***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study determines and analyzes the prevalence of  Urinary Incontinence ( UI )  and its demographic and clinical predictors . This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo , Nursing School . The sample was r and omly selected  by cluster technique and included 519 individuals aged≥18 years , living in 341 houses in urban areas . Data were analyzed through Chi-Square , Hosmer Lemeshow 's test and multivariate logistic regression ( stepwise ) . Prevalence rates were st and ardized by gender and age . Of the 519 people composing the sample : 20.1 % had UI , 32.9 % were women and 6.2 % were men  . Longer duration of losses ( OR=29.3 ; p<0.001 ) , diabetes mellitus ( OR=17.7 ; p<0.001 ) , stroke ( OR=15.9 ; p<0.001 ) , and cystocele ( OR=12.5 ; p<0.001 ) were the factors most strongly associated with UI . This study enabled the identification of UI epidemiology and can contribute to the development of public policies for its primary and secondary prevention and treatment , even if such measures are initially implemented at the city level Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary incontinence ( UI ) in Chinese women . Methods : In the cross-sectional survey , 20,000 Chinese women 20 years or older were r and omly selected and interviewed with modified Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms question naires to estimate population prevalence rates and identify potential risk factors . Results : A total of 19,024 women were included in the analysis and 976 excluded ; qualified rate is 95 % ( 19,024/20,000 ) . Of the Chinese women aged from 20 to 99 years ( mean ± SD , 45 ± 16 y ) , the overall prevalence rate of UI was 30.9 % . Estimates of stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) , urge urinary incontinence , and mixed urinary incontinence prevalence were 18.9 % , 2.6 % , and 9.4 % , with a corresponding proportional distribution of 61 % , 8 % , and 31 % , respectively . The prevalence of mixed urinary incontinence increased with aging , whereas the prevalence of SUI peaked in the group of women aged 50 years and that of urge urinary incontinence in the group of women aged 70 years . Only 25 % of women have consulted doctors on this issue . Through multivariable logistic regression analysis , we identified age , vaginal delivery , multiparity , alcohol consumption , central obesity ( women 's waist circumference , ≥80 cm ) , constipation , chronic pelvic pain , history of respiratory disease , gynecological events , pelvic surgery , and perimenopause and postmenopause status as potential risk factors for SUI , among which age , vaginal delivery , and multiparity are three major risk factors . Conclusions : Our findings suggest that the prevalence of UI is high in China , with SUI as the most common subtype . Age , vaginal delivery , and others are risk factors for SUI OBJECTIVE A group of healthy females were r and omly sample d in Shanghai for the purpose of evaluating the prevalence of urinary incontinence ( UI ) among Chinese women and its associated risk factors . METHODS 5,467 registered female residents aged from 20 years were r and omly sample d from four communities in Shanghai , and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Question naire ( the International Consultation Incontinence Question naire ) was adopted . Detailed information regarding pregnancy , menstruation , and several demographic variables was also collected . Data were subsequently analyzed using McNemar 's test , univariate analysis , multinomial logistic regression models , and binary logistic regression models . RESULTS The prevalence rate of UI was estimated to be 23.3 % . The rate of stress UI ( SUI ) was 14.0 % ( 761/5433 ) , which was more prevalent than the rate of urgency UI ( UUI ) and mixed UI ( MUI ) , which were 3.0 % ( 164/5433 ) and 6.3 % ( 341/5433 ) , respectively . The risk factors associated with developing UI included aging , lack of education , poor living environment ( specifically in the rural area ) , intense manual labor , the absence of physical exercise , hyperlipemia , diabetes , nocturia , consumption of greasy food , divorce or widowing , chronic pelvic pain ( CPP ) , pelvic organ prolapse ( POP ) , frequent urinary tract infection , and vaginal delivery without episiotomy . We also observed that most Chinese women were not aware of UI , which prevented them from seeking early treatment . CONCLUSIONS Urinary incontinence is a common disorder among Chinese women in Shanghai , and many risk factors contribute to the development of UI . Most Chinese women were not aware of UI , which prevented them from seeking early treatment Study Type – Symptom prevalence ( prospect i ve cohort BACKGROUND We r and omly sample d a healthy community to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary incontinence . METHODS The survey was performed in Fuzhou , China . Of women over twenty years of age in the city , 3.0 % were r and omly selected and 4684 evaluated by Bristol Female Urinary Tract Symptoms Question naire . RESULTS Of the women in Fuzhou , 19.0 % had urinary incontinence . The prevalence of stress incontinence , urge incontinence and mixed incontinence was 16.6 % ( n = 777 ) , 10.0 % ( n = 468 ) , 7.7 % ( n = 360 ) respectively . The prevalence of the three types of urinary incontinence increased significantly with age ( P < 0.01 ) . In multiple logistic models , age ( OR , 1.3 , 95 % CI , 1.1 - 1.4 ) , vaginal delivery ( 3.0 , 1.9 - 4.7 ) , parity > 2 ( 2.1 , 1.5 - 2.9 ) , hypertension ( 2.7 , 1.4 - 5.6 ) , constipation ( 2.6 , 1.8 - 3.8 ) , alcohol consumption ( 4.7 , 1.1 - 20.2 ) , episiotomy ( 1.7 , 1.4 - 2.0 ) , higher body mass index ( BMI , 1.8 , 1.5 - 2.2 ) and unskilled worker ( 0.7 , 0.5 - 0.8 ) were potential risk factors for stress incontinence . Urge incontinence was associated with age ( OR , 1.3 , 95 % CI , 0.9 - 1.3 ) , menopause ( 1.6 , 1.1 - 2.4 ) , Caesarean delivery ( 0.2 , 0.1 - 0.5 ) , parity > 2 ( 2.6 , 1.8 - 3.8 ) , constipation ( 2.3 , 1.4 - 3.7 ) , foetal birthweight ( 1.7 , 1.1 - 2.4 ) , episiotomy ( 1.4 , 1.1 - 1.8 ) , higher BMI ( 1.5 , 1.2 - 2.0 ) and unskilled worker ( 0.7 , 0.5 - 0.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of urinary incontinence and its subtypes in Chinese women is lower than that of occidental women . In China , age , vaginal delivery , parity , hypertension , constipation , alcohol consumption , episiotomy , higher BMI are potential risk factors for stress incontinence . Urge incontinence is associated with age , menopause , Caesarean delivery , parity , constipation , foetal birthweight , episiotomy , higher body mass index Objectives : To survey and evaluate the prevalence and potential risk factors of female urinary incontinence ( UI ) in Beijing , China . Design : A population -based cross-sectional study was performed from April to July 2005 . We r and omly sample d 1.0 % of female residents aged 20 years and older from year 2000 national census data , totaling 5,300 women . All of the women were interviewed face to face using a modified question naire based on the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms . Data were collected and analyzed . Results : The overall prevalence of female UI was 38.5 % . Prevalence rates of female stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) , female urge urinary incontinence , and female mixed urinary incontinence were 22.9 % , 2.8 % , and 12.4 % , respectively . The prevalence rate of female UI was more than 50 % in postmenopausal women . In multiple logistic models , multiple vaginal deliveries ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.1 ; 95 % CI : 1.443 - 3.179 ) , age ( OR = 1.7 ; 95 % CI : 1.039 - 2.742 ) , postmenopausal status ( OR = 1.5 ; 95 % CI : 1.182 - 1.983 ) , chronic pelvic pain ( OR = 1.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.134 - 1.814 ) , obesity ( OR = 1.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.205 - 1.721 ) , lack of exercise ( OR = 1.3 ; 95 % CI : 1.105 - 1.509 ) , constipation ( OR = 1.3 ; 95 % CI : 1.109 - 1.586 ) , and hypertension ( OR = 1.2 ; 95 % CI : 1.053 - 1.474 ) were identified as potential risk factors of female SUI . No association between female SUI and offspring birth weight , occupation , or chronic diseases was observed in this study . Only 12.8 % of women with UI and 7.4 % of women with SUI seek medical help . Conclusions : UI is a major disorder that affects female quality of life . The prevalence of female UI is high ( 38.5 % ) in Beijing . Among the different types of UI , SUI was the most prevalent ( 22.9 % ) . Potential risk factors identified for female SUI were multiple vaginal deliveries , age , postmenopausal status , chronic pelvic pain , obesity , lack of exercise , constipation , and hypertension OBJECTIVE In the course of performing systematic review s on the prevalence of low back and neck pain , we required a tool to assess the risk of study bias . Our objectives were to ( 1 ) modify an existing checklist and ( 2 ) test the final tool for interrater agreement . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The final tool consists of 10 items addressing four domains of bias plus a summary risk of bias assessment . Two research ers tested the interrater agreement of the tool by independently assessing 54 r and omly selected studies .  Interrater agreement overall and for each individual item was assessed using the proportion of agreement and Kappa statistic . RESULTS Raters found the tool easy to use , and there was high interrater agreement : overall agreement was 91 % and the Kappa statistic was 0.82 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.76 , 0.86 ) . Agreement was almost perfect for the individual items on the tool and moderate for the summary assessment . CONCLUSION We have addressed a research gap by modifying and testing a tool to assess risk of study bias . Further research may be useful for assessing the applicability of the tool across different conditions AIMS The exact magnitude of the problem of urinary incontinence ( UI ) in Egypt is not yet reported . We studied the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with UI among a group of Egyptian women as taken from a representative sample from the population . METHODS DESIGN A cross-sectional , community-based study . SETTING Assiut , Upper Egypt , Egypt . PARTICIPANTS women , aged 20 years and older , selected r and omly from the population . MEASUREMENTS PARTICIPANTS completed a previously vali date d question naire ; Urogenital Distress Inventory-short form ( UDI-6 ) . RESULTS A total of 1,652 women were included . The prevalence of UI among our study subjects is 54.8 % . Aging , low educational level , menopause , higher parity ( > 3 ) , vaginal delivery , and previous multiple abortions ( > 3 ) were found to be significantly associated with UI . The prevalence of urge , stress and mixed incontinence , mutually exclusive of each other , was 15 % , 14.8 % , and 25 % , respectively . The prevalence of severe incontinence is 8.4 % . Regarding the quality of life , the most distressing issues for sufferers were their inability to pray ( 90 % ) . CONCLUSIONS UI is quite common in Egypt and prevalence rates are higher when compared to other reports Introduction and hypothesisPelvic floor disorders affect many women in high-income countries . Since little is known about such disorders in Africa , this study aim ed at assessing the prevalence and risk factors in an Ethiopian community . We also assessed the validity of a prolapse question naire . Methods A  community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 395 women , recruited by a systematic r and om sampling technique . Women were interviewed about symptoms of urinary incontinence , faecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse by female nurses . Additionally , pelvic examinations were performed in 
    Output:
    
Conclusions PFDs affect a substantial proportion of women in LMICs .