***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of biphasic insulin aspart 30 ( 30 % soluble insulin aspart and 70 % protaminated insulin aspart [ BIAsp 30 ] ) and biphasic insulin lispro 25 ( 25 % soluble insulin lispro and 75 % neutral protamine lispro [ Mix25 ] ) used in a BID injection regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . Also assessed was patients ' preference for pen device -- the NovoMix 30 FlexPen /NovoLog Mix 70/30 FlexPen ( FlexPen ) versus the Humalog Mix25 Pen/Humalog Mix75/25 Pen ( Humalog Pen ) . METHODS Patients with type 2 DM receiving current insulin treatment were r and omized to a multinational , multicenter , open-label , 2-period , crossover comparison of BIAsp 30 and Mix25 .  Efficacy ( by analyses of variance ) and safety profiles were assessed after 12 weeks of treatment . Patients ' preference for pen device was assessed by question naires . RESULTS A total of 137 patients were r and omized to treatment ; 4 were withdrawn during the 2-week run-in treatment with biphasic human insulin 30 . The mean ( SD ) characteristics of the remaining 133 patients ( 79 men , 54 women ) were as follows : age , 62.3 ( 9.2 ) years ; body mass index , 28.1 ( 3.9 ) kg/m(2 ) ; and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) , 8.5 % ( 1.1 ) . Glycemic control was assessed by the measurement of HbA(1c ) after 12 weeks of treatment . Treatment with BIAsp 30 was noninferior to treatment with Mix25 ( upper limit of 90 % CI for estimated difference [ BIAsp 30 - Mix25 ] was < 0.4 % ) . Self-monitored blood glucose levels were comparable ( P = NS ) . Adverse-event profiles were similar between treatments , as was the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes ( 0.69 episode/mo with BIAsp 30 and 0.62 episode/mo with Mix25 , P = 0.292 ) . For all device features assessed , the FlexPen consistently received higher scores ( all P < 0.005 ) . A total of 9.0 % of patients experienced problems with the FlexPen , compared with 32.4 % with the Humalog Pen ( P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , 74.6 % preferred to continue using the FlexPen , whereas 14.3 % preferred the Humalog Pen ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS In this study , glycemic control with BIAsp 30 and Mix25 was found to be comparable in these patients with type 2 DM .  Safety profiles were similar for both regimens . Patients preferred and experienced fewer problems with the FlexPen than the Humalog Pen OBJECTIVE —Rapid-acting insulin analogs in basal-bolus regimens can reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia , so it is conceivable that twice-daily biphasic insulin analogs might reduce hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes . We used a continuous glucose monitoring system ( CGMS ) and self-reported episodes to investigate differences in the frequency of low glucose values in patients with type 2 diabetes , using either biphasic insulin aspart 30 ( BIAsp 30 ) or biphasic human insulin 30 ( BHI 30 ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —This was a double-blind , two-period , crossover trial involving 160 subjects . After 8 weeks ’ run-in , subjects were r and omized to the first of two 16-week treatment periods . RESULTS —No differences in overall incidence of low interstitial glucose ( IG ) were found . Twenty-four – hour plots of CGMS showed low IG was more frequent at night than during the day and was unrecognized by patients . At night , subjects spent significantly less time ( percentage of total CGMS recorded ) with IG < 3.5 and < 2.5 mmol/l during BIAsp 30 than during BHI 30 treatment , respectively ( < 3.5 mmol/l : 6.36 vs. 7.93 % [ mean ] , 0.67 vs. 2.43 % [ median ] , P = 0.018 ; < 2.5 mmol/l : 2.35 vs. 2.86 % [ mean ] , 0 vs. 0 % [ median ] , P = 0.0467 ) . No treatment difference in A1C was observed . CONCLUSIONS —Overall rates of low glucose over 24 h were not different but were twice as frequent at night than during the day in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Compared with BHI 30 , BIAsp 30 was associated with similar low IG readings over 24 h but with fewer nocturnal episodes and less self-reported nocturnal hypoglycemia OBJECTIVE Safety and efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 ( BIAsp 70/30 , prebreakfast and presupper ) were compared with once-daily insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic subjects inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs ( OADs ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This 28-week parallel-group study r and omized 233 insulin-naive patients with HbA(1c ) values > /=8.0 % on > 1,000 mg/day metformin alone or in combination with other OADs . Metformin was adjusted up to 2,550 mg/day before insulin therapy was initiated with 5 - 6 units BIAsp 70/30 twice daily or 10 - 12 units glargine at bedtime and titrated to target blood glucose ( 80 - 110 mg/dl ) by algorithm-directed titration . RESULTS A total of 209 subjects completed the study . At study end , the mean HbA(1c ) value was lower in the BIAsp 70/30 group than in the glargine group ( 6.91 + /- 1.17 vs. 7.41 + /- 1.24 % , P < 0.01 ) . The HbA(1c ) reduction was greater in the BIAsp 70/30 group than in the glargine group ( -2.79 + /- 0.11 vs. -2.36 + /- 0.11 % , respectively ; P < 0.01 ) , especially for subjects with baseline HbA(1c ) > 8.5 % ( -3.13 + /- 1.63 vs. -2.60 + /- 1.50 % , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . More BIAsp 70/30-treated subjects reached target HbA(1c ) values than glargine-treated subjects ( HbA(1c ) < /=6.5 % : 42 vs. 28 % , P < 0.05 ; HbA(1c ) < 7.0 % : 66 vs. 40 % , P < 0.001 ) . Minor hypoglycemia ( episodes/year ) was greater in the BIAsp 70/30 group than in the glargine group ( 3.4 + /- 6.6 and 0.7 + /- 2.0 , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Weight gain and daily insulin dose at study end were greater for BIAsp 70/30-treated subjects than for glargine-treated subjects ( weight gain : 5.4 + /- 4.8 vs. 3.5 + /- 4.5 kg , P < 0.01 ; insulin dose : 78.5 + /- 39.5 and 51.3 + /- 26.7 units/day , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS In subjects with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on OADs , initiating insulin therapy with twice-daily BIAsp 70/30 was more effective in achieving HbA(1c ) targets than once-daily glargine , especially in subjects with HbA(1c ) > 8.5 % BACKGROUND Humalog Mix75/25 ( Mix75/25 ) is a novel premixed insulin containing 75 % neutral protamine lispro ( an intermediate-acting insulin ) and 25 % insulin lispro . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare glycemic control and hypoglycemia rates with Mix75/25 versus glyburide , and with prepr and ial versus postpr and ial Mix75/25 , in patients aged 60 to 80 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and persistent hyperglycemia on sulfonylurea therapy . METHODS In this open-label , 16-week , parallel-group study , patients were r and omized to 1 of 2 treatments : glyburide 15 mg/d ( or up to the maximum daily dose ) or Mix75/25 . The Mix75/25 group was r and omly subdivided into prepr and ial ( immediately before breakfast and dinner ) and postpr and ial ( within 15 minutes after the start of breakfast and dinner ) injection subgroups . The primary outcomes were glycemic control and rate of hypoglycemia . RESULTS A total of 143 patients were r and omized ; 127 completed the study . The change in glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) from baseline to end point was significantly greater with Mix75/25 than with glyburide ( mean + /- SEM , -1.14 % + /- 0.18 % vs -0.36 % + /- 0.15 % , P = 0.001 ) . HbA(1c ) changes with prepr and ial and postpr and ial Mix75/25 were not significantly different ( -1.20 % + /- 0.26 % vs -1.08 % + /- 0.26 % , P = 0.748 ) . Fasting blood glucose ( BG ) , 2-hour postpr and ial BG , and mean daily BG reductions were greater with Mix75/25 than with glyburide ( P < 0.001 ) ; prepr and ial and postpr and ial Mix75/25 administration did not differ significantly with respect to any of these BG variables . The hypoglycemia rate increased with Mix75/25 by 0.17 + /- 0.02 episodes per patient per 30 days , but there was no change with glyburide ( P = 0.077 ) . Body weight increased by 1.02 + /- 0.35 kg with Mix75/25 and decreased by 0.85 + /- 0.18 kg with glyburide ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Compared with glyburide , Mix75/25 significantly improved glycemic control  in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , could be administered after meals without compromising glycemic control , and was well tolerated OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the premixed insulin analogue biphasic insulin aspart ( BIAsp 30 ) with the equivalent premixed biphasic human insulin ( BHI 30 ) , administered twice daily , in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS In this r and omized , double-blind , crossover trial , 13 patients ( mean age , 64 years ; baseline mean glycosylated hemoglobin , 7.7 % ; mean body mass index , 28.1 kg/m2 ) received 2 weeks of treatment with BIAsp 30 and 2 weeks of BHI 30 administered immediately before dinner and breakfast . At the end of each 2-week treatment period , 24-hour serum insulin and glucose profiles were determined using specific 2-sided enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays . All pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic end points were analyzed using analysis of variance . RESULTS Total daily insulin exposure was similar between treatment periods . Mean area under the total insulin concentration-time profile during the 2 hours following administration of BIAsp 30 was 17 % greater than that of BHI 30 after dinner and 44 % greater after breakfast ; both differences were statistically significant . The maximum serum insulin aspart concentrations following BIAsp 30 were significantly higher after dinner ( 18 % ) and breakfast ( 35 % ) . Peak serum insulin concentration was reached 1 hour earlier after breakfast and 45 minutes earlier after dinner in the BIAsp 30 group ; differences were significant only after breakfast . The mean daily pr and ial glucose excursion was significantly lower for BIAsp 30 ( 16.2 mmol x h x L(-1 ) ) than BHI 30 ( 17.9 mmol x h x L(-1 ) ) . Postpr and ial 4-hour glucose excursions were significantly lower with BIAsp 30 than with BHI 30 after dinner and breakfast , but were significantly greater after lunch . Mean 24-hour and nocturnal serum glucose concentrations were similar , and both insulins were associated with < or = 7 minor and no major hypoglycem 
    Output:
    
Contribution This systematic review of comparative trials in adults with type 2 diabetes found that premixed insulin analogues and premixed human insulin provided similar glycemic control .
Premixed analogues provided tighter glycemic control and caused more hypoglycemia than long-acting insulin analogues and noninsulin antidiabetic agents .
Premixed insulin analogues may be a better alternative than premixed human insulin preparations for patients who wish to have a near-physiologic insulin administration regimen but want to avoid multiple daily insulin injections .