***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of atherothrombosis and venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) . We investigated whether plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes has an imbalance of pro- versus anti-coagulation result ing in hypercoagulability despite normal conventional coagulation tests . We analyzed blood sample s from 60 patients with type 2 diabetes and 60 gender- and age-matched healthy subjects ( controls ) for the levels of pro- and anti-coagulant factors , for thrombin generation and for the numbers of cell-derived circulating microparticles bearing such pro-coagulant triggers as tissue factor and negatively charged phospholipids . The levels of pro- or anti-coagulants as measured with conventional coagulation tests or single factor measurements were similar to those of the control population . In contrast , the median ( range ) of the height of the thrombin peak ( taken as an index of thrombin generation ) was higher in patients [ 205 nM ( 126–352 ) ] than controls [ 151 nM ( 41−289 ) ] , P < 0.001 . The median numbers of circulating microparticles were higher for patients [ 5,041/μl ( 1,821–13,132 ) ] than for controls [ 1,753/μl ( 554–13,308 ) ] , P < 0.001 and their values were correlated with the height of the thrombin peak ( ρ = 0.66 , P < 0.001 ) . In conclusion , plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes possesses an imbalance of pro- versus anti-coagulation result ing in hypercoagulability that can be detected by thrombin generation tests , but not by the measurement of the single pro- or anti-coagulant factors . This hypercoagulability is associated with increased numbers of circulating microparticles bearing endogenous pro-coagulant triggers . These findings might explain the relatively high risk of atherothrombosis and VTE described in these patients Abstract Background : Diabetic patients also show hypercoagulability and platelet hyperaggregability , with increased levels of platelet activation-markers such as P-selectin ( CD62P ) and platelet-derived microparticles . We investigated the effects of losartan and simvastatin on circulating levels of platelet activation markers , microparticles , soluble selectins , and soluble cell adhesion molecules in hypertensive and hyperlipidemic patients with or without Type 2 diabetes . Methods : The subjects included 25 normotensive healthy controls and 41 hypertensive patients . The 41 hypertensive patients were divided into three groups : group A had hypertension and hyperlipidemia ( n = 11 ) , group B had hypertension and Type 2 diabetes ( n = 14 ) , and group C had hypertension , hyperlipidemia , and diabetes ( n = 16 ) . Losartan was administered to all of the patients at a dose of 50 mg/day for 24 weeks . In addition , simvastatin was administered to the hyperlipidemic patients at a dose of 10 mg/day for 24 weeks . Results : There were significant differences in the levels of CD62P , CD63 , PAC-1 , platelet microparticles , endothelial microparticles , sE-selectin , and sVCAM-1 between the hypertensive patients and healthy controls . These markers were all significantly increased in hypertensive and hyperlipidemic patients with Type 2 diabetes . In hypertensive patients with diabetes , CD62P , CD63 , PAC-1 , platelet and endothelial microparticles , and soluble adhesion markers were all decreased by losartan monotherapy . The decrease of each marker in hypertensive and hyperlipidemic patients given combined therapy with losartan plus simvastatin was greater among those with than without Type 2 diabetes . Low-density lipoprotein was decreased significantly by simvastatin and was correlated with CD62P or platelet microparticles in all of the patients . Conclusion : Administration of losartan plus simvastatin to hypertensive and hyperlipidemic patients with Type 2 diabetes may prevent the development of cardiovascular complications caused by activated platelets and microparticles via another mechanism in addition to reduction of the blood pressure or lipid levels This study investigated the impact of either type 2 diabetes or obesity , separately or in combination , on the absolute amounts of microparticles ( MP ) and the pathways by which these are associated with either condition . The concentrations of circulating MP derived from platelets ( PMP ) , leukocytes ( LMP ) and monocytes ( MMP ) , together with their specific activation markers , were compared in 30 subjects who were characterised across 4 cohorts as obese or type 2 diabetes . The subjects with type 2 diabetes had elevated concentrations of total PMP ( P = 0.003 ) , and PMP that were fibrinogen-positive ( P = 0.04 ) , tissue factor-positive ( P < 0.001 ) , P-selectin-positive ( P = 0.03 ) . Type 2 diabetes did not alter either total or activated LMP or MMP . Obesity per se did not impact on any MP measurement . Elevated concentrations of plasma PMP occurred in subjects with type 2 diabetes , whether they were obese or non-obese . In contrast , obesity in the absence of type 2 diabetes had no effect . The increased concentrations of specific marker-positive PMP in the subjects with diabetes might reflect potential pathways by which PMP may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes We investigated the effects of probucol and ticlopidine on circulating levels of platelet activation markers , microparticles , soluble selectins , and malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein ( MDA-LDL ) in hyperlipidemic patients with or without type 2 diabetes . There were significant differences in the levels of CD62P , PAC-1 , annexin V , PDMP , MDMP , sP-selectin , sE-selectin and MDA-LDL between the hyperlipidemic patients and the controls . In particular , these markers were significantly increased in hyperlipidemic patients who had type 2 diabetes . In the hyperlipidemic patients with diabetes , MDA-LDL was decreased by both monotherapy with probucol and combination therapy ( probucol and ticlopidine ) . In these patients , CD62P , PAC-1 , annexin V , MDMP , PDMP , sP-selectin , and sE-selectin were also significantly decreased after treatment . The decreases of CD62P , PAC-1 , annexin V , PDMP and sP-selectin were greater combination therapy than with monotherapy . These findings suggest that administration of probucol and ticlopidine to hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes may help to prevent the development of cardiovascular complications caused by modified LDL , selectins , or activated platelets and monocytes We compared the levels of microparticles , platelet activation markers , soluble cell adhesion molecules , and soluble selectins between hypertensive patients with and without type 2 diabetes and control subjects . Binding of anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and anti-glycoprotein Ib monoclonal antibodies to platelets did not differ significantly between the hypertensive patients and controls , but platelet expression of activation markers ( CD62P , CD63 , PAC-1 , and annexin V ) was higher in the hypertensive patients . Platelet-derived microparticle ( PDMP ) and monocyte-derived microparticle ( MDMP ) levels were significantly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the controls . Soluble ICAM-1 , VCAM-1 , P-selectin , and E-selectin levels were also higher in the hypertensive patients , and they were significantly higher in the hypertensive patients with diabetes . After treatment with efonidipine , the levels of PDMPs , CD62P- , CD63- , PAC-1- , and annexin V-positive platelets , sICAM-1 , sVCAM-1 , sP-selectin , and sE-selectin all decreased significantly . The MDMP levels decreased , and the decrease was significant in the hypertensive patients with diabetes . These findings suggest that administration of efonidipine to hypertension patients with diabetes may prevent the development of cardiovascular complications caused by cell adhesion molecules or activated platelets and monocytes AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of endothelial cell-derived microparticles ( EDMP ) , angiopoietin-2 ( Ang-2 ) and adiponectin in hyperlipidemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus , and to compare the two for the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) on these markers . METHODS One hundred and twenty-six hyperlipidemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus received EPA 1,800 mg daily , and 50 of the patients were non-diabetic . RESULTS EDMP and Ang-2 levels prior to treatment were higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients , whereas adiponectin levels were lower in diabetics . When diabetic patients were classified into two groups on the basis of Ang-2 levels , the levels of all markers remained unchanged in those without a high Ang-2 level after EPA treatment . In contrast , all markers except for adiponectin were decreased significantly in diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels after 6 months of EPA treatment . These diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels displayed a more significant increase in adiponectin levels after EPA treatment than those who did not . CONCLUSION These results suggest that EPA possesses an adiponectin-dependent anti-atherosclerotic effect and may be beneficial for the prevention of vascular complications in diabetic patients with high Ang-2 levels Monocyte-derived microparticles play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy , and angiotensin II receptor blocker and statin have been shown to have a beneficial effect on the angiopathies of hypertension and hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . However , the interaction between angiotensin II receptor blocker and statin , and monocyte-derived microparticles in atherosclerosis is poorly understood . The effects of losartan and simvastatin on circulating concentrations of monocyte-derived microparticles , chemokines , and soluble adhesion markers were studied in hypertensive patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus . Monocyte-derived microparticles were measured by flow cytometry , and levels of serum chemokines ( MCP-1 and RANTES ) and soluble adhesion markers ( sP-selectin and sVCAM-1 ) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Losartan decreased both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus . The concentrations of monocyte-derived microparticles , chemokines , and soluble adhesion molecules were higher in hypertensive patients who also had type 2 diabetes mellitus vs. those who did not . The administration of angiotensin II receptor blocker decreased the circulating concentration of all these markers . In addition , all markers were decreased by combination therapy , and monocyte-derived microparticles were decreased more with combination therapy with losartan and simvastatin than monotherapy with losartan . The administration of angiotensin II receptor blocker inhibited monocyte-derived microparticle generation and suggests that angiotensin II is intimately related to vascular changes that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus . Combination therapy with a statin and angiotensin II receptor blocker might be valuable as anti-atherosclerotic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy Platelet-derived microparticles , activated platelets , and monocyte-derived microparticles were measured in 73 patients with diabetes mellitus . A comparative study of these parameters was performed before and after administration of ticlopidine . The number of platelet-derived microparticles and activated platelets was increased significantly in diabetic patients .  Monocyte-derived microparticles were also increased significantly . After administration of ticlopidine , platelet-derived microparticles and activated platelets corrected positively , not only CD62P- and CD63-positive platelets , but also platelet-derived microparticles and monocyte-derived microparticles showed a significant decrease . These data suggest that in patients with diabetes , platelet-derived microparticles and activated platelets stimulate the activation of monocytes and promote the production of monocyte-derived microparticles , and that ticlopidine is useful for hypercoagulabillity in diabetic patients * Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine , Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ; Department of InternalMedicine , Slotervaart Hospital , Amsterdam ; Laboratory of Haematology and Clinical Chemistry , Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis , Amsterdam ; and § Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht , Academic Hospital and University of Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherl and sTo cite this article : Sommeijer DW , Joop K , Leyte A , Reitsma PH , ten Cate H. Pravastatin  reduces ﬁbrinogen receptor gpIIIa on platelet-derivedmicroparticles in patients with type 2 diabetes . J Thromb Haemost 2005 ; 3 : 1168–71.See also Davi ` G , Ferroni P. Microparticles in type 2 diabetes mellitus . This issue , pp 1166–7 The effects of treatment with pitavastatin on inflammatory and platelet activation markers and adip 
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Conclusions : The counts of TMPs , PMPs , MMPs and EMPs elevated in patients with T2DM .
And cell-derived MPs may play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM