***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Subjects ( N = 139 ) were assigned to intensive behavioral or to low-contact smoking treatment and to 2-mg nicotine gum or to placebo gum in a 2 X 2 factorial design . The 2-mg gum produced higher abstinence rates than did the placebo . Subjects receiving the low-contact condition plus the 2-mg nicotine gum had excellent abstinence rates at both 26 weeks ( 56 % abstainers ) and 52 weeks ( 50 % abstainers ) . Smokers who scored at the median on a measure of physical dependence to nicotine were more likely to benefit by nicotine gum treatment than subjects who scored either higher or lower , but this relation was nonsignificant . The results of this study are compared with an earlier nonblind trial The authors present results of a r and omized clinical trial of the efficacy of extended treatment with bupropion SR in producing longer term cigarette smoking cessation .  Adult smokers ( N = 362 ) received  open-label treatment  ( 11 weeks ) that combined relapse prevention training , bupropion SR , and nicotine patch followed by extended treatment ( 14 weeks ) with bupropion SR or matching placebo .  Abstinence percentages were relatively high ( week 11 : 52 % ; week 25 : bupropion , 42 % ; placebo , 38 % ; week 52 : bupropion , 33 % ; placebo , 34 % ) , but bupropion SR did not surpass placebo .  Gender and baseline craving level were identified as significant , independent moderators of treatment response . Men were more likely to abstain than women ( week 11 : 59 % vs. 43 % , p = .001 ; week 25 : 48 % vs. 31 % , p = .001 ; week 52 : 39 % vs. 27 % , p = .01 ) . Because most smokers suffer relapse with any current cessation treatment , the comparatively high abstinence percentages achieved in this trial are of interest AIMS In an additive design , test the efficacy of cue exposure treatment for  smoking relapse prevention as an adjunct to current st and ard cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatments . DESIGN R and omized , controlled clinical trial . SETTING Outpatient behavioral medicine clinic . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and twenty-nine cigarette smokers recruited through newspaper advertisements . INTERVENTION After receiving an initial counseling session for cessation and setting a quit day , 129 smokers were r and omly assigned to one of four relapse prevention treatment conditions : ( 1 ) brief cognitive behavioral ; ( 2 ) cognitive behavioral and nicorette gum ; ( 3 ) cognitive behavioral and cue exposure ; and ( 4 ) cognitive behavioral and cue exposure with nicorette gum . All smokers met individually with their counselor for six RP sessions . MEASURES Seven-day , point-prevalence abstinence rates ( CO verified ) taken at 1 , 3 , 6 and 12-months post-treatment and time to first slip . FINDINGS All manipulation checks and process measures suggested that the treatments were delivered as intended . There were no significant differences between conditions in point-prevalence abstinence rates or in time to first slip . CONCLUSIONS These results call into question the utility of cue exposure treatment for smoking relapse prevention Internet interventions for smoking cessation are ubiquitous . Yet , to date , there are few r and omized clinical trials that gauge their efficacy . This study is a r and omized clinical trial ( N= 284 , n= 140 in the treatment group , n= 144 in the control group ) of an Internet smoking cessation intervention .  Smokers were r and omly assigned to receive either bupropion plus counseling alone , or bupropion and counseling in addition to 12 weeks of access to the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System for Smoking Cessation and Relapse Prevention ( CHESS SCRP ; a Web site which provided information on smoking cessation as well as support ) . We found that access to CHESS SCRP was not significantly related to abstinence at the end of the treatment period ( OR= 1.13 , 95 % CI 0.66 - 2.62 ) or at 6 months postquit ( OR= 1.48 , 95 % CI 0.66 - 2.62 ) . However , the number of times participants used CHESS SCRP per week was related to abstinence at both end of treatment ( OR= 1.79 , 95 % CI 1.25 - 2.56 ) and at the 6-month follow-up ( OR= 1.59 , 95 % CI 1.06 - 2.38 ) . Participants with access to CHESS SCRP logged in an average of 33.64 times ( SD=30.76 ) over the 90-day period of access . Rates of CHESS SCRP use did not differ by ethnicity , level of education or gender ( all p>.05 ) . In sum , results suggest that participants used CHESS SCRP frequently , CHESS SCRP use was related to success , but the effects in general did not yield intergroup effects 1,218 smokers able to quit smoking for 48 hr were r and omly assigned to one of 12 cells in a 4 x 3 fully crossed factorial experiment . A pharmacologic factor contained four levels : nicotine polacrilex ( gum ) delivered ad lib or on a fixed regimen , placebo gum , and no gum . A self-guided behavioral treatment factor contained three levels : self-selected relapse prevention modules , r and omly administered modules , and no modules . Those receiving nicotine gum were more likely to be abstinent at the 2- and 6-month follow-ups . The fixed regimen accounted for most of the effect for gum . There was no effect for the relapse prevention module factor . Men and women showed a differential treatment response . Men who received nicotine gum were more likely to be abstinent at each follow-up ( 2 , 6 , and 12 months ) . No treatment was significantly better among women . We conclude that research on different gum chewing regimens is warranted and that further examination of possible gender differences in response to replacement therapy is needed BACKGROUND Pediatric well-care visits provide a clinical opportunity to counsel new mothers about their smoking and the deleterious effects of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) on infant health . METHODS Forty-nine Oregon pediatric offices enrolled 2,901 women who were currently smoking or had quit for pregnancy , using a brief survey at the newborn 's first office visit . R and omly assigned offices provided advice and material s to mothers at each well-care visit during the first 6 months postpartum to promote quitting or relapse prevention . RESULTS The intervention reduced smoking ( 5.9 % vs 2.7 % ) and relapse ( 55 % vs 45 % ) at 6-month follow-up , but logistic regression analysis at 12 months revealed no significant treatment effect . The intervention had a positive effect on secondary outcome variables , such as readiness to quit and attitude toward and knowledge of ETS . Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that husb and /partner smoking was the strongest predictor of maternal quitting or relapse . CONCLUSIONS A pediatric office-based intervention can significantly affect smoking and relapse prevention for mothers of newborns , but the effect decreases with time . Consistent prompting of the provider to give brief advice and material s at well-care visits could provide a low-cost intervention to reduce infant ETS exposure OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of individually tailored smoking cessation advice letters as an adjunct to telephone counselling and generic self-help material s. DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING The UK Quitline . PARTICIPANTS A total of 1508 current smokers and recent ex-smokers . INTERVENTIONS The control group received usual care ( telephone counselling and an information pack sent through the post ) . The intervention group received in addition a computer-generated individually tailored advice letter . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All outcomes were assessed at 6-month follow-up . The primary outcome measure was self-reported prolonged abstinence for at least 3 months . Secondary outcomes were self-reported prolonged abstinence for at least 1 month and 7-day and 24-hour point-prevalence abstinence . RESULTS For the sample as a whole , quit rates did not differ significantly between the two conditions . However , among the majority ( n = 1164 ) who were smokers at baseline , quit rates were consistently higher in the intervention group : prolonged abstinence for 3 months , 12.2 % versus 9.0 % [ odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.40 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.96 - 2.04 , P = 0.080 ) ; prolonged abstinence for 1 month , 16.4 % versus 11.3 % ( OR = 1.53 , 95 % CI = 1.09 - 2.15 , P = 0.013 ) ; 7-day point-prevalence abstinence , 18.9 % versus 12.7 % ( OR = 1.59 , 95 % CI = 1.15 - 2.19 , P = 0.004 ) ; 24-hour point-prevalence abstinence , 20.9 % versus 15.4 % ( OR = 1.45 , 95 % CI = 1.07 - 1.96 , P = 0.015 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results for the smokers are encouraging in showing a small but useful effect of the tailored letter on quit rate . Versions of the tailoring program could be used on the web and in general practice s , pharmacies and primary care trusts AIMS To evaluate relapse prevention ( relapse prevention ) and contingency management ( contingency management ) for optimizing smoking cessation outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for methadone-maintained tobacco smokers . DESIGN Experimental , 2 ( relapse prevention)x2 ( contingency management ) repeated measures design using a platform of nicotine replacement therapy featuring a 2-week baseline period , followed by r and omization to 12 weeks of treatment , and 6- and 12-month follow-up visits . SETTING Three narcotic treatment centers in Los Angeles . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and seventy-five participants who met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria . INTERVENTION Participants received 12 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and assignment to one of four conditions : patch-only , relapse prevention + patch , contingency management + patch and relapse prevention + contingency management + patch . MEASUREMENTS Thrice weekly sample s of breath ( analyzed for carbon monoxide ) and urine ( analyzed for metabolites of opiates and cocaine ) and weekly self-reported numbers of cigarettes smoked . FINDINGS Participants ( 73.1 % ) completed 12 weeks of treatment . During treatment , those assigned to receive contingency management showed statistically higher rates of smoking abstinence than those not assigned to receive contingencies ( F3,4680=6.3 , P=0.0003 ) , with no similar effect observed for relapse prevention . At follow-up evaluations , there were no significant differences between conditions . Participants provided more opiate and cocaine-free urines during weeks when they met criteria for smoking abstinence than during weeks when they did not meet these criteria ( F1,2054=14.38 , P=0.0002 ; F1,2419=16.52 , P<0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Contingency management optimized outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for reducing cigarette smoking during treatment for opiate dependence , although long-term effects are not generally maintained . Findings document strong associations between reductions in cigarette smoking and reductions in illicit substance use during treatment Effects of smoking-cessation treatment combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy were investigated in two studies . A total of 403 smokers underwent nine weeks of behavioral self-control treatment . For seven weeks , groups with  transdermal nicotine substitution were also provided with nicotine patches that continuously release nicotine through the skin into the circulatory system . The effects of treatment were measured by total abstinence . The results showed that the nicotine concentration in the patch , special relapse prevention methods , and the type of dosage ( individual versus fixed dose ) had no influence on therapeutic success . Nicotine concentration played a decisive role in the compatibility of the patch . Combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy produced 12-month success rates ( total abstinence ) of about 35 % Abstract Objective : To evaluate a  smoking cessation intervention that can be routinely delivered to smokers admitted with cardiac problems . Design : R and omised controlled trial of usual care compared with intervention delivered on hospital wards by cardiac rehabilitation nurses . Setting : Inpatient wards in 17 hospitals in Engl and . Participants : 540 smokers admitted to hospital after myocardial infa rct ion or for cardiac bypass surgery who expressed interest in stopping smoking . Intervention : Brief verbal advice and st and ard booklet ( usual care ) . Intervention lasting 20 - 30 minutes including carbon monoxide reading , special booklet , quiz , contact with other people giving up , declaration of commitment to give up , sticker in patient 's notes ( intervention group ) . Main outcome measures : Continuous abstinence at six weeks and 12 months determined by self report and by biochemical validation at these end points . Feasibility of the intervention and delivery of 
    Output:
    
On the basis of post hoc subgroup analyses , coping skills training for smoking relapse prevention is effective for motivated community quitters .