***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Objective : To compare chemotherapy given at home with outpatient treatment in terms of  colorectal cancer patients ' safety , compliance , use of health services , quality of life , and satisfaction with treatment . Design : R and omised controlled trial . Setting : Large teaching hospital . Participants : 87 patients receiving adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy for colorectal cancer . Interventions : Treatment with fluorouracil ( with or without folinic acid or levamisole ) at outpatient clinic or at home . Main outcome measures : Treatment toxicity ; patients ' compliance with treatment , quality of life , satisfaction with care , and use of health re sources . Results : 42 patients were treated at outpatient clinic and 45 at home . The two groups were balanced in terms of age , sex , site of cancer , and disease stage . Treatment related toxicity was similar in the two groups ( difference 7 % ( 95 % confidence interval −12 % to 26 % ) ) , but there were more voluntary withdrawals from treatment in the outpatient group than in the home group ( 14 % v 2 % , difference 12 % ( 1 % to 24 % ) ) . There were no differences between groups in terms of quality of life scores during and after treatment . Levels of patient satisfaction were higher in the home treatment group , specifically with regard to information received and nursing care . There were no significant differences in use of health services . Conclusions : Home chemotherapy seemed an acceptable and safe alternative to hospital treatment for patients with colorectal cancer that may improve compliance and satisfaction with treatment . What is already known on this topic Home chemotherapy programmes have been proposed as an alternative to hospital treatment However , they are more costly , and there is little evidence on their impact on outcomes such as compliance , quality of life , or use of other health services What this study adds Home chemotherapy was not associated with an increased use of health services such as primary care or emergency departments Home chemotherapy had no effect on patients ' quality of life but increased their compliance with treatment and satisfaction , particularly with regard to nursing care Home chemotherapy seems an acceptable and safe alternative to outpatient treatment that may improve compliance with This quasi-experimental longitudinal study documented the impact of a comprehensive cancer informational intervention using information technology on healthcare service use among individuals newly diagnosed with cancer . Women with breast cancer ( n = 205 ) and men with prostate cancer ( n = 45 ) were recruited within 8 weeks of diagnosis at 4 university teaching hospitals in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The intervention group ( n = 148 ) received a 1-hour training on information technology use , a CD-ROM on cancer , and a list of reputable cancer-related Web sites . The intervention material was available for a period of 8 weeks . The control group ( n = 102 ) received usual care .  Self-reported question naires were completed at T1 ( baseline ) , T2 ( 1 week after intervention ) , and T3 ( 3 months after intervention ) . Using multivariate statistics , the experimental group reported significantly more satisfaction with cancer information received compared to the control group . No significant differences were found between experimental and control groups in their reliance on healthcare services . However , women as opposed to men spent more time with nurses , were more satisfied with cancer information received , and relied more heavily on health services . Future research would explore whether the latter observations reflect genuine sex differences or are more contingent on the specific cancer diagnosis The purpose of this study was to test a brief orientation program for reducing anxiety , depressive symptoms , and overall distress in cancer patients at their initial clinic visit . One hundred and fifty consecutively referred patients seen in an oncology outpatient clinic were r and omly assigned to an intervention or usual care control group . The intervention group received a clinic tour , general information about clinic operations , and a question and answer session with an oncology counselor . Outcome measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) , the Brief Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) , the Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression ( CES-D ) Scale , and an oncology clinic question naire which were administered at the initial clinic visit and follow-up . There were no statistically significant clinical or demographic differences between groups at initial assessment . At follow-up , the intervention group had lower state anxiety , lower overall distress , and fewer patients reporting depressive symptoms . Patients in the intervention group demonstrated significantly more knowledge about clinic operations and greater satisfaction with care . These data provide evidence that anxiety , distress and depressive symptoms can be reduced with an orientation program . This finding has particular relevance in the early stages of diagnosis where patients may suffer symptoms of anxiety and depression The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a new patient information package ( NPIP ) or a mini version of the same package ( mini-NPIP ) reduces emotional distress and meets the informational needs of patients arriving at a tertiary cancer centre for the first time . A comprehensive package , NPIP , consisting of procedural information regarding cancer centre location , description of the health care team , treatment services , research , educational activities , accommodation and community services provided at the centre ; and a condensed version of the same package , mini-NPIP , were developed . Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed breast , gynaecological , lung and prostate cancer , referred to the centre for the first time were prer and omised to receive NPIP , mini-NPIP or no information package . Patients r and omised to NPIP or mini-NPIP  were mailed the information package at least one week before their first appointment . On arrival at the centre , patients were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory ( BSI ) which measures psychological distress , and interviewed regarding preferences for information and acceptability of the information packages . Of 465 r and omised patients , 161 were excluded post-r and omisation and 304 completed the entire interview : 100 were r and omised to the NPIP , 102 to the  mini-NPIP  and 102 to the  control group .  Emotional distress as measured by the BSI was similar for all groups ( P = 0.98 ) . Most patients preferred to receive the information ( 98 % ) , receive it before the first appointment ( 84 % ) and by mail ( 79 % ) . These preferences were more evident for those given the information packages . The majority of patients found the information packages easy to underst and ( 88 % ) and useful ( 89 % ) , and no differences were detected between packages . The cost of production and dissemination of NPIP was more than double the cost for mini-NPIP : $ 8.93 vs $ 3.98 ( Canadian dollars ) per patient . For patients presenting to a cancer centre for the first time , packages of procedural information do not appear to reduce psychological distress , but are preferred by patients . Given the cost of producing NPIP , mini-NPIP is the preferred approach Abstract Objective : To compare the use and effect of a  computer based information system  for cancer patients that is personalised using each patient 's medical record with a system providing only general information and with information provided in booklets . Design : R and omised trial with three groups . Data collected at start of radiotherapy , one week later ( when information provided ) , three weeks later , and three months later . Participants : 525 patients started radical radiotherapy ; 438 completed follow up . Interventions : Two groups were offered information via computer ( personalised or general information , or both ) with open access to computer thereafter ; the third group was offered a selection of information booklets . Outcomes : Patients ' views and preferences , use of computer and information , and psychological status ; doctors ' perceptions ; cost of interventions . Results : More patients offered the personalised information said that they had learnt something new , thought the information was relevant , used the computer again , and showed their computer printouts to others . There were no major differences in doctors ' perceptions of patients . More of the general computer group were anxious at three months . With an electronic patient record system , in the long run the personalised information system would cost no more than the general system . Full access to booklets cost twice as much as the general system . Conclusions : Patients preferred computer systems that provided information from their medical records to systems that just provided general information . This has implication s for the design and implementation of electronic patient record systems and reliance on general sources of patient information The primary objective of this study was to test whether specific information given prior to surgery can help patients obtain better  pain relief  after total knee arthroplasty ( TKA ) . Secondary objectives were to study the impact of preoperative information on state and trait anxiety , satisfaction with pain management and satisfaction with nursing care . The study was an intervention study with two groups of equal size ( n=30 ) . The intervention group was given specific information while the control group received routine information .  Pain assessment s were made preoperatively and every 3h for the first three postoperative days , using the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) . The results of this study suggest that information does influence the experience of pain after surgery and related psychological factors . The postoperative pain declined more rapidly for patients in the treatment group , the degree of preoperative state anxiety was lower and they were more satisfied with the postoperative pain management Goals of workBased on meta-analyses regarding the preparation of patients for potentially threatening medical procedures , a DVD , incorporating behavioral role modelling , was developed to prepare patients for chemotherapy and assist them to self-manage side effects . It was hypothesized that patients who watched the DVD ( vs those who did not ) would report ( 1 ) lower anxiety ; ( 2 ) higher self-efficacy related to coping with treatment side effects ; ( 3 ) fewer supportive care needs ; and ( 4 ) higher satisfaction with information received . It was further hypothesized that these effects would be stronger in those perceiving their treatment intent to be curative rather than palliative . Material s and methods Quasi-experimental design using a historical control group was employed . Participants were scheduled to receive their first ever chemotherapy treatment . Group 1 ( usual care ; n = 50 ) was prospect ively recruited before the release of the DVD and group 2 ( DVD plus usual care ; n = 50 ) after the release . Before commencing chemotherapy , all patients completed reliable and valid measures of self-efficacy , anxiety , and supportive care needs . Data was stratified according to perceived treatment intent . Independent sample t tests were performed for each group ( curative vs palliative).Main results Significant differences were found between the usual care and intervention groups : for self-perceived curative patients in relation to self-efficacy for seeking social support ( p = 0.044 ) , with increased confidence in those watching the DVD , and for self-perceived palliative patients in relation to their satisfaction with information about side effects ( p = 0.026 ) , with increased satisfaction in those watching the DVD . Overall , significant differences were found between self-perceived curative vs palliative patients on measures of self-efficacy and supportive care needs , with self-perceived curative patients reporting more confidence and fewer needs . Conclusions The educational DVD was considered highly acceptable by patients and was found to increase self-efficacy and reduce supportive care needs . Hence , it is appropriate to give to patients before face-to-face chemotherapy education . Additional pretreatment education is recommended , particularly for self-perceived palliative patients , to reduce their pretreatment anxiety and enhance their confidence in coping with treatment AIM The aim of this project was to produce audiovisual patient information , which was user friendly and fit for purpose . The purpose of the audiovisual patient information is to inform patients about r and omized controlled trials , as a supplement to their trial-specific written information sheet . BACKGROUND Audiovisual patient information is known to be an effective way of informing patients about treatment . User involvement is also recognized as being important in the development of service provision . The aim of this paper is ( i ) to describe and discuss the process of developing the audiovisual patient information and ( ii ) to highlight the challenges and opportunities , thereby identifying implication s for practice . A future study will test the effectiveness of the audiovisual patient information in the cancer clinical trial setting . METHODS An advisory group was set up to oversee the project and provide guidance in relation to information content , level and delivery . An expert panel of two patients provided additional guidance and a dedicated operational team dealt with the logistics of the project including : ethics ; finance ; scriptwriting ; filming ; editing and intellectual property rights . RESULTS Challenges included the limitations of filming in a busy clinical environment , restricted technical and financial re sources , ethical needs and issues around copyright . There were , however , substantial opportunities that included utilizing creative skills , meaningfully involving patients , teamworking and mutual appreciation of clinical , multidisciplinary and technical expertise . CONCLUSION Developing audiovisual patient information is an important area for nurses to be involved with . However , this must be performed within the context of the multiprofessional team . Teamworking , including patient involvement , is crucial as a wide variety of expertise is required . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Many aspects of the process are transferable and will provide information and guidance for nurses , regardless of specialty , considering developing this format of patient information This study tested the efficacy of a pilot orientation program in reducing distress levels of patients with newly diagnosed cancer . Thirty-three consecutive patients were r and omly assigned to an intervention or to a usual-care control group . The intervention group received a clinic tour , general information , and the opportunity to pose questions to an oncology counselor . The dependent variables were measured by the Profile of Mood States-Short Form-Total Mood Disturbance Scale and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory . Scores on the dependent measures were significantly lower in the intervention group . These results suggest that a simple orientation can greatly benefit patients with newly diagnosed cancer . The orientation may reduce anxiety and overall distress by helping patients manage novelty and unpredictability in the unfamiliar clinic setting . This intervention can be delivered within the context of a busy hematology/oncology outpatient clinic Targeted treatment education for cancer patients has the potential to promote adjustment through assisting patients to participate in treatment decision making , comply with treatment regimens and cope more effectively with treatment side effects . A quasi-experimental longitudinal pre-test post-test and follow-up design was used to assess the effect of a patient education video about radiation therapy on patients ' psychological distress , knowledge about radiation therapy , self-efficacy about coping with treatment and physical symptoms .  Patients with head and neck ( n=26 ) and breast cancer ( n=66 ) were recruited into the study and allocated into control and intervention groups . No significant differences were found between 
    Output:
    
This review has demonstrated the feasibility and some potential benefits of orientation interventions .
There was a low level of evidence suggesting that orientation interventions can reduce  distress in patients .
However , most of the other outcomes remain inconclusive ( patient knowledge recall/ satisfaction ) .