***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES Our objective was to compare intramuscular ( i.m . ) magnesium sulfate with a low dose intravenous ( i.v . ) magnesium sulfate regimen in prevention of convulsion recurrence and maternal deaths in women with eclampsia . METHODS This prospect i ve trial was conducted in Nilratan Sircar Medical College , India from January 2001 to December 2005 . All women with a clinical diagnosis of eclampsia were included in the trial .  Magnesium sulfate ( 4 gm ) was given as an i.v . loading dose , followed by either i.m . injections as recommended by Pritchard or low dose i.v . infusions ( 0.6 gm/h ) . Primary measures of outcome were recurrence of convulsions and maternal death . Secondary measures of outcome were potentially life threatening events , events related to labor and delivery as well as perinatal mortality and morbidity . RESULTS Of the 630 women participating in the trial , 480 women received i.m . magnesium sulphate according to the Pritchard regimen and 150 women were subjected to a low dose i.v . regimen of magnesium sulphate . There was no significant difference in recurrence of convulsion ( 3.3 % in the i.m . and 2 % in the i.v . groups P = 0.586 ) . Maternal deaths were not significantly lower in the i.v . group than the i.m . group ( 5 % in the i.m . and 3.3 % in the i.v . groups , P = 0.506 ) There were no significant differences in other measures of serious maternal morbidity , in perinatal morbidity or mortality . CONCLUSION Low dose i.v . magnesium sulfate regimen is equally effective in prevention of convulsion recurrence and maternal deaths in eclamptic women when compared with an i.m . magnesium sulfate regimen Abstract Objectives : To measure the incidence of eclampsia , establish how often it is preceded by signs of pre-eclampsia , document the morbidity associated with eclampsia , and determine the maternal case fatality rates . Design : A prospect i ve , descriptive study of every case of eclampsia in the United Kingdom in 1992 . Information was collected from review s of hospital case notes and question naires to general practitioners . Setting : All 279 hospitals in the United Kingdom with a consultant obstetric unit . Results : Obstetricians and midwives notified 582 possible cases , and 383 were confirmed as eclampsia . The national incidence of eclampsia was 4.9/10000 maternities ( 95 % confidence interval 4.5 to 5.4 ) . Most convulsions occurred despite antenatal care ( 70 % ) and within one week of the woman 's last visit to a doctor or midwife ( 85 % ) . Three quarters of first seizures occurred in hospital , of which 38 % developed before both proteinuria and hypertension had been documented . Forty four per cent of cases occurred postpartum , more than a third ( 38 % ) antepartum , and the remainder ( 18 % ) intrapartum . Nearly one in 50 women ( 1.8 % ) died , and 35 % of all women had at least one major complication . The rate of stillbirths and neonatal deaths was 22.2/1000 and 34.1/1000 , respectively . Preterm eclampsia occurred more commonly antepartum and was associated with more maternal complications and fetuses that were small for gestational age , as well as with higher rates of stillbirth and neonatal mortality . Antepartum eclampsia , which was more likely to occur preterm , was associated with a higher rate of maternal complications and a higher neonatal mortality . Both factors ( gestational prematurity and antepartum occurrence ) contributed independently to the severity of the outcome . Conclusion : Eclampsia occurs in nearly one in 2000 maternities in the United Kingdom and is associated with high maternal morbidity and fatality in cases . It may present unheralded by warning signs . Preterm and antenatal eclampsia seem to be particularly severe Objective To determine whether the administration of prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulphate reduces the occurrence of eclempsia in women with severe pre‐eclampsia OBJECTIVES To investigate whether in utero exposure to magnesium sulfate ( MgSO4 ) was associated with a lower prevalence of  cerebral palsy ( CP ) in infants born weighing < 1500 g. DESIGN Singleton infants weighing < 1500 g at birth ( very low birthweight , VLBW ) and surviving to 3 years with moderate or severe congenital CP were identified among 155,636 children born 1983 through 1985 in four California counties . VLBW children with CP were compared with r and omly selected VLBW control survivors with respect to whether their mothers received MgSO4 to prevent convulsions in preeclampsia or as a tocolytic agent , and other information abstract ed from labor and delivery records . RESULTS During the admission for delivery , 7.1 % of the 42 VLBW infants with later CP and 36 % of the 75 VLBW controls were exposed to MgSO4 ( odds ratio ( OR ) .14 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) .05 , .51 ) . The overall association of MgSO4 with reduced risk of CP was also observed in the subgroup of infants born to women who were not preeclamptic ( OR .25 , CI .08 , .97 ) . Infants with CP were less often exposed antenatally to MgSO4 whether or not there was cotreatment with  non-MgSO4 tocolytics  ( other tocolytics administered , OR for MgSO4 exposure .23 , CI .06 , 1.2 ; other tocolytics not administered , OR for MgSO4 .08 , CI .02 , .68 ) , or  antenatal corticosteroids  ( steroids given , OR for MgSO4 exposure .24 , CI .06 , 1.3 ; steroids not given , OR for MgSO4 , .08 , CI .02 , .72 ) . Apparent benefit of magnesium was observed in the presence or absence of a variety of characteristics of pregnancies , births , and infants . CONCLUSION In this observational study , in utero exposure to MgSO4 was more frequent in controls than in children with CP , suggesting a protective effect of MgSO4 against CP in these VLBW infants Background The Magpie Trial , a r and omised trial comparing magnesium sulphate with placebo for women with pre-eclampsia .  This paper describes methods used for follow up in the UK , and presents additional data collected . Methods In the UK 774 women and their 827 children were included ; excluded were women discharged without a surviving child and families who opted out . General practitioners were sent a question naire when the child was around 18 months old . When the child was two years , or older , question naires asking about the health of the women and children were posted to families . A sample of families was offered a home visit , during which the child was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development . Results Of the women , 12 were lost to follow up and three died . Of the children , 12 were lost to follow up , 5 were excluded and 19 died . General practitioners returned 688/759 ( 91 % ) question naires , as did 619/759 ( 82 % ) women . Responses were largely comparable . 32 women had serious morbidity  potentially related to  pre-eclampsia  . 30 % of children were reported to have been admitted to hospital . There were no clear differences between the r and omised groups in the child 's behaviour , women 's fertility or use of health service re sources . Conclusion Data presented here provide further reassurance about the longer term safety of magnesium sulphate when used for women with pre-eclampsia . Postal question naires in the UK to assess the longer term health and wellbeing of women and children recruited to trials are feasible , and can achieve a high response rate . Responses from families and general practitioners were comparableTrial registration Trial registration number of the Magpie Trial [ IS RCT N86938761 Background The Magpie Trial compared magnesium sulphate with placebo for women with pre-eclampsia . 10,141 women were recruited , 8804 before delivery . Overall , 9024 children were included in the analysis of outcome at discharge from hospital . Magnesium sulphate more than halved the risk of eclampsia , and probably reduced the risk of maternal death . There did not appear to be any substantive harmful effects on the baby , in the short term . It is now important to assess whether these benefits persist , and to provide adequate reassurance about longer term safety . The main objective of the Magpie Trial Follow Up Study is to assess whether in utero exposure to magnesium sulphate has a clinical ly important effect on the child 's chance of surviving without major neurosensory disability . Other objectives are to assess long term outcome for the mother , and to develop and assess appropriate strategies for following up large numbers of children in perinatal trials . Study design Follow up is only feasible in selected centres . We therefore anticipate contacting 2800–3350 families , for 2435–2915 of whom the woman was r and omised before delivery . A further 280–335 children would have been eligible for follow up if they had survived . The total sample size for the children is therefore 3080–3685 , 2680–3210 of whom will have been born to women r and omised before delivery . Families eligible for the follow up will be contacted , and surviving children screened using the Ages and Stages Question naires . Children who screen positive , and a sample of those who screen negative , will whenever possible have a paediatric and neurodevelopmental assessment . When women are contacted to ask how their child is , they will also be asked about their own health . The primary outcome is a composite measure of death or neurosensory disability for the child at 18 months . Discussion The Follow Up Study began in 2002 , and now involves collaborators in 19 countries . Data collection will close at the end of 2003 OBJECTIVE The primary outcome was to determine whether magnesium sulfate therapy prolongs the duration of labor in women with mild preeclampsia . Secondary outcomes were to assess the side effects associated with  magnesium sulfate therapy : hours and maximum dose of oxytocin , incidence of progression to severe preeclampsia , incidence of cesarean delivery , change in maternal hematocrit , incidence of postpartum hemorrhage , incidence of maternal infection , and Apgar scores . STUDY DESIGN Women with a diagnosis of mild preeclampsia at term were r and omized to receive st and ard therapy during labor and for 12 hours post partum with either magnesium sulfate ( n = 67 ) or a matching placebo solution ( n = 68 ) . RESULTS There was no difference between magnesium sulfate and placebo with respect to the primary outcome variables : total length of labor ( median 17.8 hours vs 16.5 hours , p = 0.7 ) and length of the active phase of labor ( median 5.4 hours vs 6.0 hours , p = 0.5 ) . In addition , no difference was observed in the secondary outcome variables : hours of oxytocin use , change in hematocrit , frequency of maternal infection , progression to severe preeclampsia , incidence of cesarean delivery , and Apgar scores . Although not statistically significant , the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was approximately fourfold greater in the magnesium sulfate group ( relative risk 4.1 , 95 % confidence interval 0.5 to 35.4 ) . There was a significant difference in the maximum dose of oxytocin  used ( 13.9 + /- 8.6 mU/min with magnesium sulfate vs 11.0 + /- 7.6 mU/min with placebo , p = 0.036 ) . CONCLUSION The use of magnesium sulfate during labor in women with mild preeclampsia at term does not affect any component of labor but did necessitate a higher dose of oxytocin BACKGROUND Magnesium sulfate is used widely to prevent eclamptic seizures in pregnant women with hypertension , but few studies have compared the efficacy of magnesium sulfate with that of other drugs . Anticonvulsant prophylaxis with phenytoin for eclampsia has been recommended , but there are virtually no data to support its efficacy . Our objective was to compare magnesium sulfate with phenytoin in preventing seizures in hypertensive women during labor . METHODS We r and omly assigned women with hypertension who were admitted for delivery to receive either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin .  The magnesium sulfate regimen consisted of a 10-g intramuscular loading dose followed by a maintenance dose of 5 g given intramuscularly every four hours . For women with severe preeclampsia , an additional 4-g loading dose was given intravenously . The phenytoin regimen included a 1000-mg loading dose infused over a period of 1 hour , followed by a 500-mg oral dose 10 hours later . With either regimen , anticonvulsant therapy was continued for 24 hours post partum . RESULTS Ten of 1089 women r and omly assigned to the phenytoin  regimen had eclamptic convulsions , as compared with none of 1049 women r and omly assigned to magnesium sulfate ( P = 0.004 ) . There were no significant differences in any risk factors for 
    Output:
    
Magnesium sulphate more than halves the risk of eclampsia , and probably reduces maternal death .
There is no clear effect on outcome after discharge from hospital .
A quarter of women report side effects with magnesium sulphate