***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Introduction Depression is commonly comorbid with chronic physical illnesses and is associated with a range of adverse clinical outcomes . Currently , the literature on the role of depression in determining the course and outcome of tuberculosis ( TB ) is very limited . Aim Our aim is to examine the relationship between  depression and TB among people newly diagnosed and accessing care for TB in a rural Ethiopian setting . Our objectives are to investigate : the prevalence and determinants of probable depression , the role of depression in influencing pathways to treatment of TB , the incidence of depression during treatment , the impact of anti-TB treatment on the prognosis of depression and the impact of depression on the outcomes of TB treatment . Methods and analysis We will use a prospect i ve cohort design . 703 newly diagnosed cases of TB ( 469 without depression and 234 with depression ) will be consecutively recruited from primary care health centres . Data collection will take place at baseline , 2 and 6 months after treatment initiation . The primary exposure variable is probable depression measured using the Patient Health Question naire-9 . Outcome variables include : pathways to treatment , classical outcomes for anti-TB treatment quality of life and disability . Descriptive statistics , logistic regression and multilevel mixed-effect analysis will be used to test the study hypotheses . Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board ( IRB ) of the College of Health Sciences , Addis Ababa University . Findings will be disseminated through scientific publications , conference presentations , community meetings and policy briefs . Anticipated impact Findings will contribute to a sparse evidence base on comorbidity of depression and TB . We hope the dissemination of findings will raise awareness of comorbidity among clinicians and service providers , and contribute to ongoing debates regarding the delivery of mental healthcare in primary care in Ethiopia SETTING Limited data exist on the prevalence and correlates , including stigma , of mental health conditions , including depressive symptoms and alcohol use , among patients co-infected with tuberculosis ( TB ) and the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) in sub-Saharan Africa , despite their negative impact on health outcomes . OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms and hazardous/harmful alcohol use among TB-HIV patients in the Start TB patients on ART and Retain on Treatment ( START ) study . DESIGN START , a mixed- methods cluster-r and omized trial , evaluated a combination intervention package vs. st and ard of care ( SOC ) to improve treatment outcomes in TB-HIV co-infected patients in Lesotho . Moderate/severe depressive symptoms and hazardous/harmful alcohol use were measured using baseline question naire data collected from April 2013 to March 2015 . Demographic , psychosocial , and TB- and HIV-related knowledge and attitudes , including stigma , were assessed for association with both conditions using generalized linear mixed models . RESULTS Among 371 participants , 29.8 % reported  moderate/severe depressive symptoms  , and 24.7 % reported hazardous/harmful alcohol use ; 7 % reported both . Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with less education , more difficulty underst and ing written medical information , non-disclosure of TB , greater TB stigma , and the SOC study arm . Hazardous/harmful alcohol use was significantly associated with male sex , as well as greater TB and external HIV stigma . CONCLUSION Prevalence of depressive symptoms and hazardous/harmful alcohol use were high , suggesting a need for routine screening for , and treatment of , mental health disorders in TB-HIV patients BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses from chronic infection might affect the brain and increase the risk of depressive disorder . However , the temporal association between chronic infection ( eg , tuberculosis [ TB ] ) and incident depressive disorder has not been prospect ively evaluated . OBJECTIVE To determine the association of  pulmonary tuberculosis ( PTB ) and anti-TB drugs  with incident depressive disorder ( ICD-9-CM codes 296.2x-296.3x , 300.4 , and 311.x ) . METHOD From January 1 , 2000 , we identified adult patients with PTB from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Data base . A control cohort without PTB , matched for age ( ± 5 years ) , sex , comorbidities , and income level , was selected for comparison . The 2 cohorts were followed until December 31 , 2011 , and observed for occurrence of depressive disorder . RESULTS Of the 23,145 patients ( 4,629 study patients and 18,516 matched controls ) , 302 ( 1.3 % ) had depressive disorder  during a mean follow-up period of 6.53 years , including 79 study patients ( 1.71 % ) and 223 controls ( 1.20 % ) . After adjusting for age , sex , comorbidities , and income level in the Cox proportional hazards model , PTB was found to be an independent risk factor of incident depressive disorder ( adjusted hazard ratio [ HR ] , 1.74 ; 95 % CI , 1.35 - 2.25 ) . The risk of incident depressive disorder was significantly higher ( adjusted HR , 2.54 ; 95 % CI , 1.19 - 5.45 ) in patients with TB who received more than 60 defined daily doses ( DDDs ) of ethambutol , and the effect was dose-dependent . CONCLUSIONS PTB patients had a higher risk of incident depressive disorder , particular in those with an ethambutol dose of more than 60 DDDs . Depressive disorder should be sought in patients following tuberculosis OBJECTIVE Promising results were obtained in an earlier pilot study of a preventive intervention based on the principles of interpersonal psychotherapy to reduce the risk of postpartum major depressive disorder . In this study , the authors examined whether the intervention would reduce the risk of postpartum major depressive disorder in a larger sample of pregnant women . METHOD Ninety-nine pregnant women on public assistance who were assessed to be at risk for postpartum depression were r and omly assigned to receive st and ard antenatal care plus the intervention or st and ard antenatal care only .  Diagnostic interviews were administered 3 months after delivery to assess for major depressive disorder . RESULTS Within 3 months after delivery , eight ( 20 % ) of the women in the st and ard antenatal care condition had developed postpartum major depressive disorder , compared with two ( 4 % ) in the intervention condition . CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence for the efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce the occurrence of major depressive disorder among financially disadvantaged women during a postpartum period of 3 months The Patient Health Question naire-9 Item ( PHQ-9 ) and Beck Depression Inventory – II ( BDI-II ) are frequently used measures of depression severity , but little is known about their relative psychometric properties . The authors assessed psychometric properties of both measures during treatment for depression . The  PHQ-9  and  BDI-II  scores from 172 depressed participants in two r and omized controlled trials of treatment for depression were assessed and combined . Tests of internal consistency ( Cronbach 's α ) , factor analyses , correlational analyses , estimates of clinical ly significant change , and effect sizes ( Cohen 's d ) were calculated after treatment and follow-up . Both scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency at pre- and posttreatment ( PHQ-9 α = .74 and .81 ; BDI-II α = .87 and .90 , respectively ) . Factor analysis failed to confirm the one-factor model previously reported for the PHQ-9 , but two factors evidence d good fit for the BDI-II . Both scales converged more with each other than with the Sheehan Disability Scale at pre- but not at posttreatment . Responsiveness to change of PHQ-9 and BDI-II was similar at both posttreatment and follow-up . The consistency of agreement on indices of clinical significance was fair to moderate , but the BDI-II categorised a greater proportion of participants with severe depression than the PHQ-9 . The BDI-II and PHQ-9 demonstrated adequate reliability , convergent/discriminant validity , and similar responsiveness to change . Differences were found in how they categorised severity . Pending the results of further studies , the attributes of the PHQ-9 , of being shorter and based on the diagnostic criteria for depression , may indicate an advantage over the BDI-II Purpose The study aim ed to assess the magnitude of depression and associated factors among patients with tuberculosis ( TB ) visiting outpatient clinics in Ethiopia . Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 415 TB patients . Study participants were selected through a systematic r and om sampling technique . Patient Health Question naire-9 ( PHQ-9 ) was used to assess depression using face-to-face interviews . Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 . Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic analyses were done to identify associated factors with depression . P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant , and the strength of the association was presented by adjusted OR ( AOR ) with 95 % CI . Results The magnitude of depression was found to be 31.1 % with 95 % CI ( 26.5–35.7 ) . Extrapulmonary TB [ AOR = 1.8 , 95 % CI ( 1.02 , 3.24 ) ] , poor social support [ AOR = 3.3 , 95 % CI ( 1.8 , 6.03 ) ] and perceived TB stigma [ AOR = 2.0 , 95 % CI ( 1.28 , 3.18 ) ] were variables found to be statistically significantly connected with depression . Conclusion The magnitude of depression was high compared to the general population and some other studies . Therefore , the current study area and other setting s which provide TB screening and treatment need to assess patients for depression and provide intervention , giving more emphasis to patients with risk factors 
    Output:
    
Our finding suggested that the pooled estimated prevalence of depression  among tuberculosis patients was relatively high .
Screening and management of depression among TB patients were warranted to alleviate suffering .
Moreover , the integration of tuberculosis program with regular psychiatry services may substantially reduce the burden