***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : Animal studies and pilot experiments in men indicate that the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin limits food intake , and raise the question of its potential to improve metabolic control in obesity . Subjects/ Methods : We compared the effect of central nervous oxytocin administration ( 24 IU ) via the intranasal route on ingestive behaviour and metabolic function in 18 young obese men with the results in a group of 20 normal-weight men . In double-blind , placebo-controlled experiments , ad libitum food intake from a test buffet was examined in fasted subjects 45 min after oxytocin administration , followed by the assessment of postpr and ial , reward-driven snack intake .  Energy expenditure was repeatedly assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood was sample d to determine concentrations of blood glucose and hormones . Results : Oxytocin markedly reduced hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state in obese but not in normal-weight men , and led to a reduction in snack consumption in both groups , whereas energy expenditure remained generally unaffected . Hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis secretion and the postpr and ial rise in plasma glucose were blunted by oxytocin in both groups . Conclusions : Oxytocin exerts an acutely inhibitory impact on food intake that is enhanced rather than decreased in obese compared with normal-weight men . This pattern puts it in contrast to other metabolically active neuropeptides and bodes well for clinical applications of oxytocin in the treatment of metabolic disorders Background and Aim Social difficulties and problems related to eating behaviour are common features of both anorexia nervosa ( AN ) and bulimia nervosa ( BN ) . The aim of this study was to examine the impact of intranasal oxytocin on consummatory behaviour and emotional recognition in patients with AN and BN in comparison to healthy controls . Material s A total of 102 women , including 35 patients with anorexia nervosa ( AN ) , 34 patients with bulimia nervosa ( BN ) , and 33 healthy university students of comparable age and intelligence , participated in a double-blind , single dose placebo-controlled cross-over study . A single dose of intranasal administration of oxytocin ( 40 IU ) ( or a placebo ) was followed by an emotional recognition task and an apple juice drink . Food intake was then recorded for 24 hours post-test . Results Oxytocin produced no significant change in appetite in the acute or 24 hours free living setting s in healthy controls , whereas there was a decrease in calorie consumption over 24 hours in patients with BN . Oxytocin produced a small increase in emotion recognition sensitivity in healthy controls and in patients with BN , In patients with AN , oxytocin had no effect on emotion recognition sensitivity or on consummatory behaviour . Conclusions The impact of oxytocin on appetite and social cognition varied between people with AN and BN . A single dose of intranasal oxytocin decreased caloric intake over 24 hours in people with BN . People with BN showed enhanced emotional sensitivity under oxytocin condition similar to healthy controls . Those effects of oxytocin were not found in patients with AN . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Objective Pre clinical studies indicate that oxytocin is anorexigenic and has beneficial metabolic effects . Oxytocin effects on nutrition and metabolism in humans are not well defined . We hypothesized that oxytocin would reduce caloric intake and appetite , and alter levels of appetite-regulating hormones . We also explored metabolic effects of oxytocin . Methods We performed a r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study of single-dose intranasal oxytocin ( 24 IU ) in 25 fasting healthy men . After oxytocin/placebo , subjects selected breakfast from a menu , and were given double portions . Caloric content of food consumed was measured . Visual analogue scales were used to assess appetite and blood was drawn for appetite-regulating hormones , insulin , and glucose before and after oxytocin/placebo . Indirect calorimetry assessed resting energy expenditure ( REE ) and substrate utilization . Results Oxytocin reduced caloric intake with a preferential effect on fat intake and increased levels of the anorexigenic hormone cholecystokinin without affecting appetite or other appetite-regulating hormones . There was no effect of oxytocin on REE .  Oxytocin result ed in a shift from carbohydrate to fat utilization and improved insulin sensitivity . Conclusions Intranasal oxytocin reduces caloric intake and has beneficial metabolic effects in men without concerning side effects . The efficacy and safety of sustained oxytocin administration in the treatment of obesity warrants investigation 
    Output:
    
Overall , a single-dose of oxytocin was found to reduce feeding in animals .
Despite several individual studies which found that this effect persists to the end of the third week of chronic administration in rodent models , overall , this anorexigenic effect did not hold in the meta-analyses testing the effects of chronic administration .
There was no overall effect of oxytocin on energy intake in humans , although a trend was identified for oxytocin to reduce consumption of solid foods .
Oxytocin reduces energy intake when administered as a single dose .
Oxytocin can inhibit feeding over two- to three-week periods in rodent models .
These effects typically do not persist beyond the third week of treatment .
The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin is moderated by pregnant status , dose , method of administration , and diet composition .