***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims /hypothesisSerum potassium has been found to be a significant predictor of diabetes risk , but the effect of dietary potassium on diabetes risk is not clear . We sought to determine if dietary potassium is associated with risk of incident  type 2 diabetes in young adults . Methods We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults ( CARDIA ) Study . Potassium intake was measured by ( 1 ) an average of three 24 h urinary potassium collection s at the 5-year study visit , and ( 2 ) the CARDIA dietary assessment instrument at baseline . Incident type 2 diabetes cases were ascertained on the basis of use of diabetes medication and laboratory measurements . Analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders including intake of fruit and vegetables and other dietary factors . Results Of 1,066 participants with urinary potassium measurements , 99 ( 9.3 % ) developed diabetes over 15 years of follow-up . In multivariate models , adults in the lowest urinary potassium quintile were more than twice as likely to develop diabetes as their counterparts in the highest quintile ( HR 2.45 ; 95 % CI 1.08 , 5.59 ) . Of 4,754 participants with dietary history measurements , 373 ( 7.8 % ) developed diabetes over 20 years of follow-up . In multivariate models , African-Americans had a significantly increased risk of diabetes with lower potassium intake , which was not found in whites . Conclusions /interpretationLow dietary potassium is associated with increased risk of incident diabetes in African-Americans . R and omised clinical trials are needed to determine if potassium supplementation , from either dietary or pharmacological sources , could reduce the risk of diabetes , particularly in higher-risk population Aims /hypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and risk of microvascular complications ( retinopathy , neuropathy , nephropathy ) in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients in the EURODIAB Prospect i ve Complications Study . Methods The EURODIAB Prospect i ve Complications Study is a follow-up study including 3,250 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients from 16 different European countries . We investigated the cross-sectional association between moderate alcohol consumption and risk of retinopathy , neuropathy and nephropathy among 1,857of these patients . Results We documented 304 cases of proliferative retinopathy , 660 cases of neuropathy and 157 cases of nephropathy ( macroalbuminuria ) . Alcohol consumption was associated with risk of proliferative retinopathy , neuropathy and macroalbuminuria in a U-shaped fashion . Moderate consumers ( 30–70 g alcohol per week ) had a lower risk of microvascular complications with odds ratios of 0.60 ( 95 % CI 0.37–0.99 ) for proliferative retinopathy , 0.61 ( 0.41–0.91 ) for neuropathy and 0.36 ( 0.18–0.71 ) for macroalbuminuria in multivariate-adjusted models . These results were similar when excluding patients who had been advised to drink less alcohol because of their health . The relation was most pronounced for alcohol consumption from wine .  Drinking frequency was significantly , inversely associated with risk of neuropathy , but a similar trend was visible for proliferative retinopathy and macroalbuminuria . Alcohol consumption was not associated with occurrence of ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemic attacks . Conclusions /interpretationConsistent with its effects on macrovascular complications , moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of all microvascular complications among type 1 diabetes patients Aims : The aim was to evaluate circulating levels of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and changes in central macular thickness ( CMT ) in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR ) after antioxidant supplementation . Material s and Methods : A total of 68 patients ( 68 eyes ) with NPDR were enrolled . Patients were r and omly divided into two groups : Treated with antioxidant supplement ( Group A ) and untreated control group ( Group B ) . Each tablet , for oral administration , containing pycnogenol 50 mg , Vitamin E 30 mg and coenzyme Q10 20 mg .  CMT and free oxygen radical test ( FORT )  were analyzed at baseline ( T0 ) , 3 ( T1 ) and 6 ( T2 ) months in both groups . Results : In Group A , FORT levels and CMT were significantly reduced over time ( P < 0.001 for both ) . In Group B , FORT levels were increased ( P < 0.001 ) and CMT did not vary significantly ( P = 0.81 ) over 3 time points . Conclusions : This is the first study showing the reduction of ROS levels in patients with NPDR thanks to antioxidant therapy . Moreover , our findings have suggested also an influence on retinal thickness We have studied the global risk of retinopathy in a Mediterranean population of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients , according to clinical , biochemical , and lifestyle biomarkers . The effects of the oral supplementation containing antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids ( A/ω3 ) were also evaluated . Suitable participants were distributed into two main groups : ( 1 ) T2DMG ( with retinopathy ( + DR ) or without retinopathy ( −DR ) ) and ( 2 ) controls ( CG ) . Participants were r and omly assigned ( + A/ω3 ) or not ( −A/ω3 ) to the oral supplementation with a daily pill of Nutrof Omega ( R ) for 18 months . Data collected including demographics , anthropometrics , characteristics/lifestyle , ophthalmic examination ( best corrected visual acuity , ocular fundus photographs , and retinal thickness as assessed by optical coherence tomography ) , and blood parameters ( glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , triglycerides , malondialdehyde , and total antioxidant capacity ) were registered , integrated , and statistically processed by the SPSS 15.0 program . Finally , 208 participants ( 130 diabetics ( 68 + DR/62 −DR ) and 78 controls ) completed the follow-up . Blood analyses confirmed that the T2DMG+DR patients had significantly higher oxidative stress ( p < 0.05 ) , inflammatory ( p < 0.05 ) , and vascular ( p < 0.001 ) risk markers than the T2DMG−DR and the CG . Furthermore , the A/ω3 oral supplementation positively changed the baseline parameters , presumptively by inducing metabolic activation and ameliorating the ocular health after 18 months of supplementation Summary Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) and type 2 diabetes . In this longitudinal case-cohort study , we aim ed to investigate the prospect i ve associations between objective ly measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants . Methods The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12 403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16 154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340 234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up ( the EPIC study ) . Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31 , 2007 , by a review of several sources of evidence . Gas chromatography was used to measure the distribution of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids ( mol% ) ; sample s from people with type 2 diabetes and subcohort participants were processed in a r and om order by centre , and laboratory staff were masked to participant characteristics . We estimated country-specific hazard ratios ( HRs ) for associations per SD of each SFA with incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression , which is weighted for case-cohort sampling , and pooled our findings using r and om-effects meta- analysis . Findings SFAs accounted for 46 % of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids . In adjusted analyses , different individual SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposing directions . Even-chain SFAs that were measured ( 14:0 [ myristic acid ] , 16:0 [ palmitic acid ] , and 18:0 [ stearic acid ] ) were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes ( HR [ 95 % CI ] per SD difference : myristic acid 1·15 [ 95 % CI 1·09–1·22 ] , palmitic acid 1·26 [ 1·15–1·37 ] , and stearic acid 1·06 [ 1·00–1·13 ] ) . By contrast , measured odd-chain SFAs ( 15:0 [ pentadecanoic acid ] and 17:0 [ heptadecanoic acid ] ) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes ( HR [ 95 % CI ] per 1 SD difference : 0·79 [ 0·73–0·85 ] for pentadecanoic acid and 0·67 [ 0·63–0·71 ] for heptadecanoic acid ) , as were measured longer-chain SFAs ( 20:0 [ arachidic acid ] , 22:0 [ behenic acid ] , 23:0 [ tricosanoic acid ] , and 24:0 [ lignoceric acid ] ) , with HRs ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 ( 95 % CIs ranging between 0·61 and 0·92 ) . Our findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses . Interpretation Different individual plasma phospholipid SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposite directions , which suggests that SFAs are not homogeneous in their effects . Our findings emphasise the importance of the recognition of subtypes of these fatty acids . An improved underst and ing of differences in sources of individual SFAs from dietary intake versus endogenous metabolism is needed . Funding EU FP6 programme , Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit , Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research , and Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative BACKGROUND The potential of dietary habits to confound the association between alcohol consumption and health needs further study . OBJECTIVE We examined whether eating habits differed according to alcohol consumption in a large cohort of French women . DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of the French cohort of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( E3N-EPIC ) . The cohort was established in 1990 and includes 100000 women born between 1925 and 1950 .  Dietary data were obtained between 1993 and 1995 by using self-administered food-frequency question naires . About 73000 question naires were analyzed , and women were placed into 7 categories of alcohol consumption . RESULTS After adjustment for energy derived from alcohol , increasing alcohol consumption was associated with a higher total energy intake , a higher percentage of energy intake as protein and lipids , and higher intakes of cholesterol , fatty acids , retinol , iron , and vitamin E. Conversely , energy provided by carbohydrates decreased with increasing alcohol consumption , as did beta-carotene intake . Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with higher consumption of animal products , cheese , potatoes , oil , bread , and breakfast cereals and with lower consumption of vegetables and dairy products . CONCLUSION In this population of middle-aged , highly educated French women , marked differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes were found according to alcohol consumption . Part of the detrimental effect of alcohol on health may be due to the less healthy dietary habits of drinkers . This points to a confounding role of eating habits and nutrient intakes in the relation between alcohol and health The appropriate proportions of macronutritional intake have been controversial in medical nutritional therapy for diabetes , and evidence of the effects of carbohydrate consumption on diabetes complications in prospect i ve setting s is sparse . We investigated the relationships between proportions of carbohydrate intake as the % of total energy and diabetes complications in a nationwide cohort of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40–70 years with hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5 % . The analysis was of 1516 responders to a baseline dietary survey assessed by the Food Frequency Question naire based on food groups . Primary outcomes were times to overt nephropathy , diabetic retinopathy , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) after 8 years . Hazard ratios ( HRs ) for proportions of carbohydrate intake were estimated by Cox regression adjusted for confounders . High carbohydrate intake was significantly related to higher intakes of grain , fruits , and sweets/snacks and lower intakes of soybean and soy products , vegetables , seaweed , meat and processed meat , fish and processed fish , eggs , milk and dairy products , oil , and alcoholic beverages . During the eight-year follow-up , there were 81 , 275 , and 129 events of overt nephropathy , diabetic retinopathy , and CVD , respectively . After adjustment for confounders , HRs for complications in patients 
    Output:
    
Studies suggest that adherence to the Mediterranean diet and high fruit , vegetable and fish intake may protect against the development of diabetic retinopathy , although the evidence is limited .