***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the construct validity of the Three-Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ ) in obese men and women . SUBJECTS : A total of 4377 middle-aged , obese subjects in the Swedish Obese Subjects ( SOS ) study . METHODS : The total sample was r and omly split into two data subsets and psychometric testing was performed separately in each sample . Multitrait/multi-item analysis was conducted to test scaling assumptions and factor analysis was used to test the factor structure . Measures of mental well-being ( MACL , HAD ) were used for testing criterion-based validity . RESULTS : The Cognitive Restraint factor was consistently reproduced and scaling analysis demonstrated strong item-scale discriminant validity , while the item-scale convergent validity was unsatisfactory . The internal structure of the Disinhibition scale was weak . Most Disinhibition and Hunger items grouped in one global factor labeled Uncontrolled Eating . A third cluster containing items on Emotional Eating was also identified . The obtained three-factor structure was cross-vali date d and replicated across subgroups by gender , age and BMI . CONCLUSION : The original TFEQ factor structure was not replicated . A short , revised 18-item instrument was constructed , representing the derived factors of Cognitive Restraint , Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating . The most efficient items were used to boost both the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales Psychological distress and elevated cortisol secretion promote abdominal fat , a feature of the Metabolic Syndrome . Effects of stress reduction interventions on abdominal fat are unknown . Forty-seven overweight/obese women ( mean BMI = 31.2 ) were r and omly assigned to a 4-month intervention or waitlist group to explore effects of a mindfulness program for stress eating . We assessed  mindfulness , psychological distress , eating behavior , weight , cortisol awakening response ( CAR ) , and abdominal fat ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) pre- and posttreatment . Treatment participants improved in mindfulness , anxiety , and external-based eating compared to control participants . Groups did not differ on average CAR , weight , or abdominal fat over time . However , obese treatment participants showed significant reductions in CAR and maintained body weight , while obese control participants had stable CAR and gained weight . Improvements in mindfulness , chronic stress , and CAR were associated with reductions in abdominal fat . This proof of concept study suggests that mindfulness training shows promise for improving eating patterns and the CAR , which may reduce abdominal fat over time The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons . Two question naires were developed . A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations ( e.g. , eating large amounts of food ) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode ( e.g. , guilt , fear of being unable to stop eating ) . An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating : the tendency to set unrealistic st and ards for a diet ( e.g. , eliminating " favorite foods " ) and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet . The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no , moderate or severe binge eating problems . Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet . The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity  and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating Objective To determine whether acceptance-based behavioral treatment ( ABT ) would result in greater weight loss than st and ard behavioral treatment ( SBT ) , and whether treatment effects were moderated by interventionist expertise or participants ’ susceptibility to eating cues . Recent research suggests that poor long-term weight control outcomes are due to lapses in adherence to weight control behaviors , and that adherence might be improved by enhancing SBT with acceptance-based behavioral strategies . Design and Methods Overweight participants ( n = 128 ) were r and omly assigned to 40 weeks of SBT or ABT . Results Both groups produced significant weight loss and , when administered by experts , weight loss was significantly higher in ABT than SBT at post-treatment ( 13.17 % v. 7.54 % ) and 6-month follow-up ( 10.98 % v. 4.83 % ) . Moreover , 64 % of those receiving ABT from experts ( v. 46 % for SBT ) maintained at least a 10 % weight loss by follow-up . Moderation analyses revealed a powerful advantage , at follow-up , of ABT over SBT in those potentially more susceptible to eating cues . For participants with greater baseline depression symptomology , weight loss at follow-up was 11.18 % in ABT vs. 4.63 % in SBT ; other comparisons were 10.51 % vs. 6.00 % ( emotional eating ) , 8.29 % v. 6.35 % ( disinhibition ) and 9.70 % v. 4.46 % ( responsivity to food cues ) . Mediation analyses produced partial support for theorized food-related psychological acceptance as a mechanism of action . Conclusions Results offer strong support for the incorporation of acceptance-based skills into behavioral weight loss treatments , particularly among those with greater levels of depression , responsivity to the food environment , disinhibition and emotional eating , and especially when interventions are provided by weight control experts . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov identifier : Long-term behavioral self-regulation is the hallmark of successful weight control . We tested mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women who participated in a r and omized controlled 12-month weight management intervention . Overweight and obese women ( N = 225 , BMI = 31.3 + /- 4.1 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omly assigned to a control or a 1-year group intervention design ed to promote autonomous self-regulation of body weight . Key exercise , eating behavior , and body image variables were assessed before and after the program , and tested as mediators of weight loss ( 12 months , 86 % retention ) and weight loss maintenance ( 24 months , 81 % retention ) . Multiple mediation was employed and an intention-to-treat analysis conducted . Treatment effects were observed for all putative mediators ( Effect size : 0.32 - 0.79 , P < 0.01 vs. controls ) . Weight change was -7.3 + /- 5.9 % ( 12-month ) and -5.5 + /- 5.0 % ( 24-month ) in the intervention group and -1.7 + /- 5.0 % and -2.2 + /- 7.5 % in controls . Change in most psychosocial variables was associated with 12-month weight change , but only flexible cognitive restraint ( P < 0.01 ) , disinhibition ( P < 0.05 ) , exercise self-efficacy ( P < 0.001 ) , exercise intrinsic motivation ( P < 0.01 ) , and body dissatisfaction ( P < 0.05 ) predicted 24-month weight change . Lower emotional eating , increased flexible cognitive restraint , and fewer exercise barriers mediated 12-month weight loss ( R(2 ) = 0.31 , P < 0.001 ; effect ratio : 0.37 ) , but only flexible restraint and exercise self-efficacy mediated 24-month weight loss ( R(2 ) = 0.17 , P < 0.001 ; effect ratio : 0.89 ) . This is the first study to evaluate self-regulation mediators of weight loss and 2-year weight loss maintenance , in a large sample of overweight women . Results show that lowering emotional eating and adopting a flexible dietary restraint pattern are critical for sustained weight loss . For long-term success , interventions must also be effective in promoting exercise intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy CONTEXT Selective reporting of outcomes within published studies based on the nature or direction of their results has been widely suspected , but direct evidence of such bias is currently limited to case reports . OBJECTIVE To study empirically the extent and nature of outcome reporting bias in a cohort of r and omized trials . DESIGN Cohort study using protocol s and published reports of r and omized trials approved by the Scientific-Ethical Committees for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg , Denmark , in 1994 - 1995 . The number and characteristics of reported and unreported trial outcomes were recorded from protocol s , journal articles , and a survey of trialists . An outcome was considered incompletely reported if insufficient data were presented in the published articles for meta- analysis . Odds ratios relating the completeness of outcome reporting to statistical significance were calculated for each trial and then pooled to provide an overall estimate of bias . Protocol s and published articles were also compared to identify discrepancies in primary outcomes . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Completeness of reporting of efficacy and harm outcomes and of statistically significant vs nonsignificant outcomes ; consistency between primary outcomes defined in the most recent protocol s and those defined in published articles . RESULTS One hundred two trials with 122 published journal articles and 3736 outcomes were identified . Overall , 50 % of efficacy and 65 % of harm outcomes per trial were incompletely reported . Statistically significant outcomes had a higher odds of being fully reported compared with nonsignificant outcomes for both efficacy ( pooled odds ratio , 2.4 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.4 - 4.0 ) and harm ( pooled odds ratio , 4.7 ; 95 % CI , 1.8 - 12.0 ) data . In comparing published articles with protocol s , 62 % of trials had at least 1 primary outcome that was changed , introduced , or omitted . Eighty-six percent of survey responders ( 42/49 ) denied the existence of unreported outcomes despite clear evidence to the contrary . CONCLUSIONS The reporting of trial outcomes is not only frequently incomplete but also biased and inconsistent with protocol s. Published articles , as well as review s that incorporate them , may therefore be unreliable and overestimate the benefits of an intervention . To ensure transparency , planned trials should be registered and protocol s should be made publicly available prior to trial completion This study explored the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for problematic eating behavior . A non- clinical sample of 26 women with disordered eating behavior was r and omly assigned to an 8-week MBCT-based eating intervention or a waiting list control group . Data were collected at baseline and after 8 weeks . Compared to controls , participants in the mindfulness intervention showed significantly greater decreases in food cravings , dichotomous thinking , body image concern , emotional eating and external eating . These findings suggest that mindfulness practice can be an effective way to reduce factors that are associated with problematic eating behaviour OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study was to compare the effects of two mind-body interventions : mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) and cognitive-behavioral stress reduction ( CBSR ) . SUBJECTS Fifty ( 50 ) subjects were recruited from the community and took part in MBSR ( n = 36 ) and CBSR ( n = 14 ) courses . Participants self-selected into MBSR or CBSR courses taught at different times . There were no initial differences between the MBSR and CBSR subjects on demographics , including age , gender , education , and income . INTERVENTION MBSR was an 8-week course using meditation , gentle yoga , and body scanning exercises to increase mindfulness . CBSR was an 8-week course using cognitive and behavioral techniques to change thinking and reduce distress . DESIGN Perceived stress , depression , psychological well-being , neuroticism , binge eating , energy , pain , and mindfulness were assessed before and after each course . Pre-post scores for each intervention were compared by using paired t tests . Pre-post scores across interventions were compared by using a general linear model with repeated measures . SETTING S/LOCATIONS : Weekly meetings for both courses were held in a large room on a university medical center campus . RESULTS MBSR subjects improved on all eight outcomes , with all of the differences being significant . CBSR subjects improved on six of eight outcomes , with significant improvements on well-being , perceived stress , and depression . Multivariate analyses showed that the MBSR subjects had better outcomes across all variables , when compared with the CBSR subjects . Univariate analyses showed that MBSR subjects had better outcomes with regard to mindfulness , energy , pain , and a trend for binge eating . CONCLUSIONS While MBSR and CBSR may both be effective in reducing perceived stress and depression , MBSR may be more effective in increasing mindfulness and energy and reducing pain . Future studies should continue to examine the differential effects of cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based interventions and attempt to explain the reasons for the differences CONTEXT Psychological distress is linked with impaired glycemic control among diabetics . OBJECTIVE Estimate changes in glycemic control , weight , blood pressure , and stress-related psychological symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes participating in a st and ard Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program . DESIGN Prospect i ve , observational study . SETTING Academic health center . PATIENTS Adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . INTERVENTIONS Participation in MBSR program for heterogeneous patient population . Diet and exercise regimens held constant . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HA1c ) , blood pressure , body weight , and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised ( anxiety , depression , somatization , and general 
    Output:
    
Results suggest that mindfulness meditation effectively decreases binge eating and emotional eating in population s engaging in this behavior ; evidence for its effect on weight is mixed .