***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omized , controlled trials . Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating experience . The prevalence of prehypertension and Stage 1 hypertension continues to increase despite being amenable to non-pharmacologic interventions . Iyengar yoga ( IY ) has been purported to reduce blood pressure ( BP ) though evidence from r and omized trials is lacking . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to assess the effects of 12 weeks of IY versus enhanced usual care ( EUC ) ( based on individual dietary adjustment ) on 24-h ambulatory BP in yoga-naïve adults with untreated prehypertension or Stage 1 hypertension . In total , 26 and 31 subjects in the IY and EUC arms , respectively , completed the study . There were no differences in BP between the groups at 6 and 12 weeks . In the EUC group , 24-h systolic BP ( SBP ) , diastolic BP ( DBP ) and mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) significantly decreased by 5 , 3 and 3 mmHg , respectively , from baseline at 6 weeks ( P < .05 ) , but were no longer significant at 12 weeks . In the IY group , 24 h SBP was reduced by 6 mmHg at 12 weeks compared to baseline ( P = .05 ) . 24 h DBP ( P < .01 ) and MAP ( P < .05 ) decreased significantly each by 5 mmHg . No differences were observed in catecholamine or cortisol metabolism to explain the decrease in BP in the IY group at 12 weeks . Twelve weeks of IY produces clinical ly meaningful improvements in 24 h SBP and DBP . Larger studies are needed to establish the long term efficacy , acceptability , utility and potential mechanisms of IY to control BP Context : Hypertension is a major chronic lifestyle disease . Several non-pharmacological interventions are effective in bringing down the blood pressure ( BP ) . This study focuses on the effectiveness of such interventions among young adults . Aims : To measure the efficacy of physical exercise , reduction in salt intake , and yoga , in lowering BP among young ( 20 - 25 ) pre-hypertensives and hypertensives , and to compare their relative efficacies . Setting s and Design : The study was done in the urban service area of JIPMER . Pre-hypertensives and hypertensives , identified from previous studies , constituted the universe . The participants were r and omized into one control and three interventional groups . Material s and Methods : A total of 113 subjects : 30 , 28 , 28 and 27 in four groups respectively participated for eight weeks : control ( I ) , physical exercise ( II ) - brisk walking for 50 - 60 minutes , four days/week , salt intake reduction ( III ) - to at least half of their previous intake , and practice of yoga ( IV ) - for 30 - 45 minutes/day on at least five days/week . Statistical Analysis Used : Efficacy was assessed using paired t test and ANOVA with Games Howell post hoc test . An intention to treat analysis was also performed . Results : A total of 102 participants ( 29 , 27 , 25 and 21 in groups I , II , III and IV ) completed the study . All three intervention groups showed a significant reduction in BP ( SBP/DBP : 5.3/6.0 in group II , 2.6/3.7 in III , and 2.0/2.6 mm Hg in IV respectively ) . There was no significant change ( SBP/DBP : 0.2/0.5 mmHg ) of BP in control group ( I ) . Physical exercise was most effective ( considered individually ) ; salt intake reduction and yoga were also effective . Conclusions : Physical exercise , salt intake reduction , and yoga are effective non-pharmacological interventions in significantly reducing BP among young hypertensives and pre-hypertensives . These can therefore be positively recommended for hypertensives . There is also a case to deploy these interventions in the general population BACKGROUND Hypertension , a chronic medical condition of increased blood pressure , is a serious public health problem . Environmental and genetic risk factors are known to predispose to hypertension . The present study was design ed to investigate the association of glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) gene polymorphism with oxidative stress in hypertensive patients and the possible beneficial effect of yoga on them . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty ( 60 ) hypertensive individuals , between 30 and 60 years of age , were divided into two groups of 30 each . The yoga group was subjected to 50 - 60 minutes of yogic practice s daily for 42 days , while the control group included the remaining 30 age- and sex-matched hypertensive individuals . GST gene polymorphism was analyzed using multiple allele specific polymerase chain reaction , and oxidative stress parameters were assessed biochemically . RESULTS Assessment of blood pressure showed a statistically significant though modest reduction ( p<0.05 ) in the yoga group as compared to the control group . Malondialdehyde was observed to be significantly low ( p<0.05 ) , while antioxidant capacity in the form of GST showed an increasing trend and ferric-reducing ability of plasma was significantly increased ( p<0.05 ) in the subjects who practice d yoga . CONCLUSIONS In conclusion , yoga has been found to decrease blood pressure as well as the levels of oxidative stress in patients with hypertension On the basis of medical officers diagnosis , thirty three ( N = 33 ) hypertensives , aged 35 - 65 years , from Govt . General Hospital , Pondicherry , were examined with four variables viz , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , pulse rate and body weight . The subjects were r and omly assigned into three groups . The exp . group-I underwent selected yoga practice s , exp . group-II received medical treatment by the physician of the said hospital and the control group did not participate in any of the treatment stimuli . Yoga imparted in the morning and in the evening with 1 hr/session . day-1 for a total period of 11-weeks . Medical treatment comprised drug intake every day for the whole experimental period . The result of pre-post test with ANCOVA revealed that both the treatment stimuli ( i.e. , yoga and drug ) were effective in controlling the variables of hypertension To determine the effectiveness of a yoga program on blood pressure and stress , a group of hypertensive patients in Thail and were studied , with the experimental group showing significantly decreased mean stress scores and blood pressure , heart rate , and body mass index levels compared with the control group . Further studies are suggested to determine the effects of yoga on hypertension in Thail and The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of yoga with an active control ( nonaerobic exercise ) in individuals with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension . A r and omized clinical trial was performed using two arms : ( 1 ) yoga and ( 2 ) active control . Primary outcomes were 24-hour day and night ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressures . Within-group and between-group analyses were performed using paired t tests and repeated- measures analysis of variance ( time × group ) , respectively . Eighty-four participants enrolled , with 68 participants completing the trial . Within-group analyses found 24-hour diastolic , night diastolic , and mean arterial pressure all significantly reduced in the yoga group ( -3.93 , -4.7 , -4.23 mm Hg , respectively ) but no significant within-group changes in the active control group . Direct comparisons of the yoga intervention with the control group found a single blood pressure variable ( diastolic night ) to be significantly different ( P=.038 ) . This study has demonstrated that a yoga intervention can lower blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension . Although this study was not adequately powered to show between-group differences , the size of the yoga-induced blood pressure reduction appears to justify performing a definitive trial of this intervention to test whether it can provide meaningful therapeutic value for the management of hypertension OBJECTIVES Breathing exercises practice d in various forms of meditations such as yoga may influence autonomic functions . This may be the basis of therapeutic benefit to hypertensive patients . DESIGN The study design was a r and omized , prospect i ve , controlled clinical study using three groups . SUBJECTS The subjects comprised 60 male and female patients aged 20 - 60 years with stage 1 essential hypertension . INTERVENTION Patients were r and omly and equally divided into the control and other two intervention groups , who were advised to do 3 months of slow-breathing and fast-breathing exercises , respectively . Baseline and postintervention recording of blood pressure ( BP ) , autonomic function tests such as st and ing-to-lying ratio ( S/L ratio ) , immediate heart rate response to st and ing ( 30:15 ratio ) , Valsalva ratio , heart rate variation with respiration ( E/I ratio ) , h and -grip test , and cold pressor response were done in all subjects . RESULTS Slow breathing had a stronger effect than fast breathing . BP decreased longitudinally over a 3-month period with both interventions . S/L ratio , 30:15 ratio , E/I ratio , and BP response in the h and grip and cold pressor test showed significant change only in patients practicing the slow-breathing exercise . CONCLUSIONS Both types of breathing exercises benefit patients with hypertension . However , improvement in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic reactivity may be the mechanism that is associated in those practicing the slow-breathing exercise 
    Output:
    
More adverse events occurred during yoga than during usual care .
Compared with exercise , no evidence was found for  effects of yoga  on systolic or diastolic blood pressure .
Larger studies are required to confirm the emerging but low- quality evidence that yoga may be a useful adjunct intervention in the management of hypertension