***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Technology and improved care coordination models can help diabetes educators and providers meet national care st and ards and provide culturally sensitive diabetes education that may improve diabetes outcomes . The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a nurse-led diabetes care program ( Comprehensive Diabetes Management Program , CDMP ) for poorly controlled Hispanic type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) patients in an urban community health center setting . Patients were r and omized to the intervention condition ( IC ; n = 21 ) or an attention control condition ( AC ; n = 18 ) . IC and AC conditions were compared on rates of adherence to national clinical practice guidelines ( blood glucose , blood pressure , foot exam , eye exam ) , and levels of diabetes distress , depression , and treatment satisfaction . IC patients had a significant improvement in A1C from baseline to 12-month follow-up compared with AC ( −1.6 % ± 1.4 % versus −0.6 % ± 1.1 % ; P = .01 ) . The proportion of IC patients meeting clinical goals at follow-up tended to be higher than AC for A1c ( IC = 45 % ; AC = 28 % ) , systolic blood pressure ( IC = 55 % ; AC = 28 % ) , eye screening ( IC = 91 % ; AC = 78 % ) , and foot screening , ( IC = 86 % ; AC = 72 % ) . Diabetes distress and treatment satisfaction also showed greater improvement for IC than AC ( P = .05 and P = .06 , respectively ) , with no differences for depression . The CDMP intervention was more effective than an attention control condition in helping patients meet evidence -based guidelines for diabetes care Background Culturally adapted interventions are needed to reduce diabetes-related morbidity and mortality among Native Hawaiian and Pacific People . Purpose The purpose of this study is to pilot test the effectiveness of a culturally adapted diabetes self-management intervention . Methods Participants were r and omly assigned in an unbalanced design to the Partners in Care intervention ( n = 48 ) or wait list control group ( n = 34 ) . Assessment s of hemoglobin A1c , underst and ing of diabetes self-management , performance of self-care activities , and diabetes-related distress were measured at baseline and 3 months ( post intervention ) . Analysis of covariance was used to test between-group differences . The community steering committee and focus group data informed the cultural adaptation of the intervention . Results There were significant baseline adjusted differences at 3 months between the Partners in Care and wait list control group in intent-to-treat ( p < 0.001 ) and complete case analyses ( p < 0.0001 ) for A1c , underst and ing ( p < 0.0001 ) , and performing diabetes self-management ( p < 0.0001 ) . Conclusions A culturally adapted diabetes self-management intervention of short duration was an effective approach to improving glycemic control among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Isl and ers Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of a culturally tailored comprehensive type 2 diabetes management intervention for Korean American immigrants ( KAIs ) with type 2 diabetes . Methods A r and omized controlled pilot trial with 2 parallel arms ( intervention vs control ) with a delayed intervention design was used . A total of 79 KAIs , recruited from the Baltimore-Washington area , completed baseline , 18-week , and 30-week follow-ups ( intervention , n = 40 ; control , n = 39 ) . All participants had uncontrolled type 2 diabetes ( hemoglobin A1C ≥7.5 % ) at baseline . The authors ’ comprehensive , self-help intervention program for type 2 diabetes management ( SHIP-DM ) consisted of a 6-week structured psychobehavioral education , home glucose monitoring with teletransmission , and bilingual nurse telephone counseling for 24 weeks . The primary outcome of the study was A1C level , and secondary outcomes included an array of psychobehavioral variables . Results Using analysis of covariance , the findings support that the proposed intervention was effective in significantly lowering A1C and fasting glucose and also in improving psychosocial outcomes in the sample . Specifically , the amount of reduction in A1C among intervention group participants was 1.19 % at 18 weeks and 1.31 % at 30 weeks , with 10 % and 15.5 % of the participants achieving the suggested goal of A1C < 7 % at 18 and 30 weeks of follow-up , respectively . Conclusions The results highlight the clinical efficacy of the SHIP-DM intervention composed of a 6-week education program , self-monitoring , and follow-up counseling , in terms of maintaining the improved intervention effects obtained and in terms of glucose control Background In 1995 Clalit Health Services introduced a structured follow-up schedule , by primary care nurses , of diabetic patients . This was supplementary care , given in addition to the family physician ’s follow-up care . This article aims to describe the performance of diabetes follow-up and diabetes control in patients with additional structured nursing follow-up care , compared to those patients followed only by their family physician .  Methods We r and omly selected 2,024 type 2 diabetic subjects aged 40–76 years . For each calendar year , from 2005–2007 , patients who were “ under physician follow-up only ”  were compared to those who received additional structured nursing follow-up care . Main outcomes Complete diabetes follow-up parameters including : HbA1c , LDL cholesterol , microalbumin , blood pressure measurements and fundus examination . Results The average age of study participants was 60.7 years , 52 % were females and 38 % were from low socioeconomic status (SES).In 2005 , 39.5 % of the diabetic patients received structured nursing follow-up , and the comparable figures for 2006 and 2007 were 42.1 % 49.6 % , respectively . The intervention subjects tended to be older , from lower SES , suffered from more chronic diseases and visited their family physician more frequently than the control patients . Patients in the study group were more likely to perform a complete diabetes follow-up plan : 52.8 % vs. 21.5 % ( 2005 ; p < 0.001 ) 55.5 % vs. 30.3 % ( 2006 ; p < 0.001 ) , 52.3 % vs. 35.7 % ( 2007 ; p < 0.001 ) . LDL cholesterol levels were lower in the study group only in 2005 : 103.7 vs. 110.0 p < 0.001 . ConclusionS ubjects with supplementary structured nursing follow-up care were more likely to perform complete diabetes follow-up protocol . Our results reinforce the importance of teamwork in diabetic care . Further study is required to identify strategies for channeling the use of the limited re sources to the patients who st and to benefit the most OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of a telephonic and a print intervention over 1 year to improve  diabetes control in low-income urban adults . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A r and omized trial in Spanish and English comparing a telephonic intervention implemented by health educators with a print intervention .  Participants ( N = 526 ) had an A1C ≥7.5 % and were prescribed one or more oral agents . All were members of a union/employer jointly sponsored health benefit plan . Health coverage included medications . Primary outcomes were A1C and pharmacy cl aims data ; secondary outcomes included self-report of two medication adherence measures and other self-care behaviors . RESULTS Participants were 62 % black and 23 % Hispanic ; 77 % were foreign born , and 42 % had annual family incomes < $ 30 thous and . Baseline median A1C was 8.6 % ( interquartile range 8.0–10.0 ) . Insulin was also prescribed for 24 % of participants . The telephone group had mean ± SE decline in A1C of 0.23 ± 0.11 % over 1 year compared with a rise of 0.13 ± 0.13 % for the print group ( P = 0.04 ) . After adjusting for baseline A1C , sex , age , and insulin use , the difference in A1C was 0.40 % ( 95 % CI 0.10–0.70 , P = 0.009 ) . Change in medication adherence measured by cl aims data , but not by self-report measures , was significantly associated with change in A1C ( P = 0.01 ) . Improvement in medication adherence was associated ( P = 0.005 ) with the telephonic intervention , but only among those not taking insulin . No diabetes self-care activities were significantly correlated with the change in A1C . CONCLUSIONS A 1-year tailored telephonic intervention implemented by health educators was successful in significantly , albeit modestly , improving diabetes control compared with a print intervention in a low-income , insured , minority population INTRODUCTION Korean Americans are one of the most underserved ethnic/linguistic minority groups owing to cultural and institutional barriers ; there is an urgent need for culturally competent diabetes management programs in the Korean American community for those with type 2 diabetes . The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a community-based , culturally tailored , multimodal behavioral intervention program in an ethnic/linguistic minority group with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN An RCT with waitlist comparison based on the Predisposing , Reinforcing , and Enabling Constructs in Education/environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE)-Policy , Regulatory , and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development ( PROCEED ) and self-help models . Data were collected between September 2010 and June 2013 and were analyzed in August-December 2014 . Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS In a naturally occurring community setting , a total of 250 Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes were r and omized into an intervention group ( n=120 ) or a control group ( n=130 ) . INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of key self-management skill-building activities through 12 hours of group education sessions , followed by integrated counseling and behavioral coaching by a team of RNs and community health workers . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary ( clinical ) outcomes were hemoglobin A1c , glucose , total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein at baseline and at 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months . Secondary ( psychosocial and behavioral ) outcomes included diabetes-related quality of life , self-efficacy , adherence to diabetes management regimen , and health literacy . RESULTS During the 12-month project , the intervention group demonstrated 1.0%-1.3 % ( 10.9 - 14.2 mmol/mol ) reductions in hemoglobin A1c , whereas the control group achieved reductions of 0.5%-0.7 % ( 5.5 - 7.7 mmol/mol ) . The differences between the two groups were statistically significant . The intervention group showed statistically significant improvement in diabetes-related self-efficacy and quality of life when compared with the control group . CONCLUSIONS RN/community health worker teams equipped with culturally tailored training can be effective in helping an ethnic/linguistic minority group manage diabetes in the community BACKGROUND The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus is complex , requiring continuous medical care by health care professionals and considerable self-care efforts by patients . Pharmacist-led care programs have been shown to help patients with diabetes succeed in achieving treatment goals and improving outcomes . Pharmacist-led care is a new health care concept in Northern Cyprus . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-led care program on glycemic control , determined by hemoglobin A1c ( A1c ) , and secondarily on blood pressure , lipid profile , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , medication adherence , and self-care activities , for patients with type 2 diabetes over a 12-month period . METHODS This was a prospect i ve , r and omized controlled study conducted in a public hospital 's outpatient diabetes clinic , with 152 patients who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . Of these , 75 patients were in the intervention group , and 77 patients were in the usual care group . The intervention group participated in a pharmacist-led care program with a clinical pharmacist who provided 5 face-to-face educational sessions over a period of 12 months . The main outcome measure was change in A1c , and secondary outcome measures were changes in fasting blood glucose , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , lipid values ( total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ LDL-C ] , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ HDL-C ] , and serum levels of triglycerides [ TGs ] ) , BMI , waist circumference , self-reported medication adherence ( Morisky-Green test ) , and self-care activities . Changes in outcome measures from baseline to the end of the study were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon test . RESULTS At the end of the 12-month study period , the intervention patients showed a greater reduction in A1c values than the usual care patients ( -0.74 % vs. -0.0 
    Output:
    
The humanistic outcomes in the multidisciplinary collaborative care model were either improved or maintained over time .
In comparison to usual care , the healthcare costs and utilisations  in the multidisciplinary collaborative care model were comparable without incurring excessive costs .
CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary collaborative care appeared to positively impact on the clinical , humanistic , and economic outcomes of patients with uncontrolled diabetes