***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM AND OBJECTIVE The study compared the effect of earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music on sleep in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . BACKGROUND Diverse types of music have been cl aim ed to improve sleeping elsewhere , but relatively little is known in South Korea . Most studies investigating the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep have involved persons with insomnia , even though many persons with cardiovascular disease in the intensive care unit suffer from sleeping problems . There is a need to investigate the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep disorders in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . DESIGN An experimental research design was used . METHODS Data collection was conducted in the cardiac care unit of K University Hospital in D city , from 3 September-4 October 2010 . Fifty-eight subjects participated and were r and omly assigned to the experimental group ( earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music for 52 min beginning at 10:00 pm , while wearing an eyeshield , n = 29 ) and the control group ( no music , but earplugs and eyeshield worn , n = 29 ) . The quantity and quality of sleep were measured using question naires at 7 am the next morning for each group . RESULTS Participants in the experimental group reported that the sleeping quantity and quality were significantly higher than control group ( t = 3·181 , p = 0·002 , t = 5·269 , p < 0·001 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Sleep-inducing music significantly improved sleep in patients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography at a cardiac care unit . Offering earplugs and playing sleep-inducing music may be a meaningful and easily enacted nursing intervention to improve sleep for intensive care unit patients . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses working at cardiac care unit can use music to improve sleeping in clients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVES : Recorded music risks overstimulation in NICUs . The live elements of music such as rhythm , breath , and parent-preferred lullabies may affect physiologic function ( eg , heart and respiratory rates , O2 saturation levels , and activity levels ) and developmental function ( eg , sleep , feeding behavior , and weight gain ) in premature infants . METHODS : A r and omized clinical multisite trial of 272 premature infants aged ≥32 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome , clinical sepsis , and /or SGA ( small for gestational age ) served as their own controls in 11 NICUs . Infants received 3 interventions per week within a 2-week period , when data of physiologic and developmental domains were collected before , during , and after the interventions or no interventions and daily during a 2-week period . RESULTS : Three live music interventions showed changes in heart rate interactive with time . Lower heart rates occurred during the lullaby ( P < .001 ) and rhythm intervention ( P = .04 ) . Sucking behavior showed differences with rhythm sound interventions ( P = .03 ) . Entrained breath sounds rendered lower heart rates after the intervention ( P = .04 ) and differences in sleep patterns ( P < .001 ) . Caloric intake ( P = .01 ) and sucking behavior ( P = .02 ) were higher with parent-preferred lullabies . Music decreased parental stress perception ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : The informed , intentional therapeutic use of live sound and parent-preferred lullabies applied by a certified music therapist can influence cardiac and respiratory function . Entrained with a premature infant ’s observed vital signs , sound and lullaby may improve feeding behaviors and sucking patterns and may increase prolonged periods of quiet – alert states . Parent-preferred lullabies , sung live , can enhance bonding , thus decreasing the stress parents associate with premature infant care The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of music to improve quality of sleep .  Adults with insomnia listened to music at bedtime for 30 days . Measured by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index , results indicated that the use of music significantly increased sleep quality AIM To determine the effect of music on sleep quality in older people . BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is common in older people and its impacts on older adults along with its conventional treatment merit our attention as our population ages . Conventional pharmacological method might result dependence and impairment in psychomotor and cognitive function . Listening to music , which is a non-pharmacological method , might promote relaxation , induce distraction responses and promote sleep quality . DESIGN A r and omised controlled study . METHODS The study was conducted from December 2006-January 2007 . Forty-two older people ( 21 using music and 21 controls ) completed the study in Hong Kong .  Physiological ( blood pressure and heart rate ) and sleep quality variables were collected once a week for one month . RESULTS For all vital signs ' results , no significant differences were found between both music and control groups within the four weeks . In the music group , there was statistically significant reduction in sleep scores at week 4 . In control group , there was no statistically significant improvement of sleep scores in the four weeks . However , no significant difference was found between groups over the four weeks . CONCLUSION Whilst there were no statistical differences between groups , there was some indication that music yielder higher improvement on sleep scores , which are worthier of further investigation in larger trials . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The implication of this study is that music listening can help nurses build therapeutic relationships with older people . Nurses are recommended to use music as part of their holistic caring for older people Disturbances of neural oscillation patterns have been reported with many disease states . We introduce methodology for HIRREM ™ ( high‐resolution , relational , resonance‐based electroencephalic mirroring ) , also known as Brainwave Optimization ™ , a noninvasive technology to facilitate relaxation and auto‐calibration of neural oscillations . HIRREM is a precision‐guided technology for allostatic therapeutics , intended to help the brain calibrate its own functional set points to optimize fitness . HIRREM technology collects electroencephalic data through two‐channel recordings and delivers a series of audible musical tones in near real time . Choices of tone pitch and timing are made by mathematical algorithms , principally informed by the dominant frequency in successive instants of time , to permit resonance between neural oscillatory frequencies and the musical tones . Relaxation of neural oscillations through HIRREM appears to permit auto‐calibration toward greater hemispheric symmetry and more optimized proportionation of regional spectral power . To illustrate an application of HIRREM , we present data from a r and omized clinical trial of HIRREM as an intervention for insomnia ( n = 19 ) . On average , there was reduction of right‐dominant temporal lobe high‐frequency ( 23–36 Hz ) EEG asymmetry over the course of eight successive HIRREM sessions . There was a trend for correlation between reduction of right temporal lobe dominance and magnitude of insomnia symptom reduction . Disturbances of neural oscillation have implication s for both neuropsychiatric health and downstream peripheral ( somatic ) physiology . The possibility of noninvasive optimization for neural oscillatory set points through HIRREM suggests potentially multitudinous roles for this technology . Research is currently ongoing to further explore its potential applications and mechanisms of action The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not listening to music promotes falling asleep .  Twenty university students , who usually listen to music at bedtime , were asked to take a nap in the laboratory while being monitored by a polysomnograph . Each participant selected preferred music to be played as they fell asleep . Stage 2 sleep latency was shorter for those sleeping with music playing compared to the no music control group . This tendency was reversed when participants tried to fall asleep quickly . Differences in sleep latency between the music and control conditions were due to the amount of episodic wakefulness . Results imply that music promotes or interferes with falling asleep by modulating the appearance of episodic wakefulness . Considering the mood , especially pleasantness while falling asleep and the ironic process theory of mental control ( Wegner , 1994 ) , the mechanisms of the effects of music on sleep are discussed . There is a possibility that listening to music promotes falling asleep though this may only be effective after balancing other factors Introduction Adrenal dysfunction may represent critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency ( CIRCI ) , as evidence d by a diminished cortisol response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , but this concept and its clinical significance remain highly controversial . We studied the adrenal response to exogenous ACTH as a function of the endogenous cortisol-to-ACTH ratio , a measure of adrenal sensitivity , and of clinical variables , during critical illness and recovery from the acute phase . Methods We prospect ively included 59 consecutive septic and nonseptic patients in the intensive care unit with treatment-insensitive hypotension in whom CIRCI was suspected ; patients having received etomi date and prolonged corticosteroids were excluded .  An ACTH test ( 250 μg ) was performed , followed by a second test after ≥7 days in acute-phase survivors . Serum total and free cortisol , ACTH , and clinical variables were assessed . Patients were divided according to responses ( delta , Δ ) of cortisol to ACTH at the first and second tests . Results Patients with low ( < 250 nM ) Δ cortisol ( n = 14 to 17 ) had higher baseline cortisol and ACTH but lower cortisol/ACTH ratios than patients with a normal Δ cortisol ( ≥250 nM ) in the course of time . A low Δ cortisol in time was associated with more-severe disease , culture-positive sepsis , and prolonged activated prothrombin time . Results for free cortisol were similar . Conclusions Even though the pituitary-adrenal axis is activated after stress during critical illness , diminished adrenal sensitivity to endogenous ACTH predicts a low increase of cortisol to exogenous ACTH , suggesting adrenal dysfunction , irrespective of the stage of disease . The data further suggest a role of disease severity and culture-positive sepsis Smith 's ( 2001 ) Attentional Behavioral Cognitive ( ABC ) relaxation theory proposes that all approaches to relaxation ( including music ) have the potential for evoking one or more of 15 factor-analytically derived relaxation states , or " R-States " ( Sleepiness , Disengagement , Rested / Refreshed , Energized , Physical Relaxation , At Ease/Peace , Joy , Mental Quiet , Childlike Innocence , Thankfulness and Love , Mystery , Awe and Wonder , Prayerfulness , Timeless/Boundless/Infinite , and Aware ) . The present study investigated R-States and stress symptom-patterns associated with  listening to Mozart versus New Age music . Students ( N = 63 ) were divided into three relaxation groups based on previously determined preferences . Fourteen listened to a 28-minute tape recording of Mozart 's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and 14 listened to a 28-minute tape of Steven Halpern 's New Age Serenity Suite .  Others ( n = 35 ) did not want music and instead chose a set of popular recreational magazines . Participants engaged in their relaxation activity at home for three consecutive days for 28 minutes a session . Before and after each session , each person completed the Smith Relaxation States Inventory ( Smith , 2001 ) , a comprehensive question naire tapping 15 R-States as well as the stress states of somatic stress , worry , and negative emotion . Results revealed no differences at Session 1 . At Session 2 , those who listened to Mozart reported higher levels of At Ease/Peace and lower levels of Negative Emotion . Pronounced differences emerged at Session 3 . Mozart listeners uniquely reported substantially higher levels of Mental Quiet , Awe and Wonder , and Mystery . Mozart listeners reported higher levels , and New Age listeners slightly elevated levels , of At Ease/Peace and Rested/Refreshed . Both Mozart and New Age listeners reported higher levels of Thankfulness and Love . In summary , those who listened to Mozart 's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik reported more psychological relaxation and less stress than either those who listened to New Age music or read popular recreational magazines . Results suggest the usefulness of ABC relaxation theory in comparing the different effects of music and relaxation techniques Background : This study explores effects of instrumental music on the hormonal system ( as indicated by serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone ) , the immune system ( as indicated by imm 
    Output:
    
However , It found no evidence to suggest that the intervention benefited these outcomes .
The findings of this review provide evidence that music may be effective for improving subjective sleep quality in adults with insomnia symptoms .
The intervention is safe and easy to administer .