***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES A clinical trial , involving 203 resin-bonded bridges ( RBBs ) was undertaken to investigate the influence of retainer-type and luting material on the survival of these restorations . METHODS For this evaluation , 157 patients were available ( 14 % of the original sample was lost to follow-up or excluded from the study following the stopping criteria ) . Fifty per cent of the patients were question ed concerning the fate of the RBBs and 59 % of question ed patients were examined clinical ly . The patients that were seen for examination were representatives of the experimental groups . The findings from the clinical examination were compared with the data obtained from the question naire . Missing data were censored at the date of the last available information . Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated to assess the survivals at the endpoints and compared using Cox 's proportional hazards procedure . RESULTS A significant difference was found between perforated ( P-type ) and etched ( E-type ) RBBs ( P = 0.05 ) for original bonded restorations but not when rebonded RBBs were taken into account . The results of the survival analysis were : anterior P-type , 49 + /- 7 % after 10.5 years : anterior E-type , 57 + /- 7 % after 10.5 years ; posterior P-type , 18 + /- 11 % after 6.8 years ; posterior E-type , 37 + /- 13 % after 10.2 years . Survivals of RBBs that were rebonded once during the evaluation period were 62 + /- 9 % ( 11.0 years ) for anterior RBBs and 51 + /- 11 % ( 10.2 years ) for posterior RBBs . CONCLUSIONS The factor location ( anterior versus posterior ) was as in previous analyses , highly significant . Differences in survival between cementation material s were not significant OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of immediate functional loading of implants in single-tooth replacement using two different installation procedures . MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and fifty-one subjects , who required single-tooth rehabilitation in the area of 15 - 25 and 35 - 45 , were enrolled in eight private clinics in Italy . The implant sites were r and omly allocated to one of the following treatment groups . In the control group , in which a st and ard preparation procedure for implant placement and submerged healing of the implant was used , abutment connection and loading of the implants were performed 3 months after installation . In the test group 1 , a st and ard preparation procedure for the implant placement and immediate functional loading of implant was carried out . In the test 2 group , however , a modified implant installation procedure ( osteotome technique ) was used followed by immediate functional loading of the implant . Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at 3 and 12 months of follow-up at all sites . RESULTS Three implants ( 5.5 % ) from the test 2 group ( osteotome preparation ) and one ( 2 % ) from the test 1 group ( conventional drill preparation ) failed to integrate and were removed one and three months after implant installation . The mean marginal bone loss assessed at 12 months was 0.31 mm ( test 1 ) , 0.25 mm ( test 2 ) and 0.38 mm ( control ) ( no statistically significant differences were found between the three treatment groups . ) CONCLUSION It is suggested that immediate functional loading of implants that are placed with a conventional installation technique and with sufficient primary stability may be considered as a valid treatment alternative in a single-tooth replacement Background Various treatment options for the prosthetic treatment of jaws where all molars are lost are under discussion . Besides the placement of implants , two main treatment types can be distinguished : replacement of the missing molars with removable dental prostheses and non-replacement of the molars , i.e. preservation of the shortened dental arch . Evidence is lacking regarding the long-term outcome and the clinical performance of these approaches . High treatment costs and the long time required for the treatment impede respective clinical trials . Methods / design This 14-center r and omized controlled investigator-initiated trial is ongoing . Last patient out will be in 2010 . Patients over 35 years of age with all molars missing in one jaw and with at least both canines and one premolar left on each side were eligible . One group received a treatment with  removable dental prostheses for molar replacement ( treatment A ) . The other group received a treatment limited to the replacement of all missing anterior and premolar teeth using fixed bridges ( treatment B ) . A pilot trial with 32 patients was carried out . Two hundred and fifteen patients were enrolled in the main trial where 109 patients were r and omized for treatment A and 106 for treatment B. The primary outcome measure is further tooth loss during the 5-year follow-up . The secondary outcome measures encompassed clinical , technical and subjective variables . The study is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ( German Research Foundation , DFG WA 831/2 - 1 , 2 - 2 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 4 , 2 - 5 ) . Discussion The particular value of this trial is the adaptation of common design components to the very specific features of complex dental prosthetic treatments . The pilot trial proved to be indispensable because it led to a number of adjustments in the study protocol that considerably improved the practicability . The expected results are of high clinical relevance and will show the efficacy of two common treatment approaches in terms of oral health . An array of secondary outcome measures will deliver valuable supplementary information . If the results can be implemented in the clinical practice , the daily dental care should strongly profit thereof . Trial registration The trial is registered at Clinical Trials.gov under IS RCT N68590603 ( pilot trial ) and IS RCT N97265367 ( main trial ) PURPOSE This is a 2-year report from an ongoing prospect i ve 5-year multicenter study . The aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term clinical function of CerAdapt ceramic abutments supporting short-span fixed partial dentures ( FPD ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Initially , 105 Brånemark System implants were placed in a total of 32 patients at 3 different clinics . After initial healing 103 implants remained . For the support of 36 FPDs , 53 ceramic and 50 titanium abutments were connected , 19 on ceramic and 17 on titanium abutments . RESULTS All patients remained in the study after 2 years . There was a cumulative survival rate of 97.1 % for implants and a cumulative success rate of 97.2 % for FPDs ( 94.7 % for ceramic and 100 % for titanium abutment-supported FPDs ) . One of 53 ceramic but none of 50 titanium abutments failed , giving a cumulative success rate of 98.1 % and 100 % , respectively , for the abutments . Soft tissue around abutments and adjacent teeth appeared healthy . More crown margins were placed submucosally at titanium ( 31 % ) than at ceramic ( 14 % ) abutments , and the level of the periimplant mucosa was relatively stable in relation to the abutment/crown . No differences were seen between ceramic and titanium abutments regarding bleeding of the periimplant mucosa . There was a minimal marginal bone loss recorded after 1 year , which was slightly more at titanium ( 0.4 mm ) than at ceramic ( 0.2 mm ) abutments . All patients and dentists were satisfied with the achieved esthetic result and no FPD was remade because of compromised esthetics . CONCLUSION So far the ceramic abutments have worked very well and the 2-year results have been very encouraging for CerAdapt abutments supporting short-span FPDs . However , ceramic material s tend to undergo static fatigue , and it is therefore important to wait for the 5-year results before making any more definite statement about the long-term prognosis for CerAdapt abutments A r and omized clinical trial was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two partial denture design s , one with I-bar ( bar ) and the other with circumferential retainers ( circumferential ) , in 134 patients with Kennedy class I and class II edentulous conditions . A total of 30 partial dentures were considered failures , five because of abutment failures and 25 because of the lack of removable partial denture use for eating . The 5-year success rate of 71.3 % for the circumferential design did not differ significantly from the 76.6 % for the bar design ( p > 0.05 ) . There were no discernible changes in the nine periodontal health components of abutment teeth with either of the two design s after 60 months . The results indicate that the two design s do not differ significantly in terms of success rates , maintenance care , and effects on abutment teeth . A well-constructed removable partial denture of either design , supported by favorable abutments and accompanied by a regular recall program offers a satisfactory treatment modality AIM The aim of this research was to evaluate patients ' preferences for resin analogs of four major connector design s formulated to have equal rigidity once fabricated in the same alloy . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Nineteen Kennedy Class I or II partially edentulous patients participated at two centers . The four major connector analogs ( MCAs ) were fabricated for each subject using light-polymerizing acrylic resin . The subjects were asked to wear each of them in the mouth for 30 seconds in six pairs in r and om order , and to report their preference for each pair . Based on these data , the four analogs were ranked in a descending preference order for each patient . Within-subject comparisons preferences were performed with the Friedman test , and the multiple comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test for data of each sample independently . RESULTS Statistically significant and consistent preference orders were revealed for both sample s , and the thin and wide design was significantly preferred to the thick and narrow design . However , a higher variation was observed for the first preference of each subject . CONCLUSIONS Subjects demonstrated a tendency to prefer thinner MCAs .  However , the individual predilections of patients may not be an appropriate basis for an attempt to find a ' best design ' applicable to all patients Pulpal injury commonly occurs with tooth preparation for complete fixed partial dentures . This can be documented by the substantial incidence of pain after tooth preparation . In this study , a 4 % potassium nitrate-zinc oxide eugenol temporary cement was used to secure provisional crowns over recently prepared teeth and it significantly reduced the incidence and severity of pain after tooth preparation and impression taking PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term bone level response around immediately placed and provisionally restored implants using a platform switching concept . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty-two implants with a platform diameter of 5.5 mm were immediately placed in healthy maxillary sites in 22 patients . Result ant circumimplant spaces were filled with a mixture of bovine bone matrix and collagen . The implants were r and omly divided into two equal groups : 11 implants connected with 3.8-mm-diameter abutments ( test group ) and 11 with 5.5-mm-diameter ones ( control ) . Provisional crowns were adapted and adjusted for nonfunctional immediate placement on each implant and the final crowns were constructed 2 months later . Posttreatment assessment s were carried out by an independent trained observer at the time of implant placement ( baseline ) , at definitive prosthesis insertion , and every 6 months thereafter . These assessment s included periapical radiographs , pocket probing depths ( PPD ) , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , and modified Plaque Index ( mPII ) on both implants and first proximal teeth . An image analysis software application was used to compare the bone crestal heights at the mesial and distal aspects of the implants . RESULTS The mean follow-up observation period was 25 months and all implants were judged to be successfully osseointegrated . In the test group , radiographic analysis showed an average bone reduction level of 0.30 mm ( SD = 0.16 mm ) . This mean value was statistically significantly different ( P < or = .005 ) from the average reduction in the control group ( mean = 1.19 mm , SD = 0.35 mm ) . No differences between the two groups in PPD , BOP , or mPII were found . CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that immediate single implant restorations in specific maxillary sites with subsequent platform switching may provide peri-implant alveolar bone-level stability The clinical question at issue , whether it is possible to combine implants and natural teeth via fixed bridges , is of current interest . The treatment of the subjects of this prospect i ve study was performed between June 1984 and December 1986 . This article presents the 5-year results of the study . The consecutive patient material comprised 23 patients with Applegate Kennedy Class I residual dentition in the m and ible and a complete maxillary denture . All 23 patients were provided with implants ad modum Brånemark  in each m and ibular quadrant . One side was r and omized to rehabilitation with fixed bridge between the distal tooth of the residual dentition and an implant ; the other side received a free-st and ang bridge on 2 implants . The fixture survival rate was 88 % . No difference was found between the two sides . Bridge stability was 89 % for the implant bridges and 91 % for the combination bridges . The change in marginal bone level at the implants  was small during the 5-year follow up period ( on average 0.1 - 0.3 mm ) and with no difference between the two sides . In conclusion , it was not possible to demonstrate any higher risk of implant or prosthetic failure for tooth-implant fixed bridges compared with implant-supported bridges OBJECTIVES The aim was to test whether or not zirconia abutments exhibit the same survival and technical/biological 
    Output:
    
There was insufficient evidence to determine whether one type of removable dental prosthesis ( RDP ) was better or worse than another .
With fixed dental prostheses ( FDPs ) , there was no evidence that high gold alloys are better or worse than other alloys , nor that gold alloys or frameworks are better or worse than titanium .
There is insufficient evidence to determine whether zirconia is better or worse that other FDP material s , that ceramic abutments are better or worse than titanium , or that one cement was better or worse than another in retaining FDPs .
Based on trials meeting the inclusion criteria for this review , there is insufficient evidence to recommend a particular method of tooth replacement for partially edentulous patients