***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : Animal studies and pilot experiments in men indicate that the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin limits food intake , and raise the question of its potential to improve metabolic control in obesity . Subjects/ Methods : We compared the effect of central nervous oxytocin administration ( 24 IU ) via the intranasal route on ingestive behaviour and metabolic function in 18 young obese men with the results in a group of 20 normal-weight men . In double-blind , placebo-controlled experiments , ad libitum food intake from a test buffet was examined in fasted subjects 45 min after oxytocin administration , followed by the assessment of postpr and ial , reward-driven snack intake .  Energy expenditure was repeatedly assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood was sample d to determine concentrations of blood glucose and hormones . Results : Oxytocin markedly reduced hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state in obese but not in normal-weight men , and led to a reduction in snack consumption in both groups , whereas energy expenditure remained generally unaffected . Hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis secretion and the postpr and ial rise in plasma glucose were blunted by oxytocin in both groups . Conclusions : Oxytocin exerts an acutely inhibitory impact on food intake that is enhanced rather than decreased in obese compared with normal-weight men . This pattern puts it in contrast to other metabolically active neuropeptides and bodes well for clinical applications of oxytocin in the treatment of metabolic disorders Fragile X syndrome ( FXS ) is a rare inherited genetic disorder causing severe intellectual disability and autistic-like symptoms . Individuals with FXS , males in particular , often exhibit extreme eye gaze avoidance and hyperarousal when they encounter stressful social situations . We investigated whether oxytocin ( OT ) , a hormone with prosocial and anxiolytic effects , could alleviate symptoms of social anxiety in this population . A r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled single-dose trial was performed with intranasal administration of placebo , 24 IU OT and 48 IU OT . Measures of eye gaze frequency , heart rate , respiratory sinus arrhythmia ( RSA ) , heart rate variability ( HRV ) and salivary cortisol were obtained during a structured social challenge conducted 50 min following OT administration . Ten low-functioning males with FXS ( aged 13 - 28 years ) traveled to Stanford for the initial visit : 8 completed the study .  Eye gaze frequency improved significantly in response to the 24 IU OT dose and salivary cortisol levels decreased significantly in response to the 48 IU OT dose . There was no effect of OT on heart rate , RSA or HRV although individual plots of the heart rate data suggested that OT increased heart rate in some participants and decreased heart rate in others . These findings suggest that intranasal administration of OT may ameliorate some symptoms of social anxiety in patients with FXS . Further double-blind placebo-controlled studies of OT , conducted in combination with behavioral treatment programs , may be warranted We investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin ( OXT ) on trust and cooperation in borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) , a disorder marked by interpersonal instability and difficulties with cooperation . Although studies in healthy adults show that intranasal OXT increases trust , individuals with BPD may show an altered response to exogenous OXT because the effects of OXT on trust and pro-social behavior may vary depending on the relationship representations and expectations people possess and /or altered OXT system functioning in BPD . BPD and control participants received intranasal OXT and played a social dilemma game with a partner . Results showed that OXT produced divergent effects in BPD participants , decreasing trust and the likelihood of cooperative responses . Additional analyses focusing on individual differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance across BPD and control participants indicate that these divergent effects were driven by the anxiously attached , rejection-sensitive participants . These data suggest that OXT does not uniformly facilitate trust and pro-social behavior in humans ; indeed , OXT may impede trust and pro-social behavior depending on chronic interpersonal insecurities , and /or possible neurochemical differences in the OXT system . Although popularly dubbed the ' hormone of love ' , these data suggest a more circumspect answer to the question of who will benefit from OXT Background and Aim Social difficulties and problems related to eating behaviour are common features of both anorexia nervosa ( AN ) and bulimia nervosa ( BN ) . The aim of this study was to examine the impact of intranasal oxytocin on consummatory behaviour and emotional recognition in patients with AN and BN in comparison to healthy controls . Material s A total of 102 women , including 35 patients with anorexia nervosa ( AN ) , 34 patients with bulimia nervosa ( BN ) , and 33 healthy university students of comparable age and intelligence , participated in a double-blind , single dose placebo-controlled cross-over study . A single dose of intranasal administration of oxytocin ( 40 IU ) ( or a placebo ) was followed by an emotional recognition task and an apple juice drink . Food intake was then recorded for 24 hours post-test . Results Oxytocin produced no significant change in appetite in the acute or 24 hours free living setting s in healthy controls , whereas there was a decrease in calorie consumption over 24 hours in patients with BN . Oxytocin produced a small increase in emotion recognition sensitivity in healthy controls and in patients with BN , In patients with AN , oxytocin had no effect on emotion recognition sensitivity or on consummatory behaviour . Conclusions The impact of oxytocin on appetite and social cognition varied between people with AN and BN . A single dose of intranasal oxytocin decreased caloric intake over 24 hours in people with BN . People with BN showed enhanced emotional sensitivity under oxytocin condition similar to healthy controls . Those effects of oxytocin were not found in patients with AN . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Rationale Social cognition influences social interactions . Alcohol reportedly facilitates social interactions . However , the acute effects of alcohol on social cognition are relatively poorly studied . Methods We investigated the effects of  alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer  on emotion recognition , empathy , and sexual arousal using the dynamic face emotion recognition task ( FERT ) , Multifaceted Empathy Test ( MET ) , and Sexual Arousal Task ( SAT ) in a double-blind , r and om-order , cross-over study in 60 healthy social drinkers . We also assessed subjective effects using  visual analog scales ( VASs ) , blood alcohol concentrations , and plasma oxytocin levels .  Results Alcohol increased VAS ratings of stimulated , happy , talkative , open , and want to be with others . The subjective effects of alcohol were greater in participants with higher trait inhibitedness . Alcohol facilitated the recognition of happy faces on the FERT and enhanced emotional empathy for positive stimuli on the MET , particularly in participants with low trait empathy . Pictures of explicit sexual content were rated as less pleasant than neutral pictures after non-alcoholic beer but not after alcoholic beer .  Explicit sexual pictures were rated as more pleasant after alcoholic beer compared with non-alcoholic beer , particularly in women . Alcohol did not alter the levels of circulating oxytocin . Conclusions Alcohol biased emotion recognition toward better decoding of positive emotions and increased emotional concern for positive stimuli . No support was found for a modulatory role of oxytocin . Alcohol also facilitated the viewing of sexual images , consistent with disinhibition , but it did not actually enhance sexual arousal . These effects of alcohol on social cognition likely enhance sociability . Trial registration www . clinical Objective Pre clinical studies indicate that oxytocin is anorexigenic and has beneficial metabolic effects . Oxytocin effects on nutrition and metabolism in humans are not well defined . We hypothesized that oxytocin would reduce caloric intake and appetite , and alter levels of appetite-regulating hormones . We also explored metabolic effects of oxytocin . Methods We performed a r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study of single-dose intranasal oxytocin ( 24 IU ) in 25 fasting healthy men . After oxytocin/placebo , subjects selected breakfast from a menu , and were given double portions . Caloric content of food consumed was measured . Visual analogue scales were used to assess appetite and blood was drawn for appetite-regulating hormones , insulin , and glucose before and after oxytocin/placebo . Indirect calorimetry assessed resting energy expenditure ( REE ) and substrate utilization . Results Oxytocin reduced caloric intake with a preferential effect on fat intake and increased levels of the anorexigenic hormone cholecystokinin without affecting appetite or other appetite-regulating hormones . There was no effect of oxytocin on REE .  Oxytocin result ed in a shift from carbohydrate to fat utilization and improved insulin sensitivity . Conclusions Intranasal oxytocin reduces caloric intake and has beneficial metabolic effects in men without concerning side effects . The efficacy and safety of sustained oxytocin administration in the treatment of obesity warrants investigation OBJECTIVE To find out if cholecystokinin ( CCK ) stimulates the secretion of oxytocin in humans , and if there are any differences in secretion between healthy women and those with normal-transit constipation . DESIGN Prospect i ve open study . SETTING Teaching hospital , Sweden . SUBJECTS 8 healthy female volunteers and 6 women with chronic refractory normal-transit constipation . INTERVENTIONS Subjects were fasted before experiments . On one day they were given emulsified corn oil and another an intravenous injection of 1 Ivy dog unit ( IDU ) CCK/kg body weight . Blood sample s were taken before each experiment at 10 minutes and at the time the experiments started . Blood sample s were also taken after each experiment at 10 , 20 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 and 120 minutes . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concentrations of CCK and oxytocin . RESULTS Ingestion of corn oil significantly increased the plasma concentration of CCK in both groups ( healthy women p = 0.03 and constipated women p = 0.008 ) . Injection of CCK also led as expected to hypercholecystokininaemia in both groups ( p = 0.008 and p = 0.03 , respectively ) . The corn oil increased oxytocin secretion in both groups ( p = 0.02 and 0.03 , respectively ) and exogenous CCK increased the secretion still further ( p = 0.008 and 0.03 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Both corn oil and injection of CCK led to an increased CCK concentration in plasma . Oxytocin was secreted in response to endogenous as well as exogenous CCK stimulation . There was no difference between healthy and constipated women in either parameter analysed 
    Output:
    
Dietary intake and behaviors appear to have some influence on oxytocin , with more pronounced effects found with exogenously administered oxytocin