***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Developing an evidence base for making public health decisions will require using data from evaluation studies with r and omized and nonr and omized design s. Assessing individual studies and using studies in quantitative research syntheses require transparent reporting of the study , with sufficient detail and clarity to readily see differences and similarities among studies in the same area . The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement provides guidelines for transparent reporting of r and omized clinical trials . We present the initial version of the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonr and omized Design s ( TREND ) statement . These guidelines emphasize the reporting of theories used and descriptions of intervention and comparison conditions , research design , and methods of adjusting for possible biases in evaluation studies that use nonr and omized design The goal of evidence -based medicine is ultimately to improve patient outcomes and quality of care .  Systematic review s of the available published evidence are required to identify interventions that lead to improvements in behavior , health , and well-being . Authoritative literature review s depend on the quality of published research and research reports . The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) Statement ( www.consort-statement.org ) was developed to improve the design and reporting of interventions involving r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) in medical journals . We describe the 22 CONSORT guidelines and explain their application to behavioral medicine research and to evidence -based practice . Additional behavioral medicine-specific guidelines ( e.g. , treatment adherence ) are also presented . Use of these guidelines by clinicians , educators , policymakers , and research ers who design , report , and evaluate or review RCTs will strengthen the research itself and accelerate efforts to apply behavioral medicine research to improve the processes and outcomes of behavioral medicine practice Allergic occupational asthma is frequent in farming population s. As educational interventions can improve disease management , the short-term effect of an educational intervention in asthmatic farmers was evaluated on the basis of spirometric indices and exhaled nitric oxide fraction ( FeNO ) .  Farmers with occupational asthma ( n = 81 ) , mostly sensitised against cow d and er and storage mites , participated in a 1-day educational programme . Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 4–6 weeks , using FeNO , lung function and a question naire . Results were compared with those of a control group without intervention ( n = 24 ) . In the educational group , the proportion of subjects reporting work-related symptoms was reduced after the intervention . The FeNO decreased from a geometric mean of 28.2 to 25.7 ppb , and , in subjects with an elevated ( > 35 ppb ) baseline FeNO ( n = 32 ) , from 59.7 to 49.2 ppb . The corresponding changes in the control group were 25.6 versus 27.7 ppb and 49.5 versus 48.1 ppb . Spirometric results were unaltered in the two groups . Thus exhaled nitric oxide fraction , a marker of allergic airway inflammation , indicated a beneficial effect of a short-term educational intervention in farmers with occupational asthma . This suggests a potential for exhaled nitric oxide fraction in assessing the efficacy of preventive measures within a short time with higher sensitivity than spirometry BACKGROUND In response to the multiple health risks that farm pesticide applicators experience and the need for controlled trials to evaluate prevention programs , this study tested the effects of a small-group educational intervention design ed to increase personal protective equipment ( PPE ) use and to reduce direct pesticide exposure . DESIGN A r and omized controlled design was used with r and om selection of participants , r and om assignment to intervention and control groups , and baseline and postintervention assessment s. SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Four hundred Wisconsin dairy farmers certified to apply pesticides to field crops were recruited to participate over a 1-year evaluation period . INTERVENTION Three-hour educational sessions were conducted with approximately 100 r and omly assigned participants . Sessions targeted four educational messages : ( 1 ) existing evidence of excess cancers among farmers , ( 2 ) simulation of pesticide exposure presented through slide show and description , ( 3 ) feedback of self-reported data collected from the farmers reporting on frequency of exposure and gear use , and ( 4 ) cognitive behavioral strategies that can be adopted to reduce pesticide hazards . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A change in use of required protective equipment use during application and self-reported dermal exposure were evaluated in the control and intervention groups postintervention . RESULTS Six-month postintervention analyses showed that an educational intervention had significant effects on the use of gloves and gear during the most recent application and an actual reduction in the total number of pesticides used . However , the intervention did not have a significant impact on achieving full PPE compliance nor in reducing the amount of self-reported dermal pesticide exposure during the most recent application reported by applicators . CONCLUSIONS ; This one-time educational intervention successfully increased protective equipment use . However , more-intensive programs are needed to achieve greater reductions in personal pesticide exposure The present study was design ed as an intervention study to investigate whether an educational programme was efficient in preventing work‐related skin problems on the h and s. 107 student auxiliary nurses ( 61 in the intervention group and 46 in the control group ) were followed during the first 10 weeks of their initial practical training in county hospitals . The intervention group was given an educational programme before the practical training started . For evaluation the participants had question naires , clinical examination of the h and s , measurement of transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) and patch testing . The use of h and disinfectants , which was discouraged in the educational programme , was significantly lower in the intervention group as compared to the control group ( p=0.002 ) . 48 % of the intervention group and 58 % of the control group had aggravation of skin problems during practical training ( p>0.05 ) . Use of h and disinfectant  agents was significantly associated with aggravation of skin problems ( p=0.016 ) . A significant increase in TEWL for the control group ( p<0.005 ) , but not for the intervention group , was seen after 10 weeks of practical training . In conclusion , the present intervention study shows promising results from the use of an educational programme In food occupations , like in many other skin risk occupations , the regular use of personal protection equipment , i.e. of skin protection ointments and protective gloves , is recommended as well as regular skin care for the prevention of occupational h and dermatitis . We investigated the uptake and maintenance of different prevention strategies ( instructions for skin protection and skin care , prevocational skin hardening with UV light ) in food occupations and their efficacy in the primary prevention of vocationally caused h and dermatitis . We could show that the acceptance and regular use of skin protection and care measures could be significantly increased by theoretical and practical instructions in food industry trainees . The highest acceptance was seen with skin protection ointment ( 100 % ) and skin care ( 90 % ) . Protective gloves ( 43.3 % ) were used to a lesser extent . The h and dermatitis point prevalence in the groups after 6 months was 13.3 % ( skin protection ) , 19.4 % ( UV hardening ) and 29.1 % ( controls ) . These clinical trends were supported by statistically significant differences in the basal TEWL values . Adequate skin protection and regular skin care seem to be promising for the prevention of occupationally caused  h and dermatitis . The experimental approach using UV hardening prevocationally did not fulfil the expectations BACKGROUND New measures of exposure prevention ( EP ) activity were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a 16-month management-focused intervention addressing hazardous substance exposures in manufacturing work setting s. METHODS EP efforts were assessed using a rating scheme developed for this study . The rating scheme yields a set of measures of exposure potential and protection , which are combined into an overall EP summary rating . A r and omized , controlled design was used to assess intervention effectiveness . Fifteen large manufacturing worksites completed the 16-month intervention and follow-up assessment s. Analyses were conducted on the 107 production processes assessed at both baseline and final . RESULTS Patterns of improvement within the intervention condition were consistent with the intervention emphasis on upstream or source -focused intervention ; whereas patterns in controls were consistent with prevalent practice ( more downstream , worker-focused ) . A mixed model analysis of variance showed greater improvement in EP ratings in intervention versus controls , but the difference in improvement was moderate and statistically non-significant . CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that EP efforts in the manufacturing sector can be systematic ally assessed across the full range of hazardous substances in use , and that such assessment s can serve both needs assessment and effectiveness evaluation functions . Findings suggest that more sustained or intense management-focused intervention would significantly improve EP activity in manufacturing setting 
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We conclude that future interventions could enhance their effectiveness through improving design quality , reporting and basing their content upon evidence -based behavioural change approaches .
Using a comprehensive range of evidence -informed behaviour change ingredients should improve occupational health professional 's ability to reliably reduce occupational ill-health where exposure can not totally be design ed out of the workplace