***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Social cognition difficulties in schizophrenia are seen as a barrier to recovery . Intervention tackling problems in this domain have the potential to facilitate functioning and recovery . Social Cognition and Interaction Training ( SCIT ) is a manual-based psychological therapy design ed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia . AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a modified version of SCIT for inpatient forensic wards . The potential benefits of the intervention were also assessed . METHOD This study is a r and omized single blind controlled design , with participants r and omized to receive SCIT ( N = 21 ) or treatment as usual ( TAU ; N = 15 ) .  SCIT consisted of 8-week therapy sessions twice per week . Participants were assessed at week 0 and one week after the intervention on measures of social cognition . Feasibility was assessed through group attendance and attrition . Participant acceptability and outcome was evaluated through post-group satisfaction and achievement of social goals . RESULTS The intervention was well received by all participants and the majority reported their confidence improved . The SCIT group showed a significant improvement in facial affect recognition compared to TAU . Almost all participants agreed they had achieved their social goal as a result of the intervention . CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to deliver SCIT in a forensic ward setting ; however , some adaptation to the protocol may need to be considered in order to accommo date for the reduced social contact within forensic wards . Practice of social cognition skills in real life may be necessary to achieve benefits to theory of mind and attributional style Background There is a broad literature suggesting that cognitive difficulties are associated with violence across a variety of groups . Although neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits are core features of schizophrenia , evidence of a relationship between cognitive impairments and violence within this patient population has been mixed . Methods We prospect ively examined whether neurocognition and social cognition predicted inpatient violence amongst patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder ( n = 89 ; 10 violent ) over a 12 month period .  Neurocognition and social cognition were assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery ( MCCB ) . Results Using multivariate analysis neurocognition and social cognition variables could account for 34 % of the variance in violent incidents after controlling for age and gender . Scores on a social cognitive reasoning task ( MSCEIT ) were significantly lower for the violent compared to nonviolent group and produced the largest effect size . Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between neurocognition and violence was completely mediated by each of the following variables independently : social cognition ( MSCEIT ) , symptoms ( PANSS Total Score ) , social functioning ( SOFAS ) and violence proneness ( HCR-20 Total Score ) . There was no evidence of a serial pathway between neurocognition and multiple mediators and violence , and only social cognition and violence proneness operated in parallel as significant mediators accounting for 46 % of the variance in violent incidents . There was also no evidence that neurocogniton mediated the relationship between any of these variables and violence . Conclusions Of all the predictors examined , neurocognition was the only variable whose effects on violence consistently showed evidence of mediation . Neurocognition operates as a distal risk factor mediated through more proximal factors . Social cognition in contrast has a direct effect on violence independent of neurocognition , violence proneness and symptom severity . The neurocognitive impairment experienced by patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders may create the foundation for the emergence of a range of risk factors for violence including deficits in social reasoning , symptoms , social functioning , and HCR-20 risk items , which in turn are causally related to violence Individuals with antisocial personality disorder ( ASPD ) are impulsive and show impairment in reinforcement processing . There is increasing evidence for a neurobiological basis of psychopathy , which shares some of the characteristics of ASPD , but research on the neuronal correlates of neuropsychological processes in ASPD remains limited . Furthermore , no research has examined the effects of serotonergic manipulation on brain activations in antisocial groups . In this study , 25 male participants with ASPD ( mean age 42.1 ) and 32 male control participants ( mean age 30.5 ; 25 participants providing usable scans ) were r and omly allocated to receive the 5-HT(2C)-agonist mCPP or placebo . Participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) during a behavioural inhibition ( Go/NoGo ) and a reward task . In comparison to healthy controls the ASPD group showed reduced task related activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) but increased signal in the pre/subgenual anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) in the Go/No-Go task and increased activation in OFC in the reward task . mCPP modulated brain responses in both tasks in the whole group . Interactions between group and drug occured in bilateral OFC , cau date and ventral pallidum during the reward task but no significant interactions were found in the Go/No-Go task . This suggests that ASPD involves altered serotonin modulation of reward , but not motor inhibition pathways . These findings suggest that ASPD involves altered DLPFC , ACC and OFC function . Altered serotonergic modulation of reward pathways seen in the ASPD group raises the possibility that targeting serotonin systems may be therapeutic Objective : There is a need to find effective treatments for individuals with antisocial and borderline personality disorder who are known to be difficult to engage and treat . Many of these individuals share considerable overlap with symptoms of ADHD , hence this study aim ed to evaluate the Reasoning and Rehabilitation ADHD program ( R&R2 ADHD ) among patients with severe personality disorder . Method : A total of 31 males detained in a “ dangerous and severe personality disorder ” unit completed question naires at baseline and post treatment to assess social problem solving , violent attitudes , anger , ADHD symptoms , emotional control , and social functioning . A total of 16 patients participated in the group condition , and their scores were compared with 15 waiting-list controls who received treatment as usual . Results : In all , 76 % of group participants completed the program . In contrast to controls , they showed significant improvements in scores with mainly medium effect sizes . Conclusion : R&R2 ADHD was effective in a small sample of severely personality-disordered offenders The role of mentalizing abilities ( or theory of mind ) and empathic abilities in violent behavior were studied in 24 hospitalized males with paranoid schizophrenia ( ICD-10 ) . Patients were divided into violent and  nonviolent  groups based on their history of committing violent acts against others . To examine these abilities , patients heard a series of 12 short scenarios depicting social situations followed by questions that require making mental state or empathic inferencing . Our results show that violent patients have more difficulties than nonviolent patients in tasks involving empathic inferencing , and better abilities in inferring cognitive-mental states in others . In addition , violence seems to be associated with a history of alcohol and drug abuse , young age , and the hostility component of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Logistic regression analyses suggest that violence is associated with the combination of hostility towards others , good mentalizing abilities and poor empathy . These results are discussed in light of recent theories on violent behavior in psychiatric population Cognitive remediation has proven efficacy for improving neurocognition in people with schizophrenia . The current study evaluated the benefits of cognitive remediation on neurocognition , functioning , psychotic symptoms , and aggression in a sample of forensic and mental health patients . Care recipients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder ( N = 78 ) receiving services in the forensic and mental health units of a state hospital were r and omized to participate in cognitive remediation versus computer games control activities . Participants ' neurocognition , functional capacity , experiential recovery , psychotic symptoms , and aggression incidents were assessed at baseline and posttreatment . Cognitive remediation was associated with improvements in several neurocognitive domains and circumscribed domains of functional capacity . People assigned to cognitive remediation experiences greater reductions in negative symptoms , agitation/excitement , and verbal and physical aggression . In addition to improving neurocognition in long-term hospitalized forensic and mental health patients , cognitive remediation may enhance efforts at reducing negative symptoms , emotion dysregulation , and aggression incidents . Forensic setting s may represent a new frontier for the clinical dissemination of cognitive remediation Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training ( CBSST ) is a 24-session weekly group therapy intervention to improve functioning in people with schizophrenia . In our prior r and omized clinical trial comparing treatment as usual ( TAU ) with TAU plus group CBSST ( Granholm , E. , McQuaid , J.R. , McClure , F.S. , Ausl and er , L. , Perivoliotis , D. , Pedrelli , P. , Patterson , T. , Jeste , D.V. , 2005 . A r and omized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older out patients with chronic schizophrenia . Am . J. Psychiatry 162 , 520 - 529 . ) , participants with schizophrenia in CBSST  showed significantly better functional outcome than participants in TAU . The present study was a secondary analysis of neuropsychological predictors of functional outcome in our prior CBSST trial . We examined ( 1 ) whether neuropsychological impairment at baseline moderated functional outcome in CBSST relative to TAU , and ( 2 ) whether improvement in neuropsychological abilities mediated improvement in functional outcome in CBSST .  Attention , verbal learning/memory , speed of processing , and executive functions were assessed at baseline , end of treatment , and 12-month follow-up . Greater severity of neuropsychological impairment at baseline predicted poorer functional outcome for both treatment groups ( nonspecific predictor ) , but the interaction between severity of neuropsychological impairment and treatment group was not significant ( no moderation ) . Effect sizes for the difference between treatment groups on functional outcome measures at 12-month follow-up were similar for participants with relatively mild ( d=.44-.64 ) and severe ( d=.29-.60 ) neuropsychological impairment . Results also did not support the hypothesis that improvement in neuropsychological abilities mediated improvement in functioning in CBSST . Adding CBSST to st and ard pharmacologic care , therefore , improved functioning relative to st and ard care alone , even for participants with severe neuropsychological impairment , and this improvement in functioning was not related to improvement in neuropsychological abilities in CBSST 
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Results : Meta-analyses indicated lower IQ , memory and executive function in both violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder groups compared to healthy controls .
The degree of deficit was consistently larger in violent schizophrenia .
Both antisocial personality disorder and violent schizophrenia groups had difficulties in aspects of facial affect recognition , although theory of mind results were less conclusive .
Psychopathic traits related positively to experiential emotion deficits across the two disorders .
Conclusion : There are qualitatively similar , but quantitatively different , neuropsychological and emotion processing deficits in violent individuals with schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder which could be developed into transdiagnostic treatment targets for violent behaviour .