***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Long-term dietary intake influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut , but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change . Here we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression . The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms ( Alistipes , Bilophila and Bacteroides ) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides ( Roseburia , Eubacterium rectale and Ruminococcus bromii ) . Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals , reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation . Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut , including bacteria , fungi and even viruses . Finally , increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat , bile acids and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease . In concert , these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet , potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles Background Probiotics are an upcoming group of nutraceuticals cl aim ing positive effects on athlete ’s gut health , redox biology and immunity but there is lack of evidence to support these statements . Methods We conducted a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo controlled trial to observe effects of probiotic supplementation on markers of intestinal barrier , oxidation and inflammation , at rest and after intense exercise . 23 trained men received multi-species probiotics ( 1010 CFU/day , Ecologic ® Performance or OMNi-BiOTiC ® POWER , n = 11 ) or placebo ( n = 12 ) for 14 weeks and performed an intense cycle ergometry over 90 minutes at baseline and after 14 weeks . Zonulin and α1-antitrypsin were measured from feces to estimate gut leakage at baseline and at the end of treatment . Venous blood was collected at baseline and after 14 weeks , before and immediately post exercise , to determine carbonyl proteins ( CP ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , total oxidation status of lipids ( TOS ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) . Statistical analysis used multifactorial analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Level of significance was set at p < 0.05 , a trend at p < 0.1 . Results Zonulin decreased with supplementation from values slightly above normal into normal ranges ( < 30 ng/ml ) and was significantly lower after 14 weeks with probiotics compared to placebo ( p = 0.019 ) . We observed no influence on α1-antitrypsin ( p > 0.1 ) . CP increased significantly from pre to post exercise in both groups at baseline and in the placebo group after 14 weeks of treatment ( p = 0.006 ) . After 14 weeks , CP concentrations were tendentially lower with probiotics ( p = 0.061 ) . TOS was slightly increased above normal in both groups , at baseline and after 14 weeks of treatment . There was no effect of supplementation or exercise on TOS . At baseline , both groups showed considerably higher TNF-α concentrations than normal . After 14 weeks TNF-α was tendentially lower in the supplemented group ( p = 0.054 ) . IL-6 increased significantly from pre to post exercise in both groups ( p = 0.001 ) , but supplementation had no effect . MDA was not influenced , neither by supplementation nor by exercise . Conclusions The probiotic treatment decreased Zonulin in feces , a marker indicating enhanced gut permeability . Moreover , probiotic supplementation beneficially affected TNF-α and exercise induced protein oxidation . These results demonstrate promising benefits for probiotic use in trained men . Clinical trial registryhttp://www . clinical trials.gov , identifier : We have previously shown that voluntary wheel running ( VWR ) attenuates , whereas forced treadmill running ( FTR ) exacerbates , intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in a mouse model of colitis . As the gut microbiome is implicated in colitis , we hypothesized that VWR and FTR would differentially affect the gut microbiome . Mice ( 9 - 10/treatment ) were r and omly assigned to VWR , FTR , or sedentary home cage control ( SED ) for 6 wk . VWR were given running wheel access , whereas FTR ran on a treadmill for 40 min/day at 8 - 12 m/min , 5 % grade . Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session , DNA was isolated from the fecal pellets and cecal contents , and the conserved bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform . Permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on weighted UniFrac distance matrix revealed different bacterial clusters between feces and cecal contents in all groups ( P < 0.01 ) . Interestingly , the community structures of the three treatment groups clustered separately from each other in both gut regions ( P < 0.05 ) . Contrary to our hypothesis , the α-diversity metric , Chao1 , indicated that VWR led to reduced bacterial richness compared with FTR or SED ( P < 0.05 ) . Taxonomic evaluation revealed that both VWR and FTR altered many individual bacterial taxa . Of particular interest , Turicibacter spp . , which has been strongly associated with immune function and bowel disease , was significantly lower in VWR vs. SED/FTR . These data indicate that VWR and FTR differentially alter the intestinal microbiome of mice . These effects were observed in both the feces and cecum despite vastly different community structures between each intestinal region OBJECTIVE According to the " antioxidants network " theory , the present study was conducted to evaluate the regulation of an antioxidant blend on intestinal redox status and major microbiota of early-weaned piglets . METHODS Piglets from 15 litters were r and omly allocated by litter to the control group ( suckling normally , fed the basal diet , n = 5 ) , the weaning group ( weaned at age 21 d , fed the basal diet , n = 5 ) , and the repair group ( weaned at age 21 d , fed the basal diet supplemented with an antioxidant blend , n = 5 ) . The redox status and major microbiota in jejunum and colon tracts of 24-d-old piglets were detected , respectively . RESULTS Early weaning result ed in significant decreases in jejunum and colon antioxidant capacities , Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts , and significant increases in levels of jejunum malondialdehyde , colon hydroxyl radicals , jejunum and colon H2O2 , and Escherichia coli counts in piglets . The observed imbalance of the intestinal redox status and microbiota was significantly restored by the antioxidant blend . Interestingly , intestinal selected antioxidative items presented a positive correlation with potential beneficial bacteria and a negative correlation with E. coli . Nevertheless , selected oxidative items and the bacteria presented an inverse relationship in piglets . CONCLUSION Supplementation of the antioxidant blend effectively restored intestinal redox status and microbiota balance in the porcine intestine in response to early weaning stress , enhancing intestinal health and function of piglets In a recent clinical study , we demonstrated in the general population that Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 ( PF ) taken in combination for 30 days decreased the global scores of hospital anxiety and depression scale ( HADs ) , and the global severity index of the Hopkins symptoms checklist ( HSCL-90 ) , due to the decrease of the sub-scores of somatization , depression and anger-hostility spheres . Therefore , oral intake of PF showed beneficial effects on anxiety and depression related behaviors in human volunteers . From there , it is interesting to focus on the role of this probiotic formulation in the subjects with the lowest urinary free cortisol levels at baseline . This addendum presents a secondary analyse of the effects of PF in a sub- population of 25 subjects with urinary free cortisol ( UFC ) levels less than 50 ng/ml at baseline , on psychological distress based on the percentage of change of the perceived stress scale ( PSs ) , the HADs and the HSCL-90 scores between baseline and follow-up . The data show that PF improves the same scores as in the general population ( the HADs global score , the global severity index of the HSCL-90 and three of its sub-scores , i.e. somatization , depression and anger-hostility ) , as well as the PSs score and three other sub-scores of the HSCL-90 , i.e. " obsessive compulsive " , " anxiety " , and " paranoid-ideation " . Moreover , in the HSCL-90 , the score of the Factor 1 , related to anxiety and depression , is significantly improved over time in PF-treated subjects compared with controls . Additional pre clinical data showed that PF formulation does not induce side effects such as addiction or learning and memory impairments , and therefore displays a good safety profile . Complementary hypothetical mechanisms of action are proposed to explain the functioning of the brain-gut axis , particularly the relationship between probiotics and stress-related psychopathologies , such as anxiety and depression The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of a diet containing 8.5 g carbohydrate ( CHO ) x kg(-1 ) x day(-1 ) ( high CHO ; HCHO ) compared with 5.4 g CHO x kg(-1 ) x day(-1 ) ( control ; Con ) during a period of intensified training ( IT ) would result in better maintenance of physical performance and mood state . In a r and omized cross-over design , seven trained runners [ maximal O(2 ) uptake ( Vo(2 max ) ) 64.7 + /- 2.6 ml x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ] performed two 11-day trials consuming either the  Con or the HCHO diet . The last week of both trials consisted of IT . Performance was measured with a preloaded 8-km all-out run on the treadmill and 16-km all-out runs outdoors . Substrate utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry and continuous [U-(13)C]glucose infusion during 30 min of running at 58 and 77 % Vo(2 max ) . Time to complete 8 km was negatively affected by the IT : time significantly increased by 61 + /- 23 and 155 + /- 38 s in the HCHO and Con trials , respectively . The 16-km times were significantly increased ( by 8.2 + /- 2.1 % ) during the Con trial only . The Daily Analysis of Life Dem and s of Athletes question naire showed significant deterioration in mood states in both trials , whereas deterioration in global mood scores , as assessed with the Profile of Mood States , was more pronounced in the Con trial . Scores for fatigue were significantly higher in the Con compared with the HCHO trial . CHO oxidation decreased significantly from 1.7 + /- 0.2 to 1.2 + /- 0.2 g/min over the course of the Con trial , which was completely accounted for by a decrease in muscle glycogen oxidation . These findings indicate that an increase in dietary CHO content from 5.4 to 8.5 g CHO x kg(-1)x day(-1 ) ( 41 vs. 65 % total energy intake , respectively ) allowed better maintenance of physical performance and mood state over the course of training , thereby reducing the symptoms of overreaching The extent to which plasma endotoxin concentrations increased was measured in 89 r and omly selected exhausted runners who required admission to the medical tent for treatment in the 1986 Comrades Marathon ( 89,4 km ) . Eighty-one per cent had concentrations above the upper limit of 0,1 ng/ml ( ' endotoxaemic ' ) , including 2 % above 1 ng/ml ( the reported lethal level in humans ) , and only 19 % had normal levels . There was a negative correlation between plasma endotoxin and plasma anti-endotoxin IgG concentration ( P less than 0,025 ) . Those runners completing the race in less than 8 hours had a significantly lower average endotoxin value than those taking longer than 8 hours ( P less than 0,025 ) . Also 80,6 % of runners ( 58/72 ) with high plasma endotoxin values reported nausea , vomiting and /or diarrhoea , compared with 17,7 % ( 3/17 ; P less than 0,001 ) with low endotoxin values . Elevated plasma endotoxin concentrations of 32 r and omly selected endotoxaemic runners had returned to normal 1 - 3 weeks later , and most of them ( 25/32 ) had increased anti-endotoxin IgG concentrations ( P less than 0,02 ) . Fifty-nine runners r and omly selected in a short run ( 21,1 km ) 3 weeks after the 89,4 km run completed the race without problems and none showed any increase in endotoxin levels . Further studies in this field are warranted , especially the measurement of endotoxin and anti-endotoxin values from commencement of training to full fitness 
    Output:
    
However , some preliminary experimental data obtained from studies using probiotics and prebiotics studies show some interesting results , indicating that the microbiota acts like an endocrine organ ( e.g. secreting serotonin , dopamine or other neurotransmitters ) and may control the HPA axis in athletes .
What is troubling is that dietary recommendations for elite athletes are primarily based on a low consumption of plant polysaccharides , which is associated with reduced microbiota diversity and functionality ( e.g. less synthesis of byproducts such as short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters ) .