***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Whether velocity-specific resistance training is important for improving functional sporting performance was investigated by study ing the effect of isoinertial training velocity on netball chest pass throwing velocity . Twenty-one female netball players were r and omly assigned to a strength-trained group ( 80 % 1RM - average training velocity = .308 m/s ) , power-trained group ( 60 % 1RM - average training velocity = .398 m/s ) and a control group . Resistance training was combined with sport specific motion training for both groups over a ten-week training duration . Pre- and post-training testing revealed that the training velocity associated with the strength-trained group produced significantly greater improvement in mean volume of weight lifted ( 85 kg ) and mean power output ( 13.25 W ) as compared to the power and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The strength-trained and power-trained groups significantly improved netball throw velocity by 12.4 % and 8.8 % respectively . There was no significant difference between the two groups . The validity of velocity-specific training and subsequent adaptations to improve functional sporting performance appears highly question able , due to the disparity between training velocity and actual movement velocity ( 11.38 m x s(-1 ) ) for a given sport specific task such as the netball throw it was proposed that the repeated intent to move an isoinertial load as rapidly as possible coupled with performance of the sport-specific movement promote efficient coordination and activation patterns . Such mechanisms might be more important determinants of sport-specific high velocity adaptation Bishop , DC , Smith , RJ , Smith , MF , and Rigby , HE . Effect of plyometric training on swimming block start performance in adolescents . J Strength Cond Res 23(7 ) : 2137 - 2143 , 2009-This study aim ed to identify the effect of plyometric training ( PT ) , when added to habitual training ( HT ) regimes , on swim start performance . After the completion of a baseline competitive swim start , 22 adolescent swimmers were r and omly assigned to either a PT ( n = 11 , age : 13.1 ± 1.4 yr , mass : 50.6 ± 12.3 kg , stature : 162.9 ± 11.9 cm ) or an HT group ( n = 11 , age : 12.6 ± 1.9 yr , mass : 43.3 ± 11.6 kg , stature : 157.6 ± 11.9 cm ) . Over an 8-week preseason period , the HT group continued with their normal training program , whereas the PT group added 2 additional 1-hour plyometric-specific sessions , incorporating prescribed exercises relating to the swimming block start ( SBS ) . After completion of the training intervention , post-training swim start performance was reassessed . For both baseline and post-trials , swim performance was recorded using videography ( 50Hz Canon MVX460 ) in the sagital plane of motion . Through the use of Silicon Coach Pro analysis package , data revealed significantly greater change between baseline and post-trials for PT when compared with the HT group for swim performance time to 5.5 m ( −0.59 s vs. −0.21 s ; p < 0.01 ) and velocity of take-off to contact ( 0.19 ms−1 vs. −0.07 ms−1 ; p < 0.01 ) . Considering the practical importance of a successful swim start to overall performance outcome , the current study has found that inclusion of suitable and safely implemented PT to adolescent performers , in addition to HT routines , can have a positive impact on swim start performance Crewther , BT , Kilduff , LP , Cook , CJ , Middleton , MK , Bunce , PJ , and Yang , G-Z. The acute potentiating effects of back squats on athlete performance . J Strength Cond Res 25(12 ) : 3319–3325 , 2011—This study examined the acute potentiating effects of back squats on athlete performance with a specific focus on movement specificity and the individual timing of potentiation . Nine subelite male rugby players performed 3 protocol s on separate occasions using a r and omized , crossover , and counterbalanced design . Each protocol consisted of performance testing before a single set of 3 repetition maximum ( 3RM ) back squats , followed by retesting at ∼15 seconds , 4 , 8 , 12 , and 16 minutes . The 3 tests were countermovement jumps ( CMJs ) , sprint performance ( 5 and 10 m ) , and 3-m horizontal sled pushes with a 100-kg load . Relationships between the individual changes in salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations and performance were also examined . The 3RM squats significantly ( p < 0.001 ) improved CMJ height at 4 ( 3.9 ± 1.9 % ) , 8 ( 3.5 ± 1.5 % ) , and 12 ( 3.0 ± 1.4 % ) minutes compared with baseline values , but no temporal changes in sprinting and sled times were identified . On an individual level , the peak relative changes in CMJ height ( 6.4 ± 2.1 % , p < 0.001 ) were greater than the 3-m sled ( 1.4 ± 0.6 % ) , 5-m ( 2.6 ± 1.0 % ) , and 10-m sprint tests ( 1.8 ± 1.0 % ) . In conclusion , a single set of 3RM squats was found effective in acutely enhancing CMJ height in the study population , especially when the recovery period was individualized for each athlete . The study results also suggest that the potentiating effects of squats may exhibit some degree of movement specificity , being greater for those exercises with similar movement patterns . The current findings have practical implication s for prescribing warm-up exercises , individualizing training programs , and for interpreting postactivation potentiation research Abstract Cuenca-Fernández , F , López-Contreras , G , and Arellano , R. Effect on swimming start performance of two types of activation protocol s : Lunge and YoYo squat . J Strength Cond Res 29(3 ) : 647–655 , 2015—The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 protocol s of postactivation potentiation ( PAP ) on swimming start perfomance ( SS ) .  Fourteen trained swimmers ( 10 men and 4 women ) volunteered for this study . An intragroup design of r and omized repetitive measurements was applied . A previous SS trial , performed after a st and ard warm-up ( SWU ) , served as a reference . Two methods of PAP , performed after 1 hour of rest , were r and omly added to the SWU : ( a ) 3 lunges at 85 % of 1 repetition maximum ( LWU ) and ( b ) 4 repetitions on the flywheel device YoYo squat ( YWU ) . Swimmers were tested in an SS 8 minutes after the PAP warm-ups . Kinematic variables were collected using 3 underwater digital video cameras fixed poolside and operating at 25 Hz , and 1 high-speed camera focused on the block and operating at 300 Hz . Data obtained from the video analysis were processed using a repeated measures analysis of the variance . The mean horizontal velocity of the swimmer 's flight improved after both PAP methods , with the greatest improvement after YWU ( F 2,12 = 47.042 , p < 0.001 ; SWU = 3.63 ± 0.11 ; LWU = 4.15 ± 0.122 ; YWU = 4.89 ± 0.12 m·s−1 ) . After YWU , it took the subjects less time to cover a distance of 5 m ( F 2,12 = 24.453 , p < 0.001 ) and 15 m ( F 2,12 = 4.262 , p < 0.04 ) . Subjects also achieved a higher mean angular velocity of the knee extension ( F 2,12 = 23.286 , p < 0.001 ) and a reduction of the time on the block ( F 2,12 = 6.595 , p ⩽ 0.05 ) . These results demonstrate that muscle performance in the execution of an SS is enhanced after a warm-up with specific PAP protocol s. YWU leads to the greatest improvement in the performance of the swimmer  's start and , therefore , may be especially beneficial in short events PURPOSE To quantify the effects of a 12-wk isolated core-training program on 50-m front-crawl swim time and measures of core musculature functionally relevant to swimming . METHODS Twenty national-level junior swimmers ( 10 male and 10 female , 16±1 y , 171±5 cm , 63±4 kg ) participated in the study . Group allocation ( intervention [ n=10 ] , control [ n=10 ] ) was based on  2 preexisting swim-training groups  who were part of the same swimming club but trained in different groups . The intervention group completed the core training , incorporating exercises targeting the lumbopelvic complex and upper region extending to the scapula , 3 times/wk for 12 wk . While the training was performed in addition to the normal pool-based swimming program , the control group maintained their usual pool-based swimming program . The authors made probabilistic magnitude-based inferences about the effect of the core training on 50-m swim time and functionally relevant measures of core function . RESULTS Compared with the control group , the core-training intervention group had a possibly large beneficial effect on 50-m swim time ( -2.0 % ; 90 % confidence interval -3.8 to -0.2 % ) . Moreover , it showed small to moderate improvements on a timed prone-bridge test ( 9.0 % ; 2.1 - 16.4 % ) and asymmetric straight-arm pull-down test ( 23.1 % ; 13.7 - 33.4 % ) , and there were moderate to large increases in peak EMG activity of core musculature during isolated tests of maximal voluntary contraction . CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate a clear beneficial effect of isolated core training on 50-m front-crawl swim performance BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic review s. However , the reliability of data obtained with most quality assessment scales has not been established . This report describes 2 studies design ed to investigate the reliability of data obtained with the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale developed to rate the quality of RCTs evaluating physical therapist interventions . METHOD In the first study , 11 raters independently rated 25 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base . In the second study , 2 raters rated 120 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base , and disagreements were resolved by a third rater ; this generated a set of individual rater and consensus ratings . The process was repeated by independent raters to create a second set of individual and consensus ratings . Reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items was calculated using multirater kappas , and reliability of the total ( summed ) score was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC [ 1,1 ] ) . RESULTS The kappa value for each of the 11 items ranged from.36 to.80 for individual assessors and from.50 to.79 for consensus ratings generated by groups of 2 or 3 raters . The ICC for the total score was.56 ( 95 % confidence interval=.47-.65 ) for ratings by individuals , and the ICC for consensus ratings was.68 ( 95 % confidence interval=.57-.76 ) . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items varied from " fair " to " substantial , " and the reliability of the total PEDro score was " fair " to " good . Cuenca-Fernández , F , Ruiz-Teba , A , López-Contreras , G , and Arellano , R. Effects of 2 types of activation protocol s based on postactivation potentiation on 50-m freestyle performance . J Strength Cond Res XX(X ) : 000 - 000 , 2018-Postactivation potentiation ( PAP ) is a phenomenon which improves muscle contractility , strength , and speed in sporting performances through previously applied maximal or submaximal loads on the muscle system . This study aim ed to assess the effects of 2 types of activation protocol s based on PAP , on sprint swimming performance . A repeated- measures design was used to compare 3 different scenarios before a 50-m race . First , all of the participants performed a st and ard warm-up ( SWU ) , consisting of a 400-m swim followed by dynamic stretching . This protocol acted as the control . Subsequently , the swimmers were r and omly assigned into 2 groups : the swimmers in the first group performed the SWU followed by a PAP one-repetition maximum warm-up ( RMWU ) , consisting of 3 " lunge " and 3 " arm stroke " repetitions , both at 85 % of the one-repetition maximum . The swimmers in the second group performed the SWU followed by a PAP eccentric flywheel warm-up ( EWU ) , consisting of one set of 4 repetitions of exercises of both the lower and upper limbs on an adapted eccentric flywheel at the maximal voluntary contraction . The time required for the swimmers to swim 5 and 10 m was shorter with the PAP protocol s. The swimming velocity of the swimmers who underwent the EWU and RMWU protocol s was faster at 5 and 10 m. The best total swimming time was not influenced by any of the protocol s. When isolating swimming ( excluding start performance and turn ) , best time was achieved 
    Output:
    
Post-activation potentiation and plyometrics were found to produce significant improvements in acute and chronic swim start performance , respectively .