***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To determine whether daily self-weighing ( DSW ) is associated with disordered eating ( DE ) symptoms within an adult lifestyle intervention ( LI ) , and to examine changes in DE symptoms during the 18-month trial . METHOD One-hundred and seventy-eight adults ( 53 % female , 90 % White , 52.0 ± 8.6 years , BMI = 35.0 ± 4.4 kg/m2 ) were enrolled in a r and omized trial testing 2 dietary prescriptions within a LI ( st and ard vs. limited dietary variety ) . Both arms were taught DSW and had the same contact schedule and calorie and activity goals . Frequency of weighing and DE were assessed at 0 , 6 , 12 , and 18 months . Analyses controlled for treatment arm . RESULTS At baseline , 16.3 % of participants reported weighing ≥ daily compared with 83.7 % , 72.3 % , and 68.2 % at 6 , 12 , and 18 months , respectively . There was no relationship between change in frequency of self-weighing and change in DE symptoms at any time point . Further , there were no significant differences between those who weighed ≥ daily versus < daily on DE composite scores at baseline or 6 months ; at 12 and 18 months participants who weighed ≥ daily reported lower DE scores compared with those who weighed < daily ( p = .008 and .043 at 12 and 18 months , respectively ) . Participants who weighed ≥ daily achieved better weight losses than those weighing < daily at 12 and 18 months ( p = .003 and < .001 ) . There was a significant reduction over time in DE symptoms ( p < .0001 ) and a reduction in odds of meeting criteria for Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ; ps < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Daily self-weighing did not appear to be related to increased disordered eating behavior and was associated with better weight loss outcomes Background : Although the optimization of behavioral interventions offers the potential of both public health and research benefits , currently there is no widely agreed-upon principled procedure for accomplishing this . Purpose : This article suggests a multiphase optimization strategy ( MOST ) for achieving the dual goals of program optimization and program evaluation in the behavioral intervention field . Methods : MOST consists of the following three phases : ( a ) screening , in which r and omized experimentation closely guided by theory is used to assess an array of program and /or delivery components and select the components that merit further investigation ; ( b ) refining , in which interactions among the identified set of components and their interrelationships with covariates are investigated in detail , again via r and omized experiments , and optimal dosage levels and combinations of components are identified ; and ( c ) confirming , in which the result ing optimized intervention is evaluated by means of a st and ard r and omized intervention trial . To make the best use of available re sources , MOST relies on design and analysis tools that help maximize efficiency , such as fractional factorials . Results : A slightly modified version of an actual application of MOST to develop a  smoking cessation intervention  is used to develop and present the ideas . Conclusions : MOST has the potential to husb and program development re sources while increasing our underst and ing of the individual program and delivery components that make up interventions . Considerations , challenges , open questions , and other potential benefits are discussed BACKGROUND Since many successful dieters regain the weight they lose , programs that teach maintenance skills are needed . We developed a maintenance program based on self-regulation theory and tested the efficacy of delivering the program face to face or over the Internet . METHODS We r and omly assigned 314 participants who had lost a mean of 19.3 kg of body weight in the previous 2 years to one of three groups : a control group , which received quarterly newsletters ( 105 participants ) , a group that received face-to-face intervention ( 105 ) , and a group that received Internet-based intervention ( 104 ) . The content of the programs in the two intervention groups was the same , emphasizing daily self-weighing and self-regulation , as was the frequency of contact with the groups . The primary outcome was weight gain over a period of 18 months . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) weight gain was 2.5+/-6.7 kg in the face-to-face group , 4.7+/-8.6 kg in the Internet group , and 4.9+/-6.5 kg in the control group , with a significant difference between the face-to-face group and the control group ( 2.4 kg ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.002 to 10.8 ; P=0.05 ) . The proportion of participants who regained 2.3 kg or more over the 18-month period was significantly higher in the control group ( 72.4 % ) than in the face-to-face group ( 45.7 % ; absolute difference , 27 % ; 95 % CI , 14 to 39 ; P<0.001 ) or the Internet group ( 54.8 % ; absolute difference , 18 % ; 95 % CI , 5 to 30 ; P=0.008 ) . Daily self-weighing increased in both intervention groups and was associated with a decreased risk of regaining 2.3 kg or more ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS As compared with receiving quarterly newsletters , a self-regulation program based on daily weighing improved maintenance of weight loss , particularly when delivered face to face . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00067145 [ Clinical Trials.gov ] . OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of self-weighing frequency on weight change and body satisfaction . DESIGN Observational study based on findings from a 6-month r and omized controlled telephone-based weight loss trial . Data collected at baseline and 6 months . SETTING Metropolitan community-based sample . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-three obese adults . Mean age 49.5 years , 82 % percent white , and 79 % female . Mean body mass index at baseline was 34.2 kg/m(2 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in weight and body satisfaction . ANALYSIS General linear model regression was used to assess the effect of self-weighing on outcomes of interest . Statistical significance was set at alpha level .05 . Treatment group and baseline values of dependent variables included as covariates in all analyses . RESULTS Participants who increased their frequency of self-weighing over the 6-month period demonstrated significantly better weight loss outcomes than those who maintained or decreased their frequency of self-weighing ( -6.8 kg vs -3.1 kg , F = 8.59 , P = .006 ) . There were no significant associations between  self-weighing frequency and body satisfaction at 6 months ( F = 0.55 , P = .58 ) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S These findings support frequent self-weighing for weight control . There appears to be little or no effect of self-weighing on body satisfaction . Future research should replicate these findings across a larger , more diverse population of overweight adults Few studies have examined predictors of weight regain  after significant weight losses . This prospect i ve study examined behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain in 261 successful weight losers who completed an 18-month trial of weight regain prevention that compared a control condition with self-regulation interventions delivered face-to-face or via the Internet . Linear mixed effect models were used to examine behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain , both as main effects and as interactions with treatment group . Decreases in physical activity were related to weight regain across all 3 groups , and increased frequency of self-weighing was equally protective in the 2 intervention groups but not in the control group . Increases in depressive symptoms , disinhibition , and hunger were also related to weight regain in all groups . Although the impact of changes in restraint was greatest in the Internet group and weakest in the face-to-face group , the latter was the only group with increases in restraint over time and consequent decreases in magnitude of weight regain . Future programs should focus on maintaining physical activity , dietary restraints , and frequent self-weighing and should include stronger components to modify psychological parameters PURPOSE : The present study evaluated the cross-section and prospect i ve associations between the Eating Inventory 's ( EI ) total , flexible and rigid dietary restraint scales and changes in weight and behaviors in a community sample of adults enrolled in a 3 y weight gain prevention study . METHODS : Subjects were participants in the Pound of Prevention ( POP ) study , a community-based weight gain prevention trial . RESULTS : Higher levels of baseline total , flexible and rigid dietary restraint were related to lower weight and more weight-controlling behaviors at the baseline assessment . Baseline restraint measures positively predicted increases in weighing frequency over the 3 y follow-up . Increases in restraint over the follow-up period were related to decreases in weight , energy intake and television watching , and increases in self-weighing and physical activity . CONCLUSION : The EI 's total , flexible and rigid restraint scales were not differently associated with weight and behaviors in this heterogeneous sample of adults who were attempting to lose weight . Developing methods to increase behavioral and cognitive strategies to control weight may help to prevent weight gain in clinical and community sample s . International Journal of Obesity ( 2001 ) 25 , Several recent studies suggest that daily weighing is important for long-term weight control , but concerns have been raised about possible adverse psychological effects . The " STOP Regain " clinical trial provides a unique opportunity to examine this issue both cross-sectionally and prospect ively . Successful weight losers ( N = 314 ) were r and omly assigned to a control or to a face-to-face or Internet intervention design ed to help them maintain their weight loss and were then followed for 18 months . The intervention groups reported increases in daily self-weighing , which were associated with successful weight loss maintenance . We found no evidence that increases in frequency of weighing or daily weighing per se had any adverse effects in this study population . Rather , increases in self-weighing were associated with increases in dietary restraint ( p < .001 ) , decreases in disinhibition ( p < .003 ) , and decreases in depressive symptoms ( p < .002 ) . Moreover , those who weighed daily at 18 months were less likely to report having > or=4 binge episodes per month ( p = .03 ) . Daily weighing appears to be an important aspect of weight loss maintenance and was not associated with adverse psychological effects BACKGROUND Frequent self-weighing has been proposed as an adjuvant strategy to promote weight loss . Not all experts agree on its utility , and the literature supporting its effectiveness is somewhat limited by method ologic shortcomings related to the subjective assessment of self-weighing frequency . DESIGN A prospect i ve cohort design was utilized to examine 100 participants enrolled in a weight-loss trial that encouraged frequent , objective ly measured self-weighing at home . Measurements were made at pretreatment and at follow-up visits at 6 and 12 months . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Participants were employed , obese adults enrolled in the Weigh By Day trial . Study data were collected between October 2005 and May 2007 . INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of a 6-month behavioral weight-loss program that employed telephone counseling , a written manual , and a home telemonitoring scale . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes of interest were body weight and clinical ly meaningful weight loss ( i.e. , > or = 5 % ) . Analyses were performed in March 2008 . RESULTS Self-weighing was a significant predictor of body weight over time . Participants lost about 1 extra pound for every 11 days they self-weighed during treatment . In addition , participants who self-weighed at least weekly were 11 times more likely to lose at least 5 % of their pretreatment weight after 6 months . Improvements attenuated after 12 months . CONCLUSIONS Self-weighing may be a strategy to enhance behavioral weight-loss programs . Weekly self-weighing seems to be a reasonable , evidence -supported recommendation for successful weight loss , but more research is warranted to determine the independent contribution of self-weighing to successful weight loss , as well as its potential risk of negative psychological impact OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of self-weighing twice a day with a supportive program installed on a body composition monitor in overweight adults . SUBJECTS Sixty adults with BMI > 24 kg/m(2 ) were r and omly assigned to either a group that weighed themselves once per day ( group 1 , n = 30 ) or a group that weighed themselves twice per day ( group 2 , n = 30 ) . INTERVENTION Group 1 was instructed to self-weigh at the same time once per day and group 2 was instructed to self-weigh immediately after waking up in the morning and immediately before going to bed every day for twelve weeks . In addition , participants in group 2 was received the daily target setting during morning weighing and the difference between the measured weight and the target weight during bedtime weighing . RESULTS Average weight reduction in group 1 was significantly lower than that in group 2 ( 1.0 ± 1.4 kg vs. 2.7 ± 2.1 kg , p < 0.05 ) . The proportion of participants who lost ≥ 5 % of their pre-program weight in group 2 was significantly higher than that in group 1 ( 28.6 % vs. 3.6 % , p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION A self-weighing twice per day plus daily target setting and feedback is more effective in promoting weight loss than once-daily self-measurement Background : Improved self-care behaviour is a goal in educational programmes for patients with heart failure , especially in regard to daily self-weighing and salt and fluid restriction . Aims : The objectives of the present study were to : ( 1 ) describe self-care with special regard to daily self-weighing and salt and fluid restriction 
    Output:
    
Self-weighing is likely to improve weight outcomes , particularly when performed daily or weekly , without causing untoward adverse effects .