***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT High levels of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity are associated with higher levels of cognitive function in people with HIV , thus , they may reduce the risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder ( H AND ) . This study aim ed to investigate the effects of a 16-week aerobic exercise intervention on cognitive function in people with HIV . Eleven participants living with HIV were recruited into the study . Participants were r and omised into either an exercise group ( n = 5 ) , that completed a 16-week aerobic exercise programme training , 3 times per week ( 2 supervised sessions and one unsupervised session ) or a control group ( n = 6 ) that received no intervention . Outcomes measured included cognitive function ( Montreal cognitive assessment ( MOCA ) and the Trail making tests A and B ) , aerobic fitness ( modified Bruce protocol ) , sleep quality ( Pittsburgh sleep quality index ; PSQI ) and physical activity levels ( seven-day accelerometry ) . At baseline , higher levels of moderate physical activity were positively correlated with higher MOCA scores and levels of aerobic fitness were negatively associated with Trail A scores ( P = 0.04 and P = 0.001 respectively ) . However , exercise training did not induce any significant improvements in cognitive function or aerobic fitness . The overall mean adherence rate to the exercise programme was 60 % . In conclusion , in the present study a 16-week aerobic exercise intervention did not affect the cognitive function of participants with HIV . It is likely that longer intervention periods and /or higher adherence rates to exercise might be needed for an aerobic exercise programme to be effective in improving cognitive function in a cohort with no baseline cognitive impairments Background —C-reactive protein ( CRP ) has been proposed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been positively associated with body weight and body fatness . We examined the hypothesis that weight loss would reduce plasma CRP levels in obese postmenopausal women . Methods and Results —In a sample of 61 obese ( body mass index , 35.6±5.0 kg/m2 ) , postmenopausal women ( age , 56.4±5.2 years ) , we found that plasma CRP levels were positively associated with dual x-ray absorptiometry – measured total body fatness ( r = 0.36 , P < 0.005 ) and CT-measured intra-abdominal body fat area ( r = 0.30 , P < 0.02 ) . Significant correlations were also found between plasma CRP and triglyceride levels ( r = 0.33 , P < 0.009 ) and glucose disposal measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique ( r = −0.29 , P < 0.03 ) . Twenty-five of the 61 women tested at baseline completed a weight loss protocol .  The average weight loss was 14.5±6.2 kg ( −15.6 % , P < 0.0001 ) , with losses of 10.4±5.4 kg fat mass ( −25.0 % , P < 0.0001 ) and 2.8±1.4 kg fat-free mass ( −6.0 % , P < 0.0001 ) . Visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were reduced by −36.4 % and −23.7 % , respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) . Plasma CRP levels were significantly reduced by weight loss : average −32.3 % , from 3.06 ( + 0.69 , −1.29 ) to 1.63 ( + 0.70 , −0.75 ) & mgr;g/mL ( P < 0.0001 , medians and interquartile differences ) . Changes in body weight and in total body fat mass were both positively associated with plasma CRP level reductions . Conclusions —Adiposity was a significant predictor of plasma CRP in postmenopausal women on a cross-sectional basis . Moreover , caloric restriction – induced weight loss decreased plasma CRP levels . Weight loss may represent an important intervention to reduce CRP levels , which may mediate part of its cardioprotective effects in obese postmenopausal women Background : Pulmonary complications , respiratory symptoms and depression are common occurrences which contribute to the morbidity and mortality seen in individuals living with HIV/AIDS . This study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on the pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status of people living with HIV . Methods : This study was conducted in Lagos , Nigeria from October 2014 to May 2015 . Forty eligible individuals with HIV aged 18 yr and above participated , of which 33 cooperated to the end . They were recruited from the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Intervention Initiative ( APIN ) Clinic , Lagos University Teaching Hospital , Nigeria and were r and omly assigned to either the study or the control group . The study group received aerobic exercise training three times a week for six weeks and counselling while the control group received only counselling .  Pulmonary functions , respiratory symptoms and psychological status were evaluated at baseline and at six weeks . Inferential statistics of paired and independent t-test were used to analyze the data . Results : Comparison of mean changes in the pulmonary variables of the study group with those of the control group showed significant differences in all but in the respiratory rate ( RR ) - [ Forced Expiratory Volume in one second : , P=0.001 , Forced Vital Capacity : P=0.001 , Peak Expiratory Flow : P=0.001 ] . There were also significant differences between the mean changes in respiratory symptoms ( P=0.001 ) and depressive symptoms ( P=0.001 ) of study group and those of the control group . Conclusions : Aerobic exercise training significantly improved pulmonary functions as well as significantly reduced respiratory and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV Exercise has the potential to impact disease by altering circulating anabolic and catabolic factors . It was the goal of this study to determine how different regimens of low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise affected circulating levels of these anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men . Exercise-naive , HIV-infected men , medically cleared for study participation , were r and omized into one of the following groups : a moderate-intensity group ( MOD , who completed 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic training followed by 30 min of moderate-intensity resistance training ; a low-intensity group ( LOW ) , who completed 60 min of treadmill walking ; or a control group ( CON ) , who attended the clinic but participated in no activity .  Blood and saliva sample s were collected at selected time points before , during , and after each of the 3 required sessions . Compared with baseline , the MOD group ( n=14 ) had a 135 % increase in growth hormone ( GH ) ( p<0.05 ) and a 34 % decrease in cortisol ( CORT ) ( p<0.05 ) at the post time point , a 31 % increase in interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) ( p<0.05 ) at 30-min post exercise , and a 23 % increase in IL-6 ( p<0.05 ) and a 13 % decrease in soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( sTNFrII ) ( p<0.05 ) at 60-min post exercise . The LOW ( n=11 ) group had a 3.5 % decrease in sTNFrII ( < 0.05 ) at 30-min post exercise compared with baseline and a 49 % decrease ( p<0.05 ) in GH at 60-min post exercise . The CON group ( n=13 ) had a decrease in GH at 30-min ( 62 % , p<0.05 ) and 60-min ( 61 % , p<0.05 ) post exercise compared with baseline . The increase in GH from baseline to post was greater in the MOD group ( p<0.05 ) and the decrease in CORT from pre to post was greater in the MOD group ( p<0.05 ) than in the other groups . These data suggest that individual sessions of both low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise can alter circulating anabolic and catabolic factors in HIV-infected men . The changes in the MOD group present potential mechanisms for the increases in lean tissue mass seen with resistance exercise training CONTEXT There are few data directly comparing the effects of physical activity and body weight on cardiovascular biomarkers . OBJECTIVE To examine the association of physical activity  and body mass index ( BMI , defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters ) alone and in combination with cardiovascular biomarkers . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analysis of 27,158 apparently healthy US women ( mean age , 54.7 years ) at the time of enrollment ( 1992 - 1995 ) in the Women 's Health Study , a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The association of physical activity and BMI with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , fibrinogen , soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM-1 ) , homocysteine , low- and high-density lipoprotein ( LDL and HDL ) cholesterol , total cholesterol , apolipoprotein A-1 and B100 , lipoprotein(a ) , and creatinine . RESULTS Lower levels of physical activity and higher levels of BMI were independently associated ( P for trend < .001 ) with adverse levels of nearly all lipid and inflammatory biomarkers . High BMI showed stronger associations with these biomarkers than physical inactivity . For example , using the reference group of physically active , normal weight women ( energy expenditure > or = 1000 kcal/week ; BMI , 18.5 - 24.9 ) and adjusting for age , race , smoking , blood pressure , diabetes , menopausal status , and hormone use , the odds ratios ( 95 % confidence intervals [ CIs ] ) for having CRP > 3 mg/L were : for inactive , normal weight women 1.26 ( 1.15 - 1.37 ) ; active , overweight 2.68 ( 2.41 - 2.98 ) ; inactive , overweight 3.11 ( 2.84 - 3.41 ) ; active , obese 8.25 ( 7.15 - 9.51 ) ; and inactive , obese 9.86 ( 8.84 - 10.99 ) . In similar analyses , the odds ratios ( 95 % CIs ) for having HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dL were 1.20 ( 1.11 - 1.30 ) ; 2.25 ( 2.04 - 2.49 ) ; 2.62 ( 2.41 - 2.85 ) ; 4.21 ( 3.68 - 4.81 ) ; and 5.27 ( 4.77 - 5.84 ) , respectively , and for having apolipoprotein B100 > 120 mg/dL they were 1.21 ( 1.11 - 1.33 ) ; 1.86 ( 1.66 - 2.08 ) ; 2.06 ( 1.88 - 2.67 ) ; 2.35 ( 2.04 - 2.70 ) ; and 2.33 ( 2.09 - 2.59 ) . Fibrinogen , ICAM-1 , apolipoprotein A1 , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol showed similar associations . By contrast , homocysteine , lipoprotein ( a ) , and creatinine showed weak or nonsignificant associations . CONCLUSIONS High BMI was more strongly related to adverse cardiovascular biomarker levels than physical inactivity . However , within BMI categories , physical activity was generally associated with more favorable cardiovascular biomarker levels than inactivity Rationale : Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection is associated with pulmonary disease and worse lung function , but the relationship of lung function with survival in HIV is unknown . Objectives : To determine whether lung function is associated with all‐cause  mortality in HIV‐infected individuals . Methods : HIV‐infected participants from cohorts in three locations underwent pre‐ and post‐bronchodilator spirometry and determination of single‐breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide ( DlCO ) in 2008‐2009 , computed tomographic ( CT ) scanning of the chest for quantitative emphysema and airway measures , and echocardiography for estimated left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and tricuspid regurgitant velocity . Bivariate analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether decreased lung function was independently associated with increased all‐cause mortality . Models were adjusted for covariates including age , sex , body mass index , smoking status , self‐reported hepatitis C status , HIV viral levels , CD4 + T‐cell counts , hemoglobin , antiretroviral therapy , and illicit drug use . Results : Overall , 396 HIV‐infected participants underwent pulmonary function testing . Thirty‐two participants ( 8 % ) died during a median follow‐up period of 69 months . A post‐bronchodilator FEV1‐to‐FVC ratio less than 0.7 ( 
    Output:
    
Conclusion There was evidence that engaging in either aerobic or resistance exercise , or a combination of both exercises , two to five times per week can lead to a significant improvement in cardiopulmonary function but not biomarkers of inflammation ( IL-6 and IL-1β ) .