***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The goal of evidence -based medicine is ultimately to improve patient outcomes and quality of care .  Systematic review s of the available published evidence are required to identify interventions that lead to improvements in behavior , health , and well-being . Authoritative literature review s depend on the quality of published research and research reports . The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) Statement ( www.consort-statement.org ) was developed to improve the design and reporting of interventions involving r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) in medical journals . We describe the 22 CONSORT guidelines and explain their application to behavioral medicine research and to evidence -based practice . Additional behavioral medicine-specific guidelines ( e.g. , treatment adherence ) are also presented . Use of these guidelines by clinicians , educators , policymakers , and research ers who design , report , and evaluate or review RCTs will strengthen the research itself and accelerate efforts to apply behavioral medicine research to improve the processes and outcomes of behavioral medicine practice Background Tobacco remains a seemingly intractable problem for individuals living with severe and persistent mental illness . This study evaluated the implementation , technical assistance , and perceived impact of a model curriculum ( " Learning About Healthy Living " ) to promote wellness and motivation to quit tobacco use in psychosocial rehabilitation clubhouses . Methods We used semi-structured interviews  ( n = 9 ) with clubhouse staff ( n = 12 ) and a survey of participating clubhouse members ( n = 271 ) in nine clubhouses . Results Fifty-eight percent of clubhouse participants completed surveys . Results showed tobacco users open to tobacco-free policies ( 62 % ) and perceiving more discussion s about quitting tobacco with healthcare providers ( 69 % ) . Analyses of staff interviews and member surveys revealed four key themes : ( 1 ) the curriculum was successfully implemented and appreciated ; ( 2 ) technical assistance kept implementation on track ; ( 3 ) adding wellness content and interactive components should enhance the curriculum ; and , ( 4 ) the curriculum advanced other healthful policies and practice s. Conclusions Mental health setting s are important locations for implementing programs to address tobacco use . In this real-world implementation of a model curriculum in psychosocial rehabilitation clubhouses , the curriculum tested well , was feasible and well-received , and suggests potential impact on tobacco use outcomes . Revision , dissemination , and a r and omized controlled trial evaluation of the model curriculum should now occur BACKGROUND Evidence -based public health decision-making depends on high quality and transparent accounts of what interventions are effective , for whom , how and at what cost . Improving the quality of reporting of r and omized and non-r and omized study design s through the CONSORT and TREND statements has had a marked impact on the quality of study design s. However , public health users of systematic review s have been concerned with the paucity of synthesized information on context , development and rationale , implementation processes and sustainability factors . METHODS This paper examines the existing reporting frameworks for research against information sought by users of systematic review s of public health interventions and suggests additional items that should be considered in future recommendations on the reporting of public health interventions . RESULTS Intervention model , theoretical and ethical considerations , study design choice , integrity of intervention/process evaluation , context , differential effects and inequalities and sustainability are often overlooked in reports of public health interventions . CONCLUSION Population health policy makers need synthesized , detailed and high quality a priori accounts of effective interventions in order to make better progress in tackling population morbidities and inequalities . Adding simple criteria to reporting st and ards will significantly improve the quality and usefulness of published evidence and increase its impact on public health program planning OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of community coalition network structure on the effectiveness of an intervention design ed to accelerate the adoption of evidence -based substance abuse prevention programs . METHODS At baseline , 24 cities were matched and r and omly assigned to 3 conditions  ( control , satellite TV training , and training plus technical assistance ) . We surveyed 415 community leaders at baseline and 406 at 18-month follow-up about their attitudes and practice s toward substance abuse prevention programs .  Network structure was measured by asking leaders whom in their coalition they turned to for advice about prevention programs . The outcome was a scale with 4 subscales : coalition function , planning , achievement of benchmarks , and progress in prevention activities . We used multiple linear regression and path analysis to test hypotheses . RESULTS Intervention had a significant effect on decreasing the density of coalition networks . The change in density subsequently increased adoption of evidence -based practice s. CONCLUSIONS Optimal community network structures for the adoption of public health programs are unknown , but it should not be assumed that increasing network density or central ization are appropriate goals . Lower-density networks may be more efficient for organizing evidence -based prevention programs in communities This article describes process evaluation methods for the Pool Cool diffusion trial across 4 years .  Pool Cool is a skin cancer prevention program that was found to improve behaviors and environments for sun protection at swimming pools in a r and omized efficacy trial , which was followed by a national diffusion trial . The process evaluation focus shifted from measuring program satisfaction to assessing widespread program implementation , barriers and facilitators to implementation , and program maintenance and sustainability . Data collection methods include training surveys , data base tracking , field coordinator activity logs , e-mails , surveys of parents , lifeguards and pool managers , and process evaluation interviews and site visits . The data revealed high levels of implementation of major program components when disseminated in the diffusion trial , including sun safety lessons , sun safety signs , and sunscreen use . This article describes program features and participant factors that facilitated local implementation , maintenance and sustainability across dispersed pools such as linkage agents , a packaged program , and adaptations of program elements Background Studies have shown that communities have not always been able to implement evidence -based prevention programs with quality and achieve outcomes demonstrated by prevention science . Implementation support interventions are needed to bridge this gap between science and practice . The purpose of this article is to present two-year outcomes from an evaluation of the Assets Getting To Outcomes ( AGTO ) intervention in 12 Maine communities engaged in promoting Developmental Assets , a positive youth development approach to prevention . AGTO is an implementation support intervention that consists of : a manual of text and tools ; face-to-face training , and onsite technical assistance , focused on activities shown to be associated with obtaining positive results across any prevention program . Methods This study uses a nested and cross-sectional , cluster r and omized controlled design . Participants were coalition members and program staff from 12 communities in Maine . Each coalition nominated up to five prevention programs to participate . At r and om , six coalitions and their respective 30 programs received the two-year AGTO intervention and the other six maintained routine operations . The study assessed prevention practitioner capacity ( efficacy and behaviors ) , practitioner exposure to and use of AGTO , practitioner perceptions of AGTO , and prevention program performance . Capacity of coalition members and performance of their programs were compared between the two groups across the baseline , one- , and two-year time points . Results We found no significant differences between AGTO and control group ’s prevention capacity . However , within the AGTO group , significant differences were found between those with greater exposure to and use of AGTO . Programs that received the highest number of technical assistance hours showed the most program improvement . Conclusions This study is the first of its kind to show that use of an implementation support intervention-AGTO -yielded improvements in practitioner capacity and consequently in program performance on a large sample of practitioners and programs using a r and omized controlled design . Clinical Trials.gov Underage drinking is a significant problem facing US communities . Several environmental alcohol prevention ( EAP ) strategies ( laws , regulations , responsible beverage service training and practice s ) successfully address underage drinking . Communities , however , face challenges carrying out these EAP strategies effectively . This small-scale , 3-year , r and omized controlled trial assessed whether providing  prevention coalitions with Getting To Outcomes –Underage Drinking ( GTO-UD )  , a tool kit and implementation support intervention , helped improve implementation of two common EAP strategies , responsible beverage service training ( RBS ) and compliance checks .  Three coalitions in South Carolina and their RBS and compliance check programs received the 16-month GTO-UD intervention , including the GTO-UD manual , training , and onsite technical assistance , while another three in South Carolina maintained routine operations . The measures , collected at baseline and after the intervention , were a structured interview assessing how well coalitions carried out their work and a survey of merchant attitudes and practice s in the six counties served by the participating coalitions . Over time , the quality of some RBS and compliance check activities improved more in GTO-UD coalitions than in the control sites . No changes in merchant practice s or attitudes significantly differed between the GTO-UD and control groups , although merchants in the GTO-UD counties did significantly improve on refusing sales to minors while control merchants did not This paper describes the extent to which communities implementing the Communities That Care ( CTC ) prevention system  adopt , replicate with fidelity , and sustain programs shown to be effective in reducing  adolescent drug use , delinquency , and other problem behaviors .  Data were collected from directors of community-based agencies and coalitions , school principals , service providers , and teachers , all of whom participated in a r and omized , controlled evaluation of CTC in 24 communities . The results indicated significantly increased use and sustainability of tested , effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities , during the active phase of the research project when training , technical assistance , and funding were provided to intervention sites , and 2 years following provision of such re sources . At both time points , intervention communities also delivered prevention services to a significantly greater number of children and parents . The quality of implementation was high in both conditions , with only one significant difference : CTC sites were significantly more likely than control sites to monitor the quality of implementation during the sustainability phase of the project One of the important research issues in the emerging area of research on dissemination of prevention programs relates to the type and extent of training needed by program providers to prepare them to implement effective programs with fidelity . The present paper describes the immediate outcomes of a dissemination and implementation trial of Project Toward No Drug Abuse , an evidence -based prevention program for high school students . A total of 65 high schools in 14 school districts across the USA were recruited and r and omly assigned to one of three experimental conditions : comprehensive implementation support for teachers , regular workshop training only , or st and ard care control . The comprehensive intervention was comprised of on-site coaching , web-based support , and technical assistance , in addition to the regular workshop .  Students ( n = 2,983 ) completed self-report surveys before and immediately after program implementation . Fidelity of implementation was assessed with a classroom observation procedure that focused on program process . Results indicated that relative to the controls , both intervention conditions produced effects on hypothesized program mediators , including greater gains in program-related knowledge ; greater reductions in cigarette , marijuana and hard drug use intentions ; and more positive changes in drug-related beliefs . There were stronger effects on implementation fidelity in the comprehensive , relative to the regular , training condition . However , seven of the ten immediate student outcome measures showed no significant differences between the two training conditions . The implication s of these findings for dissemination research and practice are discussed There continues to be a gap in prevention outcomes achieved in research trials versus those achieved in “ real-world ” practice . This article reports interim findings from a r and omized controlled trial evaluating Assets-Getting To Outcomes ( AGTO ) , a two-year intervention design ed to build prevention practitioners ’ capacity to implement positive youth development – oriented practice s in 12 community coalitions in Maine . A survey of coalition members was used to assess change on individual practitioners ’ prevention capacity between baseline and one year later . Structured interviews with 32 program directors ( 16 in the intervention group and 16 in the control group ) were used to assess changes in programs ’ prevention practice s during the same time period . Change in prevention capacity over time did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups . However , in secondary analyses of only those assigned to the AGTO intervention , users showed greater improvement in their self-efficacy to conduct Assets – based programming and increases in the frequency with which they engaged in AGTO behaviors , whereas among non-users , self-efficacy to conduct Assets – based programming declined . Interview ratings showed improvement in several key areas of performance among intervention programs . Improvement was associated with the number of technical assistance hours received . These results suggest that , after one year , AGTO is beginning to improve the capacity of community practitioners who make use of it There has been relatively little research on effects of interventions aim ed directly at improving internal community coalition functioning , particularly in the area of planning for adoption of evidence -based prevention programs . The current study investigated the effect of Project STEP , a prevention diffusion trial , on three factors hypothesized to improve coalition prevention planning ( quality of coalition plans , extent of plan implementation , and committee internal functioning in meetings ) . Cities were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions ( televised training with limited technical assistance , televised training alone , or control ; n = 24 ) . Results demonstrated that at 1.5 year follow-up , coalitions in the two intervention groups showed more effective prevention plans , plan implementation , and functioning in meetings than control coalitions . Group differences were maintained at 3-year follow-up , albeit at decreased levels , for quality of planning and implementation . The findings suggest that building coalition capacity to diffuse evidence -based prevention programs works at least partially by increasing the effectiveness of coalition functioning , and that booster training may be warranted within 3 years after initial training OBJECTIVES AIDS service organizations ( ASOs ) rarely have access to the information needed to implement research -based HIV prevention interventions for their clients . We compared the effectiveness of 3 dissemination strategies for transferring HIV prevention models from the research arena to community providers of HIV prevention services . METHODS Interviews were conducted with the directors of 74 ASOs to assess current HIV prevention services . ASOs were r and omized to programs that provided ( 1 ) technical assistance manuals describing how to implement research -based HIV prevention interventions , ( 2 ) manuals plus a staff training workshop on how to conduct the implementation , or ( 3 ) manuals , the training 
    Output:
    
Both the type and structure of capacity-building strategies may have influenced effectiveness .
The review also identified context ual factors that may require variations in the ways capacity-building interventions are design ed .