***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: One hundred twenty-three male veterans were r and omly assigned to control , education , and psychological groups to improve oral hygiene behavior . The educational group received four 40-min sessions design ed to increase knowledge of the causes and prevention of dental disease . The psychological intervention also consisted of four 40-min sessions . However , a psychologist provided the intervention using a Stage of Change intervention . The control group received pre- and post-testing only . There were no significant changes in dental knowledge for the control group while the increases in dental knowledge in the educational and psychological groups were similar and statistically significant . Pre-Post change scores for flossing self-efficacy scores showed significant changes for all groups . The magnitude of changes was similar when the control and educational groups were compared . In contrast , the psychological intervention group demonstrated significantly greater flossing self-efficacy changes when compared to either the control or the educational groups . These results suggest that increases in self-efficacy may be an important component of interventions design ed to change health behavior and may serve a role in evaluating and comparing the efficacy of these interventions PURPOSE The proximate use of illicit drugs or alcohol ( substance use ) is the most common precipitator of facial injuries among socioeconomically disadvantaged population s. Reducing these risky behaviors could minimize adverse health sequelae and potential reinjury . The objective of our study was to test whether a culturally competent , personalized motivational intervention incorporated into surgical care could significantly reduce existing substance use behaviors in facial injury patients . PATIENTS AND METHODS Substance-using subjects ( n = 218 ) presenting with facial injuries to a level 1 trauma center were r and omly assigned to either a personalized motivational intervention ( PMI ) condition or a health-information ( HI ) control condition . After a brief assessment of the individual 's substance use severity and willingness to change these behaviors , both groups attended 2 counseling sessions with a trained interventionist . The PMI subjects ( n = 118 ) received individualized , motivational interventions , whereas the HI subjects ( n = 100 ) received only general health information . Both groups were reassessed at 6 and 12 months postinjury , and changes in substance-use patterns were measured to assess the effects of intervention . RESULTS The PMI and HI groups were closely matched on their sociodemographic and substance use characteristics . Subjects in the PMI group showed statistically significant declines in drug use at both the 6- and 12-month assessment s. The intervention 's effect on lowering illicit drug use was greatest at the 6-month assessment but had weakened by the 1-year follow-up . The efficacy of the PMI was moderated by an individual 's initial drug use severity ; individuals with greater drug use dependency at baseline were seen to have larger intervention effects , as did individuals who were most aware of their drug problem and willing to change their substance use behaviors . Unlike illicit drug use , changes in alcohol use did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups , irrespective of an individuals ' recognition of the alcohol problem or willingness to take steps to address it . CONCLUSION A culturally competent , motivational intervention integrated into the care of vulnerable patients with facial injury can reduce illicit drug use behaviors . Subgroups of injured patients appear to benefit most from such personalized motivational interventions . A better articulation of target population s , intervention content , and delivery would allow for directed interventions and an appropriate focusing of limited time and health care re sources We describe a r and omized trial design ed to evaluate the effectiveness of a smokeless tobacco cessation intervention delivered by dental hygienists as part of a patient 's regularly scheduled cleaning visit . Seventy-five practice s were r and omized to continue their usual care ( n=25 ; 239 smokeless tobacco using patients enrolled ) or to receive training to provide a tobacco cessation intervention ( n=50 ; 394 smokeless tobacco using patients enrolled ) . Patient reports indicated that the training program was successful in getting hygienists to implement the intervention . The intervention produced a strong effect on sustained quitting for smokeless tobacco users but had no impact on secondary outcomes , including unsuccessful quit attempts , future intent to quit using smokeless tobacco , and change in readiness to quit using . Frequency of smokeless tobacco use and receipt of specific components of the intervention , including the video and written material s , predicted sustained cessation . Since this intervention was delivered by dental hygienists as part of a patient 's regularly scheduled cleaning visit , it is easily disseminable OBJECTIVES This pragmatic r and omized trial evaluated the effectiveness of a tailored educational intervention on oral health behaviors and new untreated carious lesions in low-income African-American children in Detroit , Michigan . METHODS Participating families were recruited in a longitudinal study of the determinants of dental caries in 1021 r and omly selected children ( 0 - 5 years ) and their caregivers . The families were examined at baseline in 2002 - 2004 ( Wave I ) , 2004 - 2005 ( Wave II ) and 2007 ( Wave III ) . Prior to Wave II , the families were r and omized into two educational groups . An interviewer trained in applying motivational interviewing principles ( MI ) review ed the dental examination findings with caregivers assigned to the intervention group ( MI + DVD ) and engaged the caregiver in a dialogue on the importance of and potential actions for improving the child 's oral health . The interviewer and caregiver watched a special 15-minute DVD developed specifically for this project based on data collected at Wave I and focused on how the caregivers can ' keep their children free from tooth decay ' . After the MI session , the caregivers developed their own preventive goals . Some families in this group chose not to develop goals and were offered the project-developed goals . The goals , if defined , were printed on glossy paper that included the child 's photograph . Families in the second group ( DVD-only ) were met by an interviewer , shown the DVD , and provided with the project 's recommended goals . Both groups of families received a copy of the DVD . Families in the MI + DVD group received booster calls within 6 months of the intervention . Both caregivers and the children were interviewed and examined after approximately 2 years ( Wave III : 2007 ) . RESULTS After 6-month of follow-up , caregivers receiving MI + DVD were more likely to report checking the child for ' precavities ' and making sure the child brushes at bedtime . Evaluation of the final outcomes approximately 2 years later found that caregivers receiving the MI + DVD were still more likely to report making sure the child brushed at bedtime , yet were no more likely to make sure the child brushed twice per day . Despite differences in one of the reported behaviors , children whose caregivers received the motivational intervention did not have fewer new untreated lesions at the final evaluation . CONCLUSIONS This study found that a single motivational interviewing intervention may change some reported oral health behaviors , it failed to reduce the number of new untreated carious lesions This cluster-r and omized pragmatic ( effectiveness ) trial tested maternal counseling based on Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) as an approach to control caries in indigenous children . Nine Cree communities in Quebec , Canada were r and omly allocated to test or control . MI-style counseling was delivered in test communities to mothers during pregnancy and at well-baby visits . Data on outcomes were collected when children were 30 months old . Two hundred seventy-two mothers were recruited from the 5 test and 4 control communities . Baseline characteristics were comparable but not equivalent for both groups . At trial ’s end , 241 children had follow-up . The primary analysis outcome was enamel caries with substance loss ( d2 ) ; no statistically significant treatment effect was detected . Prevalence of treated and untreated caries at the d2 level was 76 % in controls vs. 65 % in test ( p = 0.17 ) . Exploratory analyses suggested a substantial preventive effect for untreated decay at or beyond the level of the dentin , d3 ( prevalences : 60 % controls vs. 35 % test ) , and a particularly large treatment effect when mothers had 4 or more MI-style sessions . Overall , these results provide preliminary evidence that , for these young , indigenous children , an MI-style intervention has an impact on severity of caries ( clinical trial registration IS RCT N41467632 ) OBJECTIVES Primary care medical clinics are good setting s for smoking interventions . This study extends this strategy with a smokeless tobacco intervention delivered by dentists and dental hygienists in the course of routine dental care . METHODS Male users of moist snuff and chewing tobacco ( n = 518 ) were identified by question naire in clinic waiting rooms and then r and omly assigned to either usual care or intervention . The intervention included a routine oral examination with special attention to the part of the mouth in which tobacco was kept and an explanation of the health risks of using smokeless tobacco . After receiving unequivocal advice to stop using tobacco , each patient viewed a 9-minute videotape , received a self-help manual , and was briefly counseled by the dental hygienist . RESULTS Long-term success was defined as no smokeless tobacco use at both 3- and 12-month follow-ups , with those lost to follow-up counted as smokeless tobacco users . The intervention increased the proportion of patients who quit by about one half ( 12.5 % vs 18.4 % , P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the efficacy of a brief dental office intervention for the general population of smokeless tobacco users AIM To develop and test the methodology of an intervention to reduce avoidance of dental care among adolescents , and to measure the respondents ' beliefs regarding the intervention ( credibility and cognitions ) . METHODS Based on a group comparison design a sample of 18 year olds ( n=50 ) with dental non-attendance behaviour was r and omly selected to three experimental and one control group . Subjects were surveyed with one baseline question naire and one post-intervention question naire , to evaluate their beliefs regarding the program . Two different instruments were tested : 1 ) cards representing different statements related to previous dental experiences , possible reasons for attending ( pros ) and not attending ( cons ) dental appointments , and preferences for future treatment . Cards were selected based on individual priority ; 2 ) a brief , structured telephone interview based on Motivational Interviewing . The instruments were tested separately ( groups I and II ) and in combination ( group III ) . Subjects in the control group ( group IV ) were given conventional health education . RESULTS Subjects in the experimental groups had significantly higher credibility scores to the statement " How much easier do you perceive dental treatment to be for you , based on this program " , compared with the control group ( p<0.05 ) . They had also more positive beliefs to the statement " I think the interviewer liked to talk to me " ( p<0.05 ) than controls . CONCLUSION A question naire sent to non-attending adolescents followed by a brief telephone call based on Motivational Interviewing appears to be a credible intervention for adolescents avoiding dental care AIM Because patient adherence to oral hygiene is essential for periodontal treatment success , the aim of the study was to assess whether a motivational interview addressing the five dimensions of Leventhal 's theory performed better than conventional basic instruction on improving compliance with plaque control among patients with periodontitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized controlled clinical trial design was used in which a group of patients underwent a motivational interview in addition to classical consultation . A control group received only the st and ard consultation . The O'Leary Plaque Index was used to judge the oral hygiene at baseline and at 1 month follow-up . Patient satisfaction with the dental visit was scored using a specific question naire . RESULTS At baseline , the mean full mouth plaque score varied between 55 % ( experimental group ) and 58 % ( control group ) . Patients in the experimental group had a higher oral hygiene improvement ( 21 ± 20 % versus 4 ± 5 % , p < 0.001 ) 1 month post-treatment . The motivational interview result ed in greater satisfaction scores compared with those of patients in the control group : 10.55 ± 1.53 versus 8.82 ± 2.40 , p = 0.014 . CONCLUSIONS This new concept of motivational interview is a promising approach and can be useful for counselling-related periodontal disorders AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme for oral hygiene self-care in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with the st and ard treatment . MATERIAL AND METHOD A r and omized , evaluator-blinded , controlled trial with two different active treatments were used with 113 subjects ( 60 females and 53 males ) r and omly allocated to an experimental or a control group . The individually tailored oral health educational programme was based on cognitive behavioural principles and the individual tailoring for each participant was based on participants ' thoughts , intermediate , and long-term goals , and oral health status . The effect of the programmes on gingivitis [ gingival index ( GI ) ] , oral hygiene [ plaque indices ( PlI ) and self-report ] , and participants ' global rating of treatment was evaluated 3 and 12 months after oral health education and non-surgical treatment . RESULTS Between baseline and the 12-month follow-up , the experimental group improved both GI and PlI more than the control group . The mean gain-score difference was 0.27 for global GI [ 99.2 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.16 - 0.39 , p<0.001 ] and 0.40 for proximal GI ( 99.2 % CI : 0.27 - 0.53 , p<0.001 ) . 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSIONS Review ed r and omized controlled trials showed varied success of MI in improving oral health .