***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased oxidative stress , inflammation and vessel dysfunction . Previous research has shown that an encapsulated fruit/berry/vegetable juice powder ( FBV ) supplement or controlled exercise training improve the markers of redox biology , low- grade inflammation and circulation . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of 8 weeks of supplementation with FBV or placebo , and a single bout of controlled walking on the markers of oxidation , inflammation and skin capillary microcirculation in forty-two obese pre-menopausal women ( 41 ( sd 5 ) years , non-smokers and BMI 34·5 ( sd 3·8 ) kg/m2 ) using a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled design . All assessment s were made before and after 8 weeks of capsule supplementation , and pre- and post-30 min of controlled treadmill walking at 70 % of VO2max . Venous blood was collected for the determination of carbonyl proteins ( CP ) , oxidised LDL ( ox-LDL ) , total oxidation status ( TOS ) of lipids , malondialdehyde , TNF-α and IL-6 . Capillary blood flow , O2 saturation of Hb ( SO2Hb ) and the relative concentration of Hb ( rHb ) were assessed at a 2 mm skin depth . Following 8 weeks of supplementation , compared with placebo , the FBV group had a significant ( P < 0·05 ) reduction in CP , ox-LDL , TOS and TNF-α , and a significant increase in blood flow , SO2Hb and rHb . Independent of supplementation , moderate exercise significantly increased blood flow and rHb , with a trend towards increased SO2Hb . Compared with placebo , 8 weeks of supplementation with FBV decreased the markers of systemic oxidation and inflammation . Both FBV supplementation and a single walking bout improved the markers of the microcirculation in these obese women Phytochemicals from fruit and vegetables reduce systemic inflammation . This study examined the effects of an encapsulated fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) juice concentrate on systemic inflammation and other risk factors for chronic disease  in overweight and obese adults . A double-blinded , parallel , r and omized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 56 adults aged ≥40 years with a body mass index ( BMI ) ≥28 kg/m2 . Before and after eight weeks daily treatment with six capsules of F&V juice concentrate or placebo  , peripheral blood gene expression ( microarray , quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) ) , plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α ( enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) ) , body composition ( Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) ) and lipid profiles were assessed . Following consumption of juice concentrate , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and plasma TNFα decreased and total lean mass increased , while there was no change in the placebo group . In subjects with high systemic inflammation at baseline  ( serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ≥3.0 mg/mL ) who were supplemented with the F&V juice concentrate ( n = 16 ) , these effects were greater , with decreased total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and plasma TNFα and increased total lean mass ; plasma CRP was unchanged by the F&V juice concentrate following both analyses . The expression of several genes involved in lipogenesis , the nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) and 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) signalling pathways was altered , including phosphomevalonate kinase ( PMVK ) , zinc finger AN1-type containing 5 ( ZF AND 5 ) and calcium binding protein 39 ( CAB39 ) , respectively . Therefore , F&V juice concentrate improves the metabolic profile , by reducing systemic inflammation and blood lipid profiles and , thus , may be useful in reducing the risk of obesity-induced  chronic disease Purpose Low fruit and vegetable consumption is linked with an increased risk of death from vascular disease and cancer . The benefit of eating fruits and vegetables is attributed in part to antioxidants , vitamins and phytochemicals . Whether increasing intake impacts on markers of disease remains to be established . This study investigates whether increasing daily intake of fruits , vegetables and juices from low ( approx . 3 portions ) , to high intakes ( approx . 8 portions ) impacts on nutritional and clinical biomarkers . Barriers to achieving the recommended fruit and vegetable intakes are also investigated . Method In a r and omised clinical trial , the participants [ 19 men and 26 women ( 39–58 years ) ] with low reported fruit , juice and vegetable intake ( <3 portions/day ) were r and omised to consume either their usual diet or a diet supplemented with an additional 480 g of fruit and vegetables and fruit juice ( 300 ml ) daily for 12 weeks . Nutritional biomarkers ( vitamin C , carotenoids , B vitamins ) , antioxidant capacity and genomic stability were measured pre-intervention , at 4- , 8- and 12 weeks throughout the intervention . Sample s were also taken post-intervention after a 6-week washout period . Glucose , homocysteine , lipids , blood pressure , weight and arterial stiffness were also measured . Intake  of fruit , fruit juice and vegetables was reassessed 12 months after conducting the study and a question naire was developed to identify barriers to healthy eating . Results Intake increased significantly in the intervention group compared to controls , achieving 8.4 portions/day after 12 weeks . Plasma vitamin C ( 35 % ) , folate ( 15 % ) and certain carotenoids [ α-carotene ( 50 % ) and β-carotene ( 70 % ) and lutein/zeaxanthin ( 70 % ) ] were significantly increased ( P < 0.05 ) in the intervention group . There were no significant changes in antioxidant capacity , DNA damage and markers of vascular health . Barriers to achieving recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables measured 12 months after the intervention period were amount , inconvenience and cost . Conclusion While increasing fruit , juice and vegetable consumption increases circulating level of beneficial nutrients in healthy subjects , a 12-week intervention was not associated with effects on antioxidant status or lymphocyte DNA damage . Trial registration This trial was registered at Controlled-Trials.com ; registration IS RCT N71368072 BACKGROUND Numerous observational studies have found supplemental calcium and vitamin D to be associated with reduced risk of common cancers . However , interventional studies to test this effect are lacking . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this analysis was to determine the efficacy of calcium alone and calcium plus vitamin D in reducing incident cancer risk  of all types . DESIGN This was a 4-y , population -based , double-blind , r and omized placebo-controlled trial . The primary outcome was fracture incidence , and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence . The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women r and omly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged > 55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4 degrees N. Subjects were r and omly assigned to receive 1400 - 1500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone ( Ca-only ) , supplemental calcium plus 1100 IU vitamin D3/d ( Ca + D ) , or placebo . RESULTS When analyzed by intention to treat , cancer incidence was lower in the Ca + D women than in the placebo control subjects ( P < 0.03 ) . With the use of logistic regression , the unadjusted relative risks ( RR ) of incident cancer in the Ca + D and Ca-only groups were 0.402 ( P = 0.01 ) and 0.532 ( P = 0.06 ) , respectively . When analysis was confined to cancers diagnosed after the first 12 mo , RR for the Ca + D group fell to 0.232 ( CI : 0.09 , 0.60 ; P < 0.005 ) but did not change significantly for the Ca-only group . In multiple logistic regression models , both treatment and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significant , independent predictors of cancer risk . CONCLUSIONS Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces  all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00352170 Phytonutrients from plant foods provide numerous antioxidants . We hypothesized that supplementation for 28 wk with a commercially available encapsulated juice powder concentrate ( JPC ) could influence indicators of oxidative stress , immunity , and illness .  Trained men ( n = 41 ; 34 + /- 5 y ; maximum oxygen uptake = 55 + /- 7 mL x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) from a homogenous police Special Forces unit were r and omly assigned in a double blind manner to either JPC ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 20 ) . We used multiple 7-d food records to assess dietary intake and found inadequate mean daily fruit and vegetable consumption ( 3.2 + /- 1.2 servings ) . The group physician documented all duty days lost due to illness . We collected plasma at baseline and study wk 4 , 8 , 16 , and 28 for analysis of carbonyl groups on protein ( CP ) and TNFalpha .  Over the 28-wk investigation , CP was lower in the JPC group , with both a treatment and a time x treatment interaction ( P < 0.05 ) . Concentrations of both CP and TNFalpha at 16 and 28 wk were lower in the JPC than in the placebo group ( P < 0.001 ) . TNFalpha increased during the first 8 wk followed by a decrease in both groups for the following 20 wk ( P < 0.001 ) . Over the final 20 wk of the study , the placebo group tended to have more days of illness than the JPC group ( P = 0.068 ) . These data suggest beneficial JPC effects with regard to reduction of duty days lost due to illness and reduction of CP and TNFalpha concentrations in this group of trained men over 28 wk The potential benefits of a high fruit and vegetable intake on the antioxidant status and on relevant biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids , proteins and DNA and on ( functional ) markers of oxidative stress were evaluated . A r and omized , free living , open placebo-controlled cross-over trial of 3 wk , with a 2-wk washout period between treatments , was performed in a group of 22 male smokers with a relatively low vegetable and fruit intake using a vegetable burger and fruit drink .  The vegetable burger and fruit drink increased serum levels of vitamin C , alpha-carotene , beta-carotene , beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin and plasma total antioxidant capacity . However , no effects were demonstrated on any marker of oxidative damage to lipids ( malondialdehyde F(2)-isoprostane ) proteins ( carbonyls ) and DNA ( Comet assay ) and ( functional ) markers of oxidative stress ( reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio , glutathione-S-transferase alpha , glutathione-S-transferase pi and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB ) . Apparently , these increased levels of antioxidants in serum were not sufficiently high to show beneficial changes with the selected biomarkers . Alternatively , oxidative stress in male smokers with a relatively low fruit and vegetable intake might have been still too low to demonstrate a beneficial effect of antioxidants OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine if long-term daily administration of phytonutrient supplements can prevent the immediate adverse impact of a high-fat meal and increase the production of nitric oxide . BACKGROUND Ingestion of a high-fat meal impairs flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery for at least 4 h ; however , co-ingestion of vitamin antioxidants or a green salad has been shown to prevent this effect . METHODS Flow-mediated brachial artery reactivity test ( BART ) both before and 3 h after a 900 calorie 50 g fat meal was evaluated in 38 healthy volunteers ( age 36.4 + /- 10.1 years ) . Subjects were r and omized to four weeks of daily supplementation with a powdered fruit vegetable juice concentrate ( Juice Plus [ JP ] ) along with a complex supplement providing nutritional antioxidants and various herbal extracts ( Vineyard [ V ] ) , JP alone , or a matching placebo . At three and four weeks , BART was repeated both before and after the high-fat meal . Serum nitrate/nitrite concentrations were measured at baseline and at four weeks . RESULTS Four weeks of the JP-V combination blunted the detrimental effect of the high-fat meal ( -47.5 + /- 23.4 % at baseline vs. -1.7 + /- 9.7 % at four weeks [ p < 0.05 ] ) . Four weeks of JP alone had a similar beneficial effect ( -45.1 + /- 19.7 % at baseline vs. -16.6 + /- 10.3 % at four weeks [ p < 0.05 ] ) , whereas there was no substantial effect of the placebo 
    Output:
    
The present results suggest a positive and significant role of FV concentrate supplementation on select parameters known to affect the risk of NCDs .
Such an effect might be hypothesized to turn into mitigation of the burden of those NCDs modulated by the physiological parameters analyzed in the present systematic review