***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour . Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep . Sleep consoli date s recent memories and , concomitantly , could allow insight by changing their representational structure . Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight . Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus – response sequences , in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks . However , they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences . Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep , nocturnal wakefulness , or daytime wakefulness . At subsequent retesting , more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness , regardless of time of day . Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training . A characteristic antecedent of sleep-related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep . We conclude that sleep , by restructuring new memory representations , facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour In the past years many studies have demonstrated the role of sleep on memory consolidation . It is known that sleeping after learning a declarative or non-declarative task , is better than remaining awake . Furthermore , there are reports of a possible role for dreams in consolidation of declarative memories . Other studies have reported the effect of naps on memory consolidation . With similar protocol s , another set of studies indicated that sleep has a role in creativity and problem-solving . Here we hypothesised that sleep can increase the likelihood of solving problems . After struggling to solve a video game problem , subjects who took a nap ( n = 14 ) were almost twice as likely to solve it when compared to the  wake control group ( n = 15 ) . It is interesting to note that , in the nap group 9 out 14 subjects engaged in slow-wave sleep ( SWS ) and all solved the problem . Surprisingly , we did not find a significant involvement of Rapid Eye Movement ( REM ) sleep in this task . Slow-wave sleep is believed to be crucial for the transfer of memory-related information to the neocortex and implement intentions . Sleep can benefit problem-solving through the generalisation of newly encoded information and abstract ion of the gist . In conclusion , our results indicate that sleep , even a nap , can potentiate the solution of problems that involve logical reasoning . Thus , sleep 's function seems to go beyond memory consolidation to include managing of everyday-life events Background Solving a task with insight has been associated with occipital and right-hemisphere activations . The present study tested the hypothesis if sleep-related alterations in functional activation states modulate the probability of insight into a hidden abstract regularity of a task . Methodology State-dependent functional activation was measured by beta and alpha electroencephalographic ( EEG ) activity and spatial synchronization . Task-dependent functional activation was assessed by slow cortical potentials ( SPs ) . EEG parameters  during the performance of the Number Reduction Task ( NRT ) were compared between before sleep and after sleep sessions .  In two different groups , the relevant sleep occurred either in the first or in the second half of the night , dominated by slow wave sleep ( SWS ) or by rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep . Principal Findings Changes in EEG parameters only occurred in the early-night group , not in the late-night group and indicated occipital and right-hemisphere functional alterations . These changes were associated with off-line consolidation of implicit task representations and with the amount of SWS but they did not predict subsequent insight . The gain of insight was , however , independently associated with changes of spectral beta and alpha measures only in those subjects from the two sleep groups who would subsequently comprehend the hidden regularity of the task . Insight-related enhancement of right frontal asymmetry after sleep did not depend on sleep stages . Significance It is concluded that off-line restructuring of implicit information during sleep is accompanied by alterations of functional activation states after sleep . This mechanism is promoted by SWS but not by REM sleep and may contribute to attaining insight after sleep . Original neurophysiologic evidence is provided for alterations of the functional activation brain states after sleep . These alterations are associated with a decrease in controlled processing within the visual system and with an increase in the functional connectivity of the right hemisphere , and are supported by SWS in the first half of the night We have previously shown that several brain areas are activated both during sequence learning at wake and during subsequent rapid-eye-movements ( REM ) sleep ( Nat . Neurosci . 3 ( 2000 ) 831 - 836 ) , suggesting that REM sleep participates in the reprocessing of recent memory traces in humans . However , the nature of the reprocessed information remains open . Here , we show that regional cerebral reactivation during posttraining REM sleep is not merely related to the acquisition of basic visuomotor skills during prior practice of the serial reaction time task , but rather to the implicit acquisition of the probabilistic rules that defined stimulus sequences . Moreover , functional connections between the reactivated cuneus and the striatum -- the latter being critical for implicit sequence learning -- are reinforced during REM sleep after practice on a probabilistic rather than on a r and om sequence of stimuli . Our results therefore support the hypothesis that REM sleep is deeply involved in the reprocessing and optimization of the high-order information contained in the material to be learned . In addition , we show that the level of acquisition of probabilistic rules attained prior to sleep is correlated to the increase in regional cerebral blood flow during subsequent REM sleep . This suggests that posttraining cerebral reactivation is modulated by the strength of the memory traces developed during the learning episode . Our data provide the first experimental evidence for a link between behavioral performance and cerebral reactivation during REM sleep Memory consolidation is facilitated by sleep . Specifying the functional domain of sleep-dependent consolidation ( SDC ) is important for identifying the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon . Previous work indicates that SDC may be limited to conditions in which learning is explicit . In the present study , we tested the hypothesis that SDC may also occur with implicit learning when learning benefits from the formation of context ual associations , a function associated with the hippocampus . Three versions of the serial-reaction-time task ( SRTT ) were examined , and SDC was assessed by comparing performance after 12 hr breaks that included or did not include sleep .  SDC was observed in the Explicit condition . Two implicit conditions were compared . In the Implicit Non context ual condition , participants performed a concurrent tone-counting task with the pitch of each tone selected at r and om , precluding cross-dimensional associations . In the Implicit Context ual condition , participants responded to the color of the cues while the spatial location of the cues followed a correlated sequence . Whereas learning was observed in both implicit conditions , SDC was restricted to the context ual condition . Given that the formation of context ual associations is dependent on the hippocampus , we suggest that SDC is a hippocampus-mediated process 
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We found that the specific behavioral task used in a study had far more impact on whether a sleep effect was discovered than either the category of the cognitive processes targeted , or the particular experimental design employed .
One emerging pattern , however , was that the explicit detection of hidden rules is more likely to happen when the rules are of a temporal nature ( i.e. , event A at time t predicts a later event B ) than when they are non-temporal .
We discuss this temporal rule sensitivity in reference to the compressed memory replay occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave-sleep , and compare this effect to what happens when the extraction of regularities depends on prior knowledge and relies on structures other than the hippocampus