***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Objective To assess the impact of a theoretically based sex education programme ( SHARE ) delivered by teachers compared with conventional education in terms of conceptions and terminations registered by the NHS . Design Follow-up of cluster r and omised trial 4.5 years after intervention . Setting NHS records of women who had attended 25 secondary schools in east Scotl and . Participants 4196 women ( 99.5 % of those eligible ) .  Intervention SHARE programme ( intervention group ) v existing sex education ( control group ) . Main outcome measure NHS recorded conceptions and terminations for the achieved sample linked at age 20 . Results In an “ intention to treat ” analysis there were no significant differences between the groups in registered conceptions per 1000 pupils ( 300 SHARE v 274 control ; difference 26 , 95 % confidence interval −33 to 86 ) and terminations per 1000 pupils ( 127 v 112 ; difference 15 , −13 to 42 ) between ages 16 and 20 . Conclusions This specially design ed sex education programme did not reduce conceptions or terminations by age 20 compared with conventional provision . The lack of effect was not due to quality of delivery . Enhancing teacher led school sex education beyond conventional provision in eastern Scotl and is unlikely to reduce terminations in teenagers . Trial registration IS RCT N48719575 OBJECTIVE To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) alone or with " boosters " could enhance ( either broaden or sustain or both ) the effect of a small group , face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . METHODS A longitudinal , r and omized , community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income , community-based , in-town setting s. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied . After completion of baseline measures , youths were r and omized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone ( FOK only ) , a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention ( FOK plus ImPACT ) , or both of the above plus boosters ( FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters ) .  Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention . RESULTS At 6 months ' follow-up , youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse , sex without a condom , alcohol use , and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of " risky sexual behavior " compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only . At 12 months after intervention , rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths . With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months , 2 risk behaviors -- use of crack/cocaine and drug selling -- were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters . The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS The results of this r and omized , controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only . At the same time , the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention We describe the first study with a home-based HIV prevention video program for parents and young teenagers . The objectives of the program are to inform parents and teenagers about the causes and prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases , to increase family problem-solving skills , and to increase teen problem-solving and assertiveness skills . The objectives pertain to the goals of increasing skills needed to help teenagers  avoid or manage high-risk behaviors and situations .  Forty-five families with at least one 12- to 14-year-old were r and omly assigned to either experimental ( receive video program ) or control ( no video ) conditions in a pretest-posttest design . After 6 months ( Follow-Up 1 ) , the experimental and control families were reassessed . The control families next received the video program , and the control families were assessed again ( Follow-Up 2 ) . The results indicate increases in parent and teen knowledge and skills only with video viewing . Approaches to improving the video program , particularly with teenagers , are discussed U.S. teens have high rates of premarital sexual activity result ing in alarming rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease . One possible way to combat the problem of teenage sexual activity is to promote sexuality education within the family . The purpose of this study was to increase parent-child communication about sex through an educational program for parents .  The effect of the educational program was evaluated by a nonr and omized , controlled trial . Volunteer parents were recruited from three middle schools ( grade six through eight ) located in middle to upper-middle socioeconomic class neighborhoods . The parents participated in four 2-hour sessions which included factual information about sexuality and exercises to improve communication skills . The experimental group ( N=47 ) were requested to fill out question naires immediately before and one month after the program .  The control group ( N=17 ) were requested to fill out question naires one month before and again immediately before the program . Parents were asked to report the number of times they talked with their adolescents about 11 sex-related topics . The difference in reported frequency of communication before and after the program was compared using a two-tailed , matched pairs t-test . Twenty-four ( 51 % ) experimental group parents and eight ( 47 % ) control group parents completed both question naires . There was a significant increase in communication reported by the experimental group . The mean difference of the number of topics discussed was 10.9 ( SD 7.3 ) for participants versus -2.5 ( SD 5.9 ) for controls ( p=.00053 ) . This study shows that parent-child communication about sex can be facilitated by an educational program for parents BACKGROUND Although numerous interventions have been demonstrated to reduce targeted adolescent risk behaviors for brief periods , sustained behavior changes covering multiple risk behaviors have been elusive . OBJECTIVE To determine whether a parental monitoring intervention ( Informed Parents and Children Together [ ImPACT ] ) with and without boosters can further reduce adolescent truancy , substance abuse , and sexual risk behaviors and can alter related perceptions 24 months after intervention among youth who have all received an adolescent risk-reduction intervention ,  Focus on Kids ( FOK ) . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , 3-celled longitudinal trial . SETTING Thirty-five low-income , urban community sites . PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred seventeen African American youth aged 13 to 16 at baseline . Intervention All youth participated in FOK , an 8-session , theory-based , small group , face-to-face risk-reduction intervention , 496 youth and parents received the  1-session ImPACT intervention ( a videotape and discussion ) , 238 of the ImPACT youth also received four 90-minute FOK boosters delivered in small groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses at baseline and 24 months after intervention to a question naire assessing risk and protective behaviors and perceptions . Analyses used General Linear Modeling , intraclass correlation coefficient , analysis of covariance , and multiple comparisons with least significant difference test adjustment . RESULTS After adjusting for the intraclass correlation coefficient , 6 of 16 risk behaviors were significantly reduced ( P < or = .05 ) among youth receiving ImPACT compared with youth who only received FOK ( respectively , mean number of days suspended , 0.65 vs 1.17 ; carry a bat as a weapon , 4.1 % vs 9.6 % ; smoked cigarettes , 12.5 % vs 22.7 % ; used marijuana , 18.3 % vs 26.8 % ; used other illicit drugs , 1.4 % vs 5.6 % ; and , asked sexual partner if condom always used , 77.9 % vs 64.9 % ) . Four of the 7 theory-based subscales reflected significant protective changes among youth who received ImPACT . ImPACT did not produce any significant adverse effects on behaviors or perceptions . CONCLUSION A parent monitoring intervention can significantly broaden and sustain protection beyond that conferred through an adolescent risk-reduction intervention CONTEXT Despite the recent declines in rates of teenage pregnancy , relatively little is known about the few programs that have been successful in reducing adolescent pregnancy . METHODS Six agencies in New York City each r and omly assigned 100 disadvantaged 13 - 15-year-olds to their usual youth program or to the intervention being tested -- the Children 's Aid Society-Carrera program  , a year-round afterschool program with a comprehensive youth development orientation . Both program and control youth were followed for three years . Multivariate regression analyses assessed the effects of program participation on the odds of current sexual activity , use of a condom along with a hormonal contraceptive , pregnancy and access to good health care . RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of participants remained in the program for three full years . Female program participants had significantly lower odds than controls of being sexually active ( odds ratio , 0.5 ) and of having experienced a pregnancy ( 0.3 ) . They had significantly elevated odds of having used a condom and a hormonal method at last coitus ( 2.4 ) . However , participation in the program created no significant impact on males ' sexual and reproductive behavior outcomes . Nonetheless , program participants of both genders had elevated odds of having received good primary health care ( 2.0 - 2.1 ) . CONCLUSIONS This program is one of only four whose evaluation has successfully documented declines in teenage pregnancy using a r and om-assignment design . Better outcomes among males may be achieved if programs reach them even earlier than their teenage years This article reports results of a r and omized controlled trial design ed to test an intervention to increase  parent-adolescent  sexual risk communication among Mexican parents . Data were analyzed from parents ( n = 791 ) r and omly assigned to an HIV risk reduction or health promotion intervention .  Measures were administered at pretest , posttest , and 6- and 12-month follow-ups . Generalized estimation equation ( GEE ) analysis indicates parents in the HIV risk reduction intervention reported significantly more general communication ( p < .005 ) , more sexual risk communication ( p < .001 ) and more comfort with communication ( p < .001 ) than parents in the control intervention . Behavioral , normative , and control beliefs significantly mediated the effect of the intervention on all communication outcomes . This study demonstrates the efficacy of an intervention to increase the quality and quantity of parent-adolescent communication related to general and sex-specific communication OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a parent-based sexual-risk prevention program for African American preadolescents . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Community-based study conducted in Athens , Georgia ; Atlanta , Georgia ; and Little Rock , Arkansas from 2001 to 2004 . PARTICIPANTS From 1545 inquiries , 1115 African American parent-preadolescent dyads ( child , aged 9 - 12 years ) formed the analytic sample . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized into 1 of 3 study arms : enhanced communication intervention ( five 2 1/2-hour sessions ) , single-session communication intervention ( one 2 1/2-hour session ) , and general health intervention ( control , one 2 1/2-hour session ) . OUTCOME MEASURES Continuous measures of parent-preadolescent sexual communication and parental responsiveness to sex-related questions at preintervention , postintervention , and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups ; and dichotomous measure of preadolescent sexual risk ( having engaged in or intending to engage in sexual intercourse at 12-month follow-up ) . RESULTS Using intent-to-treat participants , differences of mean change from baseline for continuous measures and relative risk for the dichotomous measure of sexual risk were calculated . Participants in the enhanced intervention had higher mean changes from baseline scores , indicating more sexual communication and responsiveness to sexual communication at each assessment after intervention for all continuous measures than those in the control intervention and single-session intervention . Preadolescents whose parents attended all 5 sessions of the enhanced intervention had a likelihood of sexual risk at the 12-month follow-up of less than 1.00 relative to those whose parents attended the control ( relative risk , 0.65 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.41 - 1.03 ) and single-session ( relative risk , 0.62 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.40 - 0.97 ) interventions . CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of a parenting program design ed to teach sexual communication skills to prevent sexual risk in preadolescents . TRIAL REGISTRATION ; clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00137943 Objective To evaluate a worksite based parenting programme — Talking Parents , Healthy Teens— design ed to help parents learn to address sexual health with their adolescent children . Design R and omised controlled trial ( April 2002-December 2005 ) . Setting 13 worksites in southern California . Participants 569 parents completed baseline surveys at work , gave permission for confidential surveys to be posted to their adolescent children , and were r and omised to intervention or control groups . Parents and adolescents completed follow-up surveys at one week , three months , and nine months after the programme . Intervention Talking Parents , Healthy Teens consists of eight weekly one hour sessions at worksites for parents of adolescent children in 6th-10th grade ( about ages 11 - 16 years ) . Main outcome measures Parent-adolescent communication about 
    Output:
    
Few programs addressed behavioral control , parent-child connectedness , or parental modeling , all suggested by observational research