***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between dietary intake and the development of  type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort study . Dietary assessment was carried out using a vali date d FFQ . Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns . Dietary glycaemic load and variety of snacks were also calculated . SETTING A hospital-based centre at the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong SAR , China . SUBJECTS A total of 1010 Chinese adults aged 25 - 74 years who participated in a territory-wide dietary and cardiovascular risk factor prevalence survey in 1995 - 1996 were followed up for 9 - 14 years for the development of diabetes . RESULTS A total of 690 ( 68·3 % ) individuals completed follow-up during 2005 - 2008 and seventy-four cases of diabetes were identified over the follow-up period . Four dietary patterns were identified ( ' more snacks and drinks ' , ' more vegetables , fruits and fish ' , ' more meat and milk products ' and ' more refined grains ' ) . After adjustment for age , sex , BMI , waist-to-hip ratio , smoking , alcohol intake , participation in exercise/sports and family history of diabetes , the more vegetables , fruits and fish pattern was associated with a 14 % lower risk ( OR per 1 sd increase in score = 0·76 ; 95 % CI 0·58 , 0·99 ) , whereas the more meat and milk products pattern was associated with a 39 % greater risk of diabetes ( OR per 1 sd increase in score = 1·39 ; 95 % CI 1·04 , 1·84  ) . Dietary glycaemic load , rice intake , snack intake and variety of snacks were not independently associated with diabetes . CONCLUSIONS The more vegetables , fruits and fish pattern was associated with reduced risk and the more meat and milk products pattern was associated with an increased risk of diabetes Dietary patterns reflecting food habits may be associated with chronic diseases , yet little is known about the stability of these patterns . The objective of this study was to observe over time the stability of dietary patterns measured with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis . Four r and om sub sample s of 1000 women between 49 and 70 y old were chosen from > 60,000 women included in the Swedish Mammography Cohort . Subjects in these sub sample s were administered a FFQ 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 y after the baseline question naire ;  3607 of the women responded ( 90 % response rate ) . The stability of dietary patterns was evaluated with Spearman correlation coefficients between pattern scores at baseline and follow-ups and by a test of internal stability , which evaluated the significance of changes within patterns between baseline and follow-up . We found 3 major dietary patterns : a healthy pattern , a Western pattern , and an alcohol pattern . Correlations between explored dietary pattern scores at baseline and at follow-up decreased from 0.59 ( P < 0.01 ) after 4 y to 0.50 ( P < 0.01 ) after 7 y for the healthy pattern , from 0.47 ( P < 0.01 ) to 0.39 ( P < 0.01 ) for the Western pattern and from 0.54 ( P < 0.01 ) to 0.46 ( P < 0.01 ) for the alcohol pattern . After 4 and 5 y , there was no evidence for internal instability in any of the 3 patterns . The Western pattern became internally unstable after 6 and 7 y and the alcohol pattern was unstable after 7 y. Our findings for this specific population suggest that in longitudinal studies , dietary exposures should be up date d after at least 7 BACKGROUND Effects of diet on blood lipids are best known in white men , and effects of type of carbohydrate on triacylglycerol concentrations are not well defined . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine the effects of diet on plasma lipids , focusing on subgroups by sex , race , and baseline lipid concentrations . DESIGN This was a r and omized controlled outpatient feeding trial conducted in 4 field centers . The subjects were 436 participants of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) Trial [ mean age : 44.6 y ; 60 % African American ; baseline total cholesterol : < or = 6.7 mmol/L ( < or = 260 mg/dL ) ] . The intervention consisted of 8 wk of a control diet , a diet increased in fruit and vegetables , or a diet increased in fruit , vegetables , and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated fat , total fat , and cholesterol ( DASH diet ) , during which time subjects remained weight stable . The main outcome measures were fasting total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and triacylglycerol . RESULTS Relative to the control diet , the DASH diet result ed in lower total ( -0.35 mmol/L , or -13.7 mg/dL ) , LDL- ( -0.28 mmol/L , or -10.7 mg/dL ) , and HDL- ( -0.09 mmol/L , or -3.7 mg/dL ) cholesterol concentrations ( all P < 0.0001 ) , without significant effects on triacylglycerol . The net reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in men were greater than those in women by 0.27 mmol/L , or 10.3 mg/dL ( P = 0.052 ) , and by 0.29 mmol/L , or 11.2 mg/dL ( P < 0.02 ) , respectively . Changes in lipids did not differ significantly by race or baseline lipid concentrations , except for HDL , which decreased more in participants with higher baseline HDL-cholesterol concentrations than in those with lower baseline HDL-cholesterol concentrations . The fruit and vegetable diet produced few significant lipid changes . CONCLUSIONS The DASH diet is likely to reduce coronary heart disease risk . The possible opposing effect on coronary heart disease risk of HDL reduction needs further study BACKGROUND It is unclear whether immediate dietary effects on blood glucose influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine whether the dietary glycemic index ( GI ) and glycemic load ( GL ) were associated with the risk of  type 2 diabetes in older adults . DESIGN The Health , Aging , and Body Composition Study is a prospect i ve cohort study of 3075 adults who were 70 - 79 y old at baseline ( n=1898 for this analysis ) . The intakes of specific nutrients and food groups and the risk of type 2 diabetes over a 4-y period were examined according to dietary GI and GL . RESULTS Dietary GI was positively associated with dietary carbohydrate and negatively associated with the intakes of protein , total fat , saturated fat , alcohol , vegetables , and fruit . Dietary GL was positively associated with dietary carbohydrate , fruit , and fiber and negatively associated with the intakes of protein , total fat , saturated fat , and alcohol . Persons in the higher quintiles of dietary GI or GL did not have a significantly greater incidence of type 2 diabetes . CONCLUSIONS These findings do not support a relation between dietary GI or GL and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults . Because dietary GI and GL show strong nutritional correlates , the overall dietary pattern should be considered To determine the relations of diet with risk of clinical noninsulin-dependent diabetes , we analyzed data from a prospect i ve cohort of 84360 US women . During 6 y of follow-up we identified 702 definite incident cases . Because body mass index ( BMI ) is a powerful risk factor for diabetes , we examined the relations of fat ( including type ) , fiber , sucrose , and other components of diet to risk of diabetes , among women with BMI s ( in kg/m2 ) less than 29 kg/m2 . After controlling for body mass index , previous weight change , and alcohol intake , we observed no associations between intakes of energy  , protein , sucrose ,  carbohydrate  ,  or fiber and risk of diabetes . Compared with women in the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted intake , and relative risks ( and tests for trend ) for those in the highest quintile were 0.61 ( P trend = 0.03 ) for vegetable fat , 0.62 ( P trend = 0.008 ) for potassium , 0.70 ( P trend = 0.005 ) for calcium , and 0.68 ( P trend = 0.02 ) for magnesium . These inverse associations were attenuated among obese women ( BMI s greater than or equal to 29 ) BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the long-term effect of habitual diet on risks of incident diabetes , coronary heart disease , and mortality . OBJECTIVE We analyzed the prospect i ve relation of dietary patterns with incident chronic disease and mortality during 15 y of follow-up in the Whitehall II study . DESIGN We conducted a prospect i ve analysis ( 106,633 person-years at risk ) among men and women ( n = 7731 ) with a mean age of 50 y at the time of dietary assessment ( 127-item food-frequency question naire ) .  Coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion and incident diabetes were verified by record tracing and oral-glucose-tolerance tests . RESULTS Cluster analysis identified 4 dietary patterns at baseline . The patterns were termed unhealthy ( white bread , processed meat , fries , and full-cream milk ; n = 2665 ) , sweet ( white bread , biscuits , cakes , processed meat , and high-fat dairy products ; n = 1042 ) , Mediterranean-like ( fruit , vegetables , rice , pasta , and wine ; n = 1361 ) , and healthy ( fruit , vegetables , whole-meal bread , low-fat dairy , and little alcohol ; n = 2663 ) . Compared with the unhealthy pattern , the healthy pattern reduced the risk of coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion and diabetes ; hazard ratios ( 95 % CI ) were 0.71 ( 0.51 , 0.98 ) and 0.74 ( 0.58 , 0.94 ) , respectively , after adjustment for age , sex , ethnicity , dietary energy misreporting , social position , smoking status , and leisure-time physical activity . Dietary pattern was not associated with all-cause mortality . Residual confounding by socioeconomic factors was unlikely to account for the observed dietary effects . CONCLUSIONS The healthy eating pattern reduced risks of diabetes and major coronary events . Such dietary patterns offer considerable health benefits to individuals and contribute to public health OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) eating pattern on cardiometabolic risks in type 2 diabetic patients . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A r and omized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in 31 type 2 diabetic patients . For 8 weeks , participants were r and omly assigned to a control diet or the DASH eating pattern . RESULTS After following the DASH eating pattern , body weight ( P = 0.007 ) and waist circumference ( P = 0.002 ) reduced significantly . Fasting blood glucose levels and A1C decreased after adoption of the DASH diet ( −29.4 ± 6.3 mg/dl ; P = 0.04 and −1.7 ± 0.1 % ; P = 0.04 , respectively ) . After the DASH diet , the mean change for HDL cholesterol levels was higher ( 4.3 ± 0.9 mg/dl ; P = 0.001 ) and LDL cholesterol was reduced ( −17.2 ± 3.5 mg/dl ; P = 0.02 ) . Additionally , DASH had beneficial effects on systolic ( −13.6 ± 3.5 vs. −3.1 ± 2.7 mmHg ; P = 0.02 ) and diastolic blood pressure ( −9.5 ± 2.6 vs. −0.7 ± 3.3 mmHg ; P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Among diabetic patients , the DASH diet had beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risks OBJECTIVE —The aim of this study was to identify a dietary pattern associated with insulin resistance and investigate whether this pattern was prospect ively associated with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — Analysis was based on 7,339 participants of the Whitehall II study .  Dietary intake  was measured using a 127-item food frequency question naire . We used the reduced rank regression method to determine dietary patterns using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as the intermediate or response variable . The association between the dietary pattern identified and incidence of type 2 diabetes was investigated using Cox proportional hazard regression models . RESULTS —We identified a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of low-calorie/diet soft drinks , onions , sugar-sweetened beverages , burgers and sausages , crisps and other snacks , and white bread and low consumption of medium-/high-fiber breakfast cereals , jam , French dressing/vinaigrette , and wholemeal bread . High 
    Output:
    
Comparison of the effects of different diets revealed that dietary patterns containing fiber-rich foods have a protective role in managing diabetes mellitus .
“ Healthy ” , “ Mediterranean ” , “ Prudent ” , and “ DASH ” dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of hyperglycemia .
Conclusions : The adherence to the Mediterranean , Prudent , or DASH diets could control hyperglycemia .
The higher intake of vegetables , fruits , nuts , whole grains , and lower intake of red meat could reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus