***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Little is known about the long-term benefits of interventions that aim to promote early childhood development programs . The goal of this research was to determine whether an early childhood development intervention added to a nutrition intervention during preschool ages had lasting effects on the cognitive development of school-age children in communes of Thanh Hoa province in rural Vietnam . The study focused on a total of 313 children aged 6.5 - 8.5 y ( grade s 1 and 2 in primary school ) in 2 communes that were exposed to nutrition intervention or nutrition and early childhood development ( ECD ) intervention from 1999 to 2003 . Measurements of height and cognitive test scores ( Raven 's Progressive Matrices Test ) were collected from the children ; household characteristics were determined by interviews with mothers . Longitudinal analysis was performed by integrating the data with that collected from the same children in past surveys . Significant effects of the ECD intervention  compared with the nutrition intervention were detected . The beneficial effect of ECD intervention  on the cognitive test scores was large for the most nutritionally challenged children whose height-for-age Z-scores declined or remained in the stunted range . The findings help provide useful insights into the development of an effective integrated model of ECD and nutrition intervention for children in rural Vietnam The Cali Study involved the r and om assignment of 301 malnourished children to be exposed to one ( CT1 , n = 113 ) , two ( CT2 , n = 64 ) , three ( CT3 , n = 62 ) or four ( CT4 , n = 62 ) 9-mo periods of a multifocal day care-based intervention ( i.e. ,  education , health and nutrition )  . The ages at which the intervention was initiated for Groups CT4 , CT3 , CT2 and CT1 were 3.5 , 4.2 , 5.2 and 6.1 y , respectively . After the experimental phase , children were followed up in elementary school until they were 10.4 y old . Our secondary data analyses show that children who were exposed at an earlier age and for a longer period of time showed the highest degree ( P < or = 0.05 ) of improvement in weight and linear growth during the pre-school period . These improvements in physical growth could no longer be detected 3 y after the termination of the intervention OBJECTIVES We examined ( 1 ) whether attending out-of-home day care centres ( DCCs )  has differential effects on improvement of child nutrition and facilitation of maternal employment depending on availability of non-institutionalised childcare support and ( 2 ) whether attendance increases infectious diseases . METHODS In a prospect i ve before-after comparison study at public DCCs in Pokhara , Nepal , we compared weight-for-age Z-score ( WAZ ) and height-for-age Z-score ( HAZ ) among children attending DCCs between at admission , after 6 months , and after 1 year and determined differential changes in these measures between those with and without appropriate childcare support . We used repeated measures analysis of variance with interaction terms between support availability and DCC attendance . We compared maternal income and incidence of diarrhoea and fever in children between the periods of waiting and attending . RESULTS After 6 months , neither WAZ nor HAZ significantly changed . After 1 year , WAZ significantly improved , but HAZ did not change among all participants . Those without appropriate childcare support showed greater improvement in both WAZ and HAZ than those with support . While children were attending , income increased only among those mothers who were already working without any childcare support at baseline . Neither diarrhoea nor fever increased . CONCLUSIONS DCCs can be more beneficial for child nutrition and working mothers in households lacking childcare support than in those with support In the Abecedarian Project , a prospect i ve r and omized trial , the effects of early educational intervention on patterns of cognitive and academic development among poor , minority children were examined . Participants in the follow-up were 104 of the original 111 participants in the study ( 98 % African American ) .  Early treatment was full-time , high- quality , educational child care from infancy to age 5 .  Cognitive test scores collected between the ages of 3 and 21 years and academic test scores from 8 to 21 years were analyzed . Treated children , on average , attained higher scores on both cognitive and academic tests , with moderate to large treatment effect sizes observed through age 21 . Preschool cognitive gains accounted for a substantial portion of treatment differences in the development of reading and math skills . Intensive early childhood education can have long-lasting effects on cognitive and academic development Background This paper presents the study protocol for a pragmatic cluster r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) with a supplementary matched control group . The aim of the trial is to evaluate a community-based early education and development program launched by the Government of Indonesia . The program was developed in collaboration with the World Bank with a total budget of US$ 127.7 million , and targets an estimated 738,000 children aged 0 to 6 years living in approximately 6,000 poor communities . The aim of the program is to increase access to early childhood services with the secondary aim of improving school readiness . Methods / Design The study is being conducted across nine districts . The baseline survey contained 310 villages , of which 100 were originally allocated to the intervention arm , 20 originally allocated to a 9-month delay staggered start , 100 originally allocated to an 18-month delay staggered start and 90 allocated to a matched control group ( no intervention ) . The study consists of two cohorts , one comprising children aged 12 to 23 months and the other comprising children aged 48 to 59 months at baseline . The data collection instruments include child observations and task/game-based assessment s as well as a question naire suite , village head question naire , service level question naires , household question naire , and child caretaker question naire . The baseline survey was conducted from March to April 2009 , midline was conducted from April to August 2010 and endline conducted early 2013 . The result ant participation rates at both the district and village levels were 90 % . At the child level , the participation rate was 99.92 % . The retention rate at the child level at midline was 99.67 % . Discussion This protocol paper provides a detailed record of the trial design including a discussion regarding difficulties faced with compliance to the r and omization , compliance to the dispersion schedule of community block grants , and procurement delays for baseline and midline data collection s. Considering the execution of the program and the result ant threats to the study , we discuss our analytical plan and intentions for endline data collection .Trials registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Abstract Objective : To measure the effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on iron status , anaemia , growth , morbidity , and development of children aged 6–59 months . Design : Double blind , placebo controlled r and omised factorial trial of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment . Setting : Community in Pemba Isl and , Zanzibar . Participants : 614 preschool children aged 6–59 months . Main outcome measures : Development of language and motor skills assessed by parental interview before and after treatment in age appropriate subgroups . Results : Before intervention , anaemia was prevalent and severe , and geohelminth infections were prevalent and light — Plasmodium falciparum infection was nearly universal . Iron supplementation significantly improved iron status , but not haemoglobin status . Iron supplementation improved language development by 0.8 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.2 to 1.4 ) points on the 20 point scale . Iron supplementation also improved motor development , but this effect was modified by baseline haemoglobin concentrations ( P=0.015 for interaction term ) and was apparent only in children with baseline haemoglobin concentrations < 90 g/l . In children with a baseline haemoglobin concentration of 68 g/l ( one st and ard deviation below the mean value ) , iron treatment increased scores by 1.1 ( 0.1 to 2.1 ) points on the 18 point motor scale . Mebendazole significantly reduced the number and severity of infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura , but not by hookworms . Mebendazole  increased development scores by 0.4 ( −0.3 to 1.1 ) points on the motor scale and 0.3 ( −0.3 to 0.9 ) points on the language scale . Conclusions : Iron supplementation improved motor and language development of preschool children in rural Africa . The effects of iron on motor development were limited to children with more severe anaemia ( baseline haemoglobin concentration < 90 g/l ) . Mebendazole had a positive effect on motor and language development , but this was not statistically significant . What is already known on this topic Iron is needed for development and functioning of the human brain Anaemic children show developmental delays , but it is not yet clear whether iron deficiency causes these deficits or whether iron supplementation can reverse them Helminth infections in schoolchildren are associated with cognitive deficits , but few studies have been made of helminth infection and early child development What this study adds Low doses of oral iron supplementation given daily improved language development in children aged 1–4 years in Zanzibar Iron supplementation improved motor development , but only in children with initial haemoglobin concentrations below 90 g/l The effects of routine anthelmintic treatment on motor and language milestones were positive , but non-significant , with our sample To determine the risk for diarrheal disease ( DD ) in day-care centers ( DCC ) for children residing in a poor urban slum area of Quito , Ecuador , compared with that for children from the same environment but cared for in their own residential home ( RH ) , a prospect i ve age- , sex- and locale-controlled study of DD was conducted , including 115 children in DCC and 115 in RH , ages 12 to 42 months . The overall incidence of  DD  was 46/1000 child weeks .  Diarrhea was more common in DCC than in RH ( relative risk ( RR ) , 1.75 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 1.38 to 2.22 ; P < 0.001 ) . Poor hygienic practice s were more prevalent in DCC than in RH . The use of reused water for child h and washing before eating and for washing raw vegetables was associated with a higher risk of DD in DCC than in RH ( RR = 4.08 , CI 2.93 to 5.67 , P < 0.001 ; RR = 3.90 , CI 2.79 to 5.44 , P < 0.001 , respectively ) . These two practice s were risk factors in the DCC ( RR = 2.74 , CI 2.08 to 3.68 , P < 0.001 ; RR = 2.05 , CI 1.55 to 2.71 , P < 0.001 , respectively ) when compared with their absence in the same DCC . Shigella ( RR = 3.58 , CI 1.19 to 10.78 , P < 0.02 ) , Aeromonas ( RR = 10.47 , CI 1.35 to 81.05 , P < 0.01 ) , rotavirus ( RR = 2.86 , CI 1.87 to 4.39 , P < 0.001 ) and Giardia ( RR = 1.59 , CI 1.00 to 2.59 , P < 0.05 ) were more common in DCC than in RH . More than two-fifths of the Shigella and Aeromonas isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS OBJECTIVE Methods to prevent two major mental disorders , schizophrenia and conduct disorder , have been elusive . This study assessed the effects of an early nutritional , educational , and physical exercise enrichment program on adult outcome for schizotypal personality , conduct disorder , and criminal behavior . METHOD Eighty-three children were assigned to an experimental enrichment program from ages 3 to 5 years and matched on temperament , nutritional , cognitive , autonomic , and demographic variables with 355 children who experienced usual community conditions ( control group ) .  Both self-report and objective measures of schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior were obtained when the subjects were ages 17 and 23 years . RESULTS Subjects who participated in the enrichment program at ages 3 - 5 years had lower scores for schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at age 17 years and for criminal behavior at age 23 years , compared with the control subjects . The beneficial effects of the intervention were greater for children who showed signs of malnutrition at age 3 years , particularly with respect to outcomes for schizotypy at ages 17 and 23 and for antisocial behavior at age 17 . CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with an increasing body of knowledge that implicates an enriched , stimulating environment in beneficial psychological and behavioral outcomes . These findings have potential implication s for the prevention of schizophrenia and criminal behavior BACKGROUND School-based interventions involving teacher and /or child training have been shown to benefit teacher practice s and to prevent conduct problems and improve children 's social and emotional competence in developed countries ; however , we are aware of no reports from a developing country . We conducted a pilot study of the Incredible Years Teacher Training programme and a curriculum unit on social and emotional skills based on concepts and activities drawn from the Incredible Years Dina Dinosaur Classroom Curriculum to determine if this approach is appropriate for use with Jamaican pre-school teachers and children . METHODS Five pre-schools in Kingston , Jamaica were r and omly assigned to an intervention ( 3 pre-schools with 15 classrooms ) or control ( 2 pre-sch 
    Output:
    
The single study included in this review provides limited evidence on the effects of centre-based day care for children younger than five years of age in low- and middle-income countries .