***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The transition to college has been identified as a critical period for increases in overweight status . Overweight college students are at-risk of becoming obese adults , and , thus prevention efforts targeting college age individuals are key to reducing adult obesity rates . The current study evaluated an Internet intervention with first year college students ( N=170 ) r and omly assigned to one of four treatment conditions : 1 ) no treatment , 2 ) 6-week online intervention 3 ) 6-week weight and caloric feedback only ( via email ) , and 4 ) 6-week combined feedback and online intervention . The combined intervention group had lower BMI s at post-testing than the other three groups . This study demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of an online intervention to prevent weight gain among college students In this study , the authors evaluated the effectiveness of the Energize Your Life ! social-marketing campaign pilot study to improve knowledge , attitudes , and fruit intake among community college students . The authors used a cross-sectional , quasi-experimental , pre- and posttest design . They r and omly selected community college students ( N = 1,367 ) and exposed the intervention campus to fruit fairs to distribute fresh fruit , 100 % fruit juice , and fruit smoothie sample s and information about fruit to students . The authors also addressed policy change to increase the accessibility of fruit on campus . There was a significant increase in fruit intake between pre- and posttest at the intervention campus . Although students had positive attitudes toward intake , most did not achieve the minimum recommended daily 2 servings of fruit . Approximately 25 % of the students had insufficient funds , which affected their food intake . Longer-term social marketing interventions may be an effective means of improving the dietary quality of community college students Background Energy drink consumption has continued to gain in popularity since the 1997 debut of Red Bull , the current leader in the energy drink market . Although energy drinks are targeted to young adult consumers , there has been little research regarding energy drink consumption patterns among college students in the United States . The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption patterns among college students , prevalence and frequency of energy drink use for six situations , namely for insufficient sleep , to increase energy ( in general ) , while study ing , driving long periods of time , drinking with alcohol while partying , and to treat a hangover , and prevalence of adverse side effects and energy drink use dose effects among college energy drink users . Methods Based on the responses from a 32 member college student focus group and a field test , a 19 item survey was used to assess energy drink consumption patterns of 496 r and omly surveyed college students attending a state university in the Central Atlantic region of the United States . Results Fifty one percent of participants ( n = 253 ) reported consuming greater than one  energy drink  each month in an average month for the current semester ( defined as energy drink user ) . The majority of users consumed energy drinks for insufficient sleep ( 67 % ) , to increase energy ( 65 % ) , and to drink with alcohol while partying ( 54 % ) . The majority of users consumed one energy drink to treat most situations although using three or more was a common practice to drink with alcohol while partying ( 49 % ) . Weekly jolt and crash episodes were experienced by 29 % of users , 22 % reported ever having headaches , and 19 % heart palpitations from consuming energy drinks . There was a significant dose effect only for jolt and crash episodes . Conclusion Using energy drinks is a popular practice among college students for a variety of situations . Although for the majority of situations assessed , users consumed one energy drink with a reported frequency of 1 – 4 days per month , many users consumed three or more when combining with alcohol while partying . Further , side effects from consuming energy drinks are fairly common , and a significant dose effect was found with jolt and crash episodes . Future research should identify if college students recognize the amounts of caffeine that are present in the wide variety of caffeine-containing products that they are consuming , the amounts of caffeine that they are consuming in various situations , and the physical side effects associated with caffeine consumption Dairy calcium may help prevent excess weight gain and obesity when consumed in adequate amounts ( three or more servings per day ) and combined with energy balance . This prospect i ve cohort study was conducted to evaluate dairy intake and examine the association between low-fat dairy intake and body weight and composition changes in college students . Seventy-six college students ( 65 women and 11 men ; mean age+/-st and ard error [SE]=19.2+/-0.2 years ) completed 7-day food records , body height ( cm ) , weight ( kg ) , and waist circumference  ( cm ) measurements twice ( September 2004 and April 2005 ) . Percentage of truncal fat and percentage of total body fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . One-way multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted . Overall ( mean+/-SE ) total dairy ( 1.4+/-0.1 servings/day ) , low-fat dairy ( 0.5+/-0.1 servings/day ) , and calcium ( 815+/-41 mg/day ) intakes were low . Subjects who consumed a higher amount of low-fat dairy products ( mean+/-SE=0.8+/-0.1 servings/day ) had better diet quality , gained less body weight , and had reductions in waist circumference , percentage truncal fat , and percentage total body fat compared to those with lower intake ( mean+/-SE=0.1+/-0.0 servings/day ) . Low-fat dairy intake may be associated with better diet quality and weight management in college students . Nutrition interventions in young adults should promote low-fat dairy intake as part of an overall healthful lifestyle OBJECTIVE To determine if a series of 4 15-minute , theory-driven ( Social Cognitive Theory ) cooking programs aim ed at college students living off campus improved cooking self-efficacy , knowledge , attitudes , and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable intake . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with pre- , post- and follow-up tests . SETTING University campus . PARTICIPANTS Students ( n = 101 ) from upper-level nonhealth courses ( n = 37 male and n = 94 living off campus ) . INTERVENTION The intervention group ( n = 50 ) watched 4 weekly episodes of the cooking show , Good Grubbin ' . The control group ( n = 51 ) watched 4 weekly episodes on sleep disorders . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic information ; knowledge , self-efficacy , motivations , barriers of eating fruits and vegetables ; self-efficacy , motivations , barriers and behaviors of cooking ; fruit and vegetable intake food frequency question naire . ANALYSIS Repeated-measure analysis of variance and chi-square analyses were used to compare outcome variables . RESULTS There were significant improvements in knowledge of fruit and vegetable recommendations in the intervention group compared to the control group postintervention and at 4-month follow-up ( P < .05 ) . There were no significant changes in fruit and vegetable motivators , barriers , self-efficacy or intake . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S A television show on nutrition and cooking may be influential in changing students ' knowledge , but it seems to have little impact on dietary behaviors . With a recent increase in popularity of cooking shows , future research should investigate the impact an extended cooking and nutrition show series might have on young adult viewers Objective : The authors investigated the longitudinal impact of peer health education on the health behaviors of undergraduate students pertaining to alcohol and drug use , eating and nutrition , and sexual health . Participants : From fall 2003 to spring 2006 , the authors annually administered a Web-based survey to a cohort of 2,000 r and omly selected undergraduate students . Results : Students who had contact with peer health educators were significantly more likely over time than other students to report less alcohol consumption and fewer related negative consequences . Results also show that students who had contact with peer health educators initially endorsed engaging in unhealthy weight management and fat talk behaviors during their first year but decreased these unhealthy behaviors by their third year . No significant differences in sexual health behaviors were found . Conclusions : Results indicate that peer health educators play an important role in promoting healthy behaviors in the areas of alcohol and drug use and in eating and nutrition OBJECTIVE MyStudentBody.com-Nutrition ( MSB-N ) is an internet-based nutrition and physical activity education program for college students . METHOD Students from six universities ( N=476 ) in the U.S. were r and omly assigned in the fall of 2005 to one of three groups : MSB-N ( Experimental I ) , MSB-N plus Booster ( Experimental II ) , or an attention placebo control group . RESULTS Experimental I and II group participants increased their fruit and vegetable intake by .33 and .24 servings , respectively , relative to the control group at post-test . Both experimental groups improved their motivation to change eating behaviors ( p<.05 ) and were also more likely to increase their social support and self-efficacy for dietary change ( p's<.05 ) . Experimental groups also improved their attitude toward exercise ( p<.05 ) , but no behavioral changes in physical activity were noted . CONCLUSION MyStudentBody.com-Nutrition is an effective internet-based program that may have wide applicability on college campuses for nutrition education and promoting change in health behaviors Background Accumulating evidence suggests that fruit and vegetable intake ( FVI ) plays a protective role against major diseases . Despite this protective role and the obesity p and emic context , population s in Western countries usually eat far less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day . In order to increase the efficiency of interventions , they should be tailored to the most important determinants or mediators of FVI . The objective was to systematic ally review social cognitive theory-based studies of FVI and to identify its main psychosocial determinants . Methods Published papers were systematic ally sought using Current Contents ( 2007 - 2009 ) and Medline , Embase , PsycINFO , Proquest and Thesis , as well as Cinhal ( 1980 - 2009 ) . Additional studies were identified by a manual search in the bibliographies . Search terms included fruit , vegetable , behaviour , intention , as well as names of specific theories . Only studies predicting FVI or intention to eat fruits and vegetables in the general population and using a social cognitive theory were included . Independent extraction of information was carried out by two persons using predefined data fields , including study quality criteria . Results A total of 23 studies were identified and included , 15 study ing only the determinants of FVI , seven study ing the determinants of FVI and intention and one study ing only the determinants of intention . All pooled analyses were based on r and om-effects models . The r and om-effect R2 observed for the prediction of FVI was 0.23 and it was 0.34 for the prediction of intention . Multicomponent theoretical frameworks and the theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) were most often used . A number of method ological moderators influenced the efficacy of prediction of FVI . The most consistent variables predicting behaviour were habit , motivation and goals , beliefs about capabilities , knowledge and taste ; those explaining intention were beliefs about capabilities , beliefs about consequences and perceived social influences . Conclusions Our results suggest that the TPB and social cognitive theory ( SCT ) are the preferable social cognitive theories to predict behaviour and TPB to explain intention . Efficacy of prediction was nonetheless negatively affected by method ological factors such as the study design and the quality of psychosocial and behavioural measures Abstract Objective : Freshman weight gain  has been assessed using quantitative inquiry , but this qualitative study allowed for an in-depth exploration of freshmen women 's experiences surrounding body image , nutrition , and exercise . The purpose of this study was to better underst and the impact and explanations for the “ Freshman 15 . ” Participants : Freshmen college women , aged 18 to 19 years . Methods : Participants ( N = 235 ) were initially surveyed about body dissatisfaction . Thirty participants were selected for semistructured interviews  ( conducted in March 2008 ) using a criterion-based , multilevel stratified r and om sampling . Results : Freshmen women reported intense fears about gaining weight . Women most commonly attributed freshman weight gain to newly found food independence , social comparison with peers , and the influence of friends and family . Women frequently cited eating habit changes to explain college weight gain . Conclusions : Comparison among females was framed using Festinger 's social comparison theory . Despite being cautious about food , females described freshman weight gain as inevitable BACKGROUND Self-report of dietary intake could be biased by social desirability or social approval thus affecting risk estimates in epidemiological studies . These constructs produce response set biases , which are evident when testing in domains characterized by easily recognizable correct or desirable responses . Given the social and psychological value ascribed to diet , assessment method ologies used most commonly in epidemiological studies are particularly vulnerable to these biases . METHODS Social desirability and  social approval biases were tested by comparing nutrient scores derived from multiple 24-hour diet recalls ( 24HR ) on seven r and omly assigned days with those from two 7-day diet recalls ( 7DDR ) ( similar in some respects to commonly used food frequency question naires ) , one administered at the beginning of the test period ( pre ) and one at the end ( post ) . Statistical analysis included correlation and multiple linear regression . RESULTS Cross-sectionally , no relationships between social approval score and the nutritional variables existed . Social desirability score was negatively correlated with most nutritional variables . In linear regression analysis , social desirability score produced a large downward bias in nutrient estimation in the 7DDR relative to the 24HR . For total energy , this bias equalled about 50 kcal/point on the social desirability scale or about 450 kcal over its interquartile range . The bias was approximately twice as large for women as for men and only about half as large in the post measures . Individuals having the highest 24 
    Output:
    
Results : Short-term interventions showed promise in promoting positive dietary changes , which can serve as a protective factor for developing overweight and obesity .
Studies that have a comparison group , use visual displays , or have longer duration s , may maximize outcomes , improving long-term effects .
Conclusions : Nutrition interventions can effectively change dietary habits among college students .
This can lead to healthy weight management and reduce the risk for overweight and obesity .