***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Exercise improves health in lymphoma patients but the determinants of adherence in this population are unknown . The purpose of this study is to examine predictors of exercise adherence in lymphoma patients . In a r and omized trial , 60 lymphoma patients were assigned to the  exercise group and asked to attend three supervised exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks . Baseline data were collected on demographic , medical , fitness , psychosocial , and motivational variables . Adherence was assessed by objective attendance . Adherence was 77.8 % and was significantly predicted by age ( β = 0.29 ; p = 0.016 ) and past exercise ( β = 0.27 ; p = 0.024 ) ; and borderline significantly predicted by previous treatments ( β = 0.22 ; p = 0.053 ) , body mass index ( β = −0.21 ; p = 0.076 ) , and smoking ( β = −0.19 ; p = 0.092 ) . Poorer exercise adherence  was experienced by lymphoma patients under age 40 , insufficiently active at baseline , previously treated with radiation therapy , overweight or obese , and smokers . Findings may facilitate the development of targeted interventions to improve exercise adherence in this understudied patient population In this study , we examined correlates of adherence and contamination in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) of exercise in cancer survivors using the theory of planned behavior and the Five Factor Model of personality ( FFM ) . We r and omly assigned cancer survivors in group psychotherapy classes to either a waiting-list control group ( n = 45 ) or a home-based , moderate intensity exercise program ( n = 51 ) . At baseline , participants completed  measures  of the theory of planned behavior , the FFM , past exercise , physical fitness , medical variables , and demographics . We then monitored exercise over a 10-week period by weekly self-reports . Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the independent predictors of overall RCT exercise across both conditions were past exercise ( β = .36 , p > .001 ) , assignment to experimental condition ( β = .34 , p > .001 ) , sex ( β = .30 , p > .001 ) , and intention ( β = .14 , p > .10 ) . For exercise adherence in the exercise condition , the independent predictors were sex ( β = .38 , p > .01 ) , extraversion ( β = .30 , p > .05 ) , normative beliefs ( β = -.27 , p > .05 ) , and perceived behavioral control ( β = .23 , p > .10 ) . Finally , the independent predictors of exercise contamination in the control condition were past exercise ( β = .70 , p > .001 ) , sex ( β = .20 , p > .05 ) , and intention ( β = .17 , p > .10 ) . We conclude that the correlates of exercise adherence and contamination differ in kind as well as in degree . Explanations for these findings and practical implication s for conducting exercise RCTs in this population are offered We describe adherence to a three group r and omised controlled trial that involved aerobic exercise therapy  ( N=34 ) and exercise-placebo intervention  ( N=36 ) or usual care  ( N=38 ) in women treated for breast cancer . We also investigated relationships between routes of trial recruitment , socio-economic characteristics , health behaviours , cancer treatment regimen(s ) and subsequent adherence to the interventions . Women who had completed breast cancer treatment 12 - 36 months previously were r and omised to one of the groups . The intervention groups attended an exercise facility three times per week for eight weeks . A total of 77 % of the aerobic exercise therapy and 88.9 % of the exercise-placebo groups attended at least 70 % of prescribed sessions . The percentage of women achieving 30min of aerobic exercise per session steadily increased during the intervention but many women were not able to achieve this goal . Routes of trial recruitment , socio-economic characteristics , health behaviours and cancer treatment regimen(s ) were not related to intervention . Exercise therapy participants were able to comply with the progressive nature of the aerobic exercise intervention , although some women were not able to achieve 30min of aerobic exercise per session by intervention completion . Research is still required to tease out all the potential determinants of exercise in this population PURPOSE Exercise adherence is difficult during cancer treatments , but few studies have examined the predictors of such exercise . Here , we report the predictors of adherence to supervised exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy . METHODS Breast cancer patients ( N = 242 ) initiating adjuvant chemotherapy in Edmonton , Ottawa , and Vancouver were r and omly assigned to usual care  ( n = 82 ) ,  supervised resistance exercise  ( n = 82 ) , or supervised aerobic exercise ( n = 78 ) for the duration of their chemotherapy . Baseline data on st and ard demographic , medical , behavioral , fitness , and psychosocial variables as well as motivational variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior were collected . Adherence was assessed by objective attendance records . RESULTS Adherence to supervised exercise was 70.2 % . Univariate analyses indicated significant or borderline significant associations between  exercise adherence  and location/center ( r = 0.30 ; P < 0.001 ) , V[spacing dot above]O2peak ( r = 0.21 ; P = 0.008 ) , muscular strength ( r = 0.21 ; P = 0.008 ) , percent body fat ( r = -0.21 ; P = 0.012 ) , disease stage ( r = 0.17 ; P = 0.031 ) , education ( r = 0.15 ; P = 0.053 ) , depression ( r = -0.14 ; P = 0.073 ) , and smoking ( r = -0.14 ; P = 0.081 ) . In multivariate analysis , location/center ( beta = 0.28 ; P = 0.001 ) , V[spacing dot above]O2peak ( [ beta ] = 0.19 ; P = 0.016 ) , disease stage ( beta = 0.18 ; P = 0.015 ) , and depression ( beta = -0.16 ; P = 0.033 ) remained significant and explained 21 % of the variance in exercise adherence . Participants in Vancouver , with higher aerobic fitness , more advanced disease stage , and lower depression , achieved better adherence . CONCLUSION Adherence to supervised exercise training was predicted by unique aspects of the location/center , disease stage , aerobic fitness , and depression but not motivational variables . Location/center in our trial may have been a proxy for the amount of one-on-one attention received during supervised exercise . These findings may have implication s for improving adherence during breast cancer chemotherapy OBJECTIVE Evidence of the benefits of exercise for those treated for cancer has led to exercise interventions for this population . Some have question ed whether cancer patients offered a home-based intervention  adhere to the exercise prescribed . METHOD We examined exercise adherence in a r and omized controlled trial of a 12-week ,  home-based exercise trial for breast cancer patients . Three adherence outcomes were examined : minutes of exercise participation/week , number of steps taken during planned exercise/week  , and whether the participant met her weekly exercise goal . Predictors of adherence ( e.g. demographic and medical variables , Transtheoretical Model variables , history of exercise ) were examined . RESULTS Findings indicate that participants significantly increased their minutes of exercise and steps taken during planned exercise from Week 1 to 12 . The percentage of participants achieving exercise goals was highest in the first few weeks . Exercise self-efficacy significantly predicted each adherence outcome . Baseline PA predicted mean exercise session steps over the 12 weeks . CONCLUSION Adherence to a home-based exercise intervention for breast cancer patients changes over time and may be related to baseline levels of exercise self-efficacy OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the present article was to identify palliative care patient population s who are willing to participate in and able to complete a group exercise/physical training program design ed specifically for the individual patient . METHOD We conducted a prospect i ve phase II intervention study examining the willingness and ability of palliative care cancer patients to participate in a group exercise physical training program .  Patients who were diagnosed with incurable cancer and had a life expectancy of less than 1 year at two outpatient clinics were invited to participate in an exercise program  in the hospitals . The groups met twice a week over a 6-week period . RESULTS One hundred one consecutive patients were asked for inclusion . Sixty-three patients agreed to participate . Sixteen ( 25 % ) of the 63 patients dropped out after consent was given , but before the program started due to medical problems , social reasons , or death . Thus , 47 patients started the exercise program .  Thirteen patients withdrew during the program due to sudden death , medical problems , or social reasons . The most frequent reasons for withdrawal were increased pain or other symptoms . Thirty-four patients completed the exercise program . SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS A high proportion of incurable cancer patients were willing to participate ( 63 % ) in a structured exercise program . The attrition rate was high , but despite being severely ill , 54 % of the patients completed the exercise period . This shows that a physical exercise program tailored to the individual patient is feasible in this population Purpose To examine predictors of exercise adherence in breast cancer survivors . Methods Seventy-five breast cancer survivors were r and omly assigned  to exercise ( n = 37 ) or usual care ( n = 38 ) . Demographic , prognostic , physiologic , and psychosocial information was collected at baseline and 6 months . The exercise goal was 30 min of exercise 5 days/week for 6 months . Results Women r and omized to exercise participated in moderate-intensity recreational exercise for 123 ± 52 min/week ( 81 % of the prescribed 150 min/week ) over 6 months . Baseline variables associated with better adherence were lower body mass index ( BMI ) , smaller waist circumference , higher amounts of physical activity 6 months prior to enrollment , being in the preparation vs. contemplation Stage of Change and higher FACT-B breast cancer subscale score . After adjusting for these variables , lower BMI and higher Stage of Change continued to be associated with better adherence ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Future studies of exercise and breast cancer prognosis should target obese women for participation , as well as women just beginning to contemplate participation and its benefits after a cancer diagnosis OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of adherence in a r and omized controlled trial of resistance exercise training ( RET ) in prostate cancer survivors receiving and rogen deprivation therapy . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A r and omized controlled trial conducted at fitness centers in Ottawa and Edmonton , Canada . Prostate cancer survivors ( n=155 ) completed measures of social cognitive variables , quality of life ( QOL ) , behavior , and fitness before being r and omized to either an exercise ( n=82 ) or control ( n=73 ) group . The exercise group was asked to perform supervised RET three times per week for 12 weeks . RESULTS The exercise group attended 28.2 of the 36 ( 78.3 % ) RET sessions . Univariate analyses revealed eight different significant ( Ps < .05 ) predictors of exercise adherence including exercise stage of change , intention , age , QOL , fatigue , subjective norm , leg-press test , and perceived behavioral control . A multivariate analysis indicated that there were three independent predictors of adherence that explained 20.4 % of the variance : exercise stage of change ( beta=0.26 ; P=.013 ) , age ( beta=-0.22 ; P=.037 ) , and intention ( beta=0.19 ; P=.073 ) . CONCLUSION Exercise adherence in the trial was very good but not optimal . Adherence was predicted by variables from many different categories including social cognitive , QOL , behavioral , fitness , and demographic . These findings may have important implication s for maximizing adherence during clinical trials of exercise in prostate cancer survivors PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To examine the demographic , medical , and social-cognitive correlates of adherence to a presurgical exercise training intervention in patients awaiting surgery for suspected malignant lung lesions . DESIGN Pilot study , single-group , prospect i ve design with convenience sampling . SETTING Exercise training was performed at a university research fitness center in western Canada . SAMPLE 19 patients awaiting surgical resection of suspected malignant lung lesions . METHODS At baseline , participants completed a question naire including the Theory of Planned Behavior variables of perceived behavioral control , attitude , and subjective norm , as well as medical and demographic information . Participants were asked to attend five supervised exercise sessions per week during surgical wait time ( X = 8 + /- 2.4 weeks ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Theory of Planned Behavior variables and exercise adherence . FINDINGS Adherence to the exercise intervention was 73 % ( range = 0%-100 % ) . Correlates of adherence were perceived behavioral control ( r = 0.63 ; p = 0.004 ) and subjective norm ( r = 0.51 ; p = 0.014 ) . Participants with greater than 80 % adherence reported significantly higher behavioral control than participants with less than 80 % adherence ( X difference = 1.1 ; 95 % confidence interval = 0.1 - 2.2 ; p = 0.035 ) . Men had better adherence than women ( X difference = 24.9 % ; 95 % confidence interval = 0.4 - 4 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Exercise stage of change , derived from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change ( TTM ) was found to be statistically significant and a strong predictor of exercise adherence .
In addition , the theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) construct ; intention to engage in a health-changing behaviour and perceived behavioural control , demonstrated significant correlations with exercise adherence .