***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Growth in normal and malignant tissues has been linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin-like growth factors ( IGFs ) . We hypothesized that IGF and IGF-binding protein ( IGFBP ) responses may be acutely affected by differences in the glycemic index ( GI ) of foods . OBJECTIVE We compared the postpr and ial responses of IGFs and IGFBP to 2 foods of similar macronutrient composition but with greatly different GIs-pearled barley ( GI : 25 ) and instant mashed potato ( GI : 85 ) . DESIGN Ten young lean subjects consumed 50-g carbohydrate portions of the 2 foods or water ( extended fast ) in r and om order after an overnight fast . Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals over 4 h for measurement of blood glucose , insulin , and components of the IGF system . RESULTS Serum IGFBP-1 declined markedly after both meals , but the mean ( + /-SEM ) change at 4 h was significantly ( P < 0.01 ) more prolonged after the low-GI meal ( -55 + /- 20 ng/mL ) than after the high-GI meal ( -13 + /- 15 ng/mL ) . Conversely , the change in serum IGFBP-3 concentration at 4 h was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher after the low-GI meal ( 251 + /- 102 ng/mL ) than after the high-GI meal ( -110 + /- 96 ng/mL ) ; the same pattern was observed at 2 h. Changes in IGFBP-2 , free IGF-1 , and total IGF-1 responses were minimal and did not differ significantly from those during the 4-h fast . CONCLUSION Acute changes in IGFBP-3 after low-GI and high-GI foods may provide a biologic mechanism linking cell multiplication with greater consumption of high-GI carbohydrates Reliable tables of glycemic index ( GI ) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI , glycemic load , and health . The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate ( as simple or complex , as sugars or starches , or as available or unavailable ) , permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health . Several prospect i ve observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load ( GI x dietary carbohydrate content ) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and certain cancers . This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table ( first published in this Journal in 1995 ) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources , representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of st and ard methods . The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods The determine the effect of different foods on the blood glucose , 62 commonly eaten foods and sugars were fed individually to groups of 5 to 10 healthy fasting volunteers .  Blood glucose levels were measured over 2 h , and expressed as a percentage of the area under the glucose response curve when the same amount of carbohydrate was taken as glucose . The largest rises were seen with vegetables ( 70 + /- 5 % ) , followed by breakfast cereals ( 65 + /- 5 % ) , cereals and biscuits ( 60 + /- 3 % ) , fruit ( 50 + /- 5 % ) , dairy products ( 35 + /- 1 % ) , and dried legumes ( 31 + /- 3 % ) . A significant negative relationship was seen between fat ( p less than 0.01 ) and protein ( p less than 0.001 ) and postpr and ial glucose rise but not with fiber or sugar content To evaluate the role of nutritional factors in the etiology of endometrial cancer , we performed a case-cohort analysis using data from women enrolled in the National Breast Screening Study in Canada from 1980 to 1985 . For this analysis , a subcohort was constructed by selecting a 10 % r and om sample from the 56,837 women in the dietary cohort . Cases were the 221 women diagnosed with incident adenocarcinoma of the endometrium during follow-up to December 31 , 1993 and ascertained by record linkage to the Canadian Cancer Data base . Information on usual diet  at enrolment and other epidemiological variables was collected by means of self-administered question naires .  Hazard ratios were obtained from proportional hazards regression models , with estimation of robust st and ard errors . We found a strong association of endometrial cancer with body mass index > 25 kg/m2 ( hazard ratio 2.72 , 95 % CI : 2.06–3.50 ) . Endometrial cancer risk was not associated significantly with intakes of total energy , carbohydrates , proteins , total fat and  major fatty acids , total dietary fiber  and various types of fibers , vitamin C , E and A , folic acid , β-carotene , lutein , or cryptoxanthin . Some decrease in risk was noted with relatively high intakes of saturated fat , animal fat or lycopene . The associations observed in the study were independent of total energy intake and most non-dietary risk factors . The study suggests that dietary intakes of energy and most major nutrients are not related to the risk of endometrial cancer among Canadian women The quantification of errors inherent in methods of measuring dietary intake has been h and icapped by the absence of independent markers for testing their validity . The doubly labeled water technique permits a precise measure of energy expenditure in free-living persons . Because energy expenditure must equal energy intake in population s in energy balance , this technique may be used to vali date the assessment of energy intake . A series of studies demonstrated good agreement between mean energy intake and mean energy expenditure when food intake was recorded by observers or when it was self-reported by normal-weight , self-selected , highly motivated volunteer subjects using weighed records . However , in r and omly recruited men and women , energy intake by weighed records was 82 % and 81 % , of energy expenditure , respectively , indicating underestimation of habitual intake . Men and women in the lowest third of reported intake recorded energy expenditure of only 69 % and 61 % , respectively . Reported intake of obese and previously obese women  was only 73 % and 64 % of expenditure , whether measured by weighed record or by diet history , confirming suspicions that these subjects misrepresented their intake . Acceptable weighed records were obtained from 7- and 9-year-olds whereas 15- and 18-year-olds underestimated intake . Diet histories taken from the same children tended to overestimate intake . These studies suggest that , ideally , all dietary studies should include independent measures of validity Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–related hormones and binding proteins ( IGFBP ) have been implicated in cancer risk . Specifically , two recent , small prospect i ve studies reported a significant positive association between IGF-I and ovarian cancer risk among women diagnosed before age 55 years . Therefore , we examined whether plasma concentrations of IGF-I , IGFBP-3 , and IGFBP-2 were associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a nested case-control study using data from three prospect i ve cohorts : the Nurses ' Health Study ( NHS ) , NHSII , and the Women 's Health Study ( WHS ) .  The present study had 222 cases ( 159 from NHS/NHSII and 63 from WHS ) and 599 controls ( matching ratio , 1:3 for NHS/NHSII and 1:2 for WHS ) . Women ranged in age from 34 to 73 years ( mean , 56 years ) . The relative risk ( RR ) comparing the top versus bottom quartile of IGF-I was 0.56 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.32 - 0.97 ; Ptrend = 0.14 ) . The risk did not differ by age at diagnosis ( comparable RR for age < 55 years at diagnosis , 0.70 ; RR for age ≥55 years at diagnosis , 0.52 ) . We did not observe any association between IGFBP-3 , IGFBP-2 , and the ratio of IGF-I to either binding protein and ovarian cancer risk . Overall , our results do not support a positive association between IGF-related proteins and ovarian cancer risk . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(8):1691–5 We conducted a case‐control study nested within the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition , to examine the associations between prediagnostic serum concentrations of C‐peptide , insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐1 and IGFBP‐2 , and endometrial cancer risk . Among pre‐ and post‐menopausal women , who were not currently using exogenous hormones , 286 women developed incident endometrial cancer during an average 5.1 years follow‐up . Using risk set sampling , 555 matched control subjects were selected . In conditional logistic regression models adjusted for matching factors only , endometrial cancer risk increased with increasing serum levels of C‐peptide ( relative risks ( RR ) for the top vs. bottom quartile = 2.13 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.33–3.41 ] , ptrend = 0.001 , and decreasing serum levels of IGFBP‐2 ( RR for the top vs. bottom quartile = 0.56 [ 95 % CI 0.35–0.90 ] , ptrend = 0.03 , but was not significantly associated with IGFBP‐1 levels ( RR for the top vs. bottom quartile = 0.76 [ 95 % CI 0.47–1.21 ] , ptrend = 0.25 ) . In BMI ‐adjusted models , only the C‐peptide association remained marginally statistically significant ( RR for the top vs. bottom quartile = 1.56 [ 95 % CI 0.94–2.57 ] , ptrend = 0.05 for C‐peptide ; 0.84 [ 95 % CI 0.50–1.40 ] , ptrend = 0.74 for IGFBP‐2 ; and 1.08 [ 95 % CI 0.65–1.78 ] , ptrend = 0.86 for IGFBP‐1 levels ) . These associations were stronger among nonfasting women ( ≤≤6 hr since last meal ; 63 % of subjects ) but were not evident among fasting women , although the interactions were not statistically significant . The C‐peptide‐risk association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for free estradiol in postmenopausal women ( RR for the top vs. bottom quartile = 1.28 [ 95 % CI 0.67–2.45 ] , ptrend = 0.42 . Our results provide modest support to the hypothesis that hyperinsulinaemia is a risk factor for endometrial cancer . © 2007 Wiley‐Liss , The applicability of the glycaemic index ( GI ) in the context of mixed meals and diets is still debatable . The objective of the present study was to investigate the predictability of measured GI in composite breakfast meals when calculated from table values , and to develop prediction equations using meal components . Furthermore , we aim ed to study the relationship between GI and insulinaemic index ( II ) . The study was a r and omised cross-over meal test including twenty-eight healthy young men . Thirteen breakfast meals and a reference meal were tested . All meals contained 50 g available carbohydrate , but differed considerably in energy and macronutrient composition . Venous blood was sample d for 2 h and analysed for glucose and insulin . Prediction equations were made by regression analysis . No association was found between predicted and measured GI . The meal content of energy and fat was inversely associated with GI ( R(2 ) 0.93 and 0.88 , respectively ; P<0.001 ) . Carbohydrate content ( expressed as percentage of energy ) was positively related to GI ( R(2 ) 0.80 ; P<0.001 ) . Using multivariate analysis the GI of meals was best predicted by fat and protein contents ( R(2 ) 0.93 ; P<0.001 ) . There was no association between GI and II . In conclusion , the present results show that the GI of mixed meals calculated by table values does not predict the measured GI and furthermore that carbohydrates do not play the most important role for GI in mixed breakfast meals . Our prediction models show that the GI of mixed meals is more strongly correlated either with fat and protein content , or with energy content , than with carbohydrate content alone . Furthermore , GI was not correlated with II BACKGROUND There is some evidence that plasma insulin levels might influence ovarian cancer risk . Glycaemic index ( GI ) and glycaemic load ( GL ) are measures that allow the carbohydrate content of individual foods to be classified according to their postpr and ial glycaemic effects and hence their effects on circulating insulin levels . Therefore , we examined ovarian cancer risk in association with GI and GL , and intake of dietary carbohydrate and sugar . METHODS The study was conducted in a prospect i ve cohort of 
    Output:
    
A high GL , but not a high GI , diet is positively associated with the risk of endometrial cancer  , particularly among obese women