***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND We wondered whether short-term coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) can reduce the development of  asthma in children with hay fever in an open r and omized study . OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether SLIT is as effective as subcutaneous immunotherapy in reducing hay fever symptoms and the development of asthma in children with hay fever . METHODS One hundred thirteen children aged 5 to 14 years ( mean age , 7.7 years ) with hay fever limited to grass pollen and no other clinical ly important allergies were r and omized in an open study involving 6 Italian pediatric allergy centers to receive specific SLIT for 3 years or st and ard symptomatic therapy . All of the subjects had hay fever symptoms , but at the time of study entry , none reported seasonal asthma with more than 3 episodes per season . Symptomatic treatment was limited to cetirizine , loratadine , nasal budesonide , and salbutamol on dem and . The hay fever and asthma symptoms were quantified clinical ly . RESULTS The actively treated children used less medication in the second and third years of therapy , and their symptom scores tended to be lower . From the second year of immunotherapy , subjective evaluation of overall allergy symptoms was favorable in the actively treated children . Development of asthma after 3 years was 3.8 times more frequent ( 95 % confidence limits , 1.5 - 10.0 ) in the control subjects . CONCLUSIONS Three years of coseasonal SLIT improves seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms and reduces the development of seasonal asthma  in children with hay fever BACKGROUND Pollen immunotherapy is effective in selected patients with IgE-mediated seasonal allergic rhinitis , although it is question able whether there is long-term benefit after the discontinuation of treatment . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of the discontinuation of immunotherapy for grass-pollen allergy in patients in whom three to four years of this treatment had previously been shown to be effective . During the three years of this trial , primary outcome measures were scores for seasonal symptoms and the use of rescue medication .  Objective measures included the immediate conjunctival response and the immediate and late skin responses to allergen challenge . Cutaneous-biopsy specimens obtained 24 hours after intradermal allergen challenge were examined for T-cell infiltration and the presence of cytokine-producing T helper cells ( TH2 cells ) ( as evidence d by the presence of interleukin-4 messenger RNA ) . A matched group of patients with hay fever who had not received immunotherapy was followed as a control for the natural course of the disease . RESULTS Scores for seasonal symptoms and the use of rescue antiallergic medication  , which included short courses of prednisolone , remained low after the discontinuation of immunotherapy , and there was no significant difference between patients who continued immunotherapy and those who discontinued it . Symptom scores in both treatment groups ( median areas under the curve in 1995 , 921 for continuation of immunotherapy and 504 for discontinuation of immunotherapy ; P=0.60 ) were markedly lower than those in the group that had not received immunotherapy ( median value in 1995 , 2863 ) . Although there was a tendency for immediate sensitivity to allergen to return late after discontinuation , there was a sustained reduction in the late skin response and associated CD3 + T-cell infiltration and interleukin-4 messenger RNA expression . CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy for grass-pollen allergy for three to four years induces prolonged clinical remission accompanied by a persistent alteration in immunologic reactivity BACKGROUND It is unknown whether inhaled corticosteroids can modify the subsequent development of asthma in preschool children at high risk for asthma . METHODS We r and omly assigned 285 participants two or three years of age with a positive asthma predictive index to treatment with fluticasone propionate ( at a dose of 88 mug twice daily ) or masked placebo for two years , followed by a one-year period without study medication . The primary outcome was the proportion of episode-free days during the observation year . RESULTS During the observation year , no significant differences were seen between the two groups in the proportion of episode-free days , the number of exacerbations , or lung function . During the treatment period , as compared with placebo use , use of the inhaled corticosteroid was associated with a greater proportion of episode-free days ( P=0.006 ) and a lower rate of exacerbations ( P<0.001 ) and of supplementary use of controller medication ( P<0.001 ) . In the inhaled-corticosteroid group , as compared with the placebo group , the mean increase in height was 1.1 cm less at 24 months ( P<0.001 ) , but by the end of the trial , the height increase was 0.7 cm less ( P=0.008 ) . During treatment , the inhaled corticosteroid reduced symptoms and exacerbations but slowed growth , albeit temporarily and not progressively . CONCLUSIONS In preschool children at high risk for asthma , two years of inhaled-corticosteroid therapy did not change the development of asthma symptoms or lung function during a third , treatment-free year . These findings do not provide support for a subsequent disease-modifying effect of inhaled corticosteroids after the treatment is discontinued . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00272441 . ) Background : Allergic rhinitis was recently classified by the ARIA guidelines as persistent or intermittent . Levocetirizine was shown to improve symptoms and health‐related quality of life of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis in the XPERTTM study , a 6‐month r and omized double blind placebo‐controlled trial BACKGROUND Data for trends in prevalence of asthma , allergic rhinoconjunctivitis , and eczema over time are scarce . We repeated the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ( ISAAC ) at least 5 years after Phase One , to examine changes in the prevalence of symptoms of these disorders . METHODS For the ISAAC Phase Three study , between 2002 and 2003 , we did a  cross-sectional question naire survey of 193,404 children aged 6 - 7 years from 66 centres in 37 countries , and 304,679 children aged 13 - 14 years from 106 centres in 56 countries , chosen from a r and om sample of schools in a defined geographical area . FINDINGS Phase Three was completed a mean of 7 years after Phase One . Most centres showed a change in prevalence of 1 or more SE for at least one disorder , with increases being twice as common as decreases , and increases being more common in the 6 - 7 year age-group than in the 13 - 14 year age-group , and at most levels of mean prevalence . An exception was asthma symptoms in the older age-group , in which decreases were more common at high prevalence . For both age-groups , more centres showed increases in all three disorders more often than showing decreases , but most centres had mixed changes . INTERPRETATION The rise in prevalence of symptoms in many centres is concerning , but the absence of increases in prevalence of asthma symptoms for centres with existing high prevalence in the older age-group is reassuring . The divergent trends in prevalence of symptoms of allergic diseases form the basis for further research into the causes of such disorders BACKGROUND The main aim of specific immunotherapy is sustained effect due to changes in the immune system that can be demonstrated only in long-term trials . OBJECTIVE To investigate sustained efficacy and disease modification in a 5-year double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , including 2 years of blinded follow-up after completion of a 3-year period of treatment , with the SQ-st and ardized grass allergy immunotherapy tablet , Grazax ( Phleum pratense 75,000 SQ-T/2,800 BAU,(∗ ) ALK , Denmark ) or placebo . METHODS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , multinational , phase III trial included adults with a history of moderate-to-severe grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis , with or without asthma , inadequately controlled by symptomatic medications . Two hundred thirty-eight participants completed the trial . End points included rhinoconjunctivitis symptom and medication scores , combined scores , asthma symptom and medication scores , quality of life , days with severe symptoms , immunologic end points , and safety parameters . RESULTS The mean rhinoconjunctivitis daily symptom score was reduced by 25 % to 36 % ( P ≤ .004 ) in the grass allergy immunotherapy tablet group compared with the placebo group over the 5 grass pollen seasons covered by the trial . The rhinoconjunctivitis DMS was reduced by 20 % to 45 % ( P ≤ .022 for seasons 1 - 4 ; P = .114 for season 5 ) , and the weighted rhinoconjunctivitis combined score was reduced by 27 % to 41 % ( P ≤ .003 ) in favor of active treatment . The percentage of days with severe symptoms during the peak grass pollen exposure was in all seasons lower in the active group than in the placebo group , with relative differences of 49 % to 63 % ( P ≤ .0001 ) . Efficacy was supported by long-lasting significant effects on the allergen-specific antibody response . No safety issues were identified . CONCLUSION The results confirm disease modification by SQ-st and ardized grass allergy immunotherapy tablet in addition to effective symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis BACKGROUND R and omized trials provide evidence to inform treatment decisions . The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) Statement is a set of recommendations for the reporting of trials . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the quality of reporting allergen-specific immunotherapy trials according to CONSORT criteria . METHODS The reporting of the procedure , r and omization , dropouts , strict conduct of intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis , and sample size calculation according to CONSORT were assessed in the 46 subcutaneous and 48 sublingual immunotherapy ( SLIT ) blind , placebo-controlled r and omized trials published between 1996 and 2009 in English . RESULTS One subcutaneous immunotherapy ( 2.2 % ) and 3 SLIT ( 6.6 % ) trials met CONSORT Statement criteria . These were used for the registration of sublingual tablets to the European Medicines Agency . In subcutaneous immunotherapy , 16 ( 35 % ) studies reported a CONSORT flow chart , and 12 ( 26 % ) provided a description of dropouts . Adequate r and omization was reported in 9 ( 35 % ) studies , and incomplete r and omization was reported in 15 ( 33 % ) . Power analysis was reported in 15 ( 33 % ) studies . In SLIT , 20 ( 42 % ) studies reported a CONSORT flow chart , and 16 ( 32 % ) a description of dropouts . ITT analysis was carried out in 1 ( 2.2 % ) SLIT study , and a modified ITT analysis was used in 1 ( 2.2 % ) subcutaneous immunotherapy study and 2 ( 4.4 % ) SLIT studies . Adequate r and omization was reported in 6 ( 12 % ) studies , and incomplete r and omization was reported in 16 ( 32 % ) . Power analysis was reported in 15 ( 27 % ) studies . CONCLUSION As in other areas of medicine , the quality of reporting of most immunotherapy trials is low , and only 4.2 % of SLIT r and omized controlled trials met all of the criteria of the CONSORT Statement . Use of the CONSORT criteria should be encouraged BACKGROUND It has long been assumed that allergic rhinitis leads to daytime sleepiness and a deterioration of nocturnal sleep , yet systematic studies have only been rarely conducted in this field . OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on subjective and objective sleep patterns , quality of life , and daytime sleepiness in otherwise healthy subjects in comparison with nonallergic volunteers . METHODS Twenty-five patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this prospect i ve , controlled clinical trial . Daytime sleepiness and quality of life were assessed with the help of question naires ( Epworth Sleepiness Scale , SF-36 ) ; 2 consecutive nights of fully attended polysomnography were performed before and during the pollen season of 2002 . RESULTS Statistically significant differences between groups were found in respect to changes in daytime sleepiness and selected parameters of quality of life . Impairment of daytime sleepiness and quality of life were related to the severity of the disease . Statistically significant differences were also found for selected parameters of the sleep studies , although the changes were only minimal , and all values were within normal ranges . CONCLUSION Seasonal allergic rhinitis leads to increased daytime sleepiness , as well as to an impairment of quality of life , depending on the severity of the disease . Objective measurements revealed a statistically significant influence of seasonal allergic rhinitis on selected sleep parameters , but changes were not of clinical relevance . Daytime sleepiness seems to be related to the condition itself rather than to an impairment of nocturnal sleep BACKGROUND Sustained and disease-modifying effects of sublingual immunotherapy have never before been confirmed in a large-scale r and omized , double-blind , place 
    Output:
    
Years of basic science research , clinical trials , and systematic review s and meta-analyses have convincingly shown that allergen specific immunotherapy can achieve substantial results for patients , improving the allergic  individuals ’ quality of life , reducing the long-term costs and burden of allergies , and changing the course of the disease .
Allergen specific immunotherapy not only effectively alleviates allergy symptoms , but it has a long-term effect after conclusion of the treatment and can prevent the progression of allergic diseases .