***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The study assesses potential for improving residents ' evidence -based medicine search ing skills in MEDLINE through real-time librarian instruction . SUBJECTS Ten residents on a rotation in a neonatal intensive care unit participated . METHODOLOGY Residents were r and omized into an instruction and a non-instruction group .  Residents  generated questions from rounds and search ed MEDLINE for answers . Data were collected through observation , search strategy analysis , and surveys . Librarians observed search es and collected data on questions , search ing skills , search problems , and the test group 's instruction topics . Participants performed st and ardized search es before , after , and six-months after intervention and were scored using a search strategy analysis tool ( 1 representing highest score and 5 representing lowest score ) . Residents completed pre- and post-intervention surveys to measure opinions about MEDLINE and search satisfaction . RESULTS Post-intervention , the test group formulated better questions , used limits more effectively , and reported greater confidence in using MEDLINE . The control group expressed less satisfaction with retrieval and demonstrated more errors when limiting . The test and control groups had the following average search scores respectively : 3.0 and 3.5 ( pre-intervention ) , 3.3 and 3.4 ( post-intervention ) , and 2.0 and 3.8 ( six-month post-intervention ) . CONCLUSION Data suggest that measurable learning outcomes were achieved . Residents receiving instruction improved and retained search ing skills six-months after intervention BACKGROUND The " Just-in-time Information " ( JIT ) librarian consultation service was design ed to provide rapid information to answer primary care clinical questions during patient hours . This study evaluated whether information provided by librarians to answer clinical questions positively impacted time , decision-making , cost savings and satisfaction . METHODS AND FINDING A r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) was conducted between October 2005 and April 2006 . A total of 1,889 questions were sent to the service by 88 participants . The object of the r and omization was a clinical question . Each participant had clinical questions r and omly allocated to both intervention ( librarian information ) and control ( no librarian information ) groups . Participants were trained to send clinical questions via a h and -held device . The impact of the information provided by the service ( or not provided by the service ) , additional re sources and time required for both groups was assessed using a survey sent 24 hours after a question was su bmi tted . The average time for JIT librarians to respond to all questions was 13.68 minutes/ question ( 95 % CI , 13.38 to 13.98 ) . The average time for participants to respond their control questions was 20.29 minutes/ question ( 95 % CI , 18.72 to 21.86 ) . Using an impact assessment scale rating cognitive impact , participants rated 62.9 % of information provided to intervention group questions as having a highly positive cognitive impact . They rated 14.8 % of their own answers to control question as having a highly positive cognitive impact , 44.9 % has having a negative cognitive impact , and 24.8 % with no cognitive impact at all . In an exit survey measuring satisfaction , 86 % ( 62/72 responses ) of participants scored the service as having a positive impact on care and 72 % ( 52/72 ) indicated that they would use the service frequently if it were continued . CONCLUSIONS In this study , providing timely information to clinical questions had a highly positive impact on decision-making and a high approval rating from participants . Using a librarian to respond to clinical questions may allow primary care professionals to have more time in their day , thus potentially increasing patient access to care . Such services may reduce costs through decreasing the need for referrals , further tests , and other courses of action . TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-Trials.com IS RCT N96823810 OBJECTIVE This article presents the results of complementary research studies on the behaviors of hospital clinicians in asking clinical questions  and the relationship between asking of questions , outcome of information search es , and success in problem solving . METHODS Triangulation in research methods --a combination of mailed question naires , interviews , and a r and omized controlled study --was employed to provide complementary views of the research problems under study . RESULTS The survey and interviews found that clinical problems ( concerned mainly with therapy and equipment or technology ) were expressed as statements rather than questions ( average number of concepts = 1.7 ) , that only slightly more than half ( higher for doctors ) of problems could be solved , and that the majority of clinical questions were not well formed . An educational workshop however improved clinicians ' formulation of questions , but the use of structured prompting was found to improve building of hypotheses in the doctors ' group without training . The workshop also improved satisfaction with the obtained information and success in problem solving . Nonetheless , for both the experimental and control groups , more structured and complete questions or statements did not mean higher success rates in problem solving or higher satisfaction with obtained information . CONCLUSION The triangulation methods have gathered complementary evidence to reject the hypothesis that building well-structured clinical questions would mean higher satisfaction with obtained information and higher success in problem solving OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of providing synthesized research evidence to inform patient care practice s via an evidence based informatics program , the Clinical Informatics Consult Service ( CICS ) . DESIGN Consults were r and omly assigned to one of two conditions : CICS Provided , in which clinicians received synthesized information from the biomedical literature addressing the consult question or No CICS Provided , in which no information was provided . MEASUREMENT Outcomes were measured via online post-consult forms that assessed consult purpose , actual and potential impact , satisfaction , time spent search ing , and other variables . RESULTS Two hundred twenty six consults were made during the 19-month study period . Clinicians primarily made requests in order to up date themselves ( 65.0 % , 147/226 ) and were satisfied with the service results ( Mean 4.52 of possible 5.0 , SD 0.94 ) . Intention to treat ( ITT ) analyses showed that consults in the CICS Provided condition had a greater actual and potential impact on clinical actions and clinician satisfaction than No CICS consults . Evidence provided by the service primarily impacted the use of a new or different treatment ( OR 8.19 95 % CI 1.04 - 64.00 ) . Reasons for no or little impact included a lack of evidence addressing the issue or that the clinician was already implementing the practice s indicated by the evidence . CONCLUSIONS Clinical decision-making , particularly regarding treatment issues , was statistically significantly impacted by the service . Programs such as the CICS may provide an effective tool for facilitating the integration of research evidence into the management of complex patient care and may foster clinicians ' engagement with the biomedical literature OBJECTIVE To determine if a preceptor and individualized feedback improves the performance of physicians in search ing MEDLINE in clinical setting s. DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with 2 to 10 months follow-up . SETTING A 300-bed teaching hospital . PARTICIPANTS All 392 physicians and physicians-in-training from 6 major clinical departments were invited to participate if they made patient-care decisions during the study period ; 79.4 % agreed . INTERVENTIONS All participants were given 2 hours of basic training , then r and omized to a control group ( no further intervention ) or an intervention group in which each person chose a clinical preceptor experienced in MEDLINE search ing and received individualized feedback from a study librarian on each of their 1st 10 search es . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number and proportion of relevant and irrelevant references retrieved for 1st , 4th , and 8th search es of participants were compared with independent librarian search es on the same topics . RESULTS Intervention group members did not search more often than controls ( 5.9 search es per month versus 4.7 , respectively ; P = 0.26 ) and there were no significant differences in the quality of search es . Rather , search performance for both groups improved , with the average number of relevant references retrieved per search increasing from 4.5 to 7.4 ( P < 0.01 ) . The librarian retrieved more relevant citations than participants for the 1st search ( P = 0.001 ) but not for the 4th ( P = 0.60 ) or 8th ( P = 0.76 ) search es . CONCLUSIONS A program of assigning preceptors and providing feedback on individual search es did not enhance the quantity or quality of search es . Soon after a basic introduction to search ing , however , clinicians in both groups improved their search performance Background Cost consequences analysis was completed from r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) data for the  Just-in-time ( JIT ) librarian consultation service in primary care that ran from October 2005 to April 2006 . The service was aim ed at providing answers to clinical questions arising during the clinical encounter while the patient waits . Cost saving and cost avoidance were also analyzed . The data comes from eighty-eight primary care providers in the Ottawa area working in Family Health Networks ( FHNs ) and Family Health Groups ( FHGs ) . Methods We conducted a cost consequences analysis based on data from the JIT project [ 1 ] . We also estimated the potential economic benefit of JIT librarian consultation service to the health care system . Results The results show that the cost per question for the JIT service was $ 38.20 . The cost could be as low as $ 5.70 per question for a regular service . Nationally , if this service was implemented and if family physicians saw additional patients when the JIT service saved them time , up to 61,100 extra patients could be seen annually . A conservative estimate of the cost savings and cost avoidance per question for JIT was $ 11.55 . Conclusions The cost per question , if the librarian service was used at full capacity , is quite low . Financial savings to the health care system might exceed the cost of the service . Saving physician 's time during their day could potentially lead to better access to family physicians by patients . Implementing a librarian consultation service can happen quickly as the time required to train professional librarians to do this service is short A double-blind r and omised controlled trial was conducted on a group of Hong Kong hospital clinicians . The objective was to test if a three-hour educational workshop ( with supervised h and s-on practice ) is more effective ( than no training ) to improve clinical question formulation , information-seeking skills , knowledge , attitudes , and search outcomes . The design was a post-test-only control group ; recruitment by stratified r and omization ( by profession ) , blocked at 800 .  End-user training was more effective than no training in improving clinical question formulation , in raising awareness , knowledge , confidence and use of data bases , but had made no impact on preference for secondary data bases . It changed the attitude of clinicians to become more positive towards the use of electronic information services ( EIS ) . Participants had higher search performance and outcomes ( satisfaction with information obtained ( NNT = 3 ) , EIS satisfaction ( NNT = 3 ) and success in problem solving ( NNT = 4 ) ) . The workshop improved knowledge and skills in evidence -based search ing , but this effect gradually eroded with time . Search logs confirmed that follow-up is required if effects are to be sustained . Longer effects on search behaviours appear to be positive . A r and omised controlled trial is valuable in identifying cause- and -effect relations and to quantify the magnitude of the effects for management decision-making This is a prospect i ve study of clinical questions generated in primary care consultations and a comparison of two approaches to answering those clinical questions . Twenty-one doctors in a university-based primary care clinic su bmi tted 78 clinical questions arising from patient consultations during 24 clinic days ( 0.01 question per patient encounter ) . These doctors subsequently found answers to 40 % of their questions but were satisfied with only 67 % of these answers . The investigators were able to provide answers for 95 % of the questions asked and the doctors rated these answers as satisfactory in 86 % of instances . Answers obtained by investigators had significantly higher satisfaction score than those obtained by doctors ' search ( p = 0.002 ) . The two main findings of this study are ( 1 ) almost all questions arising in clinic setting could be answered by intensive search ; ( 2 ) answers found by intensive search es were judged to be more satisfactory than those found routinely by doctors . Provision of an information retrieval service in addition to training in the search ing and appraisal of medical literature are possible solutions to the information needs of busy clinicians BACKGROUND Librarians at the University of Alberta have been involved with teaching undergraduate medical and dental education for several years . After 1 year of increased librarian involvement at the problem-based learning ( PBL ) , small-group level , informal feedback from faculty and students suggested that librarians ' participation in PBL groups was beneficial . There was , however , no real evidence to support this cl aim or justify the high dem and on librarians ' time . OBJECTIVES The study aim ed to determine whether having a librarian present in the small-group , problem-based learning modules for first-year medical and dental students results in an improved underst and ing of evidence -based medicine concepts , the nature of medical literature , and information access skills . METHODS One hundred and sixty-four first-year medical and dental students participated in the study . There were a total of 18 PBL groups , each with approximately nine students and one faculty tutor . Six librarians participated and were assigned r and omly to the six intervention groups . Students were given pre- and post-tests at the outset and upon completion of the 6-week course . RESULTS Post-test scores showed that there was a small positive librarian impact , but final exam scores showed no impact . There was also no difference in attitudes or comfort levels between students who had a librarian in their group and those who did not . CONCLUSIONS Impact was not sufficient to warrant continued participation of librarians in PBL . In future instruction , librarians at the John W. Scott Health Sciences Library will continue to teach at the larger group level AIM To compare the effectiveness of an online information literacy tutorial with a face-to-face session for teaching information literacy skills to nurses . DESIGN R and omised control trial 
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No studies were found that investigated librarians providing direct services to research ers or patients in healthcare setting s. CONCLUSIONS Librarian-provided services directed to participants in training programs ( eg , students , residents ) improve skills in search ing the literature to facilitate the integration of research evidence into clinical decision-making .
Services provided to clinicians were shown to be effective in saving time for health professionals and providing relevant information for decision-making .
Two studies indicated patient length of stay was reduced when clinicians requested literature search es related to a patient 's case