***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: STUDY GOAL : To compare the efficacy and safety of single 1 g oral azithromycin with doxycycline , 100 mg twice daily for seven days for treatment of uncomplicated urogenital chlamydial infection . STUDY DESIGN : R and omised , unblinded , comparative trial , involving 597 patients demonstrating clinical evidence of genital chlamydia and a positive non-culture assay for Chlamydia trachomatis . RESULTS : Among the azithromycin- and doxycycline-treated patients 61 % and 60 % , respectively , were asymptomatic within one week after the first dose . At two weeks , these figures increased to 86 % and 83 % , respectively . Bacteriological eradication , based on a negative assay , occurred in 338 ( 97 % ) of 347 azithromycin-treated patients and 161 ( 99 % ) of 163 doxycycline-treated patients . CONCLUSION : Treatment of uncomplicated chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis with single 1 g oral azithromycin is equivalent to st and ard therapy with doxycycline .  Drug-related adverse events were approximately twice as common as previously reported for both drugs Aims : To identify any differences in follow-up rates or sexual contact attendance rates in men presenting with non-gonococcal urethritis ( NGU ) after treatment by single dose azithromycin  rather than longer st and ard duration therapies and to identify patients ' treatment preferences . Methods : A prospect i ve study was performed on 200 consecutive men attending a genito-urinary medicine ( GUM ) clinic with new episode , microscopically confirmed NGU . The first 100 patients were treated with  st and ard duration therapy ( Group S ) whilst the second 100 patients received a single  1 g oral dose of azithromycin  ( Group A ) . Patient-led contact tracing was arranged and patients were asked to return for review when a test of cure was performed , contact attendance noted and the patient 's treatment preference ascertained . Results : Both groups were predominantly heterosexual and over 60 % gave a history of previous sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) . There were no significant differences in efficacy between Groups S and A. However , the index follow-up rate and percentage of traceable sexual contacts attending was higher in Group A. In both groups contacts of homosexual men were more likely to attend the GUM clinic . More additional visits were made by Group S due to mislaid medication or compliance problems . Over 70 % of patients question ed expressed a preference for single dose therapy . Conclusion : Single dose therapy with 1 g of azithromycin is as efficacious as longer duration therapies with advantages in patient follow-up rates and contact attendance and for the majority of patients would be their treatment of choice . A cost analysis supports the practical application of this regimen & NA ; Pivampicillin and doxycycline were compared in the treatment of chlamydial urethritis in 80 heterosexual men . The trial was carried out in a double‐blind , comparative parallel group fashion . Forty patients were treated with 700 mg of pivampicillin twice daily and another 40 with 200 mg of doxycycline on the first day and thereafter with 100 mg of doxycycline and one placebo tablet daily . Both treatments lasted for 9 days . Follow‐up examinations were carried out 2 weeks ( 14‐16 days ) and 4 weeks ( 26‐30 days ) after the start of treatment . Altogether five ( 12.5 % ) of the forty pivampicillin‐treated patients were clinical failures and three ( 7.5 % ) still harbored Chlamydia trachomatis after treatment . The corresponding figures for the doxycycline‐treated patients were two ( 5.1 % ) and one ( 2.6 % ) . The difference between the treatment results of the two groups did not reach statistical significance Two-hundred patients with confirmed Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the urogenital region were treated with either ciprofloxacin 1.5 g/day or doxycycline 100 mg/day for seven days . One-hundred and fifty-seven patients were males and 43 females . C. trachomatis was isolated prior to treatment from urethra alone in 155 patients , from cervix alone in 27 and from both urethra and cervix in 15 . The first re-examination was carried out at the end of treatment and the second one week later . Six patients in the ciprofloxacin group and three in the doxycycline group never returned for the first re-examination . At the second re-examination there were seven defaulters in the ciprofloxacin group and 11 in the doxycycline group . Altogether there were 12 bacteriological failures in both groups . Clinical failure despite bacteriological cure occurred in 20 patients in the ciprofloxacin group and eight in the doxycycline group . The total number of treatment failures was 32 in the ciprofloxacin group and 20 in the doxycycline group . The results suggested that neither treatment was efficient enough in the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital infections caused by C. trachomatis The effect of doxycycline treatment was studied in 46 men with chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis . Treatment with 200 mg doxycycline daily for 10 days rendered 22 of 22 patients free of  urethritis . The treatment had no effect on the complications of urethritis like prostatitis and Reiter 's syndrome . In the other group where 200 mg doxycycline was given on the first day and 100 mg on the subsequent days for 8 days , urethritis was resolved in 18 of 22 patients . C. trachomatis was not re-isolated from any of the patients after doxycycline treatment We compared a single 1 gm dose of azithromycin with the st and ard 7-day course of doxycycline for the treatment of uncomplicated chlamydial genital infection in sexually active adolescents . Seventy-three adolescents ( 65 female ) with a cervical or urethral culture positive for Chlamydia trachomatis were enrolled in the study ; 46 received azithromycin and 27 received doxycycline . Follow-up evaluations were done 1 , 2 , and 4 weeks after treatment with azithromycin or initiation of treatment with doxycycline . There were four treatment failures ( 8.7 % ) among the patients who received azithromycin and four in the doxycycline-treated group ( 14.8 % ) ; all were female . Six of these girls ( three treated with azithromycin and three with doxycycline ) gave histories of unprotected intercourse with an untreated partner and were probably reinfected . Almost half the patients were clinical ly symptom free . The clinical response rate for the remaining patients with symptoms was 97.4 % at 4 weeks . Nineteen percent of the azithromycin-treated patients and 33.3 % of those treated with doxycycline had mild to moderate drug-related side effects , which were predominantly gastrointestinal . We conclude that treatment with a single oral dose of azithromycin appears to be as safe and efficacious as a 7-day course of doxycycline for the treatment of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection in adolescents A total of 2124 women who attended the Richmond Family Planning Association Clinic in Melbourne consecutively were screened for the presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis . One hundred and three women were found to have Chl . trachomatis infection of the cervix and were invited to participate in a clinical trial of minocycline and doxycycline for the treatment of chlamydial infection . A 10-day course of either drug result ed in a negative result of a chlamydial culture for all patients at the follow-up assessment , which occurred between 11 days to 12 weeks after the therapy . Minocycline and doxycycline showed equal effectiveness in the eradication of mycoplasmas in over 80 % of the treated patients . Minocycline appeared to have a slight advantage with respect to the resolution of the gynaecological symptoms that were associated with the chlamydial infection . The number of adverse events that were recorded during the trial was similar for both treatment regimens . Gynaecological symptoms were associated with chlamydial infection in approximately 50 % of the women in the study . The lack of association between chlamydial infection and gynaecological symptoms has led to the instigation of routine testing for the presence of Chlamydia spp . in young women who have more than one sexual partner OBJECTIVES The heterosexual spread of HIV-1 is occurring at different rates in different parts of the world . The transmission probability of HIV-1 per sexual contact is low , but may be greatly enhanced by several cofactors . Sexually transmitted diseases ( STD ) , especially genital ulcers , may be such factors . So far , epidemiological evidence that other STD facilitate HIV-1 transmission is weak . The objective of this study was to determine whether treatable STD enhanced sexual transmission of HIV-1 in a cohort of female prostitutes in Kinshasa , Zaire . METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of 431 initially HIV-1-negative women followed prospect ively for a mean duration of 2 years ( with monthly STD check-ups and 3-monthly HIV-1 serology )  . Cases ( seroconverters , n = 68 ) were compared with controls ( women who remained HIV-1-negative , n = 126 ) for incidence of STD and sexual exposure during the presumed period of HIV-1 acquisition . RESULTS The annual incidence of HIV-1 in this cohort was 9.8 % . Seroconverters were younger than HIV-1-negative women ( mean age , 24.6 versus 26.8 years ; P = 0.04 ) . During the period of HIV-1 acquisition , cases had a much higher incidence of gonorrhoea , chlamydial infection and trichomoniasis , and engaged in unprotected sex with clients and partners more frequently than controls . After controlling for sexual exposure by multivariate analysis , adjusted odds ratios for seroconversion were 4.8 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 2.4 - 9.8 ] for gonorrhoea , 3.6 ( 95 % CI , 1.4 - 9.1 ) for chlamydial infection and 1.9 ( 95 % CI , 0.9 - 4.1 ) for trichomoniasis . Genital ulcers were more frequent in cases than controls , but much less common than other STD . CONCLUSION Non-ulcerative STD were risk factors for sexual transmission of HIV-1 in women , after controlling for sexual exposure . Because of their high prevalence in some population s , non-ulcerative STD may represent a considerable population -attributable risk in the transmission of HIV-1 worldwide . The identification of treatable STD as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission offers an important additional strategy for the prevention of HIV/AIDS CONTEXT Adolescents are at highest risk for infection with Chlamydia trachomatis , an important preventable cause of pelvic inflammatory disease and subsequent tubal factor infertility in US women . Current guidelines for delivery of adolescent primary care services recommend yearly chlamydia screening for those adolescent females considered to be at risk . OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology of prevalent and incident chlamydia infection among adolescent females to assess the appropriate interval for chlamydia screening and to define risk factors that would identify adolescent females to target for screening . DESIGN Prospect i ve longitudinal study . PATIENTS A consecutive sample of 3202 sexually active females 12 through 19 years old making 5360 patient visits over a 33-month period , January 1994 through September 1996 . SETTING Baltimore , Md , family planning , sexually transmitted disease , and school-based clinics . INTERVENTION Testing for C trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence and incidence of C trachomatis infections ; predictors of positive test result for C trachomatis . RESULTS Chlamydia infection was found in 771 first visits ( 24.1 % ) and 299 repeat visits ( 13.9 % ) ; 933 adolescent females ( 29.1 % ) had at least 1 positive test result . Females who were 14 years old had the highest age-specific chlamydia prevalence rate ( 63 [ 27.5 % ] of 229 cases ; P=.01 ) . The chlamydia incidence rate was 28.0 cases per 1000 person-months ( 95 % confidence interval , 24.9 - 31.5 cases ) . The median time was 7.2 months to a first positive chlamydia test result and 6.3 months to a repeat positive test result among those with repeat visits . Independent predictors of chlamydia infection -- reason for clinic visit , clinic type , prior sexually transmitted diseases , multiple or new partners , or inconsistent condom use-failed to identify a subset of adolescent females with the majority of infections . CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence and incidence of C trachomatis infection were found among adolescent females . We , therefore , recommend screening all sexually active adolescent females for chlamydia infection every 6 months , regardless of symptoms , prior infections , condom use , or multiple partner risks BACKGROUND AND OBJECT 
    Output:
    
Azithromycin and doxycycline are equally efficacious in achieving microbial cure and have similar tolerability .