***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary Background Women born around 1940 in countries such as the UK and USA were the first generation in which many smoked substantial numbers of cigarettes throughout adult life . Hence , only in the 21st century can we observe directly the full effects of prolonged smoking , and of prolonged cessation , on mortality among women in the UK . Methods For this prospect i ve study , 1·3 million UK women were recruited in 1996–2001 and resurveyed postally about 3 and 8 years later . All were followed to Jan 1 , 2011 , through national mortality records ( mean 12 woman-years , SD 2 ) . Participants were asked at entry whether they were current or ex-smokers , and how many cigarettes they currently smoked . Those who were ex-smokers at both entry and the 3-year resurvey and had stopped before the age of 55 years were categorised by the age they had stopped smoking . We used Cox regression models to obtain adjusted relative risks that compared categories of smokers or ex-smokers with otherwise similar never-smokers . Findings After excluding 0·1 million women with previous disease , 1·2 million women remained , with median birth year 1943 ( IQR 1938–46 ) and age 55 years ( IQR 52–60 ) . Overall , 6 % ( 66 489/1 180 652 ) died , at mean age 65 years ( SD 6 ) . At baseline , 20 % ( 232 461 ) were current smokers , 28 % ( 328 417 ) were ex-smokers , and 52 % ( 619 774 ) were never-smokers . For 12-year mortality , those smoking at baseline had a mortality rate ratio of 2·76 ( 95 % CI 2·71–2·81 ) compared with never-smokers , even though 44 % ( 37 240/85 256 ) of the baseline smokers who responded to the 8-year resurvey had by then stopped smoking . Mortality was tripled , largely irrespective of age , in those still smoking at the 3-year resurvey ( rate ratio 2·97 , 2·88–3·07 ) . Even for women smoking fewer than ten cigarettes per day at baseline , 12-year mortality was doubled ( rate ratio 1·98 , 1·91–2·04 ) . Of the 30 most common causes of death , 23 were increased significantly in smokers ; for lung cancer , the rate ratio was 21·4 ( 19·7–23·2 ) . The excess mortality among smokers ( in comparison with never-smokers ) was mainly from diseases that , like lung cancer , can be caused by smoking . Among ex-smokers who had stopped permanently at ages 25–34 years or at ages 35–44 years , the respective relative risks were 1·05 ( 95 % CI 1·00–1·11 ) and 1·20 ( 1·14–1·26 ) for all-cause mortality and 1·84 ( 1·45–2·34 ) and 3·34 ( 2·76–4·03 ) for lung cancer mortality . Thus , although some excess mortality remains among these long-term ex-smokers , it is only 3 % and 10 % of the excess mortality among continuing smokers . If combined with 2010 UK national death rates , tripled mortality rates among smokers indicate 53 % of smokers and 22 % of never-smokers dying before age 80 years , and an 11-year lifespan difference . Interpretation Among UK women , two-thirds of all deaths of smokers in their 50s , 60s , and 70s are caused by smoking ; smokers lose at least 10 years of lifespan . Although the hazards of smoking until age 40 years and then stopping are substantial , the hazards of continuing are ten times greater . Stopping before age 40 years ( and preferably well before age 40 years ) avoids more than 90 % of the excess mortality caused by continuing smoking ; stopping before age 30 years avoids more than 97 % of it . Funding Cancer Research UK , Medical Research Council Although the relationship between nicotine and changes in heart rate and blood pressure has been demonstrated , the relationship between nicotine and subjective effects such as decreased craving , relaxation , sickness , and decreased nervousness , is less well delineated . In this study , arterial nicotine levels were drawn in 21 smokers who smoked two average nicotine ( AN ) cigarettes and one low nicotine ( LN ) cigarette .  Craving for a cigarette , relaxation , sickness , and decreased nervousness were rated on a visual analog scale ( VAS ) before and after smoking each cigarette . None of these subjective measures except craving for a cigarette was changed significantly by smoking . The change in craving was significantly correlated with the area under the plasma nicotine concentration versus time curve ( r = -0.57 , p = 0.01 ) calculated from the arterial nicotine sample s drawn up to 20 min after the initiation of smoking the first AN cigarette . Although well-documented behavioral manipulations , such as smoking denicotinized cigarettes , reduce craving , increases in plasma arterial nicotine concentrations after smoking the first cigarette of the day also reduce craving . Both the psychology and pharmacology of nicotine/tobacco smoking are involved in craving reduction Among 1566 personally evaluated female twins from a population -based register , average lifetime daily cigarette consumption was strongly related to lifetime prevalence and to prospect ively assessed 1-year prevalence of major depression ( MD ) . Using the cotwin control method , we evaluated whether the association between smoking and lifetime MD was causal or noncausal . While the relative risk ( 95 % confidence interval ) for ever smoking given a lifetime history of MD was 1.48 ( 1.30 to 1.65 ) in the entire sample , it was 1.18 ( 0.88 to 1.47 ) and 0.98 ( 0.71 to 1.26 ) , respectively , in dizygotic and monozygotic twin pairs discordant for a history of MD . The relative risk for a history of MD given ever smoking was 1.60 ( 1.39 to 1.83 ) in the entire sample , while in dizygotic and monozygotic twins discordant for smoking , it was 1.29 ( 0.87 to 1.74 ) and 0.96 ( 0.59 to 1.42 ) , respectively . Controlling for personal smoking history , family history of smoking predicted risk for MD ; controlling for the personal history of MD , family history of MD predicted smoking . The best-fitting bivariate twin model suggested that the relationship between lifetime smoking and lifetime MD result ed solely from genes that predispose to both conditions . These results suggest that the association between  smoking and MD in women is not a causal one but arises largely from familial factors , which are probably genetic , that predispose to both smoking and MD OBJECTIVES We evaluated the efficacy of a motivational tobacco cessation treatment combined with nicotine replacement relative to usual care initiated in inpatient psychiatry . METHODS We r and omized participants ( n = 224 ; 79 % recruitment rate ) recruited from a locked acute psychiatry unit with a 100 % smoking ban to intervention or usual care . Prior to hospitalization , participants averaged 19 ( SD = 12 ) cigarettes per day ; only 16 % intended to quit smoking in the next 30 days . Results . Verified smoking 7-day point prevalence abstinence was significantly higher for intervention than usual care at month 3 ( 13.9 % vs 3.2 % ) , 6 ( 14.4 % vs 6.5 % ) , 12 ( 19.4 % vs 10.9 % ) , and 18 ( 20.0 % vs 7.7 % ; odds ratio [ OR ] = 3.15 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.22 , 8.14 ; P = .018 ; retention > 80 % ) . Psychiatric measures did not predict abstinence ; measures of motivation and tobacco dependence did . The usual care group had a significantly greater likelihood than the intervention group of psychiatric rehospitalization ( adjusted OR = 1.92 ; 95 % CI = 1.06 , 3.49 ) . CONCLUSIONS The findings support initiation of motivationally tailored tobacco cessation treatment during acute psychiatric hospitalization . Psychiatric severity did not moderate treatment efficacy , and cessation treatment appeared to decrease rehospitalization risk , perhaps by providing broader therapeutic benefit 
    Output:
    
Smoking cessation is associated with reduced depression , anxiety , and stress and improved positive mood and quality of life compared with continuing to smoke .
The effect size seems as large for those with psychiatric disorders as those without .
The effect sizes are equal or larger than those of antidepressant treatment for mood and anxiety disorders