***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the duration of m and ibular-crowding alleviation with self-ligating brackets compared with conventional appliances and the accompanying dental effects . METHODS Fifty-four subjects were selected from a pool of patients satisfying the following inclusion criteria : non extraction treatment in the m and ibular or maxillary arches ; eruption of all m and ibular teeth ; no spaces in the m and ibular arch ; irregularity index greater than 2 in the m and ibular arch ; and no therapeutic intervention planned with any extraoral or intraoral appliance . The patients were r and omly assigned to 2 groups : 1 group received treatment with a self-ligating bracket ( Damon 2 , Ormco , Glendora , Calif ) and the other with a conventional edgewise appliance ( Microarch , GAC , Central Islip , NY ) , both with 0.022-in slots . The irregularity index of the m and ibular arch was normalized between the groups , and the time to alignment was estimated in days . Treatment duration was assessed by data modeling with the Cox proportional hazard regression . Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to assess the alteration of m and ibular incisor position before and after alignment . Measurements of intercanine and intermolar widths were also made on dental casts to determine changes associated with correction . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Overall , no difference in the time required to correct m and ibular crowding with Damon 2 and conventional brackets was observed . For moderate crowding ( irregularity index < 5 ) , however , the self-ligating group had 2.7 times faster correction . This difference was marginally insignificant for subjects with irregularity index scores greater than 5 . Greater crowding prolonged treatment by an additional 20 % for each irregularity index unit . Increases in intercanine and intermolar widths associated with crowding correction regardless of bracket group were noted . The self-ligating group showed a statistically greater intermolar width increase than the conventional group . Also , an alignment-induced increase in the proclination of the m and ibular incisors was observed for both bracket groups , but no difference was found between Damon 2 and conventional brackets for this parameter In a clinical trial involving 155 dental arches with irregularity > 5 mm , the rate of alignment was used to compare the alignment efficiency of 16 mil superelastic Ni-Ti versus 17.5 mil triple-str and ed steel archwires , and to determine whether ion implantation of the Ni-Ti wire improved its performance . Subjects were r and omly assigned to archwire types ; both 18 and 22 slot edgewise appliances were employed . Pre-treatment equivalence of the experimental groups was verified . Anterior irregularity was determined monthly ( using Little 's irregularity index ) until it decreased below 2 mm , and the elastomeric ligatures were replaced at each appointment . Effective tooth movement occurred with each of the archwire types . There were no significant differences among wires , but the rate of alignment was significantly faster in the lower arch for subjects with the 22 slot appliance INTRODUCTION A wide variety of orthodontic wires made of different alloys is available to be used in orthodontic practice and may produce different clinical responses during tooth movement . OBJECTIVE This research evaluated the alignment and leveling of lower dental arches after the use of three types of orthodontic wires . METHODS A sample of 36 patients was r and omly divided into 3 groups : stainless steel , multistr and ed steel and superelastic nickel-titanium , according to the first leveling arches used . In order to observe differences in tooth position and axial inclination of the lower incisors , all patients had lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before the insertion of the first arches and 2 months later . The irregularity index and the curve of Spee were measured , compared between groups and considered influential on the proclination of incisors during the initial phase of alignment and leveling . The Reflex microscope was used to measure the irregularity index , whereas the ANOVA analysis of variance was used to verify differences between groups with regard to the degree of dental alignment and leveling . RESULTS There were significant differences between groups only at T2 for the irregularity index . CONCLUSIONS The NiTi and multistr and ed steel wires showed greater aligning capacity when compared with stainless steel wires Objective To investigate and compare the effects of superelastic nickel – titanium and multistr and ed stainless steel archwires on pain during the initial phase of orthodontic treatment . Design A double-blind two-arm parallel design stratified r and omized clinical trial . Setting A single centre in India between December 2010 and June 2012 . A total of 96 participants ( 48 male and 48 females ; 14.1±2.1 years old ) were r and omized ( stratified on age , sex and initial crowding ) to superelastic nickel – titanium or multistr and ed stainless steel archwire groups using a computer-generated allocation sequence . Methods We compared 0.016-inch superelastic nickel – titanium and 0.0175-inch multistr and ed stainless steel wires in 0.022-inch slot ( Roth prescription ) preadjusted edgewise appliances . The follow-up period was 14 days . Outcome was assessed with a visual analogue scale at baseline and 32 pre-specified follow-up points . Data was analyzed using mixed-effects model analysis . Results One participant was lost to follow up and 10 were excluded from the analysis due to bond failure or incomplete question naire answers . Ultimately , 85 participants ( 42 males and 43 females ; 14.1±2.0 years old ) were analysed for the final results . No statistically significant difference was found for overall pain [ F value = 2.65 , degrees of freedom ( df ) = 92.6 ; P = 0.1071 ] . However , compared to multistr and ed stainless steel wires , pain in subjects with superelastic nickel – titanium archwires was significantly greater at 12 h ( t = 2.34 ; P = 0.0193 ) , as well as at day 1 in the morning ( t = 2.21 , P = 0.0273 ) , afternoon ( t = 2.11 , P = 0.0346 ) and at bedtime ( t = 2.03 , P = 0.042 ) . Conclusion For overall pain , there was no statistically significant difference between the two wires . However , subjects with superelastic nickel – titanium archwires had a significantly higher pain at peak level OBJECTIVE To investigate efficiency , behavior , and properties of superelastic NiTi vs multistr and ed stainless steel wires in Begg and preadjusted edgewise appliance ( PEA ) under moderate to severe crowding conditions . MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-six participants ( 48 male , 48 female ) , aged 12 - 18 years old ( mean age = 15.2 ± 1.95 ) , with moderate ( ≤ 6 mm ; mean = 5.3 ± 0.48 ) to severe ( > 6 mm ; mean = 7.9 ± 0.66 ) initial crowding were distributed into four groups : superelastic NiTi PEA ( n = 24 ) , superelastic NiTi Begg ( n = 24 ) , multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel PEA ( n = 25 ) , and multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel Begg ( n = 23 ) . In this study , 0.16-inch superelastic ( austenitic active ) NiTi and 0.175-inch multistr and ed ( six str and ed , coaxial ) stainless steel wires were used in a 0.022-inch slot ( Roth prescription ) PEA and Begg appliance with a follow-up of six weeks . RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in reduction of crowding  between superelastic NiTi PEA and multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel PEA groups , but reduction in crowding was significantly greater in the superelastic NiTi Begg group compared with the multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel Begg group with F ( 3 , 44 ) = 8.896 , P < .001 , and effect size ( ω ) 0.57 in moderate crowding and F ( 3 , 44 ) = 122.341 , P < .001 , and effect size ( ω ) 0.93 in severe crowding . Linear regression demonstrated significant ( P < .05 ) positive correlation between amount of initial crowding and reduction in crowding in all groups except the multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel Begg group , wherein a negative correlation did exist . CONCLUSION Superelastic NiTi performed significantly better than multistr and ed ( coaxial ) stainless steel wire in the Begg appliance . However , in PEA , there was no significant difference Two arch wires commonly used for initial tooth alignment were compared with regard to their clinical effectiveness . The two arch wires tested were 0.0155-inch diameter multiple-str and ed stainless steel wire ( Dentaflex , Dentaurium , Optident , Yorkshire , Engl and ) and 0.014-inch diameter nickel-titanium alloy wire ( NiTi , ORMCO Co. , Monrovia , Calif. ) . Consecutive patients attending an orthodontic clinic for routine placement of a fixed appliance were r and omly assigned one of these two initial arch wires . Good quality alginate impressions of the appropriate dental arch were taken before arch wire placement and also at the subsequent appointment , which was , on average , 6 weeks later . Seventy-four arches were used in this study . The degree of tooth alignment achieved for each wire type was compared with a Reflex Microscope ( Reflex Measurement Ltd. , Butleigh , Engl and ) to make detailed measurements on the result ant casts . The degree of initial alignment achieved with the two wires was similar over this 6-week period . However , some differences were found for the lower labial segment where the interbracket span is usually reduced and where the superelastic nickel-titanium wire was found to give improved alignment . No threshold of crowding was found where one arch wire performed better than the other Two nickel-titanium archwire types commonly used for initial tooth alignment were compared with regard to the pain/discomfort patients experience during the initial phase of tooth movement . The two archwires used were a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy , 0.014 inch Sentalloy , Light ( GAC International Inc. Central Islip , NY , USA ) and a 0.014 inch Nitinol ( unitek , Monrovia , CA , USA ) , a conventional nickel-titanium aligning archwire .  One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients attending an orthodontic university clinic and 2 private practice s for routine placement of a fixed appliance were r and omly assigned one of these 2 initial archwires . Assessment s of pain/discomfort were made daily by means of a 100 mm visual analog scale ( VAS ) over the first 7-day period after bonding . On the first day , recordings were made every hour for the first 11 hours . The results showed that the level of discomfort increased continuously every hour after the insertion of either a Sentalloy or a Nitinol as first archwires , with a peak in the first night , remaining high on the second day and decreasing thereafter to baseline level after 7 days . During the first 10 hours it was apparent that the pain/discomfort experienced after placement of a Sentalloy was less than that found with the Nitinol archwire , although a significant difference could be found at 4 hours only . No significant gender-specific differences were found in either archwire group . A significant difference between the upper and lower dental arches was observed during the first 11 hours after placement of either a Sentalloy or a Nitinol archwire , with the lower arch having the higher pain experience . ZusammenfassungZwei verschiedene Bögen aus NiTi-Legierungen , die häufig für die initiale Nivellierung verwendet werden , wurden in Hinsicht auf das Auftreten von Schmerzen/Beschwerden zu Beginn der Zahnbewegung untersucht . Das eine Bogen material war eine superelastische NiTi-legierung , 0,014 inch Sentalloy , Light ( GAC International Inc. , Central Islip , N. Y. ) , das and ere ein herkömmlicher 0,014 inch Nitinol-Bogen ( Unitek , Monrovia , Kalifornien).128 fortlaufend beh and elte Patienten aus einer kieferorthopädischen Universitätsklinik und zwei privaten Praxen , bei denen routinemäßig eine Multib and apparatur eingesetzt werden sollte , wurden r and omisiert für den einen oder den and eren Bogen vorgesehen . Die Beurteilungen der Schmerzen/Beschwerden wurden täglich während der ersten sieben Tage nach dem Einsetzen der festsitzenden Apparatur auf einer visuellen Skala von 100 mm Länge ( visual analogue scale , VAS ) vorgenommen . Zusätzlich wurde am ersten Tag für die ersten elf Stunden nach dem Einsetzen stündlich die Schmerzintensität aufgezeichnet . Die Ergebnisse zeigten , daß die Beschwerden für den ersten Bogen , sowohl für den Sentalloy-als auch für den Nitinol-Bogen , kontinuierlich jede Stunde nach dem Einsetzen anstiegen . Der Höhepunkt wurde in der ersten Nacht erreicht , blieb am zweiten Tag auf derselben Höhe und verringerte sich kontinuierlich bis zum siebten Tag auf das individuelle Ausgangsniveau . Während der ersten zehn Stunden war es offensichtlich , daß nach der Eingliederung der Bögen beim Sentalloy-Bogen deutlich geringere Beschwerden auftraten als bei dem Nitinol-Bogen ; dieser Unterschied war jedoch nur für die ersten vier Stunden signifikant . Keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Beschwerden zwischen den Bogen material ien f and en sich hinsichtlich des Geschlechts der Patienten . Ein signifikanter Unterschied wurde zwischen dem Ober- 
    Output:
    
Pain was not measured.3 .
Moderate- quality evidence shows that arch wires of coaxial superelastic nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) can produce greater tooth movement over 12 weeks than arch wires made of single-str and superelastic NiTi .
Moderate- quality evidence also suggests there may be no difference in pain at day 1 between multistr and stainless steel arch wires and superelastic NiTi arch wires .
Other than these findings , there is insufficient evidence to determine whether any particular arch wire material is superior to any other in terms of alignment rate , time to alignment , pain and root resorption