***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Adherence and accuracy of self-monitoring of dietary intake influences success in weight management interventions . Information technologies such as computers and smartphones have the potential to improve adherence and accuracy by reducing the burden associated with monitoring dietary intake using traditional paper-based food records . We evaluated the acceptability and accuracy of three different 7-day food record methods ( online accessed via computer , online accessed via smartphone , and paper-based ) . Young women ( N=18 ; aged 23.4±2.9 years ; body mass index 24.0±2.2 ) completed the three 7-day food records in r and om order with 7-day washout periods between each method . Total energy expenditure ( TEE ) was derived from resting energy expenditure ( REE ) measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity level ( PAL ) derived from accelerometers ( TEE = REE × PAL ) . Accuracy of the three methods was assessed by calculating absolute ( energy intake [EI]-TEE ) and percentage difference ( EI/TEE × 100 ) between self-reported EI and TEE . Acceptability was assessed via question naire . Mean±st and ard deviation TEE was 2,185±302 kcal/day and EI was 1,729±249 kcal/day , 1,675±287kcal/day , and 1,682±352 kcal/day for computer , smartphone , and paper records , respectively . There were no significant differences between absolute and percentage differences between EI and TEE for the three methods : computer , -510±389 kcal/day ( 78 % ) ; smartphone , -456±372 kcal/day ( 80 % ) ; and paper , -503±513 kcal/day ( 79 % ) . Half of participants ( n=9 ) preferred computer recording , 44.4 % preferred smartphone , and 5.6 % preferred paper-based records . Most participants ( 89 % ) least preferred the paper-based record . Because online food records completed on either computer or smartphone were as accurate as paper-based records but more acceptable to young women , they should be considered when self-monitoring of intake is recommended to young women Introduction Electronic self-monitoring of affective symptoms using cell phones is suggested as a practical and inexpensive way to monitor illness activity and identify early signs of affective symptoms . It has never been tested in a r and omised clinical trial whether electronic self-monitoring improves outcomes in bipolar disorder . We are conducting a trial testing the effect of using a Smartphone for self-monitoring in bipolar disorder . Methods We developed the MONARCA application for And roid-based Smartphones , allowing patients suffering from bipolar disorder to do daily self-monitoring — including an interactive feedback loop between patients and clinicians through a web-based interface . The effect of the application was tested in a parallel-group , single-blind r and omised controlled trial so far including 78 patients suffering from bipolar disorder in the age group 18–60 years who were given the use of a Smartphone with the MONARCA application ( intervention group ) or to the use of a cell phone without the application ( placebo group ) during a 6-month study period . The study was carried out from September 2011 . The outcomes were changes in affective symptoms ( primary ) , social functioning , perceived stress , self-rated depressive and manic symptoms , quality of life , adherence to medication , stress and cognitive functioning ( secondary and tertiary ) . Analysis Recruitment is ongoing . Ethics Ethical permission has been obtained . Dissemination Positive , neutral and negative findings of the study will be published . Registration details The trial is approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in The Capital Region of Denmark ( H-2 - 2011 - 056 ) and The Danish Data Protection Agency ( 2013 - 41 - 1710 ) . The trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov as NCT01446406 Background Refugees experience multiple health and social needs . This requires an integrated approach to care in the countries of resettlement , including Canada . Perhaps , interactive eHealth tools could build bridges between medical and social care in a timely manner . The authors developed and piloted a multi-risk Computer-assisted Psychosocial Risk Assessment ( CaPRA ) tool for Afghan refugees visiting a community health center . The iPad based CaPRA survey was completed by the patients in their own language before seeing the medical practitioner . The computer then generated individualized feedback for the patient and provider with suggestions about available services . Methods A pilot r and omized trial was conducted with adult Afghan refugees who could read Dari/Farsi or English language . Consenting patients were r and omly assigned to the  CaPRA ( intervention ) or usual care ( control ) group . All patients completed a paper-pencil exit survey .  The primary outcome was patient intention to see a psychosocial counselor . The secondary outcomes were patient acceptance of the tool and visit satisfaction . Results Out of 199 approached patients , 64 were eligible and 50 consented and one withdrew ( CaPRA = 25 ; usual care = 24 ) . On average , participants were 37.6 years of age and had lived 3.4 years in Canada . Seventy-two percent of participants in CaPRA group had intention to visit a psychosocial counselor , compared to 46 % in usual care group [ X2 (1)=3.47 , p = 0.06 ] . On a 5-point scale , CaPRA group participants agreed with the benefits of the tool ( mean = 4 ) and were ‘ unsure ’ about possible barriers to interact with the clinicians ( mean = 2.8 ) or to privacy of information ( mean = 2.8 ) in CaPRA mediated visits . On a 5-point scale , the two groups were alike in patient satisfaction ( mean = 4.3 ) . Conclusion The studied eHealth tool offers a promising model to integrate medical and social care to address the health and settlement needs of refugees . The tool ’s potential is discussed in relation to implication s for healthcare practice . The study should be replicated with a larger sample to generalize the results while controlling for potential confounders Background The electronic self report assessment - cancer ( ESRA-C ) , has been shown to reduce symptom distress during cancer therapy The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate aspects of how the ESRA-C intervention may have result ed in lower symptom distress ( SD ) . Methods Patients at two cancer centers were r and omized to ESRA-C assessment only ( control ) or the Web-based ESRA-C intervention delivered to patients ’ homes or to a tablet in clinic . The intervention allowed patients to self-monitor  symptom and quality of life ( SxQOL ) between visits , receive self-care education and coaching to report SxQOL to clinicians . Summaries of assessment s were delivered to clinicians in both groups . Audio-recordings of clinic visits made 6 weeks after treatment initiation were coded for discussion s of 26 SxQOL issues , focusing on patients ’ /caregivers ’ coached verbal reports of SxQOL severity , pattern , alleviating/aggravating factors and requests for help . Among issues identified as problematic , two measures were defined for each patient : the percent SxQOL reported that included a coached statement , and an index of verbalized coached statements per SxQOL . The Wilcoxon rank test was used to compare measures between groups . Clinician responses to problematic SxQOL were compared . A mediation analysis was conducted , exploring the effect of verbal reports on SD outcomes . Results 517 ( 256 intervention ) clinic visits were audio-recorded . General discussion of problematic SxQOL was similar in both groups . Control group patients reported a median 75 % of problematic SxQOL using any specific coached statement compared to a median 85 % in the intervention group ( p = .0009 ) . The median report index of coached statements was 0.25 for the control group and 0.31 for the intervention group ( p = 0.008 ) . Fatigue , pain and physical function issues were reported significantly more often in the intervention group ( all p < .05 ) . Clinicians ' verbalized responses did not differ between groups . Patients ' verbal reports did not mediate final SD outcomes ( p = .41 ) . Conclusions Adding electronically-delivered , self-care instructions and communication coaching to ESRA-C promoted specific patient descriptions of problematic SxQOL issues compared with ESRA-C assessment alone . However , clinician verbal responses were no different and subsequent symptom distress group differences were not mediated by the patients ' reports . Trial registration NCT00852852 ; 26 Feb Purpose To test the impact of method of administration ( MOA ) on the measurement characteristics of items developed in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System ( PROMIS ) . Methods Two non-overlapping parallel 8-item forms from each of three PROMIS domains ( physical function , fatigue , and depression ) were completed by 923 adults ( age 18–89 ) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , depression , or rheumatoid arthritis . In a r and omized cross-over design , subjects answered one form by interactive voice response ( IVR ) technology , paper question naire ( PQ ) , personal digital assistant ( PDA ) , or personal computer ( PC ) on the Internet , and a second form by PC , in the same administration . Structural invariance , equivalence of item responses , and measurement precision were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory methods . Results Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported equivalence of factor structure across MOA . Analyses by item response theory found no differences in item location parameters and strongly supported the equivalence of scores across MOA . Conclusions We found no statistically or clinical ly significant differences in score levels in IVR , PQ , or PDA administration as compared to PC . Availability of large item response theory-calibrated PROMIS item banks allowed for innovations in study design and analysis Background Compared to females , males experience higher rates of chronic disease and mortality , yet few health promotion initiatives are specifically aim ed at men . Therefore , the aim of the ManUp Study is to examine the effectiveness of an IT-based intervention to increase the physical activity and nutrition behaviour and literacy in middle-aged males ( aged 35–54 years ) . Method / Design The study design was a two-arm r and omised controlled trial , having an IT-based ( applying website and mobile phones ) and a print-based intervention arm , to deliver intervention material s and to promote self-monitoring of physical activity and nutrition behaviours .  Participants ( n = 317 ) were r and omised on a 2:1 ratio in favour of the IT-based intervention arm . Both intervention arms completed assessment s at baseline , 3 , and 9 months . All participants completed self-report assessment s of physical activity , sitting time , nutrition behaviours , physical activity and nutrition literacy , perceived health status and socio-demographic characteristics . A r and omly selected sub- sample in the IT-based ( n = 61 ) and print-based ( n = 30 ) intervention arms completed objective measures of height , weight , waist circumference , and physical activity as measured by accelerometer ( Actigraph GT3X ) . The average age of participants in the IT-based and print-based intervention arm was 44.2 and 43.8 years respectively . The majority of participants were employed in professional occupations ( IT-based 57.6 % , Print-based 54.2 % ) and were overweight or obese ( IT-based 90.8 % , Print-based 87.3 % ) . At baseline a lower proportion of participants in the IT-based ( 70.2 % ) group agreed that 30 minutes of physical activity each day is enough to improve health compared to the print-based ( 82.3 % ) group ( p = .026 ) . The IT-based group consumed a significantly lower number of serves of red meat in the previous week , compared to the print-based group ( p = .017 ) . No other significant between-group differences were observed at baseline . Discussion The ManUp Study will examine the effectiveness of an IT-based approach to improve physical activity and nutrition behaviour and literacy . Study outcomes will provide much needed information on the efficacy of this approach in middle aged males , which is important due to the large proportions of males at risk , and the potential reach of IT-based interventions .Trial registration BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Epi Data and Epi Info are often used together by public health agencies around the world , particularly in developing countries , to meet their needs of low-cost public health data management ; however , the current open source data management technology lacks a mobile component to meet the needs of mobile public health data collectors . The goal of this project is to explore the opportunity of filling this gap through developing and trial of a personal digital assistant ( PDA ) based data collection /entry system . It evaluated whether such a system could increase efficiency and reduce data transcription errors for public surveillance data collection in developing countries represented by Fiji . METHODS A generic PDA-based data collection software eSTEPS was developed . The software and the data collected using it directly interfaces with Epi Data . A field trial was conducted to test the viability of public health surveillance data collection using eSTEPS . The design was a r and omised , controlled trial with cross-over design . 120 participants recruited from the Fiji School of Medicine were r and omly assigned to be interviewed by one of six interviewers in one of the two ways : ( 1 ) paper-based survey followed by PDA survey and ( 2 ) PDA survey followed by paper-based survey .  Data quality was measured by error rates ( logical range errors/inconsistencies , skip errors , missing values , date or time field errors and incorrect data type ) . Work flow and cost were evaluated in three stages of the survey process : ( 1 ) preparation of data collection instrument , ( 2 ) data collection and ( 3 ) data entry , validation and cleaning . User acceptance was also evaluated in the two groups of participants : ( 1 ) data collectors and ( 2 ) survey participants . RESULTS None of the errors presented in 20.8 % of the paper question naires was found in the data set collected using PDA . Sixty-two percent of the participants perceived that the PDA-based question naire took less time to complete . Data entry , validation and cleaning for the PDA- 
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MAIN RESULTS We included 14 studies ( 15 records ) with a total of 2275 participants ; although we included only 2272 participants in the final analyses as there were missing data for three participants from one included study .Regarding  data equivalence , in both controlled and uncontrolled setting s , the included studies found no significant differences in the mean overall scores between apps and other delivery modes , and that all correlation coefficients exceeded the recommended thresholds for data equivalence .
Regarding adherence to the sampling protocol , apps may be better than paper but no different from SMS .
We identified multiple definitions of acceptability to respondents , with inconclusive results : preference ; ease of use ; willingness to use a delivery mode ; satisfaction ; effectiveness of the system informativeness ; perceived time taken to complete the survey question naire ; perceived benefit of a delivery mode ; perceived usefulness of a delivery mode ; perceived ability to complete a survey question naire ; maximum length of time that participants would be willing to use a delivery mode ; and reactivity to the delivery mode and its successful integration into respondents ' daily routine .
Our results , based on a narrative synthesis of the evidence , suggest that apps might not affect data equivalence as long as the intended clinical application of the survey question naire , its intended frequency of administration and the setting in which it was vali date d remain unchanged .