***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of death in military personnel . The purpose of this r and omized clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of two behavioral interventions when added to nicotine-replacement therapy on smoking cessation .  The sample of 512 included 52 % active duty military , 29 % family , 11 % retirees , and 8 % Department of Defense civilians . There was a main effect of compliance at the end of the program ( EOP ) ; 69 % of those who attended 75 % of the classes were abstinent from tobacco ; regression analysis found the more intensive program to be twice as effective at EOP and at 3 months , an outcome not continued at 6 months . The longer , more intensive V and erbilt University Medical Center program was significantly more effective at helping the civilian portion of the population ( 85 % versus 60 % in the American Cancer Society program ) but not the active duty participants Residential treatment for substance use disorders ( SUD ) provides opportunity for smoking intervention . A r and omized controlled trial compared : ( 1 ) motivational interviewing ( MI ) to brief advice ( BA ) , ( 2 ) in one session or with two booster sessions , for 165 alcoholics in SUD treatment . All received nicotine replacement ( NRT ) . MI and BA produced equivalent confirmed abstinence , averaging 10 % at 1 month , and 2 % at 3 , 6 and 12 months . However , patients with more drug use pretreatment ( > 22 days in 6 months ) given BA had more abstinence at 12 months ( 7 % ) than patients in MI or with less drug use ( all 0 % ) . Boosters produced 16 - 31 % fewer cigarettes per day after BA than MI . Substance use was unaffected by treatment condition or smoking cessation . Motivation to quit was higher after BA than MI . Thus , BA plus NRT may be a cost-effective way to reduce smoking for alcoholics with comorbid substance use who are not seeking smoking cessation Background There is no more effective intervention for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease than smoking cessation . Yet , evidence about the (cost-)effectiveness of smoking cessation treatment methods for cardiac in patients that also suit nursing practice is scarce . This protocol describes the design of a study on the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation interventions for hospitalised cardiac patients as well as first results on the inclusion rates and the characteristics of the study population . Methods / design An experimental study design is used in eight cardiac wards of hospitals throughout the Netherl and s to assess the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation counselling methods both combined with nicotine replacement therapy . R and omization is conducted at the ward level ( cross-over ) . Baseline and follow-up measurements after six and 12 months are obtained . Upon admission to the cardiac ward , nurses assess patients ’ smoking behaviour , ensure a quit advice and subsequently refer patients for either telephone counselling or face-to-face counselling . The counselling interventions have a comparable structure and content but differ in provider and delivery method , and in duration . Both counselling interventions are compared with a control group receiving no additional treatment beyond the usual care .  Between December 2009 and June 2011 , 245 cardiac patients who smoked prior to hospitalisation were included in the usual care group , 223 in the telephone counselling group and 157 in the face-to-face counselling group . Patients are predominantly male and have a mean age of 57 years . Acute coronary syndrome is the most frequently reported admission diagnosis . The ultimate goal of the study is to assess the effects of the interventions on smoking abstinence and their cost-effectiveness .  Telephone counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in highly motivated patients and patients with high SES , whereas face-to-face counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in less motivated patients and patients with low SES . Discussion This study examines two intensive smoking cessation interventions for cardiac patients using a multi-centre trial with eight cardiac wards . Although not all eligible patients could be included and the distribution of patients is skewed in the different groups , the results will be able to provide valuable insight into effects and costs of counselling interventions varying in delivery mode and intensity , also concerning subgroups . Trial registration Dutch Trial Register Subjects ( N = 139 ) were assigned to intensive behavioral or to low-contact smoking treatment and to 2-mg nicotine gum or to placebo gum in a 2 X 2 factorial design . The 2-mg gum produced higher abstinence rates than did the placebo . Subjects receiving the low-contact condition plus the 2-mg nicotine gum had excellent abstinence rates at both 26 weeks ( 56 % abstainers ) and 52 weeks ( 50 % abstainers ) . Smokers who scored at the median on a measure of physical dependence to nicotine were more likely to benefit by nicotine gum treatment than subjects who scored either higher or lower , but this relation was nonsignificant . The results of this study are compared with an earlier nonblind trial OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment ( MBAT ) to a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ( CBT ) that matched MBAT on treatment contact time , and a Usual Care ( UC ) condition that comprised brief individual counseling . METHOD Participants ( N = 412 ) were 48.2 % African American , 41.5 % non-Latino White , 5.4 % Latino , and 4.9 % other , and 57.6 % reported a total annual household income < $ 30,000 . The majority of participants were female ( 54.9 % ) .  Mean cigarettes per day was 19.9 ( SD = 10.1 ) . Following the baseline visit , participants were r and omized to UC ( n = 103 ) , CBT ( n = 155 ) , or MBAT ( n = 154 ) . All participants were given self-help material s and nicotine patch therapy . CBT and MBAT groups received 8 2-hr in-person group counseling sessions . UC participants received 4 brief individual counseling sessions . Biochemically verified smoking abstinence was assessed 4 and 26 weeks after the quit date . RESULTS Logistic r and om effects model analyses over time indicated no overall significant treatment effects ( completers only : F(2 , 236 ) = 0.29 , p = .749 ; intent-to-treat : F(2 , 401 ) = 0.9 , p = .407 ) . Among participants classified as smoking at the last treatment session , analyses examining the recovery of abstinence revealed a significant overall treatment effect , F(2 , 103 ) = 4.41 , p = .015 ( MBAT vs. CBT : OR = 4.94 , 95 % CI : 1.47 to 16.59 , p = .010 , Effect Size = .88 ; MBAT vs. UC : OR = 4.18 , 95 % CI : 1.04 to 16.75 , p = .043 , Effect Size = .79 ) . CONCLUSION Although there were no overall significant effects of treatment on abstinence , MBAT may be more effective than CBT or UC in promoting recovery from lapses . ( PsycINFO Data base OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects on serum lipids , plasma fibrinogen , plasma insulin , plasma C-peptide and blood glucose , of smoking cessation after 4 months . To develop a group-based smoking intervention programme in primary health care . SETTING Twenty health centres in primary health care in southern Sweden . SUBJECTS Four hundred habitual smokers ( > 10 cigarettes per day-1 , > 10 years ) , recruited by advertisement in local papers . INTERVENTION The smokers were r and omized , after stratification for age and sex , to one intervention group ( n = 200 ) and one control group ( n = 200 ) . The intervention group was offered supportive group sessions and free nicotine supplementation ( patches , chewing gum ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All participants were investigated at the start and after 4 months ( medical history , physical examination , laboratory evaluation ) . Blood sample s were drawn for determination of glucose , insulin and C-peptide , both in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) , and for measurement of lipoproteins , fibrinogen , nicotine and cotinine . RESULTS In the intervention group 98 of the subjects ( 48 % ) had quit smoking after 4 months . They were compared with the 156 subjects in the control group ( 91 % ) who were still daily smokers during the whole period . There were no significant differences in any variable between the two ( total ) experimental groups at baseline . Plasma nicotine and cotinine decreased ( P < 0.001 ) in the intervention group following smoking cessation , and weight increased by 2.7 kg . In the intervention group HDL-cholesterol increased by 11 % ( P < 0.001 ) , whereas HbA1c increased by 2 % ( P < 0.05 ) only in the control group . No changes occurred in levels of glucose , insulin , C-peptide and fibrinogen . CONCLUSION The smoking cessation programme had a success rate of almost 50 % over 4 months . Smoking cessation was associated with a marked increase in HDL-cholesterol levels but did not affect glucose tolerance . A concomitant weight increase may have blunted any independent beneficial effect of smoking cessation on glucose metabolism ABSTRACT Background : Tobacco use is higher among homeless individuals than the general population . Homeless individuals are also more likely to have symptoms of depression . Depression symptoms may add to the burden of homelessness by increasing psychological distress and serve as a barrier to quitting smoking . Objectives : The primary goal of this study is to assess the impact of depression symptoms on psychological distress in homeless smokers . The effect of depression symptoms on abstinence and the effect of Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) on cessation among smokers is also explored . Methods : Homeless smokers ( N = 430 ) enrolled in a smoking cessation study were r and omized to Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) or st and ard care ( SC ) . Participants received nicotine replacement therapy and were followed for 26 weeks . Participants were categorized into a depression symptoms ( DS ) group or control group using the Patient Health Question naire-9 . Between group differences of perceived stress , hopelessness , confidence , craving and abstinence were assessed at weeks 8 and 26 . The interaction between depression symptoms ( levels : DS and control ) and the intervention ( levels : MI and SC ) was also assessed . Results : Homeless smokers in the DS group reported higher levels of hopelessness , perceived stress , and craving . There was no effect of DS status on abstinence at week 8 or week 26 . There was no significant interaction between depression symptoms ( DS vs. Control ) and the intervention ( MI vs. SC ) . Conclusion : Despite reporting greater psychological distress , homeless smokers with depression symptoms in this sample had abstinence levels similar to the control group . Future research should explore protective factors among depressed smokers INTRODUCTION Identifying successful smoking treatment interventions and methods of delivery is critical given the smoking rates among HIV-positive population s and the medical implication s of smoking in this population . This study compared the efficacy of 3 smoking cessation interventions provided in HIV clinical treatment setting s. METHODS Following a baseline assessment , 209 HIV-positive smokers were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions in a parallel group design . Treatment conditions were individual counseling plus nicotine replacement treatment ( NRT ) , a computer-based Internet smoking treatment plus NRT , and self-help plus NRT .  Smoking status was determined at follow-up assessment s completed at 12 , 24 , 36 , and 52 weeks following treatment initiation . RESULTS Cessation rates ranged from 15 % to 29 % ; however , no statistically significant differences in abstinence were found among the treatment conditions over time . Those employed , those who reported a greater desire to quit , or those with lower mood disturbance scores were more likely to achieve abstinence ( p < .01 ) . The number of cigarettes participants reported smoking in the 24hr prior to each assessment significantly declined over time ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although we found no differences in abstinence rates across groups , the results indicate that integration of smoking cessation interventions is feasible in HIV clinical treatment setting s , and cessation results are promising . The overall abstinence rates we report are comparable to those found in similar treatment studies across multiple population s. Further research is warranted AIM The study aim ed to test simultaneously our underst and ing of the effects of bupropion sustained-release ( SR ) treatment on putative mediators and our underst and ing of determinants of post-quit abstinence , including withdrawal distress , cigarette craving , positive affect and subjective reactions to cigarettes smoked during a lapse . The specificity of bupropion SR effects was also tested in exploratory analyses . DESIGN Data from a r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial of bupropion SR were su bmi tted to mediation analyses . SETTING Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention , Madison , WI , USA . PARTICIPANTS A total of 403 adult , daily smokers without contraindications to bupropion SR use . INTERVENTION Participants 
    Output:
    
Findings demonstrated a benefit of behavioural support in addition to pharmacotherapy .
There is high-certainty evidence that providing behavioural support in person or via telephone for people using pharmacotherapy to stop smoking increases quit rates .
Subgroup analysis suggests that the incremental benefit from more support is similar over a range of levels of baseline support .