***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study evaluated the efficacy of two brief personalized feedback interventions ( PFIs ) using identical feedback and motivational interviewing strategies aim ed at reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems to two control conditions among a sample of high-risk drinking college students . Students ( N = 152 ) were r and omly assigned to a computer-delivered PFI with a video interviewer , a face-to-face PFI with a live interviewer , a comprehensive assessment condition , or a minimal assessment -only condition . At 10 weeks posttreatment , the face-to-face PFI significantly reduced weekly drinking quantity and peak and typical blood alcohol concentration compared with the comprehensive assessment and minimal assessment -only conditions ( d values ranged from 0.32 to 0.61 ) . No significant between-group differences were evidence d for the computer-delivered PFI condition , although effect sizes were comparable to other college drinking studies using computer-delivered interventions ( d values ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 ) . Results provide further support for the use of a face-to-face PFI to help reduce  college students ' alcohol consumption and suggest that a video interviewer in the context of a computer-delivered PFI is likely a helpful but not necessarily a complete substitute for a live interviewer In this study , the authors evaluated the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention ( BMI ) and a computerized program for reducing drinking and related problems among college students sanctioned for alcohol violations . Referred students ( N = 198 , 46 % women ) , stratified by gender , were r and omly assigned to a BMI or to the Alcohol 101 Plus computer program . Data obtained at baseline , 1 , 6 , and 12 months were used to evaluate intervention efficacy . Planned analyses revealed 3 primary findings . First , women who received the BMI  reduced drinking more than did women who received the computer intervention ; in contrast , men 's drinking reductions did not differ by condition . Second , readiness to change and hazardous drinking status predicted drinking reductions at 1 month postintervention , regardless of intervention . Third , by 1 year , drinking returned to presanction ( baseline ) levels , with no differences in recidivism between groups . Exploratory analyses revealed an overall mean reduction in drinking immediately after the sanction event and before taking part in an intervention . Furthermore , after the self-initiated reductions prompted by the sanction were accounted for , participation in the BMI but not the computer intervention was found to produce additional reduction in drinking and related consequences This study tested 3 forms of alcohol risk reduction programming for young adults . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive a 6-week class and discussion group , a 6-unit self-help manual , or a single 1-hr feedback and advice session with professional staff . Results reveal significant reductions in self-reported drinking at the end of the intervention phase and maintenance of drinking changes throughout a 2-year follow-up period . Comparable drinking reductions were rated across treatments ; however , noncompliance with the self-help reading program suggested limited utility . Treatment response was related to subject age , as subjects showed increased drinking during the year they reached legal drinking status . The efficacy of brief motivational interventions and client matching in prevention programs is discussed OBJECTIVE This study tested the effectiveness of brief primary care provider interventions delivered in a college student health center to a sample of college students who screened positive for high-risk drinking . METHOD Between November 2005 and August 2006 , 8,753 students who presented as new patients to the health service at a large public university were screened for high-risk drinking , and 2,484 students ( 28 % ) screened positive on the 5/4 gender-specific high-risk drinking question ( i.e. , five or more drinks per occasion for men and four or more for women ) . Students who screened positive for high-risk drinking and consented to participate ( N= 363 ; 52 % female ) were r and omly assigned either to a control group ( n = 182 ) or to an experimental group ( n = 181 ) . Participants in the experimental group received two brief intervention sessions that were founded in motivational interviewing techniques and delivered by four specially trained providers within the student health center . Data on alcohol use and related harms were obtained from a Web-based Healthy Lifestyle Question naire , 30-day Timeline Followback alcohol-use diaries , the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index ( RAPI ) , and eight items from the Drinker Inventory of Consequences-2L . RESULTS Repeated measures analysis showed that , compared with the control group ( C ) , the intervention group ( I ) had significant reductions in typical estimated blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) ( C = .071 vs I = .057 at 3 months ; C = .073 vs I = .057 at 6 months ) , peak BAC ( C = . 142 vs I = .112 at 3 months ; C = .145 vs I = .108 at 6 months ) , peak number of drinks per sitting ( C = 8.03 vs I = 6.87 at 3 months ; C = 7.98 vs I = 6.52 at 6 months ) , average number of drinks per week ( C = 9.47 vs I = 7.33 at 3 months ; C = 8.90 vs I = 6.16 at 6 months ) , number of drunk episodes in a typical week ( C = 1.24 vs I = 0.85 at 3 months ; C = 1.10 vs I = 0.71 at 6 months ) , number of times taken foolish risks ( C = 2.24 vs I = 1.12 at 3 months ) , and RAPI sum scores ( C = 6.55 vs I = 4.96 at 6 months ; C = 6.17 vs I = 4.58 at 9 months ) . CONCLUSIONS Brief interventions delivered by primary care providers in a student health center to high-risk-drinking students may result in significantly decreased alcohol consumption , high-risk drinking , and alcohol-related harms The authors evaluated the efficacy of Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students ( BASICS - L. A. Dimeff , J. S. Baer , D. R. Kivlahan , & G. A. Marlatt , 1999 ) , a single session of drinking-related feedback intended to reduce heavy drinking and related harm .  College student drinkers ( N = 99 ) were assigned to BASICS , an educational intervention , or an assessment -only control group . At 3 months postintervention . there were no overall significant group differences , but heavier drinking BASICS participants showed greater reductions in weekly alcohol consumption and binge drinking than did heavier drinking control and education participants . At 9 months , heavier drinking BASICS participants again showed the largest effect sizes . BASICS participants evaluated the intervention more favorably than did education participants . This study suggests that BASICS may be more efficacious than educational interventions for heavier drinking college students Background Matriculation from high school to college is typified by an increase in alcohol use and related harm for many students . Therefore , this transition period is an ideal time for preventive interventions to target alcohol use and related problems . Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe the design and methods used in the Transitions Project , a r and omized controlled trial of two interventions design ed to prevent and reduce heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related negative consequences among incoming college students . Methods This study used a 2 × 2 factorial design to investigate the effects of a two-session brief motivational intervention delivered to students and a h and book-based parent intervention . Interventions were administered to students and parents . Follow-up assessment took place at 10- and 22-months post-baseline . Results The Transitions Project successfully recruited and retained participants across a major transition period ( i.e. , entering college ) , administered and compared two distinct but complementary interventions , and collected and analyzed highly skewed data . The application of a factorial design and two-part latent growth curve modeling allowed us to examine main and interactive intervention effects in terms of both initiation and growth in heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems . Limitations While we conducted successful tests of our primary and secondary study hypotheses over a lengthy follow-up period , our study design did not permit full interpretation of null findings . We suggest that research ers carefully consider assessment timing , tests of assessment reactivity , and ensure objective tests of intervention efficacy when conducting clinical trials of motivational interventions . Conclusions The lessons we learned while conducting this trial have the potential to assist other research ers design ing and conducting future preventive interventions targeting parents and college students . The data analytic procedures presented can also help guide trials that plan to analyze zero-inflated non-normal outcome data This r and omized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a brief intervention design ed to reduce the harmful consequences of heavy drinking among high-risk college students . Students screened for risk while in their senior year of high school ( 188 women and 160 men ) were r and omly assigned to receive an individualized motivational brief intervention in their freshman year of college or to a no-treatment control condition . A normative group selected from the entire screening pool provided a natural history comparison . Follow-up assessment s over a 2-year period showed significant reductions in both drinking rates and harmful consequences , favoring students receiving the intervention . Although high-risk students continued to experience more alcohol problems than the natural history comparison group over the 2-year period , most showed a decline in problems over time , suggesting a developmental maturational effect This study consisted of a r and omized controlled trial of a 1-session motivational intervention for college student binge drinkers . Sixty students who reported binge drinking 2 or more times in the past 30 days were r and omly assigned to either a no-treatment control or a brief intervention group . The intervention provided students with feedback regarding personal consumption , perceived drinking norms , alcohol-related problems , situations associated with heavy drinking , and alcohol expectancies . At 6-week follow-up , the brief intervention group exhibited significant reductions on number of drinks consumed per week , number of times drinking alcohol in the past month , and frequency of binge drinking in the past month . Estimates of typical student drinking mediated these reductions . This study replicates earlier research on the efficacy of brief interventions with college students and extends previous work regarding potential mechanisms of change OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the relative efficacy of personalized drinking feedback ( PDF ) delivered with and without a motivational interview ( MI ) for college student drinkers . METHOD Heavy-drinking college students ( N = 54 ; 691 % female ) were identified from a large screening sample and r and omly assigned either to receive PDF during a single MI session or to receive PDF without an MI . Of these participants , 51 ( 94 % ) completed a 6-month follow-up assessment that included measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems . RESULTS At 6-months postintervention , participants in both groups showed significant , small to moderate reductions in alcohol consumption , but the groups did not differ . Women showed larger reductions than men . Rates of alcohol-related problems remained relatively unchanged . CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that an MI would enhance the efficacy of PDF was not supported This study is the first reported test of the unique and combined effects of Brief Motivational Intervention ( BMI ) and Alcohol Expectancy Challenge ( AEC ) with heavy drinking college students . Three hundred and thirty-five participants were r and omly assigned in a 2x2 factorial design to either : BMI , AEC , BMI and AEC , and assessment only conditions . Follow-ups occurred at 1 , 3 , and 6 months . Unconditional latent curve analyses suggested that alcohol use ( Q-F ) , heavy episodic drinking , and alcohol problems were best modeled as quadratic effects . BMI produced significant decreases in Q-F , heavy drinking , and problems , while AEC produced significant decreases in Q-F and heavy drinking . There was no evidence of an additive effect of combining the interventions . Intervention effects decayed somewhat for BMI and completely for AEC over 6 months . Multi-group analyses suggested similar intervention effects for men and women . BMI effects on alcohol problems were mediated by perceived norms . These findings extend previous research with BMI and AEC but do not support their utility as a combined preventive intervention to reduce collegiate alcohol abuse The Lifestyle Management Class ( LMC ) was evaluated as a universal and targeted alcohol prevention program among voluntary and m and ated college students . The relative efficacy of peer- and professional-led group interventions was also tested in this r and omized , controlled design .  LMC participants showed decreases in driving after drinking relative to control participants . Changes in heavy drinking varied as a function of treatment condition , readiness to change , and gender , with a trend toward larger decreases among voluntary LMC participants high in readiness to change and a comparable though nonsignificant advantage for male LMC participants in the m and ated sample . The LMC was comparably effective for m and ated and voluntary students , with no clear advantage for peer- or professional-led groups OBJECTIVE The current study tested the efficacy of a brief intervention design ed to reduce drinking and drinking-related consequences among first-year fraternity members . METHOD Twelve fraternities were r and omly assigned to receive either a motivational enhancement intervention with individual and housewide feedback components ( n = 6 houses ) or a treatment-as-usual control condition ( n = 6 houses ) . Individual feedback was delivered either by peer interviewers or professional research staff . Participants were assessed during their pledge ( first ) year of house membership and during a follow-up period 1 year later . RESULTS Of the participants who completed follow-up ( N = 120 ) , fraternity members who received the brief intervention reported significant reductions in alcohol use ( total average consumption ) and typical peak blood alcohol concentrations when compared with fraternity members in the control condition . No differences in drinking-related consequences were observed . Fraternity members who received their individualized feedback from peer interviewers and professional members of the research staff reported similar outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Results provide support for the efficacy of a brief 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Overall , BASICS lowered both alcohol consumption and negative consequences in college students .
Gender and peer factors seem to play an important role as moderators of behavior change in college drinking .
Characteristics of BASICS procedure have been evaluated as more favorable and acceptable by students in comparison with others interventions or control conditions .