***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose To vali date the dominant pulse sequence paradigm and limited role of dynamic contrast material -enhanced magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging in the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System ( PI-RADS ) version 2 for prostate multiparametric MR imaging by using data from a multireader study . Material s and Methods This HIPAA-compliant retrospective interpretation of prospect ively acquired data was approved by the local ethics committee . Patients were treatment-naïve with endorectal coil 3-T multiparametric MR imaging . A total of 163 patients were evaluated , 110 with prostatectomy after multiparametric MR imaging and 53 with negative multiparametric MR imaging and systematic biopsy findings . Nine radiologists participated in this study and interpreted images in 58 patients , on average ( range , 56 - 60 patients ) . Lesions were detected with PI-RADS version 2 and were compared with whole-mount prostatectomy findings . Probability of cancer detection for overall , T2-weighted , and diffusion-weighted ( DW ) imaging PI-RADS scores was calculated in the peripheral zone ( PZ ) and transition zone ( TZ ) by using generalized estimating equations . To determine dominant pulse sequence and benefit of dynamic contrast-enhanced ( DCE ) imaging , odds ratios ( ORs ) were calculated as the ratio of odds of cancer of two consecutive scores by logistic regression . Results A total of 654 lesions ( 420 in the PZ ) were detected . The probability of cancer detection for PI-RADS category 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 lesions was 15.7 % , 33.1 % , 70.5 % , and 90.7 % , respectively . DW imaging outperformed T2-weighted imaging in the PZ ( OR , 3.49 vs 2.45 ; P = .008 ) . T2-weighted imaging performed better but did not clearly outperform DW imaging in the TZ ( OR , 4.79 vs 3.77 ; P = .494 ) . Lesions classified as PI-RADS category 3 at DW MR imaging and as positive at DCE imaging in the PZ showed a higher probability of cancer detection than did DCE-negative PI-RADS category 3 lesions ( 67.8 % vs 40.0 % , P = .02 ) . The addition of DCE imaging to DW imaging in the PZ was beneficial ( OR , 2.0 ; P = .027 ) , with an increase in the probability of cancer detection of 15.7 % , 16.0 % , and 9.2 % for PI-RADS category 2 , 3 , and 4 lesions , respectively . Conclusion DW imaging outperforms T2-weighted imaging in the PZ ; T2-weighted imaging did not show a significant difference when compared with DW imaging in the TZ by PI-RADS version 2 criteria . The addition of DCE imaging to DW imaging scores in the PZ yields meaningful improvements in probability of cancer detection . © RSNA , 2017 An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online . This article was corrected on July 27 , 2017 . Online supplemental material is available for this article Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of a short dual-pulse sequence magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging protocol versus a st and ard six-pulse sequence multiparametric MR imaging protocol for detection of clinical ly significant prostate cancer . Material s and Methods This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the regional ethics committee . Between July 2013 and March 2015 , 63 patients from a prospect ively accrued study population who underwent MR imaging of the prostate including transverse T1-weighted ; transverse , coronal , and sagittal T2-weighted ; diffusion-weighted ; and dynamic contrast material -enhanced MR imaging with a 3-T imager at a single institution were included in this retrospective study . The short MR imaging protocol image set consisted of transverse T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images only . The st and ard MR imaging protocol image set contained images from all six pulse sequences . Three expert readers from different institutions assessed the likelihood of prostate cancer on a five-point scale . Diagnostic performance on a quadrant basis was assessed by using areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves , and differences were evaluated by using 83.8 % confidence intervals . Intra- and interreader agreement was assessed by using the intraclass correlation coefficient . Transperineal template saturation biopsy served as the st and ard of reference . Results At histopathologic evaluation , 84 of 252 ( 33 % ) quadrants were positive for cancer in 38 of 63 ( 60 % ) men . There was no significant difference in detection of tumors larger than or equal to 0.5 mL for any of the readers of the short MR imaging protocol , with areas under the curve in the range of 0.74 - 0.81 ( 83.8 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.64 , 0.89 ) , and for readers of the st and ard MR imaging protocol , areas under the curve were 0.71 - 0.77 ( 83.8 % CI : 0.62 , 0.86 ) . Ranges for sensitivity were 0.76 - 0.95 ( 95 % CI : 0.53 , 0.99 ) and 0.76 - 0.86 ( 95 % CI : 0.53 , 0.97 ) and those for specificity were 0.84 - 0.90 ( 95 % CI : 0.79 , 0.94 ) and 0.82 - 0.90 ( 95 % CI : 0.77 , 0.94 ) for the short and st and ard MR protocol s , respectively . Ranges for interreader agreement were 0.48 - 0.60 ( 83.8 % CI : 0.41 , 0.66 ) and 0.49 - 0.63 ( 83.8 % CI : 0.42 , 0.68 ) for the short and st and ard MR imaging protocol s. Conclusion For the detection of clinical ly significant prostate cancer , no difference was found in the diagnostic performance of the short MR imaging protocol consisting of only transverse T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging pulse sequences compared with that of a st and ard multiparametric MR imaging protocol . © RSNA , 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article Purpose To determine the diagnostic accuracy for clinical ly significant prostate cancer achieved with abbreviated biparametric prostate magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging in comparison with full multiparametric contrast material -enhanced prostate MR imaging in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) and negative transrectal ultrasonography (US)-guided biopsy findings ; to determine the significant cancer detection rate of biparametric versus full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR imaging and between-reader agreement for interpretation of biparametric MR imaging . Material s and Methods In this institutional review board-approved retrospective review of prospect ively acquired data , men with PSA greater than or equal to 3 ng/mL after negative transrectal US-guided biopsy findings underwent state-of-the-art , full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 3.0-T including high-spatial-resolution structural imaging in several planes , diffusion-weighted imaging at 0 , 800 , 1000 , and 1400 mm2/sec , and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging , obtained without endorectal coil within 34 minutes 19 seconds . One of four radiologists with different levels of expertise ( 1 - 9 years ) first review ed only a fraction of the full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR images , consisting of single-plane ( axial ) structural imaging ( T2-weighted turbo spin-echo and diffusion-weighted imaging ) , acquired within 8 minutes 45 seconds ( referred to as biparametric MR imaging ) , and established a diagnosis according to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System ( PI-RADS ) version 2 ; only thereafter , the remaining full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR images were read . Men with PI-RADS categories 3 - 5 underwent MR-guided targeted biopsy . Men with PI-RADS categories 1 - 2 remained in urologic follow-up for at least 2 years , with rebiopsy ( transrectal US-guided or transperineal saturation ) where appropriate . McNemar test was used to compare diagnostic accuracies . To investigate between-reader agreement , biparametric MR images of 100 patients were read independently by all three radiologists . Results A total of 542 men , aged 64.8 years ± 8.2 ( median PSA , 7 ng/mL ) , were included . Biparametric MR imaging helped detect clinical ly significant prostate cancer in 138 men . Full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR imaging allowed detection of one additional clinical ly significant prostate cancer ( a stage pT2a , intermediate-risk cancer with a Gleason score of 3 + 4 ) and caused 11 additional false-positive diagnoses . Diagnostic accuracy for detection of clinical ly significant cancer of biparametric MR imaging ( 89.1 % , 483 of 542 ) was similar to that of full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR imaging ( 87.2 % , 473 of 542 ) . Between-reader agreement of biparametric MR imaging interpretation was substantial ( κ = 0.81 ) . Conclusion Biparametric MR imaging allows detection of clinical ly significant prostate cancer missed by transrectal US-guided biopsy . Biparametric prostate MR imaging takes less than 9 minutes examination time , works without contrast agent injection , and offers a diagnostic accuracy and cancer detection rate that are equivalent to those of conventional full multiparametric contrast-enhanced MR imaging protocol s. © RSNA , 2017 PURPOSE To prospect ively evaluate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) for accurate localization of intraprostatic tumor nodules , with whole-mount histopathology as the gold st and ard . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-five patients with biopsy-proven , intermediate , and high-risk prostate cancer underwent preoperative T2-weighted ( T2w ) , dynamic contrast-enhanced ( DCE ) and diffusion-weighted ( DW ) MRI at 1.5 T . Localization of suspicious lesions was recorded for each of 24 st and ardized regions of interest on the different MR images and correlated with the pathologic findings . Generalized estimating equations ( GEE ) were used to estimate the sensitivity , specificity , accuracy , positive , and negative predictive value for every MRI modality , as well as to evaluate the influence of Gleason score and pT-stage . Tumor volume measurements on histopathological specimens were correlated with those on the different MR modalities ( Pearson correlation ) . RESULTS DW MRI had the highest sensitivity for tumor localization ( 31.1 % vs. 27.4 % vs. 44.5 % for T2w , DCE , and DW MRI , respectively ; P < 0.005 ) , with more aggressive or more advanced tumors being more easily detected with this imaging modality . Significantly higher sensitivity values were obtained for the combination of T2w , DCE , and DW MRI ( 58.8 % ) as compared to each modality alone or any combination of two modalities ( P < 0.0001 ) . Tumor volume can most accurately be assessed by means of DW MRI ( r = 0.75 ; P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION Combining T2w , DCE , and DW imaging significantly improves prostate cancer localization Abstract Objectives To measure the performance characteristics of combined T2-weighted ( T2W ) and diffusion-weighted ( DW ) magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) suspicion scoring prior to MR-transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS ) fusion template transperineal ( TTP ) re-biopsy . Methods Thirty-nine patients referred for prostate re-biopsy , with prior MRI examinations , were retrospectively included . The MR images , including T2W and DW-MRI , had been independently evaluated prospect ively by two radiologists using a structured scoring system . An MR-TRUS fusion TTP re-biopsy was used for MR target and non-targeted biopsy cores . Targeting performance and correlation with disease status were evaluated on a per-patient and per-region basis . Results The cancer yield was 41 % ( 16/39 patients ) . MR targeting accurately detected the disease in 12/16 ( 75 % ) cancerous patients and missed the disease in 4/16 ( 25 % ) patients , all with Gleason 3 + 3 disease . There was a significant relationship ( P < 0.01 ) between MR suspicion score and the significance of cancer . Reader 1 had significantly higher sensitivity in the transition zone ( TZ ; 0.84 ) compared with the peripheral zone ( PZ ; 0.32 ) ( P = 0.04 ) . Inter-reader agreement was moderate for the PZ and substantial for the TZ . Conclusions MRI targeting is beneficial in the setting of TTP MR-TRUS fusion re-biopsy and MR suspicion score relates to prostate cancer clinical significance . A T2W and DW-MRI structured scoring system results in good inter-reader agreement in this setting .Key Points• Pre-biopsy MRI aids the detection of high significance cancer during prostate re-biopsy . • MRI suspicion level correlates with the clinical significance of prostate cancer detected . • T2W and DW-MRI structured scoring of pre-biopsy MRI permits good inter-reader agreement PURPOSE To determine whether 
    Output:
    
Conclusions bpMRI with high b-value is a sensitive tool for diagnosing PCa .