***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The profile of brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia is still not fully understood , despite decades of research using brain scans . To vali date a prospect i ve meta- analysis approach to analyzing multicenter neuroimaging data , we analyzed brain MRI scans from 2028 schizophrenia patients and 2540 healthy controls , assessed with st and ardized methods at 15 centers worldwide . We identified subcortical brain volumes that differentiated patients from controls , and ranked them according to their effect sizes . Compared with healthy controls , patients with schizophrenia had smaller hippocampus ( Cohen ’s d=−0.46 ) , amygdala ( d=−0.31 ) , thalamus ( d=−0.31 ) , accumbens ( d=−0.25 ) and intracranial volumes ( d=−0.12 ) , as well as larger pallidum ( d=0.21 ) and lateral ventricle volumes ( d=0.37 ) . Putamen and pallidum volume augmentations were positively associated with duration of illness and hippocampal deficits scaled with the proportion of unmedicated patients . Worldwide cooperative analyses of brain imaging data support a profile of subcortical abnormalities in schizophrenia , which is consistent with that based on traditional meta-analytic approaches . This first ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group study vali date s that collaborative data analyses can readily be used across brain phenotypes and disorders and encourages analysis and data sharing efforts to further our underst and ing of severe mental illness In this work , we address an important but unexplored topic , namely the neural correlates of hate . In a block- design fMRI study , we scanned 17 normal human subjects while they viewed the face of a person they hated and also faces of acquaintances for whom they had neutral feelings . A  hate score was obtained for the object of hate for each subject and this was used as a covariate in a between-subject r and om effects analysis . Viewing a hated face result ed in increased activity in the medial frontal gyrus , right putamen , bilaterally in premotor cortex , in the frontal pole and bilaterally in the medial insula . We also found three areas where activation correlated linearly with the declared level of hatred , the right insula , right premotor cortex and the right fronto-medial gyrus . One area of deactivation was found in the right superior frontal gyrus . The study thus shows that there is a unique pattern of activity in the brain in the context of hate . Though distinct from the pattern of activity that correlates with romantic love , this pattern nevertheless shares two areas with the latter , namely the putamen and the insula BACKGROUND Reduced amygdala volume has been implicated in the development of severe and persistent aggression and the development of psychopathic personality . With longitudinal data , the current study examined whether male subjects with lower amygdala volume have a history of aggression and psychopathic features dating back to childhood and are at increased risk for engaging in future aggression/violence . METHODS Participants were selected from a longitudinal study of 503 male subjects initially recruited when they were in the first grade in 1986 - 1987 . At age 26 , a sub sample of 56 men with varying histories of violence was recruited for a neuroimaging sub study .  Automated segmentation was used to index individual differences in amygdala volume . Analyses examined the association between amygdala volume and levels of aggression and psychopathic features of participants measured in childhood and adolescence . Analyses also examined whether amygdala volume was associated with violence and psychopathic traits assessed at a 3-year follow-up . RESULTS Men with lower amygdala volume exhibited higher levels of aggression and psychopathic features from childhood to adulthood . Lower amygdala volume was also associated with aggression , violence , and psychopathic traits at a 3-year follow-up , even after controlling for earlier levels of these features . All effects remained after accounting for several potential confounds . CONCLUSIONS This represents the first prospect i ve study to demonstrate that men with lower amygdala volume have a longst and ing history of aggression and psychopathic features and are at increased risk for committing future violence . Studies should further examine whether specific amygdala abnormalities might be a useful biomarker for severe and persistent aggression This study aim ed to identify the incidence and clinical correlates of aggression and violence in first episode psychosis . We prospect ively recruited subjects with a first episode of DSM-psychosis presenting from a geographically defined catchment area to a secondary referral psychiatric service over a four-year period ( n = 157 ) . We used the Modified  Overt Aggression Scale  to retrospectively assess aggression ( a hostile or destructive mental attitude , including verbal aggression , physical aggression and /or violence ) and  violence  ( the exercise of physical force ) , blind to diagnosis . One in three patients with psychosis was aggressive at the time of presentation . One patient in 14 engaged in violence that caused , or was likely to cause , injury to other people . Aggression was independently associated with drug misuse ( odds ratio ( OR ) 2.80 , 95 % confidence interval 1.12 - 6.99 ) and involuntary admission status ( OR = 3.62 , 95 % CI 1.45 - 9.01 ) . Violence in the week prior to presentation was associated with drug misuse ( OR = 2.75 , CI 1.04 - 7.24 ) and involuntary admission status ( OR = 3.21 , CI 1.21 - 8.50 ) . Violence in the week following presentation was associated with poor insight ( OR 2.97 , CI 1.03 - 8.56 ) and pre-contact violence ( OR 3,82 , CI 1.34 - 10.88 ) . In patients with schizophrenia , violence in the week following presentation was associated with drug misuse ( OR = 7.81 , CI 1.33 - 45.95 ) and high psychopathology scores ( OR = 20.59 , CI 1.66 - 254.96 ) . Overall , despite a high rate of verbal aggression , physical violence towards other people is uncommon in individuals presenting with first episode psychosis OBJECTIVE Aggression , suicidality and involuntary treatment constitute severe clinical problems in first-episode psychosis ( FEP ) . Although there are studies on prevalence and clinical predictors of these conditions , little is known on the influence of psychopathology and neuropsychological dysfunction . METHOD 152 FEP in patients were prospect ively assessed using the  Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) and a neuropsychological examination  covering the domains ' processing speed ' , ' concentration and attention ' , ' executive function ' , ' working memory ' , ' verbal memory ' , ' verbal comprehension ' , ' logical reasoning ' , ' global cognition ' , and ' general intelligence ' . Clinical data were collected retrospectively in a structured file audit trial . RESULTS Patients were aged 24.5±4.9years , and 112 ( 74 % ) were male . At admission , 13 ( 9 % ) patients presented with severe aggression , and 28 ( 18 % ) with severe suicidality . 31 patients ( 20 % ) received involuntary treatment . In multivariate analyses , aggression was predicted by BPRS-Excited Component ( BPRS-EC ; p=.001 ) , suicidality was predicted by BPRS-EC ( p=.013 ) and general intelligence ( p=.016 ) , and predictors for involuntary treatment were BPRS-EC ( p=.001 ) and neuropsychological dysfunction in the domain ' concentration and attention ' ( p=.016 ) . CONCLUSION Psychopathology and neuropsychological functioning independently predict dangerous behavior in FEP patients . Some correlations with neuropsychology ( e.g. , of aggression with concentration/attention ) are absent in multivariate analyses and may thus constitute a proxy of psychopathological features . In addition to clinical data , BPRS-EC can be used as a predictor of dangerous behavior . Patients with severe aggression and suicidality show different patterns of neuropsychological dysfunction , indicating that suicidality should not be conceptualized as subtype of aggressive behavior OBJECTIVE Agitation , aggression , and violence are increased in psychotic disorders . Additionally , an earlier age at onset may be associated with aggressive behavior . However , the relationship of age at onset , an agitated-aggressive syndrome as measured with the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia - Excited Component ( PANSS-EC ) , and its potential correlates in first-episode psychosis ( FEP ) has not been studied . METHOD This study assessed the association between age at onset , an agitated-aggressive syndrome , and its potential correlates in a prospect i ve sample of 52 FEP patients with early-onset and adult-onset followed up for 12months . RESULTS Twenty-six patients conformed to the criteria of early-onset psychosis . Early age at onset was associated with antisocial personality disorder ( p=0.004 ; φc=0.39 ) , a history of legal involvement ( p=0.005 ; φc=0.39 ) , and higher rates of lifetime substance use disorder ( SUD ; p=0.002 ; φc=0.42 ) . Early-onset patients had significantly higher PANSS-EC scores over the course of observation ( F(1,44.4)=5.39 ; p=0.025 ; d=0.656 ) , but no significant group differences emerged for the remaining PANSS subscores . PANSS-EC scores were correlated positively with antisocial personality disorder and forensic history at 6weeks , 3months , 6months , and 12months , and with lifetime substance use disorder at 3months and 6months . CONCLUSIONS Patients with early onset psychosis may have increased levels of agitation/aggressiveness , and , more likely , antisocial personality disorder , forensic history , and lifetime substance use disorder . These variables were linked to suicidality , aggressiveness , and involuntary treatment 
    Output:
    
Qualitative analyses showed lower volumes of WB , prefrontal regions , temporal lobe , hippocampus , thalamus and cerebellum , and higher volumes of lateral ventricles , amygdala , and putamen in violent vs. non-violent people with schizophrenia .
Conclusions : We review ed evidence for differences in brain volume correlates of aggression in persons with schizophrenia .
Our results point toward a reduced whole brain volume in violent as opposed to non-violent persons with schizophrenia .