***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background One of the main strategies to control tuberculosis ( TB ) is to find and treat people with active disease . Unfortunately , the case detection rates remain low in many countries . Thus , we need interventions to find and treat sufficient number of patients to control TB . We investigated whether involving health extension workers ( HEWs : trained community health workers ) in TB control improved smear-positive case detection and treatment success rates in southern Ethiopia . Methodology /Principal Finding We carried out a community-r and omized trial in southern Ethiopia from September 2006 to April 2008 . Fifty-one kebeles ( with a total population of 296 , 811 ) were r and omly allocated to intervention and control groups . We trained HEWs in the intervention kebeles on how to identify suspects , collect sputum , and provide directly observed treatment . The HEWs in the intervention kebeles advised people with productive cough of 2 weeks or more duration to attend the health posts . Two hundred and thirty smear-positive patients were identified from the intervention and 88 patients from the control kebeles . The mean case detection rate was higher in the intervention than in the control kebeles ( 122.2 % vs 69.4 % , p<0.001 ) . In addition , more females patients were identified in the intervention kebeles ( 149.0 vs 91.6 , p<0.001 ) . The mean treatment success rate was higher in the intervention than in the control kebeles ( 89.3 % vs 83.1 % , p = 0.012 ) and more for females patients ( 89.8 % vs 81.3 % , p = 0.05 ) . Conclusions / Significance The involvement of HEWs in sputum collection and treatment improved smear-positive case detection and treatment success rate , possibly because of an improved service access . This could be applied in setting s with low health service coverage and a shortage of health workers . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Objective . To assess a text messaging intervention to promote tuberculosis ( TB ) treatment adherence . Methods . A mixed- methods pilot study was conducted within a public pulmonary-specialized hospital in Argentina . Patients newly diagnosed with TB who were 18 or older , and had mobile phone access were recruited and r and omized to usual care plus either medication calendar ( n = 19 ) or text messaging intervention ( n = 18 ) for the first two months of treatment . Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability ; secondary outcomes explored initial efficacy . Results . Feasibility was evidence d by high access to mobile phones , familiarity with texting , most phones limited to basic features , a low rate of participant refusal , and many describing suboptimal TB underst and ing . Acceptability was evidence d by participants indicating feeling cared for , supported , responsible for their treatment , and many self-reporting adherence without a reminder . Participants in the texting group self-reported adherence on average 77 % of the days whereas only 53 % in calendar group returned diaries . Exploring initial efficacy , microscopy testing was low and treatment outcomes were similar in both groups . Conclusion . The texting intervention was well accepted and feasible with greater reporting of adherence using text messaging than the diary . Further evaluation of the texting intervention is warranted Importance The rapid uptake of mobile phones in low and middle-income countries over the past decade has provided public health programs unprecedented access to patients . While programs have used text messages to improve medication adherence , there have been no high-powered trials evaluating their impact on tuberculosis treatment outcomes . Objective To measure the impact of Zindagi SMS , a two-way SMS reminder system , on treatment success of people with drug-sensitive tuberculosis . Design We conducted a two-arm , parallel design , effectiveness r and omized controlled trial in Karachi , Pakistan . Individual participants were r and omized to either Zindagi SMS or the control group . Zindagi SMS sent daily SMS reminders to participants and asked them to respond through SMS or missed ( unbilled ) calls after taking their medication . Non-respondents were sent up to three reminders a day . Setting Public and private sector tuberculosis clinics in Karachi , Pakistan . Participants Newly-diagnosed patients with smear or bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were on treatment for less than two weeks ; 15 years of age or older ; reported having access to a mobile phone ; and intended to live in Karachi throughout treatment were eligible to participate . We enrolled 2,207 participants , with 1,110 r and omized to Zindagi SMS and 1,097 to the control group .  Main Outcome The primary outcome was clinical ly recorded treatment success based upon intention-to-treat . Results We found no significant difference between the Zindagi SMS or control groups for treatment success ( 719 or 83 % vs. 903 or 83 % , respectively , p = 0·782 ) . There was no significant program effect on self-reported medication adherence reported during unannounced visits during treatment . Conclusion In this large-scale r and omized controlled effectiveness trial of SMS medication reminders for tuberculosis treatment , we found no significant impact . Trial Registration The trial was registered with Clinical Trials.gov , NCT01690754 Background To explore the significance of short message service ( SMS ) on the management of pulmonary tuberculosis ( TB ) patients in reinforcing the treatment adherence and health awareness , and provide scientific evidence s for popularizing this model and formulating related polices and measures . Material / Methods Six counties ( districts ) were selected by stratified cluster sampling method , and r and omly divided into control group and intervention group . Pulmonary TB patients eligible to the study criteria were included in the study .  SMS management and regular education of core knowledge about pulmonary TB were carried out in SMS group patients . The conventional directly observed therapy ( DOT ) was carried out in control group . Data was collected by question naire method . Results A total of 350 patients were included in the study , including 160 cases in the SMS group and 190 cases in the control group . There were 270 males ( 77.1 % ) and 80 females ( 22.9 % ) .  The treatment completion rate in SMS group ( 96.25 % ) was significantly higher than that in the control group ( 86.84 % ) ( χ2=9.52 , P=0.002 ) . Both the interrupted treatment rate and the missed dose rate in the SMS group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( χ2=10.41 , P=0.001 ; χ2=28.54 , P<0.001 ) . After a period of treatment , the reexamination rate of SMS group patients was significantly higher than that in control group ( except the reexamination rate after 5 months treatment ) . Conclusions The management of pulmonary TB patients by SMS can effectively reinforce the completed treatment rate of pulmonary TB patients and reduce their missed dose rate and interrupted treatment rate , and further enhance their reexamination awareness . Therefore , SMS on the management of patients may be a new promising therapeutic strategy for pulmonary TB Background Lay health workers ( LHWs ) play a pivotal role in addressing the high TB burden in Malawi . LHWs report lack of training to be a key barrier to their role as TB care providers . Given the cost of traditional off-site training , an alternative approach is needed . Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a KT intervention tailored to LHWs needs . Methods The study design is a pragmatic cluster r and omized trial . The study was embedded within a larger trial , PALMPLUS , and compared three arms which included 28 health centers in Zomba district , Malawi . The control arm included 14 health centers r and omized as controls in the larger trial and maintained as control sites . Seven of 14 PALMPLUS intervention sites were r and omized to the LHW intervention ( PALM/LHW intervention arm ) , and the remaining 7 PALMPLUS sites maintained as a PALM only arm . PALMPLUS intervention sites received an educational outreach program targeting mid-level health workers . LHW intervention sites received both the PALMPLUS intervention and the LHW intervention employing on-site peer-led educational outreach and a point-of-care tool tailored to LHWs identified needs . Control sites received no intervention . The main outcome measure is the proportion of treatment successes . Results Among the 28 sites , there were 178 incident TB cases with 46/80 ( 0.58 ) successes in the control group , 44/68 ( 0.65 ) successes in the PALMPLUS group , and 21/30 ( 0.70 ) successes in the PALM/LHW intervention group . There was no significant effect of the intervention on treatment success in the univariate analysis adjusted for cluster r and omization ( p = 0.578 ) or multivariate analysis controlling for covariates with significant model effects ( p = 0.760 ) . The overall test of the intervention-arm by TB-type interaction approached but did not achieve significance ( p = 0.056 ) , with the interaction significant only in the control arm [ RR of treatment success for pulmonary TB relative to non-pulmonary TB , 1.18 , 95 % CI 1.05–1.31 ] . Conclusions We found no significant treatment effect of our intervention . Given the identified trend for effectiveness and urgent need for low-cost approaches to LHW training , further evaluation of tailored KT strategies as a means of LHW training in Malawi and other LMICs is warranted . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01356095 Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in a developing country like India , it is made worse by poor adherence to and frequent interruption of treatment . Treatment of tuberculosis requires strict discipline in order to eradicate mycobacteria and to cure the disease . In the present study we have conducted a r and omized control trial , to compare the effectiveness of  Directly Observed Therapy Short Course ( DOTS ) versus Self Administered Therapy ( SAT ) in a tertiary care hospital OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of nutritional supplementation on the outcome and nutritional status of south Indian patients with tuberculosis ( TB ) with and without human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) coinfection on anti-tuberculous therapy . METHOD R and omized controlled trial on the effect of a locally prepared cereal-lentil mixture providing 930 kcal and a multivitamin micronutrient supplement during anti-tuberculous therapy in 81 newly diagnosed TB alone and 22 TB-HIV-coinfected patients , among whom 51 received and 52 did not receive the supplement . The primary outcome evaluated at completion of TB therapy was outcome of TB treatment , as classified by the national programme . Secondary outcomes were body composition , compliance and condition on follow-up 1 year after cessation of TB therapy and supplementation . RESULTS There was no significant difference in TB outcomes at the end of treatment , but HIV-TB coinfected individuals had four times greater odds of poor outcome than those with TB alone . Among patients with TB , 1/35 ( 2.9 % ) supplemented and 5/42(12 % ) of those not supplemented had poor outcomes , while among TB-HIV-coinfected individuals , 4/13 ( 31 % ) supplemented and 3/7 ( 42.8 % ) non-supplemented patients had poor outcomes at the end of treatment , and the differences were more marked after 1 year of follow-up . Although there was some trend of benefit for both TB alone and TB-HIV coinfection , the results were not statistically significant at the end of TB treatment , possibly because of limited sample size . CONCLUSION Nutritional supplements in patients are a potentially feasible , low-cost intervention , which could impact patients with TB and TB-HIV . The public health importance of these diseases in re source -limited setting s suggests the need for large , multi-centre r and omized control trials on nutritional supplementation Background The adherence to long tuberculosis ( TB ) treatment is a key factor in TB control programs . Always some patients ab and on the treatment or die . The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with defaulting from or dying during antituberculosis treatment . Methods Prospect i ve study of a large cohort of TB cases diagnosed during 2006 - 2007 by 61 members of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery ( SEPAR ) . Predictive factors of completion outcome ( cured plus completed treatment vs. defaulters plus lost to follow-up ) and fatality ( died vs. the rest of patients ) were based on logistic regression , calculating odds ratios ( OR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) . Results Of the 1490 patients included , 29.7 % were foreign-born . The treatment outcomes were : cured 792 ( 53.2 % ) , completed treatment 540 ( 36.2 % ) , failure 2 ( 0.1 % ) , transfer-out 33 ( 2.2 % ) , default 27 ( 1.8 % ) , death 27 ( 1.8 % ) , lost to follow-up 65 ( 4.4 % ) , other 4 ( 0.3 % ) . Completion outcome reached 93.5 % and poor adherence was associated with : being an immigrant ( OR = 2.03 ; CI:1.06 - 3.88 ) , living alone ( OR = 2.35 ; CI:1.05 - 5.26 ) , residents of confined institutions ( OR = 4.79 ; CI:1.74 - 13.14 ) , previous treatment ( OR = 2.93 ; CI:1.44 - 5. 
    Output:
    
Medication monitors  improved adherence and treatment success and VOT was comparable with DOT .
TB treatment outcomes improved when patient education , healthcare provider education , incentives and enablers , psychological interventions , reminders and tracers , or mobile digital technologies were employed .
TB treatment outcomes are improved with the use of adherence interventions , such as patient education and counseling , incentives and enablers , psychological interventions , reminders and tracers , and digital health technologies .
Trained healthcare providers as well as community delivery provides patient-centered DOT options that both enhance adherence and improve treatment outcomes as compared to unsupervised , SAT alone