***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined the role of a Medication Event Monitoring System ( MEMS ) to assess pill-taking behavior and enhance compliance within a r and omized trial of bupropion-SR for smoking cessation . Female participants ( N = 97 ) received MEMS bottles containing bupropion-SR 150 mg or placebo , to be taken twice daily . A r and omly selected “ feedback ” group of participants was told about the recording device in the bottle cap and received weekly graphic feedback showing their pill-taking behavior with specific instructions for improving compliance . A “ no-feedback ” group was not informed about the MEMS bottles , and did not receive further instruction or feedback beyond the st and ard dosing instructions . Compliance outcomes were the total doses taken and number of doses taken within the prescribed time interval . Results indicated significantly higher compliance over time for the feedback group . Participation in the feedback group predicted higher compliance beyond demographic , smoking , and health belief variables , suggesting significant benefit in providing brief feedback and instruction throughout the medication regimen Medication noncompliance with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies is a significant problem in both research and clinical setting s. This r and omized , controlled , single-blind study compared three single-session psychological interventions to increase use of nicotine gum during a 15-day treatment period . A total of 97 adult smokers were r and omized to receive st and ard treatment ( ST , n = 31 ) , brief feedback ( BF , n = 32 ) plus ST , or contingency management ( CM ; i.e. , payment for chewing at least 12 pieces/day on 10 of 15 intervention days , n = 34 ) plus ST and BF . Only the CM condition led to significantly greater average daily gum use ( pieces/day : ST , 6.17 ; BF , 7.81 ; CM , 10.17 [ p values < .05 ] ) and higher rates of compliance ( ST , 13.6 % ; BF , 25.2 % ; CM , 65.6 % [ p values < .001 ] ) . No differences were observed in smoking abstinence , nicotine withdrawal , or urinary cotinine as a function of treatment . Implication s of the present findings are discussed , including application to clinical trials and extension to real-world use of nicotine gum INTRODUCTION Varenicline , a first-line non-nicotine medication , has not been evaluated in Black smokers , and limited attention has been paid to pharmacotherapy adherence in smoking cessation trials . This pilot study estimated quit rates for Black smokers treated with varenicline and tested a behavioral intervention to aid varenicline adherence . METHODS Seventy-two Black smokers ( > 10 cigarettes per day ; cpd ) were r and omly assigned to adherence support ( AS ; n = 36 ) or st and ard care ( n = 36 ) . All participants received 3 months of varenicline and a single counseling session focused on making a quit plan . AS participants received 5 additional counseling sessions to encourage medication use . Outcome measures included salivary cotinine , and carbon monoxide confirmed smoking abstinence , reductions in self-reported cpd , and pill counts of varenicline adherence at Months 1 , 2 , and 3 . RESULTS Sixty-one participants ( 84.7 % ) completed follow-up at Month 3 . Participants were female ( 62.5 % ) , 46.8 years of age , and smoked 16.3 cpd . No treatment group differences were found on the smoking or adherence outcome measures ( p > .05 ) . Collapsing across treatment ,  varenicline adherence was adequate ( 86.1 % ) , yet despite a reduction of 12.2 ( 6.5 ) cpd from baseline to Month 3 ( p < 0.001 ) , only 23.6 % were confirmed quit at Month 3 . Participants who were quit at Month 3 had higher  varenicline adherence rates ( 95.8 % ) than those who continued to smoke ( 80.8 % , p ≤ .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Studies are needed to examine the efficacy of varenicline among Black smokers . Interventions to facilitate adherence to pharmacotherapy warrant further attention as adherence is linked to improved tobacco abstinence Nicotine replacement therapy is an effective intervention for smoking cessation , but adherence tends to be low . This article presents results from a pilot evaluation of a brief smoking cessation treatment to improve adherence to the nicotine patch among Latino smokers living with HIV/AIDS . Forty smokers were r and omized to receive either a st and ard 5 As counseling session and 8-week treatment of nicotine patch , or a similar intervention that added a 10-min module to the 5 As counseling that focused on improving adherence to the nicotine patch .  Smoking outcomes ( breath carbon monoxide monitoring verified 7-day point prevalence and continuous abstinence ) were evaluated through a 3-month follow-up . Patch usage during the follow-up period was also assessed . Intention to treat analyses indicated that abstinence rates were 2 to 3 times higher in the adherence condition compared with the st and ard condition ( 7-day point prevalence abstinence : 35.0 % vs. 15.0 % ; continuous abstinence : 30.0 % vs. 10.0 % ) .  Nicotine patch compliance over an 8-week period was also higher in the adherence condition than in the st and ard condition ( 44 % vs. 25 % ) . Although this small pilot was conducted to estimate effect sizes and was not powered to detect group differences , results are promising and suggest that adding a 10-min module focused on nicotine patch adherence to a st and ard 5 As protocol can increase abstinence rates . Given that this smoking cessation treatment was not specifically tailored to either HIV-positive smokers or Latino smokers , future research should examine whether it may be a promising approach for improving nicotine patch adherence in the general population of smokers Smoking represents an important health risk for people living with HIV ( PLHIV ) . Low adherence to smoking cessation pharmacotherapy may limit treatment effectiveness . In this study , 158 participants recruited from three HIV care centers in New York City were r and omized to receive 12-weeks of varenicline ( Chantix ) either alone as st and ard care ( SC ) or in combination with text message ( TM ) support or TM plus cell phone-delivered adherence-focused motivational and behavioral therapy ( ABT ) . Generalized linear mixed-effect models found a significant decline in varenicline adherence from week 1–12 across treatment groups . At 12-weeks , the probability of smoking abstinence was significantly higher in SC+TM+ABT than in SC . The study demonstrates the feasibility of delivering adherence-focused interventions to PLHIV who smoke . Findings suggest intensive behavioral support is an important component of an effective smoking cessation intervention for this population , and a focus on improving adherence self-efficacy may lead to more consistent adherence and higher smoking abstinence AIMS To assess the long-term efficacy of a fully automated digital multi-media smoking cessation intervention . DESIGN Two-arm r and omized control trial ( RCT ) . Setting World Wide Web ( WWW ) study based in Norway . PARTICIPANTS Subjects ( n = 396 ) were recruited via internet advertisements and assigned r and omly to conditions . Inclusion criteria were willingness to quit smoking and being aged 18 years or older . INTERVENTION The treatment group received the internet- and cell-phone-based Happy Ending intervention . The intervention programme lasted 54 weeks and consisted of more than 400 contacts by e-mail , web-pages , interactive voice response ( IVR ) and short message service ( SMS ) technology . The control group received a self-help booklet . Additionally , both groups were offered free nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) . MEASUREMENTS Abstinence was defined as ' not even a puff of smoke , for the last 7 days ' , and assessed by means of internet surveys or telephone interviews . The main outcome was repeated point abstinence at 1 , 3 , 6 and 12 months following cessation . FINDINGS Participants in the treatment group reported clinical ly and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants [ 22.3 % versus 13.1 % ; odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.91 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.12 - 3.26 , P = 0.02 ; intent-to-treat ) . Improved adherence to NRT and a higher level of post-cessation self-efficacy were observed in the treatment group compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS As the first RCT documenting the long-term treatment effects of such an intervention , this study adds to the promise of digital media in supporting behaviour change Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested ; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication . The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis . Hypotheses to be tested are as follows : IAdherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA ( genotype ) , compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence question naire score (phenotype).II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months , motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype . Methods / Design An open label , parallel groups r and omised trial in which 630 adult smokers ( smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily ) using National Health Service ( NHS ) stop smoking services in primary care are r and omly allocated to one of two groups : i . NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis ( OPRM1 gene ) ( genotype ) , orii . NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence question naire score (phenotype)The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt , with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt , amongst smokers not abstinent at six months . Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically vali date d smoking abstinence at six months . The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5 % difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5 % level of significance between groups . The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent sample s t-test and by estimating the 95 % confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption ( Hypothesis I ) . Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months ( Hypothesis II ) . Discussion This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information . Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed . Trial detailsFunder : Medical Research Council (MRC)Grant number : G0500274IS RCT N : 14352545 Date trial stated : June 2007Expected end date : December 2009Expected reporting date : December INTRODUCTION Nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) medications have been shown to be effective in increasing smoking cessation rates . There is , however , a lack of good evidence describing how individuals in primary care use these medications and which factors are likely to affect this . The study objectives are to describe adherence and consumption , examine key factors that may determine use , and examine the relationship between consumption of NRT  and abstinence from smoking . METHODS Secondary analysis of data from a r and omized controlled trial conducted in smoking cessation services in primary care . Adult smokers ( n = 633 ) starting a quit attempt within smoking cessation clinics were followed for 6 months , with NRT use closely monitored for an initial treatment period of 4 weeks . The main outcomes were 4-week adherence to prescribed NRT , mean daily consumption of NRT over the 4-week period , and abstinence from smoking at 4 weeks . RESULTS Levels of adherence to prescribed NRT  were high : more than 94 % in participants who completed the treatment period . After controlling for possible confounders , prescribing higher doses of patch and oral NRT was associated with higher mean daily consumption of NRT .  Using an inhalator to deliver oral NRT was associated with both higher adherence and higher consumption . The amount of NRT consumed predicted future abstinence when reverse causation was accounted for . CONCLUSIONS Most individuals within a clinical trial in primary care who persisted with a quit attempt adhered closely to their prescription . Prescribing higher doses of NRT led to higher consumption and higher consumption to higher abstinence INTRODUCTION There is increasing evidence that response to pharmacological treatment for nicotine dependence may be moderated by genetic polymorphisms . However , the feasibility , acceptability , and impact of genetically tailoring treatment in real-world clinical setting s are unknown . METHODS We conducted a multiphased , mixed- methods feasibility study with current smokers to develop and evaluate a patient-centered , theoretically grounded personalized medicine treatment protocol . The initial research phase included formative work to develop intervention material s. The second phase included a r and omized pilot trial to evaluate the intervention . Trial participants ( n = 36 ) were genotyped for ANKK1 rs180 
    Output:
    
There was evidence that adherence interventions led to modest improvements in rates of cessation .
There was no evidence that interventions to increase adherence to medication led to any adverse events .
There is some evidence that such interventions improve the chances of achieving abstinence but again the evidence for this is relatively weak