***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Purpose Epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic consumption of fruit-based flavonoids is associated with cognitive benefits ; however , the acute effects of flavonoid-rich ( FR ) drinks on cognitive function in the immediate postpr and ial period require examination . The objective was to investigate whether consumption of FR orange juice is associated with acute cognitive benefits over 6 h in healthy middle-aged adults . Methods Males aged 30–65 consumed a 240-ml FR orange juice ( 272 mg ) and a calorie-matched placebo in a r and omized , double-blind , counterbalanced order on 2 days separated by a 2-week washout . Cognitive function and subjective mood were assessed at baseline ( prior to drink consumption ) and 2 and 6 h post consumption . The cognitive battery included eight individual cognitive tests . A st and ardized breakfast was consumed prior to the baseline measures , and a st and ardized lunch was consumed 3 h post-drink consumption . Results Change from baseline analysis revealed that performance on tests of executive function and psychomotor speed was significantly better following the FR drink compared to the placebo . The effects of objective cognitive function were supported by significant benefits for subjective alertness following the FR drink relative to the placebo . Conclusions These data demonstrate that consumption of FR orange juice can acutely enhance objective and subjective cognition over the course of 6 h in healthy middle-aged adults Background : High levels of xanthophyll carotenoids lutein ( L ) and zeaxanthin ( Z ) in the central nervous system have been previously correlated with improved cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults . In this study , we tested the effects of supplementing L and Z on older men and women with a range of baseline cognitive abilities . Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not supplementation with L+Z could improve cognitive function in community-dwelling , older adults . Design : Double-masked , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . A total of 62 older adults were r and omized into groups receiving either 12 mg L+Z or a visually identical placebo .  Data from 51 participants ( M = 73.7 years ) were available for analysis . Retinal L+Z levels ( macular pigment optical density , MPOD ) were measured psychophysically using heterochromatic flicker photometry as a biomarker of cortical L+Z levels . Cognitive function was measured using the CNS Vital Signs computerized test platform . Results : Participants receiving the active L+Z supplement had statistically significant increases in MPOD ( p < 0.03 ) and improvements in complex attention ( p < 0.02 ) and cognitive flexibility domains ( p < 0.04 ) , relative to participants taking the placebo . A trend was also seen for the executive function domain ( p = 0.073 ) . In male participants only , supplementation yielded improved composite memory ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusions : Supplementation with L+Z improved cognitive function in community-dwelling , older men and women BACKGROUND Prior investigations have reported a link between poor status of antioxidants , folate , and cobalamin result ing in elevated total plasma homocysteine ( tHcy ) and methylmalonic acid ( MMA ) concentrations with an increased risk for reduced cognitive performance . The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a 6-month multivitamin supplementation on the cognitive performance of female seniors and to assess cognitive functioning in relation to vitamin status , tHcy , and MMA values at baseline . METHODS The study was performed as a r and omized placebo-controlled double-blind trial . 220 healthy , free-living women ( aged 60 - 91 years ) were included .  Blood drawings and cognitive tests were performed at the Institute of Food Science of the University of Hanover , Germany . Vitamin and cognitive status have been evaluated prior to and 6 months after supplementation . Plasma ascorbic acid , serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol , beta-carotene , and coenzyme Q10 , serum and erythrocyte folate as well as serum cobalamin , serum MMA , and plasma tHcy concentrations were measured . Activity coefficient of erythrocyte alpha aspartic aminotransferase was used as functional index for vitamin B(6 ) status . The cognitive performance was assessed by the Symbol Search test , a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( WAIS-III ) and the pattern-recognition test . Intelligence as assessed by the ' Kurztest für Allgemeine Intelligenz ' ( KAI ) was a further variable . RESULTS No significant differences in pattern-recognition and intelligence score were observed between vitamin and placebo group prior to and after multivitamin supplementation . In the Symbol Search test , the vitamin group exhibited better test results than the placebo group at both measure points . One-way ANOVA showed a marginally significant linear trend between the baseline tHcy concentration and the pattern-recognition score ( P = 0.051 ) in the total sample . Multiple backward regression revealed only a significant influence of the school graduation on baseline cognitive function test results . A general linear model showed that the changes in cognitive function scores could not be explained by the type of treatment or blood parameters . CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that 6 months supplementation of physiological dosages of antioxidants and B vitamins have no effect on cognitive performance in presumedly healthy and well-nourished female seniors . An intervention period of only 6 months may be too short for improving cognitive performance in well-educated elderly women without dementia Background — Cardiovascular factors are associated with  cognitive decline .  Antioxidants may be beneficial . Methods and Results — The Women ’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study was a trial of vitamin E ( 402 mg every other day ) , beta carotene ( 50 mg every other day ) , and vitamin C ( 500 mg daily ) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease . From 1995 to 1996 , women ≥40 years of age with cardiovascular disease or ≥3 coronary risk factors were r and omized . From 1998 to 1999 , a cognitive function sub study was initiated among 2824 participants ≥65 years of age . With 5 cognitive tests , cognition was assessed by telephone 4 times over 5.4 years . The primary outcome was a global composite score averaging all scores ; repeated- measures analyses were used to examine cognitive change over time . Vitamin E supplementation and beta carotene supplementation were not associated with slower rates of cognitive change ( mean difference in change for vitamin E versus placebo , −0.01 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.05 to 0.04 ; P=0.78 ; for beta carotene , 0.03 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.02 to 0.07 ; P=0.28 ) . Although vitamin C supplementation was associated with better performance at the last assessment ( mean difference , 0.13 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.06 to 0.20 ; P=0.0005 ) , it was not associated with cognitive change over time ( mean difference in change , 0.02 ; 95 % confidence interval , −0.03 to 0.07 ; P=0.39 ) . Vitamin C was more protective against cognitive change among those with new cardiovascular events during the trial ( P for interaction=0.009 ) . Conclusions — Antioxidant supplementation did not slow cognitive change  among women with preexisting cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors . A possible late effect of vitamin C or beta carotene among those with low dietary intake on cognition warrants further study BACKGROUND There is a biologically plausible rationale whereby the dietary carotenoids lutein ( L ) , zeaxanthin ( Z ) , and meso-zeaxanthin ( MZ ) , which are collectively referred to as macular pigment ( MP ) in the central retina ( macula ) , support the maintenance of cognition via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of supplemental L , Z , and MZ on memory , executive function , and verbal fluency among healthy individuals with low MP levels . METHODS In this double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized clinical trial , subjects ( n = 91 ; mean±SD age = 45.42±12.40 ; % male = 51.6 ) consumed a daily formulation of 10 mg L , 10 mg MZ , and 2 mg Z ( n = 45 ) or placebo ( n = 46 ) for 12 months . Cognitive domains assessed included verbal and visual learning , immediate and delayed memory , executive function , and verbal fluency . MP and serum carotenoid concentrations of L , Z , and MZ were also measured . RESULTS Following 12-month supplementation , individuals in the active group exhibited statistically significant improvements in memory when compared to the placebo group ( paired associated learning [ PAL ] memory score [ rANOVA , p = 0.009 ] ; PAL errors [ rANOVA , p = 0.017 ] ) . Furthermore , the observed reduction in the number of errors made in the PAL task among those in the intervention group was positively and significantly related to observed increases in MP volume ( p = 0.005 ) and observed increases in serum concentrations of L ( p = 0.009 ) . CONCLUSION This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrates a memory-enhancing effect of daily supplementation with L , Z , and MZ in healthy subjects with low MP at baseline . The implication s of these findings for intellectual performance throughout life , and for risk of cognitive decline in later life , warrant further study In this study we tried to confirm the effect of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract on cognitive function in 96 subjects by a r and omised double-blind placebo-controlled study . Healthy middle-aged and elderly subjects who complained of age-related forgetfulness were recruited . Ninety-six subjects were selected from the initial screen , and ingested a capsule containing astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract , or a placebo capsule for 12 weeks . Somatometry , haematology , urine screens , and CogHealth and Groton Maze Learning Test were performed before and after every 4 weeks of administration . Changes in cognitive performance and the safety of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract administration were evaluated . CogHealth battery scores improved in the high-dosage group ( 12 mg astaxanthin/day ) after 12 weeks . Groton Maze Learning Test scores improved earlier in the low-dosage ( 6 mg astaxanthin/day ) and high-dosage groups than in the placebo group . The sample size , however , was small to show a significant difference in cognitive function between the astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract and placebo groups . No adverse effect on the subjects was observed throughout this study . In conclusion , the results suggested that astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract improves cognitive function in the healthy aged individuals Lutein and zeaxanthin are major carotenoids in the eye but are also found in post-receptoral visual pathways . It has been hypothesized that these pigments influence the processing of visual signals within and post-retina , and that increasing lutein and zeaxanthin levels within the visual system will lead to increased visual processing speeds . To test this , we measured macular pigment density ( as a biomarker of lutein and zeaxanthin levels in brain ) , critical flicker fusion ( CFF ) thresholds , and visual motor reaction time in young healthy subjects ( n = 92 ) . Changes in these outcome variables were also assessed after four months of supplementation with either placebo ( n = 10 ) , zeaxanthin only ( 20 mg/day ; n = 29 ) or a mixed formulation containing 26 mg/day zeaxanthin , 8 mg/day lutein , and 190 mg/day mixed omega-3 fatty acids ( n = 25 ) . Significant correlations were found between retinal lutein and zeaxanthin ( macular pigment ) and CFF thresholds ( p<0.01 ) and visual motor performance ( overall p<0.01 ) . Supplementation with zeaxanthin and the mixed formulation ( considered together ) produced significant ( p<0.01 ) increases in CFF thresholds ( ∼12 % ) and visual motor reaction time ( ∼10 % ) compared to placebo . In general , increasing macular pigment density through supplementation ( average increase of about 0.09 log units ) result ed in significant improvements in visual processing speed , even when testing young , healthy individuals who tend to be at peak efficiency Background : Past studies have suggested that higher lutein ( L ) and zeaxanthin ( Z ) levels in serum and in the central nervous system ( as quantified by measuring macular pigment optical density , MPOD ) are related to improved cognitive function in older adults . Very few studies have addressed the issue of xanthophylls and cognitive function in younger adults , and no controlled trials have been conducted to date to determine whether or not supplementation with L + Z can change cognitive function in this population . Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not supplementation with L + Z could improve cognitive function in young ( age 18–30 ) , healthy adults . Design : A r and omized , double-masked , placebo-controlled trial design was used . Fifty-one young , healthy subjects were recruited as part of a larger study on xanthophylls and cognitive function . Subjects were r and omized into active supplement ( n = 37 ) and placebo groups ( n = 14 ) . MPOD was measured psychophysically using customized 
    Output:
    
This SR showed that the 10 mg lutein per day for twelve months can lead to improvement of cognitive functions .
Due to the small number of studies , it is difficult to conclude whether astaxanthin would have a positive effect on cognitive functions