***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Regular physical exercise may improve a variety of physiological and psychological factors in depressive persons . However , there is little experimental evidence to support this assumption for adolescent population s. We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to investigate the effect of physical exercise on depressive state , the excretions of stress hormones and physiological fitness variables in adolescent females with depressive symptoms . METHODS Forty-nine female volunteers ( aged 18 - 20 years ; mean 18.8 + /- 0.7 years ) with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms , as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression ( CES-D ) scale , were r and omly assigned to either an exercise regimen or usual daily activities for 8 weeks . The subjects were then crossed over to the alternate regimen for an additional 8-week period . The exercise program consisted of five 50-min sessions per week of a group jogging training at a mild intensity . The variables measured were CES-D rating scale , urinary cortisol and epinephrine levels , and cardiorespiratory factors at rest and during exercise endurance test . RESULTS After the sessions of exercise the CES-D total depressive score showed a significant decrease , whereas no effect was observed after the period of usual daily activities ( ANOVA ) . Twenty-four hour excretions of cortisol and epinephrine in urine were reduced due to the exercise regimen . The training group had a significantly reduced resting heart rate and increased peak oxygen uptake and lung capacity . CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that a group jogging exercise may be effective in improving depressive state , hormonal response to stress and physiological fitness of adolescent females with depressive symptoms PURPOSE The objective of this study is to test the feasibility and impact of a 10-wk after-school exercise program for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and /or disruptive behavior disorders living in an urban poor community . METHODS Children were r and omized to an exercise program ( n = 19 ) or a comparable but sedentary attention control program ( n = 16 ) . Cognitive and behavioral outcomes were collected pre-/posttest . Intent-to-treat mixed models tested group-time and group-time-attendance interactions . Effect sizes were calculated within and between groups . RESULTS Feasibility was evidence d by 86 % retention , 60 % attendance , and average 75 % maximum HR . Group-time results were null on the primary outcome , parent-reported executive function . Among secondary outcomes , between-group effect sizes favored exercise on hyperactive symptoms ( d = 0.47 ) and verbal working memory ( d = 0.26 ) , and controls on visuospatial working memory ( d = -0.21 ) and oppositional defiant symptoms ( d = -0.37 ) . In each group , within-group effect sizes were moderate to large on most outcomes ( d = 0.67 to 1.60 ) . A group-time-attendance interaction emerged on visuospatial working memory ( F[1,33 ] = 7.42 , P < 0.05 ) , such that attendance to the control program was related to greater improvements ( r = 0.72 , P < 0.01 ) , whereas attendance to the exercise program was not ( r = 0.25 , P = 0.34 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although between-group findings on the primary outcome , parent-reported executive function , were null , between-group effect sizes on hyperactivity and visuospatial working memory may reflect adaptations to the specific challenges presented by distinct formats . Both groups demonstrated substantial within-group improvements on clinical ly relevant outcomes . Findings underscore the importance of programmatic features , such as routines , engaging activities , behavior management strategies , and adult attention , and highlight the potential for after-school programs to benefit children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorder living in urban poverty where health needs are high and services re sources few This study was conducted to determine the effect of acute aerobic exercise on executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Forty children with ADHD were r and omly assigned into exercise or control groups . Participants in the exercise group performed a moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 min , whereas the control group watched a running/exercise-related video .  Neuropsychological tasks , the Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ( WCST ) , were assessed before and after each treatment . The results indicated that acute exercise facilitated performance in the Stroop Test , particularly in the Stroop Color-Word condition . Additionally , children in the exercise group demonstrated improvement in specific WCST performances in Non-perseverative Errors and Categories Completed , whereas no influences were found in those performances in the control group . Tentative explanations for the exercise effect postulate that exercise allocates attention re sources , influences the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex , and is implicated in exercise-induced dopamine release . These findings are promising and additional investigations to explore the efficacy of exercise on executive function in children with ADHD are encouraged Self-control problems commonly manifest as temper outbursts and repetitive/rigid/impulsive behaviors , in children with autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) , which often contributes to learning difficulties and caregiver burden . The present study aims to compare the effect of a traditional Chinese Chan-based mind-body exercise , Nei Yang Gong , with that of the conventional Progressive Muscle Relaxation ( PMR ) technique in enhancing the self-control of children with ASD . Forty-six age- and IQ-matched ASD children were r and omly assigned to receive group training in Nei Yang Gong ( experimental group ) or PMR ( control group ) twice per week for four weeks . The participants ’ self-control was measured by three neuropsychological tests and parental rating on st and ardized question naires  , and the underlying neural mechanism was assessed by the participants ’ brain EEG activity during an inhibitory-control task before and after intervention . The results show that the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in self-control than the control group , which concurs with the parental reports of reduced autistic symptoms and increased control of temper and behaviors . In addition , the experimental group showed enhanced EEG activity in the anterior cingulate cortex , a region that mediates self-control , whereas the PMR group did not . The present findings support the potential application of Chinese Chan-based mind-body exercises as a form of neuropsychological rehabilitation for patients with self-control problems . Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ; Registration No. : ChiCTR-TRC-12002561 ; URL : www.chictr.org Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) mainly affects the academic performance of children and adolescents . In addition to bringing physical and mental health benefits , physical activity has been used to prevent and improve ADHD comorbidities ; however , its effectiveness has not been quantified . In this study , the effect of physical activity on children 's attention was measured using a computer game . Intense physical activity was promoted by a relay race , which requires a 5-min run without a rest interval . The proposed physical stimulus was performed with 28 volunteers : 14 with ADHD ( GE-EF ) and 14 without ADHD symptoms ( GC-EF ) . After 5 min of rest , these volunteers accessed the computer game to accomplish the tasks in the shortest time possible . The computer game was also accessed by another 28 volunteers : 14 with ADHD ( GE ) and 14 without these symptoms ( GC ) . The response time to solve the tasks that require attention was recorded . The results of the four groups were analyzed using D'Agostino statistical tests of normality , Kruskal-Wallis analyses of variance and post-hoc Dunn tests . The groups of volunteers with ADHD who performed exercise ( GE-EF ) showed improved performance for the tasks that require attention with a difference of 30.52 % compared with the volunteers with ADHD who did not perform the exercise ( GE ) . The ( GE-EF ) group showed similar performance ( 2.5 % difference ) with the volunteers in the ( GC ) group who have no ADHD symptoms and did not exercise . This study shows that intense exercise can improve the attention of children with ADHD and may help their school performance Background Exercise has been shown to be effective in treating depression , but trials testing the effect of exercise for depressed adolescents utilising mental health services are rare . The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a preferred intensity exercise intervention on the depressive symptoms of adolescents with depression . Methods We r and omly assigned 87 adolescents who were receiving treatment for depression to either 12 sessions of aerobic exercise at preferred intensity alongside treatment as usual or treatment as usual only . The primary outcome was depressive symptom change using the Children ’s Depression Inventory 2nd Version ( CDI-2 ) at post intervention . Secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life and physical activity rates . Outcomes were taken at baseline , post intervention and at six month follow up . Results CDI-2 score reduction did not differ significantly between groups at post-intervention ( est . 95 % CI −6.82 , 1.68 , p = 0.23 ) . However , there was a difference in CDI-2 score reduction at six month follow-up in favour of the intervention of −4.81 ( est . 95 % CI −9.49 , −0.12 , p = 0.03 ) . Health-related quality of life and physical activity rates did not differ significantly between groups at post-intervention and follow-up . Conclusions There was no additional effect of preferred intensity exercise alongside treatment as usual on depressive reduction immediately post intervention . However , effects were observed at six months post-intervention , suggesting a delayed response . However , further trials , with larger sample s are required to determine the validity of this finding . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01474837 , March 16 The Depressed Adolescents Treated with Exercise ( DATE ) study evaluated a st and ardized aerobic exercise protocol to treat nonmedicated adolescents that met DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive disorder . From an initial screen of 90 individuals , 30 adolescents aged 12 - 18 years were r and omized to either vigorous exercise ( EXER ) ( > 12 kg/kcal/week [ KKW ] ) or a control stretching ( STRETCH ) activity ( < 4 KKW ) for 12 weeks . The primary outcome measure was the blinded clinician rating of the Children 's Depression Rating Scale - Revised ( CDRS-R ) to assess depression severity and Actical ( KKW ) accelerometry 24hr/7days a week to assess energy expenditure and adherence . Follow-up evaluations occurred at weeks 26 and 52 . The EXER group averaged 77 % adherence and the STRETCH group 81 % for meeting weekly target goals for the 12 week intervention based on weekly sessions completed and meeting KKW requirements . There was a significant increase in overall weekly KKW expenditures ( p < .001 ) for both groups with the EXER group doubling the STRETCH group in weekly energy expenditure . Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced from baseline for both groups with the EXER group improving more rapidly than STRETCH after six weeks ( p < .016 ) and nine weeks ( p < .001 ) . Both groups continued to improve such that there were no group differences after 12 weeks ( p = .07 ) . By week 12 , the exercise group had a 100 % response rate ( 86 % remission ) , whereas the stretch group response rate was 67 % ( 50 % remission ) ( p = .02 ) . Both groups had improvements in multiple areas of psychosocial functioning related to school and relationships with parents and peers . Anthropometry reflected decreased waist , hip and thigh measurements ( p = .02 ) , more so for females than males ( p = .05 ) , but there were no weight changes for either gender . The EXER group sustained 100 % remission at week 26 and 52 . The STRETCH group had 80 % response and 70 % remission rates at week 26 and by week 52 only one had not fully responded . The study provides support for the use of exercise as a non-medication intervention for adolescents with major depressive disorders when good adherence and energy expenditure ( KKW ) are achieved OBJECTIVE To test the dose-response effects of an exercise program on  depressive symptoms and self-worth in children . METHOD Overweight , sedentary children ( N = 207 , 7 - 11 years , 58 % male , 59 % Black ) were r and omly assigned to low or high dose ( 20 or 40 min/day ) aerobic exercise programs ( 13 + /- 1.6 weeks ) , or control group . Children completed the Reynolds Child Depression Scale and Self-Perception Profile for Children at baseline and posttest . RESULTS A dose-response benefit of exercise was detected for depressive symptoms . A race x group interaction showed only White children 's global self-worth ( GSW ) improved . There was some evidence that increased self-worth mediated the effect on depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS This study shows dose-response benefits of exercise on depressive symptoms and self-worth in children . However , Blacks did not show increased GSW in response to the intervention . Results provide some support for mediation of the effect of exercise on depressive symptoms via self-worth Aerobic moderate-intensity continuous exercise ( MCE ) can improve executive function ( EF ) acutely , potentially through the activation of both physiological and psychological factors . Recently , high-intensity interval exercise ( HIIE ) has been reported to be more beneficial for physical adaptation than MCE . Factors for EF improvement can potentially be more enhanced by HIIE than by MCE ; but the effects of HIIE on EF remain unknown . Therefore , we aim ed to examine to what extent HIIE impacts post-exercise EF immediately after exercise and during post-exercise recovery , compared with traditional MCE .  Twelve healthy male subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise based on either HIIE or MCE  protocol s in a r and omized and counterbalanced order . The HIIE protocol consisted 
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Conclusion : Although additional research is warranted to further underst and the mechanisms by which PA affects behavioral and cognitive outcome measures in children with SEBDs , PA offers a safe and alternative form of treatment for this population