***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The effects of the powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale on the symptoms of motion sickness were compared with those of dimenhydrinate and placebo in 36 undergraduate men and women who reported very high susceptibility to motion sickness . Motion sickness was induced by placing the blindfolded subject in a tilted rotating chair . Measurements of perceived degree of gastrointestinal distress were reported every 15 s for up to 6 minutes by means of psychophysical methods . Z. officinale was superior to dimenhydrinate in reducing motion sickness In a placebo-controlled study the effect of ginger and fenugreek was examined on blood lipids , blood sugar , platelet aggregation , fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity .  The subjects included in this study were healthy individuals , patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , and patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) who either had CAD or were without CAD . In patients with CAD  powdered ginger administered in a dose of 4 g daily for 3 months did not affect ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation . Also , no change in the fibrinolytic activity and fibrinogen level was observed . However , a single dose of 10 g powdered ginger administered to CAD patients produced a significant reduction in platelet aggregation induced by the two agonists . Ginger did not affect the blood lipids and blood sugar .  Fenugreek given in a dose of 2.5 g twice daily for 3 months to healthy individuals did not affect the blood lipids and blood sugar ( fasting and post pr and ial ) . However , administered in the same daily dose for the same duration to CAD patients also with NIDDM , fenugreek decreased significantly the blood lipids ( total cholesterol and triglycerides ) without affecting the HDL-c . When administered in the same daily dose to NIDDM ( non-CAD ) patients ( mild cases ) , fenugreek reduced significantly the blood sugar ( fasting and post pr and ial ) . In severe NIDDM cases , blood sugar ( both fasting and post pr and ial ) was only slightly reduced . The changes were not significant . Fenugreek administration did not affect platelet aggregation , fibrinolytic activity and fibrinogen OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effect of a ginger extract ( Zintona EC ) on patients suffering from gonarthritis . MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients ( 6 men and 23 women ) with symptomatic gonarthritis ( ACR criteria ) , in the age range 42 - 85 years , were included after r and omization in a double blind , placebo controlled , crossover study of 6 months ' duration . The treatment group was given a ginger extract ( 250 mg of Zingiberis Rhizoma per capsule , qid ) , while the placebo group received the same number of identical looking capsules per day . The crossover occurred after 3 months of therapy . Results were evaluated by a 100 mm visual analog scale ( VAS ) of pain on movement and of h and icap . RESULTS Eight patients dropped out because of inefficacy , three from group 1 ( ginger extract first ) and five from group 2 ( placebo first ) . One patient from group 1 and one from group 2 dropped out because of heartburn ( while they were on ginger extract ) . Twenty patients completed the study period of 24 weeks and 19 that of 48 weeks follow-up . By the end of 24 weeks there was a highly statistically significant difference between the VAS of pain and h and icap of the two groups ( P<0.001 ) . However , at crossover both groups showed a statistically significant decrease in VAS of pain on movement and of h and icap , but the differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance . CONCLUSIONS Zintona EC was as effective as placebo during the first 3 months of the study , but at the end of 6 months , 3 months after crossover , the ginger extract group showed a significant superiority over the placebo group Objective To determine the effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy . Methods Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , who first attended an antenatal clinic at or before 17 weeks ' gestation , were invited to participate in the study . During a 5-month period , 70 eligible women gave consent and were r and omized in a double-masked design to receive either oral ginger 1 g per day or an identical placebo for 4 days . Subjects grade d the severity of their nausea using visual analog scales and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours before treatment , and again during 4 consecutive days while taking treatment . At a follow-up visit 7 days later , five-item Likert scales were used to assess the severity of their symptoms . Results All participants except three in the placebo group remained in the study . The visual analog scores of posttherapy minus baseline nausea decreased significantly in the ginger group ( 2.1 ± 1.9 ) compared with the placebo group ( 0.9 ± 2.2 , P = .014 ) . The number of vomiting episodes also decreased significantly in the ginger group ( 1.4 ± 1.3 ) compared with the placebo group ( 0.3 ± 1.1 , P < .001 ) . Likert scales showed that 28 of 32 in the ginger group had improvement in nausea symptoms compared with 10 of 35 in the placebo group ( P < .001 ) . No adverse effect of ginger on pregnancy outcome was detected . Conclusion Ginger is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy OBJECTIVE Alternative medicine is used extensively by patients with chronic pain due to e.g. , osteoarthritis . Only few of these drugs have be tested in a controlled setting and the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ginger extract , one of the most popular herbal medications . DESIGN Ginger extract was compared to placebo and Ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee in a controlled , double blind , double dummy , cross-over study with a wash-out period of one week followed by three treatment periods in a r and omized sequence , each of three weeks duration . Acetaminophen was used as rescue medication throughout the study . The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice ( European Guideline for GCP ) . RESULTS A ranking of efficacy of the three treatment periods : Ibuprofen > ginger extract > placebo was found for visual analogue scale of pain ( Friedman test : 24.65 , P < 0.00001 ) and the Lequesne-index ( Friedman test : 20.76 , P < 0.00005 ) . In the cross-over study , no significant difference between placebo and ginger extract could be demonstrated ( Siegel-Castellan test ) , while explorative tests of differences in the first treatment period showed a better effect of both Ibuprofen and ginger extract than placebo ( Chi-square , P < 0.05 ) . There were no serious adverse events reported during the periods with active medications . CONCLUSION In the present study a statistically significant effect of ginger extract could only be demonstrated by explorative statistical methods in the first period of treatment before cross-over , while a significant difference was not observed in the study as a whole Objective : To investigate the effect of a ginger extract ( EV.EXT35 ) on the symptoms of morning sickness Ginger has long been used as an alternative medication to prevent motion sickness . The mechanism of its action , however , is unknown . We hypothesize that ginger ameliorates the nausea associated with motion sickness by preventing the development of gastric dysrhythmias and the elevation of plasma vasopressin .  Thirteen volunteers with a history of motion sickness underwent circular vection , during which nausea ( scored 0 - 3 , i.e. , none to severe ) , electrogastrographic recordings , and plasma vasopressin levels were assessed with or without ginger pretreatment in a crossover- design , double-blind , r and omized placebo-controlled study . Circular vection induced a maximal nausea score of 2.5 + /- 0.2 and increased tachygastric activity and plasma vasopressin . Pretreatment with ginger ( 1,000 and 2,000 mg ) reduced the nausea , tachygastria , and plasma vasopressin .  Ginger also prolonged the latency before nausea onset and shortened the recovery time after vection cessation . Intravenous vasopressin infusion at 0.1 and 0.2 U/min induced nausea and increased bradygastric activity ;  ginger pretreatment ( 2,000 mg ) affected neither . Ginger effectively reduces nausea , tachygastric activity , and vasopressin release induced by circular vection . In this manner , ginger may act as a novel agent in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness Acute hyperglycemia evokes gastric slow wave dysrhythmias via endogenous prostagl and in generation . Ginger exhibits slow wave antiarrhythmic effects in other models , but its actions on hyperglycemia-evoked gastric dysrhythmias are unexplored . We hypothesized that ginger prevents disruption of slow wave rhythm by acute hyperglycemia via inhibition of prostagl and in production but not its actions . Twenty-two healthy humans underwent fasting electrogastrography during hyperglycemic clamping to 250 to 290 mg/dl after double-blind placebo or ginger root ( 1 g ) . Responses were compared with the prostagl and in E1 analog misoprostol ( 400 μg ) . Dominant frequencies ( DF ) and the percentage of recording times in the bradygastric [ 0.5–2 cycles/min ( cpm ) ] , normal ( 2–4 cpm ) , and tachygastric ( 4–9 cpm ) frequency ranges were analyzed . After placebo , hyperglycemia reduced normal 2 to 4 cpm activity from 94.4 ± 2.6 to 66.0 ± 10.4 % , increased the DF from 2.96 ± 0.04 to 4.09 ± 0.45 cpm , and increased tachygastria from 2.0 ± 1.4 to 29.3 ± 10.7 % ( P < 0.05 ) . Hyperglycemia effects on normal activity ( 77.3 ± 8.3 % ) , DF ( 3.46 ± 0.37 cpm ) , and tachygastria ( 15.6 ± 8.6 % ) were significantly reduced by ginger ( P < 0.05 )  .  Misoprostol evoked decreases in normal activity from 95.4 ± 2.0 to 81.7 ± 3.0 % and increases in tachygastria from 3.1 ± 1.6 to 11.2 ± 2.4 % ( P < 0.05 ) . However , ginger did not correct these abnormalities versus placebo ( P = N.S. ) . In conclusion , acute hyperglycemia evokes gastric slow wave dysrhythmias that are prevented by ginger root . Conversely , the compound has no effect on dysrhythmias elicited by a prostagl and in E1 analog , indicating that ginger likely acts to blunt production of prostagl and ins rather than inhibiting their action . These findings suggest novel mechanisms for the traditional Chinese herbal remedy ginger The effectiveness of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) as an antiemetic agent was compared with placebo and metoclopramide in 60 women who had major gynaecological surgery in a double‐blind , r and omised study . There were statistically significantly fewer recorded incidences of nausea in the group that received ginger root compared with placebo ( p < 0.05 ) . The number of incidences of nausea in the groups that received either ginger root or metoclopramide were similar . The administration of antiemetic after operation was significantly greater in the placebo group compared to the other two groups ( p < 0.05 ) OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of ginger to vitamin B6 in the treatment of  nausea and vomiting of pregnancy .  STUDY DESIGN A r and omized double-blind controlled trial . SETTING The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital . SUBJECTS Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy at or before 16 weeks of gestation , who attended the antenatal care clinic . The subjects requested anti-emetics , had no medical complications , non-hospitalized and were able to attend a one week follow-up visit . From November , 1999 to November 2000 , 138 women participated and gave consent for the study . METHOD The subjects were r and omly allocated into two groups to take either 500 mg of ginger orally or an identical 10 mg of vitamin B6 one capsule three times daily for three days . Subjects grade d the severity of their nausea using visual analogue scales before treatment and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours and again during three consecutive days of treatment . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The change of nausea scores and the number of vomiting episodes during three days of treatment . RESULTS The 64 subjects in each group remained in the study . The demographic data were comparable in both groups . The ginger and vitamin B6 significantly reduced the nausea scores from 5.0 ( SD , 1.99 ) to 3.6 ( SD , 2.48 ) and 5.3 ( SD , 2.08 ) to 3.3 ( SD , 2.07 ) respectively , with p < 0.001 . The mean score change after treatment with ginger was 1.4 ( 2.21 ) , less than with vitamin B6 , which 
    Output:
    
The observational study retrieved and RCTs ( including follow-up periods ) showed the absence of significant side effects or adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes .
There were no spontaneous or case reports of adverse events during ginger treatment in pregnancy .
: Ginger may be an effective treatment for  nausea and vomiting in pregnancy .