***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evidence the clinical efficacy of an alcohol-free mouthwash containing 5.0 % ( W/V ) Brazilian green propolis ( MGP 5 % ) for the control of plaque and gingivitis . Twenty five subjects , men and women aging between 18 and 60 years old ( 35 ± 9 ) , were included in a clinical trials phase II study who had a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth , a mean plaque index of at least 1.5 ( PI ) , and a mean gingival index of at least 1.0 ( GI ) . They were instructed to rinse with 10 mL of mouthwash test for 1 minute , immediately after brushing in the morning and at night . After 45 and 90 days using mouthwash , the results showed a significant reduction in plaque and in gingival index when compared to sample s obtained in baseline . These reductions were at 24 % and 40 % , respectively ( P < .5 ) . There were no important side effects in soft and hard tissues of the mouth . In this study , the MGP 5 % showed evidence of its efficacy in reducing PI and GI . However , it is necessary to perform a clinical trial , double-blind , r and omized to vali date such effectiveness Objective To compare the plaque inhibition efficacy of a novel stannous-containing sodium fluoride test dentifrice to a st and ard anticavity negative control dentifrice , when both were used in conjunction with an advanced oscillating – rotating ( O/R ) power toothbrush . Methods This was a r and omized , two-treatment , three-period , double-blind crossover study conducted in a population using an O/R power brush . Subjects brushed twice per day with their assigned dentifrice during the three-treatment periods , each lasting for 17 consecutive days . Each period was separated by a 4-day washout period during which subjects continued to use their O/R power toothbrush . Plaque levels were assessed and averaged amongst three assessment s taken on days 15 , 16 and 17 at the end of each treatment period using digital plaque imaging analysis . Assessment s were carried out on the facial anterior tooth surfaces in the morning before brushing ( A.M. prebrush ) following whole-mouth brushing ( 30 s per quadrant ) with the assigned dentifrice ( A.M. post-brush ) and in the afternoon ( P.M. ) . Results Twenty-seven subjects were r and omized and completed the study . During the 17-day usage period , the stannous-containing test NaF dentifrice demonstrated a statistically significant lower mean plaque area versus the negative control dentifrice at each assessment timepoint ; overnight A.M. prebrush was 33.8 % lower ( P < 0.0001 ) , A.M. post-brush was 21.8 % lower ( P < 0.01 ) , and P.M. was 29.2 % lower ( P < 0.0001 ) . Conclusion A population of O/R power toothbrush users had significantly less plaque coverage for all three measurements when using a stannous-containing NaF dentifrice than when using a negative control ( fluoride ) dentifrice Objective : While gingivitis and caries continue to be prevalent issues , there is growing concern about dental erosion induced by dietary acids . An oral hygiene product that protects against all these conditions would be beneficial . This study investigated the potential of two anti-erosion dentifrices to inhibit plaque . Methods : This was a r and omized , three-period , two-treatment , double-blind , crossover study evaluating a stannous chloride/sodium fluoride dentifrice ( SnCl2/NaF , blend-a-med ® Pro Expert ) and a popular anti-erosion dentifrice ( NaF , Sensodyne ® ProNamel ™ ) . During Period 3 , subjects were r and omized to repeat one treatment to evaluate any product carryover effects . Each treatment period was 17 days . Test dentifrices were used with a st and ard manual toothbrush . Digital plaque image analysis ( DPIA ) was employed at the end of each period to evaluate plaque levels ( i ) overnight ( am prebrush ) ; ( ii ) post-brushing with the test product ( am post-brush ) ; and ( iii ) mid-afternoon ( pm ) . Analysis was conducted via an objective computer algorithm , which calculated total area of visible plaque . Results : Twenty-seven subjects completed the study . At all time points , subjects had statistically significantly ( P ≤ 0.0001 ) lower plaque levels after using the SnCl2/NaF dentifrice than the NaF dentifrice . The antiplaque benefit for the SnCl2/NaF dentifrice versus the NaF dentifrice was : am prebrush = 26.0 % ; am post-brushing = 27.9 % ; pm = 25.7 % . Conclusions : The SnCl2/NaF dentifrice provided significantly greater daytime and overnight plaque inhibition than the NaF toothpaste . When recommending dentifrice to patients susceptible to dental erosion , clinicians can consider one that also inhibits plaque PURPOSE To compare the relative plaque control efficacy of a marketed 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride ( SnF2 ) dentifrice relative to a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice using digital plaque imaging analysis ( DPIA ) . METHODS This was a r and omized , two-treatment , double-blind , parallel group design study that compared SnF2 and triclosan/copolymer dentifrices over a period of 3 weeks . DPIA was used to capture a digital image of the maxillary and m and ibular anterior facial surfaces of 12 teeth and to calculate plaque area coverage . Overnight DPIA images were taken at a baseline visit after which subjects were r and omly assigned to one of the two treatment groups and were required to brush with their assigned dentifrice according to each manufacturer 's instructions . Subjects had DPIA assessment s on two separate days at the end of Week 3 . RESULTS 96 subjects were r and omized to treatment . Plaque area data for 47 subjects per treatment group were compared at Week 3 using ANCOVA . The SnF2 group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in overnight plaque at Week 3 compared to baseline ( P= 0.002 ) . The reduction for the triclosan group at Week 3 compared to baseline was not statistically significant ( P= 0.24 ) . At Week 3 , the SnF2 group demonstrated a 17 % lower adjusted mean for overnight plaque relative to the triclosan group with a mean difference that was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) . The Week 3 adjusted mean change from baseline in overnight plaque for the SnF2 group was 3 times greater versus that of the triclosan group ( P < 0.05 ) A new stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice , currently marketed as Crest Gum Care has been examined for its effects on intrinsic plaque metabolic and regrowth activity and effects on plaque resistance to SnF2 throughout nine weeks of toothbrushing . Subjects brushed their teeth 1 X , 2 X or 3 X/day with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice or placebo dentifrice for nine weeks , presenting in the morning on weeks 3 , 6 - 9 for plaque sampling . Following nine weeks , subjects were crossed-over and repeated the experiment on their alternative assigned product ( active SnF2/placebo ) . Sample d dental plaques were evaluated for st and ardized glycolysis and regrowth activity using the " Plaque Glycolysis and Regrowth Method " ( PGRM ) . Following the second nine-week treatment period , subjects concluding either placebo or SnF2 toothbrushing participated in a single-treatment PGRM experiment using stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice . Toothbrushing with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in this experiment produced significant and sustained reductions in both plaque glycolytic and regrowth activity as compared to placebo treated plaques . In the concluding single-brushing PGRM experiment , SnF2 dentifrice was shown to produce equal inhibitory actions in plaque from subjects completing stannous fluoride or placebo treatments . This result confirmed that nine weeks toothbrushing with stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced no development or resistance of plaque to SnF2 inhibition . These results support the strong in vivo antimicrobial actions of the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice , Crest Gum Care PURPOSE To evaluate using digital plaque image analysis the antiplaque efficacy of oral care regimens including use of antimicrobial toothpaste in combination with antimicrobial mouthrinse . METHODS 16 subjects completed the study protocol including : ( 1 ) initial treatment phase , all subjects used a st and ard sodium fluoride dentifrice  with 2x/day brushing , ( 2 ) second treatment phase , subjects were r and omized to two treatment groups : stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice or sodium fluoride triclosan/copolymer dentifrice ; ( 3 ) third treatment phase , the group using stannous fluoride dentifrice rinsed with alcohol-free cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse and the group using triclosan dentifrice rinsed with essential oil mouthrinse . During each phase , plaque levels were assessed in the morning before toothbrushing ( AM ) , post-brushing in the morning ( PB ) and in the afternoon ( PM ) . RESULTS Stannous fluoride dentifrice was superior to triclosan dentifrice in plaque growth inhibition between toothbrushing . Both mouthrinses provided additional plaque prevention benefits when used with antimicrobial dentifrices . The cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse and stannous fluoride dentifrice regimen was particularly effective , building accretive efficacy over time . Average plaque reductions exceeded 50 % vs. sodium fluoride dentifrice alone . Chemotherapeutic dentifrices and rinses increase plaque control used alone and particularly in combination . The stannous fluoride-cetylpyridinium chloride regimen showed the greatest benefits PURPOSE To evaluate the anti-plaque efficacy of a novel stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice compared to a negative control regular anti-caries dentifrice and a positive control marketed triclosan-containing dentifrice . METHODS This was a r and omized and controlled , single-center , double-blind , three-treatment , three-period , crossover clinical trial in generally healthy adults . A prophylaxis was followed by three 4-day treatment periods of limited brushing , each separated by an approximate 7-day washout phase . Subjects used the test dentifrice on Days 0 - 3 of each period according to their r and omly assigned sequence ; either Crest Cavity Protection ( negative control ) ; an experimental stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice ; or a marketed triclosan positive control ( Colgate Total ) . A dental polishing was given at Day 0 of each treatment period , and subjects brushed the lingual surfaces only and then swished the entire dentition with a dentifrice slurry twice daily under supervision through Day 3 . At baseline and Day 4 of each treatment period , plaque levels were assessed via the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( TMQHPI ) . RESULTS Twenty-eight fully evaluable subjects completed the trial . Both the experimental and positive control dentifrices provided significantly lower mean whole mouth TMQHPI plaque scores after treatment compared to the negative control : 11.4 % lower for the experimental stannous-containing dentifrice and 8.4 % for Colgate Total ( P < 0.0001 ) . The experimental stannous-containing dentifrice group result ed in directionally lower whole mouth plaque scores when compared to Colgate Total ( P= 0.07 ) . The experimental stannous-containing dentifrice had significantly lower mean plaque scores post-treatment at lingual sites compared with Total ( P= 0.0355 ) . All dentifrices were well-tolerated OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy ofa dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan/2.0 % PVM/MA copolymer/0.243 % sodium fluoride for controlling established gingivitis and supragingival plaque relative to that of a dentifrice containing 0.454 % stannous fluoride , sodium hexametaphosphate , and zinc lactate , and a dentifrice containing 0.243 % sodium fluoride as a negative control . METHODS Following a baseline examination for gingivitis and supragingival plaque , qualifying adult male and female subjects from the Piscataway , NJ , USA area were r and omized into three dentifrice groups . Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily ( morning and evening ) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush . Examinations for gingivitis and supragingival plaque were repeated after six weeks of product use . RESULTS One-hundred and seventy-one ( 171 ) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study . Relative to the group using the dentifrice with 0.243 % sodium fluoride alone , the 0.3 % triclosan/2.0 % PVM/MA copolymer/0.243 % sodium fluoride group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index and supragingival plaque index scores of 25.3 % and 33.0 % , respectively , after six weeks of product use . Similarly , relative to the group using the 0.243 % sodium fluoride dentifrice , the 0.454 % stannous fluoride , sodium hexametaphosphate , and zinc lactate dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index and plaque index scores of 8 
    Output:
    
Conclusion The results of this review demonstrate moderate‐ quality evidence that brushing with an active‐ingredient dentifrice with stannous fluoride or triclosan does provide an added clinical ly relevant effect concerning plaque inhibition capabilities that surpass the effect of a regular sodium fluoride dentifrice