***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE Although power toothbrushes provide valuable tools toward improving oral health , contrasting results are discerned in their efficiency . This 10-week study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of rotation/oscillation and sonic power toothbrushes in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis .  METHODS This two-treatment , parallel group , examiner-blind , r and omized study had the subjects brush twice daily at home with their assigned rotation/oscillation or sonic toothbrush following manufacturer 's instructions with center visits at baseline , and at 4 and 10 weeks following the baseline visit , for assessment of oral safety ( all visits ) , plaque ( baseline , Weeks 4 and 10 ) , and gingivitis ( baseline and Week 10 ) . Gingivitis and number of bleeding sites were measured using the Löe-Silness Gingivitis Index , and plaque was measured using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index . RESULTS At Week 10 , 171 subjects were evaluable for plaque assessment ( 85 in Sonic group , 86 in rotation/oscillation group ) and 165 subjects were evaluable for gingivitis and bleeding sites assessment ( 84 in sonic group , 81 in rotation/oscillation group ) . The rotation/oscillation group had statistically significantly lower gingivitis scores ( by 3.5 % ) and statistically significantly fewer bleeding sites than the sonic group ( by 16.1 % ) with P = 0.038 and 0.028 , respectively , at Week 10 . Compared to baseline , only the rotation/oscillation group showed a statistically significant improvement in gingivitis ( P = 0.003 ) and bleeding ( P < 0.001 ) at Week 10 . At both Weeks 4 and 10 , the rotation/oscillation group had directionally lower plaque scores than the sonic group ( by approximately 3 % ) , but treatment group differences were not statistically significant ( P > 0.1 ) at either time point . Both groups showed statistically significantly lower plaque scores at Weeks 4 and 10 relative to baseline OBJECTIVES Primary objective - To determine the effect of varying brushing forces and brushing times upon the plaque-removing efficacy of a  powered toothbrush .  Secondary objective - to determine the optimum combination of brushing force and time for plaque removal . MATERIAL AND METHODS This r and omised , single-blind , 16-cell , cross-over trial compared the efficacy of plaque removal of a powered toothbrush ( PTB ) used with four brushing forces ( 75 , 150 , 225 and 300 g ) and over four brushing times ( 30 , 60 , 120 and 180 s ) . Twelve volunteers ( 18 - 30 years ) were recruited and trained to use the Philips/Jordan Sensiflex 2000 PTB , which was modified so that specified forces and times could be recorded . Each subject was asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for 24 hs prior to each brushing event , to allow plaque accumulation . Plaque was recorded using a modified Quigley & Hein index ( PI ) at six points per tooth before and after each episode of brushing , and the differences in the means ( pre- to postbrushing ) were compared . Three-way anova was undertaken to compare differences between plaque-removing efficacy for the 16 combinations of force and time . Subjects , brushing time and brushing force were used as fixed effects within the analysis . RESULTS All 12 subjects participating completed the 16 combinations of force and time over which plaque removal was assessed . Statistically significant differences in PI reductions were found between different brushing times and forces over all tooth surfaces ( p<0.001 ) . The interaction of varying brushing force and brushing time was significant for full mouth ( FM ) and interproximal ( IP ) sites ( p<0.03 ) . No statistical significance was demonstrated for smooth surface ( SS ) sites , nor was it detected for the interaction of subjects with brushing force or subjects with brushing time ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that brushing time and brushing force have significant effects upon the level of plaque removal by a PTB , and at 120 s brushing time the improvement in plaque removal with forces in excess of 150 g was negligible The purpose of the present study was to test the plaque-removing efficacy of 4 different toothbrushes in relation to duration of toothbrushing . The brushes studied were a manual toothbrush ( M ) , a conventional electric toothbrush -- the Blend-a-Dent ( BL ) , the Interplak ( IP ) and the Braun Plak Control ( BPC ) . For this study , 20 subjects were selected . The study was divided into 5 experiments which differed only in respect to the brushing time . The available time in experiment 1 through 5 was 7.5 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 90 s per quadrant respectively . Prior to each experiment , all subjects were asked to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for at least 24 h. The efficacy of toothbrushing in each experiment was studied while one investigator ( MAL ) brushed the teeth of the subjects . In each subject , all 4 brushes were tested . Each brush was assigned to a quadrant in a r and om order . No toothpaste was used throughout this study . The amount of dental plaque was evaluated before and after brushing by means of the Silness & Löe plaque index at 6 sites around each tooth investigated . The results show an increase in efficacy for all brushes varying from 7.5 s per quadrant to 90 s per quadrant ( mean plaque reduction in terms of percentage 7.5 s-90 s : M = 40%-75 % , BL = 45%-82 % , BPC = 51%-94 % , IP = 64%-92 % ) . The IP removed significantly more plaque than the other 3 after 7.5 s of brushing . From 15 s through 90 s , the IP and BPC were equally effective . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND The purpose of this 30-day blinded , parallel- design study was to compare the effect of 2 powered toothbrushes , the Rowenta MH700 and the Braun Plak Control Ultra , on reducing plaque accumulation , gingivitis , and gingival bleeding in a cohort of 60 healthy adults . METHODS After baseline evaluation of plaque , gingivitis , and gingival bleeding , subjects were r and omly assigned to one of the experimental groups , provided written and verbal toothbrushing instructions , and had their teeth polished . At 2 weeks ( follow-up 1 ) and 4 weeks ( follow-up 2 ) all clinical parameters were again evaluated . RESULTS The Braun group demonstrated a nearly significant reduction in gingival index ( Gl ) and a significant reduction in GI at follow-up 2 . The Rowenta group demonstrated significant reductions in GI , plaque index ( PI ) , and bleeding index ( GBI ) at both follow-up 1 and 2 examinations . At follow-up 1 , the Braun group demonstrated a nearly significant reduction in GI , a significant reduction in PI , and a non-significant reduction in GBI . At follow-up 2 , the Braun group demonstrated a significant reduction in GBI , but not a significant reduction in PI . The reduction in GI for the Rowenta group was significantly greater ( P values of 0.0001 and 0.0001 , respectively ) than that demonstrated in the Braun group . However , the Rowenta group did not demonstrate a significantly greater reduction in PI ( P values of 0.7135 and 0.3184 for follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 , respectively ) or GBI than the Braun group at either examination ( P values of 0.0663 and 0.3397 for followup 1 and 2 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the findings of numerous other studies that powered toothbrushes have great potential to remove plaque and improve gingival health and that the improvement can be demonstrated in a relatively short period of time . J Periodontol 1999;70:840 - 847 PURPOSE To compare the safety and efficacy of two oscillating-rotating power toothbrushes , the rechargeable Braun Oral-B D8 and the battery-powered Colgate Actibrush . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This was a r and omized , examiner-blind , parallel-group study , carried out over 3 months of product use , involving a total of 113 healthy subjects with a plaque score of > or = 1.5 and a gingivitis score of > or = 1.1 . Subjects were given written and verbal instructions in the use of their respective power brushes and were told to brush twice per day . At baseline , hard and soft tissues were examined , and plaque scores and gingival scores were recorded after 12 - 18 hrs of no oral hygiene . Subjects returned after 3 months , at which time soft and hard tissues were re-examined and plaque and gingivitis scores were recorded . RESULTS No evidence was found of soft or hard tissue trauma and both brushes were considered to be safe when used according to the manufacturers ' instructions . After 3 months , whole mouth plaque scores had decreased by 7 % in the D8 group but had increased by 4.3 % in the Actibrush group . The decrease from baseline in the D8 group was statistically significant , but the increase in the Actibrush group was not . The difference between the two groups was statistically significant both for the whole mouth and all individual sites . Whole mouth gingivitis scores were also reduced significantly from baseline in both groups , by 22.5 % in the D8 group and by 17.5 % in the Actibrush group . For whole mouth scores and all individual sites ( interproximal , buccal and lingual ) , the D8 was significantly more effective than the Actibrush PURPOSE This study compared the small head Oralgiene 60 Second Time Machine powered toothbrush , used for 60 seconds , with the Braun Oral-B Mickey Mouse powered toothbrush and a manual toothbrush ( Oral-B Rugrats 20 ) , each used for 2 minutes , for efficacy in plaque removal and reduction of gingival inflammation in young children . METHODS Fifty-eight children , ages 4 to 5 years old , were r and omly assigned to one of the 3 toothbrush groups . At visit 1 , plaque and gingival indices were recorded for all subjects . Then , the children did not brush for 24 hours . At visit 2 , 24 hours later , plaque indices were recorded , the children brushed with their assigned toothbrush , and plaque indices were recorded again . Six weeks later , plaque and gingival indices were recorded again . The data was analyzed to detect plaque reduction after a one-time use ( visit 2 , prebrushing and postbrushing ) as well as plaque and gingival inflammation reduction after 6 weeks of use . RESULTS The Oralgiene toothbrush removed significantly more plaque during the one-time trial and reduced significantly more gingival inflammation during the 6-week trial . The Braun Oral B powered toothbrush removed significantly more plaque than the other toothbrushes during the 6-week trial . However , no clinical ly meaningful differences were found between any of the toothbrushes with regard to plaque removal or gingival scores . CONCLUSIONS There were no clinical ly meaningful differences found between any of the toothbrushes tested during either of the trials with regard to plaque removal or improvement in gingival health This prospect i ve study aim ed to evaluate the incidence , the underlying reasons , and the influence of predictors of risk for the occurrence of  tooth loss ( TL )  in a program of Periodontal Maintenance Therapy ( PMT ) . The sample was composed of 150 complier individuals diagnosed with chronic moderate-severe periodontitis who had finished active periodontal treatment and were incorporated in a program of PMT .  Social , demographic , behavioral and biological variables were collected at quarterly recalls , over a 12-month period . The effect of predictors of risk of and confounding for the dependent variable TL was tested by univariate and multivariate analysis , as well as the underlying reasons and the types of teeth lost . During the monitoring period , there was a considerable improvement in periodontal clinical parameters , with a stability of periodontal status in the majority of individuals . Twenty-eight subjects ( 18.66 % ) had TL , totaling 47 lost teeth ( 1.4 % ) . The underlying reasons for TL were : periodontal disease ( n = 34 , 72.3 % ) , caries ( n = 3 , 6.4 % ) , prosthetic reasons ( n = 9 , 19.2 % ) , and endodontic reasons ( n = 1 , 2.1 % ) . Additionally , subjects with 10 % of sites with probing depth between 4 and 6 mm were 5 times more likely to present TL ( OR = 5.13 , 95 % CI 2.04 - 12.09 ) . In this study , the incidence of TL was small and limited to few individuals . Additionally , gender and severity of periodontitis were significantly associated with TL during the monitoring period A single blind 30 day study compared the reduction of plaque and gingivitis for the Hapika Powerbrush to the Interplak ultra 10 tuft . A longitudinal parallel group design was utilized and screening evaluation was performed to determine patient eligibility prior to study enrollment , 66 subjects were entered into the study and assigned to 1 of 2 groups , each using one of the toothbrushes . At baseline , subjects received an oral soft tissue exam , a dental hard tissue exam , and were scored by the Lobene modification of the Löe and Silness gingival index ( GI ) . Plaque was then disclosed and scored both pre and post brushing using the modified Turesky plaque/debris examination and an  interproximal bleeding examination  was performed post-brushing . On days 1 
    Output:
    
Due to the dearth of trials assessing the same mode of action , no definitive conclusions can be stated regarding the superiority of one mode of powered toothbrush over any other .
Only minor and transient side effects were reported .