***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AIMS Stem cell therapy ( SCT ) is now the up-coming therapeutic modality for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM ) . METHODS Our study was a prospect i ve , open-labeled , two-armed trial for 10 T1DM patients in each arm of allogenic and autologous adipose-derived insulin-secreting mesenchymal stromal cells (IS-AD-MSC)+bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cell ( BM-HSC ) infusion . Group 1 received autologous SCT : nine male patients and one female patient ; mean age , 20.2 years , disease duration 8.1 years ; group 2 received allogenic SCT : six male patients and four female patients , mean age , 19.7 years and disease duration , 7.9 years . Glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) was 10.99 % ; serum ( S. ) C-peptide , 0.22 ng/mL and insulin requirement , 63.9 IU/day in group 1 ; HbA1c was 11.93 % , S.C-peptide , 0.028 ng/mL and insulin requirement , 57.55 IU/day in group 2 . SCs were infused into the portal+thymic circulation and subcutaneous tissue under non-myelo-ablative conditioning . Patients were monitored for blood sugar , S.C-peptide , glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies and HbA1c at 3-month intervals . RESULTS Group 1 received mean SCs 103.14 mL with 2.65 ± 0.8 × 10(4 ) ISCs/kg body wt , CD34 + 0.81 % and CD45-/90+/73 + , 81.55 % . Group 2 received mean SCs 95.33 mL with 2.07 ± 0.67 × 10(4 ) ISCs/kg body wt , CD34 + 0.32 % and CD45-/90+/73 + 54.04 % . No untoward effect was observed with sustained improvement in HbA1c and S.C-peptide in both groups with a decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies and reduction in mean insulin requirement . CONCLUSIONS SCT is a safe and viable treatment option for T1DM . Autologous IS-AD-MSC+ BM-HSC co-infusion offers better long-term control of hyperglycemia as compared with allogenic SCT CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) results from a cell-mediated autoimmune attack against pancreatic beta cells . Previous animal and clinical studies suggest that moderate immunosuppression in newly diagnosed type 1 DM can prevent further loss of insulin production and can reduce insulin needs . OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and metabolic effects of high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( AHST ) in newly diagnosed type 1 DM . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A prospect i ve phase 1/2 study of 15 patients with type 1 DM ( aged 14 - 31 years ) diagnosed within the previous 6 weeks by clinical findings and hyperglycemia and confirmed with positive antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase . Enrollment was November 2003-July 2006 with observation until February 2007 at the Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil . Patients with previous diabetic ketoacidosis were excluded after the first patient with diabetic ketoacidosis failed to benefit from AHST . Hematopoietic stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide ( 2.0 g/m2 ) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( 10 microg/kg per day ) and then collected from peripheral blood by leukapheresis and cryopreserved . The cells were injected intravenously after conditioning with cyclophosphamide ( 200 mg/kg ) and rabbit antithymocyte globulin ( 4.5 mg/kg ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morbidity and mortality from transplantation and temporal changes in exogenous insulin requirements ( daily dose and duration of usage ) . Secondary end points : serum levels of hemoglobin A1c , C-peptide levels during the mixed-meal tolerance test , and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody titers measured before and at different times following AHST . RESULTS During a 7- to 36-month follow-up ( mean 18.8 ) , 14 patients became insulin-free ( 1 for 35 months , 4 for at least 21 months , 7 for at least 6 months ; and 2 with late response were insulin-free for 1 and 5 months , respectively ) . Among those , 1 patient resumed insulin use 1 year after AHST . At 6 months after AHST , mean total area under the C-peptide response curve was significantly greater than the pretreatment values , and at 12 and 24 months it did not change . Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels decreased after 6 months and stabilized at 12 and 24 months . Serum levels of hemoglobin A(1c ) were maintained at less than 7 % in 13 of 14 patients . The only acute severe adverse effect was culture-negative bilateral pneumonia in 1 patient and late endocrine dysfunction ( hypothyroidism or hypogonadism ) in 2 others . There was no mortality . CONCLUSIONS High-dose immunosuppression and AHST were performed with acceptable toxicity in a small number of patients with newly diagnosed type 1 DM . With AHST , beta cell function was increased in all but 1 patient and induced prolonged insulin independence in the majority of the patients OBJECTIVE To determine if autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( AHSCT ) was beneficial for type 1 diabetic adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA ) at diagnosis . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled 28 patients with type 1 diabetes , aged 14–30 years , in a prospect i ve AHSCT phase II clinical trial .  HSCs were harvested from the peripheral blood after pretreatment consisting of a combination of cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin . Changes in the exogenous insulin requirement were observed and serum levels of HbA1c , C-peptide , and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody were measured before and after the AHSCT . RESULTS After transplantation , complete remission ( CR ) , defined as insulin independence , was observed in 15 of 28 patients ( 53.6 % ) over a mean period of 19.3 months during a follow-up ranging from 4 to 42 months . The non-DKA patients achieved a greater CR rate than the DKA patients ( 70.6 % in non-DKA vs. 27.3 % in DKA , P = 0.051 ) . In the non-DKA group , the levels of fasting C-peptide , peak value during oral glucose tolerance test ( Cmax ) , and area under C-peptide release curve during oral glucose tolerance test were enhanced significantly 1 month after transplantation and remained high during the 24-month follow-up ( all P < 0.05 ) . In the DKA group , significant elevation of fasting C-peptide levels and Cmax levels was observed only at 18 and 6 months , respectively . There was no mortality . CONCLUSIONS We have performed AHSCT  in 28 patients with type 1 diabetes . The data show AHSCT to be an effective long-term treatment for insulin dependence that achieved a greater efficacy in patients without DKA at diagnosis There is a growing interest in cell-based therapies in T2DM as β-cell failure is progressive and inexorable with the advancing duration of disease . This prospect i ve , r and omized , single-blinded placebo-controlled study evaluates the efficacy and safety of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation ( ABMSCT ) in T2DM . Twenty-one patients with triple oral antidiabetic drug failure and requiring insulin ≥0.4 IU per kg per day with HbA1c < 7.5 % were r and omly assigned to an intervention ( n = 11 ) and control group ( n = 10 ) and followed for 12 months . Patients in the intervention group received ABMSCT through a targeted approach , and after 12 weeks , a second dose of stem cells was administered through the antecubital vein after mobilization with G-CSF , while the control group underwent a sham procedure .  The primary end point was a reduction in insulin requirement by ≥50 % from baseline while maintaining HbA1c < 7 % . Nine out of the 11 ( 82 % ) patients in the intervention group achieved the primary end point , whereas none of the patients in the control group did over the study period ( p = 0.002 ) . The insulin requirement decreased by 66.7 % in the intervention group from 42.0 ( 31.0 - 64.0 ) IU per day to 14.0 ( 0.0 - 30.0 ) IU per day ( p = 0.011 ) , while in controls it decreased by 32.1 % from 40.5 ( 31.8 - 44.3 ) IU per day to 27.5 ( 23.5 - 33.3 ) IU per day ( p = 0.008 ) at 12 months . The reduction in insulin requirement was significantly more in the intervention group compared to controls at both 6 ( p = 0.001 ) and 12 months ( p = 0.004 ) . There was a modest but nonsignificant increase in HbA1c ( % ) in cases from 6.9 % ( 6.4 - 7.2 % ) to 7.1 % ( 6.6 - 7.5 % ) as well as in controls from 6.9 % ( 6.2 - 7.0 % ) to 7.0 % ( 6.9 - 7.5 % ) . Ten out of 11 ( 91 % ) patients could maintain HbA1c < 7 % in the intervention group , whereas 6 out of 10 did ( 60 % ) in the control group ( p = 0.167 ) . The glucagon-stimulated C-peptide significantly increased in treated cases compared to controls ( p = 0.036 ) . The decrease in insulin requirement positively correlated with stimulated C-peptide ( r = 0.8 , p = 0.001 ) . In conclusion , ABMSCT results in a significant decrease in the insulin dose requirement along with an improvement in the stimulated C-peptide levels in T2DM . However , a greater number of patients with a longer duration of follow-up are required to substantiate these observations Introduction Stem cell therapy has recently been introduced to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . However , no data are available on the efficacy and safety of allogeneic Wharton ’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell ( WJ-MSC ) transplantation in patients with T2DM . Here we performed a non-placebo controlled prospect i ve phase I/II study to determine efficacy and safety of WJ-MSC transplantation in T2DM . Methods Twenty-two patients with T2DM were enrolled and received WJ-MSC transplantation through one intravenous injection and one intrapancreatic endovascular injection ( catheterization ) . They were followed up for 12 months after transplantation . The primary endpoints were changes in the levels of glycated hemoglobin and C-peptide and the secondary endpoints included insulin dosage , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , post-meal blood glucose ( PBG ) , inflammatory markers and T lymphocyte counts . Results WJ-MSC transplantation significantly decreased the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin , improved C-peptide levels and beta cell function , and reduced markers of systemic inflammation and T lymphocyte counts . No major WJ-MSC transplantation-related  adverse events occurred , but data suggest a temporary decrease in levels of C-peptide and beta cell function at one month after treatment , possibly related to intrapancreatic endovascular injection . Conclusions Our data demonstrate that treatment with WJ-MSCs can improve metabolic control and beta cell function in patients with T2DM . The therapeutic mechanism may involve improvements in systemic inflammation and /or immunological regulation . Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR-ONC-10000985 . Registered 23 September Drugs targeting β-cells have provided new options in the management of T2DM ; however , their role in β-cell regeneration remains elusive . The recent emergence of cell-based therapies such as autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ( ABM-MSCs ) and mononuclear cells ( ABM-MNCs ) seems to offer a pragmatic approach to augment β-cell function/mass . This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety of ABM-MSC and ABM-MNC transplantation in T2DM and explores alterations in glucose-insulin homeostasis by metabolic studies . Thirty patients of T 
    Output:
    
Subgroup analyses showed significant HbA1c and C-peptide improvements in patients with T1DM treated with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells ( BM-HSCs ) , while there was no significant change in the mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) group .
In T2DM , HbA1c and insulin requirements decreased significantly after MSC transplantation , and insulin requirements and C-peptide levels were significantly improved after bone marrow mononuclear cell ( BM-MNC ) treatment .
Stem cell therapy is a relatively safe and effective method for selected individuals with DM .
The data showed that BM-HSCs are superior to MSCs in the treatment of T1DM .
In T2DM , MSC and BM-MNC transplantation showed favorable therapeutic effects