***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To assess whether the synthetic vasopressin analogue desmopressin [ 1-desamino 8-D-arginine vasopressin ] is efficacious and safe in the management of nocturia + /- enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis . PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two women and 11 men , under 65 years of age , with clinical ly definite multiple sclerosis and nocturnal frequency + /- enuresis were entered into the study . A two week placebo run-in , to establish normal voiding patterns , followed by a double-blind , placebo-controlled , cross-over study of 20 micrograms intranasal desmopressin at night-time was carried out . RESULTS Desmopressin caused a significant decrease in nocturnal urinary frequency , nocturnal urinary volume and the percentage of total daily urine passed at night . There was no significant fall in plasma sodium with desmopressin although there were two cases of asymptomatic hyponatraemia . CONCLUSION Desmopressin is an efficacious and safe treatment for nocturia + /- enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis To assess whether desmopressin ( 1‐desamino 8‐d‐arginine vasopressin ) is safe and effective in the treatment of nocturnal polyuria in elderly men OBJECTIVES We conducted a community-based study to determine the relationship among night-time frequency , sleep disturbance and general health-related quality of life ( GHQL ) . METHODS A total of 2271 participants , men and women , aged 41 - 70 and r and omly selected in three Japanese towns completed a postal question naire survey .  This question naire included : the International Prostate Symptom Score , the overall incontinence score of the International Consultation of Incontinence Question naire Short Form for lower urinary tract symptoms , the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index  for sleep problems , the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 for GHQL , and medical history of disease , cigarette smoking , and alcohol consumption . A multiple regression model was used for statistical analysis , and P < 0.05 was considered significant . RESULTS Although night-time frequency by itself was closely associated with most aspects of GHQL , this association disappeared in four domains ( general health perception , vitality , mental health and emotional role ) and in the two summary scores of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 after inclusion of the influence of sleep problems represented by the total score on the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index . However , three domains ( physical function , physical role , and social function ) remained significantly associated with night-time frequency . Sleep problems were by far the worst risk factor for the deterioration of GHQL . CONCLUSIONS Night-time frequency appeared to be associated with GHQL mainly by affecting sleep conditions , a symptom that independently influenced some aspects of GHQL AIMS The primary objective was to investigate the efficacy of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet versus placebo in patients with nocturia . Pharmacodynamics , safety and patient-reported quality of life ( QoL ) outcomes were also evaluated . One of several benefits of the new formulation is increased bioavailability . Exploring lower doses allows for a better evaluation of therapeutic effect versus tolerability . METHODS This was a 4-week , r and omized , double-blind study comparing 10 , 25 , 50 , or 100 µg desmopressin versus placebo in adults with defined nocturia . RESULTS The intent to treat population comprised 757 patients experiencing ∼3 voids/night and a high prevalence of nocturnal polyuria ( ∼90 % ) . Increasing doses of desmopressin were associated with decreasing numbers of nocturnal voids and voided volume , greater proportions of subjects with > 33 % reduction in nocturnal voids , and increased duration of first sleep period . The lowest dose reaching statistical significance ( P < 0.05 vs. placebo ) varied by endpoint . Improvements were clinical ly meaningful , meaning that patients actually had fewer nightly voids . Post hoc analyses by gender suggested a lower minimum effective dose for women . Desmopressin was generally well tolerated . Reductions in serum sodium to < 125 mmol/L in six women ( taking > 25 µg desmopressin ) and two men ( aged 67 and 82 ) taking 100 µg , support lower and gender-specific dosing to reduce the small but clinical ly significant risk of hyponatraemia . Each void reduced/hour of sleep gained was associated with significant improvements in QoL. CONCLUSIONS Desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with nocturia . Further exploration of the lower dose range is warranted OBJECTIVES Nocturia is a well-recognized symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) , which is commonly treated by alpha(1)-blockers and /or 5alpha-reductase inhibitors . However , the effectiveness of these drugs for nocturia has been reported to be only 25%-39 % . The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of celecoxib , a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor , in the treatment of patients with BPH complaining of nocturia . METHODS This was a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . A total of 80 men with lower urinary tract symptoms and BPH were entered into the study and were r and omized to receive celecoxib , 100 mg at 9 pm vs placebo for 1 month . The inclusion criteria also included a total International Prostate Symptom Score > 8 and complaints of > or=2 voids nightly . The efficacy and safety of the treatment were assessed by changes in the urinary flow and symptoms between baseline and 1 month of follow-up . RESULTS In the celecoxib group ( n = 40 ) , the mean nocturnal frequency ( + /-SD ) decreased from 5.17 + /- 2.1 to 2.5 + /- 1.9 ( P < .0001 ) , and the mean International Prostate Symptom Score ( + /-SD ) decreased from 18.2 + /- 3.4 to 15.5 + /- 4.2 ( P < .0001 ) . In the control group ( n = 40 ) , the mean nocturnal frequency ( + /-SD ) decreased from 5.30 + /- 2.4 to 5.12 + /- 1.9 ( P > .05 ) , and the mean International Prostate Symptom Score ( + /-SD ) decreased from 18.4 + /- 3.1 to 18 + /- 3.9 ( P > .05 ) . A statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups ( P < .0001 ) . No statistically significant differences were found in the changes in the peak flow rate between the celecoxib and control groups or in celecoxib group between baseline and 1 month ( P > .05 ) . No significant side effects were reported . CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib is effective in the treatment of patients with BPH complaining of refractory nocturia . Our results suggest a novel treatment option for this common condition OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia in women . STUDY DESIGN Women aged 18 years or older with nocturia ( > or=2 voids per night with a nocturia index score > 1 ) received desmopressin ( 0.1 mg , 0.2 mg , or 0.4 mg ) during a 3-week dose-titration period . After a 1-week washout period , patients who responded in this period received desmopressin or placebo in a double-blind fashion for 3 weeks . RESULTS In double-blind phase , 144 patients were r and omly assigned to groups  ( desmopressin , n=72 ; placebo , n=72 ) . For desmopressin , 33 ( 46 % ) patients had a 50 % or greater reduction in nocturnal voids against baseline levels compared with 5 ( 7 % ) patients receiving placebo ( P<.0001 ) . The mean number of nocturnal voids , duration of sleep until the first nocturnal void , nocturnal diuresis , and ratios of nocturnal per 24 hours and nocturnal per daytime urine volumes changed significantly in favor of desmopressin versus placebo ( P<.0001 ) . In the dose-titration phase headache ( 22 % ) , nausea ( 8 % ) , and hyponatremia ( 6 % ) were reported . Two deaths occurred , although neither could be directly associated with the study drug . CONCLUSION Oral desmopressin is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for nocturia in women Our objective was to compare the effect of tamsulosin versus transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) for the management of nocturia in previously untreated men with lower urinary tract symptoms ( LUTS ) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) and no other predisposing factors for nocturia . The study group included 66 patients ( mean age 68.9 years , range 52 - 81 ) r and omized to receive either tamsulosin 0.4 mg per os daily ( n = 33 ) or TURP ( n = 33 ) . Nocturia was assessed at baseline , after 3 months and after 1 year , by the number of nocturnal awakenings and hours of undisturbed sleep ( HUS ) obtained from a 72-h Frequency Volume Chart ( FVC ) . Furthermore , the International Prostate Symptom Score ( IPSS ) , the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire Nocturia ( ICIQ-N ) and the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire Nocturia Quality of Life ( ICIQ-NQoL ) were recorded . At baseline , there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups . ICIQNQoL and ICIQ-N scores correlated with the number of awakenings and HUS , respectively . Both tamsulosin and TURP improved all examined parameters during the follow up . TURP was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the number of nocturnal awakenings and in the IPSS , ICIQ-N and ICIQ-NQol scores in comparison with tamsulosin . HUS increased in both groups , but without any statistically significant difference . In conclusion , TURP is superior in comparison with tamsulosin for the management of BPH-related nocturia PURPOSE We evaluated the effectiveness of single or combination drug therapy on nocturia in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 3,047 men with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia enrolled in the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms trial were r and omly assigned to receive doxazosin alone , finasteride alone , combination therapy or placebo . Treatment effectiveness was assessed according to intent to treat by mean reduction in self-reported nightly nocturia at 1 and 4 years . A subgroup analysis by age ( younger than 70 vs 70 years old or older ) was also performed . RESULTS Of the men 2,583 reported 1 or more episodes of nocturia and finished 12 or more months of the trial .  Mean nocturia was similar in all groups at baseline . Mean nocturia was reduced at 1 year by 0.35 , 0.40 , 0.54 and 0.58 in the placebo , finasteride , doxazosin and combination groups , respectively . Reductions with doxazosin and combination therapy were statistically greater than with placebo ( p < 0.05 ) . At 4 years nocturia was also significantly reduced in patients treated with doxazosin and combination therapy ( p < 0.05 vs placebo ) . In men older than 70 years ( 495 ) all drugs significantly reduced nocturia at 1 year ( finasteride 0.29 , doxazosin 0.46 and combination 0.42 ) compared to placebo ( 0.11 , p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Doxazosin and combination therapy reduced nocturia more than placebo , but the net benefit of active drug compared to placebo was often modest with a net difference of less than 0.20 fewer nightly nocturia episodes at 1 and 4 years . Findings in men 70 years old or older were similar , with an even smaller effect observed for finasteride BACKGROUND Nocturia ( ie , waking at night to void ) is common and disrupts sleep . Traditionally , one nightly episode has been regarded as clinical ly meaningless , yet the justification for this belief remains weak . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association among frequency of nocturia and bother and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS In 2003 - 2004 , a survey was mailed to a r and om sample of 6000 subjects aged 18 - 79 yr who were identified from the Finnish Population Register Centre ( response proportion was 62.4 % ; 53.7 % were females ) . MEASUREMENTS HRQoL and bother from nocturia were examined in relation to self-reported nocturia frequency ( using the American Urological Association Symptom Index and the Danish Prostatic Symptom Score ) . Bother from nocturia was assessed on a four-point scale ( none , small , moderate , major ) . HRQoL was measured with the generic 15D instrument on a 0 - 1 scale with a minimum clinical ly important difference of 0.03 . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Degree of bother increased with nocturia frequency ( p<0.01 ) . The most commonly cited degree of bother for those with one , two , and three night 
    Output:
    
Besides behavioral measures , vali date d treatment options include oral desmopressin , which is superior to placebo in treating NP .