***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE This study compared the effects of continuous ( CON-EX ) and intermittent ( INT-EX ) exercise on  postpr and ial lipemia ( PPL ) . METHODS Subjects were 18 inactive males ( N = 7 ) and females ( N = 11 ) , aged 25 + /- 1.8 yr ( mean + /- SE ) , VO2max 38.4 + /- 1.5 ( mL x kg(-1)x min(-1 ) ) , and BMI 23.2 + /- 0.8 ( kg x m(-2 ) ) . After 48-h activity and 24-h dietary control periods , subjects consumed a high-fat meal ( HFM ) containing 1.5 g fat ( 88 % of calories ) , 0.05 g protein , and 0.4 g carbohydrate per kilogram body weight for three trials : no exercise ( NOEX ) , CON-EX , and INT-EX . Both exercise trials consisted of 30 min of treadmill running at 60 % VO2max . INT-EX was conducted in a single session of three bouts , each lasting 10 min and separated by a 20-min rest period . Blood was collected before the HFM ( 0 h ) and at 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 h post-HFM . Exercise trials were completed 12 h before the HFM . Trials were separated by 7 - 10 d and were performed in r and om order . RESULTS Plasma analysis indicated TG incremental area under the curve ( AUCI ) and TG incremental peak ( PeakI ) were significantly lower in INT-EX compared with NOEX , but CON-EX was not different from INT-EX or NOEX . Compared with females , males had significantly higher AUCI and PeakI in both exercise trials , but genders were not different in the NOEX trial . No difference was discovered among trials in high density lipoprotein (HDL)Total-C , HDL2-C , and HDL3-C , or fasting total cholesterol ( TC ) or fasting TC : HDL ratio . Females had higher fasting HDLTotal-C , HDL2-C , and HDL3-C compared with males . No gender or trial difference was found for fasting TC or TC : HDL ratio . CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a single bout of INT-EX is more effective than CON-EX for lowering PPL as compared with NOEX in inactive , normolipidemic individuals To investigate the effect of varying energy expenditure on acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) changes , 12 healthy endurance-trained men completed three- counterbalanced running trials at different energy expenditures : trial 1 , 1690.3 ( 24.4 ) kJ [ mean ( SD ) ] ; trial 2 , 2529.1 ( 24.0 ) kJ ; trial 3 , 3384.3 ( 36.6 ) kJ , with exercise intensity at 75 % of maximal oxygen consumption . For each trial , blood sample s were collected at 24 h pre-exercise ( 24 h Pre ) , immediately post-exercise , 1 h post-exercise , 6 h post-exercise ( 6 h PE ) , and 24 h post-exercise ( 24 h PE ) . Plasma sample s were analyzed for HDL-C , HDL2-C and HDL3-C subfractions , and triglycerides ( TG ) . In addition , post-heparin plasma sample s were analyzed at 24 h Pre , 6 h PE and 24 h PE for lipoprotein lipase activity ( LPLA ) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity . All sample s were corrected for plasma volume changes and compared to 24 h Pre ( baseline ) . When trials were combined , an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in HDL-C was observed 24 h PE , via an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in HDL3-C. An increase ( P < 0.05 ) in LPLA and decrease ( P < 0.05 ) in TG at 24 h PE is suggested to be responsible for the increase in HDL3-C. In conclusion , no difference in HDL-C was observed among trials . However , when trials were combined , an increase in HDL-C was observed , suggesting that an energy expenditure of no greater than 3384 J is needed to promote favorable changes in OBJECTIVE To determine the short- and long-term effects of resistance training on muscle strength , psychological well-being , control-beliefs , cognitive speed and memory in normally active elderly people . METHODS 46 elderly people ( mean age 73.2 years ; 18 women and 28 men ) , were r and omly assigned to training and control groups ( n=23 each ) . Pre- and post-tests were administered 1 week before and 1 week after the 8-week training intervention . The training sessions , performed once a week , consisted of a 10 min warm-up phase and eight resistance exercises on machines . RESULTS There was a significant increase in maximum dynamic strength in the training group . This training effect was associated with a significant decrease in self-attentiveness , which is known to enhance psychological well-being . No significant changes could be observed in control-beliefs . Modest effects on cognitive functioning occurred with the training procedure : although there were no changes in cognitive speed , significant pre/post-changes could be shown in free recall and recognition in the experimental group . A post-test comparison between the experimental group and control group showed a weak effect for recognition but no significant differences in free recall . Significant long-term effects were found in the training group for muscular strength and memory performance ( free recall ) 1 year later . CONCLUSION An 8-week programme of resistance training lessens anxiety and self-attentiveness and improves muscle strength Twenty-six hypercholesterolemic men ( mean cholesterol , 258 mg/dl ; age , 47 yr ; weight , 81.9 kg ) completed 24 wk of cycle ergometer training ( 3 days/wk , 350 kcal/session ) at either high ( n = 12 ) or moderate ( n = 14 ) intensity ( 80 and 50 % maximal O2 uptake , respectively , r and omly assigned ) to test the influence of training intensity on blood lipid and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations . All physiological , lipid , and apo measurements were completed at 0 , 8 , 16 , and 24 wk . Lipid data were analyzed via two x four repeated- measures analysis of variance ( alpha = 0.0031 ) . Training produced a significant decrease in body weight and increase in maximal O2 uptake . No interactions between intensity and weeks of training were noted for any lipid or apo variable , and no between-group differences were significant before or throughout training . Therefore , intensity did not affect the training response . Regardless of intensity , apo AI and apo B fell 9 and 13 % , respectively , by week 16 and remained lower through week 24 ( P < 0.0003 ) . Total cholesterol fell transiently ( -5.5 % ) by week 16 ( P < 0.0021 ) but returned to initial levels by week 24 . Triglyceride , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol did not change with training . In contrast , HDL2 cholesterol rose 79 % above initial levels by week 8 and 82 % above initial levels by week 24 ( P < 0.0018 ) ; HDL3 cholesterol fell 8 and 13 % over the same training intervals ( P < 0.0026 ) . These data show that changes in blood lipid and apo concentrations that accompany training in hypercholesterolemic men are not influenced by exercise intensity when caloric expenditure is held constant OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects on blood pressure , lipid profile , and anxiety status on subjects received a 12-week Tai Chi Chuan exercise program . DESIGN R and omized controlled study of a Tai Chi Chuan group and a group of sedentary life controls . SETTING Taipei Medical University Hospitals and University campus in the Taipei , Taiwan , area . SUBJECTS Two ( 2 ) selected groups of 76 healthy subjects with blood pressure at high-normal or stage I hypertension . INTERVENTION A 12-week Tai Chi Chuan exercise training program was practice d regularly with a frequency of 3 times per week . Each session included 10-minute warm-up , 30-minute Tai Chi exercise , 10-minute cool-down . Exercise intensity was estimated to be approximately 64 % of maximal heart rate . OUTCOME MEASURES Blood pressure , lipid profile and anxiety status ( State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ; STAI ) were evaluated . RESULTS After 12-weeks of Tai Chi training , the treatment group showed significant decrease in systolic blood pressure of 15.6 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 8.8 mm Hg . The serum total cholesterol level decreased 15.2 mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased 4.7 mg/dL. By using STAI evaluation , both trait anxiety and state anxiety were decreased . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that under well- design ed conditions , Tai Chi exercise training could decrease blood pressure and results in favorable lipid profile changes and improve subjects ' anxiety status . Therefore , Tai Chi could be used as an alternative modality in treating patients with mild hypertension , with a promising economic effect CONTEXT Declines in physical performance are associated with aging and chronic health conditions . Appropriate physical activity interventions can reverse functional limitations and help maintain independent living . Tai chi is a popular form of exercise in China among older adults . OBJECTIVE To determine whether tai chi improves balance , muscular strength and endurance , and flexibility over time . DESIGN Repeated measures intervention ; data collected at baseline , 6 weeks , and 12 weeks . SETTING Community center in the San Francisco Bay Area . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine Chinese adults with at least 1 cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factor . INTERVENTIONS A 60-minute tai chi exercise class 3 times per week for 12 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A battery of physical fitness measures specifically developed for older adults assessed balance , muscular strength and endurance , and flexibility . RESULTS Subjects were 65.7 ( + /- 8.3 ) years old , Cantonese-speaking ( 97 % ) immigrants , with 12 years or less of formal education ( 87 % ) and very low income ( 67 % ) . Reported CVD risk factors were hypertension ( 92 % ) , hypercholesteremia ( 49 % ) , diabetes ( 21 % ) , and 1 current smoker . Subjects were below the 50th percentile of fitness at baseline compared to age- and gender-specific normative US data . Statistically significant improvements were observed in all balance , muscular strength and endurance , and flexibility measures after 6 weeks , and they increased further after 12 weeks . CONCLUSIONS Tai chi is a potent intervention that improved balance , upper- and lower-body muscular strength and endurance , and upper- and lower-body flexibility in these older Chinese adults . These findings provide important information for future community-based tai chi exercise programs and support current public health initiatives to reduce disability from chronic health conditions and enhance physical function in older adults OBJECTIVE T'ai chi chuan ( TCC ) is a traditional Chinese exercise and is beneficial for health . Nevertheless , its effect on cardiovascular risk factors in dyslipidemic patients is not clear . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TCC training on coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk factors in patients with dyslipidemia . DESIGN This was design ed as a case-controlled study . SETTING The study was conducted in a community setting . SUBJECTS Fifty-three ( 53 ) patients ( males : 24 ; females : 29 ) with dyslipidemia completed this study . INTERVENTIONS The  TCC group included 28 patients who participated in a 12-month yang TCC training program .  The  usual-care group included 25 patients who maintained a sedentary lifestyle during this study . OUTCOME MEASURES Exercise testing was conducted at baseline and after 1 year of training . Body composition , lipid profile , fasting glucose and insulin levels , and inflammatory markers were also measured before and after training . RESULTS After training , the TCC group showed an increase in V(.)O(2peak ) from 25.2 + /- 4.2 to 27.4 + /- 4.1 mL x kg(1 ) x min(1 ) ; while the usual-care group displayed a significant decrease from 25.6 + /- 4.9 to 24.1 + /- 4.0 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) . The TCC group also showed a reduction in blood pressure , triglyceride , total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , plasma insulin , homeostasis model assessment index , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . Conversely , the usual-care group showed no significant improvement in these cardiovascular risk factors . CONCLUSIONS A 12-month TCC training program significantly improves aerobic capacity and CHD risk factors in patients with dyslipidemia OBJECTIVE To compare the effects on blood pressure of a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a T'ai Chi program of light activity . DESIGN A r and omized clinical trial . SETTING A suburban clinic in the Baltimore , MD , area . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-two sedentary older adults ( 45 % black , 79 % women , aged > or = 60 years ) with systolic blood pressure 130 - 159 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 95 mm Hg ( not on antihypertensive medic 
    Output:
    
Tai Chi is a safe alternative exercise for patients who are at risk of CHD or with existing CHD .
Implementing Tai Chi exercise may improve serum lipids , blood pressure , and heart rate .
Tai Chi exercise may help prevent and even reverse the progression of cardiac disease