***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the study was to investigate whether a combination of mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) capable of differentiating into cardiac myocytes and endothelial progenitors ( EPCs ) that mainly promote neoangiogenesis might be able to facilitate tissue repair in myocardial scars . Previous studies have shown that intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow stem cells results in improvement of contractility in infracted areas of human myocardium . Eleven patients with an anteroseptal myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) underwent transcoronary transplantation of bone marrow‐derived MSCs and EPCs to the infa rct ed area through the left anterior descending artery . Eleven age‐ and sex‐matched patients served as controls . Wall motion score index was significantly lower at follow‐up in the transplantation ( P = 0.04 ) but not in the control group . On stress echocardiography , there was improvement of myocardial contractility in one or more previously nonviable myocardial segments in 5 out of 11 patients ( all with recent infa rct ions ) and in none of the controls ( P = 0.01 ) . Restoration of uptake of Tc99 m sestamibi in one or more previously nonviable myocardial scars was seen in 6 out of 11 patients subjected to transplantation and in none of the controls ( P = 0.02 ) . Cell transplantation was an independent predictor of improvement of nonviable tissue . Intracoronary transplantation of MSCs and EPCs is feasible , safe , and may contribute to regional regeneration of myocardial tissue early or late following MI . © 2005 Wiley‐Liss , Background —This study evaluated the hypothesis that transendocardial injections of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease could safely promote neovascularization and improve perfusion and myocardial contractility . Methods and Results —Twenty-one patients were enrolled in this prospect i ve , nonr and omized , open-label study ( first 14 patients , treatment ; last 7 patients , control ) . Baseline evaluations included complete clinical and laboratory evaluations , exercise stress ( ramp treadmill ) , 2D Doppler echocardiogram , single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion scan , and 24-hour Holter monitoring . Bone marrow mononuclear cells were harvested , isolated , washed , and resuspended in saline for injection by NOGA catheter ( 15 injections of 0.2 cc ) . Electromechanical mapping was used to identify viable myocardium ( unipolar voltage ≥6.9 mV ) for treatment . Treated and control patients underwent 2-month noninvasive follow-up , and treated patients alone underwent a 4-month invasive follow-up according to st and ard protocol s and with the same procedures used as at baseline . Patient population demographics and exercise test variables did not differ significantly between the treatment and control groups ; only serum creatinine and brain natriuretic peptide levels varied in laboratory evaluations at follow-up , being relatively higher in control patients . At 2 months , there was a significant reduction in total reversible defect and improvement in global left ventricular function within the treatment group and between the treatment and control groups ( P = 0.02 ) on quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography analysis . At 4 months , there was improvement in ejection fraction from a baseline of 20 % to 29 % ( P = 0.003 ) and a reduction in end-systolic volume ( P = 0.03 ) in the treated patients . Electromechanical mapping revealed significant mechanical improvement of the injected segments ( P < 0.0005 ) at 4 months after treatment . Conclusions —Thus , the present study demonstrates the relative safety of intramyocardial injections of bone marrow – derived stem cells in humans with severe heart failure and the potential for improving myocardial blood flow with associated enhancement of regional and global left ventricular function AIMS Despite accumulated evidence that intracoronary bone marrow cell ( BMC ) therapy may be beneficial in acute myocardial infa rct ion , there are only limited data available on the effectiveness of BMC 's in chronic heart failure . The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate ventricular haemodynamics , geometry , and contractility as well as the long-term clinical outcome of  BMC treated patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) due to chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy . METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with chronic heart failure ( n = 391 LVEF < or=35 % ) due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy were enrolled in the present study . Of these , 191 patients ( mean NYHA class 3.22 ) underwent intracoronary BMC therapy . The control group ( mean NYHA class 3.06 ) consisted of 200 patients with comparable LVEF . Assessment s of haemodynamics at rest and exercise , quantitative ventriculography , spiroergometry , 24 h Holter ECG , late potentials , and heart rate variability were analysed . Over 3 months to 5 years after intracoronary BMC therapy there was a significant improvement in haemodynamics ( e.g. LVEF , cardiac index ) , exercise capacity , oxygen uptake , and LV contractility . Importantly , there was a significant decrease in long-term mortality in the BMC treated patients compared with the control group . CONCLUSION Intracoronary BMC therapy improves ventricular performance , quality of life and survival in patients with heart failure . These effects were present when BMC were administered in addition to st and ard therapeutic regimes . No side effects were observed Background — Intracoronary transfer of autologous bone marrow cells ( BMC s ) may enhance recovery of left ventricular ( LV ) function in patients after acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) . However , clinical studies addressing the effects of BMC s after AMI have covered only limited time frames ranging from 3 to 6 months . The critical question of whether BMC transfer can have a sustained impact on LV function remains unanswered . Methods and Results – After percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation ( PCI ) of the infa rct -related artery , 60 patients were r and omized 1:1 to a control group with optimal postinfa rct ion therapy and a BMC transfer group that also received an intracoronary BMC infusion 4.8±1.3 days after PCI . Cardiac MRI was performed 3.5±1.5 days , 6±1 months , and 18±6 months after PCI . BMC transfer was not associated with adverse clinical events . In the control group , mean global LV ejection fraction increased by 0.7 and 3.1 percentage points after 6 and 18 months , respectively . LV ejection fraction in the BMC transfer group increased by 6.7 and 5.9 percentage points . The difference in LVEF improvement between groups was significant after 6 months but not after 18 months ( P=0.27 ) . The speed of LV ejection fraction recovery over the course of 18 months was significantly higher in the BMC transfer group ( P=0.001 ) . Conclusions – In this study , a single dose of intracoronary BMC s did not provide long-term benefit on LV systolic function after AMI compared with a r and omized control group ; however , the study suggests an acceleration of LV ejection fraction recovery after AMI by BMC therapy A r and omized controlled study included 44 patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion . It was found that intracoronary injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells is safe , ensures fixation of the injected cells in the myocardium , reduces blood levels of IL-1β and TNF-α , increases the content insulin-like growth factor , and does not provoke malignant arrhythmias BACKGROUND Autologous adult stem cell transplantation has been touted as the latest tool in regenerative medical therapy . Its potential for use in cardiovascular disease has only recently been recognized . A r and omized study was conducted with a novel epicardial technique to deploy stem cells as an adjuvant to conventional revascularization therapy in patients with congestive heart failure . METHODS After institutional review board and government approval , adult autologous stem cell transplantation ( CD34 + ) was performed in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction of less than 35 % who were scheduled for primary off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting . Preoperatively , the patients underwent echocardiography , stress thallium imaging single photon emission computed tomography , and cardiac catheterization to identify ischemic regions of the heart and to guide in the selection of stem cell injection sites . The patients were prospect ively r and omized before the operative therapy was performed . Patient follow-up was 1 , 3 , and 6 months with echocardiography , single photon emission computed tomography , and angiography . RESULTS There were 20 patients enrolled in the study . Ten patients had successful subepicardial transplantation of autologous stem cells into ischemic myocardium . The other 10 patients , the control group , only had off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting . There were 8 male and 2 female subjects in each group . The median number of grafts performed was 1 in both groups . On angiographic follow-up , all grafts were patent at 6 months . The ejection fractions of the off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting group versus the off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting plus stem cell transplantation group were as follows : preoperative , 30.7 % + /- 2.5 % versus 29.4 % + /- 3.6 % ; 1 month , 36.4 % + /- 2.6 % versus 42.1 % + /- 3.5 % ; 3 months , 36.5 % + /- 3.0 % versus 45.5 % + /- 2.2 % ; and 6 months , 37.2 % + /- 3.4 % versus 46.1 % + /- 1.9 % ( P < .001 ) . There were no perioperative arrhythmias or neurologic or ischemic myocardial events in either group . CONCLUSIONS Autologous stem cell transplantation led to significant improvement in cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for ischemic cardiomyopathy . Further investigation is required to quantify the optimal timing and specific cellular effects of the therapy INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES It is difficult to distinguish the effects early revascularization and regenerative therapy have on left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) . This study was an investigation into three groups of patients who had a revascularized anterior wall AMI and depressed left ventricular function ( i.e. , ejection fraction < 45 % ) . The aim was to compare changes in left ventricular function between patients who received regenerative therapy and those who did not . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to receive either an intracoronary infusion of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells ( Group I ; n=10 ) or systemic administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) ( Group II ; n=10 ) , or to a control group ( Group III ; n=10 ) . In Group I , intracoronary infusion was carried out 7(2 ) days after AMI . Group-II patients received a 10-day course of subcutaneous G-CSF injections , 10 .g/kg per day starting 5 days after AMI . Ventricular function was assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS A 20 % increase in mean ejection fraction was observed in Group I , compared with increases of 4 % ( P<.01 ) and 6 % ( P<.05 ) in Groups II and III , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear bone marrow cells in patients with AMI and poor ventricular function was associated with better short-term functional recovery than previously reported . However , mobilization of stem cells by G-CSF did not have a significant influence on functional recovery BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown improvement in left ventricular function after intracoronary injection of autologous cells derived from bone marrow ( BMC ) in the acute phase of myocardial infa rct ion . We design ed a r and omized , controlled trial to further investigate the effects of this treatment . METHODS Patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infa rct ion of the anterior wall treated with percutaneous coronary intervention  were r and omly assigned to the group that underwent intracoronary injection of autologous mononuclear BMC or to the control group , in which neither aspiration nor sham injection was performed . Left ventricular function was assessed with the use of electrocardiogram-gated single-photon-emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) and echocardiography at baseline and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) 2 to 3 weeks after the infa rct ion . These procedures were repeated 6 months after the infa rct ion . End points were changes in the left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) , end-diastolic volume , and infa rct size . RESULTS Of the 50 patients assigned to treatment with mononuclear BMC  , 47 underwent intracoronary injection of the cells at a median of 6 days after myocardial infa rct ion . There were 50 patients in the control group . The mean ( + /-SD ) change in LVEF , measured with the use of SPECT , between baseline and 6 months after infa rct ion for all patients was 7.6+/-10.4 percentage points . The effect of BMC treatment on 
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Conclusions The majority of periprocedural AE in CTh trials in MI occurred during intracoronary transplantation and GCS-F administration .
In iCMP , periprocedural AE were uncommon .
Avoiding intracoronary route for CTh implantation may decrease the burden of periprocedural AE .