***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Overweight and obesity affects more than 66 % of the adult population and is associated with a variety of chronic diseases . Weight reduction reduces health risks associated with chronic diseases and is therefore encouraged by major health agencies . Guidelines of the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute ( NHLBI ) encourage a 10 % reduction in weight , although considerable literature indicates reduction in health risk with 3 % to 5 % reduction in weight . Physical activity ( PA ) is recommended as a component of weight management for prevention of weight gain , for weight loss , and for prevention of weight regain after weight loss . In 2001 , the American College of Sports Medicine ( ACSM ) published a Position St and that recommended a minimum of 150 min wk(-1 ) of moderate-intensity PA for overweight and obese adults to improve health ; however , 200 - 300 min wk(-1 ) was recommended for long-term weight loss . More recent evidence has supported this recommendation and has indicated more PA may be necessary to prevent weight regain after weight loss . To this end , we have reexamined the evidence from 1999 to determine whether there is a level at which PA is effective for prevention of weight gain , for weight loss , and prevention of weight regain . Evidence supports moderate-intensity PA between 150 and 250 min wk(-1 ) to be effective to prevent weight gain .  Moderate-intensity PA between 150 and 250 min wk(-1 ) will provide only modest weight loss . Greater amounts of PA ( > 250 min wk(-1 ) ) have been associated with clinical ly significant weight loss .  Moderate-intensity PA between 150 and 250 min wk(-1 ) will improve weight loss in studies that use moderate diet restriction but not severe diet restriction . Cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies indicate that after weight loss , weight maintenance is improved with PA > 250 min wk(-1 ) . However , no evidence from well- design ed r and omized controlled trials exists to judge the effectiveness of PA for prevention of weight regain after weight loss .  Resistance training does not enhance weight loss but may increase fat-free mass and increase loss of fat mass and is associated with reductions in health risk . Existing evidence indicates that endurance PA or resistance training without weight loss improves health risk . There is inadequate evidence to determine whether PA prevents or attenuates detrimental changes in chronic disease risk during weight gain OBJECTIVE To compare the response of blood glucose levels to intermittent high-intensity exercise ( IHE ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( MOD ) in individuals with type 1 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seven healthy individuals with type 1 diabetes were tested on two separate occasions , during which either a 30-min MOD or IHE protocol was performed . MOD consisted of continuous exercise at 40 % Vo(2peak ) , while the IHE protocol involved a combination of continuous exercise at 40 % Vo(2peak ) interspersed with 4-s sprints performed every 2 min to simulate the activity patterns of team sports . RESULTS Both exercise protocol s result ed in a decline in blood glucose levels . However , the decline was greater with MOD ( -4.4 + /- 1.2 mmol/l ) compared with IHE ( -2.9 + /- 0.8 mmol/l ; P < 0.05 ) , despite the performance of a greater amount of total work with IHE ( P < 0.05 ) . During 60 min of recovery from exercise , glucose levels remained higher in IHE compared with MOD ( P < 0.05 ) . Furthermore , glucose levels remained stable during recovery from IHE , while they continued to decrease after MOD ( P < 0.05 ) . The stabilization of blood glucose levels with IHE was associated with elevated levels of lactate , catecholamines , and growth hormone during early recovery from exercise ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no differences in free insulin , glucagon , cortisol , or free fatty acids between MOD and IHE . CONCLUSIONS The decline in blood glucose levels is less with IHE compared with MOD during both exercise and recovery in individuals with type 1 diabetes Exercise is an effective intervention for treating hypertension and arterial stiffness , but little is known about which exercise modality is the most effective in reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure in hypertensive subjects . Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of continuous vs. interval exercise training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in hypertensive patients . Sixty-five patients with hypertension were r and omized to 16 weeks of continuous exercise training ( n=26 ) , interval training ( n=26 ) or a sedentary routine ( n=13 ) . The training was conducted in two 40-min sessions a week . Assessment of arterial stiffness by carotid – femoral pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ( ABPM ) were performed before and after the 16 weeks of training . At the end of the study , ABPM blood pressure had declined significantly only in the subjects with higher basal values and was independent of training modality . PWV had declined significantly only after interval training from 9.44±0.91 to 8.90±0.96 m s−1 , P=0.009 ( continuous from 10.15±1.66 to 9.98±1.81 m s−1 , P = ns ; control from 10.23±1.82 to 10.53±1.97 m s−1 , P = ns ) . Continuous and interval exercise training were beneficial for blood pressure control , but only interval training reduced arterial stiffness in treated hypertensive subjects Aims : Exercise is recommended as prevention , management , and control of all stages of hypertension . There are still controversies about the optimal training dose , frequency , and intensity . We aim ed to study the effect of aerobic interval training on blood pressure and myocardial function in hypertensive patients . Methods and results : A total of 88 patients ( 52.0 ± 7.8 years , 39 women ) with essential hypertension were r and omized to aerobic interval training ( AIT ) ( > 90 % of maximal heart rate , correlates to 85–90 % of VO2max ) , isocaloric moderate intensity continuous training ( MIT ) ( ∼70 % of maximal heart rate , 60 % of VO2max ) , or a control group . Exercise was performed on a treadmill , three times per week for 12 weeks . Ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure ( ABP ) was the primary endpoint . Secondary endpoints included maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , mean heart rate/24 hour , flow mediated dilatation ( FMD ) , total peripheral resistance ( TPR ) , and myocardial systolic and diastolic function by echocardiography . Systolic ABP was reduced by 12 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 4.5 mmHg ( p = 0.05 ) in MIT . Diastolic ABP was reduced by 8 mmHg ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 3.5 mmHg ( p = 0.02 ) in MIT . VO2max improved by 15 % ( p < 0.001 ) in AIT and 5 % ( p < 0.01 ) in MIT . Systolic myocardial function improved in both exercise groups , diastolic function in the AIT group only . TPR reduction and increased FMD were only observed in the AIT group . Conclusions : This study indicates that the blood pressure reducing effect of exercise in essential hypertension is intensity dependent . Aerobic interval training is an effective method to lower blood pressure and improve other cardiovascular risk factors Background Although disease-specific exercise guidelines for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) are widely available , it remains uncertain whether these different exercise guidelines are integrated properly for patients with different CVDs . The aim of this study was to assess the inter-clinician variance in exercise prescription for patients with various CVDs and to compare these prescriptions with recommendations from the EXercise Prescription in Everyday practice and Rehabilitative Training ( EXPERT ) tool , a digital decision support system for integrated state-of-the-art exercise prescription in CVD . Design The study was a prospect i ve observational survey . Methods Fifty-three CV rehabilitation clinicians from nine European countries were asked to prescribe exercise intensity ( based on percentage of peak heart rate ( HRpeak ) ) , frequency , session duration , programme duration and exercise type ( endurance or strength training ) for the same five patients . Exercise prescriptions were compared between clinicians , and relationships with clinician characteristics were studied . In addition , these exercise prescriptions were compared with recommendations from the EXPERT tool . Results A large inter-clinician variance was found for prescribed exercise intensity ( median ( interquartile range ( IQR ) ) : 83 ( 13 ) % of HRpeak ) , frequency ( median ( IQR ) : 4 ( 2 ) days/week ) , session duration ( median ( IQR ) : 45 ( 18 ) min/session ) , programme duration ( median ( IQR ) : 12 ( 18 ) weeks ) , total exercise volume ( median ( IQR ) : 1215 ( 1961 ) peak-effort training hours ) and prescription of strength training exercises  ( prescribed in 78 % of all cases ) . Moreover , clinicians ’ exercise prescriptions were significantly different from those of the EXPERT tool ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions This study reveals significant inter-clinician variance in exercise prescription for patients with different CVDs and disagreement with an integrated state-of-the-art system for exercise prescription , justifying the need for st and ardization efforts regarding integrated exercise prescription in CV rehabilitation PURPOSE This study was design ed to investigate whether , in a dose-response manner , there would be greater health benefits in a group of postmenopausal women completing 45 minute- vs. 30 minutes of moderate intensity ( 50 % maximal oxygen uptake reserve , VO2R ) exercise 5 days . wk(-1 ) . METHODS Apparently healthy but sedentary postmenopausal women ( n = 33 ) were r and omized to a nonexercise control group , a 30-minute exercise duration group , or a 45-minute exercise duration group . Exercise training was performed 5 days . wk(-1 ) for 12 weeks at 50 % VO2R . Participants were instructed to not change their usual diet throughout the study . RESULTS Twenty-six women completed the study . After 12 weeks , VO2max increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in both 30-minute ( 0.20 + /- 0.21 L . min(-1 ) ) and 45-minute ( 0.41 + /- 0.10 L . min(-1 ) ) groups . Repeated measures ANOVA identified a significant interaction between exercise duration and VO2max values ( F = 4.72 , p < 0.05 ) , indicating that VO2max responded differently to 30-minute and 45-minute exercise duration s. Trend analysis showed that body mass , body composition , waist circumference , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) changed favorably ( p < 0.05 ) across control , 30-minute , and 45-minute groups . CONCLUSIONS Although most health organizations agree that 150 min . wk(-1 ) of physical activity will reduce the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality , few r and omized , controlled studies have examined whether completing more physical activity than the recommended amount will yield additional benefits . Findings from the present study suggest that there is a dose-response relationship between exercise duration and numerous health outcomes in postmenopausal women , including cardiorespiratory fitness , body mass , body composition , waist circumference , and Summary No objective evidence has been presented to support the beneficial effect of physical training on glycaemic control in Type 1 ( insulin-dependent ) diabetic patients trained two to three times a week for several months . In the present study we examined the possibility that a daily exercise programme would be more suitable for improving glycaemic control .  Thirteen patients completed a 5-month study ; 6 were r and omized to exercise training ( 20 min daily bicycle exercise ) and 7 served as non-exercising controls .  The training result ed in an 8 % increase in maximal oxygen uptake ( p < 0.05 ) . No change in glycaemic control occurred during the study period in either group . In addition , serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were followed . Total cholesterol decreased during the study period irrespective of training . No effect was noted on the levels of LDL , VLDL , HDL and HDL2 cholesterol . A significant training effect was obtained in the HDL3 subfraction ( −10%,p < 0.05 ) . Total triglycerides were unchanged , but a decrease in the level of LDL triglycerides was observed with training ( −12%,p < 0.01 ) . It is concluded that , in female Type 1 diabetic patients  , daily physical training for several months does not improve glycaemic control and results only in minor changes in serum lipoprotein profiles Background Impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and upregulation of inflammatory markers , which is potentially reversible by adequate treatment . It was our aim to compare the impact of exercise training with that of rosiglitazone on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with IGT and coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Methods Patients with IGT and CAD were r and omly assigned to either exercise training ( n = 13 ) , rosiglitazone ( 8 mg ; n = 11 ) , or a control group ( n = 10 ) . During the first week , exercise training consisted of 6 × 15 min/d followed by three weeks of 30 min 
    Output:
    
This contributes to an appropriately tailored exercise regimen for every CVD risk patient