***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: HighlightsBinge drinking ( BD ) is associated with verbal memory and executive deficits ( principally inhibition).Potential deficits in prospect i ve memory and decision‐making require further study .Attention , speed , short‐term memory and visuospatial construction seem unaffected . Female BDs does not seem to show greater vulnerability than male BDs . Recovery deficits and the cumulative effects of BD have scarcely been explored . & NA ; Binge drinking ( BD ) is a public health concern with serious implication s for brain development . This review is the first in which neuropsychological studies of healthy young BDs are synthesized following PRISMA guidelines . We conducted a literature search in PsycINFO , Web of Science , and PubMed . Articles were screened using strict inclusion criteria . Two authors independently assessed the method ological quality . Of the 27 studies included , 14 ( 52 % ) were of intermediate quality , 7 ( 26 % ) of poor quality and 6 ( 22 % ) of high quality . BD is associated with deficits in verbal memory and executive functions , principally poor inhibitory control . Tentatively , BD may be related to deficits in cognitive flexibility and monitoring of information in working memory . Further studies are needed to determine potential impairments in prospect i ve memory and decision‐making . BDs do not seem to show difficulties in planning , short‐term memory , attention , processing speed or visuospatial construction . The evidence does not seem to support greater vulnerability in females . Future longitudinal studies should identify the characteristics of extreme trajectories , explore recovery deficits and design intervention programs BACKGROUND Varenicline ( VAR ) is a partial nicotinic receptor agonist that is an effective smoking cessation medication . Preliminary evidence indicates that it may also reduce alcohol consumption , but the underlying mechanism is not clear . For example , VAR may reduce alcohol consumption by attenuating its subjectively rewarding properties or by enhancing its aversive effects . In this study , we examined the effects of an acute dose of VAR upon subjective , physiological , and objective responses to low and moderate doses of alcohol in healthy social drinkers . METHODS Healthy men and women ( N = 15 ) participated in 6 r and omized sessions ; 3 sessions each with 2 mg VAR and placebo ( PL ) followed 3 hours later by a beverage containing PL , low-dose alcohol ( 0.4 g/kg ) , or high-dose alcohol ( 0.8 g/kg ) . Subjective mood and drug effects ( i.e. , stimulation , drug liking ) , physiological measures ( heart rate , blood pressure ) , and eye tracking tasks were administered at various intervals before and after drug and alcohol administration . RESULTS VAR acutely increased blood pressure , heart rate , ratings of dysphoria and nausea , and also improved eye tracking performance . After alcohol drinking ( vs. PL ) , VAR increased dysphoria and tended to reduce alcohol liking ratings . It also attenuated alcohol-induced eye-tracking impairments . These effects were independent of the drug 's effects on nausea before drinking . CONCLUSIONS Our data support the theory that VAR may reduce drinking by potentiating aversive effects of alcohol . VAR also offsets alcohol-induced eye movement impairment . The evidence suggests that VAR may decrease alcohol consumption by producing effects , which oppose the rewarding efficacy of alcohol Abstract Visual orientation is the most important sensory input during locomotion ( e.g. walking , driving a car , riding a bicycle ) . We investigated dynamic visual acuity ( DVA ) during vertical body-oscillations ( amplitude 5 cm ; frequency 1.5 Hz ) in 12 healthy subjects before and twice after ethanol consumption . During oscillation , vertical eye movements were recorded under two test conditions : with eyes closed ( EC ) and during DVA testing . A significant increase in vertical eye-amplitude after ethanol ingestion occurred only during EC tests , as a possible sign of vestibular hyperreaction . During vestibular stimulation alone ( EC ) , ethanol did not affect the phase shift between stimulus and eye movements . However , when the subjects were given an additional visual stimulus ( DVA ) , the post-alcohol phase shift rose significantly . Surprisingly , the post-alcohol phase shift values for the two test conditions showed no significant differences . After ethanol ingestion we found no changes in static visual acuity but a significant loss of DVA . Volunteers with a change of DVA threshold ( DVAT ) showed significantly ( P = 0.004 ) higher post-alcoholic changes in the phase shift . In summary , low doses of ethanol disturbed the visually guided oculomotor response during fixation of an earth-fixed target while the observer was subject to linear vertical acceleration . This effect led to an increasing delay between the beginning of body and eye movements . The consequence was an increasing phase shift and thus a decrease in DVA during whole-body oscillation which was comparable to movements during human locomotion Abstract In German-speaking countries , blood ethanol concentrations ( BECs ) are usually calculated using Widmark ’s equation . The distribution factor r of this equation is a correction factor needed to obtain a reduced body mass and corresponds to the ratio of total body water and blood water content . To enhance the reliability of Widmark ’s model equation , the body weight , body height , blood water content and total body water of 256 women and 273 men were measured . The ratio of body water to blood water ranged from 0.44 to 0.80 in women and from 0.60 to 0.87 in men . For both sexes equations were developed by multiple regression analysis which allow the determination of the individual , more realistic distribution factors rFI ( for females ) and rMI ( for males ) even when only body height and body weight are known . Drinking experiments revealed a clearly higher congruence of calculated and measured blood ethanol concentrations when rFI or rMI were used instead of rigid distribution factors , i.e. 0.6 for women and 0.7 for men with or without the assumption of a 10 % so-called resorption deficit . Additionally , Widmark ’s equation in combination with rFI or rMI allows a more accurate prediction of blood ethanol concentrations than the equations of Watson and Ulrich BACKGROUND In 3 previously published works ( Brumback et al. , 2007 , Drug Alcohol Depend 91:10 - 17 ; King et al. , 2011a , Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:389 - 399 ; Roche and King , 2010 , Psychopharmacology ( Berl ) 212:33 - 44 ) , our group characterized acute alcohol responses in a large group of young , heavy binge drinkers ( n = 104 ) across a variety of subjective , eye-tracking , and psychometric performance measures . METHODS The primary goal of the current study was to directly replicate prior findings of alcohol response in heavy social drinkers ( HD ) in a second independent cohort ( n = 104 ) using identical methodology . A secondary goal was to examine the effects of family history ( FH ) of alcohol use disorders ( AUD ) on acute alcohol response in both sample s. Participants attended 2 r and omized laboratory sessions in which they consumed 0.8 g/kg alcohol or a taste-masked placebo . At pre- and post-drink time points , participants completed subjective scales , psychomotor performance and eye-movement tasks , and provided salivary sample s for cortisol determination . RESULTS Results showed that the second cohort of heavy drinkers exhibited a nearly identical pattern of alcohol responses to the original cohort , including sensitivity to alcohol 's stimulating and hedonically rewarding effects during the rising breath alcohol content ( BrAC ) limb , increases in sedation during the declining BrAC limb , a lack of cortisol response , and psychomotor and eye-tracking impairment that was most evident at peak BrAC . The magnitude and temporal pattern of these acute effects of alcohol in the second cohort were similar to the first cohort across all measures , with the exception of 3 eye-movement measures : pro- and antisaccade accuracy and antisaccade velocity . FH of AUD did not affect alcohol response in the first cohort , and this was replicated in the second cohort . CONCLUSIONS In sum , in 2 independent sample s , we have demonstrated that HD display a consistent and reliable sensitivity to alcohol 's subjective effects and impairment of eye-tracking and psychomotor performance , which is not affected by FH status . This acute alcohol response phenotype in heavy , frequent binge drinkers appears to be robust and reproducible OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine performance effects of alcohol in young adult heavy drinkers ( HDs ) and light drinkers ( LDs ) . Prior research has shown that HDs have alterations in subjective alcohol response in comparison with LDs , with greater reported stimulant-like effects and reduced sedative-like effects . It is unclear whether these quantitative differences extend to performance and objective effects . METHOD Thirty-four subjects participated ( 20 HDs and 14 LDs ) in three early evening individual alcohol challenge sessions .  Subjects were examined on  eye movement and psychomotor performance tasks before and several times after consuming either 0.8 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg ethanol or placebo beverage . RESULTS Alcohol produced similar impairment for the groups in psychomotor performance and saccadic velocity measures , with blood alcohol concentration dependent group differences on the smooth pursuit task and a marginally lower threshold for impairment for HDs on the saccadic latency task . Covarying for personality differences ( i.e. , disinhibition and boredom susceptibility traits ) and family history of alcoholism did not significantly alter the findings . CONCLUSIONS Despite prior findings of differential subjective response to alcohol in HDs and LDs , alcohol-induced performance impairment was comparable between the groups . Our findings suggest HDs may be particularly at risk for alcohol-related consequences because their greater sensitivity to positive alcohol effects and /or tolerance to sedative effects may not be accompanied by a lesser degree of alcohol-induced performance impairment Alcohol is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world , and the negative impact related to alcohol use has become a worldwide public health issue . Alcohol is able to affect diffusely several areas of the Central Nervous System , which could impair visual functions , including eye movements , and cognitive processes . The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of moderate alcohol intake in eyes movements , as an indicator of cognitive processing underlying the visual search in a the Maze task . We investigated the concentration of 0.08 % blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) , using an intra-subject , double-blind , and placebo-controlled experimental design with a sample size of 20 young adults ( 11 men and nine women ) . All volunteers participated in both conditions , i.e. , alcohol ( 0.08 % ) and placebo ( 0.00 % ) , in a counterbalanced order . We use the Tobii TX300 eye tracker to evaluate eye movements during completion of Visual Maze Test . The results showed significant differences in the following eye movement patterns : the first fixation latency , number and duration of fixations ( mean and total ) , the number and duration of saccades ( mean and total ) , and the total execution time in the test . In addition , we investigate the areas of interest ( AOI ) , decision points in which the participant must decide which course to follow . We verified that the participants in the alcohol condition had a significantly greater number of fixations in both AOI , in comparison to the placebo condition . Overall , our findings confirm that moderate doses of alcohol can change the eye movements of young adults . These alterations may evidence the influence of alcohol in cognitive processes , such as flexibility , attention , and planning , which are required during resolution of Maze Task Chronic alcohol abuse has adverse effects on skeletal muscle , and reduced muscle strength is frequently seen in chronic alcoholics . In this study the acute effects of moderate alcohol intoxication on motor performance was evaluated in 19 non-alcoholic healthy subjects ( 10 women , 9 men ) . A r and omised double-blinded placebo controlled design was applied to subjects receiving alcohol in juice and pure juice at two separate test periods . Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength and endurance were determined before , during , 24 and 48 h after the ingestion of alcohol in juice and juice ( placebo ) . To detect a reduced activation of the central motor pathways superimposed external electrical stimulations during voluntary contractions were applied . Creatine kinase ( CK ) was measured to detect any alcohol-induced changes in sarcolemmal integrity . No change was seen in isokinetic as well as in isometric muscle performance during or following the alcohol intoxication as compared to the non-alcoholic condition . Also , no central activation failure was observed . No significant difference in CK increment was observed comparing the alcoholic- and non-alcoholic condition . In conclusion , a single episode of moderate alcohol intoxication ( 1,4 g/l ) does not impair motor performance , and no accelerated exercise-induced muscle damage is seen Following successful outcomes of cognitive bias modification ( CBM ) programs for alcoholism in clinical and community sample s , the present study investigated whether different varieties of CBM ( attention control training and approach-bias re-training ) could be delivered successfully in a fully automated web-based way and whether these interventions would help self-selected problem drinkers to reduce their drinking .  Participants were recruited through online advertising , which result ed in 697 interested participants , of whom 615 were screened in . Of the 314 who initiated training , 136 completed a pretest , four sessions of computerized training and a posttest . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of four experimental conditions ( attention control or one of three varieties of approach-bias re-training ) or a sham-training control condition . The general pattern of findings was that participants in all conditions ( including participants in the control-training condition ) reduced their drinking . It is suggested that integrating CBM with online cognitive and motivational interventions could improve results Driving is a classic example of visually guided behavior in which the eyes move before some other action . When approaching a bend in the road , a driver looks across to the inside of the curve before 
    Output:
    
Eye tracking data central ly showed a global visuo-motor impairment ( related to reduced cerebellar functioning ) following alcohol intoxication , together with reduced memory and inhibitory control of eye movements .