***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The effects of the powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale on the symptoms of motion sickness were compared with those of dimenhydrinate and placebo in 36 undergraduate men and women who reported very high susceptibility to motion sickness . Motion sickness was induced by placing the blindfolded subject in a tilted rotating chair . Measurements of perceived degree of gastrointestinal distress were reported every 15 s for up to 6 minutes by means of psychophysical methods . Z. officinale was superior to dimenhydrinate in reducing motion sickness Objective Ginger has been reported to improve upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Little information about the effects of ginger on gastric motor function , exists , however . Our aim was to investigate the effects of ginger on gastric emptying , antral motility , proximal gastric dimensions , and postpr and ial symptoms . Methods Twenty-four healthy volunteers were studied twice in a r and omized double-blind manner . After an 8 h fast , the volunteers ingested three ginger capsules ( total 1200 mg ) or placebo , followed after 1 h by 500 ml low-nutrient soup .  Antral area , fundus area and diameter , and the frequency of antral contractions were measured using ultrasound at frequent intervals over 90 min , and the gastric half-emptying time was calculated from the change in antral area . Gastrointestinal sensations and appetite were scored using visual analog question naires . Data are expressed in terms of mean±st and ard error . Results Antral area decreased more rapidly ( P<0.001 ) and the gastric half-emptying time was less after ginger than placebo ingestion ( 13.1±1.1 vs. 26.7±3.1 min , P<0.01 ) , whereas the frequency of antral contractions was greater ( P<0.005 ) . Fundus dimensions did not differ , and there was no significant difference in any gastrointestinal symptoms . Conclusion Ginger accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates antral contractions in healthy volunteers . These effects could potentially be beneficial in symptomatic patient groups This study assesses the effects of ginger on  nausea and vomiting caused by pregnancy and compares it with metoclopramide medicine . This study was a r and omized double-blind controlled trial . Metoclopramide , Ginger and placebo were putted in similar capsules . The medicines were administered three times a day . Then the Rhodes question naire was completed and its score were calculated . Data were analyzed by Chi square test , ANOVA and Repeated measurement . The intensity of changes in nausea , vomiting and Rhodes during study were statistically different in two groups of ginger and metoclopramide compared with placebo ( p < 0.05 ) , but it was not statistically significant between two groups of ginger and metoclopramide . According to our study , ginger is less effective than metoclopramide in reducing nausea and vomiting but it could be a good alternative for metoclopramide Background : Nausea and vomiting are common and unpleasant complications in pregnancy . Although many alternative therapists support the use of ginger for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , there is currently insufficient clinical evidence to support its use in this condition Objectives : The present study was performed to assess the effectiveness of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy . Patients and Methods : This seven-day clinical trial was performed on 120 eligible pregnant women with symptoms of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting before 16 weeks gestation . They were divided into ; ginger , placebo and control groups , by block r and omization . Women were asked to record their nausea and vomiting for three days , and then participants received either ginger capsules , or a placebo for four days . No intervention was done with the control group . Data measure was self-recorded symptoms according to the Rhodes Index . Data were analyzed by ANOVA , ANCOVA , Kruskal-Wallis , Chi-square , and Fisher ’s exact test , for the quantitative and qualitative variables . Results : There were no statistical differences in the baseline demographics between the three groups apart from age of marriage and wanted or unwanted pregnancy . An ANCOVA test ( covariance test ) showed significant differences in mean scores after the intervention in the three groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Ginger was effective for the relief of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting in pregnant women at less than 16 weeks gestation PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) are major adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy . We compared the impact of acute ( during the first 24 hours postchemotherapy ) and delayed ( days 2 through 5 postchemotherapy ) CINV on patients ' quality of life ( QoL ) after highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy ( HEC and MEC  , respectively ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospect i ve , multicenter , multinational study was conducted in 14 medical practice s on cancer patients undergoing either HEC or MEC treatment . Patients recorded episodes of nausea and vomiting in a diary . Patients completed the Functional Living Index-Emesis ( FLIE ) question naire at baseline and on day 6 . RESULTS A total of 298 patients were assessable ( 67 HEC patients , 231 MEC patients ) .  Emesis was reported by 36.4 % of patients ( 13.2 % acute , 32.5 % delayed ) and nausea by 59.7 % ( 36.2 % acute , 54.3 % delayed ) . HEC patients reported significantly lower mean FLIE total score than MEC patients ( 95.5 v 107.8 respectively ; P = .0049 ) . Among all patients , the nausea score was significantly lower than the vomiting score ( 50.0 and 55.3 , respectively ; P = .0097 ) . Of the 173 patients who experienced neither vomiting nor nausea during the first 24 hours postchemotherapy , 22.9 % reported an impact of CINV on daily life caused by delayed CINV . CONCLUSION CINV continues to adversely affect patients ' QoL despite antiemetic therapy even after treatment with only moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens , and even in the subgroup of patients who do not experience nausea and vomiting during the first 24 hours . On the basis of the FLIE results in this study , nausea had a stronger negative impact on patients ' daily lives than vomiting Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of ginger for reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) in breast cancer patients receiving adriamycin and cyclophosphamide ( AC ) regimens . Methods We enrolled breast cancer patients receiving AC who experienced moderate to severe nausea or vomiting during the first chemotherapy cycle . Subjects were r and omized to receive a 500-mg ginger capsule or placebo twice a day for 5 days starting on the first day of the second AC cycle and were switched to the other treatment in the third cycle . All participants also received ondansetron and dexamethasone for CINV prophylaxis . Nausea severity was recorded once a day during the first 5 days of each cycle . The primary outcome was reduction in nausea score . Results Thirty-four subjects ( 68 cycles of AC ) were enrolled . Mean ( range ) maximum nausea score in the first AC cycle was 58 ( 40–90 ) . Thirty-three subjects ( 97 % ) received the same AC doses in the second as in the third cycle . Mean ( ±st and ard error ) maximum nausea scores in patients receiving ginger and placebo were 35.36 ( ±4.43 ) and 32.17 ( ±3.71 ) , respectively . The difference in mean maximum nausea scores was 3 ( 95 % confidence interval , −3 to 9 ; P = 0.3 ) . There were no significant differences between ginger and placebo in terms of vomiting incidence and severity , rescue medication use , chemotherapy compliance , and adverse events . Conclusions Ginger ( 500 mg ) twice daily was safe , but conferred no additional benefit in terms of reducing nausea severity in breast cancer patients receiving AC and ondansetron and dexamethasone for CINV prophylaxis OBJECTIVES Ginger is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines for irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) but no data exists about its effectiveness . DESIGN Double blind r and omized controlled trial . SETTING University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA . INTERVENTION Forty-five IBS patients were r and omly assigned to three groups : placebo , 1 g of ginger , and 2 g of ginger daily for 28 days . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The IBS severity scale ( IBS-SS ) was administered , as well as adequate relief of symptoms scale . A responder was defined as having at least 25 % reduction in IBS-SS post-treatment . RESULTS There were 57.1 % responders to placebo , 46.7 % to 1 g and 33.3 % to 2 g of ginger .  Adequate relief was reported by 53.3 % on placebo and 53.3 % in both ginger groups combined . Side effects were mild and reported by 35.7 % in the placebo and 16.7 % in the ginger groups . CONCLUSIONS This double blind r and omized controlled pilot study suggests ginger is well tolerated but did not perform better than placebo . Larger trials are needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) places a significant burden on the patient . Herbal agents are the most commonly complementary therapies used among the public . This study was done to determine the effect of ginger and chamomile capsules on nausea and vomiting in cases undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer ( BC ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a r and omized , double-blind and clinical trial study , 65 women with BC undergoing chemotherapy were referred to Breast Cancer Research Center , Tehran , Iran , between May 2013 to June 2014 . Regimen for ginger group for 5 days before and 5 days after chemotherapy was : 2 times a day and 500 mg capsules of powdered ginger root in addition to a routine antiemetic regimen consisting of dexamethasone , metoclopramide and aprepitant ( DMA ) capsules . Chamomile group similarly was : 2 times a day and 500 mg capsules of Matricaria chamomilla extract in addition to a routine antiemetic regimen consisting of DMA capsules . Control group , routine antiemetic regimen consisting of DMA capsules . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the ginger , chamomile and control groups regarding age . Drugs used for chemotherapy were identical and duration of disease was also matched ( 1 - 4 months ) . Ginger and chamomile were both significantly effective for reducing the frequency of vomiting , there being no significant difference between the ginger and chamomile groups . Moreover , unlike the chamomile , ginger significantly influenced the frequency of nausea . CONCLUSIONS According to the findings of this study , it should be declared that taking ginger capsules ( 1 g/day ) might relieve CINV safely . Nurses dealing directly with cancer patients should be responsible for providing educational programs for patients and their families about how to deal with their drug regimens and associated side effects Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) remains a significant cause of mortality . Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) and thus prostagl and in E2 , are promising CRC preventives , but have significant toxicities . Ginger has been shown to inhibit COX , to decrease the incidence and multiplicity of adenomas , and decrease PGE2 concentrations in subjects at normal risk for CRC . This study was conducted to determine the effects of 2.0 g/d of ginger given orally on the levels of PGE2 , leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) , 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids , and 5- , 12- , & 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid , in the colonic mucosa of subjects at increased risk for CRC . We r and omized 20 subjects to 2.0 g/d ginger or placebo for 28 d. At baseline and Day 28 , a flexible sigmoidoscopy was used to obtain colon biopsies . A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was used to determine eicosanoid levels in the biopsies , and levels were expressed per amount of protein or free arachidonic acid ( AA ) . There was a significant decrease in AA between baseline and Day 28 ( P = 0.05 ) and significant increase in LTB4 ( P = 0.04 ) when normalized to protein , in subjects treated with ginger versus placebo . No other changes in eicosanoids were observed . There was no difference between the groups in total adverse events ( AE ; P = 0.06 ) . Ginger lacks the ability to decrease eicosanoid levels in people at increased risk for CRC . Ginger did appear to be both tolerable and safe ; and could have chemopreventive effects through other mechanisms . Further investigation should focus on other markers of CRC risk in those at increased CRC risk Objective To determine the effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy . Methods Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , who first attended an antenatal clinic at or before 17 weeks ' gestation , were invited to participate in the study . During a 5-month period , 70 eligible women gave consent and were r and omized in a double-masked design to receive either oral ginger 1 g per day or an identical placebo for 4 days . Subjects grade d the severity of their nausea using visual analog scales and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours before 
    Output:
    
Our data indicate that divided lower daily dosage of 1500 mg ginger is beneficial for nausea relief .