***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients BACKGROUND The relief of post-cesarean delivery pain is important . Good pain relief improves mobility and reduces the risk of thromboembolic disease , which may have been increased during pregnancy . Pain may impair the mother 's ability to optimally care for her infant in the immediate postpartum period and may adversely affect early interactions between mother and infant . It is necessary , therefore that pain relief be safe and effective and results in no adverse neonatal effects during breast-feeding . Music may be considered as a potential method of post cesarean pain therapy due to its noninvasiveness and lack of side effects . In this study we evaluated the effect of intraoperative music under general anesthesia for reducing the postoperative morphine requirements after cesarean section . METHODS In a double blind placebo-controlled trial , 100 women ( ASA I ) scheduled for elective cesarean section under general anesthesia , were r and omly allocated into two groups of fifty . After st and ardization of anesthesia , patients in the music group were exposed to a compact disk of Spanish guitar after induction of anesthesia up to the time of wound dressing . In the control group patients were exposed to white music . Post operative pain and anxiety were evaluated by visual analog scale ( VAS ) up to six hours after discharge from PACU . Morphine was given intravenously for reducing pain to VAS < or = 3 postoperatively . RESULTS There was not statistically significant difference in VAS for pain between two groups up to six hours postoperatively ( P>0.05 ) . In addition , morphine requirements were not different between two groups at different time intervals up to six hours postoperatively ( P>0.05 ) . There were not statistically significant difference between two groups regarding postoperative anxiety score and vomiting frequency ( P>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION As per conditions of this study , intraoperative Spanish music was not effective in reducing postoperative pain after cesarean section . In addition postoperative morphine requirement , anxiety , and vomiting were not affected by the music during general anesthesia Pain is a common problem in the PACU , result ing in negative respiratory , cardiovascular , gastrointestinal , renal , neuroendocrine , and autonomic nervous system consequences for patients . Pain relief contributes to improved patient outcomes and is also an important component of patient satisfaction , particularly in light of today 's environment of high competition among hospitals for patients . Music and quiet conversation by staff , contributing to low noise levels in the PACU environment , have the potential to provide pain relief and improve patient satisfaction with the PACU experience . This study investigated the effect of soothing music and lowering noise levels on the pain experience of patients during their PACU stay . A quasiexperimental study was conducted with 2 groups of patients , one who listened to music on a day when staff kept extraneous noise at a minimum in the PACU ( the experimental group ) and one who experienced the typical PACU day ( the control group ) . The study was conducted at a large Veterans Administration hospital in the Midwest . The sample consisted of 97 individuals undergoing same-day surgery from all surgery services except open heart .  Pain was measured by using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale ( NRS ) . The experimental group experienced a significant reduction in pain from admission to the PACU until discharge . There was no significant decrease for the control group . Approximately 65 % of both groups reported no pain on admission to PACU . The percentage of those in the experimental group with no pain increased to 74 % at time of discharge . The percentage of those in the control group who reported no pain on discharge had decreased to 58 % . A total of 99 % of the participants remembered their PACU stay . When asked to remember aspects of comfort during the PACU stay , the experimental group reported ( 1 ) significantly less noise caused by staff voices and equipment , ( 2 ) greater perception of availability of nurses , and ( 3 ) significantly more positive perception of their PACU stay . The study findings support the potential for music played throughout the PACU stay to positively affect the pain experience and improve comfort among patients having surgery Music is an ancient method for healing . In the year 550 B.C. , Pythagoras from Greece developed a concept for the use of music in medicine , esteeming music higher than many other medical treatments . The Medical Resonance Therapy Music ( MRT-Music ) of the German classical composer and musicologist Peter Huebner is built on this concept of Pythagorean music medicine . Its therapeutic effect may be best explained by the natural phenomenon of resonance between the harmony laws of the microcosm of music and the biological laws of the body . Results received after application of MRT-Music indicate multiple positive effects on the organism of pregnant women both with a healthy pregnancy as with a pathologic one , reducing the rate of premature births very effectively . Furthermore , MRT-Music came out to be an effective method in the complex therapy of late gestoses and a nearly irreplaceable method for preoperative preparation of pregnant woman for caesarean section . It demonstrated a powerful anti-stress effect and allowd to reduce the amount of administered pain-killers to pregnant women by the factor 1.5 to 2.0 thus reducing the negative pharmacological load to the foetus . It furthermore reduced labour time and shortened hospital stay . It helped to create optimal conditions for the course of pregnancy and heightened pain sensitivity threshold by means of improving the functional , hormonal , and psycho-emotional conditions of pregnant and lying-in women . Thus , the labour process became more natural , the delivery non-traumatic , and motherhood more happy and safe CONTEXT Premenstrual syndrome is believed to affect 30 % to 80 % of women . Studies in various cultures have used a variety of method ologies to determine prevalence , symptom profile , and effectiveness of available treatments . This study was design ed to provide information on incidence of PMS and therapies used based on a national probability sample of US women . METHOD In 1996 a national probability sample ( N = 1052 ) of women aged 21 to 64 years was surveyed by telephone using r and om digit dial methods . The survey included demographic information , questions concerning respondent knowledge of premenstrual syndrome , incidence rates of common premenstrual syndrome symptoms , and any remedies that were used to control the symptoms . RESULTS Forty-one percent of the women responded " yes " to the question , " Do you suffer from premenstrual syndrome ? " An additional 17 % indicated that they experienced symptoms prior to their menstrual cycle that are commonly associated with premenstrual syndrome ( e.g. , pain , bloating , feeling more emotional , weight gain , food cravings ) , though without associating these symptoms with premenstrual syndrome explicity . The most frequently noted severe symptom was that of " [ feeling ] more emotional . " Of those reporting premenstrual syndrome symptoms , approximately 42 % took either prescription or over-the-counter medications to relieve them . Eighty percent of the women taking any type of medication relied on over-the-counter medications . Prescription drug use for premenstrual syndrome symptoms focused on medications to control pain ; hormone supplements were the second most frequently prescribed rugs . Fewer than 3 % of the respondents used prescription medications . Respondents were asked to indicate whether they had used a complementary medical therapy to control symptoms . Exercise was used most frequently ( 18 % ) , and acupuncture was the least frequently used . Although only a small percentage of women used complementary therapies , for most of these therapies a near-perfect concordance was found between usage and belief in efficacy . CONCLUSIONS Women were aware of symptoms related to premenstrual syndrome more frequently than they recognized a formalized medical syndrome . Less than half of the women reporting symptoms had taken either over-the-counter or prescription drugs . Those who tried complementary therapies generally found them to be effective Ambulatory surgery can create significant anxiety . This prospect i ve study measured whether music can influence anxiety and perioperative sedative requirements in out patients undergoing surgery with spinal anesthesia . We also evaluated the correlation between two anxiety measures , the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory test ( STAI ) and the 0- to 10-cm visual analog scale ( VAS 0–10 ) , with 0 meaning complete relaxation and 10 the worst feeling of anxiety possible . Fifty unpremedicated patients were r and omly assigned to listen to music of their choice via headset during the perioperative period ( Group I ) or to have no music ( Group II ) . All participants used patient-controlled IV midazolam sedation  and underwent repeated evaluations of their anxiety level with the STAI and the VAS 0–10 . Midazolam requirements during surgery ( Group I , 0.6 ± 0.7 versus Group II , 1.3 ± 1.1 mg;P < 0.05 ) and for the whole perioperative period ( Group I , 1.2 ± 1.3 versus Group II , 2.5 ± 2.0 mg;P < 0.05 ) were smaller in patients listening to music . Anxiety levels , measured with STAI or VAS 0–10 , were similar in both groups . The Spearman ’s coefficient values between STAI and VAS 0–10 ranged from 0.532 to 0.687 . We conclude that patients listening to music require less  midazolam  to achieve a similar degree of relaxation as controls and that measures of anxiety obtained from the STAI and the VAS 0–10 are positively , but only moderately , correlated The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy on quality of life , length of life in care , physical status , and relationship of death occurrence to the final music therapy interventions of hospice patients diagnosed with terminal cancer . Subjects were adults who were living in their homes , receiving hospice care , and were diagnosed with terminal cancer . A total of 80 subjects participated in the study and were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : experimental ( routine hospice services and clinical music therapy ) and control ( routine hospice services only ) . Groups were matched on the basis of gender and age . Quality of life was measured by the Hospice Quality of Life Index-Revised ( HQOLI-R ) , a self-report measure given every visit . Functional status of the subjects was assessed by the hospice nurse during every visit using the Palliative Performance Scale . All subjects received at least two visits and quality of life and physical status assessment s. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between groups on self-report quality of life scores for visits one and two . Quality of life was higher for those subjects receiving music therapy , and their quality of life increased over time as they received more music therapy sessions . Subjects in the control group , however , experienced a lower quality of life than those in the experimental group , and without music , their quality of life decreased over time . There were no significant differences in results by age or gender of subjects in either condition . Furthermore , there were no significant differences between groups on physical functioning , length of life , or time of death in relation to the last scheduled visit by the music therapist or counselor . This study provides an overview of hospice/palliative care , explains the role of music therapy in providing care , and establishes clinical guidelines grounded in research for the use of music therapy in improving the quality of life among the terminally ill The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of music therapy on women 's physiologic measures , level of anxiety , and satisfaction during cesarean delivery . Sixty-four women who were planning to have a cesarean delivery were r and omly divided into an experimental and a control group . The experimental group received routine care and music therapy , whereas the control group received routine care only . Our results indicated that compared to the control group the experimental group had significantly lower anxiety and a higher level of satisfaction regarding the cesarean experience . No significant differences were found between the two groups in any of the physiological indexes . This controlled study provides evidence that music therapy can reduce anxiety and create a more satisfying experience for women undergoing cesarean delivery By considering three kinds of music and noise , this research investigates the influence of music on the living body by comparing the difference of influence on heart rate variability and comfort when subjects listen to music and are exposed to noise . We used two pieces of classical music , rock music , and noise recorded by a tape recorder . The following conclusions were made from the findings of the research : 1 ) Hearing classical music results in a small variance of Mayer Wave related Sinus Arrhythmia ( MWSA ) component and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ( RSA ) component compared with a body being at rest . This is because the sympathetic nerve is suppressed by the sound of classical music . With rock music and noise , however , the MWSA component increases and the RSA component decreases . 2 ) From a psychological evaluation , we found that classical music tends to cause comfort and rock music and noise tend to cause discomfort . 3 ) A correlation was found between the balance of the MWSA component and the RSA component and the psychological evaluation . As the comfort increases , the variance of MWSA decreases ; as discomfort increases , the variance of MWSA increases Abstract The authors investigated the effect of music on the state anxiety of a sample of 20 patients awaiting breast biopsy at a suburban medical facility . The patients were assigned alternately to either the control or experimental group . The individuals in the experimental group were given a 20-minute music-based intervention in 
    Output:
    
The findings indicate that music during planned caesarean section under regional anaesthesia may improve pulse rate and birth satisfaction score .
Therefore , the clinical significance of music is unclear .