***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study was used to test the effect on planned safe use of over-the-counter ( OTC ) analgesics of adding information about the potential for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) interaction with antihypertensive medications , the potential for interaction of alcohol and acetaminophen , and NSAID ceiling effects to the Federal Drug Administration 's ( FDA 's ) OTC analgesics pamphlet . DESIGN A r and omized posttest-only double-blind experimental design was used to test an intervention with a comparison group reading the FDA pamphlet , and treatment group reading the pamphlet with added information . SAMPLE Participants included 137 adults . INTERVENTION Participants read the treatment or the comparison pamphlet . RESULTS Both groups responded with similar planned use of OTC analgesics . The majority were likely to read the label before taking an OTC analgesic , but were unlikely to give acetaminophen to a family member using antihypertensive medication . CONCLUSIONS Reading additional information about OTC analgesics result ed in no greater intention to safely use analgesics . Responses indicated reluctance to use OTC analgesics , and the potential need for increased health teaching regarding use of OTC analgesics with antihypertensive medication . Public health teaching should include the importance of treating pain and selecting the safest OTC analgesics for the clinical situation In a r and omised , controlled trial , patients with joint diseases and concomitant treatment with NSAIDs and diuretics received systematic education . The intervention group was given information by a self-conducted , interactive Kodak Photo-CD program in addition to personal drug information and non-commercial drug leaflets . Awareness of drug interactions and encouragement of self-adjustment of treatment was focused on . Control patients received conventional information . Three months after r and omisation , knowledge was tested by means of a question naire . At 3 months there was a significant difference in attained score between the intervention group and the control group . Greater knowledge was achieved , especially on drug interaction , in the intervention group . In conclusion , less than 1 h of systematic education significantly improved  patients ' knowledge on essential issues of concomitant treatment with NSAIDs and diuretics . Knowledge of effects , side-effects and interactions of drugs is essential for self-adjustment of treatment . The method employed , which is st and ardised and produces a reproducible quantity of education , might be applicable to several other medical conditions Abstract Objective : The aim of the present study was to assess whether information sheets/consent forms su bmi tted to the healthy volunteers of the Clinical Pharmacology Unit ( C.P.U. ) panel at Glaxo-Wellcome ( Verona , Italy ) could be considered underst and able and to verify the readability and comprehensibility of these documents . Since a volunteer bases his/her decision to take part in a study on the information sheet provided , it is of paramount ethical importance to know whether the sheet conveys all relevant information . In addition , a thorough awareness by the volunteer of the reasons and procedures of the study would increase compliance . Methods : Four indices were used : Flesh-Vacca , Kincaid , Gunning 's Fog and Gulpease . All indices rate the degree of difficulty of a text , in the light of the level of schooling of the target population . The documents evaluated were information sheets presented to volunteers . The level of schooling of the population that participated in at least one study was determined : 61.7 % of volunteers finished high school and 22.6 % had a University degree or diploma ; the remaining 15.7 % did not finish high school or the datum was not available . Results : The results showed that , when the present study began , all information sheets were “ readable ” by all volunteers who had at least finished high school . After these preliminary results , some additional linguistic and graphic refinements were adopted in drawing up information sheets . Readability improved to such a degree that all information sheets could be understood by virtually all volunteers . Conclusion : A number of suggestions were identified , which are set out in this paper to assist in the preparation of improved information sheets and a recommendation to value the readability of consent sheets before giving them to the volunteers . The suggestions were split into three categories : communications to the volunteer , text format and text organisation The extent of medication use and drug information preferences was surveyed r and omly from patients at six different pharmacy health care systems . Following verbal consultation , each patient was given one or more modified United States Pharmacopeia drug information leaflets corresponding to the verbal information and a self-addressed , stamped question naire to complete . Chi-square analysis was performed on 317 responses with overwhelming acceptance ( 96 percent ) of the medication information provided . Although a majority of respondents ( 62 percent ) preferred a combination of both written and oral information , specific information preferences ( oral , written , or both ) were significantly related to educational level , pharmacy attended , and prescription status . Nearly 45 percent of the respondents indicated the information was responsible for changing their medication use . Subjects who were elderly , taking cardiovascular medications , or getting refill prescriptions were significantly less likely to change as a result of the information provided . Although 65 percent of the respondents were unwilling to pay an additional fee for the service , females and those who were 45–54 years and over 65 years old were significantly more willing to pay for the information . In addition , the willingness to pay tended to increase as the number of daily medications taken increased . Consideration of socioeconomic and prescription variables may help define subgroups with specific information preferences and counseling activities that may be directly reimbursable Outpatient medication adherence is a major problem , especially for patients repeatedly hospitalized for psychiatric disorders . This study included 39 such patients who were receiving case management services from a community mental health center . Patients were matched and r and omly assigned to receive in a single session either ( 1 ) information regarding medication and its benefits , ( 2 ) guidelines for assuring adherence which encompassed all phases related to pill-taking including filling prescriptions , use of a pill container , transportation , self-reminders , doctor 's appointments and so forth , or ( 3 ) the same guidelines as ( 2 ) above but given in the presence of a family member who was enlisted in support . The results showed that adherence increased to about 94 % after the guidelines were given for both the individual and family guideline procedure , whereas adherence remained unchanged at 73 % after the medication information procedure . These results suggest a practical means for assuring a high level of medication adherence for patients with psychiatric disorders Address correspondence to : L.D. Saunders , Department of Health Services Administration and Community Medicine , 13 - 103 Clinical Sciences Building , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6 G 2G3 among patients attending a primary health care ( PHC ) clinic in Soweto for antihypertensive drug therapy .  In a 1-year follow-up study of an inception cohort of newly treated hypertensives , only 27 % were compliant ( defined as attending frequently enough to receive 80 % or more of their required treatment ) , 42 % were not seen after the first 3 months ( early dropouts ) , and 22 % continued to attend until the last 3 This study compared immediate recall of prescription information when the message content was presented in a highly organized format versus a less-organized approach . Two groups of pharmacy students viewed separate videotapes , which described information for a patient about three fictitious medications . Students were then asked to recall the medications ' name , colour , purpose , dosage , duration , side-effects and quantity prescribed . Students who viewed the organized version correctly recalled more information in every category except drug colour . Both groups made more errors in recalling dosage than any other category . Thus , organizing information facilitates recall of medication information Leaflets containing information about medicines were issued to 56 patients prescribed penicillins and 43 patients prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs .  The patients were interviewed between four and 10 days later and their responses compared with those of 65 patients prescribed penicillin and 33 prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs  who did not receive a leaflet . Patients who received a leaflet were more likely to be completely satisfied with their treatment and with the information they had been given . They were also more likely to know the name of their medicine and much more aware of potential unwanted effects . Although there was no evidence that knowledge increased the incidence of adverse effects , when these did occur they were more likely to be recognised as being due to the medicine . Further studies of other leaflets are warranted , including leaflets for drugs that are taken long term Abstract Based on the two legal st and ards of informed consent currently in use , the Medical Practice St and ard and the Reasonable Person St and ard , two disclosures containing information about the risks and benefits of the anticonvulsant , Carbamazepine , were empirically derived . One of these two disclosures was r and omly given to a sample of 39 seizure patients and the parents of pediatric seizure patients prescribed this drug . Subjects were interviewed either immediately after disclosure and at followup , or at followup only . The results provide no evidence for the hypothesized negative effects — anxiety , treatment refusal , reduced compliance and increased side effects — of providing patients with extensive disclosures about prescription drugs Eighty anxious and eighty depressed patients were assigned r and omly to receiving one of three versions of an information leaflet about their medication , or to receiving no leaflet at all .  Mean medication errors were reduced from 15 to 4 % by provision of suitably constructed leaflets . The results show the practical importance of informing patients about their medication and of paying attention to the difficulty level of any leaflets issued Objective : To determine whether the use of verbal descriptors suggested by the European Union ( EU ) such as “ common ” ( 1–10 % frequency ) and “ rare ” ( 0.01–0.1 % ) effectively conveys the level of risk of side effects to people taking a medicine . Design : R and omised controlled study with unconcealed allocation . Participants : 120 adults taking simvastatin or atorvastatin after cardiac surgery or myocardial infa rct ion . Setting : Cardiac rehabilitation clinics at two hospitals in Leeds , UK . Intervention : A written statement about one of the side effects of the medicine ( either constipation or pancreatitis ) . Within each side effect condition half the patients were given the information in verbal form and half in numerical form ( for constipation , “ common ” or 2.5 % ; for pancreatitis , “ rare ” or 0.04 % ) . Main outcome measure : The estimated likelihood of the side effect occurring . Other outcome measures related to the perceived severity of the side effect , its risk to health , and its effect on decisions about whether to take the medicine . Results : The mean likelihood estimate given for the constipation side effect was 34.2 % in the verbal group and 8.1 % in the numerical group ; for pancreatitis it was 18 % in the verbal group and 2.1 % in the numerical group . The verbal descriptors were associated with more negative perceptions of the medicine than their equivalent numerical descriptors . Conclusions : Patients want and need underst and able information about medicines and their risks and benefits . This is essential if they are to become partners in medicine taking . The use of verbal descriptors to improve the level of information about side effect risk leads to overestimation of the level of harm and may lead patients to make inappropriate decisions about whether or not they take the medicine BACKGROUND type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to increase in prevalence worldwide . Many factors have been cited as contributing to compliance , such as family and social support , education , number of tablets per dose , frequency of administration and health care provider communication . Toward these goals , the present study was developed to measure the effect offactors on glycemic control such as diabetes education by pharmacists , a diabetes disease booklet and special medication containers . MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 360 volunteers with type 2 DM patients were recruited , participants were simple r and omized to control 180 and intervention 180 patients . Which intervention categorized to 4 groups ; all intervention groups received diabetes drug counseling by a pharmacist , one group received plus a diabetes booklet , one received plus special medical containers and the last group received all of them . The interventions were done at the 1st time of visit . Both the control and intervention groups were monitored for fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c at 0 , 3 , 6 months and glycemic level in both groups was compared . RESULTS After 3 months , mean fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c decreased wiih the intervention group vs. control group ( 152.36 + /- 39.73 to 131.52 + /- 35.22 mg% ) and ( 150.16 + /- 41.78 to 153.98 + /- 47.95 mg% ) respectively ; ( p < 0.001 ) . HbA1c level 8.16 + /- 1.44 to 7.72 + /- 1.26 vs 8.01 + /- 1.51 to 8.38 + /- 1.46 respectively ; ( p < 0.001 ) . After 6 months , mean fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c decreased with the intervention group vs. control group ( 152.36 + /- 39.73 to 145.20 + /- 46.07 mg% ) and ( 150.16 + /- 41.78 to 159.16 + /- 54.90 mg% ) respectively ; ( p < 0.013 ) . HbA1c level 8.16 + /- 1.44 to 7.91 + /- 1.27 vs. 8.01 + /- 1.51 to 8.80 + /- 1.36 respectively ; ( p < 0.001 ) . The most favorable glycemic outcome was the group that received all of the interventions ; mean FPG was 
    Output:
    
The inability to combine results means we can not conclude whether written information was effective for increasing knowledge .
No studies showed an adverse effect of medicines information .
The combined evidence was not strong enough to say whether written medicines information is effective in changing knowledge , attitudes and behaviours related to medicine taking .
There is some evidence that written information can improve knowledge .