***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To evaluate clinical and treatment factors for patients recorded in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization ( ELSO ) registry and survival of adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO ) respiratory failure patients . Design and patients Retrospective case review of the ELSO registry from 1986–2006 . Data were analyzed separately for the entire time period and the most recent years ( 2002–2006 ) . Results Of 1,473 patients , 50 % survived to discharge . Median age was 34 years . Most patients ( 78 % ) were supported with venovenous ECMO . In a multi-variate logistic regression model , pre-ECMO factors including increasing age , decreased weight , days on mechanical ventilation before ECMO , arterial blood pH ≤ 7.18 , and Hispanic and Asian race compared to white race were associated with increased odds of death . For the most recent years ( n = 600 ) , age and PaCO2 ≥ 70 compared to PaCO2 ≤ 44 were also associated with increased odds of death . The two diagnostic categories acute respiratory failure and asthma compared to ARDS were associated with decreased odds of mortality as was venovenous compared to venoarterial mode . CPR and complications while on ECMO including circuit rupture , central nervous system infa rct ion or hemorrhage , gastrointestinal or pulmonary hemorrhage , and arterial blood pH < 7.2 or > 7.6 were associated with increased odds of death . Conclusions Survival among this cohort of adults with severe respiratory failure supported with ECMO was 50 % . Advanced patient age , increased pre-ECMO ventilation duration , diagnosis category and complications while on ECMO were associated with mortality . Prospect i ve studies are needed to evaluate the role of this complex support mode This article describes the design , methodology , baseline distributions , and general follow-up characteristics of the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( AmFAR ) National Observational Data base ( ODB ) Project including the benefits and limitations of collecting information on a large simple cohort in the HIV community setting . The study prospect ively followed 15,611 HIV-positive men and women and collected longitudinal and cross-sectional data on demographics , medical conditions , drug therapies , laboratory parameters , and survival . Participants were followed between October 1990 and December 1993 by 252 community-based sites coordinated by 22 centers in the Community-Based Clinical Trials Network ( CBCT Network ) throughout the United States ( including Puerto Rico ) and Toronto , Canada . The ODB provided quantitative information on a national level needed to track the HIV epidemic and plan clinical trials conducted through the Network , and to provide sites with local data bases to monitor patients and facilitate access to therapies in clinical trials . Overall , the ODB contains information on 1,925 women ( 12 % ) and 13,686 men ( 88 % ) , 60 % white , 20 % African American , 17 % Latino/Hispanic , with 56,254 baseline and follow-up forms , a median follow-up of about 12 months , a 16 % loss-to-follow-up , and an 11 % mortality rate . AmFAR plans to place the ODB in the public domain Objective : To analyze the early and long-term causes of death after first ischemic stroke in the multiethnic northern Manhattan community . Methods : In the prospect i ve , population -based Northern Manhattan Stroke Study , 980 patients with first ischemic stroke ( mean age 70 years ; 56 % women ; 49 % Caribbean Hispanic , 31 % black , 20 % white ) were followed for a mean of 3 years . Causes of death were classified as vascular ( incident stroke , recurrent stroke , cardiac ) or nonvascular . Life table analyses were used to assess mortality risks among different race-ethnic groups . Early ( ≤1 month ) vs long-term ( > 1 month to 5 years ) causes of death were compared . Results : Among the 980 patients followed , 278 ( 28 % ) died ; 47 ( 5 % ) died during the first month . Cumulative mortality risk was 5 % at 1 month , 16 % after 1 year , 29 % after 3 years , and 41 % after 5 years . The proportion of vascular deaths among all deaths was 75 % at 1 month and 43 % thereafter ( p = 0.001 ) . Stroke , either incident ( 53 % ) or recurrent ( 4 % ) , caused early deaths in 57 % and long-term deaths in 14 % ( p = 0.001 ) . Overall mortality risks did not differ significantly among race-ethnic groups . However , the proportion of incident stroke-related early deaths was 85 % in Caribbean Hispanic patients , 33 % in white patients , and 25 % in black patients ( p = 0.002 ) . Conclusions : Among patients with first ischemic stroke , incident stroke is the leading cause of early deaths . A large proportion of long-term deaths are nonvascular in origin . Despite similar overall mortality rates in race-ethnic groups , our data suggest a higher incident stroke-related early mortality among Caribbean Hispanics Background — Although population s referred for  coronary angiography  are increasingly diverse , there is limited information on coronary artery disease ( CAD ) prevalence and in-hospital mortality other than for predominately white male patients . Methods and Results — We examined gender and ethnic differences in CAD prevalence and in-hospital mortality in a prospect i ve cohort of patients referred for angiographic evaluation of stable angina ( n=375 886 ) or acute coronary syndromes ( ACS ; unstable angina or myocardial infa rct ion , n=450 329 ) at 388 US hospitals participating in the American College of Cardiology – National Cardiovascular Data Registry , an angiographic registry . Univariable and multivariable ( with covariates that included risk factors , symptoms , and comorbidities ) logistic regression models were used to estimate significant CAD , defined as ≥70 % stenosis , and in-hospital mortality . Within stable angina and ACS cohorts , 7 % of patients were black , 2 % were Hispanic , 0.3 % were Native American , 1 % were Asian , and 90 % were white , respectively . In stable angina , the risk-adjusted OR for significant CAD was 0.34 for women compared with men ( P<0.0001 ) , with black women having the lowest risk-adjusted odds ( P<0.0001 ) compared with other females . Among ACS patients , the risk-adjusted OR of significant CAD was 0.47 for women compared with men ( P<0.0001 ) ; similarly , black women had the lowest risk-adjusted odds ( P<0.0001 ) compared with other females . Higher in-hospital mortality was reported for white women presenting with stable angina ( P<0.00001 ) . White women had a 1.34-fold ( 95 % CI 1.21 to 1.48 ) higher risk-adjusted odds ratio for mortality than white men with stable angina ( P<0.0001 ) , with higher rates noted for white women who were older or had significant CAD ( both P<0.0001 ) . Lower utilization of elective coronary revascularization , aspirin , and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors  ( all P<0.0001 ) may have contributed to higher in-hospital mortality for white women . In ACS , higher in-hospital mortality was reported for Hispanic ( P=0.015 ) and white ( P<0.0001 ) women ; however , neither white ( P=0.51 ) or Hispanic ( P=0.13 ) women had higher in-hospital risk-adjusted mortality . Conclusions — The likelihood for significant CAD at coronary angiography and for in-hospital mortality varied significantly by ethnicity and gender . Future clinical practice guidelines should be tailored to gender subsets of the population , in particular for black women , to improve the efficient use of angiographic laboratories and to target at-risk population s of women and men This prospect i ve cohort study compares 200 hospitalized , HIV-infected patients ( Hispanic , African American , and white ) from May 1992 to October 1998 to assess mortality ( versus survival ) over 75 months of follow-up . The relative risk of six-year mortality for each ethnic group is compared using Cox proportional hazards models after control- ling for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics , access to general medical care , and HIV-specific treatment . The median survival of Hispan- ics ( 15.5 months ) was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) shorter than that of whites ( 23.8 ) ; survival for African Americans ( 35.1 ) did not differ from whites . In multivariate analysis , the adjusted relative risk of six-year mortality for Hispanics compared with whites was 2.14 ( 95 percent confidence interval = 1.26 - 3.66 ) . The poor outcomes of Hispanics was not explained by access to general care or by HIV-specific treatment OBJECTIVE To describe the risk factors associated with cardiovascular mortality in the African American ( AA ) and Hispanic population s in Los Angeles County in an effort to define causes for the excess mortality seen in AAs . METHODS This was a longitudinal analysis of all-cause , cardiovascular , and cerebrovascular mortality in a large , prospect i ve multiethnic cohort of individuals aged 45 - 74 years . Death rates between AA and Hispanic men and women during the six-year period from 1993 to 1998 due to hypertension , cardiomyopathy , acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) , ischemic heart disease , and stroke were compared . RESULTS There were 1,157 deaths due to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) or cerebrovascular disease among the 71,798 eligible members of the cohort included in these analyses .  Age-adjusted mortality rates were two to five times higher in AAs as compared with Hispanics ( e.g. , 373.15 in AAs for hypertensive disease vs 50.37 in Hispanics ) . A history of hypertension was the most common significant risk factor for CVD ; other risk factors significantly associated with CVD mortality included cigarette smoking and a past history of diabetes and stroke . Adjusting for these factors did not remove the significance of AA ethnicity as a risk factor for CVD mortality in either subjects reporting or subjects not reporting hypertension at baseline . CONCLUSIONS The evidence for both higher relative severity and higher incidence of hypertensive disease among AAs , and the consistency of the effect across gender , suggests that a major determinant of risk may be a gene environment interaction BACKGROUND People of Hispanic origin are the fastest growing ethnic minority in the United States and often have hypertension and other comorbidities which increase the risk associated with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . METHODS AND RESULTS An analysis of the 8045 Hispanic patients enrolled in INVEST was conducted , and comparisons were made to the 14,531 non-Hispanic patients . INVEST was a prospect i ve , r and omized , open , blinded end point study in CAD patients with hypertension . After 61,835 patient-years of follow-up , treatment with either a verapamil sustained release ( SR ) or atenolol antihypertensive strategy result ed in greater blood pressure control in Hispanic patients , and Hispanic patients were at significantly lower risk of experiencing a nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , nonfatal stroke , or death ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0.87 , 95 % CI 0.78 - 0.97 ) . Hispanic ethnicity was associated with an increase ( HR 1.19 , 95 % CI 1.04 - 1.36 ) , and r and omization to the verapamil SR strategy was associated with a decrease ( HR 0.85 , 95 % CI 0.76 - 0.95 ) , in the risk of new-onset diabetes . Use of tr and olapril in the verapamil SR strategy was associated with reduced risk of new-onset diabetes , whereas increasing doses of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide in the atenolol strategy were associated with increased risk of new-onset diabetes . CONCLUSIONS The Hispanic cohort of INVEST had better blood pressure control and lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes compared with the non-Hispanic cohort . A verapamil SR strategy is an alternative to an atenolol strategy for the treatment of Hispanic patients with hypertension and CAD and can reduce the risk of new-onset diabetes As part of a multicenter V.A. Cooperative Study , 437 male veterans with varying stages of alcoholic liver injury were followed over a 4.5 year period . Their ethnic distribution consisted of 256 Caucasians , 109 black Afro-Americans , 63 Puerto Rican Hispanics , and 9 Native American Indians .  Survival analyses revealed significant differences between groups ( P = 0.0002 ) : 66 % of Afro-Americans were still living at 42 months ; Caucasians were intermediate with 40 % survival ; and only 28 % of Hispanics were alive . The number of Native American Indians enrolled was too small to draw conclusions but none of those enrolled survived beyond 24 months . Survival regression analysis of 30 clinical , laboratory , histologic and nutritional parameters , revealed the following significant risk factors : clinical severity ( P less than 0.0001 ) , histologic severity ( P less than 0.000 
    Output:
    
The difference in mortality risk was greater among older population s and varied by preexisting health conditions , with effects apparent for initially healthy sample s and those with cardiovascular diseases .
The results also differed by racial group : Hispanics had lower overall risk of mortality than did non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks , but overall higher risk of mortality than did Asian Americans .