***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Blood pressure was measured in the prospect i ve r and omized Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project Study with an oscillometric method every year from 7 months to 15 years of age in 540 children receiving a low-saturated-fat , low-cholesterol diet and in 522 control children . Dietary intakes , family history of parental hypertension , and gr and parental vascular disease were recorded . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 1.0 mm Hg lower ( 95 % CI for systolic : −1.7 to −0.2 mm Hg ; 95 % CI for diastolic : −1.5 to −0.4 mm Hg ) in children receiving low-saturated-fat counseling through childhood than in control children . Intakes of saturated fat  were lower ( P<0.001 ) , those of  polyunsaturated fat  higher ( P<0.001 ) , and intakes of potassium  slightly higher ( P=0.002 ) in the intervention group , but sodium intakes were not influenced by the intervention ( P=0.76 ) . Children whose parents were hypertensive had 4- to 6-mm Hg higher systolic and 3- to 4-mm Hg higher diastolic blood pressures than children of normotensive parents ( P<0.001 ) . Diastolic blood pressure of children with gr and  parental vascular disease , ie , early cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease , tended to be higher than that of children with no gr and parental disease ( P=0.051 ) . We conclude that restriction of saturated fat from infancy until 15 years of age decreases childhood and adolescent blood pressure with a meaningful population -attributable amount . The importance of childhood lifestyle counseling and primary prevention of hypertension should be emphasized , especially in those children with a family history of hypertension or atherosclerotic vascular disease BACKGROUND Elevated serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol is a predictor of cardiovascular disease events , and the quality of dietary fat is known to influence serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol in children . Interindividual differences in response to diet exist , but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to identify genetic variants that modify the variation in serum lipid response to dietary fat quality . DESIGN We used data from 2 longitudinal Finnish cohorts design ed to study risk factors for cardiovascular diseases . Large-scale genotyping was performed with Metabochip in a long-term r and omized controlled dietary intervention trial , the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project ( STRIP ) , for discovery of genetic polymorphisms . The observational Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study ( YFS ) with genome-wide genetic data was used as a replication sample for the initial findings . Dietary records were used to calculate the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fats . Interaction models and multiple follow-ups were used in the analysis . RESULTS In the STRIP cohort , a variant within the PARK2 locus , rs9364628 , showed moderate interaction with dietary fat quality and a consistent direction of effect in both scans on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in children aged 5 and 7 y ( P < 0.0084 and P < 0.0057 , respectively ) . In the YFS cohort , we were unable to replicate the initial discovery signal , but rs12207186 within the PARK2 locus and dietary lipid quality had a stronger interaction effect on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration ( P < 9.44 × 10(-5 ) ) than did rs9364628 in children aged 6 y. CONCLUSION This genotyping study involving 2 cohorts of healthy Finnish children indicates a possible interaction between PARK2 variants and dietary fat quality on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00223600 The influence of childhood nutrition on the development of constipation beyond the period of weaning and breastfeeding is relatively understudied . In addition , eating patterns in childhood can be highly correlated with overweight and sedentary behaviour , which may also have an influence on constipation . The aim of this study was to assess whether common dietary patterns , sedentary behaviour and childhood overweight are associated with  constipation in childhood . The study was embedded in a population -based prospect i ve birth cohort . Information on dietary intake was obtained by a food frequency question naire  at the child 's age of 14 months ( n = 2420 ) . The adherence scores on a ' Health conscious ' and ' Western-like ' diet were extracted from principal component analysis . At the age of 24 , 36 and 48 months , information on constipation and sedentary behaviour , and weight and height was obtained by parental-derived question naires and from the child health centres , respectively . Adherence to a ' Western-like ' dietary pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of constipation up to 48 months [ adjusted odds ratio ( aOR ) ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.39 ; 1.02 - 1.87 ] , which was not mediated by overweight or sedentary behaviour . Adherence to a ' Health Conscious ' dietary pattern was only associated at short term , with a lower prevalence of constipation at 24 months ( aOR ; 95%CI : 0.65 ; 0.44 - 0.96 ) . No association was found between overweight , sedentary behaviour and constipation . Our results suggest that specific dietary patterns in early childhood could be associated with higher or lower risks for constipation , but these effects are time-dependent . Overweight and sedentary behaviour seem to not have a major role on constipation in childhood PURPOSE To describe predictors of lightweight in 11-year-olds and how weight changes between ages 9 - 11 years affected selected cardiovascular risk factors . METHODS Cohort study among an ethnically and geographically diverse group of 5098 nine-year-olds who participated in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health ( CATCH ) and were followed from 1991 to 1994 until age 11 years . Lightweight ( body mass index [ BMI ] < 15th percentile ) was defined from gender- and age-adjusted data on the total population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I of 1971 to 1973 . Weight ( BMI ) category at follow-up ( age 11 years ) was the dependent variable in the logistic regression . Gender , race/ethnicity , school site , weight category at baseline , and participation in the CATCH ( intervention or control group ) were examined for possible predictors . RESULTS The prevalence of lightweight was much lower than the 15 % expected at both ages 9 and 11 years ; 4.7 % for males ( M ) and 7.4 % for females ( F ) and at age 11 years ; 5.9 % for M and 8.3 % for F. Lightweight at age 9 years was the best predictor of lightweight at age 11 years ( OR = 56.8 ; CI 41.3 , 78.2 ) . Normal-weight children who entered the overweight category exhibited striking adverse percent changes in serum cholesterol and in both serum high-density cholesterol and apolipoprotein B cholesterol levels . Among children in each weight group at age 9 years , the heavier children at age 11 years had higher percent changes in systolic blood pressure , and lower times on the 9-min run . Maintenance of lightweight was associated with the most favorable pattern of cardiovascular risk factors . Differences between groups were not found for percent change in total calorie intake or percentage of calories from fat . Normal-weight children who became overweight exhibited striking percentage increases in levels of serum cholesterol and in serum apolipoprotein B cholesterols . CONCLUSIONS Population -based anticipatory guidance about weight should focus on all children in mid-childhood , not only those at the upper extremes of weight . These who are genetically lean and healthy should be encouraged to remain so . Maintenance or achievement of lightweight was associated with favorable changes in systolic blood pressure in CATCH children during early adolescence . Those below the 5th percentile should be assessed and treated if eating disorders , undernutrition , or chronic illness are present . Optimal weight and optimal health should not be confused OBJECTIVES This study evaluated retention of the effect of a home-based , practitioner-initiated nutrition education model . METHODS Children with elevated low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels were r and omly assigned to one of two nutrition interventions or to an at-risk control group . Intervention effects were evaluated 3 , 6 , and 12 months postbaseline . RESULTS The parent-child autotutorial group demonstrated significant increases in knowledge and , along with the counseling group , decreases in total and saturated fat intake . Also , the autotutorial and counseling groups retained a majority of their initial LDL cholesterol decrease . CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of heart-healthful eating and dietary fat intake as well as dietary change can be affected and retained via home-based , practitioner-initiated nutrition interventions with hypercholesterolemic children , although some form of ongoing intervention may be necessary to produce lasting decreases in LDL cholesterol levels The relevance of dietary fatty acids ( FA ) for blood lipids should be assessed in the context of substituting nutrients . Such evidence is lacking for adolescents . This study describes prospect i ve associations of dietary FA with changes in serum lipids during adolescence , and considers the theoretical isocaloric replacements of saturated FA ( SFA ) with other FA or carbohydrates ( CHO ) .  Children from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts , with data on FA intakes ( at age 10 years ) and serum lipids ( at age 10 and 15 years ) , were included ( n = 1398 ) . Associations of SFA , monounsaturated FA ( MUFA ) , n-3 polyunsaturated FA ( n-3 PUFA ) and n-6 PUFA , with changes in low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglycerides ( TAG ) , and total cholesterol to HDL ratio ( TOTAL : HDL ) , were assessed by linear regression . Substitution models assessed isocaloric replacements of SFA with MUFA , n-3 PUFA , n-6 PUFA or CHO . Higher SFA intakes were associated with decreasing TAG . No associations were observed for fatty acid intakes with LDL , HDL or TOTAL : HDL . In females , replacing SFA with CHO was associated with increasing LDL , TAG and TOTAL : HDL . Our findings confirm observations in adults , although sex-specific determinants seem relevant in our adolescent population . Overlooking the nutrient context when limiting SFA intakes might have detrimental consequences appreciable as early as adolescence Background : Because of its nutrients and anabolic hormones , cow 's milk may promote height growth , which in turn has been related to breast cancer risk . We prospect ively investigated associations between dairy intakes and height growth . Methods : A cohort of 5,101 girls from throughout the United States completed annual surveys ( 1996 - 2001 , 2003 ) , providing height , weight , and past-year diet . At baseline , all were premenarchal , ages 9 years and above , with no serious medical conditions . We studied three outcomes : annual height growth , peak growth velocity , and adult height . Multivariate models estimated the effects of milk , cheese , yogurt , and energy on subsequent growth , adjusted for race/ethnicity , age , prior height , and body mass index . Other models studied fats and proteins . Results : Premenarchal girls who drank > 3 servings per day of milk  grew 0.11 in . ( P = 0.02 ) more the following year than girls consuming < 1 serving per day . Yogurt ( + 0.13 in./cup ; P = 0.02 ) , but not cheese or total calories , predicted height growth . In a separate model , dairy protein ( + 0.034 in./10 g ; P < 0.001 ) predicted height growth . Larger peak velocities were seen among girls reporting , at baseline , more milk ( > 3 glasses per day versus < 1 ; + 0.14 in . , P = 0.01 ) , more yogurt ( + 0.17 in./cup , P = 0.02 ) , and , in a separate model , more dairy protein ( + 0.039 in./10 g ; P = 0.003 ) . Baseline milk and dairy protein predicted taller adults .  Dairy protein was more important than dairy fat , for all outcomes . Nondairy animal protein and vegetable protein were never significant , nor were nondairy animal fat and vegetable fat . Conclusion : Of the foods/nutrients studied , dairy protein had the strongest association with height growth . These findings suggest that a factor in the nonlipid phase of milk , but not protein itself , has growth-promoting action in girls . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(6):1881–7 BACKGROUND Excessive decreases in fat intake in young children have been linked with low intakes of energy and nutrients and possible growth failure . OBJECTIVE We evaluated nutrient intakes and growth of healthy children with different fat intakes during the first 5 y of life . DESIGN In the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project ( STRI 
    Output:
    
Lower versus usual or modified fat intake may make little or no difference to height at seven years ( MD -0.60 cm , 95 % CI -2.06 to 0.86 ; 1 RCT ; n = 577 ; low- quality evidence ) .Associations between total fat intake , weight and body fatness from cohort studies Over half the cohort analyses that reported on primary outcomes suggested that as total fat intake increases , body fatness measures may move in the same direction .
Limited evidence from three trials that r and omised children to dietary counselling or education to lower total fat intake ( 30 % or less TE ) versus usual or modified fat intake , but with no intention to reduce weight , showed small reductions in body mass index , total- and LDL-cholesterol at some time points with lower fat intake compared to controls .
There were no consistent effects on weight , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol or height .