***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The role of weight training in the primary prevention of  type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is largely unknown . METHODS To examine the association of weight training with  risk of T2DM in US men and to assess the influence of combining weight training and aerobic exercise , we performed a prospect i ve cohort study of 32 002 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study observed from 1990 to 2008 . Weekly time spent on weight training and aerobic exercise ( including brisk walking , jogging , running , bicycling , swimming , tennis , squash , and calisthenics/rowing ) was obtained from question naires at baseline and biennially during follow-up . RESULTS During 508 332 person-years of follow-up ( 18 years ) , we documented 2278 new cases of T2DM . In multivariable-adjusted models , we observed a dose-response relationship between an increasing amount of time spent on weight training or aerobic exercise  and lower risk of T2DM ( P < .001 for trend ) . Engaging in weight training or aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week was independently associated with a lower risk of T2DM of 34 % ( 95 % CI , 7%-54 % ) and 52 % ( 95 % CI , 45%-58 % ) , respectively . Men who engaged in aerobic exercise and weight training for at least 150 minutes per week had the greatest reduction in T2DM risk ( 59 % ; 95 % CI , 39%-73 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Weight training was associated with a significantly lower risk of T2DM , independent of aerobic exercise . Combined weight training and aerobic exercise conferred a greater benefit Background Increased exercise capacity favourably influences clinical outcomes after  transcatheter aortic valve implantation .  In our SPORT : TAVI r and omised pilot trial , eight weeks of endurance and resistance training ( training group , TG ) shortly after transcatheter aortic valve implantation result ed in significantly improved exercise capacity , muscular strength and quality of life compared to usual care ( UC ) . However , the long-term clinical benefits of such an intervention are unknown . Design A r and omised controlled trial . Methods SPORT : TAVI participants underwent re assessment of trial endpoints 24 ± 6 months after baseline : maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) and anaerobic threshold ( VO2AT ) were assessed with cardiopulmonary exercise testing , muscular strength with one-repetition maximum testing , quality of life with the Kansas City cardiomyopathy and medical outcomes study 12-item short-form health survey question naires , and prosthetic aortic valve function with echocardiography . Results Of 27 original participants ( TG 13 ; UC 14 ; age 81 ± 6 years ) , more patients had died during follow-up in UC ( n = 5 ) than in TG ( n = 2 ; P = 0.165 ) ; three further patients ( TG 1 ; UC 2 ) were unavailable for other reasons . In the remaining patients ( TG 10 ; UC 7 ) , a significant between-group difference in favour of TG was observed for change in VO2AT from baseline ( 2.7 ml/min/kg ( 95 % confidence interval 0.8–4.6 ) ; P = 0.008 ) , but not for change in VO2peak ( 2.1 ml/min/kg ( –1.1–5.4 ) ; P = 0.178 ) . Changes in muscular strength and quality of life did not differ between groups over time . Overall , prosthetic valve function remained intact in both groups . Conclusions Eight weeks of exercise training shortly after transcatheter aortic valve implantation result ed in preserved long-term improvements in VO2AT , but not VO2peak , muscular strength or quality of life compared to usual care . The findings emphasise the importance of ongoing exercise interventions following transcatheter aortic valve implantation to maintain initial improvements long term . Clinical Trial Registration ( original trial ) : Clinical trials.gov NCT01935297 BACKGROUND Exercise has been reported to decrease cancer-related fatigue  and to increase quality of life ( QoL ) in various breast cancer ( BC ) population s. However , studies investigating exercise during radiotherapy or resistance training are scarce . We conducted a r and omized , controlled trial ( BEST study ) to assess the efficacy of 12-week resistance training on fatigue beyond possible psychosocial effects of a group-based intervention . PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred sixty patients with BC stage 0-III were r and omly assigned to a 12-week progressive resistance training ( 2 times/week ) or a 12-week relaxation control ( RC , 2 times/week ) . Both interventions were group-based . The primary end point fatigue was assessed with a 20-item multidimensional question naire , QoL with EORTC question naires . Statistical analyses were based on analysis of covariance models for the individual changes from baseline to week 13 . RESULTS Adherence to the intervention program as well as the completion rate ( 97 % ) for the primary outcome variable fatigue was high . In intention-to-treat analyses for the N = 155 patients , significant between-group mean differences ( MD ) favoring the exercise group ( EX ) were observed for general fatigue ( P = 0.044 ) , especially for the subscale physical fatigue [ MD = -0.8 ; 95 % confidence interval -1.5 to -0.2 , P = 0.013 ] , but not for affective ( P = 0.91 ) or cognitive fatigue ( P = 0.65 ) . For QoL , significantly larger improvements regarding the role function ( P = 0.035 ) and pain ( P = 0.040 ) were noted among exercisers compared with RCs . Future perspective improved significantly stronger in the RC group compared with the EX group ( P = 0.047 ) . CONCLUSIONS The 12-week resistance training program was a safe , feasible and efficacious strategy to improve cancer-related fatigue and components of QoL  in BC patients during adjuvant radiotherapy . As exercise was compared with another group-based intervention , results indicate that resistance training effects on fatigue and QoL go beyond psychosocial benefits , and that the clinical ly relevant overall benefit of resistance exercise compared with usual care can be assumed to be higher . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov NCT01468766 Non-r and omised studies of the effects of interventions are critical to many areas of healthcare evaluation , but their results may be biased . It is therefore important to underst and and appraise their strengths and weaknesses . We developed ROBINS-I ( “ Risk Of Bias In Non-r and omised Studies - of Interventions ” ) , a new tool for evaluating risk of bias in estimates of the comparative effectiveness ( harm or benefit ) of interventions from studies that did not use r and omisation  to allocate units ( individuals or clusters of individuals ) to comparison groups . The tool will be particularly useful to those undertaking systematic review s that include non-r and omised studies Background : Resistance training ( RT ) improves muscular strength , physical functioning and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors , but the optimal frequency of RT is unknown . We conducted a pilot r and omized controlled trial to compare the effects of 3 versus 2 days per week of RT in prostate cancer survivors diagnosed within the past 2 years . Methods : Prostate cancer survivors ( N=30 ) were r and omized to 12 weeks of supervised RT  performed either 3 days per week ( n=16 ) or 2 days per week ( n=14 ) . The primary outcome was muscular strength assessed by a multiple repetition maximum test at baseline and postintervention . Secondary outcomes were objective physical functioning , quality of life and psychosocial functioning . Results : A trend ( P<0.10 ) and /or potentially meaningful effects ( st and ardized effect size d⩾0.20 ) were found favoring 3 days per week over 2 days per week for the primary outcome of lower body strength ( mean difference=27.8 kg ; 95 % confidence interval=−0.9 to 56.5 ; P=0.057 ; d=0.72 ) and for the secondary outcomes of 30-s chair st and ( d=0.29 ; P=0.31 ) , sit and reach ( d=0.24 ; P=0.33 ) , 6 -min walk ( d=0.21 ; P=0.42 ) and the physical component summary ( d=0.21 ; P=0.41 ) . Conversely , a trend and /or potentially meaningful effects were found favoring 2 days per week over 3 days per week for the mental component summary ( d=−0.38 ; P=0.10 ) , mental health ( d=−0.44 ; P=0.11 ) , vitality ( d=−0.31 ; P=0.28 ) , role-emotional ( d=−0.23 ; P=0.43 ) , anxiety ( d=0.32 ; P=0.29 ) , happiness ( d=−0.31 ; P=0.36 ) and perceived stress ( d=0.23 ; P=0.39 ) . Conclusions : This pilot r and omized dose – comparison trial provides preliminary data to suggest that RT 3 days per week compared with 2 days per week may improve the strength and physical functioning in prostate cancer survivors , but may also blunt improvements in psychosocial functioning . Larger and more targeted phase II and III trials are needed to confirm the potentially complex effects of RT frequency in prostate cancer survivors BACKGROUND Resistance training has been introduced in cardiac rehabilitation to give more benefit than traditional training . Haemodynamic evaluation of cardiac patients to resistance training has generally consisted of continuous HR monitoring and discontinuous blood pressure measurements . DESIGN AND METHODS Blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate ( HR ) responses to resistance training were evaluated using continuous monitoring ( Finapres ) during low ( four sets of 17 repetitions at 40 % of the one-repetition maximum strength [ 1-RM ] ) and high intensity resistance training ( four sets of 10 repetitions at 70 % of 1-RM ) on a leg extension machine in 14 patients who participated in a rehabilitation programme .  Work volume was identical in the low- and high-level resistance training . RESULTS The HR and systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) during low intensity resistance training were always larger than during high intensity ( P<0.001 ) . Peak SBP increased from set 1 to set 3 and 4 during both low and high intensity resistance training ( P<0.05 ) . Peak HR was larger in set 4 ( 95+/-11 bpm ) than in set 1 only during low intensity resistance training ( 91+/-12 bpm ) ( P<0.05 ) . One-minute recovery periods did not allow a return to baseline HR and SBP during both low and high intensity modalities . CONCLUSIONS The SBP and HR responses to resistance training are related to the duration of exercise . Sets with < or = 10 repetitions of high intensity should be preferred to longer sets with low intensity . Pauses between exercise sets should exceed 1 min . Blood pressure should be measured during the last repetitions of the exercise set OBJECTIVE To examine the individual , combined , and isolated effects of movement-based behaviors ( MBBs ) on  all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality .  METHODS The present prospect i ve study included data from the 1999 - 2004 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey , with follow-up data through December 31 , 2006 ( N=12,321 U.S. adults ) . Measures included self-report engagement in 4 MBBs ( moderate-intensity exercise , vigorous-intensity exercise , muscular strength activities , and active transport ) , with all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality as the outcome measures . RESULTS Regarding all-cause mortality , the hazard ratio for those with 1 ( vs. 0 ) , 2 ( vs. 0 ) , and 3 - 4 ( vs. 0 ) MBBs , respectively , was 0.61 ( 95 % CI : 0.49 - 0.76 ) , 0.49 ( 95 % CI : 0.36 - 0.66 ) , and 0.24 ( 95 % CI : 0.16 - 0.37 ) . The only MBBs independently associated with all-cause-mortality were vigorous exercise ( HR=0.56 ; 95 % CI : 0.41 - 0.76 ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( HR=0.58 ; 95 % CI : 0.45 - 0.74 ) . When examining the isolation/exclusivity effects of the MBBs , the only MBB performed in isolation that was statistically significantly associated with all-cause mortality was " Only VPA " ( HR=0.45 ; 95 % CI : 0.23 - 0.86 ) . CVD-specific mortality results were similar to the all-cause mortality results . CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence of a MBB isolation effect on mortality risk , but individuals engaging in more MBBs had a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-specific mortality . These findings suggest that , in addition to promoting greater engagement in overall physical activity , recommendations for adults to engage in multiple MBBs may be advisable Background Exercise training is effective for improving physical fitness and physical function in people with type 2 diabetes . However , limited research has been conducted on the optimal exercise training intensity for this population . Objective The primary study objective was to investigate the effects of moderate- versus high-intensity exercise training on physical fitness and physical function in 
    Output:
    
In addition , resistance training showed no significant association with cancer mortality .
Conclusion Resistance training is associated with lower mortality and appears to have an additive effect when combined with aerobic exercise .
There are insufficient data to determine the potential beneficial effect of resistance training on non-fatal events or the effect of substituting aerobic exercise with resistance training