***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Background : Pulmonary complications , respiratory symptoms and depression are common occurrences which contribute to the morbidity and mortality seen in individuals living with HIV/AIDS . This study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on the pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status of people living with HIV . Methods : This study was conducted in Lagos , Nigeria from October 2014 to May 2015 . Forty eligible individuals with HIV aged 18 yr and above participated , of which 33 cooperated to the end . They were recruited from the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Intervention Initiative ( APIN ) Clinic , Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Nigeria and were r and omly assigned to either the study or the control group . The study group received aerobic exercise training three times a week for six weeks and counselling while the control group received only counselling .  Pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status were evaluated at baseline and at six weeks . Inferential statistics of paired and independent t-test were used to analyze the data . Results : Comparison of mean changes in the pulmonary variables of the study group with those of the control group showed significant differences in all but in the respiratory rate ( RR ) - [ Forced Expiratory Volume in one second : , P=0.001 , Forced Vital Capacity : P=0.001 , Peak Expiratory Flow : P=0.001 ] . There were also significant differences between the mean changes in respiratory symptoms ( P=0.001 ) and depressive symptoms ( P=0.001 ) of study group and those of the control group . Conclusions : Aerobic exercise training significantly improved pulmonary functions as well as significantly reduced respiratory and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV Exercise has the potential to impact disease by altering circulating anabolic and catabolic factors . It was the goal of this study to determine how different regimens of low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise affected circulating levels of these anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men . Exercise-naive , HIV-infected men , medically cleared for study participation , were r and omized into one of the following groups : a moderate-intensity group ( MOD , who completed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic training followed by 30 min of moderate-intensity resistance training ; a low-intensity group ( LOW ) , who completed 60 min of treadmill walking ; or a control group ( CON ) , who attended the clinic but participated in no activity .  Blood and saliva sample s were collected at selected time points before , during , and after each of the 3 required sessions . Compared with baseline , the MOD group ( n=14 ) had a 135 % increase in growth hormone ( GH ) ( p<0.05 ) and a 34 % decrease in cortisol ( CORT ) ( p<0.05 ) at the post time point , a 31 % increase in interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) ( p<0.05 ) at 30-min post exercise , and a 23 % increase in IL-6 ( p<0.05 ) and a 13 % decrease in soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( sTNFrII ) ( p<0.05 ) at 60-min post exercise . The LOW ( n=11 ) group had a 3.5 % decrease in sTNFrII ( < 0.05 ) at 30-min post exercise compared with baseline and a 49 % decrease ( p<0.05 ) in GH at 60-min post exercise . The CON group ( n=13 ) had a decrease in GH at 30-min ( 62 % , p<0.05 ) and 60-min ( 61 % , p<0.05 ) post exercise compared with baseline . The increase in GH from baseline to post was greater in the MOD group ( p<0.05 ) and the decrease in CORT from pre to post was greater in the MOD group ( p<0.05 ) than in the other groups . These data suggest that individual sessions of both low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise can alter circulating anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men . The changes in the MOD group present potential mechanisms for the increases in lean tissue mass seen with resistance exercise training OBJECTIVE HIV-infected older adults ( HOA ) are at risk of functional decline . Interventions promoting physical activity that can attenuate functional decline and are easily translated into the HOA community are of high priority . We conducted a r and omized , controlled clinical trial to evaluate whether a physical activity counseling intervention based on self-determination theory ( SDT ) improves physical function , autonomous motivation , depression and the quality of life ( QOL ) in HOA . METHOD In total , 67 community-dwelling HOA with mild-to-moderate functional limitations were r and omized to 1 of 2 groups : a physical activity counseling group or the usual care control group . We used SDT to guide the development of the experimental intervention . Outcome measures that were collected at baseline and final study visits included a battery of physical function tests , levels of physical activity , autonomous motivation , depression , and QOL . RESULTS The study participants were similar in their demographic and clinical characteristics in both the treatment and control groups . Overall physical performance , gait speed , measures of endurance and strength , and levels of physical activity improved in the treatment group compared to the control group ( p < .05 ) . Measures of autonomous regulation such as identified regulation , and measures of depression and QOL improved significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group ( p < .05 ) . Across the groups , improvement in intrinsic regulation and QOL correlated with an improvement in physical function ( p < .05 ) . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a physical activity counseling program grounded in SDT can improve physical function , autonomous motivation , depression , and QOL in HOA with functional limitations . ( PsycINFO Data base Purpose : Highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly extended survival of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infected patients . These drugs suppress replication of HIV but at the same time , have many physical and mental side effects which may affect daily activities of the patients . The present study assessed if moderate intensity exercise program helped in enhancing the physical fitness and quality of life ( QoL ) in HIV positive females which may reduce the comorbidities associated with the disease and medications . Aim and Objectives : The aim of this study is to study the effects of moderate intensity physical training on physical fitness parameters and QoL in HIV positive females . Methodology : Post IEC approval , a r and omized control , single-blinded , parallel group trial was conducted on 55 females ( 20 experimental HIV , 20 control HIV , 15 control normal ) matching the selection criteria . Post informed consent , their muscular endurance , flexibility , aerobic capacity , and QoL was assessed . Moderate intensity physical exercises were given to experimental HIV and control normal 5 days/week for 8 weeks and subjects were reassessed for above parameters . Intragroup analysis was performed using paired t-test while inter-group was by one-way ANOVA with alpha set at ≤0.05 . Results : Moderate-intensity exercises  improved muscular endurance ( P < 0.05 ) , flexibility ( P < 0.05 ) , and aerobic capacity ( P < 0.05)in experimental HIV and control normal group as compared to control HIV group . QoL in experimental HIV showed improvement in all the domains . Conclusion : Moderate-intensity exercises help improve the physical fitness as well as enhance the QoL in HIV positive females The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of altering the set structure during an 8-week resistance training program on anthropometric , hormonal , and strength power characteristics . Thirty female volleyball players were recruited for participation and then r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 resistance training groups : ( i ) cluster sets ( CRT ; n = 10 ) , ( ii ) traditional sets ( TRT ; n = 10 ) , or ( iii ) control ( CON ; n = 10 ) . All athletes were evaluated for thigh and arm circumference , vertical jump , 20-m sprint , 4 × 9-m shuttle-run , 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) back squat , bench press , military press , and deadlift prior to and after an 8-week periodized training intervention . Blood sample s were taken before and after the 8-week training period to evaluate resting testosterone , cortisol , and insulin-like growth factor 1 responses to the training period . After 8 weeks of training the CRT group displayed a small but significant improvement in vertical jump ( CRT : effect size ( ES ) = 038 , 7.1 % ) performance when compared with the TRT group ( ES = 0.34 , 5.6 % ) . Both the CRT and TRT training interventions result ed in very large increases in the 1RM squat ( CRT : 8.4 % ± 1.2 % ; TRT : 7.3 % ± 0.6 % ) , bench press ( CRT : 8.3 % ± 2.0 % ; TRT : 8.7 % ± 1.9 % ) , military press ( CRT : 5.7 % ± 1.2 % ; TRT : 5.5 % ± 1.6 % ) , and deadlift ( CRT : 8.2 % ± 1.6 % ; TRT : 8.3 % ± 2.2 % ) . There were no significant differences in 20-m sprint or 4 × 9-m shuttle run times between the CRT , TRT , and CON groups . These results suggest that cluster sets allow for greater improvements in vertical jump performance and equal improvements in strength gains to those seen with traditional sets HIV/AIDS and its treatment often alter body composition and result in poorer physical functioning . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate-intensity exercise program on body composition and the hormones and cytokines associated with adverse health outcomes . HIV-infected males ( N = 111 ) were r and omized to an exercise group ( EX ) who completed 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training , or to a nonintervention control group ( CON ) . In pre- and postintervention , body composition was estimated via DXA , peak strength was assessed , and resting blood sample s were obtained . There was a decrease in salivary cortisol at wake ( P = 0.025 ) in the EX and a trend ( P = 0.07 ) for a decrease 1 hour after waking . The EX had a significant increase in lean tissue mass ( LTM ) ( P < 0.001 ) following the intervention . Those in the EX below median body fat ( 20 % ) increased LTM ( P = 0.014 ) only , while those above 20 % decreased fat mass ( P = 0.02 ) , total fat ( N = 0.009 ) , and trunk fat ( P = 0.001 ) , while also increasing LTM ( P = 0.027 ) . Peak strength increased between 14 % and 28 % on all exercises in the EX group . These data indicate that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training can decrease salivary cortisol levels , improve physical performance , and improve body composition in HIV-infected men OBJECTIVES : Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) infection worsens the frailty of elderly people , compromising their quality of life . In this study we prospect ively evaluated eleven patients living with HIV and 21 controls older than 60 years and without prior regular physical activity , who engaged in a one-year progressive resistance exercise program  to compare its effects on muscular strength , physical fitness and body composition . METHODS : Exercises for major muscular groups were performed 2 times/week , under professional supervision . Strength increase was evaluated bimonthly , while body composition , lipid and glycaemic profiles ( only of those living with HIV ) and physical fitness were evaluated before and after the one-year training . RESULTS : The participants living with HIV were lighter , had smaller Body Mass Index and were initially much weaker than controls . However , their strength increased more ( 1.52 - 2.33 times the baseline values for those living with HIV x 1.21 - 1.48 times for controls , p<0.01 ) , nullifying the differences initially seen . These effects were seen independently of gender , age or baseline physical activity . In addition , those living with HIV improved their fasting glucose levels and showed a tendency to improve their lipids after the one year training program . These effects were slightly more pronounced among those not using protease inhibitors , although not significantly . CONCLUSIONS : Resistance exercise safely increased the strength of older patients living with HIV adults , allowing them to achieve performance levels observed among otherwise healthy controls . These findings favor the recommendation of resistance exercise for elderly adults living with HIV adults Loss 
    Output:
    
Changes were higher after controlling for the risk of bias in upper and lower body strength and for supervised exercise in lower body strength .
Both resistance training alone and combined with aerobic exercise showed a positive change when studies with low risk of bias and professional supervision were analyzed , improving upper and , more critically , lower body muscle strength .
Also , this study found that exercise had a lowering effect on IL-6 levels in PLWH