***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study aim ed to replicate findings that alcohol consumption and positive implicit beer-related cognitions can be reduced using inhibitory control ( IC ) training , with the addition of an active training control . Frontal EEG asymmetry , an objective psychophysiological index of approach motivation , was used as a dependent measure to examine training outcomes . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of two IC training conditions ( Beer NoGo or Beer Go ) or a Brief Alcohol Intervention ( BAI ) ( i.e. the active training control ) . The IC training tasks consistently paired a stimulus that required a response with images of water ( Beer NoGo ) or images of beer ( Beer Go ) . Alcohol consumption and implicit beer-related cognitions were measured at pre-training , post-training and at one week follow-up . Frontal EEG asymmetry was recorded during a passive image viewing task that presented neutral , healthy , and beer stimuli - at pre-training , post-training and follow-up . Participants in the Beer NoGo and BAI conditions consumed less beer in a taste test immediately after training than Beer Go participants , suggesting that IC training may be as effective as the already established BAI . The taste test findings were in line with the frontal EEG asymmetry data , which indicated that approach motivation for beer stimuli was altered in the expected directions . However , the positive correlation between post-training frontal EEG asymmetry data and taste test consumption was not significant . While there were no significant changes in implicit beer-related cognitions following training , a trending positive relationship between implicit beer-related cognitions at post-training and taste test consumption was reported . Further exploration addressing the limitations of the current study is required in order to clarify the implication s of these findings OBJECTIVE Alcohol screening and brief intervention ( SBI ) has gained widespread acceptance as an effective method for reducing problem drinking in at-risk population s. This study examines the cost and cost-effectiveness of an SBI pilot program delivered in an inner-city hospital emergency department ( ED ) to a traditionally underserved population . METHOD A total of 1,036 subjects were screened for problem drinking during their visit to an ED . Eligible participants ( N = 294 ) were r and omly assigned to either a brief intervention group or a control group . As the result of attrition , a final sample of 194 ( 90 brief intervention ; 104 control ) participants remained at follow-up . The intervention consisted of a brief counseling session and a health information packet . The control group received only the packet .  Intervention cost data were collected and analyzed using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program . Selected outcomes at the 3-month follow-up included the raw Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score , average weekly number of drinks and engaging in heavy drinking in the past month ( > 6 drinks on one occasion for men , > 4 for women ) . Outcome differences between the intervention and control groups were estimated with both bivariate and multivariate techniques . RESULTS The average economic cost of the brief intervention was dollars 632 per subject , of which screening ( dollars 497 ) was the largest component . In all cases , intervention subjects had better 3-month outcomes than control subjects , but the differences were not always statistically significant . Cost-effectiveness ratios were relatively small for all three outcomes , suggesting this type of intervention has the potential to be cost-effective under full implementation . CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results demonstrate the potential advantage of further research in this area with larger sample s and a longer follow-up period Background Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to deleterious health consequences among undergraduate students . There is a need to develop theory-based and cost-effective brief interventions to attenuate alcohol consumption in this population . Purpose The present study tested the effectiveness of an integrated theory-based intervention in reducing undergraduates ' alcohol consumption in excess of guideline limits in national sample s from Estonia , Finl and , and the UK . Method A 2 ( volitional : implementation intention vs. no implementation intention ) × 2 ( motivation : mental simulation vs. no mental simulation ) × 3 ( nationality : Estonia vs. Finl and vs. UK ) r and omized-controlled design was adopted . Participants completed baseline psychological measures and self-reported number of alcohol units consumed and binge-drinking frequency followed by the intervention manipulation . One month later , participants completed follow-up measures of the psychological variables and alcohol consumption . Results Results revealed main effects for implementation intention and nationality on units of alcohol consumed at follow-up and an implementation intention × nationality interaction . Alcohol consumption was significantly reduced in the implementation intention condition for the Estonian and UK sample s. There was a significant main effect for nationality and an implementation intention × nationality interaction on binge-drinking frequency . Follow-up tests revealed significant reductions in binge-drinking occasions in the implementation intention group for the UK sample only . Conclusion Results support the implementation intention component of the intervention in reducing alcohol drinking in excess of guideline limits among Estonian and UK undergraduates . There was no support for the motivational intervention or the interaction between the strategies . Results are discussed with respect to intervention design based on motivational and volitional approaches Background Brief interventions via the internet have been shown to reduce university students ’ alcohol intake . This study tested two smartphone applications ( apps ) targeting drinking choices on party occasions , with the goal of reducing problematic alcohol intake among Swedish university students . Methods Students were recruited via e-mails sent to student union members at two universities . Those who gave informed consent , had a smartphone , and showed risky alcohol consumption according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT ) were r and omized into three groups . Group 1 had access to the Swedish government alcohol monopoly ’s app , Promillekoll , offering real-time estimated blood alcohol concentration ( eBAC ) calculation ; Group 2 had access to a web-based app , PartyPlanner , developed by the research group , offering real-time eBAC calculation with planning and follow-up functions ; and Group 3 participants were controls . Follow-up was conducted at 7 weeks . Results Among 28574 students offered participation , 4823 agreed to join ; 415 were excluded due to incomplete data , and 1932 fulfilled eligibility criteria for r and omization . Attrition was 22.7–39.3 percent , higher among heavier drinkers and highest in Group 2 .  Self-reported app use was higher in Group 1 ( 74 % ) compared to Group 2 ( 41 % ) . Per- protocol analyses revealed only one significant time-by-group interaction , where Group 1 participants increased the frequency of their drinking occasions compared to controls ( p = 0.001 ) . Secondary analyses by gender showed a significant difference among men in Group 1 for frequency of drinking occasions per week ( p = 0.001 ) , but not among women . Among all participants , 29 percent showed high-risk drinking , over the recommended weekly drinking levels of 9 ( women ) and 14 ( men ) st and ard glasses . Conclusions Smartphone apps can make brief interventions available to large numbers of university students . The apps studied using eBAC calculation did not , however , seem to affect alcohol consumption among university students and one app may have led to a negative effect among men . Future research should : 1 ) explore ways to increase user retention , 2 ) include apps facilitating technical manipulation for evaluation of added components , 3 ) explore the effects of adapting app content to possible gender differences , and 4 ) offer additional interventions to high-risk users . Trial registration clinical trials.gov : NCT01958398 Background Web-based tailored interventions provide users with information that is adapted to their individual characteristics and needs . R and omized controlled trials assessing the effects of tailored alcohol self-help programs among adults are scarce . Furthermore , it is a challenge to develop programs that can hold respondents ’ attention in online interventions . Objective To assess whether a 3-session , Web-based tailored intervention is effective in reducing alcohol intake in high-risk adult drinkers and to compare 2 computer-tailoring feedback strategies ( alternating vs summative ) on behavioral change , dropout , and appreciation of the program . Methods A single-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted with an experimental group and a control group ( N=448 ) in Germany in 2010 - 2011 . Follow-up took place after 6 months . Drinking behavior , health status , motivational determinants , and demographics were assessed among participants recruited via an online access panel . The experimental group was divided into 2 subgroups . In the alternating condition ( n=132 ) , the tailored feedback was split into a series of messages discussing individual topics offered while the respondent was filling out the program . Participants in the summative condition ( n=181 ) received all advice at once after having answered all questions . The actual texts were identical for both conditions . The control group ( n=135 ) only filled in 3 question naires . To identify intervention effects , logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted among complete cases ( n=197 ) and after using multiple imputation . Results Among the complete cases ( response rate : 197/448 , 44.0 % ) who did not comply with the German national guideline for low-risk drinking at baseline , 21.1 % of respondents in the experimental group complied after 6 months compared with 5.8 % in the control group ( effect size=0.42 ; OR 2.65 , 95 % CI 1.14 - 6.16 , P=.02 ) . The experimental group decreased by 3.9 drinks per week compared to 0.4 drinks per week in the control group , but this did not reach statistical significance ( effect size=0.26 ; beta=−0.12 , 95 % CI −7.96 to 0.03 , P=.05 ) . Intention-to-treat analyses also indicated no statistically significant effect . Separate analyses of the 2 experimental subgroups showed no differences in intervention effects . The dropout rate during the first visit to the intervention website was significantly lower in the alternating condition than in the summative condition ( OR 0.23 , 95 % CI 0.08 - 0.60 , P=.003 ) . Program appreciation was comparable for the 2 experimental groups . Conclusions Complete case analyses revealed that Web-based tailored feedback can be an effective way to reduce alcohol intake among adults . However , this effect was not confirmed when applying multiple imputations . There was no indication that one of the tailoring strategies was more effective in lowering alcohol intake . Nevertheless , the lower attrition rates we found during the first visit suggest that the version of the intervention with alternating questions and advice may be preferred . Trial Registration International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 91623132 ; http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N91623132 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6J4QdhXeG ) BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a progressive neurocognitive developmental disorder . Recent evidence shows that computerized training interventions ( Cognitive Bias Modification , CBM ) can reverse some of these maladaptively changed neurocognitive processes . A first clinical study of a CBM , called alcohol-avoidance training , found that trained alcoholic patients showed less relapse at one-year follow-up than control patients . The present study tested the replication of this result , and questions about mediation and moderation . METHODS 509 alcohol-dependent patients received treatment as usual ( primarily Cognitive Behavior Therapy ) inpatient treatment .  Before and after treatment , the implicit approach bias was measured with the Alcohol Approach-Avoidance Task . Half of the patients were r and omly assigned to CBM  , the other half received  treatment as usual only . Background variables , psychopathology and executive control were tested as possible moderating variables of CBM . One year after treatment , follow-up data about relapse were collected . RESULTS The group receiving CBM  developed alcohol-avoidance behavior and reported significantly lower relapse rates at one-year follow-up . Change in alcohol-approach bias mediated this effect . Moderation analyses demonstrated that older patients and patients with a strong approach-bias at pretest profited most from CBM . CONCLUSIONS CBM is a promising treatment add-on in alcohol addiction and may counter some of the maladaptive neurocognitive effects of long-term alcoholism AIMS To test whether an expectancy challenge ( EC ) changes implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions and binge drinking in young heavy drinkers . This is important for theoretical and practical reasons : the EC presents a critical test for the hypothesized mediational role of alcohol cognitions and the EC has been presented as a promising intervention to counter alcohol problems in heavy drinking youth . SETTING , PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION : Ninety-two heavy drinking college and university students ( half women ) were assigned r and omly to the EC or control condition ( a sham alcohol experiment in the same bar-laboratory ) . MEASUREMENTS Explicit alcohol cognitions and alcohol use were assessed with paper- and -pencil measures . Alcohol use was assessed prior to the experiment and during a 1-month follow-up . Implicit alcohol-related cognitions were assessed with two versions of the  Implicit Association Test  ( IAT ) , adapted to assess implicit valence and arousal associations with alcohol . FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The EC result ed in decreased explicit positive arousal expectancies in men and women alike . There was some evidence for a differential reduction in implicit arousal associations , but findings depended on the version of the IAT and on the scoring-algorithm used . In men ( but not in women ) there was a short-lived differential reduction in prospect i ve alcohol use ( significant in week 3 of the follow-up ) , and this reduction was partially mediated by the decrease in explicit positive arousal expectancies . These findings suggest that an EC successfully changes explicit alcohol cognitions and that this may have short-lived beneficial effects in heavy drinking young men OBJECTIVE The current study examined the efficacy of mailed personalized normative feedback ( PNF ) as a brief alcohol intervention for at-risk college drinkers , and investigated discrepancy as a possible medi 
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Discussion This study will establish the extent to which the five intervention modules offered in this app can help reduce hazardous and harmful drinking .