***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of the 300-index of reactivity ( IR ) dose of 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) tablets ( Stallergènes , Antony , France ) have been demonstrated for the treatment of hay fever in adults . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of this tablet in children and adolescents with grass pollen-related allergic rhinitis . METHODS In this multinational , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 278 children ( 5 - 17 years of age ) with grass pollen-related rhinoconjunctivitis ( confirmed by means of a positive grass pollen skin prick test response and serum-specific IgE measurement ) received once-daily SLIT tablets or placebo . Treatment was initiated 4 months before the estimated pollen season and continued throughout the season . The primary outcome was the rhinoconjunctivitis total symptom score ( RTSS ) , a sum of 6 individual symptom scores : sneezing , runny nose , itchy nose , nasal congestion , watery eyes , and itchy eyes . Secondary end points included rescue medication intake , individual scores , and safety . RESULTS The intent-to-treat population included 266 children ( mean age , 10.9 + /- 3.22 years ) . The RTSS for the 300-IR group was highly significantly different from that of the placebo group ( P = .001 ) . The 300-IR group showed a mean improvement for the RTSS of 28.0 % over that seen with placebo and a median improvement of 39.3 % . Significant differences between the 300-IR and placebo groups were also observed regarding rescue medication score and proportion of days using rescue medication during the pollen season ( P = .0064 and P = .0146 , respectively ) . Adverse events were generally mild or moderate in intensity and expected . No serious side effects were reported . CONCLUSION Five-grass-pollen SLIT tablets ( 300 IR ) reduce both symptom scores and rescue medication use in children and adolescents with grass pollen-related rhinoconjunctivitis Background : Local application of allergen extracts in specific immunotherapy is accompanied by increased compliance and significantly reduced side effects . However , efficacy of local immunotherapy in children has yet not been sufficiently demonstrated . This study was performed to determine clinical efficacy of high dose sublingual swallow immunotherapy ( SLIT ) by a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study in children with grass pollen allergy using high dose allergen extracts UNLABELLED SAFETY and efficacy of sublingual ( sublingual-swallow ) immunotherapy ( IT ) with house dust mite extract were evaluated in 30 children ( 6 - 15 2/3 years of age ) over the first 12 months of an ongoing study . The cumulative dose was 570 micrograms Der p I ( five times that administered with subcutaneous therapy ) . SAFETY One patient on active treatment dropped out after 8 weeks because of a subjective feeling of severe weakness , question ably induced by the therapy . Five patients on active therapy and one patient on placebo reported minor local side effects . EFFICACY Pulmonary symptoms were reduced after 12 months in actively treated asthmatics , but this was not consistent with the lack of improvement in bronchial reactivity , skin sensitivity and specific IgG and IgG4 against D.pt . in this group . In patients with rhinitis  nasal sensitivity was reduced in the placebo group without concomitant improvement in the nasal symptom score . Specific IgE ( D.pt . and D.f . ) increased significantly more in the active treatment group after 3 and 12 months . We conclude that sublingual IT over 12 months with the fivefold Der p 1 dose of subcutaneous IT was well tolerated , but there was no consistent clinical or immunological benefit compared to placebo Sublingual immunotherapy has been suggested for the treatment of respiratory allergies . Many controversial studies have been reported on the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy . The aim of this prospect i ve study was to evaluate whether sublingual immunotherapy was effective according to clinical and laboratory results in pediatric allergies . Thirty-nine allergic , grass pollen sensitive children were admitted into the study .  Sublingual immunotherapy was given over a 12-month period to 21 children ( mean age 10.5 + /- 3.3 years ) , 10 of whom had seasonal allergic rhinitis and 11 seasonal allergic asthma . During the same period , 18 children ( mean age 11.1 + /- 2.5 years ) , 10 with seasonal allergic rhinitis and eight with seasonal allergic asthma , received placebo .  Symptom scores and drug requirements were recorded and urine sample s were collected to detect urinary levels of leukotrienes ( Uc-LTB4 and Uc-LTE4 ) . In patients who received sublingual immunotherapy , the symptom scores of seasonal allergic rhinitis significantly decreased , but no statistically significant changes were observed in terms of symptoms of seasonal allergic asthma . Uc-LTE4 and Uc-LTB4 levels of seasonal allergic rhinitis , with a geometric mean and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , were significantly decreased from 216 ( 103 - 464 ) and 61 ( 22 - 198 ) pmol/mmol creatinine to 78 ( 29 - 159 ) and 35 ( 12 - 118 ) pmol/mmol creatinine , respectively ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 ) . On the other h and , Uc-LTE4 and Uc-LTB4 levels for seasonal allergic asthma were 180 ( 92 - 355 ) and 78 ( 44 - 258 ) pmol/mmol creatinine and decreased to 156 ( 72 - 402 ) and 69 ( 32 - 254 ) pmol/mmol creatinine , respectively . These changes were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ) . According to our clinical results and urinary levels of leukotrienes , which are mediators showing the severity of allergic inflammation , it can be suggested that sublingual immunotherapy may be useful in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis but not of seasonal allergic asthma BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) has been proved to be effective in allergic rhinitis and asthma , but there are few data on its preventive effects , especially in children . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and preventive effects of SLIT in children by assessing onset of persistent asthma and new sensitizations , clinical symptoms , and bronchial hyperreactivity . METHODS A total of 216 children with allergic rhinitis , with or without intermittent asthma , were evaluated and then r and omized to receive drugs alone or drugs plus SLIT openly for 3 years . The clinical score was assessed yearly during allergen exposure . Pulmonary function testing , methacholine challenge , and skin prick testing were performed at the beginning and end of the study . RESULTS One hundred forty-four children received SLIT  and 72 received drugs only . Dropouts were 9.7 % in the SLIT group and 8.3 % in the controls . New sensitizations appeared in 34.8 % of controls and in 3.1 % of SLIT patients ( odds ratio , 16.85 ; 95 % confidence interval , 5.73 - 49.13 ) . Mild persistent asthma was less frequent in SLIT patients ( odds ratio , 0.04 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.01 - 0.17 ) . There was a significant decrease in clinical scores in the SLIT group vs the control group since the first year . The number of children with a positive methacholine challenge result decreased significantly after 3 years only in the SLIT group . Adherence was 80 % or higher in 73.8 % of patients . Only 1 patient reported systemic itching . CONCLUSIONS In everyday clinical practice , SLIT reduced the onset of new sensitizations and mild persistent asthma and decreased bronchial hyperreactivity in children with respiratory allergy BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis often has an allergic component , and immunotherapy may therefore prove beneficial . OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) in children with atopic dermatitis . METHODS Children age 5 to 16 years with atopic dermatitis ( Scoring Atopic Dermatitis [ SCORAD ] > 7 ) and sensitization to dust mites alone , without food allergy or chronic asthma , were enrolled in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study and stratified according to disease severity . SLIT or placebo was given for 18 months in addition to st and ard therapy .  SCORAD , visual analog scale , and rescue medication consumption were recorded at 3-month intervals . RESULTS Fifty-six children were enrolled , and 28 were allocated to SLIT . Forty-eight completed the study , with 2 dropouts in the active and 6 in the placebo group . The difference from baseline in the SCORAD was significant ( P = .025 ) between the 2 groups starting from month 9 . Similarly , there was a significant reduction in the use of medications only in the active group . A trend toward significance was seen for the visual analog score only in the active group versus baseline ( P = .07 ) . A significant difference in the considered parameters was found only in patients with a mild-moderate disease , whereas severe patients had only a marginal benefit . SLIT had to be discontinued in 2 patients because of exacerbation of dermatitis . CONCLUSION Sublingual immunotherapy to dust mite improves mild-moderate atopic dermatitis . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Sublingual immunotherapy may represent an additional therapeutic tool for the treatment of extrinsic atopic dermatitis in properly selected children Vervloet D.  Hymenoptera ultra-rush venom immunotherapy ( 210 min ) : a safety study and risk factors . Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:58–64 . 5 . Van der Brempt X , Ledent C , Mairesse M. Accelerated desensitization for hymenoptera venom allergy in 30 hours : efficacy and safety in 150 cases . Rev Med Brux 1997;18:120–124 . 6 . Brehler R , Wolf H , Kütting B , Schnitker J , Luger T. Safety of a two-day ultrarush insect venom immunotherapy protocol in comparison with protocol s of longer duration and involving a larger number of injections . J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1231–1235 . 7 . Lee HH , L and eck L , Stefaniak R , Zuberbier T , WormM. Prospect i ve analysis comparing tolerability of rush and ultrarush immunotherapy with wasp venom . Allergo J 2005;14:482–486 BACKGROUND Specific immunotherapy is the only treatment modality that has the potential to alter the natural course of allergic diseases . Sublingual immunotherapy has been developed to facilitate access to this form of treatment and to minimize serious adverse events . OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of sublingual grass allergen tablets in seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis . METHODS A multinational , multicenter , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial conducted during 2002 and 2003 . Fifty-five centers in 8 countries included 855 participants age 18 to 65 years who gave a history of grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and had a positive skin prick test and elevated serum allergen-specific IgE to Phleum pratense . Participants were r and omized to 2500 , 25,000 , or 75,000 SQ-T grass allergen tablets ( GRAZAX ; ALK-Abelló , Hørsholm , Denmark ) or placebo for sublingual administration once daily . Mean duration of treatment was 18 weeks . RESULTS Average rhinoconjunctivitis scores during the season showed moderate reductions of symptoms ( 16 % ) and medication use ( 28 % ) for the grass allergen tablet 75,000 SQ-T ( P = .0710 ; P = .0470 ) compared with placebo . Significantly better rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life scores ( P = .006 ) and an increased number of well days ( P = .041 ) were also observed . Efficacy was increased in the subgroup of patients who completed the recommended preseasonal treatment of at least 8 weeks before the grass pollen season ( symptoms , 21 % , P = .0020 ; and medication use , 29 % , P = .0120 ) . No safety concerns were observed . CONCLUSION This study confirms dose-dependent efficacy of the grass allergen tablet . Although further studies are required , the greater tolerability of the tablet may permit immunotherapy to be available to a much broader group of patients with impaired quality of life caused by grass pollen allergy . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S For patients with grass pollen allergy , sublingual immunotherapy is well tolerated and can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life BACKGROUND We wondered whether short-term coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) can reduce the development of  asthma in children with hay fever in an open r and omized study . OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether SLIT is as effective as subcut 
    Output:
    
New pediatric studies - not included in the previous review s - design ed taking into account the golden rules for SLIT ( high daily dose , starting at least 4 months before pollen season ) do show statistically significant improvement in symptom and medication scores for rhinitis and asthma in pollen allergy .
New house dust mite studies still show inconsistent data .
SUMMARY Evidence of effect is confirmed for SLIT in children with allergic rhinitis or asthma caused by pollen exposure .