***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral carnitine supplementation on the semen parameters of men with idiopathic asthenospermia . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind placebo-controlled study . SETTING Academic tertiary referral centers . PATIENT(S ) Male patients presenting with infertility and with sperm motility of 10%-50 % were selected . INTERVENTION(S ) Patients were r and omized to 24-week treatment arms of oral carnitine ( 2,000 mg L-carnitine and 1,000 mg L-acetyl-carnitine per day ) or placebo . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Sperm motility and total motile sperm counts at baseline , 12 weeks , and 24 weeks . Seminal plasma and sperm free , acetyl , and total L-carnitine levels at baseline and at week 24 . RESULT ( S ) Twenty-one patients entered the study , with 12 patients in the carnitine arm and 9 in the placebo arm . There were no significant differences in baseline semen parameters between the carnitine and placebo arms . There was no statistically significant or clinical ly significant increase in motility or total motile sperm counts between baseline , 12 week , or 24 weeks in the carnitine or placebo arms . CONCLUSION ( S ) Carnitine supplementation demonstrated no clinical ly or statistically significant effect on sperm motility or total motile sperm counts in men with idiopathic asthenospermia A r and omised group of 90 men with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia was subjected to control study with pentoxifyllin . Pentoxifyllin was given to 51 men 1200 mg daily for 3 months . The other group of 39 infertile men was followed during the same period of time . Significant improvement was observed , in treated group , in percentage of motile sperms and normal shaped sperms after 3 months treatment . This study emphasizes that pentoxifyllin is a relatively good drug for restoring sperm motility and morphology in oligoasthenozoospermic men Male factor infertility is a multifactorial disorder that affects a significant percentage of infertile couples ; however , many of them remained untreated . In recent years , considerable numbers of infertile men have sought ' herbal remedies ' as an effective treatment . Among ' herbal remedies ' , saffron is recommended for male infertility in our community . The effect of saffron was evaluated compared with placebo for the treatment of idiopathic male factor infertility . The study included 260 infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia ( OAT ) who were r and omized to saffron 60 mg/day ( 130 , group 1 ) or a similar regimen of placebo ( 130 , group 2 ) for 26 weeks . The two groups were compared for changes in semen parameters and total seminal plasma antioxidant capacity .  Saffron administration did not result in beneficial effects . At the end of the study no statistically significant improvements were observed in either group in any of the studied semen parameters ( sperm density , morphology and motility ) ( all p = 0.1 ) . At the end of the trial , patients in group 1 had a mean motility of 25.7 ± 2.4 % , which was not statistically different from the mean of 24.9 ± 2.8 % in the placebo group ( p = 0.1 ) . Normal sperm morphology was 18.7 ± 4.7 % and 18.4 ± 4.3 % , in groups 1 and 2 , respectively ( p = 0.1 ) . Patients treated with saffron and placebo had a mean sperm density of 20.5 ± 4.6 % and 21.4 ± 4.6 % per mL , respectively ( p = 0.1 ) . Saffron administration did not improve total seminal plasma antioxidant capacity , compared with baseline ( p = 0.1 ) and placebo subjects ( p = 0.1 ) . Based on Pearson correlations , each semen parameter did not correlate significantly with treatment duration , including sperm density ( r = 0.146 , p = 0.13 ) , percent of motile sperm ( r = 0.145 , p = 0.15 ) and percent of sperm with normal morphology ( r = 0.125 , p = 0.30 ) . Saffron does not statistically significantly improve semen parameters in infertile men with idiopathic OAT . If medical professionals want to prescribe herbal remedies for male infertility , previous rigorous scientific investigations , documenting their safety and efficacy are required The effects of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) on  DHA levels in serum , seminal plasma , and sperm of asthenozoospermic men as well as on sperm motility were examined in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled manner . Asthenozoospermic men ( n=28 ; ≤50 % motility ) were supplemented with 0 , 400 , or 800 mg DHA/d for 3 mon . Sperm motility and the fatty acid composition of serum , seminal plasma , and sperm phospholipid were determined before and after supplementation . In serum , DHA supplementation result ed in decreases in 22∶4n−6 ( −30 % in the 800-mg DHA group only ) and total n−6 ( −6 and −12 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) fatty acids . Increases were noted in DHA ( 71 and 131 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) , total n−3 fatty acids ( 42 and 67 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) , and the n−3/n−6 ratio ( 50 and 93 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) . In seminal plasma  , DHA supplementation result ed in a decrease in 22∶4n−6 ( −31 % in the 800-mg DHA group only ) and an increase in the ratio of n−3 to n−6 ( 35 and 33 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) . There were insignificant increases in DHA and total n−3 fatty acids . In sperm , decreases were noted in 22∶4n−6 ( −37 and −31 % in the 400- and 800-mg DHA groups , respectively ) . There were no other changes . There was no effect of DHA supplementation on sperm motility . The results show that dietary DHA supplementation results in increased serum- and possibly seminal plasma — phospholipid DHA levels , without affecting the incorporation of DHA into the spermatozoa phospholipid in asthenozoospermic men . This inability of DHA to be incorporated into sperm phospholipid is most likely responsible for the observed lack of effect of DHA supplementation on sperm motility Chronic prostatitis ( CP ) due to Chlamydia trachomatis ( Ct ) infection has a significant impact on young male fertility , and eradication of Ct infection after antibiotic therapy does not always result in recovery of semen quality . The study aim was to evaluate the effects on fertility parameters of L-arginine , L-carnitine , acetyl-L-carnitine , and ginseng extracts ( FERTIMEV ) associated with prulifloxacin in patients affected by CP and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia due to Ct infection . Two hundred and six patients with proven Ct genital infection and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia were enrolled in a prospect i ve , r and omized , and controlled study . Prulifloxacin ( 600 mg ) was administered daily for 14 days , and patients were divided into 2 groups : group A : antibiotic therapy alone ; and group B : antibiotic therapy and additional therapy with FERTIMEV ( 1 vial daily for 6 months ) . Microbiological and semen parameter analyses were performed both at enrollment and after 6 months . National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and International Prostatic Symptom Score question naires were applied . Of the 206 patients , 109 were assigned to group A and 97 to group B. At the enrollment time , no differences were reported with regard to clinical , instrumental , and laboratory data . Six months after treatment , statistically significant differences were demonstrated between both groups in terms of sperm concentration ( 21.3 ± 13.2 millions/mL vs 11.5 ± 13.2 millions/mL ) ( Cohen 's d = 0.61 ) ( P < .001 , df = 2 , F = 62.10 ) and percentage of motile sperm ( 42.4 % ± 5.2 % vs 29.3 % ± 11.0 % ) ( Cohen 's d = 1.52 ) ( P < .001 , df = 2 , F = 91.48 ) . In this study treatment with FERTIMEV together with prulifloxacin improved semen parameters in patients with Ct genital infection and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia compared to treatment with prulifloxacin therapy alone PURPOSE We investigated the effects of the administration of ubiquinol ( a reduced form of coenzyme Q(10 ) ) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 228 men with unexplained infertility were r and omly assigned 1:1 into 2 groups . Group 1 ( 114 ) received 200 mg ubiquinol daily by mouth for 26 weeks and group 2 ( 114 ) received a similar regimen of placebo . After completion of the 26-week treatment phase , all participants were followed for another 12-week off-drug period . Primary outcomes were improvement in sperm density , sperm motility and sperm strict morphology . RESULTS At the end of the 26-week treatment period mean ± SD sperm density in the ubiquinol and placebo groups was 28.7 ± 4.6 × 10(6)/ml and 16.8 ± 4.4 × 10(6)/ml ( p = 0.005 ) , sperm motility was 35.8 % ± 2.7 % and 25.4 % ± 2.1 % ( p = 0.008 ) , and sperm strict morphology was 17.6 % ± 4.4 % and 14.8 % ± 4.1 % ( p = 0.01 ) of normal sperm , respectively . During the treatment period serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels decreased significantly ( p = 0.02 ) and serum inhibin B concentrations increased significantly ( p = 0.01 ) . During the off-drug period semen parameters gradually returned to baseline values but the differences were still significant for sperm density ( p = 0.03 ) and sperm motility ( p = 0.03 ) . The correlation coefficients analysis revealed a positive association between the duration of treatment with ubiquinol and sperm density ( r = 0.74 , p = 0.017 ) , sperm motility ( r = 0.66 , p = 0.024 ) and sperm morphology ( r = 0.57 , p = 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS Ubiquinol was significantly effective in men with unexplained oligoasthenoteratozoospermia for improving sperm density , sperm motility and sperm morphology OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of the in vivo administration of vitamin E as treatment for reactive oxygen species-associated male infertility .  SETTING University-based center for reproductive medicine . DESIGN Double-blind r and omized placebo cross-over controlled trial . PATIENTS , PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy men with high levels of reactive oxygen species generation in semen and a normal female partner . INTERVENTIONS Patients were allocated to two groups according to the blinded r and omization . Each patient received either 600 mg/d of vitamin E ( Ephynal , 300 mg tablets ; F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. , Basle , Switzerl and ) ( order A ) or identical placebo tablets ( order B ) for 3 months . Then after a 1-month wash-out period the patients were crossed-over to the other treatment . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Improvement in the in vitro function of the spermatozoa measured by conventional semen analysis , computerized motility assessment , determination of reactive oxygen species generation , binding to the zona pellucida of the unfertilized human oocyte in a competitive zona binding assay , development of hyperactivated motility ( both spontaneous and in the presence of 20 % of the natural agonist , human follicular fluid ) and pregnancy . RESULTS Rise in the blood serum vitamin E levels after treatment accompanied by improvement in one of the sperm function tests : the zona binding assay . The zona binding ratio for order A improved from 0.2 ( range 0 to 0.5 ) before treatment to 0.5 ( range 0.1 to 1.0 ) after treatment , the corresponding values for order B were 0.2 ( range 0 to 1.0 ) before treatment and 0.3 ( range 0.1 to 0.7 ) after treatment . CONCLUS 
    Output:
    
Low quality evidence suggests that clinical pregnancy rates may increase .