***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To compare the survival of  immediate implants placed in post extraction infected and non-infected sites , restored with cemented crowns . METHODS Thirty-six implants were immediately placed in non-infected sockets ( control group ( CG ) , n=18 ) , and in infected alveoli ( test group ( TG ) , n=18 ) that had been debrided , curetted , cleaned with 90 % hydrogen peroxide , irradiated with yttrium-sc and ium-gallium-garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) laser , and irrigated with a sterile solution . Guided bone regeneration was performed under antibiotic coverture . All study patients had both a CG and a TG site . The implant osteotomy sites were extended 3 - 4 mm beyond the apical extent of the sockets to achieve primary stability for the implants . The prosthetic phase occurred 4.5 months after surgery . Success criteria were accepted as the presence of implant stability , absence of a radiolucent zone around the implants , absence of mucosal suppuration , and lack of pain . Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline , and at 12 , 24 , and 36 months of follow-up . RESULTS All of the implants were osseointegrated 3 months after surgery . The 3-year survival rate was 94.44 % for TG , and 100 % for CG . The clinical and radiographic variables tested yielded no significant differences among groups at 36 months . CONCLUSIONS Under the tested conditions , immediate implant placement can be considered a predictable treatment option for the restoration of fresh post extraction infected sockets . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Immediate implants may be indicated for replacing teeth lost due to chronic periapical lesions with endodontic failure history when appropriate preoperative procedures are taken to clean and decontaminate the surgical sites BACKGROUND Diverging opinions exist regarding rough surface abutment usage , and abutment exclusion effects are unstudied . PURPOSE The study aims to : ( 1 ) assess tissue response to oxidized or machined abutments or no abutment ; and ( 2 ) evaluate immediate implant-loading effects . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a 2005 - 2008 parallel-group r and omized , clinical trial , 50 partially edentulous subjects received three Brånemark TiUnite ™ ( Nobel Biocare ® , Gothenburg , Sweden ) implants . Superstructures were attached via abutments ( one with a TiUnite surface - AOX , and one with a machine-milled surface - AM ) or directly at implant level ( IL ) . Implants were immediately loaded ( test ) or unloaded for 3 months ( control ) . Postoperative examinations were done up to 3 years . RESULTS Forty-seven subjects were reexamined after 3 years . Four and two implants were lost in test and control groups , respectively , during the first year . Thereafter , no implant loss occurred ( 95.7 % survival ) . After 1 year , mean ( SEM ) peri-implant marginal bone loss ( MBL ) was 1.33 ( 0.08 ) mm ( test ) and 1.25 ( 0.08 ) mm ( control ) . Between 1 and 3 years , a nonsignificant MBL occurred : 0.36 ( 0.08 ) mm ( test ) and 0.33 ( 0.06 ) mm ( control ) . Similar MBL was found at IL ( 1.81 [ 0.93 ] mm ) and AOX ( 1.77 [ 0.14 ] mm ) after 3 years and was significantly lower at AM ( 1.42 [ 0.17 ] mm ) than at IL ( groups merged ) ; 42 % of the implants displayed mucosal bleeding at 3 years and probing pocket depths varied between 2.13 ( 0.12 ) mm and 3.62 ( 0.15 ) mm , significantly lower buccally . Bleeding on probing ( BoP ) in minute amounts was found in 30 - 45 % of the sites and abundant BoP at about 20 % of the sites . Soft tissue retracted mostly during year 1 and was more pronounced buccally . Regression analyses revealed significant effects from smoking , periodontal disease , abundant BoP , and a low initial implant stability quotient on MBL . CONCLUSIONS No further significant MBL was found between 1 and 3 years , irrespective of loading protocol . Use of machined abutments may benefit marginal bone stability over time PURPOSE This r and omized clinical trial aim ed to investigate the relationships between insertion torque , implant stability quotient ( ISQ ) , and crestal bone loss ( CBL ) of implants placed in fresh or 12-week healed extraction sites . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty patients were r and omly assigned to one of two groups and had one implant placed immediately ( test group , n = 20 ) or 12 weeks after extraction  ( control group , n = 20 ) at premolar or molar sites . For all implants , insertion torque and ISQ scores at insertion and loading were recorded . Patients were followed for up to 12 months . RESULTS Implant success was 100 % in both groups . No differences were observed concerning both ISQ at insertion and ISQ at loading . A stronger correlation was detected between ISQ at insertion and insertion torque in the postextractive group ( R = 0.83 ) , than in the delayed group ( R = 0.39 ) , while ISQ at loading and insertion torque showed no correlation . CBL at 12 months was significantly different between test ( 0.68 ± 0.43 mm ) and control ( 0.40 ± 0.26 mm , P = .02 ) groups . CONCLUSION Implant placement timing ( immediate or delayed ) may affect correlation between insertion torque and ISQ at insertion with ISQ at loading . While insertion torque influences ISQ at insertion , it does not affect ISQ at loading because of successful osseointegration . Post extraction and delayed implants seem to have similar ISQ at insertion and at loading , but different CBL after 12 months of follow-up because of post extraction bone remodeling In aesthetic sites , the integrity of the facial bone wall dimension in the anterior maxilla is jeopardized by physiologic and structural changes post extraction . An effective regenerative protocol is key to reestablish and maintain the hard and soft tissue dimensions over time . The present prospect i ve case series study examined the effectiveness of early implant placement with simultaneous contour augmentation through guided bone regeneration with a 2-layer composite graft in post extraction single-tooth sites over an observation period of 10 y among 20 patients . The median peri-implant bone loss was 0.35 mm between the 1- and 10-y examination . A success rate of 95 % was obtained , with pleasing aesthetic outcomes and a high median Pink Esthetic Score ( 8) . Implant crowns ( ICs ) revealed significant median facial recession between IC10y and IC1y ( 0.17 mm ) . The facial bone wall dimensions were assessed by preoperative cone beam computed tomography and 2 subsequent scans taken at 6 and 10 y. The median facial bone wall thickness increased significantly from 0 mm at surgery to 1.67 mm at the 10-y examination . The facial vertical bone wall peak ( DIC ) was located at a median distance of 0.16 mm coronal to the implant shoulder . The facial vertical bone loss of DIC amounted to 0.02 mm between 6 and 10 y. Equivalence testing was performed for the null hypothesis of a difference of > 0.2 mm per year between 2 respective time points , showing stable bone conditions . Modulating factors influencing the regenerative outcomes at 10 y were the preoperative proximal crest width and soft tissue thickness . In conclusion , the present study confirmed the long-term effectiveness of early implant placement with simultaneous contour augmentation through guided bone regeneration with a 2-layer composite graft in post extraction single-tooth sites offering stable bone conditions with low risks of mucosal recessions over an observation period of 10 y ( Clinical Trials.gov NCT03252106 ) OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the best timing for placing implants  after tooth extraction , by comparing early vs. delayed implant placement and evaluating the hard and /or soft tissue ridge dimensional changes and the outcomes related with implant survival and prosthesis success . MATERIAL AND METHODS An online search of the main data bases including The National Library of Medicine ( MEDLINE via Pubmed ) , Embase and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted up to February 2011 . R and omized controlled clinical trials ( RCTs ) , prospect i ve cohort studies and case-control retrospective studies , with a follow-up of at least 1 month after loading of dental implants  , comparing : ( i ) early vs. delayed implant placement , ( ii ) augmentation vs. no augmentation at implant placement in early placed implants and /or ( iii ) the comparison of various augmentation procedures at early implant placement , were conducted . A h and search of relevant journals was also performed . Screening of eligible studies , assessment of their method ological quality and data extraction were conducted in duplicate by two independent review ers . Authors of studies were contacted for clarification or missing information . RESULTS Eight studies were included , although meta- analysis could only be performed with the data from two studies comparing early vs. delayed implant . The percentage of bone height and bone width reduction favoured the early placement , with pooled mean difference between groups of 13.11 % ( 95 % CI : from 3.83 to 22.4 ; P = 0.057 ) and 19.85 % ( 95 % CI : from 13.85 to 25.81 ) respectively . Implant survival demonstrated a non-significant higher implant survival rate for the early group ( RR = 1.02 , 95 % CI : 0.96 - 1.1).With regard to patient satisfaction , statistically significant differences between the groups in favour of the early group for overall satisfaction and appearance with the restoration were demonstrated at 2 years , although these differences were lost at 5 years . CONCLUSIONS Placement of dental implants at an early timing after tooth extraction may offer advantages in terms of soft and hard tissue preservation , when compared with a delayed protocol . Nevertheless , well- design ed , high quality , r and omized clinical trials , are needed , because the available evidence is today limited in terms of available studies and quality PURPOSE The purpose of the present prospect i ve clinical study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcome of  immediately loaded implants in the partial edentulous m and ible over a 4-year follow-up period using a modified surgical protocol , primary implant stability criteria , and splinting for inclusion . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Patients in need of implant treatment in the partial edentate m and ible were consecutively included in the study . The implant sites were underprepared to obtain maximal stability . Inclusion criteria for the study were torque of a least 30 Ncm before final seating of the implant and an ISQ greater than 60 . A provisional fixed partial denture was delivered within 24 hours and a definitive fixed partial denture within 3 months . The patients were monitored with clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations for up to 4 years . Stability of the implants was measured with resonance frequency analysis at placement and after 6 months . RESULTS Ninety-six patients were evaluated , and 77 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included . A total of 111 fixed partial dentures supported by 257 Brånemark System implants ( 77 turned and 180 TiUnite implants ) were delivered . Four ( 1.6 % ) of the 257 implants did not osseointegrate , giving an overall survival rate of 98.4 % after 4 years . Three turned ( 3.9 % ) implants and 1 oxidized implant ( 0.6 % ) failed after 4 to 13 months . The average marginal bone resorption was 0.7 mm ( SD 0.78 ) during the first year in function . Turned implants showed an average bone loss of 0.5 mm ( SD 0.8 ) and oxidized implants an average of 0.7 mm ( SD 0.8 ) . Resonance frequency analysis showed a mean implant stability quotient of 72.2 ( SD 7.5 ) at placement and 72.5 ( SD 5.7 ) after 6 months of loading . CONCLUSION It is concluded that immediate loading of implants with firm primary stability in partially edentulous areas of the m and ible appears to be a viable procedure with predictable outcome OBJECTIVE To evaluate marginal bone loss over 3 years around immediate microthreaded implants placed in the maxillary anterior/esthetic zone and immediately restored with single crowns . MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-one implants  ( with microthreads up to the platform -- rough surface body and neck , internal connection and platform switching ) were placed in fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary arches of 30 men and 23 women ( mean age 37.85 ± 7.09 years , range 27 - 60 ) . All subjects had at least 3 mm of soft tissue to allow the establishment of adequate biologic width and to reduce bone resorption . Each patient received a provisional restoration immediately after implant placement with slight occlusal contact . Mesial and distal bone height was evaluated using digital radiography on the day following implant placement ( baseline ) and after 1 , 2 , and 3 years . Primary stability was measured with resonance frequency analysis . RESULTS No implants failed , result ing in a cumulative survival rate of 100 % after 3 years . Marginal bone loss from implant collar to bone crest measured at 
    Output:
    
The selected loading protocol appears to influence the outcome of immediate implant placement