***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The objective of this research was to evaluate the anticaries effectiveness of a low-dose ( 500 ppm F , low-NaF ) sodium fluoride dentifrice , a high-dose ( 2,800 ppm F , high-NaF ) sodium fluoride dentifrice and an experimental 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride ( 1,100 ppm F ) with sodium hexametaphosphate ( SnF2-HMP ) dentifrice , each relative to a st and ard 1,100 ppm F sodium fluoride positive control dentifrice . Subjects ( n = 955 , with ∼239 per group ) with a mean age of 10.6 ( ∼9–12 years ) were r and omly assigned to one of four dentifrice treatments . Two calibrated examiners independently measured visual-tactile caries as DMFS that was supplemented with a radiographic examination at baseline , 12 months and 24 months for each subject . Generally similar results were independently observed by both examiners at the conclusion of the 2-year study period . Considering all subjects that attended at least 60 % of the supervised brushing sessions , statistically significantly less caries was observed in the high-NaF group compared to the control group . Similarly , statistically significantly less caries was observed in the SnF2-HMP group as compared to the control group . Differences in caries increments between the low-NaF and control groups were not statistically significant . One of the examiners observed these same statistically significant differences after 1 year . In conclusion , the results of this clinical trial indicated that while no difference in caries increments was observed between the low-NaF and control groups , both the high-NaF and the SnF2-HMP groups experienced significantly fewer lesions than the control group OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of annual topical application of silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) solution , semi-annual topical application of SDF solution , and annual application of a flowable high fluoride-releasing glass ionomer in arresting active dentine caries in primary teeth . METHODS A total of 212 children , aged 3 - 4 years , were r and omly allocated to one of three groups for treatment of carious dentine cavities in their primary teeth :  Gp1-annual application of SDF , Gp2-semi-annual application of SDF , and Gp3-annual application of glass ionomer . Follow-up examinations were carried out every six months to assess whether the treated caries lesions had become arrested . RESULTS After 24 months , 181 ( 85 % ) children remained in the study . The caries arrest rates were 79 % , 91 % and 82 % for Gp1 , Gp2 and Gp3 , respectively ( p=0.007 ) . In the logistic regression model using GEE to adjust for clustering effect , higher caries arrest rates were found in lesions treated in Gp2 ( OR=2.98 , p=0.007 ) , those in anterior teeth ( OR=5.55 , p<0.001 ) , and those in buccal/lingual smooth surfaces ( OR=15.6 , p=0.004 ) . CONCLUSION Annual application of either SDF solution or high fluoride-releasing glass ionomer can arrest active dentine caries . Increasing the frequency of application to every 6 months can increase the caries arrest rate of SDF application . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Arrest of active dentine caries in primary teeth by topical application of SDF solution can be enhanced by increasing the frequency of application from annually to every 6 months , whereas annual paint-on of a flowable glass ionomer can also arrest active dentine caries and may provide a more aesthetic outcome Root caries is common in institutionalized elders , and effective prevention methods are needed . This clinical trial compared the effectiveness of four methods in preventing new root caries .  From 21 residential homes , 306 generally healthy elders having at least 5 teeth with exposed sound root surfaces were r and omly allocated into one of four groups : ( 1 ) individualized oral hygiene instruction ( OHI ) ; ( 2 ) OHI and applications of 1 % chlorhexidine varnish every 3 months ; ( 3 ) OHI and applications of 5 % sodium fluoride varnish every 3 months ; and ( 4 ) OHI and annual applications of 38 % silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) solution . Two-thirds ( 203/306 ) of the elders were followed for 3 years . Mean numbers of new root caries surfaces in the four groups were 2.5 , 1.1 , 0.9 , and 0.7 , respectively ( ANOVA , p < 0.001 ) .  SDF solution , sodium fluoride varnish , and chlorhexidine varnish  were more effective in preventing new root caries than giving OHI alone OBJECTIVES Little is known about the effect of Cervitec , a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish , on root caries . Our objective was to determine whether a 3-monthly application of Cervitec over 1 year would limit the progress of existing root caries lesions and reduce the incidence of dental root caries in a group of dentate institutionalized elderly , as a complement to their usual oral hygiene practice s. METHODS A double-blind r and omized clinical trial was conducted in 68 subjects ( 34 per group ) in two residences in Almería ( Spain ) . Twenty-one subjects with 60 root caries lesions and 25 with 65 lesions , in the Cervitec and placebo groups , respectively , completed the study . Varnishes were applied twice in the first week , 1 month later , and every 3 months until the end of the study . Clinical parameters associated with established lesions were determined at baseline and after 6 and 12 months , as was the incidence of root caries lesions . RESULTS The clinical evolution of lesions was significantly better in the Cervitec group as opposed to the placebo group in terms of width , height , color , and texture . The increase in root caries was significantly lower ( p=0.039 ) in the Cervitec group . CONCLUSION According to these results , Cervitec may help to control established root lesions and reduce the incidence of root caries lesion among institutionalized elderly A clinical trial was conducted to compare the effect of different caries  –  preventive strategies  on  caries progression in lower – income , ethnically diverse persons 60 years of age and older . Two hundred and ninety – seven subjects were r and omized into one of five experimental groups . Group 1 received usual care from a public health department or a private practitioner . Group 2 received an educational program of 2 h duration implemented twice a year . Group 3 received the educational program plus a 0.12 % chlorhexidine rinse weekly . Group 4 received the education and chlorhexidine interventions and a fluoride varnish application twice a year . Group 5 received all the above interventions as well as scaling and root planing every 6 months throughout the 3–year study . A carious event was defined as the onset of a carious lesion , a filling , or an extraction on a surface which was sound at baseline . Two hundred and one subjects remained in the study for the 3–year period . Groups that received usual intraoral procedures ( groups 3 , 4 , and 5 ) had a 27 % reduction for coronal caries events ( p = 0.09 ) and 23 % for root caries events ( p = 0.15 ) , when compared to the groups that received no intraoral procedures ( groups 1 and 2 ) . Routine preventive treatments may have had only a small – to – moderate effect upon caries development Background / Aims : Root caries among elderly communities is of growing public health concern globally . This controlled clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and oral health education in preventing and arresting root caries . Methods : Two hundred sixty-six elderly subjects who had at least 5 teeth with exposed root surfaces and did not have serious life-threatening medical diseases were allocated to 3 groups according to a computer-generated r and om list : group 1 ( the control group ) received oral hygiene instructions ( OHI ) annually ; group 2 received OHI and silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) application annually , and group 3 was given OHI and SDF application annually , plus an oral health education ( OHE ) programme every 6 months . Results : Two hundred twenty-seven elderly subjects were followed for 24 months . The mean numbers of new root caries surfaces in groups 1 , 2 and 3 were 1.33 , 1.00 and 0.70 , respectively ( ANOVA , p < 0.05 ) . Group 3 had fewer root surfaces with new caries than group 1 ( Scheffé multiple-comparison test , p < 0.05 ) . The mean numbers of arrested root caries surfaces in groups 1 , 2 and 3 were 0.04 , 0.28 and 0.33 , respectively ( ANOVA , p < 0.01 ) . Group 3 and group 2 had a greater number of active root caries surfaces which became arrested than group 1 ( Scheffé multiple-comparison test , p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Annual application of SDF together with biannual OHE was effective in preventing new root caries and arresting root caries among community-dwelling elderly subjects The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 48-month preventive dental program on the incidence of root caries  in an urban , geriatric , noninstitutionalized population residing in an optimally fluori date d area . The 466 participants were r and omly assigned to one of three groups at baseline . Group A ( control ) : 171 subjects using a placebo mouthrinse daily ; group B : 147 subjects receiving semiannual applications of a topical APF gel ( 1.2 % F- ) with the daily use of a placebo mouthrinse ; group C : 148 subjects using a fluori date d mouthrinse daily , ACT ( 0.05 % F- ) . At baseline , the numbers of surfaces at risk , and decayed and filled surfaces were recorded . After 48 months , in addition , the number of reversed and new lesions were determined , and the incremental DMFS calculated . The data were analyzed by ANCOVA . The incremental DMFS were : A = 0.91 , B = 0.27 , C = 0.26 . The incremental DMFS in groups B and C were significantly lower than in group A ( P < .05 ) . The number of reversed lesions in group C ( 1.53 + /- 2.03 ) was significantly greater than in group A ( 1.11 + /- 1.74 ) and group B ( 1.01 + /- 1.86 ) ( P < .05 ) . The number of new lesions in group B ( 1.36 + /- 2.00 ) was significantly less than in group A ( 1.99 + /- 2.65 ) ( P < .05 ) . The daily use of the fluoride mouthrinse significantly increased the number of reversed lesions Arresting Caries Treatment ( ACT ) has been proposed to manage untreated dental caries in children . This prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial investigated the caries-arresting effectiveness of a single spot application of : ( 1 ) 38 % silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) with tannic acid as a reducing agent ; ( 2 ) 38 % SDF alone ; ( 3 ) 12 % SDF alone ; and ( 4 ) no SDF application in primary teeth of 976 Nepalese schoolchildren . The a priori null hypothesis was that the different treatments have no effect in arresting active cavitated caries . Only the single application of 38 % SDF with or without tannic acid was effective in arresting caries after 6 months ( 4.5 and 4.2 mean number of arrested surfaces ; p < 0.001 ) , after 1 year ( 4.1 and 3.4 ; p < 0.001 ) , and after 2 years ( 2.2 and 2.1 ; p < 0.01 ) . Tannic acid conferred no additional benefit . ACT with 38 % SDF provides an alternative when restorative treatment for primary teeth is not an option Objective The aim of this single – blind , multicenter , parallel , r and omized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of a high-fluoride toothpaste on root caries in adults . Methods Adult patients ( n = 130 , ♂ = 74 , ♀ = 56 ; mean age ± SD : 56.9 ± 12.9 ) from three participating centers , diagnosed with root caries , were r and omly allocated into two groups : Test ( n = 64 , ♂ = 37 , ♀ = 27 ; lesions = 144 ; mean age : 59.0 ± 12.1 ; intervention : high-fluoride toothpaste with 5000 ppm F ) , and Control ( n = 66 , ♂ = 37 , ♀ = 29 ; lesions = 160 ; mean age : 54.8 ± 13.5 ; intervention : regular-fluoride toothpaste with 1350 ppm F )  groups . Clinical examinations and surface hardness scoring of the carious lesions were performed for each subject at specified time intervals ( T0 – at baseline before intervention , T1 – at 3 months and T2 – at 6 months after intervention ) . Mean surface hardness scores ( HS ) were calculated for each patient . Statistical analyses comprised of two-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni – Dunn correction . Results At T0 , there was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to gender ( P = 0.0682 , unpaired t-test ) , or age ( P = 0.9786 , chi-squared test ) , and for the overall HS ( Test group : HS = 3.4  
    Output:
    
Regular use of dentifrices containing 5,000 ppm F- and quarterly professionally applied CHX or SDF varnishes seem to be efficacious to decrease progression and initiation of root caries , respectively .