nor that in combination with folic acid was accompanied by any improvement in other cognitive domains . CONCLUSION Oral supplementation with vitamin B-12 alone or in combination with folic acid for 24 wk does not improve cognitive function BACKGROUND Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for vascular disease and is associated with dementia in older people . Potential mechanisms include altered endothelial and hemostatic function . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine the effects of folic acid plus vitamin B-12 , riboflavin , and vitamin B-6 on homocysteine and cognitive function . DESIGN This was a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 , r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind study with 3 active treatments : folic acid ( 2.5 mg ) plus vitamin B-12 ( 500 microg ) , vitamin B-6 ( 25 mg ) , and riboflavin ( 25 mg ) . We studied 185 patients aged > or=65 y with ischemic vascular disease . Outcome measures included plasma homocysteine , fibrinogen , and von Willebr and factor at 3 mo and cognitive change ( determined with the use of the Letter Digit Coding Test and on the basis of the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status ) after 1 y. RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) baseline plasma homocysteine concentration was 16.5 + /- 6.4 micromol/L. This value was 5.0 ( 95 % CI : 3.8 , 6.2 ) micromol/L lower in patients given folic acid plus vitamin B-12 than in patients not given folic acid plus vitamin B-12 but did not change significantly with vitamin B-6 or riboflavin treatment . Homocysteine lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B-12 had no significant effect , relative to the 2 other treatments , on fibrinogen , von Willebr and factor , or cognitive performance as measured by the Letter Digit Coding Test ( mean change : -1 ; 95 % CI : -2.3 , 1.4 ) and the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status ( -0.7 ; 95 % CI : -1.7 , 0.4 ) . CONCLUSION Oral folic acid plus vitamin B-12 decreased homocysteine concentrations in elderly patients with vascular disease but was not associated with statistically significant beneficial effects on cognitive function over the short or medium term BACKGROUND Deficiencies of vitamin B-12 , folic acid , and vitamin B-6-as defined by laboratory measures -occur in 10 - 20 % of elderly subjects . The clinical significance remains unresolved . OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore any association between vitamin status and vitamin treatment and movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects . DESIGN Community-dwelling 
    Output:
    
Taking B vitamins and possibly antioxidant vitamins may be beneficial for the cognitive function of non-demented people