***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Testing different management practice s can help to identify conditions that decrease or even eliminate pathogenic bacteria in poultry litter . A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily manual stirring ( rotation of the litter with a pitchfork ) for the first 14 d of a bird 's life ( WDR ) , in 3 types of poultry litter substrates and quicklime treatment ( CaO ) during layout time between flocks on pathogenic bacteria occurrence ( cfu ) . A total of 216 male Cobb broilers were r and omly allotted to 18 pens with new litter ( experimental unit ) . A split-plot design , with 6 treatments allotted to the main plots , was used : 1 ) wood shavings ( WS ) + WDR , 2 ) WS without stirring up to 14 d ( WODR ) , 3 ) rice hulls ( RIH ) + WDR , 4 ) RIH + WODR , 5 ) mixture of 50 % RIH and WS + WDR , and 6 ) mixture of 50 % RIH and WS + WODR . Two treatments were allotted to the subplots : 0 and 300 g of CaO•m(-2 ) litter . After de population , litter sample s were collected , and CaO was incorporated into the litter in the design ated half of each pen . The cfu from litter sample s after 7 d of the quicklime treatment were counted on Chapman agar , brain heart infusion media , and MacConkey agar . The data were analyzed using ANOVA , and the means were compared by least squares means ( P < 0.05 ) . Neither the type of substrate nor the act of stirring affected the cfu . The incorporation of 300 g of CaO•m(-2 ) litter efficiently reduced the cfu observed on brain heart infusion , Chapman agar , and MacConkey agar media by 57.2 , 66.9 , and 92.1 % , respectively , compared with control ( 6.4 , 17.9 , and 46.1 % ; P < 0.001 ) . In conclusion , the incorporation of 300 g/m(-2 ) of quicklime in poultry litter reduces the cfu , regardless of the substrate and stirring performed 1 . Hazelnut husks and some other litter material s were compared for litter properties and their effects on  broiler performance .  2 . A total of 750 1-d-old broiler chicks were weighed and assigned at r and om to 1 of 5 treatments , with each treatment replicated 3 times . 3 . The treatments were wood shavings ( control ) , wheat stalks , rice hulls , hazelnut husks , and a mixture of 50 % rice hulls and 50 % hazelnut husks . 4 . Although hazelnut husks were associated with lower body weights at 49 d of age , food efficiency , mortality , carcase yield , breast blisters and production index were similar to birds on wood shavings . Hazelnut husks had the highest litter moisture . 5 . The results show that hazelnut husks alone and when mixed with rice hulls are a potential alternative litter material for broiler production 1 . The objective was to compare the effect of  two litter types ( wheat straw and wood shavings )  and two different rearing conditions ( Treated and Control ) on welfare indicators , broiler performance , carcase injuries , particularly hock and foot pad dermatitis ( FPD ) , litter characteristics and meat quality . 2 . Treated conditions were characterised by a low stocking density ( 11 birds/m2 ) , short photoperiod ( 16 h light : 8 h dark ) and a large amount of litter ( 3 to 4·5 kg/m2 , respectively , for wheat straw or wood shavings ) . Control conditions were a high stocking density ( 14 birds/m2 ) , long photoperiod ( 23 h light:1 h dark ) and small amount of litter ( 2·3 to 3 kg/m2 , respectively , for wheat straw or wood shavings ) . In addition , the effects of two widely used litter material s , wheat straw and wood shavings , were investigated . 3 . The combined effects of lower stocking density , greater amount of litter material and a photoperiod similar to the natural one , reduced the occurrence of FPD in Treated groups keeping the FPD score under the European threshold . 4 . Improved rearing conditions led to faster growth rate associated with inferior feed efficiency , whereas litter type exerted negligible effects on broiler performance . 5 . Litter moisture content , nitrogen and ammonia released by the litter were lower in Treated groups than Control groups . The use of wood shavings result ed in lower moisture and nitrogen concentrations in the litter 
    Output:
    
It was concluded that different litter types do not affect the broilers ’ feed intake .
Conversely , broilers kept on straw showed lower body weights , worse feed conversion and higher mortality rates , in comparison to wood shavings .
Rice husks decreased body weight compared to wood shavings