***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT Memory loss is one of the first symptoms of typical Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , for which there are no effective therapies available . The precuneus ( PC ) has been recently emphasized as a key area for the memory impairment observed in early AD , likely due to disconnection mechanisms within large‐scale networks such as the default mode network ( DMN ) . Using a multimodal approach we investigated in a two‐week , r and omized , sham‐controlled , double‐blinded trial the effects of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) of the PC on cognition , as measured by the Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study Pre clinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite in 14 patients with early AD ( 7 females ) .  TMS combined with electroencephalography ( TMS‐EEG ) was used to detect changes in brain connectivity . We found that rTMS of the PC induced a selective improvement in episodic memory , but not in other cognitive domains . Analysis of TMS‐EEG signal revealed an increase of neural activity in patients ' PC , an enhancement of brain oscillations in the beta b and and a modification of functional connections between the PC and medial frontal areas within the DMN . Our findings show that high‐frequency rTMS of the PC is a promising , non‐invasive treatment for memory dysfunction in patients at early stages of AD . This clinical improvement is accompanied by modulation of brain connectivity , consistently with the pathophysiological model of brain disconnection in AD . HighlightsThe precuneus is a key area for memory impairment in Alzheimer ’s disease (AD).We investigated the effects of precuneus‐rTMS on memory in patients with early AD.Precuneus‐rTMS induced a selective improvement in episodic memory . Precuneus‐rTMS enhance precuneus activity and connectivity with frontal areas .Precuneus‐rTMS is a promising treatment for memory dysfunction in early AD patients OBJECTIVE To provide expert recommendations for the safe and effective application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) in the treatment of major depressive disorder ( MDD ) . PARTICIPANTS Participants included a group of 17 expert clinicians and research ers with expertise in the clinical application of rTMS , representing both the National Network of Depression Centers ( NNDC ) rTMS Task Group and the American Psychiatric Association Council on Research ( APA CoR ) Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments . EVIDENCE The consensus statement is based on a review of extensive literature from 2 data bases ( OvidSP MEDLINE and PsycINFO ) search ed from 1990 through 2016 . The search terms included variants of major depressive disorder and transcranial magnetic stimulation . The results were limited to articles written in English that focused on adult population s. Of the approximately 1,500 retrieved studies , a total of 118 publications were included in the consensus statement and were supplemented with expert opinion to achieve consensus recommendations on key issues surrounding the administration of rTMS for MDD in clinical practice setting s. CONSENSUS PROCESS In cases in which the research evidence was equivocal or unclear , a consensus decision on how rTMS should be administered was reached by the authors of this article and is denoted in the article as " expert opinion . " CONCLUSIONS Multiple r and omized controlled trials and published literature have supported the safety and efficacy of rTMS antidepressant therapy . These consensus recommendations , developed by the NNDC rTMS Task Group and APA CoR Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments , provide comprehensive information for the safe and effective clinical application of rTMS in the treatment of MDD Episodic memory displays the largest degree of age-related decline , a process that is accelerated in pathological conditions such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease . Previous studies have shown that the left lateral prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) contributes to the encoding of episodic memories along the life span . The aim of this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was to test the hypothesis that anodal trascranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) over the left lateral PFC during the learning phase would enhance delayed recall of verbal episodic memories in elderly individuals . Older adults learned a list of words while receiving anodal or placebo ( sham ) tDCS .  Memory recall was tested 48 hours and 1 month later . The results showed that anodal tDCS strengthened episodic memories , an effect indicated by enhanced delayed recall ( 48 hours ) compared to placebo stimulation ( Cohen 's d effect size = 1.01 ) . The observation that PFC-tDCS during learning can boost verbal episodic memory in the elderly opens up the possibility to design -specific neurorehabilitation protocol s targeted to conditions that affect episodic memory such as mild cognitive impairment Objective : Given the limited effectiveness of pharmacological treatments , non-pharmacological interventions to treat Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) have gained attention in recent years . The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of anodal tDCS ( AtDCS ) combined with memory training on face-name associations in an AD patient sample . Methods : Thirty six AD patients were r and omly assigned to one of three study groups : Group 1 , AtDCS plus individualized computerized memory training ; Group 2 , placebo tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training ; Group 3 , AtDCS plus motor training . Results : A general improvement in performance was observed after 2 weeks of memory training . Both the anodal tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training and the placebo tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training groups had significantly improved performances at 2 weeks compared with the AtDCS plus motor training group . Conclusion : Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of individualized memory rehabilitation in AD patients Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) in the neurorehabilitation of Alzheimer ’s disease ( AD ) . Methods : Thirty-four AD patients were r and omly assigned to three groups : anodal , cathodal , and sham tDCS . Stimulation was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 25 min at 2 mA , daily for 10 days . Each patient was su bmi tted to the following psychometric assessment s : mini-mental state examination ( MMSE ) and Wechsler adult intelligence scale-third edition at base line , at the end of the 10th sessions and then at 1 and 2 months after the end of the sessions . Motor cortical excitability and the P300 event-related potential were assessed at baseline and after the last tDCS session . Results : Significant treatment group × time interactions were observed for the MMSE and performance IQ of the WAIS . Post hoc comparisons showed that both anodal and cathodal tDCS ( ctDCS )  improved MMSE in contrast to sham tDCS . Whereas , this was only true for ctDCS in the performance IQ .  Remarkably , tDCS also reduced the P300 latency , but had no effect on motor cortex excitability . Conclusion : Our findings reveal that repeated sessions of tDCS could not only improve cognitive function but also reduce the P300 latency , which is known to be pathologically increased in AD Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique with potential to improve memory .  Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) , which still lacks a specific therapy , is a clinical syndrome associated with increased risk of dementia . This study aims to assess the effects of high-frequency repetitive TMS ( HF rTMS ) on everyday memory of the elderly with MCI . We conducted a double-blinded r and omized sham-controlled trial using rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) . Thirty-four elderly out patients meeting Petersen 's MCI criteria were r and omly assigned to receive 10 sessions of either active TMS or sham , 10 Hz rTMS at 110 % of motor threshold , 2,000 pulses per session . Neuropsychological assessment at baseline , after the last session ( 10th ) and at one-month follow-up , was applied . ANOVA on the primary efficacy measure , the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test , revealed a significant group-by-time interaction ( p = 0.05 ) , favoring the active group . The improvement was kept after one month . Other neuropsychological tests were  heterogeneous . rTMS at 10 Hz enhanced everyday memory in elderly with MCI after 10 sessions . These findings suggest that rTMS might be effective as a therapy for MCI and probably a tool to delay deterioration Remembering the location of objects , an integral part of everyday life , is known to decline with advancing age and early in the course of neurodegenerative dementia . Here , we aim ed to test if object-location learning and its retention could be modified by noninvasive brain stimulation . In a group of 20 elderly ( mean age 62.1 years ) right-h and ed individuals , we applied transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ; 20 minutes , 1 mA ) over the right temporoparietal cortex , while subjects acquired the correct position of buildings on a street map using an associative learning paradigm . Each subject participated in a r and omized and balanced order in 1 session of anodal tDCS and 1 session of sham stimulation , in a double-blind design with 2 parallel versions of the task . Outcome measures were learning success at the end of each session , and immediate as well as delayed ( 1 week ) free recall . We found that subjects performed comparably in the learning task in the 2 conditions , but showed improved recall 1 week after learning with anodal tDCS compared with learning with sham stimulation . In conclusion , retention of object-location learning in the elderly may be modulated by noninvasive brain stimulation , a finding of potential relevance not only for normal aging but also for memory deficits in pathological aging The aim of the study was to compare the long-term efficacy of high versus low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) , applied bilaterally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) , on cognitive function and cortical excitability of patients with Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . Forty-five AD patients were r and omly classified into three groups . The first two groups received real rTMS over the DLPFC ( 20 and 1 Hz , respectively ) while the third group received sham stimulation . All patients received one session daily for five consecutive days . In each session , rTMS was applied first over the right DLPFC , immediately followed by rTMS over the left DLPFC . Mini Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) , Instrumental Daily Living Activity ( IADL ) scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) were assessed before , after the last ( fifth ) session , and then followed up at 1 and 3 months . Neurophysiological evaluations included resting and active motor threshold ( rMT and aMT ) , and the duration of transcallosal inhibition ( TI ) before and after the end of the treatment sessions . At base line assessment there were no significant differences between groups in any of the rating scales . The high frequency rTMS group improved significantly more than the low frequency and sham groups in all rating scales ( MMSE , IADL , and GDS ) and at all time points after treatment . Measures of cortical excitability immediately after the last treatment session showed that treatment with 20 Hz rTMS reduced TI duration . These results confirm that five daily sessions of high frequency rTMS over the left and then the right DLPFC improves cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate degree of AD . This improvement was maintained for 3 months . High frequency rTMS may be a useful addition to therapy for the treatment of AD The long pre clinical phase of Alzheimer 's disease provides opportunities for potential disease‐modifying interventions in prodromal stages such as mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation ( anodal‐tDCS ) , with its potential to enhance neuroplasticity , may allow improving cognition in MCI The CONSORT statement is used worldwide to improve the reporting of r and omised controlled trials . Kenneth Schulz and colleagues describe the latest version , CONSORT 2010 , which up date s the reporting guideline based on new method ological evidence and accumulating INTRODUCTION Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) is a noninvasive tool for modulating cortical activity . OBJECTIVES In this pilot study , we evaluated the effects of high frequency rTMS applied over the right inferior frontal gyrus ( IFG ) on cognitive functions in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) or incipient dementia due to Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) . METHODS Ten patients ( 6 men ; 4 women , mean age of 72 ± 8 years ; MMSE 23 ± 3.56 ) were enrolled in a r and omized , placebo-controlled study with a crossover design . All participants received 2 sessions of 10 Hz rTMS over the non-dominant right hemisphere in r and om order : IFG ( active stimulation site ) and vertex ( control stimulation site ) . Intensities were adjusted to 90 % of resting motor threshold . A total of 2250 pulses were applied in a session . The Trail Making Test ( TMT ) , the Stroop test , and the complex visual scene encoding task ( CVSET ) were administered before and immediately after each session . The Wilcoxon paired test was used for data analysis . RESULTS Stimulation applied over the IFG induced improvement in the TMT parts A ( p = 0.037 ) and B ( p = 0.049 ) . No significant changes were found in the Stroop test or the CVSET after the IFG stimulation . We observed no significant cognitive aftereffects of rTMS applied over the vertex . CONCLUSIONS High frequency rTMS of the right IFG induced significant improvement of attention and psychomotor speed in patients with MCI/mild dementia due to AD . This pilot study 
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However , there was no significant improvement in other domains of cognition .
Conclusions NIBS has a positive effect on improving global cognitive function and verbal fluency .
At the same time , it has a small positive effect on improving executive function .