***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To explore the best interventions and working patterns of clinical pharmacists in pediatrics and to determine the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists in pediatrics . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of 160 pediatric patients with nerve system disease , respiratory system disease or digestive system disease , who were r and omly allocated into two groups , with 80 in each group . Interventions by clinical pharmacists in the experimental group included answering questions of physicians and nurses , giving advice on treating patients , checking prescriptions and patient counseling at discharge . In the control group , patients were treated without clinical pharmacist interventions . Results Of the 109 interventions provided by clinical pharmacists during 4 months , 47 were consultations for physicians and nurses , 31 were suggestions of treatment , with 30 accepted by physicians ( 96.77 % ) and 31 were medical errors found in 641 prescriptions . Five adverse drug reactions were su bmi tted to the adverse drug reaction monitoring network , with three in the experimental group and two in the control group . The average length of stay ( LOS ) for patients with respiratory system diseases in the experimental group was 6.45 days , in comparison with 10.83 days in the control group , which was statistically different ( p value<0.05 ) ; Average drug compliance rate in the experimental group was 81.41 % , in comparison with 70.17 % of the control group , which was statistically different ( p value<0.05 ) . Cost of drugs and hospitalization and rate of readmission in two weeks after discharge in the two groups were not statistically different . Conclusion Participation by clinical pharmacists in the pharmacotherapy of pediatric patients can reduce LOS of patients with respiratory system disease and improve compliance rate through discharge education , showing no significant effects on prevention of ADR , reduction of cost of drugs and hospitalization and readmission rate in two weeks . Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Objective To evaluate the impact of pharmacist interventions on antibiotic use in in patients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary hospital in China . Method Two independent respiratory wards were r and omized into control and intervention group . Between July 2009 and April 2010 , all in patients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections were enrolled . Pharmacist interventions were performed on the physicians in the intervention group . The total cost of hospitalization , cost of antibiotics , length of hospital stay and the scores of 6 items of inappropriate antibiotic use ( including indication , choice , dosage , dosing schedule , duration and conversion ) were analyzed . Results The total costs of hospitalization in the intervention group were significant lower compared to the control group ( $ 1442.3 ± 684.9 vs. $ 1729.6 ± 773.7 , P < 0.001 ) , as well as the cost of antibiotics ( $ 832.0 ± 373.0 vs. $ 943.9 ± 412.0 , P = 0.01 ) , and the patients required shorter length of hospital stay ( 14.2 ± 6.2 vs. 15.8 ± 6.0 days , P = 0.03 ) . The scores with respect to the 6 items of inappropriate antibiotic use were all lower in the intervention group than in the control group . Conclusions Pharmacist interventions , interacted directly with the physicians at ward level , could play an important role in optimizing antibiotic use , thus lead to the reduction in patients ’ length of hospital stay and health care cost Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmaceutical care services in management teams by assessing the change in hemoglobin A1c ( A1C ) , cholesterol , and blood pressure for patients with type 2 diabetes in a diabetes ward . Setting Tongde hospital of Zhejiang province , a 1,200 bed South China teaching hospital , serving the local community . Method A single-center , 2-phase ( pre-/postintervention phase ) design s was performed . Patients in postintervention phase ( July 2013 to December 2013 ) received pharmaceutical care from a clinical pharmacist , while patients in the preintervention phase ( January 2013 to June 2013 )  received routine medical care . The pre- and postintervention phases were then compared to evaluate the outcomes of pharmaceutical care services . Main outcome measure The primary end point was the absolute change in A1C versus baseline , the change in cholesterol and blood pressure and the number of patients to achieve Chinese Diabetes Society ( CDS ) goals at the baseline and at the end of pharmaceutical care were the main outcome measures . Results During the 6-month study period , the postintervention phase showed a greater percent change in A1C ( −1.45 vs. −0.43 % , P = 0.03 ) . Another end points for achieving CDS goals were statistically significantly different in low-density lipoprotein , triglycerides and blood pressure . In the phase that received the participation of pharmacists , the number of patients that improved in A1C increased from 327 to 406 ( P = 0.02 ) ; the number of rehospitalization was 29 for the postintervention phase and 75 for the preintervention phase ( P = 0.05).The drug cost per patient day decreased from € 254.74 to € 219.85 ( P = 0.095 ) , and the Length of stay ( LOS ) did not change significantly ( 16.35 vs. 15.91 days ; P = 0.15 ) . Conclusion Including a pharmacist as a part of the diabetes management team may result in lower A1C , cholesterol and blood pressure in patients versus a health care BACKGROUND Meta-analyses have suggested that pharmacist-led medication review s have no discernable effect on  patient mortality .  These analyses may not have found a statistically significant effect because they did not adequately control for the patient selection parameters . Therefore , a more precise approach to evaluating the effect of clinical pharmacist interventions on the mortality rates of hospitalized cardiac patients is required . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the clinical pharmacist as a direct patient-care team member on the mortality of all patients admitted to cardiology units . METHODS A prospect i ve , nonr and omized observational study compared patients who received st and ard care with patients admitted to a service that included clinical pharmacists . Propensity score matching was applied to enhance the comparability . The primary endpoint of the study was the composite of all-cause mortality in the study group and the control group . RESULTS Pharmacists were consulted by physicians to correct any drug-related issues that they suspected may cause or contribute to a fatal outcome in the cardiology ward . A total of 428 interventions were suggested by the clinical pharmacist in the study group ; 375 ( 87.6 % ) of them were accepted by the cardiology team . All-cause mortality was 1.8 % during phase 1 treatment ( preintervention ) and was reduced to 1.1 % during phase 2 treatment ( postintervention ) ; the difference was statistically significant . There was no statistical difference in all-cause mortality in the control unit between phase 1 and phase 2 . Results were similar in the propensity score-matched subcohort . CONCLUSIONS Drug-related problems that were suspected to cause or contribute to a possibly fatal outcome were determined by the clinical pharmacist service in patients hospitalized in a cardiology ward . Correction of these drug-related problems by physicians after the pharmacist 's advice caused a significant decrease in mortality as analyzed by propensity score matching . The significant reduction in the mortality rate in this patient population observed in this study is " hypothesis generating " for future r and omized studies 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Clinical pharmacist-led interventions could significantly reduce Chinese patients ’ length of hospitalization and readmission rate  .