***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The effect of acute exercise , and exercise intensity , on appetite control in obese individuals requires further study . The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acute isocaloric bouts ( 250 kcal ) of high-intensity intermittent cycling ( HIIC ) and moderate-intensity continuous cycling ( MICC ) or short- duration HIIC ( S-HIIC ) ( 125 kcal ) and a resting control condition on the appetite hormone responses , subjective feelings of appetite , energy intake ( EI ) , and food reward in overweight/obese individuals . METHODS This study is a r and omized crossover study on 12 overweight/obese volunteers . Participants were assigned to the control , MICC , HIIC , and S-HIIC conditions , 1 wk apart , in a counterbalanced order . Exercise was performed 1 h after a st and ard breakfast . An ad libitum test lunch was served 3 h after breakfast .  Fasting/postpr and ial plasma sample s of insulin , acylated ghrelin , polypeptide YY3 - 36 , and glucagon-like peptide 1 and subjective feelings of appetite were measured every 30 min for 3 h. Nutrient and taste preferences were measured at the beginning and end of each condition using the Leeds Food Preference Question naire . RESULTS Insulin levels were significantly reduced , and glucagon-like peptide 1 levels significantly increased during all exercise bouts compared with those during rest . Acylated ghrelin plasma levels were lower in the MICC and HIIC , but not in S-HIIC , compared with those in control . There were no significant differences for polypeptide YY3 - 36 plasma levels , hunger or fullness ratings , EI , or food reward . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that , in overweight/obese individuals , isocaloric bouts of moderate- or high-intensity exercise lead to a similar appetite response . This strengthens previous findings in normal-weight individuals that acute exercise , even at high intensity , does not induce any known physiological adaptation that would lead to increased EI Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone secreted from endocrine cells in the stomach and other tissues . Acylation of ghrelin is essential for appetite regulation . Vigorous exercise induces appetite suppression , but this does not appear to be related to suppressed concentrations of total ghrelin . This study examined the effect of exercise and feeding on plasma acylated ghrelin and appetite .  Nine male subjects aged 19 - 25 yr participated in two , 9-h trials ( exercise and control ) in a r and om crossover design . Trials began at 0800 in the morning after an overnight fast . In the exercise trial , subjects ran for 60 min at 72 % of maximum oxygen uptake between 0800 and 0900 . After this , they rested for 8 h and consumed a test meal at 1100 . In the control trial , subjects rested for 9 h and consumed a test meal at 1100 . Area under the curve values for plasma acylated ghrelin concentration ( assessed from venous blood sample s ) were lower over the first 3 h and the full 9 h of the exercise trial compared with the control trial : 317+/-135 vs. 510+/-186 pg.ml(-1).3 h and 917+/-342 vs. 1,401+/-521 pg.ml(-1).9 h ( means+/-SE ) respectively ( P<0.05 ) . Area under the curve values for hunger ( assessed using a visual scale ) were lower over the first 3 h of the exercise trial compared with the control trial ( P=0.013 ) . These findings demonstrate that plasma acylated ghrelin concentration and hunger are suppressed during running Objective : To examine the acute effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise ( HIIE ) on energy intake , perceptions of appetite and appetite-related hormones in sedentary , overweight men . Design : Seventeen overweight men ( body mass index : 27.7±1.6 kg m−2 ; body mass : 89.8±10.1 kg ; body fat : 30.0±4.3 % ; VO2peak : 39.2±4.8 ml kg−1 min−1 ) completed four 30-min experimental conditions using a r and omised counterbalanced design . CON : resting control , MC : continuous moderate-intensity exercise ( 60 % VO2peak ) , HI : high-intensity intermittent exercise ( alternating 60 s at 100 % VO2peak and 240 s at 50 % VO2peak ) , VHI : very-high-intensity intermittent exercise ( alternating 15 s at 170 % VO2peak and 60 s at 32 % VO2peak ) . Participants consumed a st and ard caloric meal following exercise/CON and an ad-libitum meal 70 min later . Capillary blood was sample d and perceived appetite assessed at regular time intervals throughout the session . Free-living energy intake and physical activity levels for the experimental day and the day after were also assessed . Results : Ad-libitum energy intake was lower after HI and VHI compared with CON ( P=0.038 and P=0.004 , respectively ) , and VHI was also lower than MC ( P=0.028 ) . Free-living energy intake in the subsequent 38 h remained less after VHI compared with CON and MC ( P⩽0.050 ) . These observations were associated with lower active ghrelin ( P⩽0.050 ) , higher blood lactate ( P⩽0.014 ) and higher blood glucose ( P⩽0.020 ) after VHI compared with all other trials . Despite higher heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion ( RPE ) during HI and VHI compared with MC ( P⩽0.004 ) , ratings of physical activity enjoyment were similar between all the exercise trials ( P=0.593 ) . No differences were found in perceived appetite between trials . Conclusions : High-intensity intermittent exercise  suppresses subsequent ad-libitum energy intake in overweight inactive men . This format of exercise was found to be well tolerated in an overweight population Resistance ( muscle strengthening ) exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control , yet very little is known about the effects of resistance exercise on appetite . We investigated the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger and circulating levels of the gut hormones acylated ghrelin and peptide YY ( PYY ) .  Eleven healthy male students : age 21.1 + /- 0.3 yr , body mass index 23.1 + /- 0.4 kg/m(2 ) , maximum oxygen uptake 62.1 + /- 1.8 ml.kg(-1).min(-1 ) ( means + /- SE ) undertook three , 8-h trials , 1 ) resistance exercise : a 90-min free weight lifting session followed by a 6.5-h rest period , 2 ) aerobic exercise : a 60-min run followed by a 7-h rest period , 3 ) control : an 8-h rest , in a r and omized crossover design . Meals were provided 2 and 5 h into each trial . Hunger ratings and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin and PYY were measured throughout . Two-way ANOVA revealed significant ( P < 0.05 ) interaction effects for hunger , acylated ghrelin , and PYY , indicating suppressed hunger and acylated ghrelin during aerobic and resistance exercise and increased PYY during aerobic exercise . A significant trial effect was observed for PYY , indicating higher concentrations on the aerobic exercise trial than the other trials ( 8 h area under the curve : control 1,411 + /- 110 , resistance 1,381 + /- 97 , aerobic 1,750 + /- 170 pg/ml 8 h ) . These findings suggest ghrelin and PYY may regulate appetite during and after exercise , but further research is required to establish whether exercise-induced changes in ghrelin and PYY influence subsequent food intake Over the past decade , our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin . These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body 's nutritional status . The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise .  Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a r and omized crossover design . In the exercise trial , subjects ran for 60 min at 50 % of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period . In the control trial , subjects rested for 2 h.  Obestatin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20 , 40 , 60 , 90 and 120 min after baseline . A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant ( P < 0.05 ) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin . However , changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant ( P > 0.05 ) . The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise result ed in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels , it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels When previously sedentary men and women follow exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding , men lose body fat , but women do not . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this observation could be related to sex differences in the way energy-regulating hormones and appetite perception respond to exercise . Eighteen ( 9 men , 9 women ) overweight/obese individuals completed four bouts of exercise with energy added to the baseline diet to maintain energy balance ( BAL ) , and four bouts without energy added to induce energy deficit ( DEF ) . Concentrations of acylated ghrelin , insulin , and leptin , as well as appetite ratings were measured in response to a meal after a no-exercise baseline and both exercise conditions . In men , acylated ghrelin area under the curve ( AUC ) was not different between conditions . In women , acylated ghrelin AUC was higher after DEF ( + 32 % ) and BAL ( + 25 % ) , and the change from baseline was higher than men ( P < 0.05 ) . In men , insulin AUC was reduced ( -17 % ) after DEF ( P < 0.05 ) , but not BAL . In women , insulin AUC was lower ( P < 0.05 ) after DEF ( -28 % ) and BAL ( -15 % ) . Leptin concentrations were not different across conditions in either sex . In men , but not in women , appetite was inhibited after BAL relative to DEF . The results indicate that , in women , exercise altered energy-regulating hormones in a direction expected to stimulate energy intake , regardless of energy status . In men , the response to exercise was abolished when energy balance was maintained . The data are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women Background Statistical methods for inferring the true magnitude of an effect from a sample should have acceptable error rates when the true effect is trivial ( type I rates ) or substantial ( type II rates ) . Objective The objective of this study was to quantify the error rates , rates of decisive ( publishable ) outcomes and publication bias of five inferential methods commonly used in sports medicine and science . The methods were conventional null-hypothesis significance testing [ NHST ] ( significant and non-significant imply substantial and trivial true effects , respectively ) ; conservative NHST ( the observed magnitude is interpreted as the true magnitude only for significant effects ) ; non- clinical magnitude-based inference [ MBI ] ( the true magnitude is interpreted as the magnitude range of the 90 % confidence interval only for intervals not spanning substantial values of the opposite sign ) ; clinical MBI ( a possibly beneficial effect is recommended for implementation only if it is most unlikely to be harmful ) ; and odds-ratio clinical MBI ( implementation is also recommended when the odds of benefit outweigh the odds of harm , with an odds ratio > 66 ) . Methods Simulation was used to quantify st and ardized mean effects in 500,000 r and omized , controlled trials each for true st and ardized magnitudes ranging from null through marginally moderate with three sample sizes : suboptimal ( 10 + 10 ) , optimal for MBI ( 50 + 50 ) and optimal for NHST ( 144 + 144 ) . Results Type I rates for non- clinical MBI were always lower than for NHST . When type I rates for clinical MBI were higher , most errors were debatable , given the probabilistic qualification of those inferences ( unlikely or possibly beneficial ) . NHST often had unacceptable rates for either type II errors or decisive outcomes , and it had substantial publication bias with the smallest sample size , whereas MBI had no such problems . Conclusion MBI is a trustworthy , nuanced alternative to NHST , which it outperforms in terms of the sample size , error rates , decision rates and publication bias PURPOSE This study examined the effect of an acute bout of brisk walking on appetite , energy intake , and the appetite-stimulating hormone-acylated ghrelin . METHODS Fourteen healthy young males ( age 21.9 + /- 0.5 yr , body mass index 23.4 + /- 0.6 kg x m(-2 ) , (.)VO2max 55.9 + /- 1 
    Output:
    
This indicates that exercise in overweight/obese individuals moderately alters AG in a direction that could be associated with decreased hunger and energy intake .