***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND : Early identification of developmental delays is essential for optimal early intervention . An American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) 2002 Periodic Survey of Fellows found < 25 % of respondents consistently used appropriate screening tools . Over the past 5 years , new research and education programs promoted screening implementation . In 2006 , the AAP issued a revised policy statement with a detailed algorithm . Since the 2002 Periodic Survey , no national surveys have examined the effectiveness of policy , programmatic , and educational enhancements . OBJECTIVE : The goal of this study was to compare pediatricians ' use of st and ardized screening tools  from 2002 to 2009 . METHODS : A national , r and om sample of nonretired US AAP members were mailed Periodic Surveys ( 2002 : N = 1617 , response rate : 55 % ; 2009 : N = 1620 , response rate : 57 % ) . χ2 analyses were used to examine responses across survey years ; a multivariate logistic regression model was developed to compare differences in using ≥1 formal screening tools across survey years while controlling for various individual and practice characteristics . RESULTS : Pediatricians ' use of st and ardized screening tools  increased significantly between 2002 and 2009 . The percentage of those who self-reported always/almost always using ≥1 screening tools increased over time ( 23.0%–47.7 % ) , as did use of specific instruments ( eg , Ages & Stages Question naire , Parents ' Evaluation of Developmental Status ) . No differences were noted on the basis of physician or practice characteristics . CONCLUSIONS : The percentage of pediatricians who reported using ≥1 formal screening tools more than doubled between 2002 and 2009 . Despite greater attention to consistent use of appropriate tools , the percentage remains less than half of respondents providing care to patients younger than 36 months . Given the critical importance of developmental screening in early identification , evaluation , and intervention , additional research is needed to identify barriers to greater use of st and ardized tools in practice IMPORTANCE Prevention of iron deficiency in infancy may promote neurodevelopment . Delayed umbilical cord clamping ( CC ) prevents iron deficiency at 4 to 6 months of age , but long-term effects after 12 months of age have not been reported . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of delayed CC compared with early CC on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Follow-up of a r and omized clinical trial conducted from April 16 , 2008 , through May 21 , 2010 , at a Swedish county hospital . Children who were included in the original study ( n = 382 ) as full-term infants born after a low-risk pregnancy were invited to return for follow-up at 4 years of age . Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence ( WPPSI-III ) and Movement Assessment Battery for Children ( Movement ABC ) scores ( collected between April 18 , 2012 , and July 5 , 2013 ) were assessed by a blinded psychologist . Between April 11 , 2012 , and August 13 , 2013 , parents recorded their child 's development using the Ages and Stages Question naire , Third Edition ( ASQ ) and behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Question naire . All data were analyzed by intention to treat . INTERVENTIONS R and omization to delayed CC ( ≥180 seconds after delivery ) or early CC ( ≤10 seconds after delivery ) . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was full-scale IQ as assessed by the WPPSI-III . Secondary objectives were development as assessed by the scales from the WPPSI-III and Movement ABC , development as recorded using the ASQ , and behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Question naire . RESULTS We assessed 263 children ( 68.8 % ) . No differences were found in WPPSI-III scores between groups . Delayed CC improved the adjusted mean differences ( AMDs ) in the ASQ personal-social ( AMD , 2.8 ; 95 % CI , 0.8 - 4.7 ) and fine-motor ( AMD , 2.1 ; 95 % CI , 0.2 - 4.0 ) domains and the Strengths and Difficulties Question naire prosocial subscale ( AMD , 0.5 ; 95 % CI , > 0.0 - 0.9 ) . Fewer children in the delayed-CC group had results below the cutoff in the ASQ fine-motor domain ( 11.0 % vs 3.7 % ; P = .02 ) and the Movement ABC bicycle-trail task ( 12.9 % vs 3.8 % ; P = .02 ) . Boys who received delayed CC had significantly higher AMDs in the WPPSI-III processing-speed quotient ( AMD , 4.2 ; 95 % CI , 0.8 - 7.6 ; P = .02 ) , Movement ABC bicycle-trail task ( AMD , 0.8 ; 95 % CI , 0.1 - 1.5 ; P = .03 ) , and fine-motor ( AMD , 4.7 ; 95 % CI , 1.0 - 8.4 ; P = .01 ) and personal-social ( AMD , 4.9 ; 95 % CI , 1.6 - 8.3 ; P = .004 ) domains of the ASQ . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Delayed CC compared with early CC  improved scores in the fine-motor and social domains at 4 years of age , especially in boys , indicating that optimizing the time to CC may affect neurodevelopment in a low-risk population of children born in a high-income country . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01581489 IMPORTANCE Prevention of iron deficiency in infancy may promote neurodevelopment . Delayed cord clamping ( DCC ) can prevent iron deficiency during the first 6 months of life . However , no data are available on long-term effects on infant outcomes in relation to time for umbilical cord clamping . OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of DCC , as compared with early cord clamping ( ECC ) , on infant iron status and neurodevelopment at age 12 months in a European setting . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized clinical trial of 382 full-term infants born after a low-risk pregnancy at a Swedish county hospital . Follow-up at 12 months included evaluation of iron status ( ferritin level , transferrin saturation , transferrin receptor level , reticulocyte hemoglobin level , and mean cell volume ) and parental assessment of neurodevelopment by the Ages and Stages Question naire , second edition ( ASQ ) . INTERVENTIONS Infants were r and omized to DCC ( ≥180 seconds after delivery ) or ECC ( ≤10 seconds after delivery ) . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was iron status at age 12 months ; the secondary outcome was ASQ score . RESULTS In total , 347 of 382 infants ( 90.8 % ) were assessed . The DCC and ECC groups did not differ in iron status ( mean ferritin level , 35.4 vs 33.6 ng/mL , respectively ; P = .40 ) or neurodevelopment ( mean ASQ total score , 229.6 vs 233.1 , respectively ; P = .42 ) at age 12 months . Predictors of ferritin levels were infant sex and ferritin in umbilical cord blood . Predictors of ASQ score were infant sex and breastfeeding within 1 hour after birth . For both outcomes , being a boy was associated with lower results . Interaction analysis showed that DCC was associated with an ASQ score 5 points higher among boys ( mean [ SD ] score , 229 [ 43 ] for DCC vs 224 [ 39 ] for ECC ) but 12 points lower among girls ( mean [ SD ] score , 230 [ 39 ] for DCC vs 242 [ 36 ] for ECC ) , out of a maximum of 300 points ( P = .04 for the interaction term ) . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Delayed cord clamping did not affect iron status or neurodevelopment at age 12 months in a selected population of healthy term-born infants . However , it may not be possible to demonstrate minor effects on neurodevelopment with the size of the study population and the chosen method for assessment . The current data indicate that sex may influence the effects on infant development after DCC in different directions . The magnitude and biological reason for this finding remain to be investigated . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01245296 OBJECTIVES To perform a neurophysiological follow-up at 48 or 60 months of age in children exposed prenatally to progesterone  compared with a placebo and evaluate their medical histories up to 8 years of age . METHODS In this study , Danish participants of the PREDICT study , including 989 surviving children from 498 twin pregnancies , were followed-up . PREDICT was a placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial examining the effect of progesterone for prevention of preterm delivery in unselected twin pregnancies . Medical histories of the children were review ed and neurophysiological development was evaluated by the parent-completed Ages and Stages Question naire ( ASQ ) at either 48 or 60 months after the estimated date of delivery . We used the method of generalized estimating equation to account for the correlation within twins . RESULTS A total of 492 children had been exposed prenatally to progesterone and 497 to placebo .  There was no difference in the number of admissions to or length of stay in hospital between the treatment groups , and we found no overall difference in the rates of diagnoses made . However , the odds ratios ( ORs ) for a diagnosis concerning the heart was 1.66 ( 95 % CI , 0.81 - 3.37 ) , favoring placebo , among all children , 2.38 ( 95 % CI , 1.07 - 5.30 ) in dichorionic twins and 8.19 ( 95 % CI , 1.02 - 65.6 ) in all children when excluding diagnoses made at outpatient clinic visits . ASQ scores were available for 437 children  ( progesterone , n = 225 ; placebo , n = 212 ) . Mean ASQ score was slightly higher in the progesterone group compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.03 ) . In dichorionic twins , the risk of having a low ASQ score ( < 10(th ) centile ) was decreased in the progesterone group ( OR , 0.34 ( 95 % CI , 0.14 - 0.86 ) ) . CONCLUSION Second- and third-trimester exposure of the fetus to progesterone does not seem to have long-term harmful effects during childhood , but future studies should focus on cardiac disease in the child . Copyright © 2016 ISUOG . Published by John Wiley & Sons OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of a telephone-based interview system in providing ongoing monitoring of the developmental and functional status of children with both positive newborn screens for Krabbe disease and low galactocerebrosidase activity on confirmatory testing , and to determine whether this approach provides improved compliance with follow-up compared with formal neuropsychological testing . STUDY DESIGN Infants with low galactocerebrosidase activity ( as detected by the New York State newborn screening program ) were eligible for this longitudinal prospect i ve cohort study . Consenting families were interviewed by telephone  at infant ages of 4 , 8 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months . Design ated instruments were the Ages and Stages Question naires , the Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale , the Gross Motor Quotient , the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills 50 , and the WeeFIM II 0 - 3 instrument . Assessment s with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition ( Bayley III ) were scheduled at age 12 and 24 months . RESULTS Seventeen patients were enrolled ; 16 were assessed at age 12 and 18 months , and 15 were assessed at age 24 months . Scores were within the normal range on all tests of developmental and functional status , with the exception of expressive language . Only 7 patients completed the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition assessment s ; all their scores were in the normal range . CONCLUSION This telephone-based technique allows close monitoring of the developmental and functional status of children with a positive newborn screen for this neurometabolic disease , with special attention to detecting plateauing or regression of developmental milestones . Compliance is improved compared with formal neuropsychological testing OBJECTIVE To assess the association of postoperative tight glycemic control and hypoglycemia in children undergoing cardiac surgery with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year of age . STUDY DESIGN A 2-center , prospect i ve , r and omized trial of postoperative tight glycemic control vs st and ard care was conducted in 980 children undergoing cardiac surgery .  Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at nine to 18 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition ( Bayley-III ) , the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System , Second Edition , the Ages and Stages Question naire , Third Edition , and the Brief Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment . RESULTS Neurodevelopmental follow-up was performed on 237 patients with a mean age of 13 months . No significant 
    Output:
    
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS General and at-risk population s broadly benefited from periodic Ages and Stages Question naires ( ASQ ) and /or Ages and Stages Question naires : Social-Emotional ( ASQ : SE ) screening .
Pre-visit ASQ and /or ASQ : SE screenining implementation systems work best .