***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND More than 80 % of donor lungs are potentially injured and therefore not considered suitable for transplantation . With the use of normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion ( EVLP ) , the retrieved donor lung can be perfused in an ex vivo circuit , providing an opportunity to reassess its function before transplantation . In this study , we examined the feasibility of transplanting high-risk donor lungs that have undergone EVLP .  METHODS In this prospect i ve , nonr and omized clinical trial , we subjected lungs considered to be high risk for transplantation to 4 hours of EVLP .  High-risk donor lungs were defined by specific criteria , including pulmonary edema and a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen ( PO(2):FIO(2 ) ) less than 300 mm Hg . Lungs with acceptable function were subsequently transplanted . Lungs that were transplanted without EVLP during the same period were used as controls . The primary end point was primary graft dysfunction 72 hours after transplantation . Secondary end points were 30-day mortality , bronchial complications , duration of mechanical ventilation , and length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital . RESULTS During the study period , 136 lungs were transplanted . Lungs from 23 donors met the inclusion criteria for EVLP ; in 20 of these lungs , physiological function remained stable during EVLP and the median PO(2):FIO(2 ) ratio increased from 335 mm Hg in the donor lung to 414 and 443 mm Hg at 1 hour and 4 hours of perfusion , respectively ( P<0.001 ) . These 20 lungs were transplanted ; the other 116 lungs constituted the control group . The incidence of primary graft dysfunction 72 hours after transplantation was 15 % in the EVLP group and 30 % in the control group ( P=0.11 ) . No significant differences were observed for any secondary end points , and no severe adverse events were directly attributable to EVLP . CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of high-risk donor lungs that were physiologically stable during 4 hours of ex vivo perfusion led to results similar to those obtained with conventionally selected lungs . ( Funded by Vitrolife ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT01190059 . ) Objective : Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( PBS/IC ) and recurrent urinary tract infections ( UTI ) are clinical ly challenging conditions to manage in patients . We evaluate the clinical use of intravesical sodium hyaluronate ( Cystistat ® ) in both these patient groups who have completed treatment . Patients and Methods : Thirteen patients with recurrent UTIs ( Group I ) and 8 patients with PBS/IC ( Group II ) received intravesical sodium hyaluronate ( Cystistat ® ) . Preinstallation demographic parameters were statically comparable in both groups . The mean age of presentation was 54.6 years in Group I and 57.5 years in Group II ( p = 0.9 ) . All 13 patients in Group I were on low dose antibiotics . The mean number of installations completed in both groups was 9 ( range 4–21 ) . Results : Data was collected prospect ively using a st and ard pre- and post-treatment question er with the pelvic pain and urinary/frequency patient symptom scale . At a mean follow-up of 21 months a significant improvement in bladder pain ( p = 0.05 ) , daytime frequency ( p = 0.03 ) and quality of life ( p = 0.02 ) was noted in patients in Group I. Two patients had breakthrough UTIs during treatment . Within Group I , 7 ( 53 % ) patients responded well to treatment . Patients in Group II had a significant improvement in bladder pain ( p = 0.02 ) , urgency ( p = 0.01 ) , nocturia ( p = 0.01 ) and quality of life ( p = 0.04 ) . Within Group II , 6 patients ( 75 % ) responded to treatment . Conclusion : Intravesical sodium hyaluronate ( Cystistat ® ) can be used with minimal side effects and good compliance in both groups of patients with PBS and recurrent UTIs . Longer follow-up and larger patient numbers in both groups will be required to confirm the long-term efficacy of these two clinical ly challenging groups of patients BACKGROUND The Organ Care System is the only clinical platform for ex-vivo perfusion of human donor hearts . The system preserves the donor heart in a warm beating state during transport from the donor hospital to the recipient hospital . We aim ed to assess the clinical outcomes of the Organ Care System compared with st and ard cold storage of human donor hearts for transplantation . METHODS We did this prospect i ve , open-label , multicentre , r and omised non-inferiority trial at ten heart-transplant centres in the USA and Europe . Eligible heart-transplant c and i date s ( aged > 18 years ) were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) to receive donor hearts preserved with either the Organ Care System or st and ard cold storage .  Participants , investigators , and medical staff were not masked to group assignment . The primary endpoint was 30 day patient and graft survival , with a 10 % non-inferiority margin . We did analyses in the intention-to-treat , as-treated , and per- protocol population s. This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00855712 . FINDINGS Between June 29 , 2010 , and Sept 16 , 2013 , we r and omly assigned 130 patients to the Organ Care System group ( n=67 ) or the st and ard cold storage group ( n=63 ) . 30 day patient and graft survival rates were 94 % ( n=63 ) in the Organ Care System group and 97 % ( n=61 ) in the st and ard cold storage group ( difference 2·8 % , one-sided 95 % upper confidence bound 8·8 ; p=0·45 ) . Eight ( 13 % ) patients in the Organ Care System group and nine ( 14 % ) patients in the st and ard cold storage group had cardiac-related serious adverse events . INTERPRETATION Heart transplantation using donor hearts adequately preserved with the Organ Care System or with st and ard cold storage yield similar short-term clinical outcomes . The metabolic assessment capability of the Organ Care System needs further study . FUNDING TransMedics The number of donor organs suitable for liver transplantation is restricted by cold preservation and ischemia – reperfusion injury . We present the first patients transplanted using a normothermic machine perfusion ( NMP ) device that transports and stores an organ in a fully functioning state at 37 ° C . In this Phase 1 trial , organs were retrieved using st and ard techniques , attached to the perfusion device at the donor hospital , and transported to the implanting center in a functioning state . NMP livers were matched 1:2 to cold‐stored livers . Twenty patients underwent liver transplantation after NMP . Median NMP time was 9.3 ( 3.5–18.5 ) h versus median cold ischaemia time of 8.9 ( 4.2–11.4 ) h. Thirty‐day graft survival was similar ( 100 % NMP vs. 97.5 % control , p = 1.00 ) . Median peak aspartate aminotransferase in the first 7 days was significantly lower in the NMP group ( 417 IU [ 84–4681 ] ) versus ( 902 IU [ 218–8786 ] , p = 0.03 ) . This first report of liver transplantation using NMP‐preserved livers demonstrates the safety and feasibility of using this technology from retrieval to transplantation , including transportation . NMP may be valuable in increasing the number of donor livers and improving the function of transplantable organs Ex vivo lung perfusion ( EVLP ) is a platform to treat infected donor lungs with antibiotic therapy before lung transplantation . Human donor lungs that were rejected for transplantation because of clinical concern regarding infection were r and omly assigned to two groups . In the antibiotic group ( n = 8) , lungs underwent EVLP for 12 h with high‐dose antibiotics ( ciprofloxacin 400 mg or azithromycin 500 mg , vancomycin 15 mg/kg , and meropenem 2 g ) . In the control group ( n = 7 ) , lungs underwent EVLP for 12 h without antibiotics . A quantitative decrease in bacterial counts in bronchoalveolar lavage ( BAL ) was found in all antibiotic‐treated cases but in only two control cases . Perfusate endotoxin levels at 12 h were significantly lower in the antibiotic group compared with the control group . EVLP with broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy significantly improved pulmonary oxygenation and compliance and reduced pulmonary vascular resistance . Perfusate endotoxin levels at 12 h were strongly correlated with levels of perfusates tumor necrosis factor α , IL‐1β and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β at 12 h. In conclusion , EVLP treatment of infected donor lungs with broad‐spectrum antibiotics significantly reduced BAL bacterial counts and endotoxin levels and improved donor lung function 
    Output:
    
Local delivery of nanodrugs to organs such as the lung , rectum , or bladder may enhance the local drug concentration with less clearance via MPS .
In transplant setting s , ex vivo organ perfusion provides a new route to repair injury of isolated organs in the absence of MPS .
Based on a similar concept , chemotherapy with in vivo lung perfusion techniques and other isolated organ perfusion provides opportunities for cancer therapy