***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of breast cancer , the most common type of cancer among American women , elicits greater distress than any other diagnosis regardless of prognosis . Therefore , the present study examined the efficacy of a stress reduction intervention for women with breast cancer . METHODS As part of a larger , r and omized , controlled study of the effects on measures of stress of a mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) intervention for women with breast cancer , the current analyses examined the effects on sleep complaints . RESULTS Analyses of the data indicated that both MBSR and a free choice ( FC ) control condition produced significant improvement on daily diary sleep quality measures though neither showed significant improvement on sleep-efficiency . Participants in the MBSR who reported greater mindfulness practice improved significantly more on the sleep quality measure most strongly associated with distress . CONCLUSION MBSR appears to be a promising intervention to improve the quality of sleep in woman with breast cancer whose sleep complaints are due to stress Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effects of participation in a mindfulness meditation – based stress reduction program on mood disturbance and symptoms of stress in cancer out patients . Methods A r and omized , wait-list controlled design was used . A convenience sample of eligible cancer patients enrolled after giving informed consent and were r and omly assigned to either an immediate treatment condition or a wait-list control condition . Patients completed the Profile of Mood States and the Symptoms of Stress Inventory both before and after the intervention . The intervention consisted of a weekly meditation group lasting 1.5 hours for 7 weeks plus home meditation practice . Results Ninety patients ( mean age , 51 years ) completed the study . The group was heterogeneous in type and stage of cancer . Patients ’ mean preintervention scores on dependent measures were equivalent between groups . After the intervention , patients in the treatment group had significantly lower scores on Total Mood Disturbance and subscales of Depression , Anxiety , Anger , and Confusion and more Vigor than control subjects . The treatment group also had fewer overall Symptoms of Stress ; fewer Cardiopulmonary and Gastrointestinal symptoms ; less Emotional Irritability , Depression , and Cognitive Disorganization ; and fewer Habitual Patterns of stress . Overall reduction in Total Mood Disturbance was 65 % , with a 31 % reduction in Symptoms of Stress . Conclusions This program was effective in decreasing mood disturbance and stress symptoms in both male and female patients with a wide variety of cancer diagnoses , stages of illness , and ages OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a structured , 8-week , Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program on perceived stress , mood , endocrine function , immunity , and functional health outcomes in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . DESIGN This study used a quasiexperimental , nonr and omized design . METHODS Subjects were specifically recruited ( nonr and om ) for intervention ( MBSR ) or comparison group . Data were collected at pretest and post-test in the MBSR group and at matched times in the comparison group . t Tests where performed to determine within-group changes and between-group differences . RESULTS Natural killer cell activity and number increased significantly in the MBSR group compared to the comparison group . No significant changes or differences were found for psychological , endocrine , or functional health variables . CONCLUSIONS These results provide tentative evidence that MBSR may assist in improving immunity in individuals infected with HIV PURPOSE Epidemiological and laboratory evidence indicates that a Western diet is associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer . Specific components of the diet , such as high saturated fat , low fiber and high meat content , may have greatest clinical significance in the later stages of tumor promotion and progression . However , departure from the conventional diet is difficult to initiate and maintain . Therefore , we combined the well-known Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program with a low saturated fat , high-fiber , plant-based diet to determine the effect on the rate of change in prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) in patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We enrolled 10 men and their partners in a 4-month group-based diet and MBSR intervention .  A pre- study post- study design in which each subject served as his own control was used to compare the rate of increase in and doubling time of PSA before and after intervention . RESULTS The rate of PSA increase decreased in 8 of 10 men , while 3 had a decrease in absolute PSA . Results of the signed rank test indicated a significant decrease in the rate of increase in the intervention period ( p = 0.01 ) . Estimated median doubling time increased from 6.5 months ( 95 % confidence interval 3.7 to 10.1 ) before to 17.7 months ( 95 % confidence interval 7.8 to infinity ) after the intervention . CONCLUSIONS Our small study provides evidence that a plant-based diet delivered in the context of MBSR decreases the rate of PSA increase and may slow the rate of tumor progression in cases of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer . Larger-scale r and omized studies are warranted to explore further the preventive and therapeutic potential of diet and lifestyle modification in men with prostate cancer OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relationships between a mindfulness-based stress reduction meditation program for early stage breast and prostate cancer patients and quality of life , mood states , stress symptoms , and levels of cortisol , dehydroepi and rosterone-sulfate ( DHEAS ) and melatonin . METHODS Fifty-nine patients with breast cancer and 10 with prostate cancer enrolled in an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program that incorporated relaxation , meditation , gentle yoga , and daily home practice . Demographic and health behavior variables , quality of life , mood , stress , and the hormone measures of salivary cortisol ( assessed three times/day ) , plasma DHEAS , and salivary melatonin were assessed pre- and post-intervention . RESULTS Fifty-eight and 42 patients were assessed pre- and post-intervention , respectively . Significant improvements were seen in overall quality of life , symptoms of stress , and sleep quality , but these improvements were not significantly correlated with the degree of program attendance or minutes of home practice . No significant improvements were seen in mood disturbance . Improvements in quality of life were associated with decreases in afternoon cortisol levels , but not with morning or evening levels . Changes in stress symptoms or mood were not related to changes in hormone levels . Approximately 40 % of the sample demonstrated abnormal cortisol secretion patterns both pre- and post-intervention , but within that group patterns shifted from " inverted-V-shaped " patterns towards more " V-shaped " patterns of secretion . No overall changes in DHEAS or melatonin were found , but nonsignificant shifts in DHEAS patterns were consistent with healthier profiles for both men and women . CONCLUSIONS MBSR program enrollment was associated with enhanced quality of life and decreased stress symptoms in breast and prostate cancer patients , and result ed in possibly beneficial changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis functioning . These pilot data represent a preliminary investigation of the relationships between MBSR program participation and hormone levels , highlighting the need for better-controlled studies in this area Two hundred fifteen r and omly accessed cancer patients who were new admissions to three collaborating cancer centers were examined for the presence of formal psychiatric disorder . Each patient was assessed in a common protocol via a psychiatric interview and st and ardized psychological tests . The American Psychiatric Association 's DSM-III diagnostic system was used in making the diagnoses . Results indicated that 47 % of the patients received a DSM-III diagnosis , with 44 % being diagnosed as manifesting a clinical syndrome and 3 % with personality disorders . Approximately 68 % of the psychiatric diagnoses consisted of adjustment disorders , with 13 % representing major affective disorders ( depression ) . The remaining diagnoses were split among organic mental disorders ( 8 % ) , personality disorders ( 7 % ) , and anxiety disorders ( 4 % ) . Approximately 85 % of those patients with a positive psychiatric condition were experiencing a disorder with depression or anxiety as the central symptom . The large majority of conditions were judged to represent highly treatable disorders Abstract The goals of this work were to assess the effects of participation in a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction program on mood disturbance and symptoms of stress in cancer out patients immediately after and 6 months after program completion . A convenience sample of eligible cancer patients were enrolled after they had given informed consent . All patients completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Symptoms of Stress Inventory ( SOSI ) both before and after the intervention and 6 months later . The intervention consisted of a mindfulness meditation group lasting 1.5 h each week for 7 weeks , plus daily home meditation practice .  A total of 89 patients , average age 51 , provided pre-intervention data . Eighty patients provided post-intervention data , and 54 completed the 6-month follow-up The participants were heterogeneous with respect to type and stage of cancer . Patients ' scores decreased significantly from before to after the intervention on the POMS and SOSI total scores and most subscales , indicating less mood disturbance and fewer symptoms of stress , and these improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up . More advanced stages of cancer were associated with less initial mood disturbance , while more home practice and higher initial POMS scores predicted improvements on the POMS between the pre- and post-intervention scores . Female gender and more education were associated with higher initial SOSI scores , and improvements on the SOSI were predicted by more education and greater initial mood disturbance . This program was effective in decreasing mood disturbance and stress symptoms for up to 6 months in both male and female patients with a wide variety of cancer diagnoses , stages of illness , and educational background , and with disparate ages 
    Output:
    
Studies report positive results , including improvements in mood , sleep quality and reductions in stress .
A dose-response effect has been observed between practice of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and improved outcome .
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction has potential as a clinical ly valuable self-administered intervention for cancer patients .