***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The r and omized , multicenter , phase III protocol C-07 compared the efficacy of adjuvant bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin ( FULV ) versus FULV with oxaliplatin ( FLOX ) in stage II or III colon cancer . Definitive analysis revealed an increase in 4-year disease-free survival from 67.0 % to 73.2 % in favor of FLOX . This study compares neurotoxicity between the treatments . PATIENTS AND METHODS Neurotoxicity was recorded for all patients using st and ard adverse event reporting . Patients at select institutions completed a neurotoxicity question naire through 18 months of follow-up . RESULTS A total of 2,492 patients enrolled onto C-07 and 400 patients enrolled onto the patient-reported sub study .  Mean patient-reported neurotoxicity was higher with oxaliplatin throughout the 18 months of study ( P < .0001 ) . During therapy , patients receiving oxaliplatin experienced significantly more h and /foot toxicity ( eg , " quite a bit " of cold-induced h and /foot pain 26 % FLOX v 2.6 % FULV ) and overall weakness ( eg , moderate weakness in 27.4 % FLOX v 16.2 % FULV ) . At 18 months , h and neuropathy had diminished , but patients who received oxaliplatin experienced continued foot discomfort ( eg , moderate foot numbness and tingling for 22.1 % FLOX v 4.6 % FULV ) . Observer-reported neurotoxicity was low grade and primarily neurosensory rather than neuromotor . Sixty-eight percent in the FLOX group v 8 % in the FULV group had neurotoxicity at their first on-treatment assessment . Time to resolution was significantly longer for those receiving oxaliplatin , and continued beyond 2 years for more than 10 % in the oxaliplatin group . CONCLUSION Oxaliplatin causes significant neurotoxicity . It is experienced primarily in the h and s during therapy and in the feet during follow-up . In a minority of patients the neurotoxicity is long lasting The aims of our study were to assess the effect of follow-up on the quality of life of colorectal cancer patients and to assess the attitudes of patients towards follow-up as a function of patient characteristics . Patients who had been treated with curative intent were selected from four types of hospitals . Eighty-two patients were interviewed using a structured question naire , whereas 130 patients received the question naire by mail .  To assess the effect of follow-up on the quality of life , the interviewed patients were r and omly allocated to three groups and interviewed at different times in relation to the follow-up visit . Analysis did not show an effect of the follow-up visit on quality of life . Patients reported a positive attitude towards follow-up : it reassured them , they judged the communication with the physician to be positive , and they experienced only slight nervous anticipation and few other disadvantages . Patients reported a strong preference for follow-up , and a large majority would prefer follow-up even if it would not lead to earlier detection of a recurrence . Apart from living situation , no patient characteristics were clearly associated with the attitude towards follow-up . Implication s for clinical practice are discussed BACKGROUND Adjuvant postoperative treatment with 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) and leucovorin in curatively resected stage III colon cancer significantly reduces the risk of cancer recurrences and improves survival . The impact of 5-FU plus leucovorin on survival and tumor recurrence was analyzed in a long-term follow-up study in comparison with the effects of 5-FU plus levamisole in the prospect i ve multicenter trial adjCCA-01 . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with a curatively resected stage III ( International Union Against Cancer ) colon cancer were stratified according to tumor , node and grading category and r and omly assigned to receive one of the two adjuvant treatment schemes : 5-FU 400 mg/m2 body surface area intravenously in the first chemotherapy course , then 450 mg/m2 x 5 days , plus leucovorin 100 mg/m2 , 12 cycles ( arm A ) , or 5-FU plus levamisole ( Moertel scheme ; arm B ) . RESULTS Six hundred and eighty ( 96.9 % ) of 702 patients enrolled into this study were eligible . To date , 261 patients have died , 117 on arm A and 144 on arm B ( P = 0.007 ) . After a median follow-up time of 82 months , the 5-FU plus leucovorin combination significantly improved disease-free survival [ 79.8 months in arm A versus 69.3 months in arm B ( P = 0.012 ) ] and significantly increased median overall survival ( 88.9 months in arm A versus 78.6 months in arm B ; P = 0.003 ) . Adjuvant treatment with 5-FU plus levamisole as well as 5-FU plus leucovorin was generally well tolerated ; only a minority of patients experienced grade 3 and 4 toxicities . CONCLUSIONS After curative resection of a stage III colon cancer , adjuvant treatment with 5-FU plus leucovorin is generally well tolerated . This long-term follow-up study demonstrates that adjuvant treatment with 5-FU plus leucovorin given for 12 cycles is significantly more effective than 5-FU plus levamisole ( Moertel scheme ) in reducing tumor relapse and improving survival Background : Adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer has been established during the past decade . From 1990 until recently treatment with 5- fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) and levamisole ( LEV ) lasting 12 months was recommended as st and ard treatment . At the initiation of this study in 1993 improvement of adjuvant therapy was expected by the modulation of 5-FU with folinic acid ( FA ) . Therefore , we decided to perform a prospect i ve r and omized multicenter trial to compare st and ard 5-FU/LEV to 5-FU/FA for either 6 or 12 months . Patients and Methods : Patients with stage III colon cancer after curative en bloc resection were r and omized in 3 treatment groups : arm A ( 5-FU/LEV , weekly , 12 months ) , arm B ( 5-FU/FA , days 1–5 , every 4 weeks , 12 months ) and arm C ( like B , 6 months ) . Results : Between March 1993 and November 1997 , 180 patients were r and omized into the study , 155 were eligible for further evaluation . The interim analysis in November 2000 showed no significant difference for recurrence and disease-free survival in arm B and C , therefore the data from both 5-FU/FA treatment arms ( B+C ) were combined for comparison with 5-FU/LEV-treatment ( A ) . Most pronounced toxicity in all treatment arms was mild nausea , loss of appetite and leukopenia . A tendency for more diarrhea and stomatitis was observed in arm B+C. After a median follow-up of 36.2 months no significant difference was seen for diseasefree survival ( p = 0.9 ) and overall survival ( p = 1.0 ) . 3-year recurrence rates were 39.6 % in arm A and 39.1 % in arm B+C , 3-year survival rates amounted to 74.1 % in arm A and 74.9 % in arm B+C. Conclusion : Only a limited number of patients could be recruited in this study . The observed data support the results of other studies , which concluded that 6 months ( or 12 months ) treatment with 5-FU/FA is equivalent to 12 months treatment with 5-FU/LEV . Therefore the 6 months treatment with 5-FU/FA can be supported as st and ard for adjuvant therapy of stage III colon cancer BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests that high red meat intake is associated with increased  colorectal cancer risk . High fish intake may be associated with a decreased risk , but the existing evidence is less convincing . METHODS We prospect ively followed 478 040 men and women from 10 European countries who were free of cancer at enrollment between 1992 and 1998 . Information on diet and lifestyle was collected at baseline . After a mean follow-up of 4.8 years , 1329 incident colorectal cancers were documented . We examined the relationship between intakes of red and processed meat , poultry , and fish and colorectal cancer risk using a proportional hazards model adjusted for age , sex , energy ( nonfat and fat sources ) , height , weight , work-related physical activity , smoking status , dietary fiber and folate , and alcohol consumption , stratified by center . A calibration sub study based on 36 994 subjects was used to correct hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) for diet measurement errors . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS Colorectal cancer risk was positively associated with intake of red and processed meat ( highest [ > 160 g/day ] versus lowest [ < 20 g/day ] intake , HR = 1.35 , 95 % CI = 0.96 to 1.88 ; Ptrend = .03 ) and inversely associated with intake of fish ( > 80 g/day versus < 10 g/day , HR = 0.69 , 95 % CI = 0.54 to 0.88 ; Ptrend<.001 ) , but was not related to poultry intake . Correcting for measurement error strengthened the associations between colorectal cancer and red and processed meat intake ( per 100-g increase HR = 1.25 , 95 % CI = 1.09 to 1.41 , Ptrend = .001 and HR = 1.55 , 95 % CI = 1.19 to 2.02 , Ptrend = .001 before and after calibration , respectively ) and for fish ( per 100 g increase HR = 0.70 , 95 % CI = 0.57 to 0.87 , Ptrend<.001 and HR = 0.46 , 95 % CI = 0.27 to 0.77 , Ptrend = .003 ; before and after correction , respectively ) . In this study population , the absolute risk of development of colorectal cancer within 10 years for a study subject aged 50 years was 1.71 % for the highest category of red and processed meat intake and 1.28 % for the lowest category of intake and was 1.86 % for subjects in the lowest category of fish intake and 1.28 % for subjects in the highest category of fish intake . CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that colorectal cancer risk is positively associated with high consumption of red and processed meat and support an inverse association with fish intake PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of 6-month therapy with leucovorin (LV)+5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) versus 12-month therapy with levamisole (LVS)+5-FU , as adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected Aster-Coller stage B(2 ) or C(1)/C(2 ) rectal cancer ( RC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and fifty patients with surgically resected RC were enrolled . Seventy patients with stage B(2 ) and 80 with stage C were r and omly assigned to adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU+LXx6 months or 5-FU+LVSx12 months . Patient characteristics were equally balanced between the examined groups . Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of LV 20 mg/m(2 ) intravenously ( i.v . ) plus 5-FU 450 mg/m(2 ) i.v . bolus every week plus LVS tablets 50 mg t.i.dx3 days every 2 weeks for 1 year . RESULTS After a median follow up for survivors of 8.7 years ( range 1.8 - 10.5 ) , all of the patients were evaluable . There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to the recurrence rates ( p=0.821 ) . Moreover , there were no significant differences between the two tratment groups in disease-free survival ( DFS ) ( p=0.84 ) [ B(2)(p=0.805 ) and C ( p=0.978 ) ] and overall survival ( OS ) rates for patients of either stage B(2 ) or C ( p=0.78 ) . Toxicities were more frequent in the 5-FU+LVS versus 5-FU+LV group : myelosuppression ( grade 3 leucopenia , 12 versus 4 % , p<0.04 ) , diarrhea ( grade 0 , 60 versus 76 % , p<0.02 ) , and liver toxicity ( increase of transaminases > 3-fold , 12 patients versus 2 , p<0.03 . ) . No patient stopped chemotherapy because of toxicity , and there were no treatment-related deaths . CONCLUSION Adjuvant chemotherapy in RC with LV+5-FU for 6 months is equally effective and less toxic than LVS+5-FU for 12 months The purpose of this trial was to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) and leucovorin ( LV ) in stage II colon cancer . Patients with stage II colon cancer were r and omised to either adjuvant 
    Output:
    
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions : adjuvant systemic chemotherapy , preoperative radiotherapy , and routine intensive follow-up