***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Carbohydrate-restricted diets ( CRDs ) have been shown to reduce body weight , whereas whole egg intake has been associated with increased satiety . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional dietary cholesterol and protein provided by whole eggs while following a CRD on insulin resistance and appetite hormones . Using a r and omized blind parallel design , subjects were allocated to an egg ( 640 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol ) or placebo ( 0 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol ) group for 12 weeks while following a CRD . There were significant reductions in fasting insulin ( P < .025 ) and fasting leptin concentrations ( P < .01 ) for both groups , which were correlated with the reductions in body weight and body fat ( P < .05 and P < .01 , respectively ) . Both groups reduced insulin resistance as measured by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance ( P < .025 ) . There was a significant decrease in serum glucose levels observed after the intervention . We did not observe the expected increases in plasma ghrelin levels associated with weight loss , suggesting a mechanism by which subjects do not increase appetite with CRD . To confirm these results , the subjective measures of satiety using visual analog scale showed that both groups felt more " full " ( P < .05 ) , " satisfied " ( P < .001 ) , and " wanted to eat less " ( P < .001 ) after the intervention . These results indicate that inclusion of eggs in the diet ( additional dietary cholesterol ) did not modify the multiple beneficial effects of CRD on insulin resistance and appetite hormones BACKGROUND : A relatively high percentage of energy intake as protein has been shown to increase satiety and decrease energy efficiency during overfeeding . AIM : To investigate whether addition of protein may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5–10 % in moderately obese subjects . DESIGN OF THE STUDY : In a r and omized parallel design , 148 male and female subjects ( age 44.2±10.1 y ; body mass index ( BMI ) 29.5±2.5 kg/m2 ; body fat 37.2±5.0 % ) followed a very low-energy diet ( 2.1 MJ/day ) during 4 weeks . For subsequent 3 months weight-maintenance assessment , they were stratified according to age , BMI , body weight , restrained eating , and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , and r and omized over two groups . Both groups visited the University with the same frequency , receiving the same counseling on dem and by the dietitian . One group ( n=73 ) received 48.2 g/day additional protein to their diet . Measurements at baseline , after weight loss , and after 3 months weight maintenance were body weight , body composition , metabolic measurements , appetite profile , eating attitude , and relevant blood parameters . RESULTS : Changes in body mass , waist circumference , REE , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , dietary restraint , fasting blood-glucose , insulin , triacylglycerol , leptin , β-hydroxybutyrate , glycerol , and free fatty acids were significant during weight loss and did not differ between groups . During weight maintenance , the ‘ additional-protein group ’ showed in comparison to the nonadditional-protein group 18 vs 15 en% protein intake , a 50 % lower body weight regain only consisting of fat-free mass , a 50 % decreased energy efficiency , increased satiety while energy intake did not differ , and a lower increase in triacylglycerol and in leptin ; REE , RQ , TEE , and increases in other blood parameters measured did not differ . CONCLUSION : A 20 % higher protein intake , that is , 18 % of energy vs 15 % of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss , result ed in a 50 % lower body weight regain , only consisting of fat-free mass , and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture on weight maintenance after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects in relation to habitual caffeine intake . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A r and omized placebo-controlled double blind parallel trial in 76 overweight and moderately obese subjects , ( BMI , 27.5 + /- 2.7 kg/m2 ) matched for sex , age , BMI , height , body mass , and habitual caffeine intake was conducted . A very low energy diet intervention during 4 weeks was followed by 3 months of weight maintenance ( WM ) ; during the WM period , the subjects received a green tea-caffeine mixture ( 270 mg epigallocatechin gallate + 150 mg caffeine per day ) or placebo . RESULTS Subjects lost 5.9 + /-1.8 ( SD ) kg ( 7.0 + /- 2.1 % ) of body weight ( p < 0.001 ) . At baseline , satiety was positively , and in women , leptin was inversely , related to subjects ' habitual caffeine consumption ( p < 0.01 ) . High caffeine consumers reduced weight , fat mass , and waist circumference more than low caffeine consumers ; resting energy expenditure was reduced less and respiratory quotient was reduced more during weight loss ( p < 0.01 ) . In the low caffeine consumers , during WM , green tea still reduced body weight , waist , respiratory quotient and body fat , whereas resting energy expenditure was increased compared with a restoration of these variables with placebo ( p < 0.01 ) . In the high caffeine consumers , no effects of the green tea-caffeine mixture were observed during WM . DISCUSSION High caffeine intake was associated with weight loss through thermogenesis and fat oxidation and with suppressed leptin in women . In habitual low caffeine consumers , the green tea-caffeine mixture improved WM , partly through thermogenesis and fat oxidation To determine the optimal energy intake of very-low-calorie diets ( VLCDs ) , 76 obese women were r and omly assigned , in a double-blind fashion , to one of three liquid-formula diets : 1758 kJ/d ( 420 kcal/d ) , 2763 kJ/d ( 660 kcal/d ) , or 3349 kJ/d ( 800 kcal/d ) . Weight , body composition , symptoms , mood , and acceptability of the diet were assessed throughout the 6-mo study . There were no significant differences in weight losses or changes in body composition among the three dietary conditions at the end of treatment , nor were there significant differences among conditions in acceptability of the diet , symptoms , or mood . These results suggest that there is no clinical advantage to using VLCDs that provide less than 3349 kJ/d ( 800 kcal/d ) BACKGROUND Meals rich in diacylglycerols ( DGs ) instead of triacylglycerols ( TGs ) show beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and energy balance . These effects are probably attributable to differences in DG and TG metabolism , especially postpr and ial fat oxidation . OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of partial replacement of TGs with DGs on substrate oxidation , energy expenditure ( EE ) , relevant blood variables , and appetite . DESIGN Twelve healthy , dietarily unrestrained women participated in a single-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial with crossover design . For 3 d before and throughout a 36-h stay in a respiration chamber , subjects were fed energy-maintenance amounts of a diet consisting of 55 % of energy from carbohydrate , 15 % from protein , and 30 % from fat . In the respiration chamber , 40 % of the fat was consumed as DG-rich ( 80 % DGs ) oil or as TG-based control oil with a similar fatty acid profile . RESULTS Fat oxidation was significantly higher with DG treatment than with TG treatment . Appetite profiles during day 1 ( 24 h ) did not differ significantly between the DG and TG treatments ; however , feelings of hunger , appetite , estimated prospect i ve food intake , and desire to eat were all significantly lower on day 2 ( 12 h ) with DG treatment . Mean plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate tended to be higher with DG treatment , and the difference between the 2 treatments was significant at 1130 on day 2 . Plasma lipid concentrations and resting and 24-h EE did not differ significantly between the 2 treatments . CONCLUSION Consumption of DGs in place of TGs does not alter EE but produces metabolic effects , particularly increases in fat oxidation , which may be associated with improved appetite control and energy balance Hypoenergetic very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets are both commonly used for short-term weight loss ; however , few studies have directly compared their effect on blood lipids , with no studies to our knowledge comparing postpr and ial lipemia , an important independently identified cardiovascular risk factor . The primary purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a very low-carbohydrate and a low-fat diet on fasting blood lipids and postpr and ial lipemia in overweight men . In a balanced , r and omized , crossover design , overweight men ( n = 15 ; body fat > 25 % ; BMI , 34 kg/m(2 ) ) consumed 2 experimental diets for 2 consecutive 6-wk periods . One was a very low-carbohydrate ( < 10 % energy as carbohydrate ) diet and the other a low-fat ( < 30 % energy as fat ) diet . Blood was drawn from fasting subjects on separate days and an oral fat tolerance test was performed at baseline , after the very low-carbohydrate diet period , and after the low-fat diet period . Both diets had the same effect on serum total cholesterol , serum insulin , and homeostasis model analysis -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) . Neither diet affected serum HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) or oxidized LDL ( oxLDL ) concentrations . Serum LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) was reduced ( P < 0.05 ) only by the low-fat diet ( -18 % ) . Fasting serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) , the TAG/HDL-C ratio , and glucose were significantly reduced only by the very low-carbohydrate diet ( -44 , -42 , and -6 % , respectively ) . Postpr and ial lipemia was significantly reduced when the men consumed both diets compared with baseline , but the reduction was significantly greater after intake of the very low-carbohydrate diet .  Mean and peak LDL particle size increased only after the very low-carbohydrate diet . The short-term hypoenergetic low-fat diet was more effective at lowering serum LDL-C , but the very low-carbohydrate diet was more effective at improving characteristics of the metabolic syndrome as shown by a decrease in fasting serum TAG , the TAG/HDL-C ratio , postpr and ial lipemia , serum glucose , an increase in LDL particle size , and also greater weight loss ( P < 0.05 ) BACKGROUND Altering the macronutrient composition of the diet influences hunger and satiety . Studies have compared high- and low-protein diets , but there are few data on carbohydrate content and ketosis on motivation to eat and ad libitum intake . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the hunger , appetite , and weight-loss responses to a high-protein , low-carbohydrate [ ( LC ) ketogenic ] and those to a high-protein , medium-carbohydrate [ ( MC ) nonketogenic ] diet in obese men feeding ad libitum . DESIGN Seventeen obese men were studied in a residential trial ; food was provided daily . Subjects were offered 2 high-protein ( 30 % of energy ) ad libitum diets , each for a 4-wk period-an LC ( 4 % carbohydrate ) ketogenic diet and an MC ( 35 % carbohydrate ) diet-r and omized in a crossover design . Body weight was measured daily , and ketosis was monitored by analysis of plasma and urine sample s. Hunger was assessed by using a computerized visual analogue system . RESULTS Ad libitum energy intakes were lower with the LC diet than with the MC diet [ P=0.02 ; SE of the difference ( SED ) : 0.27 ] at 7.25 and 7.95 MJ/d , respectively . Over the 4-wk period , hunger was significantly lower ( P=0.014 ; SED : 1.76 ) and weight loss was significantly greater ( P=0.006 ; SED : 0.62 ) with the LC diet ( 6.34 kg ) than with the MC diet ( 4.35 kg ) . The LC diet induced ketosis with mean 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 1.52 mmol/L in plasma ( P=0.036 from baseline ; SED : 0.62 ) and 2.99 mmol/L in urine ( P<0.001 from baseline ; SED : 0.36 ) . CONCLUSION In the short term , high-protein , low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high-protein , medium-carbohydrate nonketogenic diets This study investigated the acceptability of two very-low-calorie diets in 16 moderately overweight persons participating in a weight 
    Output:
    
Although these absolute changes in appetite were small , they occurred within the context of energy restriction , which is known to increase appetite in obese people .
Thus , the clinical benefit of a ketogenic diet is in preventing an increase in appetite , despite weight loss , although individuals may indeed feel slightly less hungry ( or more full or satisfied ) .
Ketosis appears to provide a plausible explanation for this suppression of appetite .