***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Population aging portends a crisis of re sources and values . Desired solutions could include intergenerational strategies to harness the untapped potential of older adultsto address societal needs and to generate health improvements for older adults . Despite the desire of many older adults to remain socially engaged and productive , the creation of productive roles has lagged . This report describes the conceptual framework and major design features of a new model of health promotion for older adults  called Experience Corps ® . Experience Corps operates at , and leads to benefits , across multiple levels , including individuals , schools , and the larger community . At the individual level , we propose a model based on Erikson ’s concept of generativity to explain bow and why experience Corps works . At the level of schools , we propose a parallel model based on social capital . Experience Corps is a volunteer service program design ed to improve the lives of urban childre  and to yield health improvement for older persons . It illustrates how population aging creates new opportunities to address difficult social problems . This article explores how the linkage of concepts at multiple levels motivates a potentially cost-effective , feasible , and high-impact program This report evaluates whether a program for older volunteers  , design ed for both benerativity and health promotion , leads to short-term improvements inmultiple behavioral risk factors and positive effects on intermediary risk factors for disability and other morbidities . The Experience Corps ® places  older volunteers  in public elementary schools in roles design ed to meet schools ’ needs and increase the social , physical , and cognitive activity of the volunteers . This article reports on a pilot r and omized trial in Baltimore , Maryl and . The 128 volunteers were 60–86 years old ; 95 % were African American . At follow-up of 4–8 months , physical activity , strength , people one could turn to for help , and cognitive activity increased significantly , and walking speed decreased significantly less , in participants compared to controls . In this pilot trial , physical , cognitive , and social activity increased , suggesting the potential for the Experience Corps to improve health for an aging population and simultaneously improve educational outcomes for children OBJECTIVES We aim to underst and how human , social , and cultural capitals are associated with the volunteer process , that is , engagement ( starting ) , intensity ( number of hours ) , and cessation ( stopping ) , among older adults . METHOD Data from the 2000 through 2008 Health and Retirement Study and the 2001 through 2009 Consumption and Activity Mail Survey provide a sample of 4,526 respondents . R and om-effects pooled time series analyses incorporate not only the presence of various types of capital but also the quality of that capital . RESULTS Human and cultural capitals were positively associated with increased volunteer involvement . Effects of social capital ( relationships in the family , employment status , and the community ) depended on the quality of the relationships , not necessarily on their presence alone . DISCUSSION Results suggest that bolstering older adults ' capitals , particularly among lower socioeconomic status groups , can increase volunteer engagement and intensity and reduce cessation . Additionally , a variety of organizational policies including respite programs for caregivers and employer policies allowing employees to reduce their work hours might indirectly affect participation rates and commitment . Potential pools of volunteers exist in families , workplaces , and religious organizations , but more research is necessary to identify how to recruit and retain individuals in social networks where volunteer participatory rates are low The effect of a health education course guided by peers aged 55 and over was evaluated . The aim of the course was to empower older adults to participate in society and to promote their wellbeing . Evaluation included determining the effect on attitude toward aging , self-efficacy , perception of the societal opinion regarding the place of the elderly in society ( social influence ) , social participation , perceived social support , and wellbeing of the participants aged 55 to 79 years . A quasi-experimental approach was used . The effect on the experimental group of course participants was studied compared to a  control group of older adults on the waiting list .  The respondents filled out postal question naires at three time points ( before starting the course ( t0 ) , immediately after termination ( t1 ) and three months later ( t2 ) ) . Using a multivariate analysis procedure , a significant interaction effect between time of measurement and group membership was found with respect to the outcome of social influence . At t1 an effect was absent , but at t2 , the current idea that elderly occupy a marginal position in society , found less favour with the experimental group than the control group . Moreover perceived social support and subjective health improved significantly at t1 and t2 among the course members , when compared to the control group . No effect was found on attitude , self-efficacy , social participation and wellbeing in the short time span of a three months follow-up PURPOSE There is little empirical translation of multimodal cognitive activity programs in " real-world " community-based setting s. This study sought to demonstrate in a short-term pilot r and omized trial that such an activity program improves components of cognition critical to independent function among sedentary older adults at greatest risk . DESIGN AND METHODS We r and omized 149 older adults to Experience Corps ( EC ) or a wait-list control arm .  Participants r and omized to EC trained in teams to help elementary school children with reading achievement , library support , and classroom behavior for 15 hr/week during an academic year . We compared baseline and follow-up assessment s of memory , executive function ( EF ) , and psychomotor speed at 4 to 8 months by intervention arm , adjusting for exposure duration . We observed a range of EF abilities at baseline and stratified analyses according to the presence of baseline impairment using established norms . RESULTS Overall , EC participants tended to show improvements in EF and memory relative to matched controls ( ps < .10 ) . EC participants with impaired baseline EF showed the greatest improvements , between 44 % and 51 % in EF and memory at follow-up , compared to declines among impaired-EF controls ( ps < .05 ) . IMPLICATION S Short-term participation in this community-based program design ed to increase cognitive and physical activity in a social , real-world setting may train memory and , particularly , executive functions important to functional independence . This community-based program represents one potentially effective model to bring high doses of sustainable cognitive exercise to the greatest proportion of older adults , particularly those sedentary individuals at elevated risk for health disparities 
    Output:
    
Interventions providing explicit roles and using supportive group structures were somewhat effective in improving one or more of the following : life satisfaction , social support and activity , physical health and activity , functional health , and cognition .
CONCLUSIONS Social role interventions may improve health and well-being for people in retirement transition .