***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND The long-term efficacy of psychological treatments for binge eating disorder remains largely unknown . AIMS To examine the long-term efficacy of out-patient group cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) and group interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) for binge eating disorder and to analyse predictors of long-term non-response . METHOD Ninety people with binge eating disorder were assessed 4 years after treatment cessation within a r and omised trial ( trial registration : NCT01208272 ) . RESULTS Participants showed substantial long-term recovery , partial remission , clinical ly significant improvement and significant reductions in associated psychopathology , despite relapse tendencies in single secondary outcomes . Body mass index remained stable . While the IPT group demonstrated an improvement in eating disorder symptoms over the follow-up period , the CBT group reported a worsening of symptoms , but treatments did not differ at any time point . CONCLUSIONS The results document the long-term efficacy of out-patient CBT and IPT for binge eating disorder . Further research is warranted to eluci date the time course and mechanisms of change of these treatments for binge eating disorder Few long-term follow-up studies evaluated the response to psychotherapeutic interventions in binge eating disorder ( BED ) . The effectiveness of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy , and the possible predictors of outcome were evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . At the beginning , at the end of treatments , and three years after the end of treatments , 144 patients affected by threshold or subthreshold BED were assessed using a clinical interview and self-reported question naires evaluating the eating attitudes and behavior , emotional eating , and general psychopathology . The following outcome measures were considered : recovery at 3-year follow-up , weight loss , treatment resistance , relapse , and diagnostic change . Both treatments showed similar response in terms of all outcome measures in the long-term , and determined a significant reduction of binge eating frequency , and a mild reduction of weight . The absence of a history of amphetamine derivatives consumption , lower emotional eating and binge eating severity at baseline were predictors of full recovery in the long-term . A low Emotional eating was found to be the only predictor of weight reduction . Overweight during childhood , full blown BED diagnosis , and high emotional eating were predictors of treatment resistance . Treatments considering the relationships between binge eating and emotional eating could improve the outcome of BED patients OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effectiveness of a self-help treatment as a first line primary care intervention for  binge eating disorder ( BED ) in obese patients . This study compared the effectiveness of a usual care plus self-help version of cognitive behavioral therapy ( shCBT ) to usual care ( UC ) only in ethnically/racially diverse obese patients with BED in primary care setting s in an urban center . METHOD 48 obese patients with BED were r and omly assigned to either shCBT ( N = 24 ) or UC ( N = 24 ) for four months . Independent assessment s were performed monthly throughout treatment and at post-treatment . RESULTS Binge-eating remission rates did not differ significantly between shCBT ( 25 % ) and UC ( 8.3 % ) at post-treatment . Mixed models of binge eating frequency determined using the Eating Disorder Examination ( EDE ) revealed significant decreases for both conditions but that shCBT and UC did not differ . Mixed models of binge eating frequency from repeated monthly EDE- question naire assessment s revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction indicating that shCBT had significant reductions whereas UC did not during the four-month treatments . Mixed models revealed no differences between groups on associated eating disorder psychopathology or depression . No weight loss was observed in either condition . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that pure self-help CBT did not show effectiveness relative to usual care for treating BED in obese patients in primary care . Thus , self-help CBT may not have utility as a front-line intervention for BED for obese patients in primary care and future studies should test guided-self-help methods for delivering CBT in primary care generalist setting Cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) is the recommended treatment for binge eating , yet many individuals do not recover , and innovative new treatments have been called for . The current study compares traditional CBT with two augmented versions of CBT ; schema therapy , which focuses on early life experiences as pivotal in the history of the eating disorder ; and appetite-focused CBT , which emphasises the role of recognising and responding to appetite in binge eating . 112 women with transdiagnostic DSM-IV binge eating were r and omized to the three therapies . Therapy consisted of weekly sessions for six months , followed by monthly sessions for six months . Primary outcome was the frequency of binge eating . Secondary and tertiary outcomes were other behavioural and psychological aspects of the eating disorder , and other areas of functioning . No differences among the three therapy groups were found on primary or other outcomes . Across groups , large effect sizes were found for improvement in binge eating , other eating disorder symptoms and overall functioning .  Schema therapy and appetite-focused CBT are likely to be suitable alternative treatments to traditional CBT for binge eating This paper describes the results of the STRATOB ( Systemic and STRATegic psychotherapy for OBesity ) study , a two-arm r and omized controlled clinical trial ( RCT ) comparing Brief Strategic Therapy ( BST , Nardone or Arezzo model ) with the gold st and ard CBT ( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ) for the inpatient and telephone-based outpatient treatment of obese people with Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) seeking treatment for weight reduction . Primary outcome measure of the r and omized trial was change in the Global Index of the Outcome Question naire ( OQ 45.2 ) . Secondary outcome measures were BED remission ( weekly binge episodes < 2 ) and weight loss . Data were collected at baseline , at discharge from the hospital ( c.a . 1 month after ) and after 6 months from discharge .. No significant difference between groups ( BST vs CBT ) was found in the primary outcome at discharge . However , a greater improvement was seen in the BST vs the CBT group ( P<.01 ) in the primary outcome at 6 months . About secondary outcomes , no significant difference between groups were found in weight change both at discharge and at 6 months . Notably , a significant association emerged between treatment groups and BED remission at 6 months in favor of BST ( only 20 % of patients in BST group reported a number of weekly binge episodes > 2 vs 63.3 % in CBT group ) BACKGROUND Cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) has documented efficacy for the treatment of  binge eating disorder ( BED ) .  Interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) has been shown to reduce binge eating but its long-term impact and time course on other BED-related symptoms remain largely unknown . This study compares the effects of group CBT and group IPT across BED-related symptoms among overweight individuals with BED . METHODS One hundred sixty-two overweight patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BED were r and omly assigned to 20 weekly sessions of either group CBT or group IPT . Assessment s of binge eating and associated eating disorder psychopathology , general psychological functioning , and weight occurred before treatment , at posttreatment , and at 4-month intervals up to 12 months following treatment . RESULTS Binge-eating recovery rates were equivalent for CBT and IPT at posttreatment ( 64 [ 79 % ] of 81 vs 59 [ 73 % ] of 81 ) and at 1-year follow-up ( 48 [ 59 % ] of 81 vs 50 [ 62 % ] of 81 ) . Binge eating increased slightly through follow-up but remained significantly below pretreatment levels . Across treatments , patients had similar significant reductions in associated eating disorders and psychiatric symptoms and maintenance of gains through follow-up . Dietary restraint decreased more quickly in CBT but IPT had equivalent levels by later follow-ups . Patients ' relative weight decreased significantly but only slightly , with the greatest reduction among patients sustaining recovery from binge eating from posttreatment to 1-year follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Group IPT is a viable alternative to group CBT for the treatment of overweight patients with BED . Although lacking a nonspecific control condition limits conclusions about treatment specificity , both treatments showed initial and long-term efficacy for the core and related symptoms of BED We performed a r and omized controlled study to test the relative efficacy of guided self-help ( gsh ) cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBTgsh ) and behavioral weight loss treatment ( BWLgsh ) treatments for  binge eating disorder ( BED ) . To provide an additional partial control for non-specific influences of attention , a third control ( CON ) treatment condition was included . We tested the treatments using a guided self-help approach given the promising results from initial studies using minimal therapist guidance . Ninety consecutive overweight patients ( 19 males , 71 females ) with BED were r and omly assigned ( 5:5:2 ratio ) to one of three treatments : CBTgsh ( N=37 ) , BWLgsh ( N=38 ) , or CON ( N=15 ) . The three 12-week treatment conditions were administered individually following guided self-help protocol s. Overall , 70 ( 78 % ) completed treatments ; CBTgsh ( 87 % ) and CON ( 87 % ) had significantly higher completion rates than BWLgsh ( 67 % ) . Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that CBTgsh had significantly higher remission rates ( 46 % ) than either BWLgsh ( 18 % ) or CON ( 13 % ) . Weight loss was minimal and differed little across treatments . The findings suggest that CBT , administered via guided self-help , demonstrates efficacy for BED , but not for obesity . The findings support CBT administered via guided self-help as a first step in the treatment of BED and provide evidence for its specific effects The objective was to determine whether treatments with demonstrated efficacy for binge eating disorder ( BED ) in specialist treatment centers can be delivered effectively in primary care setting s to racially/ethnically diverse obese patients with BED . This study compared the effectiveness of self-help cognitive-behavioral therapy ( shCBT ) and an anti-obesity medication ( sibutramine ) , alone and in combination , and it is only the second placebo-controlled trial of any medication for BED to evaluate longer-term effects after treatment discontinuation . 104 obese patients with BED ( 73 % female , 55 % non-white ) were r and omly assigned to one of four 16-week treatments ( balanced 2-by-2 factorial design ): sibutramine ( N = 26 ) , placebo ( N = 27 ) , shCBT + sibutramine ( N = 26 ) , or shCBT + placebo ( N = 25 ) . Medications were administered in double-blind fashion . Independent assessment s were performed monthly throughout treatment , post-treatment , and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ( 16 months after r and omization ) . Mixed-models analyses revealed significant time and medication-by-time interaction effects for percent weight loss , with sibutramine but not placebo associated with significant change over time . Percent weight loss differed significantly between sibutramine and placebo by the third month of treatment and at post-treatment . After the medication was discontinued at post-treatment , weight re-gain occurred in sibutramine groups and percent weight loss no longer differed among the four treatments at 6- and 12-month follow-ups . For binge-eating , mixed-models revealed significant time and shCBT-by-time interaction effects :  shCBT had significantly lower binge-eating frequency at 6-month follow-up but the treatments did not differ significantly at any other time point . Demographic factors did not significantly predict or moderate clinical outcomes . Our findings suggest that pure self-help CBT and sibutramine did not show long-term effectiveness relative to placebo for treating BED in racially/ethnically diverse obese patients in primary care . Overall , the treatments differed little with respect to binge-eating and associated outcomes .  Sibutramine was associated with significantly greater acute weight loss than placebo and the observed weight-regain following discontinuation of medication suggests that anti-obesity medications need to be continued for weight loss maintenance . Demographic factors did not predict/moderate clinical outcomes in this diverse patient group Eating disorders may be viewed from a transdiagnostic perspective and there is evidence supporting a transdiagnostic form of cognitive behaviour therapy ( CBT-E ) . The aim of the present study was to compare CBT-E with interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , a leading alternative treatment for adults with an eating disorder . One hundred and thirty patients with any form of eating disorder ( body mass index > 17.5 to < 40.0 ) were r and omized to either CBT-E or IPT .  Both treatments involved 20 sessions over 20 weeks followed by a 60-week closed follow-up period . Outcome was measured by independent blinded assessors . Twenty-nine participants ( 22.3 % ) did not complete treatment or were withdrawn . At post-treatment 65.5 % of the CBT-E participants met criteria for remission compared with 33.3 % of the IPT participants ( p < 0.001 ) . Over follow-up the proportion of participants meeting criteria for remission increased , particularly in the IPT condition , but the  CBT-E remission rate remained higher ( CBT-E 69.4 % , IPT 49.0 % 
    Output:
    
Results We found 45 unique studies with low/medium risk of bias , and moderate support for the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) and CBT guided self-help ( with moderate quality of evidence ) , and modest support for interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRI ) , and lisdexamfetamine ( with low quality of evidence ) in the treatment of adults with BED in terms of cessation of or reduction in the frequency of binge eating .
The results on weight loss were disappointing .
Only lisdexamfetamine showed a very modest effect on weight loss ( low quality of evidence ) .
While there is limited support for the long-term effect of psychological treatments , we have currently no data to ascertain the long-term effect of drug treatments .
Some undesired side effects are more common in drug treatment compared to placebo , while the side effects of psychological treatments are unknown .
Conclusion We found moderate support for the efficacy of CBT and guided self-help for the treatment of BED .
However , IPT , SSRI , and lisdexamfetamine received only modest support in terms of cessation of or reduction in the frequency of binge eating .