***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) is a well-recognised risk factor for dementia and represents a vital opportunity for intervening . Exercise is a promising strategy for combating cognitive decline by improving brain structure and function . Specifically , aerobic training ( AT ) improved spatial memory and hippocampal volume in healthy community-dwelling older adults . In older women with probable MCI , we previously demonstrated that resistance training ( RT ) and AT improved memory . In this secondary analysis , we investigated : ( 1 ) the effect of RT and AT on hippocampal volume and ( 2 ) the association between change in hippocampal volume and change in memory . Methods 86 women aged 70–80 years with probable MCI were r and omly assigned to a 6-month , twice-weekly programme of : ( 1 ) AT , ( 2 ) RT or ( 3 ) balance and tone training ( BAT ; ie , control ) . At baseline and trial completion , participants performed a 3 T MRI scan to determine hippocampal volume . Verbal memory and learning were assessed by Rey 's Auditory Verbal Learning Test . Results Compared with the BAT group , AT significantly improved left , right and total hippocampal volumes ( p≤0.03 ) . After accounting for baseline cognitive function and experimental group , increased left hippocampal volume was independently associated with reduced verbal memory and learning performance as indexed by loss after interference ( r=0.42 , p=0.03 ) . Conclusions Aerobic training significantly increased hippocampal volume in older women with probable MCI . More research is needed to ascertain the relevance of exercise-induced changes in hippocampal volume on memory performance in older adults with MCI . Trail registration number NCT00958867 Background To examine the effect of multicomponent exercise program on memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) , and identify biomarkers associated with improvement of cognitive functions . Methodology /Principal Findings Subjects were 100 older adults ( mean age , 75 years ) with MCI . The subjects were classified to an amnestic MCI group ( n = 50 ) with neuroimaging measures , and other MCI group ( n = 50 ) before the r and omization . Subjects in each group were r and omized to either a multicomponent exercise or an education control group using a ratio of 1∶1 . The exercise group exercised for 90 min/d , 2 d/wk , 40 times for 6 months . The exercise program was conducted under multitask conditions to stimulate attention and memory . The control group attended two education classes . A repeated- measures ANOVA revealed that no group × time interactions on the cognitive tests and brain atrophy in MCI patients . A sub- analysis of amnestic MCI patients for group × time interactions revealed that the exercise group exhibited significantly better Mini-Mental State Examination ( p = .04 ) and logical memory scores ( p = .04 ) , and reducing whole brain cortical atrophy ( p<.05 ) compared to the control group . Low total cholesterol levels before the intervention were associated with an improvement of logical memory scores ( p<.05 ) , and a higher level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was significantly related to improved ADAS-cog scores ( p<.05 ) . Conclusions / Significance The results suggested that an exercise intervention is beneficial for improving logical memory and maintaining general cognitive function and reducing whole brain cortical atrophy in older adults with amnestic MCI . Low total cholesterol and higher brain-derived neurotrophic factor may predict improvement of cognitive functions in older adults with MCI . Further studies are required to determine the positive effects of exercise on cognitive function in older adults with MCI . Trial Registration UMIN-CTR UMIN000003662 ctr.cgi?function = brows&action = brows&type = summary & recptno = R000004436 & language = BACKGROUND The present study examined whether aerobic fitness training of older humans can increase brain volume in regions associated with age-related decline in both brain structure and cognition . METHODS Fifty-nine healthy but sedentary community-dwelling volunteers , aged 60 - 79 years , participated in the 6-month r and omized clinical trial . Half of the older adults served in the aerobic training group , the other half of the older adults participated in the toning and stretching control group .  Twenty young adults served as controls for the magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and did not participate in the exercise intervention . High spatial resolution estimates of gray and white matter volume , derived from 3D spoiled gradient recalled acquisition MRI images , were collected before and after the 6-month fitness intervention . Estimates of maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) were also obtained . RESULTS Significant increases in brain volume , in both gray and white matter regions , were found as a function of fitness training for the older adults who participated in the aerobic fitness training but not for the older adults who participated in the stretching and toning ( nonaerobic ) control group . As predicted , no significant changes in either gray or white matter volume were detected for our younger participants . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cardiovascular fitness is associated with the sparing of brain tissue in aging humans . Furthermore , these results suggest a strong biological basis for the role of aerobic fitness in maintaining and enhancing central nervous system health and cognitive functioning in older adults The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood , leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia . Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults , and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion , but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown . Here we show , in a r and omized controlled trial with 120 older adults , that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus , leading to improvements in spatial memory .  Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2 % , effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF , a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus . Hippocampal volume declined in the control group , but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline , suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss . Cau date nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention . These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood , which is accompanied by improved memory function The objective of this study was to examine exercise effects on global brain volume , hippocampal volume , and cortical thickness in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls . Irrespective of diagnosis and intervention , associations between brain changes and cardiorespiratory fitness improvement were examined . Sixty-three schizophrenia patients and fifty-five healthy controls participated in this r and omised controlled trial .  Global brain volumes , hippocampal volume , and cortical thickness were estimated from 3-Tesla MRI scans . Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with a cardiopulmonary ergometer test . Subjects were assigned exercise therapy or occupational therapy ( patients ) and exercise therapy or life-as-usual ( healthy controls ) for six months 2h weekly . Exercise therapy effects were analysed for subjects who were compliant at least 50 % of sessions offered . Significantly smaller baseline cerebral ( grey ) matter , and larger third ventricle volumes , and thinner cortex in most areas of the brain were found in patients versus controls . Exercise therapy did not affect global brain and hippocampal volume or cortical thickness in patients and controls . Cardiorespiratory fitness improvement was related to increased cerebral matter volume and lateral and third ventricle volume decrease in patients and to thickening in the left hemisphere in large areas of the frontal , temporal and cingulate cortex irrespective of diagnosis . One to 2h of exercise therapy did not elicit significant brain volume changes in patients or controls . However , cardiorespiratory fitness improvement attenuated brain volume changes in schizophrenia  patients and increased thickness in large areas of the left cortex in both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls Cardiovascular fitness is thought to offset declines in cognitive performance , but little is known about the cortical mechanisms that underlie these changes in humans . Research using animal models shows that aerobic training increases cortical capillary supplies , the number of synaptic connections , and the development of new neurons . The end result is a brain that is more efficient , plastic , and adaptive , which translates into better performance in aging animals . Here , in two separate experiments , we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge , in humans that increases in cardiovascular fitness results in increased functioning of key aspects of the attentional network of the brain during a cognitively challenging task . Specifically , highly fit ( Study 1 ) or aerobically trained ( Study 2 ) persons show greater task-related activity in regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices that are involved in spatial selection and inhibitory functioning , when compared with low-fit ( Study 1 ) or nonaerobic control ( Study 2 ) participants . Additionally , in both studies there exist groupwise differences in activation of the anterior cingulate cortex , which is thought to monitor for conflict in the attentional system , and signal the need for adaptation in the attentional network . These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain , and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans Cardiovascular activity has been shown to be positively associated with gray and white matter volume of , amongst others , frontal and temporal brain regions in older adults . This is particularly true for the hippocampus , a brain structure that plays an important role in learning and memory , and whose decline has been related to the development of Alzheimer ’s disease . In the current study , we were interested in whether not only cardiovascular activity but also other types of physical activity , i.e. , coordination training , were also positively associated with the volume of the hippocampus in older adults . For this purpose we first collected cross-sectional data on “ metabolic fitness  ” ( cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength ) and “ motor fitness ” ( e.g. , balance , movement speed , fine coordination ) . Second , we performed a 12-month r and omized controlled trial . Results revealed that motor fitness but not metabolic fitness was associated with hippocampal volume . After the 12-month intervention period , both , cardiovascular and coordination training led to increases in hippocampal volume . Our findings suggest that a high motor fitness level as well as different types of physical activity were beneficial to diminish age-related hippocampal volume shrinkage or even increase hippocampal volume We present a general method for automatic meta-analyses in neuroscience and apply it on text data from published functional imaging studies to extract main functions associated with a brain area-the posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC ) .  Abstract s from PubMed are downloaded , words extracted and converted to a bag-of-words matrix representation . The combined data are analyzed with hierarchical non-negative matrix factorization . We find that the prominent themes in the PCC corpus are episodic memory retrieval and pain . We further characterize the distribution in PCC of the Talairach coordinates available in some of the articles . This shows a tendency to functional segregation between memory and pain components where memory activations are predominantly in the caudal part and pain in the rostral part of PCC Exercise is considered an important component of a healthy lifestyle but there remains controversy on effects of exercise on non-exercise  physical activity ( PA ) . The present study examined the prospect i ve association of aerobic and resistance exercise with total daily energy expenditure and PA in previously sedentary , young men . Nine men ( 27.0 ± 3.3 years ) completed two 16-week exercise programs ( 3 exercise sessions per week ) of aerobic and resistance exercise separated by a minimum of 6 weeks in r and om order .  Energy expenditure and PA  were measured with the SenseWear Mini Armb and prior to each intervention as well as during week 1 , week 8 and week 16 of the aerobic and resistance exercise program . Body composition was measured via dual x-ray absorptiometry . Body composition did not change in response to either exercise  intervention . Total daily energy expenditure on exercise days increased by 443 ± 126 kcal/d and 239 ± 152 kcal/d for aerobic and resistance exercise , respectively ( p < 0.01 ) . Non-exercise moderate-to-vigorous PA , however , decreased on aerobic exercise days ( −148 ± 161 kcal/d ; p = 0.03 ) . There was no change in total daily energy expenditure and PA on non-exercise days with aerobic exercise while resistance exercise was associated with an increase in moderate-to-vigorous PA during non-exercise days ( 216 ± 178 kcal/d , p = 0.01 ) . Results of the present study suggest a compensatory reduction in PA in response to aerobic exercise . Resistance exercise , on the other h and , appears to facilitate non-exercise PA , particularly on non-exercise days , which may lead to more sustainable adaptations in response to an exercise program BACKGROUND The hippocampal volume is reduced in patients with major depression .  Exercise leads to an increased hippocampal volume in schizophrenia and in healthy old adults . The effect of exercise on hippocampal volume is potentially mediated by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , and insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) . The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of an aerobic exercise intervention on hippocampal volume and serum BDNF , VEGF , and IGF-1 in patients with major depression . METHODS Patients were r and omized to 
    Output:
    
A few studies reported that relative to no-exercise interventions , aerobic exercise could significantly decrease the atrophy of the medial temporal lobe , slow the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) volume loss , increase functional connectivity within the hippocampus and improve signal activation in the cingulate gyrus and ACC .
The current review suggests that aerobic exercise may have positive effects on the right hippocampus and potentially beneficial effects on the overall and other parts of the hippocampus , the cingulate cortex and the medial temporal areas of the DMN .
Moreover , aerobic exercise may increase functional connectivity or activation in the hippocampus , cingulate cortex and parahippocampal gyrus regions of the DMN .