***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : Two studies examined the hypothesis that making snacks less accessible contributes to the regulation of food intake . Study 1 examined whether decreasing the accessibility of snacks reduces probability and amount of snack intake . The aim of Study 2 was to replicate the results and explore the underlying mechanism in terms of perceived effort to obtain the snack and perceived salience of the snack . Methods : In Study 1 ( N = 77 ) and Study 2 ( N = 54 )  distance to a bowl of snacks was r and omly varied at 20 , 70 or 140 cm in an experimental between-subjects design . Main outcome measures were the number of people who ate any snacks ( probability of snack intake ) , the amount of snacks consumed and risk of compensatory behaviour as measured by food craving . In Study 2 , self-report ratings of salience and effort were examined to explore potential underlying mechanisms . Results : Study 1 showed lower probability and amount of intake in either of more distant conditions ( 70 and 140 cm ) compared to the proximal condition ( 20 cm ) , with no unintended effects in terms of increased craving . Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 and showed that distance affected perceived effort but not salience . Conclusions : Making snacks less accessible by putting them further away is a potentially effective strategy to decrease snack intake , without risk of compensatory behaviour Objective Each day , tens of millions of restaurant goers , conference attendees , college students , military personnel , and school children serve themselves at buffets – many being all-you-can-eat buffets . Knowing how the food order at a buffet triggers what a person selects could be useful in guiding diners to make healthier selection s. Method The breakfast food selection s of 124 health conference attendees were tallied at two separate seven-item buffet lines ( which included cheesy eggs , potatoes , bacon , cinnamon rolls , low-fat granola , low-fat yogurt , and fruit ) . The food order between the two lines was reversed ( least healthy to most healthy , and vise-versa ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to choose their meal from one line or the other , and research ers recorded what participants selected . Results With buffet foods , the first ones seen are the ones most selected . Over 75 % of diners selected the first food they saw , and the first three foods a person encountered in the buffet comprised 66 % of all the foods they took . Serving the less healthy foods first led diners to take 31 % more total food items ( p<0.001 ) . Indeed , diners in this line more frequently chose less healthy foods in combinations , such as cheesy eggs and bacon ( r = 0.47 ; p<0.001 ) or cheesy eggs and fried potatoes ( r = 0.37 ; p<0.001 ) . This co- selection of healthier foods was less common . Conclusions Three words summarize these results : First foods most . What ends up on a buffet diner ’s plate is dramatically determined by the presentation order of food . Rearranging food order from healthiest to least healthy can nudge unknowing or even resistant diners toward a healthier meal , helping make them slim by design . Health-conscious diners , can proactively start at the healthier end of the line , and this same basic principle of “ first foods most ” may be relevant in other context s – such as when serving or passing food at family dinners OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of a posteriori dietary patterns with overall survival of older Europeans . DESIGN AND SETTING This is a multi-centre cohort study . Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association of the prevailing , a posteriori-derived , plant-based dietary pattern with all-cause mortality in a population of subjects who were 60 years or older at recruitment to the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC-Elderly cohort ) . Analyses controlled for all known potential risk factors . SUBJECTS In total , 74,607 men and women , 60 years or older at enrolment and without previous coronary heart disease , stroke or cancer , with complete information about dietary intakes and potentially confounding variables , and with known survival status as of December 2003 , were included in the analysis . RESULTS An increase in the score which measures the adherence to the plant-based diet was associated with a lower overall mortality , a one st and ard deviation increment corresponding to a statistically significant reduction of 14 % ( 95 % confidence interval 5 - 23 % ) . In country-specific analyses the apparent association was stronger in Greece , Spain , Denmark and The Netherl and s , and absent in the UK and Germany . CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to the plant-based diet that was defined a posteriori in this population of European elders is associated with lower all-cause mortality . This dietary score is moderately positively correlated with the Modified Mediterranean Diet Score that has been constructed a priori and was also shown to be beneficial for the survival of the same EPIC-Elderly cohort INTRODUCTION Despite growing evidence supporting the utility of front-of-pack nutrition labels in enabling consumer evaluation of food product healthiness , research on food choices is scarce . This study aims at comparing the impact of front-of-pack nutrition labels on consumers ' purchasing intentions . DESIGN Five-arm , open-label RCT . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS The study setting was a virtual web-based supermarket , with participants from the French NutriNet-Santé study . The eligibility requirement was grocery shopping involvement . INTERVENTION The intervention was to simulate one shopping situation with front-of-pack nutrition labels affixed on food products ( December 2014 to March 2015 ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of five exposure conditions using a central computer system : Guideline Daily Amounts , Multiple Traffic Lights , Five-Color Nutrition Label , Green Tick , or control ( no front-of-pack exposure ) . Given the nature of the intervention , masking of participants was not performed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the overall nutritional quality of the contents of the shopping cart , estimated using the United Kingdom Food St and ards Agency nutrient profiling system . Secondary outcomes included energy and nutrient content of the shopping cart . Impact of the front-of-pack labels was also evaluated across sociodemographic subgroups based on age , educational level , income , and nutrition knowledge . RESULTS A total of 11,981 participants were included in the analyses ( April 2015 ) . The Five-Color Nutrition Label significantly led to the highest overall nutritional quality of the shopping cart , as reflected by lower Food St and ards Agency scores ( M=8.72 ; SD=2.75 ) , followed by Multiple Traffic Lights ( M=8.97 ; SD=2.68 ) and Green Tick ( M=8.99 ; SD=2.71 ) , compared with the control ( M=9.34 ; SD=2.57 ) ( p<0.0001 ) . The Five-Color Nutrition Label was the only front-of-pack format that led to a lower content in lipids , saturated fatty acids , and sodium of the shopping cart ( all p<0.05 ) . The impact of the different front-of-pack labels was similar across sociodemographic subgroups . CONCLUSIONS The Five-Color Nutrition Label based on a color-coded and grade d scale indicating overall nutritional quality is effective in promoting overall healthier food choices in all population subgroups . TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www . clinical trials.gov NCT02385838 The role of economic and social influences on  water intake in humans was explored in two experiments . In the first experiment , the effect of water cost ( as defined as the amount of effort required to acquire water ) on pr and ial drinking was studied by manipulating water position during an ad libitum meal : water was available either on the dining table , about 20 feet from the table , or approximately 40 feet away . Subjects drank significantly more when the water was on the table than in the other conditions ; but a linear relationship between cost ( distance ) and intake was not observed . In the second experiment , the effects of water cost and a  social model  on drinking were assessed in a similar paradigm . Increasing effort required to obtain water significantly reduced pr and ial water intake , and the presence of a social model increased water intake . Although some interesting trends emerged , no significant interactions between social and economic factors were found . These experiments demonstrate that environmental factors can significantly affect facultative drinking in humans 
    Output:
    
This review has identified that manipulation of food product order or proximity can influence food choice .
Such approaches offer promise in terms of impacting on consumer behaviour .