***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of high-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) with home-based exercise ( HB ) in older adults with chronic disease soon after discharge from the hospital . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Hospital . PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults aged 70 to 92 ( N = 115 ) were recruited while in the hospital . After discharge , they were r and omized to HIA group ( n = 59 ) or HB ( n = 56 ) . INTERVENTION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) consisted of endurance , strength , and balance exercises . The HB consisted of low-intensity exercises and telephone follow-up from a physical therapist . MEASUREMENTS Health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Survey , physical fitness was measured using the Senior Fitness Test , and physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed that both groups improved their HRQOL and physical activity after 3 months . Improvements on the Senior Fitness Test ( chair st and , arm curl and 6-minute walk ( 6MWT ) ) were significantly greater in the HIA group than the HB group . The mean difference was 25.9 m on the 6MWT ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.2 ) , 1.3 per 30 seconds on the chair st and s mean ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.3 ) , and 1.6 per 30 seconds on the arm curl ( P = .001 , effect size d = 0.4 ) . CONCLUSION High-intensity aerobic interval exercise ( HIA ) participants significantly improved their physical fitness . Both groups increased their HRQOL and physical activity . The findings suggest that exercise therapy should be incorporated as a part of the treatment for older people at risk for functional decline Study 1 : Thirteen normotensive participants with average baseline blood pressure of 126/71 mm Hg participated in the study . Participants performed bouts of cycle ergometry for 15 , 30 and 45 min at 70 % VO2 Peak . Blood pressure was monitored by the Finapres method with 2 min windows recorded at rest , 5 , 10 , 15 , 30 , 45 and 60 min post-exercise . Following exercise , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) was similar between the three trials and was reduced from pre-exercise values at 5 through 60 min of measurement . Diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) was also unaffected by the duration of exercise and was lower than before exercise at 30 through 45 min post-exercise . Study 2 : Eight borderline hypertensive participants with average baseline blood pressure of 133/79 mm Hg participated in the study . Subjects performed bouts of cycle ergometry for 10 and 30 min at 70 % VO2 Peak . Following exercise , blood pressure was monitored as in study 1 . SBP was similar between both trials and was reduced from baseline at 5 through 60 min post-exercise . The largest decrement of SBP was 14 mm Hg and occurred 15 min post-exercise . DBP was also unaffected by the duration of exercise and was lower than pre-exercise levels at 5 min and again at 15 through 45 min post-exercise . Mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) also showed significant decrements throughout the entire 1 h post-exercise period by a maximum of 9 mm Hg at 15 min post-exercise , irrespective of exercise duration . We conclude that moderately intense exercise may be as brief as 10 min in duration in order to elicit a decrease in resting blood pressure and may have potential benefits as a non-pharmacological aid to hypertension This study examined cardiovascular responses as a function of time following exercise in which participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor .  Ninety ( 42 women ) young ( 18 - 35 years old ) nonsmoking normotensive participants engaged in 30 min of high and low intensity ( 75 - 80 % and 50 - 55 % VO(2 ) max ) aerobic exercise and a sedentary control condition . Participants were r and omly assigned to a laboratory stressor 5 , 30 , or 60 min following the exercise bout . Results indicate that low and high intensity exercise significantly reduce heart rate ( HR ) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity and HR recovery values . An inverse relationship between intensity of exercise and subsequent cardiovascular reactivity was found . These findings suggest attenuated stress responses following acute exercise depend both on exercise intensity and the time of exposure to psychological stress following exercise Equicaloric bouts of interval ( IE : 5 × 2:2 min at 85 % and 40 % maximal oxygen uptake ) and steady state ( SS : 21 min at 60 % maximal oxygen uptake ) exercise were performed by 13 older prehypertensive males on separate days , at equivalent times of day , to assess the influence of exercise mode on postexercise hypotension ( PEH ) . Exercise conditions were compared with a control session . Cardiovascular measures were collected for 30 min prior to , and 60 min following  exercise  . PEH , as measured by mean postexercise systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) decrease ( IE : -4 ± 6 mm Hg ; SS : -3 ± 4 mm Hg ; control : 4 ± 4 mm Hg ) , area under the SBP curve ( IE : -240 ± 353 mm Hg·min ; SS : -192 ± 244 mm Hg·min ) , and minimum SBP achieved ( IE : -15 ± 7 mm Hg ; SS : -13 ± 7 mm Hg ) , was equivalent after both conditions . Stroke volume was significantly reduced ( IE : -14.6 ± 16.0 mL ; SS : -10.1 ± 14.2 mL , control -1.7 ± 2.2 mL ) and heart rate was significantly elevated ( IE : 13 ± 8 beats·min⁻¹ ; SS : 7.9 ± 8 beats·min⁻¹ ; control : -2 ± 3 beats·min⁻¹ ) postexercise after both conditions . Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were nonsignificantly decreased and increased postexercise , respectively . Baroreflex sensitivity ( BRS ) was reduced following IE ( p < 0.05 ) and heart rate variability ( HRV ) parameters were reduced after both conditions , with IE eliciting larger and longer reductions in some indices . The results from the current study indicate that older prehypertensive adults experience similar PEH following equicaloric bouts of IE and SS exercise despite larger alterations in HRV and BRS elicited by IE AIM to evaluate the effects of a 12 - -weeks combined aerobic -- resistance exercise therapy on fatigue and isokinetic muscle strength , glycemic control and health -- related quality of life ( HRQoL ) in moderately affected type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) patients . METHODS a r and omized controlled trial design was employed . Forty -- three T2DM patients were assigned to an exercise group ( n = 22 ) , performing 3 weekly sessions of 60 minutes of combined aerobic -- resistance exercise for 12 - -weeks ; or a no exercise control group ( n = 21 ) . Both groups were evaluated at a baseline and after 12 - -weeks of exercise therapy for : 1 ) muscle strength and fatigue by isokinetic dynamometry ; 2 ) plasma glycated hemoglobin A1C ( HbA1C ) ; and 3 ) HRQoL utilizing the SF--36 question naire . RESULTS the exercise therapy led to improvements in muscle fatigue in knee extensors ( --55 % ) and increased muscle strength in knee flexors and extensors ( + 15 to + 30 % ) , while HbA1C decreased ( --18 % ) . In addition , the exercising patients showed sizeable improvements in HRQoL : physical function ( + 53 % ) , vitality ( + 21 % ) and mental health ( + 40 % ) . CONCLUSION 12 - -weeks of combined aerobic -- resistance exercise was highly effective to improve muscle strength and fatigue , glycemic control and several aspects of HRQoL in T2DM patients . These data encourage the use of aerobic and resistance exercise in the good clinical care of T2DM 
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Recommendations concerning other major training variables were discordant regarding workload ( none or loads ranging from < 30 % up to 80 % 1 repetition maximum ) and exercise order ( none or vaguely indicating alternation of muscle groups or circuit format ) , or insufficient regarding intervals between sets and exercises or number and type of exercises .
Overall , guidelines lack recommendations of specific procedures for each type of disease at different severity levels , cardiovascular risk during exercise , or criteria for training progression .
Conclusions Recommendations provided by institutional guidelines appear to be insufficient to support adequate resistance training prescription in the context of cardiovascular disease