***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Healthcare quality is usually evaluated through analysing medical outcomes including neonatal readmission and patient and family satisfaction . Parental involvement in neonatal care is considered as one of the most important factors , which directly affects these outcomes . The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of family-centered care including maternal participation , presence , and information about neonatal care , on maternal satisfaction and neonatal readmission ; the care services were provided by the primiparous mothers of preterm infants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and ten primiparous mothers with preterm infants participated in this clinical trial . All sample s were r and omly divided into family-centered care ( FCC ) and control groups , through simple r and om sampling . The FCC program , which consisted of information about neonatal care , maternal presence , and participation in the care process , was implemented in the FCC group , while the control group was provided with routine care . Data were obtained using demographic and satisfaction question naires and readmission checklist . RESULTS In the FCC group , the mean score of satisfaction increased after the implementation of the program ( 22.36 and 59.28 before and after the program , respectively ) ( p<0.001 ) ; however , this increase in the control group was not significant . The obtained results regarding the different aspects of satisfaction indicated that mothers in the FCC group were more satisfied with maternal presence in the neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) , compared with aspects of information and participation . In addition , the number of neonatal readmission was less in the FCC group compared with the control group , and the mean duration of hospitalization was 6.96 and 12.96 days in the FCC and control groups , respectively ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION FCC program seems to be effective in increasing maternal satisfaction and decreasing neonatal readmission . Therefore , it seems necessary that healthcare authorities of the departments of obstetrics and gynecology in Iran provide the opportunity for the implementation of such programs in clinical environments , which follow the policy of parental absence and participation in the intensive care units Objective : With neonatal intensive care units ( NICUs ) evolving from multipatient wards toward family-friendly , single-family room units , the study objective was to compare satisfaction levels of families and health-care staff across these differing NICU facility design s. Study Design : This prospect i ve study documented , by means of institutional review board-approved question naire survey protocol s , the perceptions of parents and staff from two contrasting NICU environments . Result : Findings showed that demographic subgroups of parents and staff perceived the advantages and disadvantages of the two facility design s differently . Staff perceptions varied with previous experience , acclimation time and employment position , whereas parental perceptions revealed a naiveté bias through surveys of transitional parents with experience in both NICU facilities . Conclusion : Use of transitional parent surveys showed a subject naiveté bias inherent in perceptions of inexperienced parents . Grouping all survey participants demographically provided more informative interpretations of data , and revealed staff perceptions to vary with position , previous training and hospital experience Objective : To compare , in a large representative sample of European neonatal intensive care units , the policies and practice s regarding parental involvement and holding babies in the kangaroo care position  as well as differences in the tasks mothers and fathers are allowed to carry out . Design : Prospect i ve multicenter survey . Setting : Neonatal intensive care units in eight European countries ( Belgium , Denmark , France , Italy , The Netherl and s , Spain , Sweden , and the United Kingdom ) . Patients : Patients were not involved in this study . Interventions : None . Measurements and Main Results : A structured question naire was mailed to 362 units ( response rate 78 % ) ; only units with ≥50 very-low-birth-weight annual admissions were considered for this study . Facilities for parents such as reclining chairs near the babies ’ cots , beds , and a dedicated room were common , but less so in Italy and Spain . All units in Sweden , Denmark , the United Kingdom , and Belgium reported encouraging parental participation in the care of the babies , whereas policies were more restrictive in Italy ( 80 % of units ) , France ( 73 % ) , and Spain ( 41 % ) . Holding babies in the kangaroo care position was widespread . However , in the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Spain , many units applied restrictions regarding its frequency ( sometimes or on parents request only , rather than routinely ) , method ( conventional rather than skin-to-skin ) , and clinical conditions ( especially mechanical ventilation and presence of umbilical lines ) that would prevent its practice . In these countries , fathers were routinely  offered kangaroo care  less frequently than mothers ( p < .001 ) and less often it was skin-to-skin ( p < .0001 ) . Conclusions : This study showed that , although the majority of units in all countries reported a policy of encouraging both parents to take part in the care of their babies , the intensity and ways of involvement as well as the role played by mothers and fathers varied within and between countries OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of individualized , developmentally supportive family-centered care on infant physiological variables , growth , behavioral stress cues , return to sleep state , medical and developmental progress , complications , re source utilization , parental perception of the neonatal intensive-care unit experience , and overall parental satisfaction . DESIGN Quasi-experimental , repeated measures design . SETTING Developmental and a control nursery in a 78-bed , level II/III neonatal intensive-care unit . PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 114 premature infants and their parents . INTERVENTIONS Control group infants received the routine neonatal intensive-care unit st and ard of care . Experimental infants received routine care plus the addition of individualized , developmentally supportive family-centered interventions . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Between groups , there were no statistically significant differences in demographic factors , days to medical or developmental milestones , length of stay , or direct cost/case . Repeated measures analysis of variance determined that at every point of data collection , the average number of baseline , activity , and postactivity stress cues were lower in the developmentally supportive group . Infants in the developmental group had 8 % less sedatives/narcotics and 15 % less vasopressors costs than the control group . There were no differences in complication rates , parental perceptions of the neonatal intensive-care unit experience , or parental satisfaction between groups . CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants who received developmentally supportive family-centered care demonstrated fewer behavioral stress cues and comparable short-term outcomes and re source utilization than infants who received routine care Objective : Family-centered care is becoming a st and ard of care in neonatal intensive care units ( NICUs ) . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a national program design ed to promote family-centered care in NICUs and to provide information and comfort to families during the NICU hospitalization of their newborn . Study Design : A quasi-experimental , post-only design was utilized , examining eight March of Dimes NICU Family Support ® ( NFS ) sites . Data were gathered via telephone interviews with NICU administrators and surveys of both NICU staff and NICU families . Result : NICU administrators interviewed identified benefits of NFS , including culture change and additional support to families . Surveys of NICU staff showed that NFS  enhances the overall quality of NICU care result ing in less stressed , more informed and confident parents . Surveys of NICU families showed that NFS both reduced their stress and made them feel more confident as their baby 's parent . Conclusion : March of Dimes NFS has had a positive impact on the stress level , comfort level and parenting confidence of NICU families . In addition , it has enhanced the receptivity of staff to the presence and benefits of family-centered care BACKGROUND Family-centred care ( FCC ) is a state-of-the-art practice in neonatal intensive care units ( NICU ) based on its shown benefits on the well-being of both infants and parents . However , there is no systematic knowledge about how FCC is implemented in different European context s. OBJECTIVES To describe parents ' presence and the quality of FCC  from the perspectives of mothers , fathers and nurses in 11 European NICUs . METHODS A prospect i ve survey was conducted in Finl and , Sweden , Norway , Estonia , Spain and Italy . The perceived quality of FCC  was measured using 8 text-message questions sent to the parents ' mobile phones , one question each day , during the infant 's hospital stay . Nurses answered corresponding questions through a Web question naire during a 3-month period . The responses were rated on a 7-point Likert scale . Parents who were not present in the unit during the day used a " 0 " response . RESULTS A total of 262 families of preterm infants born before 35 gestational weeks participated in the study . Mothers gave 5045 responses , fathers gave 3971 responses and nurses gave 11,132 answers . The mothers were present during 92.7 % and the fathers during 77.9 % of the study days . The mothers rated the quality of FCC  slightly higher than the fathers did ( 5.8 [ 95 % CI 5.7 - 5.9 ] vs. 5.7 [ 95 % CI 5.6 - 5.8 ] , mean difference of 0.12 [ 95 % CI 0.05 - 0.2 ] , p<0.001 ) . There was wide variation in the parents ' presence and the quality of FCC  between the units . The weakest aspects of FCC were emotional support , parents ' participation in decision-making and fathers ' participation in infant care . The perceived quality of FCC  between the nurses and parents were comparable . CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high perceived quality of FCC  in 11 European units , as indicated by both parents and nurses . The innovative data - collection method and instrument successfully quantified each unit 's FCC profile for further quality improvement and should be trialled in other NICUs and countries 
    Output:
    
We evaluated 11 studies published from January 2006 to March 2016 : two studies vali date d a parent satisfaction question naire , and nine developed or modified previous question naires to use as outcome measures in their local setting s. Most instruments were not tested on reliability and validity .