***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Resistance training has been well established as an effective treatment strategy to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in the elderly . We assessed whether dietary protein supplementation can further augment the adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men and women . METHODS Healthy elderly men ( n = 31 , 70 ± 1 yr ) and women ( n = 29 , 70 ± 1 yr ) were r and omly assigned to a progressive , 24-wk resistance-type exercise training program with or without additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) . Muscle hypertrophy was assessed on a whole-body Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , limb ( computed tomography ) , and muscle fiber ( biopsy ) level . Strength was assessed regularly by 1-repetition maximum ( RM ) strength testing . Functional capacity was assessed with a sit-to-st and and h and grip test . RESULTS One-RM strength increased by 45 % ± 6 % versus 40 % ± 3 % ( women ) and 41 % ± 4 % versus 44 % ± 3 % ( men ) in the placebo versus protein group , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) , with no differences between groups . Leg muscle mass ( women , 4 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ; men , 3 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ) and quadriceps cross-sectional area ( women , 9 % ± 1 % vs 9 % ± 1 % ; men , 9 % ± 1 % vs 10 % ± 1 % ) increased similarly in the placebo versus protein groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Type II muscle fiber size increased over time in both placebo and protein groups ( 25 % ± 13 % vs 30 % ± 9 % and 23 % ± 12 % vs 22 % ± 10 % in the women and men , respectively ) . Sit-to-st and improved by 18 % ± 2 % and 19 % ± 2 % in women and men , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Prolonged resistance-type exercise training increases skeletal muscle mass and strength , augments functional capacity , improves glycemia and lipidemia , and reduces blood pressure in healthy elderly men and women .  Additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) does not further increase muscle mass , strength , and /or functional capacity BACKGROUND A dietary protein intake higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance during an energy deficit helps to preserve lean body mass ( LBM ) , particularly when combined with exercise . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a proof-of-principle trial to test whether manipulation of dietary protein intake during a marked energy deficit in addition to intense exercise training would affect changes in body composition . DESIGN We used a single-blind , r and omized , parallel-group prospect i ve trial . During a 4-wk period , we provided hypoenergetic ( ~40 % reduction compared with requirements ) diets providing 33 ± 1 kcal/kg LBM to young men who were r and omly assigned ( n = 20/group ) to consume either a lower-protein ( 1.2 g · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) ) control diet ( CON ) or a higher-protein ( 2.4 g · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) ) diet ( PRO ) . All subjects performed resistance exercise training combined with high-intensity interval training for 6 d/wk . A 4-compartment model assessment of body composition was made pre- and postintervention . RESULTS As a result of the intervention , LBM increased ( P < 0.05 ) in the PRO group ( 1.2 ± 1.0 kg ) and to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the CON group ( 0.1 ± 1.0 kg ) . The PRO group had a greater loss of fat mass than did the CON group ( PRO : -4.8 ± 1.6 kg ; CON : -3.5 ± 1.4 kg ; P < 0.05 ) . All measures of exercise performance improved similarly in the PRO and CON groups as a result of the intervention with no effect of protein supplementation . Changes in serum cortisol during the intervention were associated with changes in body fat ( r = 0.39 , P = 0.01 ) and LBM ( r = -0.34 , P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that , during a marked energy deficit , consumption of a diet containing 2.4 g protein · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) was more effective than consumption of a diet containing 1.2 g protein · kg(-1 ) · d(-1 ) in promoting increases in LBM and losses of fat mass when combined with a high volume of resistance and anaerobic exercise . Changes in serum cortisol were associated with changes in body fat and LBM , but did not explain much variance in either measure . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01776359 Background The effects of protein supplementation on muscle thickness and strength seem largely dependent on its composition . The current study aim ed at comparing the impact of an oral supplementation with vegetable Pea protein ( NUTRALYS ® ) vs. Whey protein and Placebo on biceps brachii muscle thickness and strength after a 12-week resistance training program . Methods One hundred and sixty one males , aged 18 to 35 years were enrolled in the study and underwent 12 weeks of resistance training on upper limb muscles . According to r and omization , they were included in the Pea protein ( n = 53 ) , Whey protein ( n = 54 ) or Placebo ( n = 54 ) group . All had to take 25 g of the proteins or placebo twice a day during the 12-week training period . Tests were performed on biceps muscles at inclusion ( D0 ) , mid ( D42 ) and post training ( D84 ) . Muscle thickness was evaluated using ultrasonography , and strength was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer . Results Results showed a significant time effect for biceps brachii muscle thickness ( P < 0.0001 ) . Thickness increased from 24.9 ± 3.8 mm to 26.9 ± 4.1 mm and 27.3 ± 4.4 mm at D0 , D42 and D84 , respectively , with only a trend toward significant differences between groups ( P = 0.09 ) . Performing a sensitivity study on the weakest participants ( with regards to strength at inclusion ) , thickness increases were significantly different between groups ( + 20.2 ± 12.3 % , + 15.6 ± 13.5 % and + 8.6 ± 7.3 % for Pea , Whey and Placebo , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Increases in thickness were significantly greater in the Pea group as compared to Placebo whereas there was no difference between Whey and the two other conditions . Muscle strength also increased with time with no statistical difference between groups . Conclusions In addition to an appropriate training , the supplementation with pea protein promoted a greater increase of muscle thickness as compared to Placebo and especially for people starting or returning to a muscular strengthening . Since no difference was obtained between the two protein groups , vegetable pea proteins could be used as an alternative to Whey-based dietary products . Trial registration The present trial has been registered at Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT02128516 ) PURPOSE To determine the effects of whey protein before and during resistance exercise ( RE ) on body composition and strength in young adults . METHODS Participants were r and omized to ingest whey protein ( PRO ; 0.3 g/kg protein ; n = 9 , 24.58 ± 1.8 yr , 88.3 ± 17.1 kg , 172.5 ± 8.0 cm ) or placebo ( PLA ; 0.2 g/kg cornstarch maltodextrin + 0.1 g/kg sucrose ; n = 8 , 23.6 ± 4.4 yr , 82.6 ± 16.1 kg , 169.4 ± 9.2 cm ) during RE ( 3 sets of 6 - 10 repetitions for 9 whole-body exercises ) , which was performed 4 d/wk for 8 wk . PRO and PLA were mixed with water ( 600 ml ) ; 50 % of the solution containing 0.15 g/kg of PRO or PLA was consumed immediately before the start of exercise , and ~1.9 % of the remaining solution containing ~0.006 g/kg of PRO or PLA was consumed immediately after each training set . Before and after the study , measures were taken for lean-tissue mass ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , muscle size of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors and ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors ( ultrasound ) , and muscle strength ( 1-repetition-maximum chest press ) . RESULTS There was a significant increase ( p < .05 ) in muscle size of the knee extensors ( PRO 0.6 ± 0.4 cm , PLA 0.1 ± 0.5 cm ) , knee flexors ( PRO 0.4 ± 0.6 cm , PLA 0.5 ± 0.7 cm ) and ankle plantar flexors ( PRO 0.6 ± 0.7 cm , PLA 0.8 ± 1.4 cm ) and chest-press strength ( PRO 16.6 ± 11.1 kg , PLA 9.1 ± 14.6 kg ) over time , with no differences between groups . CONCLUSION The ingestion of whey protein immediately before the start of exercise and again after each training set has no effect on muscle mass and strength in untrained young adults BACKGROUND Acute consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes a greater positive protein balance than does soy protein . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine the long-term consequences of milk or soy protein or equivalent energy consumption on training-induced lean mass accretion . DESIGN We recruited 56 healthy young men who trained 5 d/wk for 12 wk on a rotating split-body resistance exercise program in a parallel 3-group longitudinal design . Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume drinks immediately and again 1 h after exercise : fat-free milk ( Milk ; n = 18 ) ; fat-free soy protein ( Soy ; n = 19 ) that was isoenergetic , isonitrogenous , and macronutrient ratio matched to Milk ; or maltodextrin that was isoenergetic with Milk and Soy ( control group ; n = 19 ) . RESULTS Muscle fiber size , maximal strength , and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) were measured before and after training . No between-group differences were seen in strength . Type II muscle fiber area increased in all groups with training , but with greater increases in the Milk group than in both the Soy and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Type I muscle fiber area increased after training only in the Milk and Soy groups , with the increase in the Milk group being greater than that in the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . DXA-measured fat- and bone-free mass increased in all groups , with a greater increase in the Milk group than in both the Soy and control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that chronic postexercise consumption of milk promotes greater hypertrophy during the early stages of resistance training in novice weightlifters when compared with isoenergetic soy or carbohydrate consumption BACKGROUND The anabolic effect of resistance exercise is enhanced by the provision of dietary protein . OBJECTIVES We aim ed to determine the ingested protein dose response of muscle ( MPS ) and albumin protein synthesis ( APS ) after resistance exercise . In addition , we measured the phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins thought to regulate acute changes in MPS . DESIGN Six healthy young men reported to the laboratory on 5 separate occasions to perform an intense bout of leg-based resistance exercise . After exercise , participants consumed , in a r and omized order , drinks containing 0 , 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 g whole egg protein .  Protein synthesis and whole-body leucine oxidation were measured over 4 h after exercise by a primed constant infusion of [1-(13)C]leucine . RESULTS MPS displayed a dose response to dietary protein ingestion and was maximally stimulated at 20 g. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase ( Thr(389 ) ) , ribosomal protein S6 ( Ser(240/244 ) ) , and the epsilon-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B ( Ser(539 ) ) were unaffected by protein ingestion . APS increased in a dose-dependent manner and also reached a plateau at 20 g ingested protein . Leucine oxidation was significantly increased after 20 and 40 g protein were ingested . CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 20 g intact protein is sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS and APS after resistance exercise . Phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins was not enhanced with any dose of protein ingested , which suggested that the stimulation of MPS after resistance exercise may be related to amino acid availability . Finally , dietary protein consumed after exercise in excess of the rate at which it can be incorporated into tissue protein stimulates irreversible oxidation Abstract Herda , AA , Herda , TJ , Costa , PB , Ryan , ED , Stout , JR , and Cramer , JT . Muscle performance , size , and safety responses after eight weeks of resistance training and protein supplementation 
    Output:
    
Summary / conclusion Dietary protein supplementation  significantly enhanced changes in muscle strength and size during prolonged RET in healthy adults .
Increasing age reduces and training experience increases the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET .
With protein supplementation , protein intakes at amounts greater than ~1.6 g/kg/day do not further contribute RET-induced gains in FFM