***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The experience of race-related stressors is associated with physiological stress responses . However , much is unknown still about the complex relationship between how race-related stressors are perceived and experienced and potential moderators such as strength of racial identity . Purpose This research examines the impact of a real-life stressor and strength of race identity on physiological responses to a social evaluative threat induced in the laboratory . Methods Salivary cortisol measures were collected throughout a stressor protocol . African-American participants were also r and omized to one of two conditions design ed to promote either racial identification or  student identification , before the experimental task . Unexpectedly , a highly publicized real-life racial stressor , the Duke Lacrosse ( LaX ) sc and al , occurred during the course of the data collection . This allowed for pre – post LaX comparisons to be made on cortisol levels . Results These comparisons showed that across both priming conditions , participants post-LaX had highly elevated cortisol levels that were nonresponsive to the experimental stress task , while their pre-LaX counterparts had lower cortisol levels that exhibited a normal stress response pattern . Furthermore , this effect of LaX was significantly moderated by gender , with women having lower mean cortisol levels pre-LaX but significantly greater cortisol levels than all other groups post-LaX. Conclusions These results suggest that recent exposure to race-related stress can have a sustained impact on physiological stress responses for African Americans Perceived racial discrimination ( PRD ) has been associated with altered diurnal cortisol rhythms in past cross-sectional research . We investigate whether developmental histories of PRD , assessed prospect ively , are associated with  adult diurnal cortisol profiles .  One-hundred and twelve ( N=50 Black , N=62 White ) adults from the Maryl and Adolescent Development in Context Study provided saliva sample s in adulthood ( at approximately age 32 years ) at waking , 30min after waking , and at bedtime for 7 days . Diurnal cortisol measures were calculated , including waking cortisol levels , diurnal cortisol slopes , the cortisol awakening response ( CAR ) , and average daily cortisol ( AUC ) . These cortisol outcomes were predicted from measures of PRD obtained over a 20-year period beginning when individuals were in 7th grade ( approximately age 12 ) . Greater average PRD measured across the 20-year period predicted flatter adult diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults , and a lower CAR . Greater average PRD also predicted lower waking cortisol for Black , but not White adults . PRD experiences in adolescence accounted for many of these effects . When adolescent and young adult PRD are entered together predicting cortisol outcomes , PRD experiences in adolescence ( but not young adulthood ) significantly predicted flatter diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults . Adolescent , but not young adult PRD , also significantly predicted lower waking and lower average cortisol for Black adults . Young adult PRD was , however , a stronger predictor of the CAR , predicting a marginally lower CAR for Whites , and a significantly larger CAR for Blacks . Effects were robust to controlling for covariates including health behaviors , depression , income and parent education levels . PRD experiences interacted with parent education and income to predict aspects of the diurnal cortisol rhythm . Although these results suggest PRD influences on cortisol for both Blacks and Whites , the key findings suggest that the effects are more pervasive for Blacks , affecting multiple aspects of the cortisol diurnal rhythm . In addition , adolescence is a more sensitive developmental period than adulthood for the impacts of PRD on adult stress biology This study was design ed to examine the prospect i ve relations of perceived racial discrimination with allostatic load ( AL ) , along with a possible buffer of the association . A sample of 331 African Americans in the rural South provided assessment s of perceived discrimination from ages 16 to 18 years . When youth were 18 years ,  caregivers reported parental emotional support and youth assessed peer emotional support . AL and potential confounder variables were assessed when youth were 20 . Latent growth mixture modeling identified two perceived discrimination classes : high and stable , and low and increasing . Adolescents in the high and stable class evinced heightened AL even with confounder variables controlled . The racial discrimination to AL link was not significant for young adults who received high emotional support The purpose of this study was to investigate younger ( n = 52 , ages 18 - 24 ) and older ( n = 69 , ages 61 - 98 ) adults ' responses to  patronizing communication  in terms of ( a ) performance on a cognitive task ( Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-III block design ) and ( b ) physiological responses ( i.e. , change in cortisol levels ) , as well as factors that may attenuate those responses . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive instructions for the task using either a patronizing or nonpatronizing speech style . Participants also completed a measure of attitudes about aging and the quantity/ quality of their intergenerational interaction .  Older adults ( relative to younger adults ) were found to be more reactive to the patronizing speech  style in terms of their performance on the task as well as the change in their cortisol levels .  Older adults who had more positive attitudes about aging as well as more positive intergenerational interactions were protected from the performance deficits as a result of patronizing speech style . These findings could be used to inform social programs aim ed at reducing age-based stigma and improving the life course outcomes of our aging population 
    Output:
    
Studies suggest that discrimination is associated with alterations in HPA axis activity and that the direction of this association depends on the timing and chronicity of the discrimination experience .