***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that administration of magnesium sulfate in labor protects against the development of neonatal brain lesions and cerebral palsy ( CP ) in low birth weight infants . METHODS Magnesium exposure was ascertained in a population -based cohort of 1105 infants weighing 2000 g or less through review of medical records of maternal magnesium sulfate administration and , where available , elevated maternal serum magnesium levels . Neonatal germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage and parenchymal brain lesions were ascertained by a prospect i ve , timed ultrasound scanning protocol in the first week of life . CP was ascertained at 2 years of age by clinical examination in 80 % of survivors and by interview and medical record review in another 6 % and was classified as disabling or nondisabling . RESULTS No significant reduction in risk of nondisabling CP ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] , 1.00 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.53 to 1.88 ) or disabling CP [ DCP ] ( adjusted OR , 0.63 ; 95 % CI , 0.32 to 1.24 ) CP with magnesium exposure was found in a logistic regression model that controlled for gestational age , fetal growth , gender , multiple birth status , mode of delivery , amnionitis , and hypertensive disorders . In a small subset of infants , those with onset of parenchymal lesions at 7 days of age or later ( n = 29 ) , magnesium exposure was associated with a significantly reduced risk of DCP ( OR , 0.10 ; 95 % CI , 0.02 to 0.65 ) . Magnesium sulfate exposure was not associated with germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage ( adjusted OR , 0.89 ; 95 % CI , 0.64 to 1.25 ) or with parenchymal brain lesions ( adjusted OR , 0.83 ; 95 % CI , 0.53 to 1.30 ) . CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that magnesium sulfate use reduces the risk of neonatal brain lesions or CP in low birth weight infants was not statistically supported in this study , although a modest reduction in risk of DCP can not be excluded . The data further suggest that magnesium exposure may be associated with reduction in risk of CP in low birth weight infants who have late-onset brain lesions , but this unpredicted observation requires confirmation in another data set OBJECTIVES To investigate whether in utero exposure to magnesium sulfate ( MgSO4 ) was associated with a lower prevalence of  cerebral palsy ( CP ) in infants born weighing < 1500 g. DESIGN Singleton infants weighing < 1500 g at birth ( very low birthweight , VLBW ) and surviving to 3 years with moderate or severe congenital CP were identified among 155,636 children born 1983 through 1985 in four California counties . VLBW children with CP were compared with r and omly selected VLBW control survivors with respect to whether their mothers received MgSO4 to prevent convulsions in preeclampsia or as a tocolytic agent , and other information abstract ed from labor and delivery records . RESULTS During the admission for delivery , 7.1 % of the 42 VLBW infants with later CP and 36 % of the 75 VLBW controls were exposed to MgSO4 ( odds ratio ( OR ) .14 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) .05 , .51 ) . The overall association of MgSO4 with reduced risk of CP was also observed in the subgroup of infants born to women who were not preeclamptic ( OR .25 , CI .08 , .97 ) . Infants with CP were less often exposed antenatally to MgSO4 whether or not there was cotreatment with  non-MgSO4 tocolytics  ( other tocolytics administered , OR for MgSO4 exposure .23 , CI .06 , 1.2 ; other tocolytics not administered , OR for MgSO4 .08 , CI .02 , .68 ) , or  antenatal corticosteroids  ( steroids given , OR for MgSO4 exposure .24 , CI .06 , 1.3 ; steroids not given , OR for MgSO4 , .08 , CI .02 , .72 ) . Apparent benefit of magnesium was observed in the presence or absence of a variety of characteristics of pregnancies , births , and infants . CONCLUSION In this observational study , in utero exposure to MgSO4 was more frequent in controls than in children with CP , suggesting a protective effect of MgSO4 against CP in these VLBW infants The authors examined the relation between intrapartum magnesium sulfate exposure and risk of cerebral palsy  in a case-control study of low birth weight children design ed to control for confounding by the clinical indications for magnesium in pregnancy . Case children ( n = 97 ) included all singleton children with cerebral palsy who were born in 1985 - 1989 in Atlanta , Georgia with a birth weight less than 1,750 g and whose mothers had not had a hypertension-related disease during pregnancy . Control children ( n = 110 ) were r and omly selected from the infant survivors using identical selection criteria . Data on magnesium sulfate exposure , labor and delivery , and infant characteristics were abstract ed from hospital records . The authors found no association between exposure to  magnesium sulfate  and cerebral palsy risk ( odds ratio = 0.9 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.3 , 2.6 ) either in all children or in subgroups with varying likelihoods for exposure to magnesium . However , the association did vary by birth weight , with a protective effect being seen in children born weighing less than 1,500 g and an elevated risk in children with birth weights of 1,500 g or more ; all confidence intervals included 1.0 except for the combined < 1,500 g group . Several ongoing r and omized clinical trials of magnesium and cerebral palsy may shed more definitive light on this relation BACKGROUND Research suggests that fetal exposure to magnesium sulfate before preterm birth might reduce the risk of cerebral palsy . METHODS In this multicenter , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial , we r and omly assigned women at imminent risk for delivery between 24 and 31 weeks of gestation to receive magnesium sulfate , administered intravenously as a 6-g bolus followed by a constant infusion of 2 g per hour , or matching placebo . The primary outcome was the composite of stillbirth or infant death by 1 year of corrected age or moderate or severe cerebral palsy at or beyond 2 years of corrected age . RESULTS A total of 2241 women underwent r and omization . The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups . Follow-up was achieved for 95.6 % of the children . The rate of the primary outcome was not significantly different in the magnesium sulfate group and the placebo group ( 11.3 % and 11.7 % , respectively ; relative risk , 0.97 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.77 to 1.23 ) . However , in a prespecified secondary analysis , moderate or severe cerebral palsy occurred significantly less frequently in the magnesium sulfate group ( 1.9 % vs. 3.5 % ; relative risk , 0.55 ; 95 % CI , 0.32 to 0.95 ) . The risk of death did not differ significantly between the groups ( 9.5 % vs. 8.5 % ; relative risk , 1.12 ; 95 % CI , 0.85 to 1.47 ) . No woman had a life-threatening event . CONCLUSIONS Fetal exposure to magnesium sulfate before anticipated early preterm delivery did not reduce the combined risk of moderate or severe cerebral palsy or death , although the rate of cerebral palsy was reduced among survivors . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00014989 . OBJECTIVE . To estimate the prevalence of cerebral palsy at 2 years of age among children born very preterm , according to gestational age , infant gender , plurality , and neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities . METHODS . All infants born between 22 and 32 weeks of gestation in 9 regions of France in 1997 were included in this prospect i ve , population -based , cohort study . The main outcome measure was cerebral palsy prevalence at 2 years . Of the 2364 survivors eligible for follow-up evaluation , 1954 ( 83 % ) were assessed at 2 years of age . RESULTS . Among the 1954 children assessed at 2 years , 8.2 % had cerebral palsy . Bilateral spastic cerebral palsy , hemiplegia , and monoplegia accounted for 72 % , 9 % , and 10 % of cases , respectively . Fifty percent of the children with cerebral palsy walked independently at the age of 2 , 31 % were unable to walk but could sit independently , and 19 % could not sit ( unable to maintain head and trunk control ) . The prevalence of cerebral palsy was 20 % at 24 to 26 weeks of gestation , compared with 4 % at 32 weeks . On the basis of ultrasound findings in the neonatal period , we found that 17 % of children with isolated grade III intraventricular hemorrhage and 25 % of children with white matter damage ( ie , ventricular dilation , persistent echodensities , or cystic periventricular leukomalacia ) had cerebral palsy , compared with 4 % of children with normal ultrasound scans . CONCLUSIONS . Despite recent improvements in survival rates , cerebral palsy remains highly prevalent among very preterm children . Severe cranial ultrasound abnormalities predict motor disability strongly , but one third of infants with cerebral palsy had no ultrasound abnormalities Very preterm infants have high rates of  neurological impairments and disabilities . These rates have not diminished as the survival rates have improved . Basic science research suggests that magnesium sulphate before birth can be neuroprotective for the preterm fetus . Some , but not all , observational studies in humans also suggest a protective effect of antenatal magnesium sulphate on cerebral palsy . Four r and omised controlled trials of antenatal magnesium sulphate have reported long-term neurological effects in surviving infants , but only one of these was design ed specifically to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment . These studies found that , overall , antenatal magnesium sulphate therapy had no significant effect on paediatric mortality or neurological outcomes in the first few years of life , including cerebral palsy , but it was found to lower the rate of motor problems at 2 years of age in one study . The role for antenatal magnesium sulphate therapy as a neuroprotective agent for the preterm fetus is not yet established 
    Output:
    
: Antenatal magnesium sulfate therapy given to women at risk of preterm birth is neuroprotective against motor disorders in childhood for the preterm fetus