***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: The aim of this r and omized-controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive intervention to reduce  children 's environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) exposure at their home compared with a minimal intervention . The target population of the study was the mothers of children aged 1 - 5 who lived in the Cengizhan district of Izmir in Turkey , who smoked and /or whose spouses smoked . It was found that at least one parent of a total of 182 children smoked and 80 of these mothers were taken into stratified sampling based on the number of the smoking parents . Mothers were visited at their homes . During the initial visit , they were educated and urine sample s were taken from their children . Following this initial visit , mothers were r and omized to the intensive intervention ( n = 38 ) or the minimal intervention group ( n = 40 ) . The levels of cotinine in the intensive intervention ( P = 0.000 ) and minimal intervention ( P = 0.000 ) groups in the final follow-up were significantly lower than the initial levels . The proportion of mothers reporting a complete smoking ban at home in the final follow-up was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group ( P = 0.000 ) . The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children 's exposure to ETS at their home INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess whether counseling both mothers and fathers  reduces their infants ' exposure to secondh and smoke ( SHS ) . METHODS Participants were 130 nonsmoking children aged less than 1 year , exposed to their fathers ' or mothers ' smoking , and recruited from a health center in southern Tehran . Eligible families were r and omly assigned to intervention or control group . Infant urine sample s were collected , and parents were interviewed at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up in each of the 2 groups . Mothers of the intervention group were provided 3 counseling sessions , one of which was face to face and 2 of which were by telephone . Fathers were provided 3 counseling sessions by telephone . Parents were also given an educational pamphlet and a sticker depicting a smoke-free home . The control group received usual care . Changes in infant urinary cotinine levels , parental cigarette consumption in the presence of the child , and home- and car-smoking bans were assessed . RESULTS The intervention was effective in reducing infant urinary cotinine levels ( 1-tailed p = .029 ) . There was a greater decrease in the total daily cigarette consumption in the presence of the child in the intervention group compared with the control group , and the differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant ( 1-tailed p = .03 ) . While the differences between home-smoking bans in the 2 groups were statistically significant ( 1-tailed p = .049 ) , the differences between car-smoking bans did not reach significance . CONCLUSION Counseling similar to that employed in other countries can reduce infant exposure to SHS , suggesting generalizability Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of a lay delivered intervention to reduce Latino children ’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) . The a priori hypothesis was that children living in households that were in the intervention group would have lower exposure over time than measurement only controls . Design : A two group , r and omised control trial was conducted . Setting : Areas of San Diego county with a large Latino population . Participants : 143 Latino parent – child pairs . Intervention : Trained bicultural and bilingual Latina lay community health advisors , or promotoras , conducted problem solving aim ed at lowering the target child ’s exposure to ETS in the household . Six home and telephone sessions were delivered by the promotoras over a four month period . Main outcome measures : Outcome measures were collected at baseline , immediately post-intervention , three months post-intervention , and 12 months post-intervention . Four outcomes were considered : ( 1 ) parent ’s paper- and -pencil reports of the child ’s past month exposure ; ( 2 ) hair sample s from the child analysed for past month nicotine ; ( 3 ) hair sample s from the child analysed for past month cotinine ; and ( 4 ) per cent confirmed reducers . Results : There were no significant condition-by-time interactions , the term indicative of a differential intervention effect . Significant or near significant time main effects were seen for children ’s hair cotinine , per cent confirmed reducers , and , in particular , parent reports of exposure . Conclusions : Applying a lay promotora model to deliver the behavioural problem solving intervention unfortunately was not effective . A likely explanation relates to the difficulty of delivering a relatively complex intervention by lay women untrained in behaviour change theory and research methods Objective : Approximately 40 % of women who smoke tobacco quit smoking during pregnancy , yet up to 85 % relapse after delivery . Those who resume smoking often do so by 2 to 8 weeks postpartum . Smoking mothers are more than twice as likely to quit breastfeeding by 10 weeks postpartum . The hospitalization of a newborn , while stressful , is an opportunity to emphasize the importance of a smoke-free environment for babies . Supporting maternal-infant bonding may reduce maternal stress and motivate mothers to remain smoke free and continue breastfeeding . The objective of this study was to reduce postpartum smoking relapse and prolong breastfeeding duration during the first 8 weeks postpartum in mothers who quit smoking just before or during pregnancy and have newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ( NICU ) . Study Design : This study was an Institutional Review Board-approved prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial . After informed consent , mothers of newborns admitted to the NICU were r and omized to a  control  or intervention group . Both groups received weekly encouragement to remain smoke free and routine breastfeeding support . Mothers in the intervention group were also given enhanced support for maternal-infant bonding including information about newborn behaviors , and were encouraged to frequently hold their babies skin-to-skin . Result : More mothers were smoke free ( 81 vs 46 % , P<0.001 ) and breastfeeding ( 86 vs 21 % , P<0.001 ) in the intervention than in the control group at 8 weeks postpartum . Conclusion : Interventions to support mother – infant bonding during a newborn 's hospitalization in the NICU are associated with reduced rates of smoking relapse and prolonged duration of breastfeeding during the first 8 weeks postpartum OBJECTIVE : To develop and test an intervention to reduce children ’s exposure to secondh and smoke ( SHS ) at homes in Yerevan , Armenia . METHODS : A single-blind , r and omized trial in 250 households with 2- to 6-year-old children tested an intensive intervention ( counseling sessions , distribution of tailored educational brochures , demonstration of home air pollution , and 2 follow-up counseling telephone calls ) against minimal intervention ( distribution of st and ard leaflets ) . At baseline and 4-month follow-up , research ers conducted biomonitoring ( children ’s hair ) and surveys . The study used paired t tests , McNemar ’s test , and linear and logistic regression analyses . RESULTS : After adjusting for baseline hair nicotine concentration , child ’s age and gender , the follow-up geometric mean ( GM ) of hair nicotine concentration in the intervention group was 17 % lower than in the control group ( P = .239 ) . The GM of hair nicotine in the intervention group significantly decreased from 0.30 ng/mg to 0.23 ng/mg ( P = .024 ) , unlike in the control group . The follow-up survey revealed an increased proportion of households with smoking restrictions and decreased exposure of children to SHS in both groups . The adjusted odds of children ’s less-than-daily exposure to SHS at follow-up was 1.87 times higher in the intervention group than in the control group ( P = .077 ) . The GM of mothers ’ knowledge scores at follow-up was 10 % higher in the intervention group than in the control group ( P = .006 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Intensive intervention is effective in decreasing children ’s exposure to SHS through educating mothers and promoting smoking restrictions at home . However , superiority over minimal intervention to decrease children ’s exposure was not statistically significant AIM To determine whether repeated infancy-onset lifestyle counselling alters parental smoking and children 's exposure to tobacco smoke . METHODS In 1990 , 1062 healthy infants were recruited to a r and omized , ongoing atherosclerosis prevention trial ( STRIP ) . Intervention families received at least twice a year individualized nutrition and lifestyle counselling . By 1999 , 652 8-y-old children continued participation . Exposure to tobacco smoke was evaluated using serum cotinine concentration . Parents ' smoking was also assessed using question naires and interviews . RESULTS Parents ' smoking decreased during the study similarly in the intervention and control groups . Of the 8-y-old children , 46 % had detectable serum cotinine concentration , suggesting exposure to tobacco smoke during the past few days . All children were non-smokers . Serum cotinine concentrations did not differ between the intervention and control children . Children 's cotinine values were highest in the families where either father or both parents were smokers . CONCLUSION Participation in the atherosclerosis prevention trial slightly decreased smoking among the intervention and control parents . However , counselling led to no differences in parental smoking between the two groups , or in exposure of the intervention and control children to tobacco smoke . This study suggests that more detailed and targeted intervention is required to achieve a significant effect on children 's tobacco smoke exposure INTRODUCTION We tested a combined intervention to reduce children 's secondh and smoke exposure ( SHSe )  and help parents quit smoking . METHODS After baseline , mothers who exposed their children younger than 4 years to 10 or more cigarettes/week were r and omized to the intervention ( n = 76 ) or usual care control condition ( n = 74 ) . Outcomes were assessed at 3 , 6 , 12 , and 18 months . Intervention families were offered 10 in-person at home and 4 telephone counseling sessions over 6 months , and additional pre- and postquit telephone sessions . Counseling procedures included behavioral contracting , self-monitoring , and problem solving . RESULTS Parents ' reports of their smoking and children 's exposure showed moderate and significant correlations with children 's urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine ( r = .40-.78 ) . Thirteen ( 17.1 % ) intervention group mothers and 4 ( 5.4 % ) controls reported that they quit smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements , without biochemical contradiction ( p = .024 ) . Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers ' smoking in the counseled group compared with controls . Reported indoor smoking and children 's urine cotinine decreased , yet group differences for changes were not significant . DISCUSSION Nicotine contamination of the home and result ing thirdh and exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration . Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects . Secondh and smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation OBJECTIVES : Using longitudinal data from the multigenerational Youth Development Study ( YDS ) , this article documents how parents ’ long-term smoking trajectories are associated with adolescent children ’s likelihood of smoking . Prospect i ve data from the parents ( from age 14–38 years ) enable unique comparisons of the parents ’ and children ’s smoking behavior , as well as that of siblings . METHODS : Smoking trajectories are constructed using latent class analysis for the original YDS cohort ( n = 1010 ) . Multigenerational longitudinal data from 214 parents and 314 offspring ages 11 years and older are then analyzed by using logistic regression with cluster-corrected SEs . RESULTS : Four latent smoking trajectories emerged among the original cohort : stable nonsmokers ( 54 % ) , early-onset light smokers who quit/reduce ( 16 % ) , late-onset persistent smokers ( 14 % ) , and early-onset persistent heavy smokers ( 16 % ) . Although 8 % of children of stable nonsmokers smoked in the last year , the other groups ’ children had much higher percentages , ranging from 23 % to 29 % . Multivariate logistic regression models confirm that these significant differences were robust to the inclusion of myriad child- and parent-level measures ( for which child age and grade point average [ GPA ] are significant predictors ) . Older sibling smoking , however , mediated the link between parental heavy smoking and child smoking . CONCLUSIONS : Even in an era of declining rates of teenage cigarette use in the United States , children of current and former smokers face an elevated risk of smoking . Prevention efforts to weaken intergenerational associations should consider parents ’ long-term cigarette use , as well as the smoking behavior of older siblings in the household Background This study aim ed to evaluate the impact of a primary prevention intervention program on risk behavior for allergic diseases among children up to 2 years of age . The setting was in ordinary pre- and postnatal primary health care in Trondheim , Norway . Methods The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim , Norway ( PACT ) study invited all pregnant women and parents to children up to 2 years of age in the community to participate in a non-r and omized , controlled , multiple life-style intervention study . Interventional topics was increased dietary intake of cod liver oil and oily fish for women during pregnancy and for infants during the 
    Output:
    
Results suggest that interventions for  reduction in ETS  may be more successful than for smoking cessation and relapse prevention in families of children aged less than 5 years .