***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Pain is a major problem in patients after cesarean and medication such as aromatherapy which is a complementary therapy , in which the essences of the plants oils are used to reduce such undesirable conditions . Objectives In this study , the effect of aromatherapy using Lavender ( Lav and ula ) essential oil on cesarean postoperative pain was assessed . Material s and Methods In a triple blind , r and omized placebo-controlled trial study , 60 pregnant women who were admitted to a general hospital for cesarean section , were divided r and omly into two groups . After cesarean , the Lavender group inhaled about 3 drops of 10 % Lavender oil essence and the placebo group inhaled 3 drops of placebo after the start of postoperative pain , four , eight and 12 hours later , for 5 minutes from the 10 cm distance . Patient 's pain was measured by the VAS ( Visual Analog Scale ) score before and after each intervention , and vital sign , complications and level of satisfaction of every patient were recorded before and after aromatherapy . Results There was no statistically significant difference between groups in age , height , weight , and time to the first analgesic requirement . Patients in the Lavender group had less postoperative pain in four ( P = 0.008 ) , eight ( P = 0.024 ) and 12 ( P = 0.011 ) hours after first medication than the placebo group . The decreased heart rate and patients ' level of satisfaction with analgesia were significantly higher in the Lavender group ( P = 0.001 ) . In the placebo group , the use of diclofenac suppositories for complete analgesia was also significantly higher than the Lavender group ( P = 0.008 ) . Conclusions The inhaled Lavender essence may be used as a part of the multidisciplinary treatment of pain after cesarean section , but it is not recommended as the sole pain management Post cesarean ( CS ) pain is a challenging problem for the obstetricians , because it may interfere with mother and baby 's well-being . Many approaches have been ever proposed to diminish this pain , each one with particular benefits and limitations . Aromatherapy is a complementary therapy especially for controlling pain . This study aim ed at evaluating the effect of lavender essence on post CS pain . In a single-blind clinical trial , 200 term pregnant women with planned elective CS were recruited in a 12 month period of time . They were r and omized in two 100-patient groups ; received either lavender essence ( the case group ) or a similar clinical ly neutral aromatic material ( the control group ) thorough oxygen mask for 3 min 3 h after receiving similar intravenous analgesics . The Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) was employed to determine the level of post CS pain . The VAS was documented half hour after first intervention . Eight and 16 h later , the aromatherapy was repeated and half hour after each intervention , corresponding VAS was documented . The two groups were matched for demographics and obstetrical history . The baseline VAS was comparable between the two groups . The mean VAS decreased significantly by 16 h after the first intervention in both groups ( p < 0.001 ) . However , this amelioration of pain was significantly more prominent in the cases group comparing with that in the controls in all documented stages half hour , 8 and 16 h after the first intervention ( p < 0.001 for all measurements ) . In conclusion , aromatherapy by using lavender essence is a successful and safe complementary therapy in reducing pain after CS Previous studies have suggested that sensory cues associated with cigarette smoking can suppress certain smoking withdrawal symptoms , including craving for cigarettes . In this study we investigated the subjective effects of a cigarette substitute delivering a vapor of black pepper essential oil .  Forty-eight cigarette smokers participated in a 3-h session conducted after overnight deprivation from smoking . Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions : one group of smokers puffed on a device that delivered a vapor from essential oil of black pepper ; a second group puffed on the device with a mint/menthol cartridge , and a third group used a device containing an empty cartridge . Subjects puffed and inhaled ad libitum from the device throughout the session during which no smoking was allowed . Reported craving for cigarettes was significantly reduced in the pepper condition relative to each of the two control conditions . In addition , negative affect and somatic symptoms of anxiety were alleviated in the pepper condition relative to the unflavored placebo . The intensity of sensations in the chest was also significantly higher for the pepper condition . These results support the view that respiratory tract sensations are important in alleviating smoking withdrawal symptoms . Cigarette substitutes delivering pepper constituents may prove useful in smoking cessation treatment Background : Considering the side effects of pharmacological methods , there has been a suggestion to use nonpharmacological methods such Aromatherapy following coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) . This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender 2 % aromatherapy on sternotomy pain intensity after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients who have undergone surgery . Material s and Methods : During this clinical trial , 50 patients who were c and i date s for CABG , were r and omly divided into two equal groups , that is , the control group ( n = 25 ) and the case group ( n = 25 ) . Following CABG , the case group received two drops of 2 % lavender oil every 15 minutes with supplemental oxygen and the control group received only supplemental oxygen through a face mask . The data collection tools comprised of the demographic check list and visual analog scale ( VAS ) for evaluating the pain intensity . The pain intensity were assessed pre- and five , 30 , and 60 minutes post aromatherapy . The final data were analyzed by the t-test and chi-squared test . Results : The findings showed that the pain perception intensity in the case group was lower than that in the control group at the 30- and 60-minute phases after intervention ( P < 0.0001 ) . Conclusion : The result indicated that aromatherapy can be used as a complementary method in postoperative pain reduction , as it reduced pain . The patients require two sedative drugs , and moreover , it avoids expenses of treatment The effects of peppermint oil and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological , psychological and experimental algesimetric parameters were investigated in 32 healthy subjects in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized cross-over design . Four different test preparations were applied to large areas of the forehead and temples using a small sponge and their effect was evaluated by comparing baseline and treatment measure . The combination of peppermint oil , eucalyptus oil and ethanol increased cognitive performance and had a muscle-relaxing and mentally relaxing effect , but had little influence on pain sensitivity . A significant analgesic effect with a reduction in sensitivity to headache was produced by a combination of peppermint oil and ethanol . The essential plant oil preparations often used in empiric medicine can thus be shown by laboratory tests to exert significant effects on mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of headache Background Parenteral administration of opioids and NSAIDs has been the mainstay for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) . Both classes of drugs , however , are associated with serious adverse effects . An addition of complimentary analgesic techniques may decrease requirement for traditional analgesics , thus reducing the incidence of side-effects . We design ed the study to evaluate the effectiveness of Lavender aromatherapy in reducing opioid requirements after LAGB . Methods A prospect i ve r and omized placebo controlled study was carried out on 54 patients undergoing LAGB . Upon arrival to the post-anesthesia care unit ( PACU ) , patients in the study group were treated with lavender oil , which was applied to the oxygen face mask ; the control group patients received nonscented baby oil . Postoperative pain was treated with morphine . Numerical rating scores ( 0–10 ) were used to measure the level of pain at 5 , 30 , and 60 min . Sedation was evaluated using the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale ( 0–5 ) . Data analyzed included the amount of opioids , NRS , OAA/S , PACU discharge time , as well as the incidence of side-effects . Results The two groups were comparable with regard to patient characteristics , intraoperative drug use , and surgical time . Significantly more patients in the Placebo group ( PL ) required  analgesics for postoperative pain ( 22/27 , 82 % ) than patients in the Lavender group ( LAV ) ( 12/26 , 46 % ) ( P = .007 ) . Moreover , the LAV patients required significantly less morphine postoperatively than PL patients : 2.38 mg vs 4.26 mg , respectively ( P = .04 ) . There were no differences in the requirements for postoperative antiemetics , antihypertensives , or PACU discharge time . Conclusions Our results suggest that lavender aromatherapy can be used to reduce the dem and for opioids in the immediate postoperative period . Further studies are required to assess the effect of this therapy on clinical ly meaningful outcomes , such as the incidence of respiratory complications , delayed gastric emptying , length of hospital stay , or whether this therapy is applicable to other operations Preoperative anxiety is prevalent in surgical patients who may require anxiety medications , thus impacting preoperative teaching and patient satisfaction . No studies were found in a comprehensive search on the effect of essential oils on anxiety in the preoperative setting . The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate whether the essential oil lav and in is more effective than st and ard care in reducing preoperative anxiety . A convenience sample of 150 adult patients were r and omly assigned to either control ( st and ard care ) , experimental ( st and ard care plus essential oil lav and in ) , or sham ( st and ard care plus jojoba oil ) groups . Visual analog scales were used to assess anxiety on admission and OR transfer . Controlling for baseline anxiety and pain , the lav and in group had significantly lower anxiety on OR transfer , suggesting that lav and in is a simple , low-risk , cost-effective intervention with the potential to improve preoperative outcomes and increase patient satisfaction . Future studies should test the effects of lav and in in the postoperative phase and in specific population s with documented high anxiety AIM This article is a report of a r and omized controlled trial of the effects of ' M ' technique massage with or without m and arin oil compared to st and ard postoperative care on infants ' levels of pain and distress , heart rate and mean arterial pressure after major craniofacial surgery . BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions such as aromatherapy massage in hospitalized children to relieve pain and distress but well performed studies are lacking . METHODS This r and omized controlled trial allocated 60 children aged 3 - 36 months after craniofacial surgery from January 2008 to August 2009 to one of three conditions ; ' M ' technique massage with carrier oil , ' M ' technique massage with m and arin oil or st and ard postoperative care . Primary outcome measures were changes in COMFORT behaviour scores , Numeric Rating Scale pain and Numeric Rating Scale distress scores assessed from videotape by an observer blinded for the condition . RESULTS In all three groups , the mean postintervention COMFORT behaviour scores were higher than the baseline scores , but differences were not statistically significant . Heart rate and mean arterial pressure showed a statistically significant change across the three assessment periods in all three groups . These changes were not related with the intervention . CONCLUSIONS Results do not support a benefit of ' M ' technique massage with or without m and arin oil in these young postoperative patients . Several reasons may account for this : massage given too soon after general anaesthesia , young patients ' fear of strangers touching them , patients not used to massage Background : Pain is the common complication after a surgery . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena Mill . on the  postoperative pain in children . Material s and Methods : In a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , we selected 64 children of 3–6 years of age through convenient sampling and divided them r and omly into two groups . Patients in group A were given inhalation aromatherapy with R. damascena Mill . , and in group B , the patients were given almond oil as a placebo . Inhalation aromatherapy was used at the first time of subjects ’ arrival to the ward and then at 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 h afterward . Common palliative treatments to relieve pain were used in both groups . Thirty minutes after aromatherapy , the postoperative pain in children was evaluated with the Toddler Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale ( TPPPS ) . Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test , one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , and repeated measures ANOVA . Results : There was no significant difference in pain scores at the first time of subjects ’ arrival to the ward ( before receiving any aromatherapy or palliative care ) between the two groups . After each time of aromatherapy and at the end of treatment , the pain score was significantly reduced in the aromatherapy group with R. damascena Mill . compared to the placebo group . Conclusions : According to our results , aromatherapy with R. damascena Mill . can be used in  postoperative pain in children , together with other common treatments without any significant side effects Postoperative face-down posturing ( FDP ) is recommended to optimize the effects of intraocular gas tamponade after vitrectomy . However , patients undergoing FDP usually experience physical and psychological burdens . This 3-armed , r and omized , single-center trial investigated the effects of aromatherapy on FDP-related physical pain .  Sixty-three patients under FDP were r and omly allocated to one of three treatment groups : aromatherapy massage with essential oil ( AT ) , oil massage without essential oil ( O 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Although AT is presented as an inexpensive complementary treatment with a low rate of adverse effects that improves patient satisfaction , it can not be determined that there is sufficient evidence to conclude its effectiveness as a nonpharmacologic approach to the reduction of postoperative pain intensity