***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Few trials have evaluated the metabolic effects and health outcomes of lowering dietary n-6 PUFA . The objectives of the present paper were ( 1 ) to report the methods employed to lower dietary n-6 PUFA , while either increasing or maintaining n-3 PUFA intake and ( 2 ) to vali date our methods with 24 h recalls and erythrocyte fatty acid analyses . A total of sixty-seven subjects were r and omised to either ( 1 ) an average-n-3 PUFA , low-n-6 PUFA ( L6 ) intervention design ed to lower linoleic acid ( LA ; # 2·5 % of energy ( en% ) ) and arachidonic acid ( # 60 mg/d ) , while maintaining an average US intake of n-3 PUFA or ( 2 ) a high-n-3 PUFA , low-n-6 PUFA ( H3-L6 ) intervention design ed to lower n-6 LA , while increasing the n-3 PUFA a-linolenic acid ( ALA ; $ 1·5 en% ) and EPA þ DHA ( $ 1000 mg/d ) . Pre- and intraintervention nutrient intakes were estimated with six 24 h dietary recalls per subject . Both groups achieved the targeted reductions in dietary LA to # 2·5 en% ( median LA 2·45 ( 2·1 , 3·1 ) ; P,0·001 ) . Intakes of n-3 PUFA did not change for the L6 group . Target increases in n-3 ALA ( median 1·6 en% , ( 1·3 , 2·0 ) , P,0·001 ) and EPA þ DHA ( 1482 mg , ( 374 , 2558 ) , P,0·001 ) were achieved in the H3-L6 group . Dietary changes were vali date d by corresponding changes in erythrocyte n-6 and n-3 fatty acid composition . Dietary LA can be lowered to # 2·5 en% , with or without concurrent increases in dietary n-3 PUFA , in an outpatient clinical trial setting using this integrated diet method OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of high-oleic and conventional peanuts within a hypocaloric-diet on energy metabolism and body composition . METHODS This 4-week r and omized clinical trial included males with BMI of 29.7 ± 2.4 kg m(-2 ) and aged between 18 and 50 years . Participants were assigned to the groups : control ( CT , n = 22 ) that followed a hypocaloric-diet ; conventional peanuts ( CVP , n = 22 ) or high-oleic peanuts ( HOP , n = 21 ) that received the hypocaloric-diet including ( not adding ) 56 g day(-1 ) of peanuts  . Glucose , fat oxidation , and body fatness and lean mass were the main outcomes . RESULTS Body weight and composition did not differ between groups . However , within group total body fat ( kg ) reduced with CVP and HOP , with a significant decrease in body fat percentage in HOP . While total lean mass ( kg ) decreased in CT , total lean mass ( % ) increased in HOP . Truncal lean mass decreased in the CT . At baseline , HOP had greater postpr and ial fat oxidation than the CVP . After 4-weeks , fasting fat oxidation increased in CVP and HOP . Fat oxidation increased in CT and HOP during the 200 min after meal intake compared to the fasting condition . CONCLUSION Regular peanut consumption , especially the high-oleic type , within a hypocaloric-diet increased fat oxidation and reduced body fatness in overweigh and obese men Background The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial ( COMIT ) was a r and omized controlled crossover study design ed to evaluate the effects of five diets that provided different oils and /or oil blends on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors in individuals with abdominal obesity . The present objective is to report preliminary findings on plasma fatty acid profiles in volunteers with abdominal obesity , following the consumption of diets enriched with n-3 , n-6 and n-9 fatty acids . Methods COMIT was conducted at three clinical sites , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , Québec City , Québec , Canada and University Park , Pennsylvania , United States . Inclusion criteria were at least one of the followings : waist circumference ( ≥90 cm for males and ≥84 cm for females ) , and at least one other criterion : triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L , high density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1 mmol/L ( males ) or < 1.3 mmol/L ( females ) , blood pressure ≥130 mmHg ( systolic ) and /or ≥85 mmHg ( diastolic ) , and glucose ≥5.5 mmol/L.  Weight-maintaining diets that included shakes with one of the dietary oil blends were provided during each of the five 30-day dietary phases . Dietary phases were separated by four-week washout periods . Treatment oils were canola oil , high oleic canola oil , high oleic canola oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , flax oil and safflower oil blend , and corn oil and safflower oil blend . A per protocol approach with a mixed model analysis was decided to be appropriate for data analysis . Results One hundred and seventy volunteers were r and omized and 130 completed the study with a dropout rate of 23.5 % . The mean plasma total DHA concentrations , which were analyzed among all participants as a measure of adherence , increased by more than 100 % in the DHA-enriched phase , compared to other phases , demonstrating excellent dietary adherence . Conclusions Recruitment and retention strategies were effective in achieving a sufficient number of participants who completed the study protocol to enable sufficient statistical power to resolve small differences in outcome measures . It is expected that the study will generate important data thereby enhancing our underst and ing of the effects of n-3 , n-6 , and n-9 fatty acid-containing oils on CVD risks . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01351012 The influence of the source of dietary fat on postpr and ial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates , was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57 - 73 years , with BMI 21.9 - 38.3 kg/m(2 ) . A single blind , r and omised , paired comparison of two high-fat , isoenergetic , mixed test meals was conducted . The major source of fat was either cream ( CREAM ) or extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) .  RMR , diet-induced thermogenesis ( DIT ) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry . There were no differences in body weight , RMR , fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions . DIT ( EVOO 97 ( SD 46 ) v. CREAM 76 ( SD 69 ) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5.2 ( SD 2.5 ) v. CREAM 4.1 ( SD 3.7)% energy ) did not differ between the two test meals . The postpr and ial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates , relative to their respective fasting values ( DeltaCOX ) , was significantly lower following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 10.6 ( SD 8.3 ) v. CREAM 17.5 ( SD 10 ) g/5 h ; paired t test , P=0.023 ) , while postpr and ial fat oxidation rates ( DeltaFOX ) were significantly higher ( EVOO 0.0 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -3.6 ( sd 4.0 ) g/5 h ; P=0.028 ) . In the eight obese subjects , however , DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 5.1 ( SD 2.0 ) v. CREAM 2.5 ( sd 2.9 ) % ; P=0.01 ) . This was accompanied by a significantly lower DeltaCOX ( EVOO 10.9 ( SD 9.9 ) v. CREAM 17.3 ( SD 10.5 ) g/5 h ; P=0.03 ) and significantly higher DeltaFOX ( EVOO 0.11 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -4.1 ( SD 4.5 ) g/5 h , P=0.034 ) . The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postpr and ial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women BACKGROUND The Western diet increases risk of metabolic disease . OBJECTIVE We determined whether lowering the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in the Western diet would affect physical activity and energy expenditure . DESIGN With the use of a balanced design , 2 cohorts of 18 and 14 young adults were enrolled in separate r and omized , double-masked , crossover trials that compared a 3-wk high-palmitic acid diet ( HPA ; similar to the Western diet fat composition ) to a low-palmitic acid and high-oleic acid diet ( HOA ; similar to the Mediterranean diet fat composition ) . All foods were provided by the investigators , and the palmitic acid (PA):oleic acid ( OA ) ratio was manipulated by adding different oil blends to the same foods . In both cohorts , we assessed physical activity ( monitored continuously by using accelerometry ) and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) . To gain insight into a possible mood disturbance that might explain changes in physical activity , the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) was administered in cohort 2 . RESULTS Physical activity was higher during the HOA than during the HPA in 15 of 17 subjects in cohort 1 ( P = 0.008 ) ( mean : 12 % higher ; P = 0.003 ) and in 12 of 12 subjects in the second , confirmatory cohort ( P = 0.005 ) ( mean : 15 % higher ; P = 0.003 ) . When the HOA was compared with the HPA , REE measured during the fed state was 3 % higher for cohort 1 ( P < 0.01 ) , and REE was 4.5 % higher in the fasted state for cohort 2 ( P = 0.04 ) . POMS testing showed that the anger-hostility score was significantly higher during the HPA ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSIONS The replacement of dietary PA with OA was associated with increased physical activity and REE and less anger . Besides presumed effects on mitochondrial function ( increased REE ) , the dietary PA : OA ratio appears to affect behavior . The second cohort was derived from a study that was registered at clinical trials.gov as R01DK082803 BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length , degree of unsaturation , and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men . DESIGN Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40 % of energy as fat .  After consuming the diet for 1 wk , subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position ( 10 mg/kg body wt ) . The fatty acids fed in r and om order were laurate , palmitate , stearate , oleate , elai date ( the trans isomer of oleate ) , linoleate , and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal . Breath sample s were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2 ) in breath . RESULTS Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41 % of the dose for laurate to a low of 13 % of the dose for stearate . Of the 18-carbon fatty acids , linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved . (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30 % less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids . CONCLUSIONS In summary , lauric acid is highly oxidized , whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized . Oxidation of the long-chain , saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number Postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women are at risk for cardiovascular disease and are encouraged to follow low-fat ( LF ) ( ≤30 % energy ) diets . However , these diets may have undesirable effects on high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , apolipoprotein A-I ( apo A-I ) and triglycerides , whereas diets high in monounsaturated fats do not . Twenty postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women previously consuming high-fat diets ( 34 % energy ) were placed on a low fat-monounsaturated rich diet ( LFMR : 26 % , 14 % energy , respectively ) for 6 mon . Sixteen women already eating LF diets  ( 24 % energy ) were also followed to monitor variations in serum lipids due to seasonal variations . Twenty-five women successfully completed the study ( LFMR=12 , LF=13 ) . Serum ch 
    Output:
    
According to the studies examined in this review , diets enriched in OA can influence fat balance , body weight , and possibly energy expenditure .
Importantly , abdominal fat and central obesity can be reduced following consumption of high-OA-containing meals .
Mechanistically , OA-rich diets can be involved in the regulation of food intake , body mass , and energy expenditure by stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling .
Other proposed mechanisms include the prevention of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway , the induction of oleoylethanolamide synthesis , and possibly the downregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 activity .