***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Loss of sleep may impair the ability to abstain from drug use , through any of a number of mechanisms . Sleep loss may increase drug use by impairing attention and inhibitory control , increasing the value of drug rewards over other rewards , or by inducing mood states that facilitate use of a drug . In the present study , we examined whether sleep deprivation ( SD ) would increase smoking in cigarette smokers , and whether it would do so by impairing attention or inhibitory control .  Healthy cigarette smokers ( N=14 ) were tested in a two-session within subject study , after overnight SD or after a normal night 's sleep . Subjects were tested in both conditions in r and omized order , after abstaining from cigarettes for 48 hours . The procedure was design ed to model the human relapse situation . On each 6-h laboratory session after sleep or no sleep , subjects completed mood and craving question naires , tasks measuring behavioral inhibition and attention , and a choice procedure in which they chose between money and smoking cigarettes . SD increased self-reported fatigue and decreased arousal , it increased the number of cigarettes subjects chose to smoke , impaired behavioral inhibition and attention . However , the impairments in inhibition or attention were not related to the increase in smoking . It is possible that SD  increases smoking because smokers expect that it will reduce sleepiness . Thus , the findings suggest that sleep loss may increase the likelihood of smoking during abstinence not through inhibitory or attentional mechanisms but because of the potential of nicotine to reduce subjective sleepiness Abstract Objective To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods , and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages . Design Prospect i ve study that has continued from 1951 to 2001 . Setting United Kingdom . Participants 34 439 male British doctors . Information about their smoking habits was obtained in 1951 , and periodically thereafter ; cause specific mortality was monitored for 50 years . Main outcome measures Overall mortality by smoking habit , considering separately men born in different periods . Results The excess mortality associated with smoking chiefly involved vascular , neoplastic , and respiratory diseases that can be caused by smoking . Men born in 1900 - 1930 who smoked only cigarettes and continued smoking died on average about 10 years younger than lifelong non-smokers . Cessation at age 60 , 50 , 40 , or 30 years gained , respectively , about 3 , 6 , 9 , or 10 years of life expectancy . The excess mortality associated with cigarette smoking was less for men born in the 19th century and was greatest for men born in the 1920s . The cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of dying in middle age ( 35 - 69 ) were 42 % ν24 % ( a twofold death rate ratio ) for those born in 1900 - 1909 , but were 43 % ν 15 % ( a threefold death rate ratio ) for those born in the 1920s . At older ages , the cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of surviving from age 70 to 90 were 10 % ν 12 % at the death rates of the 1950s ( that is , among men born around the 1870s ) but were 7 % ν 33 % ( again a threefold death rate ratio ) at the death rates of the 1990s ( that is , among men born around the 1910s ) . Conclusion A substantial progressive decrease in the mortality rates among non-smokers over the past half century ( due to prevention and improved treatment of disease ) has been wholly outweighed , among cigarette smokers , by a progressive increase in the smoker ν non-smoker death rate ratio due to earlier and more intensive use of cigarettes . Among the men born around 1920 , prolonged cigarette smoking from early adult life tripled age specific mortality rates , but cessation at age 50 halved the hazard , and cessation at age 30 avoided almost all of it Summary Background In developed countries , smoking is associated with increased risk of diabetes . Little is known about the association in China , where cigarette consumption has increased ( first in urban , then in rural areas ) relatively recently . Moreover , uncertainty remains about the effect of smoking cessation on diabetes in China and elsewhere . We aim ed to assess the associations of smoking and smoking cessation with risk of incident diabetes  among Chinese adults . Methods The prospect i ve China Kadoorie Biobank enrolled 512 891 adults ( 59 % women ) aged 30–79 years during 2004–08 from ten diverse areas ( five urban and five rural ) across China . Participants were interviewed at study assessment clinics , underwent physical measurements , and had a non-fasting blood sample taken . Participants were separated into four categories according to smoking history : never-smokers , ever-regular smokers , ex-smokers , and occasional smokers . Incident diabetes cases were identified through linkage with diabetes surveillance systems , the national health insurance system , and death registries . All analyses were done separately in men and women and Cox regression was used to yield adjusted hazards ratios ( HRs ) for diabetes associated with smoking . Findings 68 % ( n=134 975 ) of men ever smoked regularly compared with 3 % ( n=7811 ) of women . During 9 years ' follow-up , 13 652 new-onset diabetes cases were recorded among 482 589 participants without previous diabetes . Among urban men , smokers had an adjusted HR of 1·18 ( 95 % CI 1·12–1·25 ) for diabetes . HRs increased with younger age at first smoking regularly ( 1·12 , 1·20 , and 1·27 at ≥25 years , 20–24 years , and < 20 years , respectively ; p for trend=0·00073 ) and with greater amount smoked ( 1·11 , 1·15 , 1·42 , and 1·63 for < 20 , 20–29 , 30–39 and ≥40 cigarettes per day ; p for trend<0·0001 ) . Among rural men , similar , albeit more modest , associations were seen . Overall , HRs were more extreme at higher levels of adiposity . Among men who stopped by choice , there was no excess risk within 5 years of cessation , contrasting with those who stopped because of illness ( 0·92 [ 0·75–1·12 ] vs 1·42 [ 1·23–1·63 ] ) . Among the few women who ever smoked regularly , the excess risk of diabetes was significant ( 1·33 [ 1·20–1·47 ] ) . Interpretation Among Chinese adults , smoking was associated with increased risk of diabetes , with no significant excess risk following voluntary smoking cessation . Funding Wellcome Trust , Medical Research Council , British Heart Foundation , Cancer Research UK , Kadoorie Charitable Foundation , Ministry of Science and Technology , National Natural Science Foundation of China , and China Scholarship Council STUDY OBJECTIVES to prospect ively analyze changes in the prevalence of  insomnia  and the relationship between insomnia , aging , lifestyle , and medical disorders DESIGN a longitudinal population survey . PARTICIPANTS a r and omly selected population sample of 2,602 men ( age 30 - 69 years ) from Uppsala in Sweden . INTERVENTION all participants  answered a question naire on sleep disturbances , lifestyle factors , and medical disorders in 1984 and again in 1994 . MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The prevalence of INSOMNIA was 10.3 % in 1984 and 12.8 % in 1994 . No significant correlation was found between age and insomnia in any of the two time periods . Insomnia in 1994 was independently related to having insomnia in 1984 ( OR=6.45 ) , being over-weight ( BMI > 27 kg/m2 ) ( OR=1.35 ) , physical inactivity ( OR=1.42 ) , alcohol dependence ( OR=1.75 ) , psychiatric disorders ( OR=8.27 ) and joint/low back disorders ( OR=2.95 ) . The number of subject with reported insomnia in 1984 but not 1994 was 149 . Subjects that quit smoking during the time period had an increased likeliness of remission ( OR=2.70 ) while men who were overweight were less likely to remit ( OR=0.43 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in men insomnia is related to lifestyle factors such as obesity , physical inactivity and alcohol dependency but not to aging . Medical disorders such as joint and low back disorders and psychiatric illnesses also increase the risk of reporting insomnia . This study demonstrates the close relationship between quality of sleep and overall health status The frequencies of five common sleep complaints -- trouble falling asleep , waking up , awaking too early , needing to nap and not feeling rested -- were assessed in over 9,000 participants aged 65 years and older in the National Institute on Aging 's multicentered study entitled " Established Population s for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly " ( EPESE ) . Less than 20 % of the participants in each community rarely or never had any complaints , whereas over half reported at least one of these complaints as occurring most of the time . Between 23 % and 34 % had symptoms of insomnia , and between 7 % and 15 % percent rarely or never felt rested after waking up in the morning . In multivariate analyses , sleep complaints were associated with an increasing number of respiratory symptoms , physical disabilities , nonprescription medications , depressive symptoms and poorer self-perceived health . Sleep disturbances , particularly among older persons , oftentimes may be secondary to coexisting diseases . Determining the prevalence of specific sleep disorders , independent of health status , will require the development of more sophisticated and objective measures of sleep disturbances Background Data on the combined effect of lifestyles on mortality in older people have generally been collected from highly selected population s and have been limited to traditional health behaviors . In this study , we examined the combined impact of three traditional ( smoking , physical activity and diet ) and three non-traditional health behaviors ( sleep duration , sedentary time and social interaction ) on mortality among older adults . Methods A cohort of 3,465 individuals , representative of the Spanish population aged ≥60 years , was established in 2000/2001 and followed-up prospect ively through 2011 . At baseline , the following positive behaviors were self-reported : never smoking or quitting tobacco > 15 years , being very or moderately physically active , having a  healthy  diet score ≥ median in the cohort , sleeping 7 to 8 h/d , spending < 8 h/d in sitting time , and seeing friends daily . Analyses were performed with Cox regression and adjusted for the main confounders . Results During an average nine-year follow-up , 1,244 persons died . Hazard ratios ( 95 % confidence interval ) for all-cause mortality among participants with two , three , four , five and six compared to those with zero to one positive behaviors were , respectively , 0.63 ( 0.46 to 0.85 ) , 0.41 ( 0.31 to 0.55 ) , 0.32 ( 0.24 to 0.42 ) , 0.26 ( 0.20 to 0.35 ) and 0.20 ( 0.15 to 0.28 ) ( P for trend < 0.001 ) . The results were similar regardless of age , sex and health status at baseline . Those with six vs. zero to one positive health behaviors had an all-cause mortality risk equivalent to being 14 years younger . Adding the three non-traditional to the four traditional behaviors improved the model fit ( likelihood ratio test , P < 0.001 ) and the accuracy of mortality prediction ( c-statistic : + 0.0031 , P = 0.040 ) . Conclusions Adherence to some traditional and non-traditional health behaviors may substantially reduce mortality risk in older adults STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze predictors of  excessive daytime sleepiness ( EDS )  and to analyze how changes within risk factors over time predict incident EDS in women . DESIGN Population -based prospect i ve study . SETTING General population of the City of Uppsala , Sweden . PARTICIPANTS From a r and om , general population sample of 7,051 women from the Sleep and HEalth in women ( " SHE " ) cohort , 4,322 women without EDS at baseline were followed up after 10 y. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS At baseline and follow-up , women answered a question naire on sleeping habits , somatic disease , obesity , insomnia , anxiety and depression , lifestyle , and social factors . The risk of incident EDS was analyzed from changes over time in risk factors using logistic regression modeling . Of the women , EDS developed in 7.9 % . Incident : insomnia ( adjusted odds ratio = 5.01 ; 95 % confidence interval 3.63 - 6.92 ) , anxiety and /or depression ( 3.34 ; 2.22 - 5.02 ) , somatic disease ( 1.73 ; 1.17 - 2.55 ) , obesity ( 1.91 ; 1.14 - 2.57 ) , snoring ( 1.91 ; 1.17 
    Output:
    
Smoking is associated with a risk of developing sleep-related issues .
Smoking is associated with sleep-related issues .
Informing smokers about the effects of smoking on sleep issues can be effective in reducing and preventing its consequences