***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Complications of  intravenous therapy  with steel needles and small-bore Teflon catheters were compared in a r and omized study of 954 cannula insertions .  Cannulas were inserted and cared for by an intravenous team following a st and ard protocol . There were no cases of cannula-related septicemia and only one case of local infection , a cellulitis in the group in which Teflon catheters were used . There was a low incidence of positive semiquantitative cannula cultures in both treatment groups ( steel needles 1.5 percent , Teflon catheters 1.4 percent ) . The risk of phlebitis was significantly greater with Teflon catheters ( 18.8 percent with Teflon catheters , 8.8 percent with steel needles , adjusted odds ratio 1.87 ) . Steel needles were significantly associated with infiltration ( 17.9 percent with Teflon catheters , 40.1 percent with steel needles , adjusted odds ratio 0.39 ) . The over-all rate of complications was significantly greater for the group in which steel needles were used ( 53.8 versus 64.0 percent , adjusted odds ratio 0.72 ) , principally due to the increased risk of infiltration with steel needles . Analysis of the per day risk of infiltration and phlebitis revealed that these relationships were present for each day the cannulas remained in place . We conclude ( 1 ) that steel needles and small-bore Teflon catheters can both be used with low risk of infection and ( 2 ) that Teflon catheters more frequently cause phlebitis , whereas steel needles  infiltrate more readily OBJECTIVE An examination glove that delivers aloe vera ( AV ) gel to the gloved h and was studied in 30 adult females with bilateral occupational dry skin with or without irritant contact dermatitis ( with or without erythema , fissures , and excoriations ) . METHODS All participants were factory assembly-line workers with repeated superficial skin trauma who attributed their dry , irritated , emollient-dependent skin to a common cause ( occupational exposure ) . Participants were sequentially enrolled ( after written informed consent , n = 29 evaluable participants ) into an open , contralateral comparison study to evaluate efficacy of AV glove use 8 h/day to one h and versus no use to the opposite h and for 30 days , followed by 30 days rest , followed by 10 days of repeated use . Participant 's dorsal h and s were documented by st and ardized photos at baseline , during , and at the end of study . RESULTS Unblinded investigator baseline assessment rated dry skin as mild to moderate ( n = 27 ) , or moderate to severe ( n = 2 ) . Mean time to noticeable improvement for the AV glove h and was 3.5 days ( range : 2 - 6 days ) whereas marked improvement was 10.4 days ( range : 7 - 17 days ) for the AV glove h and . No improvement was detected for nonglove h and s. Blinded photo assessment was rated independently by dermatology research staff . End-of- study mean global assessment of AV glove h and s versus nonglove h and s was 1.3 for AV glove h and ( 0 = no change , 1 = good [ 10%-89 % global improvement ] , 2 = marked improvement [ 90%-100 % global improvement ] ) versus 0 for nonglove h and ( P < .0001 ) . Mean global end-of- study assessment s by the participants = 2.0 for AV glove h and versus 0 for nonglove h and . CONCLUSION Dry-coated AV gloves that provide for gradual delivery of AV gel to skin produced a uniformly positive outcome of improved skin integrity , decreased appearance of fine wrinkling , and decreased erythema in the management of occupational dry skin and irritant contact dermatitis OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for  infusion-related phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters . DESIGN A r and omized trial of two catheter material s , with consideration of 21 potential risk factors . SETTING A university hospital . PATIENTS Hospitalized adults without granulocytopenia who received a peripheral intravenous catheter .  INTERVENTIONS House officers or ward nurses inserted the catheters , and each insertion was r and omized to a catheter made of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene ( FEP-Teflon ) or a novel polyetherurethane without leachable additives ( PEU-Vialon ) . MEASUREMENTS Research nurses scored insertion sites each day for inflammation and cultured catheters at removal . RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier risk for phlebitis exceeded 50 % by day 4 after catheterization . intravenous antibiotics ( relative risk , 2.00 ) , female sex ( relative risk , 1.88 ) , prolonged ( greater than 48 hours ) catheterization ( relative risk , 1.79 ) , and catheter material ( PEU-Vialon : FEP-Teflon ) ( relative risk , 0.73 ) strongly predicted phlebitis in a Cox proportional hazards model ( each , P less than 0.003 ) . The best-fit model for severe phlebitis identified the same predictors plus catheter-related infection ( relative risk , 6.19 ) , phlebitis with a previous catheter ( relative risk , 1.54 ) , and anatomic site ( h and : forearm , relative risk , 0.71 ; wrist : forearm , relative risk , 0.60 ) . The low incidence of local catheter-related infection was comparable with the two catheter material s ( 5.4 % [ 95 % CI , 3.8 % to 7.6 % ] and 6.9 % [ CI , 4.9 % to 9.6 % ] ) ; none of the 1054 catheters prospect ively studied caused bacteremia . CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors , including the infusate and the duration of cannulation , contribute to the development of infusion-related phlebitis . The use of peripheral intravenous catheters made of PEU-Vialon appears to pose the same risk for catheter-related infection as the use of catheters made of FEP-Teflon , and PEU-Vialon can permit longer cannulation with less risk for phlebitis . The risk for catheter-related bacteremia with FEP-Teflon and PEU-Vialon catheters is sufficiently low that it no longer seems justifiable to recommend the use of small steel needles for most peripheral intravenous therapy STUDY OBJECTIVES To prospect ively assess the relative risk for phlebitis in a series of consecutive patients with pneumonia and to identify risk factors that predict an increased risk for phlebitis . SETTING Internal medicine department of a tertiary teaching hospital . PATIENTS Seven hundred sixty-six consecutive patients with acute pneumonia receiving IV therapy .  INTERVENTIONS Only the first catheter was taken into account . There were 308 short lines ( a 51-mm , 18-gauge Teflon catheter ) ; 307 midsized lines ( a 28-cm , 16-gauge polyvinyl chloride catheter ) ; and 151 long lines ( 71-cm , 14-gauge plain polyurethane catheter ) . Eighteen variables were prospect ively evaluated in an open , nonr and omized study for their contribution to the occurrence of phlebitis . RESULTS The overall phlebitis rate was 39 % . Phlebitis developed in 53 % of patients with short lines , in 41 % of patients with midsized lines , and in 10 % of patients with long lines , and these catheters remained in place an average ( + /- SD ) of 3.0+/-2.4 days , 4.6+/-3.4 days , and 7.8+/-6.6 days , respectively . The variables that influenced the development of phlebitis , as determined by multivariate analysis , were the following : type of catheter ; blood hemoglobin levels ; and IV therapy with either  corticosteroids  or  erythromycin .  CONCLUSIONS According to our data , when the use of a catheter is expected to be required for < or = 36 h , a short line can be used . If a longer duration is expected , a longer line is warranted . Ours is the first study in which the relationship between blood hemoglobin levels and phlebitis has been reported . Because the use of intravascular devices is increasingly common , a more complete knowledge of the factors that influence their acceptance has become essential Vinorelbine is a moderate vesicant that is well known to cause local venous toxicity such as drug induced-phlebitis . We conducted a prospect i ve r and omized trial to determine whether a 1-min bolus injection ( 1 min bolus ) of vinorelbine reduced the incidence of local venous toxicity compared with a 6-min drip infusion ( 6 min infusion ) . Non-small cell lung cancer patients who were to receive chemotherapy containing vinorelbine  were r and omly assigned to receive either 6 min infusion or 1 min bolus of the drug . All infusions were administered through a peripheral vein . Local venous toxicity was evaluated at each infusion up to two cycles . Eighty-three patients were r and omized into the study and 81 of them assessable for analysis . One hundred thirty-eight infusions to 40 patients in 6 min infusion and 135 infusions to 41 patients in 1 min bolus were delivered . Vinorelbine induced-local venous toxicity was observed in 33 % of patients in 6 min infusion and 24 % in 1 min bolus . There was no statistically significant difference between the two arms ( P=0.41 ) . The incidence of local venous toxicity per infusions was 16 % ( 22 of 138 infusions ) in 6 min infusion and 11 % ( 15 of 135 infusions ) in 1 min bolus ( P=0.47 ) . No severe local venous toxicity was seen in either arm . In this study , the administration of in 1 min bolus of vinorelbine did not significantly reduce the incidence of local venous toxicity compared with 6 min infusion . Further studies for the control of local venous toxicity of vinorelbine are warranted Background : The herbal preparation , aloe vera , has been cl aim ed to have anti‐inflammatory effects and , despite a lack of evidence of its therapeutic efficacy , is widely used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease As part of a st and ardized , multi-hospital prospect i ve surveillance system for nosocomial infections in Rhode Isl and , an analysis was undertaken in March 1980-February 1982 to determine the interplay of factors that contribute to the risk of phlebitis in peripheral , non-steel , non-butterfly intravenous catheters . The authors studied 3094 patients with 5161 total episodes of peripheral intravenous catheters from day of admission until day of discharge . The overall rate of phlebitis was 2.3 % ( 118 episodes ) , and the rate of intravenous catheter-associated bacteremia was 0.08 % ( 1 definite episode , 3 possible episodes ) . Factors significantly associated with the occurrence of phlebitis were : underlying risk for any nosocomial infection , duration of the catheter episode , chronological order of the episode and an interaction between the latter two variables . Analysis of day-specific risk of phlebitis indicated that , for patients with low risk diagnoses , initial peripheral intravenous catheters might be left in place with relative safety for up to 96 hours . Over this time period , the day-specific risk for such patients ranged between 0.8 % and 1.4 % , exclusive of the first day . In all other circumstances , the current recommendation of 48 - 72 hours seems appropriate 
    Output:
    
Aloe vera , either alone or in combination with routine treatment , was more effective than routine treatment alone for improving the symptoms of phlebitis including shortening the time of elimination of red swelling symptoms , time of pain relief at the location of the infusion vein and time of resolution of phlebitis .
There is no strong evidence for preventing or treating infusion phlebitis with external application of Aloe vera .