***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE : To examine demographic , behavioral and dietary correlates of frequency of fast food restaurant use in a community-based sample of 891 adult women . DESIGN : A survey was administered at baseline and 3 y later as part of a r and omized , prospect i ve intervention trial on weight gain prevention . SUBJECTS : Women ( n=891 ) aged 20–45 y who enrolled in the Pound of Prevention study . MEASUREMENTS : Frequency of fast food restaurant use ,  dietary intake  , demographic and behavioral measures were self-reported . Dietary intake was measured using the 60-item Block Food Frequency Question naire . Body weight and height were directly measured . RESULTS : Twenty-one percent of the sample reported eating ≥3 fast food meals per week . Frequency of fast food restaurant use was associated with higher total energy intake , higher percentage fat energy , more frequent consumption of hamburgers , French fries and soft drinks , and less frequent consumption of fiber and fruit . Frequency of fast food restaurant use was higher among younger women , those with lower income , non-White ethnicity , greater body weight , lower dietary restraint , fewer low-fat eating behaviors , and greater television viewing . Over 3 y , increases in frequency of fast food restaurant use were associated with increases in body weight , total energy intake , percentage fat intake , intake of hamburgers , French fries and soft drinks , and with decreases in physical activity , dietary restraint and low-fat eating behaviors . Intake of several other foods , including fruits and vegetables , did not differ by frequency of fast food restaurant use . CONCLUSION : Frequency of fast food restaurant use is associated with higher energy and fat intake and greater body weight , and could be an important risk factor for excess weight gain in the population Formative research uses qualitative and quantitative methods to provide information for research ers to plan intervention programs . Gaps in the formative research literature include how to define goals , implementation plans , and research questions ; select methods ; analyze data ; and develop interventions . The National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute funded the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls ( TAAG ) , a r and omized , multicenter field trial , to reduce the decline in physical activity in adolescent girls . The goals of the TAAG formative research are to ( a ) describe study communities and schools , ( b ) help design the trial ’s interventions , ( c ) develop effective recruitment and retention strategies , and ( d ) design evaluation instruments . To meet these goals , a variety of methods , including telephone interviews , surveys and checklists , semistructured interviews , and focus group discussion s , are employed . The purpose , method of development , and analyses are explained for each method BACKGROUND Many question whether mass media , in the absence of other programming , can produce significant and sustained behavior change . METHODS The 1 % Or Less campaign  in Wheeling , West Virginia ( population 35,000 ) , used paid advertising and public relations to encourage members of one community to switch from whole or 2 % milk ( high-fat milk ) to 1 % or fat-free milk ( low-fat milk ) . The study used a quasi-experimental research design with one intervention city and one comparison city . The effectiveness of the campaign was evaluated by collecting milk sales data from supermarkets and conducting pre- and post-intervention telephone surveys in intervention and comparison cities . RESULTS In the intervention city , low-fat milk sales increased from 29 % of overall milk sales before the campaign to 46 % of sales in the month following the campaign . The increase was maintained at the 6-month follow up . According to the telephone surveys , 34.1 % of high-fat-milk drinkers reported switching to low-fat milk in the intervention community compared with 3.6 % in the comparison community ( z = 13.1 , P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS A media-only approach was sufficient to encourage a significant proportion of the people in one community to alter the dietary habit targeted by the intervention Objectives : To assess the effect on fruit and vegetable consumption , self reported , and psychological health of a “ natural experiment”—the introduction of large scale food retailing in a deprived Scottish community . Design : Prospect i ve quasi-experimental design comparing baseline and follow up data in an “ intervention ” community with a matched “ comparison ” community in Glasgow , UK . Participants : 412 men and women aged 16 or over for whom follow up data on fruit and vegetable consumption and GHQ-12 were available . Main outcome measures : Fruit and vegetable consumption in portions per day , poor self reported health , and poor psychological health ( GHQ-12 ) . Main results : Adjusting for age , sex , educational attainment , and employment status there was no population impact on daily fruit and vegetable consumption , self reported , and psychological health . There was some evidence for a net reduction in the prevalence of poor psychological health for residents who directly engaged with the intervention . Conclusions : Government policy has advocated using large scale food retailing as a social intervention to improve diet and health in poor communities . In contrast with a previous uncontrolled study this study did not find evidence for a net intervention effect on fruit and vegetable consumption , although there was evidence for an improvement in psychological health for those who directly engaged with the intervention . Although definitive conclusions about the effect of large scale retailing on diet and health in deprived communities can not be drawn from non-r and omised controlled study design s , evaluations of the impacts of natural experiments may offer the best opportunity to generate evidence about the health impacts of retail interventions in poor communities The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of personal characteristics and theory of planned behavior ( TPB ) constructs on the intention to participate in a restaurant health promotion program . In total , 830 adults residing in Seoul were sample d by a multi-stage cluster and r and om sampling design . Data were collected from a structured self-administered question naire , which covered variables concerning demographics , health status and TPB constructs including attitude , subjective norm and perceived behavioral control . A path analysis combining personal characteristics and TPB constructs was used to investigate determinants of the customers ' intention . Positive and negative attitudes , subjective norms and perceived behavioral control directly affected the intention to participate . Demographics and health status both directly and indirectly affected the intention to participate . This study identifies personal characteristics and TPB constructs that are important to planning and implementing a restaurant health promotion program This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of an environmental intervention for improving diet by comparing the impact of health messages , lowered prices , and their combination on the purchase of healthy food items in a restaurant . Price decreases alone , rather than a combination of price decreases and health messages , were associated with a higher level of increased purchases of some healthy food items as compared with control items over a 4-month period . Price decreases may be a more powerful means than health messages of increasing consumption of healthy foods . Health messages may have paradoxical effects if foods labeled as healthy are assumed to taste bad BACKGROUND Nutrition labeling of menus has been promoted as a means for helping consumers make healthier food choices at restaurants . As part of national health reform , chain restaurants will be required to post nutrition information at point-of-purchase , but more evidence regarding the impact of these regulations , particularly in children , is needed . PURPOSE To determine whether nutrition labeling on restaurant menus results in a lower number of calories purchased by children and their parents . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study compared restaurant receipts of those aged 6 - 11 years and their parents before and after a menu-labeling regulation in Seattle/King County ( S/KC ) ( n=75 ) , with those from a comparison sample in nonregulated San Diego County ( SDC ) ( n=58 ) . Data were collected in 2008 and 2009 and analyzed in 2010 . RESULTS In S/KC , there was a significant increase from pre- to post-regulation ( 44 % vs 87 % ) in parents seeing nutrition information , with no change in SDC ( 40 % vs 34 % ) . Average calories purchased for children did not change in either county ( 823 vs 822 in S/KC , 984 vs 949 in SDC ) . There was an approximately 100-calorie decrease for the parents postregulation in both counties ( 823 vs 720 in S/KC , 895 vs 789 in SDC ) , but no difference between counties . CONCLUSIONS A restaurant menu-labeling regulation increased parents ' nutrition information awareness but did not decrease calories purchased for either children or parents 
    Output:
    
Levels of feasibility and sustainability were high ; sales results showed increased purchasing of healthful options .
Measures among consumers were limited but in many cases showed improved awareness and frequency of purchase of promoted foods .
Interventions in prepared-food sources show initial promising results at the store level .