***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study reports the effect of the Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks intervention , a school-based fruit and vegetable intervention consisting of a home economics classroom component and parental involvement and encouraged participation in the Norwegian School Fruit Programme , all delivered during the school year of 2001 - 02 . Nine r and omly chosen schools received the intervention and 10 schools served as control schools . Participating pupils completed question naires at baseline ( September 2001 ) , at Follow-up 1 ( May-June 2002 ) and at Follow-up 2 ( May 2003 ) . A total of 369 pupils ( 69 % ; mean age , 11.3 years at baseline ) participated in all three surveys . No effect of the intervention was found for intake of fruit and vegetables eaten at school or all day , neither at Follow-up 1 nor at Follow-up 2 . On analysing the effects on potential mediators , significant differences between intervention and control groups were found for Awareness of the five-a-day recommendations only . The intervention programme was rated as very good by the teachers , and the pupils reported that they enjoyed it . However , the intervention failed to change fruit and vegetable intake , probably because it did not succeed in changing the pupils ' preferences for or the accessibility of fruit and vegetables -- the two strongest correlates of children 's fruit and vegetable intake Developing an evidence base for making public health decisions will require using data from evaluation studies with r and omized and nonr and omized design s. Assessing individual studies and using studies in quantitative research syntheses require transparent reporting of the study , with sufficient detail and clarity to readily see differences and similarities among studies in the same area . The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement provides guidelines for transparent reporting of r and omized clinical trials . We present the initial version of the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonr and omized Design s ( TREND ) statement . These guidelines emphasize the reporting of theories used and descriptions of intervention and comparison conditions , research design , and methods of adjusting for possible biases in evaluation studies that use nonr and omized design OBJECTIVE To measure the effect of a  school fruit and vegetable subscription  on  children 's intake of fruit and vegetables after 5 weeks of intervention . SETTING Seven primary schools in Denmark . DESIGN AND METHODS Intervention schools ( n=4 ) were offered a fruit and vegetable subscription comprising one piece per day . Control schools situated in another municipality were not offered the subscription . Intake of fruit and vegetables was measured at baseline and 5 weeks after the start of the subscription . Two methods were used for dietary assessment : a pre-coded 24-hour recall form including total food intake and a food-frequency question naire ( FFQ ) including only fruit and vegetables . SUBJECTS Children aged 6 - 10 years ( n=804 from intervention schools and n=689 from control schools ) . Response rate in the dietary assessment was 31 % . RESULTS At intervention schools 45 % of the children enrolled in the subscription . After 5 weeks of intervention , both subscribers and non-subscribers had increased their intake of fruit by 0.4 ( P=0.019 ) and 0.3 ( P=0.008 ) pieces per school day , respectively , but no change was observed in vegetable intake . Total intake increased only for non-subscribers by 0.4 piece/school day ( P=0.008 ) mainly due to the consistent increase in fruit intake . No change in intake was measured at control schools . Only the 24-hour recall question naire was sensitive enough to pick up the changes of the subscription , whereas the FFQ was not . CONCLUSION Five weeks with the subscription affected both subscribers and non-subscribers to increase intake of fruit . This may indicate that the subscription had an additional effect of stimulating parents of non-subscribers to supply their children with fruit . The results stress the importance of evaluating the effect of this type of programme , and the carefulness needed in design ing the evaluation study OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of a school-based nutrition education intervention aim ed at increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables . DESIGN The intervention programme increased the provision of fruits and vegetables in schools and provided a range of point-of-purchase marketing material s , newsletters for children and parents , and teacher information . Curriculum material s at age 6 - 7 and 10 - 11 years were also developed and utilised . Evaluation was undertaken with groups of younger ( aged 6 - 7 years ) and older ( aged 10 - 11 years ) children . Methods included 3-day dietary records with interview and cognitive and attitudinal measures at baseline , with follow-up at 9 months , in intervention and control schools . SETTING The work was undertaken in primary schools in Dundee , Scotl and . SUBJECTS Subjects comprised 511 children in two intervention schools with a further 464 children from two schools acting as controls . RESULTS Children ( n=64 ) in the intervention schools had an average increase in fruit intake ( 133+/-1.9 to 183+/-17.0 g day(-1 ) ) that was significantly ( P<0.05 ) greater than the increase ( 100+/-11.7 to 107+/-14.2 g day(-1 ) ) estimated in children ( n=65 ) in control schools . No other changes in food or nutrient intake were detected . Increases in scores for variables relating to knowledge about fruits and vegetables and subjective norms were also greater in the intervention than in the control group , although taste preferences for fruits and vegetables were unchanged . CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that a whole school approach to increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables has a modest but significant effect on cognitive and attitudinal variables and on fruit intake BACKGROUND Secondary school students often do not drink sufficient quantities of water during the school day to prevent dehydration , promote learning and good health . The study aim ed to measure the effect of health promotion and the free provision of cooled filtered water on the consumption of water and soft drinks . It also aim ed to explore students ' views of drinking water provision . METHODS A study was conducted with three secondary schools in North Tyneside . Over a 3 month period one school was given cooled filtered water and active promotion ( W + P ) , another had water only ( W ) . The control school ( C ) took part in post-intervention focus group work . RESULTS The average volume of water drunk by students , in school ' W + P ' was greater ( P = 0.05 ) than that drunk in school ' W ' and control school ' C ' . The volume of soft drinks purchased by students in all three schools before and during the intervention remained static . Focus group data revealed that students viewed their existing water provision as poor and wanted sufficient supplies of cooled filtered water in school . CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that active promotion of water drinking increased consumption of water by secondary school students . Further developments of the project are suggested CONTEXT The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting of Trials ( CONSORT ) statement was developed to help improve the quality of reports of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . To date , a paucity of data exists regarding whether it has achieved this goal . OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of the CONSORT statement is associated with improvement in the quality of reports of RCTs . DESIGN AND SETTING Comparative before- and -after evaluation in which reports of RCTs published in 1994 ( pre-CONSORT ) were compared with RCT reports from the same journals published in 1998 ( post-CONSORT ) . We included 211 reports from BMJ , JAMA , and The Lancet ( journals that adopted CONSORT ) as well as The New Engl and Journal of Medicine ( a journal that did not adopt CONSORT and was used as a comparator ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of CONSORT items included in a report , frequency of unclear reporting of allocation concealment , and overall trial quality score based on the Jadad scale , a 5-point quality assessment instrument . RESULTS Compared with 1994 , the number of CONSORT checklist items in reports of RCTs increased in all 4 journals in 1998 , and this increase was statistically significant for the 3 adopter journals ( pre-CONSORT , 23.4 ; mean change , 3.7 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.1 - 5.3 ) . The frequency of unclear reporting of allocation concealment decreased for each of the 4 journals , and this change was statistically significant for adopters ( pre-CONSORT , 61 % ; mean change , -22 % ; 95 % CI , -38 % to -6 % ) . Similarly , 3 of the 4 journals showed an improvement in the quality score for reports of RCTs , and this increase was statistically significant for adopter journals overall ( pre-CONSORT , 2.7 ; mean change , 0.4 ; 95 % CI , 0.1 - 0.8 ) . CONCLUSION Use of the CONSORT statement is associated with improvements in the quality of reports of RCTs Background : The positive effects of computer-tailored dietary fat intake interventions have been demonstrated in adults , but few studies have investigated the impact on adolescents . Purpose : The purpose is to evaluate the acceptability , feasibility and effectiveness of a computer-tailored dietary fat intake education program for adolescents . Methods : A r and om sample of 10 schools , 5 with general and 5 with technical-vocational education programs , were selected to participate . In each of the 10 schools , 2 classes of 7th grade rs were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n=153 ) or control ( no-intervention , n=151 ) condition . Students were exposed once in class to a 50-min theory-based computer-tailored dietary fat intake intervention . Question naires were completed 1 week before ( food frequency question naire for dietary fat intake + psychosocial determinants ) and 3 months after ( process evaluation + food frequency question naire for dietary fat intake + psychosocial determinants ) the intervention . Results : About one in three students evaluated the intervention as interesting ( 34 % ) , novel ( 38 % ) , personally relevant ( 26 % ) , credible ( 34 % ) , and correct ( 38 % ) . Half of the students evaluated the intervention messages to be too long , and one fourth did not read the intervention messages . A decrease in dietary fat consumption was shown in girls enrolled in technical-vocational schools ( F=3.5 , p≤.05 ) and in boys and girls undertaking general education who reported to have read the intervention messages ( F=3.6 , p≤.05 ) ; however , no intervention effects were detected for the total sample . Conclusions : Further improvements to the intervention for use in adolescents should be evaluated . Given that a positive impact was shown in most adolescents and that a computer-tailored dietary fat intake education program has the capability of reaching large groups at low cost , this study shows that using such interventions in adolescents has potential OBJECTIVE To measure the effects of two school-based interventions on  children 's intake of fruit and vegetables ( F&V ) . DESIGN AND METHODS A total of six primary schools were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) a free F&V distribution programme , or ( 2 ) a multicomponent programme , consisting of a classroom curriculum and parental involvement . The two interventions were evaluated on their effects and compared with six control schools in a pre-test-post-test design . Two methods were used for dietary assessment : a pre-structured food recall and a food-frequency question naire including only F&V. SUBJECTS A total of 939 parents of children aged 4 - 12 years filled out the question naire at both pre-test and post-test . The response rate was 54 % . RESULTS Multilevel analyses showed that both programmes were equally effective in increasing children 's fruit consumption by 0.2 portions per day . The free F&V distribution increased vegetable intake among non-native children and the oldest age group , and the multicomponent programme among the oldest children and girls . The distribution also caused an increased 24 h fruit , juice and vegetable intake among the youngest and the oldest age groups , and the multicomponent programme among all children . CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that both interventions were shown to be effective for different subgroups regarding age , gender and ethnicity . When comparing both interventions , the distribution programme was shown to be more effective , especially in increasing vegetable consumption . An important next step will be to investigate which intervention has the greatest potential to be implemented in primary schools This study reports the effect of a  school-r and omized fruit and vegetable intervention consisting of a subscription to the Norwegian School Fruit Programme at no parental cost , and the Fruit and Vegetables Make the Marks ( FVMM ) educational programme , both delivered in the school year of 2001 - 02 . Nine r and omly chosen schools received the intervention and 10 schools served as control schools . Participating pupils completed question naires at baseline ( September 2001 ) , at Follow-up 1 ( May-June 2002 ) and at Follow-up 2 ( May 2003 ) . A total of 517 pupils ( 84 % ; mean age , 11.3 years at baseline ) participated in all three surveys . At both Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2 , strong intervention effects were observed for all-day fruit and vegetable intake ( effect sizes were 0.6 and 0.5 portions , respectively ) . The sustained effect at Follow-up 2 , 1 year after the end of the intervention , can partly be explained by greater participation rates in the School Fruit Programme ( st and ard paid subscription ) . We conclude that the effects observed are most likely due to the no-cost subscription and not due to the FVMM educational programme , and that providing pupils with a piece of fruit or a vegetable at school at no cost for the parents is an effective strategy to increase  school children 's intake of fruit and vegetables . The effect is also sustained 1 year after the end of the no-cost subscription , providing increased health benefits The aim of this study was to examine the fidelity and 
    Output:
    
In children , strong evidence of effect was found for multicomponent interventions on fruit and vegetable intakes .
Limited evidence of effect was found for educational interventions on behaviour , and for environmental interventions on fruit and vegetable intakes .
Interventions that specifically targeted children from lower socio-economic status groups showed limited evidence of effect on behaviour .
In adolescents , moderate evidence of effect was found for educational interventions on behaviour and limited evidence of effect for multicomponent programmes on behaviour .
To conclude , evidence was found for the effectiveness of especially multicomponent interventions promoting a healthy diet in school-aged children in European Union countries on self-reported dietary behaviour .