***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study reports secondary outcome analyses from a past study of the Penn Resiliency Program ( PRP ) , a cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for middle-school aged children . Middle school students ( N = 697 ) were r and omly assigned to PRP , PEP ( an alternate intervention ) , or control conditions . Gillham et al. , ( 2007 ) reported analyses examining PRP 's effects on average and clinical levels of depression symptoms . We examine PRP 's effects on  parent- , teacher- , and self-reports of adolescents ' externalizing and broader internalizing ( depression/anxiety , somatic complaints , and social withdrawal ) symptoms over three years of follow-up . Relative to no intervention control , PRP reduced parent-reports of adolescents ' internalizing symptoms beginning at the first assessment after the intervention and persisting for most of the follow-up assessment s. PRP also reduced parent-reported conduct problems relative to no-intervention . There was no evidence that the PRP program produced an effect on teacher- or self-report of adolescents ' symptoms . Overall , PRP did not reduce symptoms relative to the alternate intervention , although there is a suggestion of a delayed effect for conduct problems . These findings are discussed with attention to developmental trajectories and the importance of interventions that address common risk factors for diverse forms of negative outcomes Background Adolescents are at risk of developing depressive symptoms . Given the prevalence , recurrence and negative consequences of adolescent depression , it is crucial to implement prevention programs for high-risk adolescents .  Prevention programs at an indicated level have shown to be successful in reducing depressive symptoms in adolescents . This study will evaluate the (cost)effectiveness of the prevention program ‘ Op Volle Kracht ( OVK 2.0 ) ’ for adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms . Methods We will perform a R and omized Controlled Trial ( RCT ) with an intervention and control condition to test the effectiveness of an indicated prevention program aim ed at depression in adolescents . Adolescents in their second year of secondary education ( 11–15 year ) will be screened for depressive symptoms . Those with heightened levels of depressive symptoms ( CDI-2 ≥ 14 ) will be r and omly assigned to the intervention ( N = 80 ) or control group ( N = 80 ) . The participants in the intervention condition will receive a prevention program comprising eight meetings of 60 min each . The participants in the control condition will receive psycho-educational information . All participants and their parents will complete assessment at baseline , post-intervention , and 6- , 12- and 24- month follow-up . Primary outcome will be depressive symptoms . Additionally , the present study will identify mechanisms that mediate and moderate the program effects and test the effect of OVK 2.0 on secondary outcomes . Discussion This paper describes a study design ed to screen adolescents for depressive symptoms and offer them a prevention program to prevent the onset of depressive symptomatology . Adolescents in the intervention condition are expected to show lower levels of depressive symptoms at 12 month follow-up compared to adolescents in the control condition . If OVK 2.0 proves to be effective , the screening and intervention program could be implemented in schools on a large scale . Trial registration Dutch Trial Register NTR5725 . Date registered : 11th of March 2016 Our study aim ed at evaluating FRIENDS for Life , an intervention to prevent anxiety and depression in Swedish school children . A total of 695 children between the ages of 8 and 11 were recruited from 17 schools in Stockholm , Sweden , and cluster-r and omized to either the intervention or control group . Teachers in the intervention group received a full day of training and administered FRIENDS for Life in their classrooms . We assessed the children ’s anxiety and depressive symptoms , general mental health , and academic performance at pre- and post-intervention as well as at the 12-month follow-up . A multi-informant approach was used with data collected from children , parents , and teachers . Assessment was done with the Spence Children ’s Anxiety Scale , Children ’s Depression Inventory , and the Strengths and Difficulties Question naire . Children ’s baseline symptoms , gender , and age as well as their teacher ’s use of supervision were examined as moderators of effect . Our study found no short- or long-term effects of the intervention for any outcome with regard to the entire sample . We found an enhanced effect of the intervention regarding children with elevated depressive symptoms at baseline . We found a decrease in anxiety symptoms among children whose teachers attended a larger number of supervision sessions , compared to children whose teachers attended fewer supervised sessions or the control group . Mediation analyses showed that this effect was driven by change in the last phase of the intervention , suggesting that supervision might play an important role in enhancing teachers ’ ability to administer the intervention effectively CONTEXT Adolescent offspring of depressed parents are at markedly increased risk of developing depressive disorders . Although some smaller targeted prevention trials have found that depression risk can be reduced , these results have yet to be replicated and extended to large-scale , at-risk population s in different setting s. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a group cognitive behavioral ( CB ) prevention program compared with usual care in preventing the onset of depression . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A multicenter r and omized controlled trial conducted in 4 US cities in which 316 adolescent ( aged 13 - 17 years ) offspring of parents with current or prior depressive disorders were recruited from August 2003 through February 2006 . Adolescents had a past history of depression , current elevated but subdiagnostic depressive symptoms , or both . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , after the 8-week intervention , and after the 6-month continuation phase . INTERVENTION Adolescents were r and omly assigned to the CB prevention program consisting of 8 weekly , 90-minute group sessions followed by 6 monthly continuation sessions or assigned to receive usual care alone . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Rate and hazard ratio ( HR ) of a probable or definite depressive episode ( ie , depressive symptom rating score of > or = 4 ) for at least 2 weeks as diagnosed by clinical interviewers . RESULTS Through the postcontinuation session follow-up , the rate and HR of incident depressive episodes were lower for those in the CB prevention program than for those in usual care ( 21.4 % vs 32.7 % ; HR , 0.63 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.40 - 0.98 ) . Adolescents in the CB prevention program also showed significantly greater improvement in self-reported depressive symptoms than those in usual care ( coefficient , -1.1 ; z = -2.2 ; P = .03 ) . Current parental depression at baseline moderated intervention effects ( HR , 5.98 ; 95 % CI , 2.29 - 15.58 ; P = .001 ) . Among adolescents whose parents were not depressed at baseline , the CB prevention program was more effective in preventing onset of depression than usual care ( 11.7 % vs 40.5 % ; HR , 0.24 ; 95 % CI , 0.11 - 0.50 ) , whereas for adolescents with a currently depressed parent , the CB prevention program was not more effective than usual care in preventing incident depression ( 31.2 % vs 24.3 % ; HR , 1.43 ; 95 % CI , 0.76 - 2.67 ) . CONCLUSION The CB prevention program had a significant prevention effect through the 9-month follow-up period based on both clinical diagnoses and self-reported depressive symptoms , but this effect was not evident for adolescents with a currently depressed parent . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00073671 A controlled trial was conducted to evaluate a prevention program aim ed at reducing depressive and anxious symptoms in rural school children . Seventh- grade children with elevated depression were selected . Nine primary schools ( n = 90 ) were r and omly assigned to receive the program , and 9 control schools ( n = 99 ) received their usual health education classes .  Children completed question naires on depression , anxiety , explanatory style , and social skills . Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist ( T. M. Achenbach , 1991 ) . No intervention effects were found for depression . Intervention group children reported less anxiety than the control group after the program and at 6-month follow-up and more optimistic explanations at postintervention . Intervention group parents reported fewer child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at postintervention only A cluster , stratified r and omized design was used to evaluate the impact of universal , indicated , and combined universal plus indicated cognitive- behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression  among 13- to 15-year-olds initially reporting elevated symptoms of depression . None of the intervention approaches differed significantly from a no-intervention condition or from each other on changes in depressive symptoms , anxiety , externalizing problems , coping skills , and social adjustment .  All high-symptom students , irrespective of condition , showed a significant decline in depressive symptoms and improvement in emotional well-being over time although they still demonstrated elevated levels of psychopathology compared with the general population of peers at 12-month follow-up . There were also no significant intervention effects for the universal intervention in comparison with no intervention for the total sample of students in those conditions OBJECTIVE To conduct a placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness of a universal school-based depression prevention program . METHOD Three hundred ninety-two students age 13 to 15 from two schools were r and omized to intervention ( RAP-Kiwi ) and placebo programs run by teachers . RAP-Kiwi was an 11-session manual-based program derived from cognitive-behavioral therapy . The placebo was similar but with cognitive components removed . Outcomes were self-rated depression scales , the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale ( RADS ) , and the Beck Depression Inventory II ( BDI-II ) . Follow-up was to 18 months . Analysis was done on an intent-to-treat basis . RESULTS Immediately after the intervention , depression scores were reduced significantly more by RAP-Kiwi than by placebo , with a mean difference in change from baseline between groups of 1.5 on BDI-II ( CI > 0.38 , p = .01 ) and 2.24 on RADS ( CI > 0.22 , p = .04 ) . Categorical analysis confirmed significant clinical benefit with an absolute risk reduction of 3 % ( 95 % CI , 1 - 11 % , McNemar chi , p = .03 ) , with the " number needed to treat " for short-term benefit of 33 . Group differences in depression scores averaged across time to 18 months were significant on RADS but not on BDI-II . Retention rates were 91 % at 6 months and 72 % at 18 months . CONCLUSIONS The RAP-Kiwi program is a potentially effective public health measure . Confirmation of effectiveness measuring episodes of depressive illness and broader measures of adjustment is warranted PROBLEM Incidence of depressive symptoms and lack of sufficient adaptive coping skills in adolescents . METHODS A r and omized controlled study to test the effectiveness of a group-administered , cognitive-behavioral interventions method , TKC , on rural adolescents ( N = 89 ) . Outcomes were measured by changes in the scores on an Adolescent Depression Scale and the Coping Response Inventory pre/post intervention , at 6 and at 12 months . FINDINGS Results indicated improvement in depressive symptomatology and certain coping skills . Students in the intervention reported a higher use of cognitive problem-solving coping strategies . CONCLUSIONS The role of a psychiatric nurse in the school system providing short-term psychoeducation interventions is a practical and effective mental health practice Abstract Background As children ’s mental health problems become more complex , more effective prevention is needed . Though various anxiety and depression prevention programmes based on cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) were developed and evaluated in Europe , North America , and Australia recently , there are no programmes in Japan . This study developed a CBT programme for Japanese children and tried to verify its effectiveness in reducing anxiety . Methods A CBT-based anxiety prevention programme , ‘ Journey of the Brave ’ , was developed to prevent anxiety disorders for Japanese children . Children from 4th through 6th grade s ( 9–12 years old ) in Japanese elementary schools and their parents ( 13 sample pairs ) were the intervention group . For comparison purpose s , 16 pairs were the control group . Ten weekly programme sessions and two follow-ups were conducted . Children ’s anxiety levels in both groups were evaluated by child and parent self-reports using the spence children anxiety scale ( SCAS ) three times : pre-programme ( baseline ) , post-programme , and 3 months following the end of the programme . Results At 3-month follow-up , no significant difference was shown between the intervention and control groups on children ’s SCAS scores in changes from baseline by using mixed-effects model for repeated measures analysis ( SCAS-C : −8.92 ( 95 % CI = −14.12 to −3.72 ) and −3.17 ( 95 % CI = −8.02 to 1.66 ) respectively ; the between group difference was 5.747 ( 95 % CI = −1.355 to −12.85 , p = 0.062 ) . On the other h and , significant reduction was shown in the intervention group on parents ’ SCAS ( SCAS-P ) scores in change from baseline −9.554 ( 95 % CI = −12.91 to −6.1 
    Output:
    
Cognitive restructuring  and  problem-solving  were the most popular strategies to treat depressive symptoms , whereas anxiety programs also generally included relaxation and exposure .
These results suggest that in anxiety and depression programs design ed for children and adolescents , the label “ CBT ” encompasses a wide variety of programs with only few similar strategies .