***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background There are very few studies on the frequency of breakfast and snack consumption and its relation to fruit and vegetable intake . This study aims to fill that gap by exploring the relation between irregular breakfast habits and snack consumption and fruit and vegetable intake in Tuscan adolescents . Separate analyses were conducted with an emphasis on the potentially modifying factors of sex and age . Methods Data was obtained from the 2010 Tuscan sample of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children ( HBSC ) study . The HBSC study is a cross-sectional survey of 11- , 13- and 15-year-old students ( n = 3291 ) , selected from a r and om sample of schools .  Multivariate logistic regression was used for analyzing the food-frequency question naire . Results A significant relation was found between low fruit and vegetable intake and irregular breakfast habits . Similarly , low fruit intake was associated with irregular snack consumption , whereas vegetable intake did not prove to be directly related to irregular snack consumption . Different patterns emerged when gender and age were considered as modifying factors in the analyses . A statistically significant relation emerged only among female students for irregular breakfast habits and fruit and vegetable intake . Generally , older female participants with irregular breakfast habits demonstrated a higher risk of low fruit and vegetable intake . Age pattern varied between genders , and between fruit and vegetable consumption . Conclusions Results suggest that for those adolescents who have an irregular consumption of breakfast and snacks , fruit intake occurs with a lower frequency . Lower vegetable consumption was associated with irregular breakfast consumption . Gender and age were shown to be moderators and this indicated the importance of analyzing fruit and vegetable intake and meal types separately . This study also confirmed that health-promotion campaigns that aim to promote regular meal consumption and consumption of fruits and vegetables need to take into account gender and age differences in design ing promotional strategies . Future research should identify evidence -based interventions to facilitate the achievement of the Italian guidelines for a healthy diet for fruit , vegetables and meals intake Twenty-nine schoolchildren were tested throughout the morning on 4 successive days , having a different breakfast each day ( either of the cereals Cheerios or Shreddies , glucose drink or No breakfast ) . A series of computerised tests of attention , working memory and episodic secondary memory was conducted prior to breakfast and again 30 , 90 , 150 and 210 min later . The glucose drink and No breakfast conditions were followed by declines in attention and memory , but the declines were significantly reduced in the two cereal conditions . This study provides objective evidence that a typical breakfast of cereal rich in complex carbohydrates can help maintain mental performance over the morning BACKGROUND / OBJECTIVES Aside from the health consequences , observational studies indicate that being overweight may also negatively affect cognitive function . However , existing evidence has to a large extent not controlled for the possible confounding effect of having different lifestyles . Therefore , the objective was to examine the independent associations between weight status and lifestyle indicators with cognitive performance in 8 - 11year old Danish children . SUBJECTS/ METHODS The analyses included 828 children ( measured in 2011 - 2012 ) each having one to three measurement occasions separated by approximately 100days .  Dietary intake , physical activity , sedentary time , and sleep duration were measured using dietary records and accelerometers . The Children 's Sleep Habits Question naire was used to access sleep problems and the And ersen test was carried out to estimate cardio-respiratory fitness ( CRF ) . Weight status ( underweight , normal weight , and overweight/obese ) was defined according to body mass index and cognitive performance was assessed using the d2-test of attention , a reading test , and a math test . A linear mixed model including a number of fixed and r and om effects was used to test associations between lifestyle indicators as well as BMI category and cognitive performance . RESULTS After adjustment for demographics , socioeconomics , and multiple lifestyle indicators , normal weight children had higher cognitive test scores than overweight/obese and underweight children of up to 89 % and 48 % of expected learning within one school year ( P<0.05 ) . Daily breakfast consumption , fewer sleep problems , higher CRF , less total physical activity , more sedentary time , and less light physical activity were associated with higher cognitive performance independently of each other in at least one of the three cognitive tests ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Normal weight children had higher cognitive performance compared to overweight/obese as well as underweight children , independent of multiple lifestyle indicators OBJECTIVE . The goal was to determine whether breakfast had effects on the cognitive performance and mood of high school students . METHODS . A crossover trial was performed in boarding schools , involving 104 students between 13 and 20 years of age . The participants were r and omly assigned to 2 equal-size groups on the morning of the first testing day . One half of the total sample received a st and ardized breakfast , whereas the other half received no breakfast . Seven days later , the treatment order was reversed . Measurements of cognitive function included st and ardized tests of attention and concentration , as well as tests of verbal and spatial memory . In addition , mood was rated with a self-administered question naire covering the dimensions of positive and negative affect , information uptake , arousal , and alertness . Statistical analysis consisted of repeated- measures analysis of variance . RESULTS . Breakfast had no effect on sustained attention among high school students . Visuospatial memory was improved in male students . Self-reported alertness improved significantly in the entire study population . Male students reported feeling more positive after consuming breakfast , compared with the fasting condition . CONCLUSIONS . This crossover trial demonstrated positive short-term effects of breakfast on cognitive functioning and self-reported alertness in high school students This study examined the effects of breakfast consumption on cognitive function , mood and blood glucose concentration in adolescent schoolchildren . With the institution 's ethical advisory committee approval , 96 adolescents ( 12 to 15 years old ) completed two r and omly assigned trials ( one following breakfast consumption and one following breakfast omission ) , scheduled 7 days apart .  Cognitive function tests ( visual search test , Stroop test and Sternberg paradigm )  , a mood question naire and a finger prick blood sample  ( in a subgroup of 60 participants ) were completed immediately following breakfast and 120 min after the baseline measures . Following breakfast consumption , accuracy on the more complex level of the visual search test was higher than following breakfast omission ( p=0.021 ) . Similarly , accuracy on the Stroop test was better maintained across the morning following breakfast consumption when compared to breakfast omission ( p=0.022 ) . Furthermore , responses on the Sternberg paradigm were quicker later in the morning following breakfast consumption , particularly on the more complex levels ( p=0.012 ) . Breakfast consumption also produced higher self-report energy and fullness , lower self-report tiredness and hunger and higher blood glucose concentrations ( all p<0.0005 ) . Overall , the findings of the present study suggest that breakfast consumption enhances cognitive function in an adolescent population when compared to breakfast omission 
    Output:
    
The results of the review of eating breakfast studies showed positive and conclusive effects on cognitive performance , academic achievement , quality of life , well-being and on morbidity risk factors .
Conclusions The overall assessment of the studies indicated positive effects of eating breakfast .