***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( APDT ) using visible light together with water-filtered infrared-A ( VIS+wIRA ) to eradicate single species of planktonic bacteria and micro-organisms during initial oral bacterial colonization in situ . A broadb and VIS+wIRA radiator with a water-filtered spectrum in the range 580 - 1400 nm was used for irradiation . Toluidine blue ( TB ) was utilized as a photosensitizer at concentrations of 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 µg ml(-1 ) . The unweighted ( absolute ) irradiance was 200 mW cm(-2 ) and it was applied for 1 min . Planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis were treated with APDT . Salivary bacteria harvested by centrifugation of native human saliva were also tested . In addition , initial bacterial colonization of bovine enamel slabs carried in the mouths of six healthy volunteers was treated in the same way . Up to 2 log(10 ) of S. mutans and E. faecalis were killed by APDT .  Salivary bacteria were eliminated to a higher extent of 3.7 - 5 log(10 ) . All TB concentrations tested proved to be highly effective . The killing rate of bacteria in the initial oral bacterial colonization was significant ( P=0.004 ) at all tested TB concentrations , despite the interindividual variations found among study participants . This study has shown that APDT in combination with TB and VIS+wIRA is a promising method for killing bacteria during initial oral colonization . Taking the healing effects of wIRA on human tissue into consideration , this technique could be helpful in the treatment of peri-implantitis and periodontitis Seven-day oral plaque biofilms have been formed on natural enamel surfaces in vivo using a previously reported in situ device . The devices are then incubated with a cationic Zn(II ) phthalocyanine photosensitizer and irradiated with white light . Confocal scanning laser microscopy ( CSLM ) of the biofilms shows that the photosensitizer is taken up into the biomass of the biofilm and that significant cell death is caused by photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) . In addition , the treated biofilms are much thinner than the control sample s and demonstrate a different structure from the control sample s , with little evidence of channels and a less dense biomass . Transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) of the in vivo-formed plaque biofilms reveals considerable damage to bacteria in the biofilm , vacuolation of the cytoplasm and membrane damage being clearly visible after PDT . These results clearly demonstrate the potential value of PDT in the management of oral biofilms 
    Output:
    
PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S The present systematic review does not allow drawing any concrete conclusions regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial  PDTa , although this method seems to be a promising option