***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Prevention of the onset of depression in adolescence may prevent social dysfunction , teenage pregnancy , substance abuse , suicide , and mental health conditions in adulthood . New technologies allow delivery of prevention programs scalable to large and disparate population s. Objective To develop and test the novel mobile phone delivery of a  depression prevention intervention for adolescents . We describe the development of the intervention and the results of participants ’ self-reported satisfaction with the intervention . Methods The intervention was developed from 15 key messages derived from cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) . The program was fully automated and delivered in 2 mobile phone messages/day for 9 weeks , with a mixture of text , video , and cartoon messages and a mobile website . Delivery modalities were guided by social cognitive theory and marketing principles . The intervention was compared with an attention control program of the same number and types of messages on different topics . A double-blind r and omized controlled trial was undertaken in high schools in Auckl and , New Zeal and , from June 2009 to April 2011 . Results A total of 1348 students ( 13–17 years of age ) volunteered to participate at group sessions in schools , and 855 were eventually r and omly assigned to groups . Of these , 835 ( 97.7 % ) self-completed follow-up question naires at postprogram interviews on satisfaction , perceived usefulness , and adherence to the intervention . Over three-quarters of participants viewed at least half of the messages and 90.7 % ( 379/418 ) in the intervention group reported they would refer the program to a friend . Intervention group participants said the intervention helped them to be more positive ( 279/418 , 66.7 % ) and to get rid of negative thoughts ( 210/418 , 50.2%)—significantly higher than proportions in the control group . Conclusions Key messages from CBT can be delivered by mobile phone , and young people report that these are helpful . Change in clinician-rated depression symptom scores from baseline to 12 months , yet to be completed , will provide evidence on the effectiveness of the intervention . If proven effective , this form of delivery may be useful in many countries lacking widespread mental health services but with extensive mobile phone coverage . Clinical Trial Australia New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN ) : 12609000405213 ; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=83667 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/64aueRqOb Background The use of mobile apps  for health and well being promotion has grown exponentially in recent years . Yet , there is currently no app- quality assessment tool beyond “ star”-ratings . Objective The objective of this study was to develop a reliable , multidimensional measure for trialling , classifying , and rating the quality of mobile health apps . Methods A literature search was conducted to identify articles containing explicit Web or app quality rating criteria published between January 2000 and January 2013 . Existing criteria for the assessment of app quality were categorized by an expert panel to develop the new Mobile App Rating Scale ( MARS ) subscales , items , descriptors , and anchors . There were sixty well being apps that were r and omly selected using an iTunes search for MARS rating . There were ten that were used to pilot the rating procedure , and the remaining 50 provided data on interrater reliability . Results There were 372 explicit criteria for assessing Web or app quality that were extracted from 25 published papers , conference proceedings , and Internet re sources . There were five broad categories of criteria that were identified including four objective quality scales : engagement , functionality , aesthetics , and information quality ; and one subjective quality scale ; which were refined into the 23-item MARS . The MARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( alpha = .90 ) and interrater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC = .79 ) . Conclusions The MARS is a simple , objective , and reliable tool for classifying and assessing the quality of mobile health apps . It can also be used to provide a checklist for the design and development of new high quality health apps AIM Preventive intervention and treatment using internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy ( iCBT ) can be easily administered to school students , as they are quite familiar with internet tools . This study aims to investigate the effectiveness and contribution of iCBT to mental healthcare in a school setting . METHODS Eighty Japanese high school boys who were participating in a sports specialist course were enrolled in this study . The participants were r and omly assigned to either the iCBT intervention group or the control group . Both programmes were administered for 4 weeks . To evaluate the effects , physical and mental health problems and self-efficacy were assessed . RESULTS The mean number of times that the iCBT website was accessed during the intervention period was 16.9 , and the mean access frequency ( percentage of the number of times the website was accessed during the intervention period ) was 40.1 % in the iCBT group . A statistically significant interaction between group and time in favour of the iCBT group was observed based on the Kessler-6 ( K6 ) scale for depression and anxiety . CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a school mental healthcare programme using iCBT is suitable for students and useful for coping with stress and reducing depressed mood and anxiety in young people , especially athletes , who are regarded as needing special mental health support Background Depression is a serious mental health problem , whose first onset is usually in adolescence . Online treatment may offer a solution for the current undertreatment of depression in youth . For adults with depressive symptoms , the effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy has been demonstrated . This study is one of the first r and omized controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness online depression treatment for young people with depressive complaints and the first to focus on an online group course . Objective To evaluate and discuss the effectiveness of a guided Web-based group course called Grip op Je Dip ( Master Your Mood [ MYM ] ) , design ed for young people aged 16 to 25 years with depressive symptoms , in comparison with a wait-listed control group . Methods We r and omly assigned 244 young people with depressive symptoms to the online MYM course or to  a waiting-list control condition . The primary outcome measure was treatment outcome after 3 months on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale . Secondary outcomes were anxiety ( measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) and mastery ( Mastery Scale ) . We studied the maintenance of effects in the MYM group 6 months after baseline . Missing data were imputed . Results The MYM group ( n = 121 ) showed significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms at 3 months than the control group ( n = 123 ) ( t 187 = 6.62 , P < .001 ) , with a large between-group effect size of d = 0.94 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 0.64–1.23 ) . The MYM group also showed greater improvement in anxiety ( t 187 = 3.80 , P < .001 , d = 0.49 , 95 % CI 0.24–0.75 ) and mastery ( t 187 = 3.36 , P = .001 , d = 0.44 , 95 % CI 0.19–0.70 ) . At 12 weeks , 56 % ( 68/121 ) of the participants in the MYM group and 20 % ( 24/123 ) in the control group showed reliable and clinical ly significant change . This between-group difference was significant ( χ2 1 = 35.0 , P < .001 ) and yielded a number needed to treat of 2.7 . Improvements in the MYM group were maintained at 6 months . A limitation is the infeasibility of comparing the 6-month outcomes of the MYM and control groups , as the controls had access to MYM after 3 months . Conclusions The online group course MYM was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and anxiety and in increasing mastery in young people . These effects persisted in the MYM group at 6 months . Trial Registration Nederl and s Trial Register : NTR1694 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=1694 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/683SBoeGV Background Up to 9 % of young people suffer from depression . Unfortunately , many in need of help remain untreated . The Internet offers anonymous ways to help depressed youth , especially those who are reluctant to search for help because of fear of stigma . Objective Our goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of an individual chat treatment based on Solution-Focused Brief Therapy ( SFBT ) to young individuals aged 12 - 22 years with depressive symptoms by comparing it to a waiting list control group . Methods For this study , 263 young people with depressive symptoms were r and omized to the  Web-based SFBT intervention , PratenOnline , or to a waiting list control condition . The chat treatment was delivered by trained professionals . Groups were compared on depressive complaints as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) after 9 weeks and 4.5 months . For the chat group only , changes in depressive symptoms at 7.5 months after baseline were explored . Results The experimental SFBT condition ( n=131 ) showed significantly greater improvement than the waiting list condition ( n=132 ) in depressive symptoms at 9 weeks and 4.5 months on the CES-D , with a small between group effect size at 9 weeks ( d=0.18 , 95 % CI -0.10 to 0.47 ) and a large effect size at 4.5 months ( d=0.79 , 95 % CI 0.45 - 1.08 ) . The percentage of participants showing a reliable and clinical ly significant change in depression was significantly larger for the SFBT intervention at 4.5 months only ( 28.2 % vs 11.4 % for the waiting list , P<.001 , number needed to treat=6 ) . At 7.5 months , the SFBT group showed further improvements . However , results have to be considered carefully because of high attrition rates . Conclusions The Web-based SFBT chat intervention of PratenOnline was more effective than a waiting list control group in reducing depressive symptoms , and effects were larger at follow-up then at post-treatment . More studies are needed to find out if outcomes will be replicated , especially for those younger than 18 year old . Trial Registration Netherl and s Trial Register : NTR 1696 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=1696 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6DspeYWrJ ) Background Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy ( ICBT ) is a promising approach to the prevention and reduction of depressive symptoms among adolescents . This study aim ed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of disseminating a self-directed internet-based mental health intervention ( MoodGYM ) in senior high schools . It also sought to investigate possible effects of tailored and weekly e-mail reminders on initial uptake and adherence to the intervention . Method A baseline survey was conducted in four senior high schools in two Norwegian municipalities ( n = 1337 ) . 52.8 % ( 707/1337 ) of the students consented to further participation in the trial and were r and omly allocated to one of three MoodGYM intervention groups ( tailored weekly e-mail reminder ( n = 175 ) , st and ardized weekly e-mail reminder ( n = 176 ) or no e-mail reminder ( n = 175 ) ) or a waitlist control group ( n = 180 ) . We tested for effects of the intervention on depression and self-esteem using multivariate analysis of variance , effects of tailored e-mail and self-reported current need of help on initial uptake of the intervention using logistic regression and the effect of weekly e-mails on adherence using ordinal regression . Results There was substantial non-participation from the intervention , with only 8.5 % ( 45/527 ) participants logging on to MoodGYM , and few proceeding beyond the first part of the programme . No significant effect on depression or self-esteem was found among the sample as a whole or among participants with elevated depression scores at baseline . Having a higher average grade in senior high school predicted initial uptake of the intervention , but tailored e-mail and self-reported current need of help did not . Weekly e-mail prompts did not predict adherence . The main reasons for non-use reported were lack of time/forgetting about it and doubt about the usefulness of the program . Conclusion Overall , disseminating a self-directed internet-based intervention to a school population proved difficult despite steps taken to reduce barriers in terms of tailoring feedback and dispatching weekly e-mail reminders . Providing mental health interventions within the school environment is likely to ensure better uptake among senior high school students , but there is a need to effectively communicate that such programmes can be helpful . Trial registration The trial was registered retrospectively as Background GPs detect at best 50c of mental health problems in young people . Barriers to detecting mental health problems include lack of screening tools , limited appointment times and young people ’s reluctance to report mental health symptoms to GPs . The mobiletype program is a mobile phone mental health assessment and management application which monitors mood , stress and everyday activities then transmits this information to general practitioners ( GPs ) via a secure website in summary format for medical review . The current aims were to examine : ( i ) mobiletype as a clinical assistance tool , ii ) doctor-patient rapport and , iii ) pathways to care . Methods We conducted a r and omised controlled trial in primary care with patients aged 14 to 24 years recruited from rural and metropolitan general practice s. GPs identified and referred eligible participants ( those with mild 
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Engagement and adherence rates were low .
Qualitative analysis revealed that users liked interventions with a game-like feel and relatable , interactive content .
Educational material s were perceived as boring , and users were put off by non-appealing interfaces and technical glitches .
Conclusions : Digital interventions work better than no intervention to improve  depression in young people when results of different studies are pooled together .
However , these interventions may only be of clinical significance when use is highly supervised .
Digital interventions do not work better than active alternatives regardless of the level of support .