***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) can be used as prognostic biomarkers in many types of cancer . We aim ed to identify miRNAs that were prognostic in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma . METHODS We retrospectively analysed  miRNA expression profiles in 312 paraffin-embedded specimens of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ( Guangzhou , China ) and 18 specimens of non-cancer nasopharyngitis . Using an 873 probe microarray , we assessed associations between miRNA signatures and clinical outcome in a r and omly selected 156 sample s ( training set ) and vali date d findings in the remaining 156 sample s ( internal validation set ) . We confirmed the miRNAs signature using quantitative RT-PCR analysis in 156 sample s from a second r and omisation of the 312 sample s , and vali date d the miRNA signature in 153 sample s from the West China Hospital of Sichuan University in Chengdu , China ( independent set ) . We used the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests to estimate correlations of the miRNA signature with disease-free survival ( DFS ) , distant metastasis-free survival ( DMFS ) , and overall survival . FINDINGS 41 miRNAs were differentially expressed between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and non-cancer nasopharyngitis tissues . A signature of five miRNAs , each significantly associated with DFS , was identified in the training set . We calculated a risk score from the signature and classified patients as high risk or low risk . Compared with patients with low-risk scores , patients with high risk scores in the training set had shorter DFS ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 2·73 , 95 % CI 1·46 - 5·11 ; p=0·0019 ) , DMFS ( 3·48 , 1·57 - 7·75 ; p=0·0020 ) , and overall survival ( 2·48 , 1·24 - 4·96 ; p=0·010 ) . We noted equivalent findings in the internal validation set for DFS ( 2·47 , 1·32 - 4·61 ; p=0·0052 ) , DMFS ( 2·28 , 1·09 - 4·80 ; p=0·030 ) , and overall survival ( 2·87 , 1·38 - 5·96 ; p=0·0051 ) and in the independent set for DFS ( 3·16 , 1·65 - 6·04 ; p=0·0011 ) , DMFS ( 2·39 , 1·05 - 5·42 ; p=0·037 ) , and overall survival ( 3·07 , 1·34 - 7·01 ; p=0·0082 ) . The five-miRNA signature was an independent prognostic factor . A combination of this signature and TNM stage had better prognostic value than did TNM stage alone in the training set ( area under receiver operating characteristics 0·68 [ 95 % CI 0·60 - 0·76 ] vs 0·60 [ 0·52 - 0·67 ] ; p=0·013 ) , the internal validation set ( 0·70 [ 0·61 - 0·78 ] vs 0·61 [ 0·54 - 0·68 ] ; p=0·012 ) , and the independent set ( 0·70 [ 0·62 - 0·78 ] vs 0·63 [ 0·56 - 0·69 ] ; p=0·032 ) . INTERPRETATION Identification of patients with the five-miRNA signature might add prognostic value to the TNM staging system and inform treatment decisions for patients at high risk of progression . FUNDING Science Foundation of Chinese Ministry of Health , National Natural Science Foundation of China , Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme , Guangdong Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Program , Guangdong Natural Science Foundation , Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities BACKGROUND The predictive value of microRNAs ( miRNAs ) in tumour cells and infiltrating immune cells for the efficacy of chemoradiation ( CRTX ) in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( HNSCC ) was evaluated . METHODS Formalin-fixed , paraffin-embedded tumour material was collected from patients with locally advanced HNSCC treated within the ARO-0401 phase III trial with radiotherapy in combination with either 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin ( CDDP-CRTX ) or 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C ( MMC-CRTX ) . MiRNA and immune profiles were established in a test cohort of 48 oropharyngeal carcinoma ( OPSCC ) cases by Affymetrix miRNA microarrays and the nanoString PanCancer Immune Panel , respectively . Expression of miRNA c and i date s was measured in 149 HNSCC patients by real-time PCR . Interference of miRNA profiles with CRTX efficacy was determined by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis . RESULTS Expression levels of five miRNAs ( miR-27b , -130b , -200b , -451 and -532 - 5p ) were significantly associated with overall survival after MMC-CRTX . Six different miRNAs ( miR-125b , -146a , -150 , -155 , -187 and -342 - 5p ) were correlated with overall survival after CDDP-CRTX . Validation by real-time PCR confirmed the predictive value of miR-200b and miR-155 in OPSCC , which was absent in hypopharyngeal carcinomas . MiR-146a was revealed as a prognostic marker for both CRTX regimens . MiR-200b expression was mainly associated with distant metastasis , whereas miR-155 correlated with local recurrence . MiR-155 and miR-146a were identified as surrogate markers for tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes . CONCLUSIONS MiR-200b and miR-155 were established as potential markers for personalised treatment selection of two st and ard regimens of CRTX . The predictive role of miR-155 deserves further investigation , especially within the framework of clinical trials of CRTX/immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations Background : Breast Cancer ( BC ) is the leading cause of deaths in Indian women . Emerging reports reveal alarming evidence of increasing incidence and mortality of BC among young Indian women in addition to the late presentation and poor prognosis . Despite the significant incidence , there is a lack of reliable data re sources and comprehensive epidemiologic studies relating to BC . The objective of this protocol is to conduct a full-scale systematic review and meta-analyses on the incidence , prevalence , and mortality of BC in 29 states and seven union territories of India . Methods : Data sources used will be Cochrane Review , MEDLINE , PubMed , Scopus , Science Direct , Web of Science , and international and national cancer registries such as World Health Organization , International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) , and National Centre for Disease Information and Research (NCDIR)-National Cancer Registry Program initiated by Indian Council of Medical Research . Relevant data will be extracted using a predefined data collection form . A defined search strategy will be implemented along with selection criteria to obtain full-text articles of relevant studies . This study protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta- Analysis for Protocol s 2015 guidelines . Odds ratios ( ORs ) will be used to measure effect size . The r and om or fixed-effects meta-analyses model will be employed to aggregate the pooled estimates ( ORs ) with 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) separately . A forest plot will be produced to assess ORs and 95 % CIs . Publication bias will be assessed using funnel plot , and Egger regression will be applied to test the symmetry of the funnel plot . Ethics and dissemination : This proposed study will be based on published studies and the data from cancer registries . Therefore , human research ethics approval is not required . The results of this study will be published in a peer- review ed journal . PROSPERO registration no : CRD42018084003 Background : The role of miRNA-mediated regulation of RECK in keratinized tumors is unclear . Results : miRNAs express differentially in subtypes of OSCCs , and keratinization-associated miRNAs inversely correlate with RECK in oral cancer cells . Conclusion : miR-7 and miR-21 negatively regulate the tumor suppressor gene RECK . Significance : Keratinization-associated miRNAs may serve as novel targets to reduce tumor aggressiveness . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression during many biological processes . Recently , the aberrant expressions of miRNAs have become a major focus in cancer research . The purpose of this study was to identify deregulated miRNAs in oral cancer and further focus on specific miRNAs that were related to patient survival . Here , we report that miRNA expression profiling provided more precise information when oral squamous cell carcinomas were subcategorized on the basis of clinicopathological parameters ( tumor primary site , histological subtype , tumor stage , and HPV16 status ) . An innovative radar chart analysis method was developed to depict subcategories of cancers taking into consideration the expression patterns of multiple miRNAs combined with the clinicopathological parameters . Keratinization of tumors and the high expression of miR-21 were the major factors related to the poor prognosis of patients . Interestingly , a majority of the keratinized tumors expressed high levels of miR-21 . Further investigations demonstrated the regulation of the tumor suppressor gene reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs ( RECK ) by two keratinization-associated miRNAs , miR-7 and miR-21 . Transfection of miR-7 and miR-21-mimics reduced the expression of RECK through direct miRNA-mediated regulation , and these miRNAs were inversely correlated with RECK in CAL 27 orthotopic xenograft tumors . Furthermore , a similar inverse correlation was demonstrated in CAL 27 cells treated in vitro by different external stimuli such as trypsinization , cell density , and serum concentration . Taken together , our data show that keratinization is associated with poor prognosis of oral cancer patients and keratinization-associated miRNAs mediate deregulation of RECK which may contribute to the aggressiveness of tumors 
    Output:
    
These results indicate that miRNAs have potential clinical value as prognostic biomarkers in HNC , with miR-21 , 125b , 34c-5p and 18a , in particular , showing great potential as prognostic molecular markers .