***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Odour baits can attract host-seeking Anopheles mosquitoes indoors and outdoors . We assessed the effects of mass deployment of odour-baited traps on malaria transmission and disease burden . METHODS We installed solar-powered odour-baited mosquito trapping systems ( SMoTS ) to households on Rusinga Isl and , Lake Victoria , western Kenya ( mean population 24 879 ) , in a stepped-wedge cluster-r and omised trial . All residents in the completed health and demographic surveillance system were eligible to participate . We used the travelling salesman algorithm to assign all households to a cluster ( 50 or 51 geographically contiguous households ) ; nine contiguous clusters formed a metacluster . Initially , no cluster had SMoTS ( non-intervened ) . During the course of the intervention roll-out SMoTS were gradually installed cluster by cluster until all clusters had SMoTS installed ( intervened ) . We generated 27 cluster r and omisations , with the cluster as unit of r and omisation , to establish the order to install the traps in the clusters until all had a SMoTS installed . Field workers and participants were not masked to group allocation . The primary outcome of clinical malaria was monitored through repeated household visits covering the entire population , once before roll-out ( baseline ) and five times throughout the 2-year roll-out . We measured clinical malaria as fever plus a positive result with a rapid diagnostic test . The SolarMal project was registered on the Dutch Trial Register ( NTR 3496 ) . FINDINGS We enrolled 34 041 participants between April 25 , 2012 , and March 23 , 2015 , to 81 clusters and nine metaclusters . 4358 households were provided with SMoTS during roll-out between June 3 , 2013 , and May 16 , 2015 . 23 clinical malaria episodes were recorded in intervened clusters and 33 episodes in non-intervened clusters ( adjusted effectiveness 40·8 % [ 95 % CI -172·8 to 87·1 ] , p=0·5 ) during the roll-out . Malaria prevalence measured by rapid diagnostic test was 29·8 % ( 95 % CI 20·9 - 38·0 ) lower in SMoTS clusters ( prevalence 23·7 % ; 1552 of 6550 people ) than in non-intervened clusters ( prevalence 34·5 % ; 2002 of 5795 people ) . INTERPRETATION The unexpectedly low clinical incidence of malaria during roll-out led to an imprecise estimate of effectiveness from the clinical incidence data . The substantial effect on malaria prevalence is explained by reduction in densities of Anopheles funestus . Odour-baited traps might be an effective malaria intervention . FUNDING COmON Foundation A r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study was conducted to examine the effect of spatial repellent ( SR ) in households at risk of malaria in Indonesia . Following presumptive radical cure for malaria in 180 adult men representing sentinels of new infection in four clusters within two villages , all households were given either metofluthrin or placebo mosquito coils . Weekly blood smear screening and human-l and ing mosquito catches were done throughout the 6 months intervention . Malaria infections occurred in 61 subjects living in placebo households and 31 subjects living in SR coil households , suggesting a 52 % protective effect of SR . Likewise , anopheles indoor human l and ing rates were 32 % lower in homes receiving SR coils . Differences in the malaria attack rate between SR- and placebo-treated homes was significant when not accounting for the effects of clustering . When the analysis was adjusted for intra-cluster correlation , the differences between SR- and placebo-treated homes were not statistically significant . The findings provide evidence of SR public health benefit and support a larger trial statistically powered to detect those effects Background Mosquito coils are the most commonly used household insecticidal product in the world with sales exceeding 50 billion coils , used by two billion people worldwide annually . Despite strong evidence that coils prevent mosquito bites a systematic review concluded that there is no evidence that burning mosquito coils prevents malaria acquisition . Therefore , the current trial was design ed to measure and compare prevention of malaria infection by mosquito coils or long-lasting insecticidal net ( LLIN ) or a combination of the two in Yunnan , China in the Greater Mekong sub-region . Methods A four-arm single blind household-r and omized design was chosen as coils emanate insecticide throughout the household . Households enrolled at baseline were r and omly allocated by the lottery method to one of the four intervention arms : ( i ) nothing , ( ii ) 0.03 % transfluthrin coils alone , ( iii ) deltamethrin long-lasting insecticide treated nets , ( LLINs ) alone or ( iv ) a combination of transfluthrin coils and deltamethrin LLINs .  All household members were recruited to the study , with only those households excluded with pregnant or breastfeeding mothers , members with chest complaints or allergies or members that regularly slept away from home . The main outcome of interest was Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence detected by rapid diagnostic tests ( RDTs ) during six repeated monthly cross-sectional surveys . The secondary outcome of interest was the effect on Plasmodium vivax prevalence detected in the same way . Results A total of 2,052 households were recruited into the study , comprising 7,341 individuals The odds ratios of testing positive by RDT with P. falciparum or P. vivax were > 75 % lower for all intervention arms compared with the control arm . Coils alone provided 77 % protection ( 95 % CI : 50%-89 % ) , LLINs provided 91 % protection ( 95 % CI : 72%-97 % ) and the combination of coils and LLINs provided 94 % protection ( 95 % CI : 77%-99 % ) against P. falciparum compared with the control arm . There was no statistically significant difference between the protective efficacies of the different interventions . Conclusions This is the first robust clinical evaluation of transfluthrin mosquito coils as a means to reduce malaria and the high degree of infection prevented would indicate they represent a potentially highly effective tool , which could be integrated into larger vector control programmes . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT00442442 , March 2007 BACKGROUND House screening should protect people against malaria . We assessed whether two types of house screening -- full screening of windows , doors , and closing eaves , or installation of screened ceilings -- could reduce house entry of malaria vectors and frequency of anaemia in children in an area of seasonal malaria transmission . METHODS During 2006 and 2007 , 500 occupied houses in and near Farafenni town in The Gambia , an area with low use of insecticide-treated bednets , were r and omly assigned to receive full screening , screened ceilings , or no screening ( control ) . R and omisation was done by computer-generated list , in permuted blocks of five houses in the ratio 2:2:1 . Screening was not treated with insecticide . Exposure to mosquitoes indoors was assessed by fortnightly light trap collection s during the transmission season . Primary endpoints included the number of female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes collected per trap per night . Secondary endpoints included frequency of anaemia ( haemoglobin concentration < 80 g/L ) and parasitaemia at the end of the transmission season in children ( aged 6 months to 10 years ) who were living in the study houses . Analysis was by modified intention to treat ( ITT ) , including all r and omised houses for which there were some outcome data and all children from those houses who were sample d for haemoglobin and parasitaemia . This study is registered as an International St and ard R and omised Controlled Trial , number IS RCT N51184253 . FINDINGS 462 houses were included in the modified ITT analysis ( full screening , n=188 ; screened ceilings , n=178 ; control , n=96 ) . The mean number of A gambiae caught in houses without screening was 37.5 per trap per night ( 95 % CI 31.6 - 43.3 ) , compared with 15.2 ( 12.9 - 17.4 ) in houses with full screening ( ratio of means 0.41 , 95 % CI 0.31 - 0.54 ; p<0.0001 ) and 19.1 ( 16.1 - 22.1 ) in houses with screened ceilings ( ratio 0.53 , 0.40 - 0.70 ; p<0.0001 ) . 755 children completed the study , of whom 731 had complete clinical and covariate data and were used in the analysis of clinical outcomes . 30 ( 19 % ) of 158 children from control houses had anaemia , compared with 38 ( 12 % ) of 309 from houses with full screening ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] 0.53 , 95 % CI 0.29 - 0.97 ; p=0.04 ) , and 31 ( 12 % ) of 264 from houses with screened ceilings ( OR 0.51 , 0.27 - 0.96 ; p=0.04 ) . Frequency of parasitaemia did not differ between intervention and control groups . INTERPRETATION House screening substantially reduced the number of mosquitoes inside houses and could contribute to prevention of anaemia in children . FUNDING Medical Research Council Background In malaria-endemic areas , residents of modern houses have less malaria than those living in traditional houses . This study will determine if modern housing provides incremental protection against clinical malaria over the current best practice of long-lasting insecticidal nets ( LLINs ) and prompt treatment in The Gambia , determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of the interventions , and analyze the housing market in The Gambia . Methods / design A two-armed , household , cluster-r and omized , controlled study will be conducted to assess whether improved housing and LLINs combine to provide better protection against clinical malaria in children than LLINs alone in The Gambia . The unit of r and omization will be the household , defined as a house and its occupants . A total of 800 households will be enrolled and will receive LLINs , and 400 will receive improved housing before clinical follow-up .  One child aged 6 months to 13 years will be enrolled from each household and followed for clinical malaria using active case detection to estimate malaria incidence for two malaria transmission seasons . Episodes of clinical malaria will be the primary endpoint . Study children will be surveyed at the end of each transmission season to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection , parasite density , and the prevalence of anemia . Exposure to malaria parasites will be assessed using light traps , followed by detection of Anopheles gambiae species and sporozoite infection . Ancillary economic and social science studies will undertake a cost-effectiveness analysis and use qualitative and participatory methods to explore the acceptability of the housing modifications and to design strategies for scaling-up housing interventions . Discussion The study is the first of its kind to measure the efficacy of housing on reducing clinical malaria , assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of improved housing , and identify mechanisms for scaling up housing interventions . Trial findings will help inform policy makers on improved housing for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa . Trial registration IS RCT N Registry , IS RCT N02622179 . Registered on 23 September 2014 Background In Vietnam , malaria remains a problem in some remote areas located along its international borders and in the central highl and s , partly due to the bionomics of the local vector , mainly found in forested areas and less vulnerable to st and ard control measures . Long Lasting Insecticidal Hammocks ( LLIH ) , a tailored and user-friendly tool for forest workers , may further contribute in reducing the malaria burden . Their effectiveness was tested in a large community-based intervention trial carried out in Ninh Thuan province in Central Vietnam . Methods and Findings Thirty villages ( population 18,646 ) were assembled in 20 clusters ( 1,000 individuals per cluster ) that were r and omly allocated to either the intervention or control group ( no LLIH ) after stratification according to the pre-intervention P. falciparum antibody prevalence ( < 30 % ; ≥30 % ) . LLIH were distributed to the intervention group in December 2004 . For the following 2 years , the incidence of clinical malaria and the prevalence of infection were determined by passive case detection at community level and by bi-annual malariometric surveys . A 2-fold larger effect on malaria incidence in the intervention as compared to the control group was observed . Similarly , malaria prevalence decreased more substantially in the intervention ( 1.6-fold greater reduction ) than in the control group . Both for incidence and prevalence , a stronger and earlier effect of the intervention was observed in the high endemicity stratum . The number of malaria cases and infections averted by the intervention overall was estimated at 10.5 per 1,000 persons and 5.6/100 individuals , respectively , for the last half of 2006 . In the high endemicity stratum , the impact was much higher , i.e. 29/1000 malaria cases and 15.7 infections/100 individuals averted . Conclusions LLIH reduced malaria incidence and prevalence in this remote and forested area of Central Vietnam . As the targets of the newly-launched Global Malaria Action Plan include 
    Output:
    
Overall the quality of the evidence base remains greatest for LSM and topical repellents , relative to the other VCTs evaluated , although existing evidence indicates that topical repellents are unlikely to provide effective population -level protection against malaria .