***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The prevalence of generalized transit delay and relation to symptoms in suspected gastroparesis , intestinal dysmotility , or slow transit constipation are unknown . Aims The aims of this study were ( 1 ) to define prevalence of generalized dysmotility using wireless motility capsules ( WMC ) , ( 2 ) to relate to symptoms in suspected regional delay , ( 3 ) to compare results of WMC testing to conventional transit studies to quantify new diagnoses , and ( 4 ) to assess the impact of results of WMC testing on clinical decisions . Methods  WMC transits  were analyzed in 83 patients with suspected gastroparesis , intestinal dysmotility , or slow transit constipation . Results Isolated regional delays were observed in 32 % ( 9 % stomach , 5 % small bowel , 18 % colon ) . Transits were normal in 32 % and showed generalized delays in 35 % . Symptom profiles were similar with normal transit , isolated delayed gastric , small intestinal , and colonic transit , and generalized delay ( P = NS ) . Compared to conventional tests , WMC showed discordance in 38 % and provided new diagnoses in 53 % . WMC testing influenced management in 67 % ( new medications 60 % ; modified nutritional regimens 14 % ; surgical referrals 6 % ) and eliminated needs for testing not already done including gastric scintigraphy ( 17 % ) , small bowel barium transit ( 54 % ) , and radioopaque colon marker tests ( 68 % ) . Conclusions WMC testing defines localized and generalized transit delays with suspected gastroparesis , intestinal dysmotility , or slow transit constipation . Symptoms do not predict the results of WMC testing . WMC findings provide new diagnoses in > 50 % , may be discordant with conventional tests , and can influence management by changing treatments and eliminating needs for other tests . These findings suggest potential benefits of this method in suspected dysmotility syndromes and m and ate prospect i ve investigation to further define its clinical role The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms ( UGIS ) in a general population and quantify the relationship of those symptoms to healthcare utilization and quality of life .  In-person interviews were conducted with 2056 United States and Canadian residents selected at r and om . Subjects reported frequency and severity for 11 symptoms , prescription and over-the-counter medication use , primary care and specialty physician visits in prior three months , and completed the Psychological General Well-Being Scale . For analyses , subjects were classified into four mutually exclusive symptom groups : gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) -like , GERD plus motility-like ( GERD+ ) , ulcerlike , and motility-like . Of the total sample , 51.4 % reported the occurrence of at least one UGIS in the prior three months . Subjects in the GERD+ and ulcer groups used more prescription medications and were more likely to see a physician about the symptoms ( P<0.001 ) . Subjects with symptoms demonstrated poorer quality of life compared to subjects with no symptoms . The prevalence of UGIS in the general population is high and symptoms are associated with significant health-care utilization and poorer quality of life Aim To assess the clinical performance of parameters of liquid – solid gastric emptying ( GE ) scintigraphy . Methods Fifty-three controls and 476 patients underwent GE scintigraphy using a liquid – solid test meal ( non-ulcer dyspepsia , n=180 ; gastro-oesophageal reflux disease , n=123 ; dyspepsia after anti-reflux surgery , n=29 ; diabetes mellitus , n=96 ; cystic fibrosis prior to heart – lung transplantation , n=48 ) .  Time – activity curves were fitted by a power exponential function and half-emptying times ( T1/2 ) were computed . The lag phase ( Tlag ) and constant emptying ( TRE ) times of solid emptying were also calculated using a mathematical method ( maximum slope tangent method ) . Results TRE and T1/2 of solids were higher in each subgroup of patients vs. controls ( P=0.0001 ) and in cystic fibrosis patients vs. gastro-oesophageal reflux patients ( P=0.0001 ) . Tlag was significantly higher only in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients vs. controls ( P=0.001 ) . There was no significant difference for liquid parameters . Using the mean±1.96 SD of the solid and liquid T1/2 values obtained in controls , GE was normal ( n=251 ; 53 % ) , delayed ( n=183 ; 38 % ) , accelerated ( n=33 ; 7 % ) or mixed ( n=9 ; 2 % ) . Delayed solid T1/2 was the most prominent alteration ( n=189 ) , and alterations of liquid GE alone were present in only 24 ( 5 % ) patients . A good correlation was found between solid T1/2 and TRE ( r=0.88 ) , but no correlation between Tlag and TRE , suggesting that these estimates represent independent phases of GE . In 26 patients , all GE parameters of solids and liquids were normal except Tlag ( n=8 ) or TRE ( n=18 ) . The lack of significant differences between the different patient subgroups did not allow emptying profiles to be drawn according to patient pathology . Conclusion Liquid GE scintigraphy provided poor and unreliable information in terms of patient discrimination and the drawing of pathophysiological profiles of abnormal GE . Tlag and TRE may confirm GE alteration , especially when solid T1/2 values are at the superior limit of normality , and may improve the performance of GE scintigraphy , rather than using liquid parameters In 87 r and omly selected diabetic patients ( 67 type 1 , 20 type 2 ) and 25 control subjects ,  gastric emptying of digestible solid and liquid meals and oesophageal transit of a solid bolus were measured with scintigraphic techniques . Gastrointestinal symptoms , autonomic nerve function and glycaemic control were evaluated in the diabetic patients .  Gastric emptying and oesophageal transit were slower ( P < 0.001 ) in the diabetic patients compared with the control subjects , and each was delayed in about 40 % of them . There was a relatively weak ( r=0.32 ; P<0.01 ) relationship between solid and liquid gastric emptying , and no significant correlation ( r=0.11 , NS ) between oesophageal transit and gastric emptying of the solid meal . Scores for upper gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic nerve function correlated weakly ( r=0.21 ; P < 0.05 ) with both oesophageal transit and gastric emptying . Gastric emptying of the liquid meal was slower ( P < 0.05 ) in patients with blood glucose concentrations > 15 mmol/1 . These results indicate that gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus should be assessed by liquid as well as by solid test meals and that oesophageal transit should not be used as a predictor of generalised diabetic gastroenteropathy CONTEXT Postpr and ial hyperglycemia is an important clinical problem in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , but the contribution of fat malabsorption , rapid gastric emptying , and the incretin axis has not been widely considered . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate these aspects of gut function in nondiabetic CF patients . DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover study at a clinical research laboratory . PATIENTS Five nondiabetic CF patients ( three males ; age , 25.8 ± 1.0 yr ; body mass index , 20.2 ± 1.1 kg/m(2 ) ) with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and six healthy subjects of similar age and body mass index participated in the study . INTERVENTIONS CF patients consumed a radiolabeled mashed potato meal on 2 separate days , together with four capsules of Creon Forte ( 100,000 IU lipase ) or placebo . Healthy subjects consumed the meal once , without pancreatic enzymes . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gastric emptying was measured using scintigraphy , and blood was sample d frequently for blood glucose and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , and glucagon concentrations . RESULTS CF patients had more rapid gastric emptying ( P < 0.001 ) , impaired secretion of GLP-1 ( P < 0.01 ) and GIP ( P < 0.001 ) , and greater postpr and ial glycemic excursions ( P < 0.001 ) than healthy subjects . Pancreatic enzyme supplementation  normalized gastric emptying and GLP-1 secretion and tended to increase glucagon ( P = 0.08 ) , but did not completely restore GIP secretion or normalize postpr and ial blood glucose . There was an excellent correlation between gastric emptying and blood glucose concentration at 60 min ( R = 0.75 ; P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic enzyme supplementation plays an important role in incretin secretion , gastric emptying , and postpr and ial hyperglycemia in CF Erythromycin has been shown to initiate gastric interdigestive migrating motor complexes , which are the motor events responsible for gastric emptying of indigestible solids . Hence , erythromycin should also accelerate gastric emptying of indigestible particles and facilitate transpyloric migration of the tip of an enteral feeding tube . Accordingly , we assessed the effect of erythromycin on these events , using a single-blind crossover study . Healthy subjects were nasally intubated with an enteral feeding tube . For fasting studies , the subjects remained fasted ; in the fed studies , the subjects were fed a cheeseburger and fries after placement of the feeding tube . Then , ten 1-cm radiopaque plastic segments were swallowed by each subject , followed by an iv infusion of either erythromycin ( 200 mg over 20 min ) or saline . Abdominal x-rays were then taken at regular intervals to document the location of the tube tip and the plastic segments . Erythromycin significantly shortened gastric emptying time of the indigestible particles during both fasting and fed states . Erythromycin also accelerated transpyloric migration of the tip of the feeding tube in both fasting and fed states . Hence , erythromycin can be beneficial when placement of a feeding tube in the small intestine is clinical ly desired 
    Output:
    
Delayed gastric emptying is more common in CF compared to general population .
Scintigraphy identified rapid gastric emptying in a subgroup of CF patients , but this finding disappeared with adequate pancreatic enzyme replacement and after other diagnostic modalities were included