***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Hangover following consumption of alcohol includes many disagreeable signs and symptoms that are suggestive of sympathetic overactivity . We performed a r and omized , double-blind , crossover controlled study to assess the effect of beta blockade in preventing the symptoms of hangover .  Ten subjects were r and omized to receive 160 mg of a long-acting preparation of propranolol or a placebo and then participated in a controlled drinking situation . Patients were then evaluated for symptoms and signs of hangover . The results showed that although beta blockade was achieved , there was no clinical ly important reduction in symptoms of hangover . We conclude that propranolol does not prevent the symptoms of hangover Tolfenamic acid ( TA ) , a potent inhibitor of prostagl and in ( PG ) bio synthesis and action , was tested prophylactically against hangover symptoms in 30 healthy volunteers in a double – blind cross-over study . One capsule of TA ( 200 mg ) or placebo was taken before starting to drink alcohol and another before going to bed . The hangover symptoms were evaluated in the morning . TA was found significantly better than placebo in the subjective evaluation of drug efficacy ( p<0.001 ) and in reducing the reported hangover symptoms in general ( p < 0.01 ) . In the TA group , significantly lower symptom scores were obtained for headache ( p<0.01 ) , and for nausea , vomiting , irritation , tremor , thirst and dryness of mouth ( all p < 0.05 ) . In a separate study with eight participants , plasma levels of PGs were followed during ingestion of alcohol with or without TA .  The plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2 ( a metabolite of thromboxane A2 ) were lower in the TA group during alcohol ingestion , while PGF2a and 6-keto-PGF1a ( a metabolite of prostacyclin ) were unaffected . TXB2 correlated with blood alcohol levels in a U-shaped manner BACKGROUND The severity of the alcohol hangover may be related to inflammation induced by impurities in the alcohol beverage and byproducts of alcohol metabolism . An extract of the Opuntia ficus indica ( OFI ) plant diminishes the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli . METHODS In this double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial , 64 healthy , young adult volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive OFI ( 1600 IU ) and identical placebo , given 5 hours before alcohol consumption . During 4 hours , subjects consumed up to 1.75 g of alcohol per kilogram of body weight . Hangover severity ( 9 symptoms ) and overall well-being were assessed on a scale ( 0 - 6 ) , and blood and urine sample s were obtained the following morning . Two weeks later , the study protocol was repeated with OFI and placebo reversed . RESULTS Fifty-five subjects completed both the  OFI  and placebo arms of the study . Three of the 9 symptoms-nausea , dry mouth , and anorexia-were significantly reduced by OFI ( all P<.05 ) . Overall , the symptom index was reduced by 2.7 points on average ( 95 % confidence interval , -0.2 to 5.5 ; P = .07 ) , and the risk of a severe hangover ( > /=18 points ) was reduced by half ( odds ratio , 0.38 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.16 - 0.88 ; P = .02 ) . C-reactive protein levels were strongly associated with hangover severity ; the mean symptom index was 4.1 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.2 - 7.1 ; P = .007 ) higher in subjects with morning C-reactive protein levels greater than 1.0 mg/L. In addition , C-reactive protein levels were 40 % higher after subjects consumed placebo compared with OFI . CONCLUSIONS The symptoms of the alcohol hangover are largely due to the activation of inflammation . An extract of the OFI plant has a moderate effect on reducing hangover symptoms , apparently by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators Summary Ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in blood and urine have been evaluated in 9 volunteers following administration of Liv.52 and placebo  on the evening of the study and on the following morning . On the following morning the volunteers scored their symptoms and completed visual analogue scales . Single dose and multiple dose studies were done . Liv.52 produced a considerable reduction in blood and urine levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde after 12 h. It is possible that Liv.52 prevents the binding of acetaldehyde , bringing about higher initial blood levels followed by rapid elimination . It reduced the hangover symptoms A hangover is characterized by the constellation of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms that occur between 8 and 16 h after drinking alcohol . We evaluated the effects of experimentally-induced alcohol hangover on cognitive functions using the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery . A total of 13 normal adult males participated in this study . They did not have any previous histories of psychiatric or medical disorders . We defined the experimentally-induced hangover condition at 13 h after drinking a high dose of alcohol ( 1.5 g/kg of body weight ) . We evaluated the changes of cognitive functions before drinking alcohol and during experimentally-induced hangover state . The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery was administrated in order to examine the changes of cognitive functions . Cognitive functions , such as visual , memory , and intellectual process functions , were decreased during the hangover state . Among summary scales , the profile elevation scale was also increased . Among localization scales , the scores of left frontal , sensorimotor , parietal-occipital dysfunction , and right parietal-occipital scales were increased during the hangover state . These results indicate that alcohol hangovers have a negative effect on cognitive functions , particularly on the higher cortical and visual functions associated with the left hemisphere and right posterior hemisphere BACKGROUND Extract of globe artichoke ( Cynara scolymus ) is promoted as a possible preventive or cure for alcohol-induced hangover symptoms . However , few rigorous clinical trials have assessed the effects of artichoke extract , and none has examined the effects in relation to hangovers . We undertook this study to test whether artichoke extract is effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover . METHODS We recruited healthy adult volunteers between 18 and 65 years of age to participate in a r and omized double-blind crossover trial . Participants received either 3 capsules of commercially available st and ardized artichoke extract or indistinguishable , inert placebo capsules immediately before and after alcohol exposure . After a 1-week washout period the volunteers received the opposite treatment . Participants predefined the type and amount of alcoholic beverage that would give them a hangover and ate the same meal before commencing alcohol consumption on the 2 study days . The primary outcome measure was the difference in hangover severity scores between the artichoke extract and placebo interventions . Secondary outcome measures were differences between the interventions in scores using a mood profile question naire and cognitive performance tests administered 1 hour before and 10 hours after alcohol exposure . RESULTS Fifteen volunteers participated in the study . The mean number ( and st and ard deviation ) of alcohol units ( each unit being 7.9 g , or 10 mL , of ethanol ) consumed during treatment with artichoke extract and placebo was 10.7 ( 3.1 ) and 10.5 ( 2.4 ) respectively , equivalent to 1.2 ( 0.3 ) and 1.2 ( 0.2 ) g of alcohol per kilogram body weight . The volume of nonalcoholic drink consumed and the duration of sleep were similar during the artichoke extract and placebo interventions . None of the outcome measures differed significantly between interventions . Adverse events were rare and were mild and transient . INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that artichoke extract is not effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover . Larger studies are required to confirm these findings Alcohol intoxication and hangover were studied in 12 healthy male subjects who participated in three 18-h experimental sessions ; two sessions , in which they consumed  1.43 g alcohol/kg body weight as mixed beverages together with food , and one control session when mineral water was substituted for the alcoholic beverages . In one of the alcohol sessions they received chlormethiazole , 1 g at bedtime and 0.5 g early the following morning , in the other , they were given placebo tablets . The following variables were studied : blood-alcohol concentration ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; blood lactate ; blood pyruvate ; urinary catecholamines ( only during hangover ) ; psychomotor and cognitive capacities ; as well as subjective reactions . During intoxication , heart rate and lactate-pyruvate ratio were significantly increased and performance efficiency was significantly deteriorated in comparison with the control condition . During hangover , heart rate , blood pressure , and lactate-pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated , and cognitive performance was still affected , in some tests to a significant degree . During this stage there was a great variation between subjects as regards . subjective hangover .  Chlormethiazole was found to lower blood pressure and adrenaline output and , furthermore , to relieve unpleasant physical symptoms , but did not affect fatigue and drowsiness . The cognitive test results were only slightly infleenced by this agent , while psychomotor performance was significantly impaired . Subjects with severe subjective hangover seemed to benefit more from the chlormethiazole treatment than subjects with a mild hangover Twenty-one male managers who normally drink moderate amounts of alcohol participated in a placebo-controlled , double-blind , cross-over experiment . Subjects consumed either placebo or alcoholic drinks to attain a breath alcohol level of 0.10 during the evening before participation in Strategic Management Simulations . By the time of arrival at the simultaion laboratory on the following morning , breath alcohol levels were measured at 0.00 . Question naire responses indicated considerable hangover discomfort . Responses to semantic differential evaluative scales suggested that research participants evaluated their own managerial performance in the simulation setting as impaired . However , multiple ( vali date d ) measures of decision-making performance obtained in the simulation task did not show any deterioration of functioning . Previous research had shown considerable performance decrements in the same task setting , while blood/breath alcohol levels ranged from 0.05 through 0.10 % . Apparently , complex decision-making competence by persons who normally consume moderate amounts of alcohol may not be impaired by hangover caused by intoxication during the previous evening that remains at or below a blood alcohol level of 0.10 
    Output:
    
Significant intergroup differences for overall symptom scores and individual symptoms were reported only for tolfenamic acid , gamma linolenic acid from B officinalis , and a yeast based preparation .
No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover .