***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives Increasing rates of disability pension ( DP ) , particularly owing to mental diagnoses , have been observed among young adults in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) countries . There is a lack of knowledge about the health prognosis in this group . The aim of this study was to investigate whether DP in young adulthood owing to specific mental diagnoses or somatic diagnoses predicts suicidal behaviour and all-cause mortality . Design A nationwide prospect i ve cohort study . Setting A register study of all young adults who in 2005 were 19–23 years old and lived in Sweden . Registers held by the National Board of Health and Welfare , Statistics Sweden and the National Social Insurance Agency were used . Participants 525 276 young adults . Those who in 2005 had DP with mental diagnoses ( n=8070 ) or somatic diagnoses ( n=3975 ) were compared to all the other young adults in the same age group ( n=513 231 ) . Outcome measures HRs for suicide attempt , suicide and all-cause mortality in 2006–2010 were calculated by Cox proportionate hazard regression models , adjusted for sex , country of birth , parental education and parental and previous own suicidal behaviour . Results The adjusted HR for suicide attempt was 3.32 ( 95 % CI 2.98 to 3.69 ) among those on DP with mental diagnoses and 1.78 ( 95 % CI 1.41 to 2.26 ) among those on DP with somatic diagnoses . For the specific mental diagnoses , the unadjusted HRs ranged between 2.42 ( mental retardation ) and 22.94 ( personality disorders ) , while the adjusted HRs ranged between 2.03 ( mental retardation ) and 6.00 ( bipolar disorder ) . There was an increased risk of mortality for young adults on DP in general , but only those with mental DP diagnoses had a significantly elevated HR of completed suicide with an adjusted HR of 3.92 ( 95 % CI 2.83 to 5.43 ) . Conclusions Young adults on DP are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour and preterm death , which emphasises the need for improved treatment and follow-up BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia have significantly raised mortality but we do not know how these mortality patterns in the UK have changed since the 1990s . AIMS To measure the 25-year mortality of people with schizophrenia with particular focus on changes over time . METHOD Prospect i ve record linkage study of the mortality of a community cohort of 370 people with schizophrenia . RESULTS The cohort had an all-cause st and ardised mortality ratio of 289 ( 95 % CI 247 - 337 ) . Most deaths were from the common causes seen in the general population . Unnatural deaths were concentrated in the first 5 years of follow-up . There was an indication that cardiovascular mortality may have increased relative to the general population ( P = 0.053 ) over the course of the study . CONCLUSIONS People with schizophrenia have a mortality risk that is two to three times that of the general population . Most of the extra deaths are from natural causes . The apparent increase in cardiovascular mortality relative to the general population should be of concern to anyone with an interest in mental health There are meager prospect i ve data from non clinical sample s on the link between anxiety disorders and suicide or the extent to which the association varies over time . We examined these issues in a cohort of 309,861 U.S. Air Force service members , with 227 suicides over follow-up . Mental disorder diagnoses including anxiety , mood , and substance-use disorders ( SUD ) were based on treatment encounters . Risk for suicide associated with anxiety disorders were lower compared with mood disorders and similar to SUD . Moreover , the associations between mood and anxiety disorders with suicide were greatest within a year of treatment presentation BACKGROUND Long-term mortality and the risk factors for premature death among patients with schizophrenia living in rural communities are unknown . AIMS To explore the 10-year mortality and its risk factors among patients with schizophrenia . METHOD We used data from a 10-year prospect i ve follow-up study ( 1994 - 2004 ) of mortality among people with schizophrenia , and death registration data for Xinjin County , Chengdu , China . RESULTS The mortality rate was 2228 per 100,000 person-years during follow-up . Both all-cause mortality and suicide rates were significantly greater in male than in female patients . Age at illness onset ( > 45 years ) , duration of illness ( > or = 10 years ) , age greater than 50 years , physical illness , in ability to work , male gender , and never having received treatment were identified as independent predictors of increased mortality . CONCLUSIONS Higher mortality rates in male patients may contribute to the higher prevalence of schizophrenia in women compared with men in China . The findings of risk factors for mortality should be taken into account when developing interventions to improve outcomes among people with schizophrenia While premature death in schizophrenia is well recognised , mortality risk has received little longitudinal study in relation to population representativeness and patient engagement with health services . Within a rural Irish catchment area of socioeconomic , ethnic and geographical homogeneity and low residential mobility , an epidemiologically complete population of 72 patients with schizophrenia was followed up over 7.5 years in order to quantify mortality prospect ively . Information was obtained in relation to 99 % of the cohort , with 94 % of those surviving retained in engagement with psychiatric care . There were 25 deaths ( 35 % of cohort ) . A relative risk of 2.06 ( 95 % CI , 1.40 - 2.80 ; P < 0.001 ) among this epidemiologically complete population may constitute an estimate of risk for mortality inherent to schizophrenia when disengagement from health services , residential mobility and socioeconomic , ethnic and geographical diversity are minimised . On long-term prospect i ve evaluation , risk for death in schizophrenia was doubled on a background of enduring engagement in psychiatric care with increasing provision of community-based services and introduction of second-generation antipsychotics BACKGROUND There are inconsistent reports as to whether people with anxiety disorders have a higher mortality risk . AIMS To determine whether anxiety disorders predict mortality in older men and women in the community . METHOD Longitudinal data were used from a large , community-based r and om sample ( n=3107 ) of older men and women ( 55 - 85 years ) in The Netherl and s , with a follow-up period of 7.5 years . Anxiety disorders were assessed according to DSM-III criteria in a two-stage screening design . RESULTS In men , the adjusted mortality risk was 1.78 ( 95 % CI 1.01 - 3.13 ) in cases with diagnosed anxiety disorders at baseline . In women , no significant association was found with mortality . CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a gender difference in the association between anxiety and mortality . For men , but not for women , an increased mortality risk was found for anxiety disorders Background Despite the magnitude and increase of sickness absence due to mental diagnoses , little is known regarding long-term health outcomes . The aim of this nationwide population -based , prospect i ve cohort study was to investigate the association between  sickness absence due to specific mental diagnoses and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality . Methods A cohort of all 4 857 943 individuals living in Sweden on 31.12.2004 ( aged 16–64 years , not sickness absent , or on retirement or disability pension ) , was followed from 01.01.2005 through 31.12.2008 for all-cause and cause-specific mortality ( suicide , cancer , circulatory disease ) through linkage of individual register data . Individuals with at least one new sick-leave spell with a mental diagnosis in 2005 were compared to individuals with no sickness absence .  Hazard ratios ( HR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) were estimated by Cox regression , adjusting for age , sex , education , country of birth , family situation , area of residence , and pre-existing morbidity ( diagnosis-specific hospital inpatient ( 2000–2005 ) and outpatient ( 2001–2005 ) care ) . Results In the multivariate analyses , mental sickness absence in 2005 was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality : HR : 1.65 , 95 % CI : 1.47–1.86 in women and in men : 1.73 , 1.57–1.91 ; for suicide , cancer ( both smoking and non-smoking related ) as well as mortality due to circulatory disease only in men . Estimates for cause-specific mortality ranged from 1.48 to 3.37 . Associations with all-cause mortality were found for all mental sickness absence diagnostic groups studied . Conclusions Knowledge about the prognosis of patients sickness absent with specific mental diagnoses is of crucial clinical importance in health care . Sickness absence due to specific mental diagnoses may here be used as a risk indictor for subsequent mortality CONTEXT Mental disorders have been associated with increased mortality , but the evidence is primarily based on hospital admissions for psychoses . The underlying mechanisms are unclear . OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the risks of death associated with mental disorders diagnosed in young men are similar to those associated with admission for these disorders and to examine the role of confounding or mediating factors . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study in which mental disorders were assessed by psychiatric interview during a medical examination on conscription for military service at a mean age of 18.3 years and data on  psychiatric hospital admissions and mortality  during a mean 22.6 years of follow-up were obtained from national registers . SETTING Sweden . PARTICIPANTS A total of 1,095,338 men conscripted between 1969 and 1994 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All-cause mortality according to diagnoses of schizophrenia , other nonaffective psychoses , bipolar or depressive disorders , neurotic and adjustment disorders , personality disorders , and alcohol-related or other substance use disorders at conscription and on hospital admission . RESULTS Diagnosis of mental disorder at conscription or on hospital admission was associated with increased mortality . Age-adjusted hazard ratios according to diagnoses at conscription ranged from 1.81 ( 95 % CI , 1.54 - 2.10 ) ( depressive disorders ) to 5.55 ( 95 % CI , 1.79 - 17.2 ) ( bipolar disorders ) . The equivalent figures according to hospital diagnoses ranged from 5.46 ( 95 % CI , 5.06 - 5.89 ) ( neurotic and adjustment disorders ) to 11.2 ( 95 % CI , 10.4 - 12.0 ) ( other substance use disorders ) in men born from 1951 to 1958 and increased in men born later . Adjustment for early-life socioeconomic status , body mass index , and blood pressure had little effect on these associations , but they were partially attenuated by adjustment for smoking , alcohol intake , intelligence , educational level , and late-life socioeconomic status . These associations were not primarily due to deaths from suicide . CONCLUSION The increased risk of premature death associated with mental disorder is not confined to those whose illness is severe enough for hospitalization or those with psychotic or substance use disorders High mortality rates among those suffering from schizophrenia and related psychoses have been consistently described in developed societies . However , to date there is a lack of data on this matter in Brazil . In order to examine this issue , a prospect i ve 2-year follow-up study was carried out in S. Paulo . The sample consisted of 120 consecutive admissions to psychiatric hospitals in a defined catchment area , aged 18 to 44 years old , with clinical diagnoses of non-affective functional psychoses according to the ICD-9 . After 2 years , 116 ( 96.7 % ) subjects were traced . During the study period there were 7 deaths ( 6.0 % of those traced ) , 5 ( 4.3 % ) due to suicide . All but one of the suicides occurred in the first year after discharge from hospital . Age and sex St and ardised Mortality Ratios ( relative to rates for the population of the city of Sao Paulo ) were 8.4 for overall mortality ( 95 % confidence interval : 4.0 - 15.9 ) and 317.9 for deaths due to suicide ( 95 % confidence interval : 125.2 - 668.3 ) . These results are in agreement with previous studies , and show that in Brazil non-affective functional psychoses are life-threatening illnesses , which need adequate care , particularly when patients go back to live in the community after hospital discharge AIMS To determine the risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , acute myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) , and CHD-related mortality in patients with panic attacks/disorder . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a cohort study using 650 practice s in the ' General Practice Research Data base ' . We selected all 57 615 adults diagnosed with panic attacks/disorder and a r and om sample of 347 039 unexposed , frequency matched for sex/age , and measured incidence of CHD , MI , and CHD 
    Output:
    
AND RELEVANCE These estimates suggest that mental disorders rank among the most substantial causes of death worldwide .