***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of the present study was to compare the success of and surgical differences between 1- and 2-stage sinus inlay bone grafts and implants after 1 year in function . The individual risk for implant failure in grafted areas among 1-stage patients was about twice the risk in 2-stage patients ( odds ratio 2.3 , CI 0.6 ; 8.5 ) . The risk for implant failure in non-grafted areas was significantly lower ( P < .05 ) than in grafted areas , regardless of the technique used . Forty edentulous patients , selected according to strict inclusion criteria from consecutive referrals , were allocated to one or other of the 2 sinus-inlay procedures . Twenty patients received bone blocks fixed by implants to the residual alveolar crest in a 1-stage procedure ( group 1 ) . In another 20 patients , particulated bone was condensed against the antral floor and left to heal for 6 months before implants were placed ( group 2 ) . An almost equal number of  implants  was placed in the patients of each group , 76 in the 1-stage procedure and 74 in the 2-stage procedure . Additionally , 72 and 66 implants were placed in the anterior non-grafted regions of group 1 and group 2 patients , respectively . After 1 year in function , a total of 20 implants failed in 1-stage patients , versus 11 in 2-stage patients . Sixteen and 8 implants , respectively , of these were placed in grafted bone . All but one 1-stage patient received the planned fixed prosthetic restorations , but 1 restoration was re design ed after the first year in function because of a functionally unacceptable prosthetic design . At the 1-year follow-up , one 2-stage patient lost her prosthesis as the result of multiple implant failures . Bruxism and postoperative infections were the only parameters that could be related to implant failure , however , depending on the statistical method used To comprehend the results of a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) , readers must underst and its design , conduct , analysis , and interpretation . That goal can be achieved only through total transparency from authors . Despite several decades of educational efforts , the reporting of RCTs needs improvement . Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to help authors improve reporting by use of a checklist and flow diagram . The revised CONSORT statement presented here incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement . The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title , Abstract , Introduction , Methods , Results , and Discussion . The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting this information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect , or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings . We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT . The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial ( enrolment , intervention allocation , follow- up , and analysis ) . The diagram explicitly shows the number of participants , for each intervention group , included in the primary data analysis . Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have done an intention- to-treat analysis . In sum , the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT , enabling readers to underst and a trial 's conduct and to assess the validity of its results The aim of the present clinical study was to test whether or not the addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 ( rhBMP-2 ) to a xenogenic bone substitute mineral ( Bio-Oss ) will improve guided bone regeneration therapy regarding bone volume , density and maturation . In 11 partially edentulous patients , 34 Brånemark implants were placed at two different sites in the same jaw ( five maxillae , six m and ibles ) requiring lateral ridge augmentation . The bone defects were r and omly assigned to test and control treatments : the test and the control defects were both augmented with the xenogenic bone substitute and a resorbable collagen membrane ( Bio-Gide ) . At the test sites , the xenogenic bone substitute mineral was coated with rhBMP-2 in a lyophilization process . Following implant insertion ( baseline ) , the peri-implant bone defect height was measured from the implant shoulder to the first implant-bone contact . After an average healing period of 6 months ( SD 0.17 , range 5.7 - 6.2 ) , the residual defects were again measured and trephine burs were used to take 22 bone biopsies from the augmented regions . The healing period was uneventful except for one implant site that showed a wound dehiscence , which spontaneously closed after 4 weeks . Later at reentry , all implants were stable . At baseline , the mean defect height was 7.0 mm ( SD 2.67 , range 3 - 12 mm ) at test and 5.8 mm ( SD 1.81 , range 3 - 8 mm ) at control sites . At reentry , the mean defect height decreased to 0.2 mm ( SD 0.35 , range 0 - 1 mm ) at test sites ( corresponding to 96 % vertical defect fill ) and to 0.4 mm ( SD 0.66 , range 0 - 2 mm ) at the control site ( vertical defect fill of 91 % ) . Reduction in defect height from baseline to reentry for both test and control sites was statistically significant ( Wilcoxon P<0.01 ) . Histomorphometric analysis showed an average area density of 37 % ( SD 11.2 , range 23 - 51 % ) newly formed bone at test sites and 30 % ( SD 8.9 , range 18 - 43 % ) at control sites . The fraction of mineralized bone identified as mature lamellar bone amounted to 76 % ( SD 14.4 , range 47.8 - 94 % ) at test compared to 56 % ( SD 18.3 , range 31.6 - 91.4 % ) at control sites ( paired t-test P<0.05 ) . At BMP-treated sites 57 % ( SD 16.2 , range 29 - 81 % ) and at control sites 30 % ( SD 22.6 , range 0 - 66 % ) of the surface of the bone substitute particles were in direct contact with newly formed bone ( paired t-test P<0.05 ) . It is concluded that the combination of the xenogenic bone substitute mineral with rhBMP-2 can enhance the maturation process of bone regeneration and can increase the graft to bone contact in humans . rhBMP-2 has the potential to predictably improve and accelerate guided bone regeneration therapy The purpose of this clinical investigation was to compare the new resorbable collagen membrane , Bio-Gide , to the conventional exp and ed polytetrafluoroethylene material ( Gore-Tex ) for guided bone regeneration in situations involving exposed implant surfaces . Over a 2-year period , 25 split-mouth patients were treated r and omly : one defect site was treated with Bio-Gide and the other defect site with Gore-Tex ; all 84 defects were filled with Bio-Oss and covered with the respective membrane . The defect types , their dimensions , and their morphology were measured in detail initially and at re-entry to allow for calculation of the exposed implant surface . Changes in defect surface for both types of membranes were statistically significant ( P < .0001 ) ; however , no statistical significance ( P > .94 ) could be detected between the two membranes . The mean average percentage of bone fill was 92 % for Bio-Gide and 78 % for Gore-Tex sites . In the latter group , 44 % wound dehiscences and /or premature membrane removal occurred . The resorbable membrane , Bio-Gide , in combination with a bone graft , can be a useful alternative to the well-established exp and ed polytetrafluoroethylene membranes OBJECTIVES Graft insertion can effectively enhance the regeneration of debilitated bone .  The effects of an alloplastic bone-replacing material , beta-tricalcium phosphate ( Cerasorb ) , and of autogenous bone graft were compared . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 17 edentulous patients , the maxillary sinus floor was extremely atrophied to such an extent that implant placement was impossible . The Schneiderian membrane was surgically elevated bilaterally by insertion of Cerasorb ( experimental side ) and autogenous bone graft ( control side ) . After surgery , the recovery was followed clinical ly and radiologically . After 6 months , 68 bone cylinders were excised from the grafted areas and implants were inserted into their places . The bone sample s were embedded into resin , and the osteointegration of the grafts was studied histologically . Trabecular bone volume ( TBV ) and trabecular bone pattern factor ( TBPf ) were quantified by histomorphometry . RESULTS Cerasorb proved to be an effective bone-replacing material with osteoconductivity ; it was capable of gradual disintegration , thereby providing space for the regenerating bone . The new bone density was not significantly different on the experimental and control sides ( 32.4+/-10.9 % and 34.7+/-11.9 % , respectively ) . However , the graft biodegradation was significantly slower on the experimental side than the control side . The TBPf value was lower on the control side than on the experimental side ( -0.53+/-1.7 and -0.11+/-1.4 mm(-1 ) , respectively ) , but this difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS Six months after insertion of the grafts , the bone of the augmented sinus floor was strong and suitable for anchorage of dental implants , irrespective of whether autogenous bone or Cerasorb particles had been applied Two techniques of ridge augmentation using onlay bone graft alone or associated with a non-resorbable membrane have been previously described . This prospect i ve , r and omized study compared these two techniques at 6 months , in terms of bone gain , resorption and quality  obtained at edentulous sites .  Osseous measurements were taken using stents , callipers and CT-scans . Membrane exposure occurred at one site , 4 weeks after placement .  Endosseous implants  were successfully placed at all grafted sites . The mean graft thickness for all subjects was 4.7 mm ( range : 2.3 - 6.2 mm ) . Overall mean resorption was 1.5 mm ( range : 0 - 4.6 mm ) whereas overall mean width gain was 3.2 mm ( range : 0.8 - 6.2 mm ) . Six months following surgery , the membrane group experienced significantly less bone resorption than the graft alone group ( P<0.01 ) . Width augmentation did not differ significantly between the two groups . In conclusion , combining a membrane with an onlay graft demonstrates less bone resorption with a minimal risk of complications . Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the benefits of using a non-resorbable membrane Lack of bone in localized areas of the jaws frequently poses a problem when placing oral implants . In this clinical study , we have tested an osteopromotive membrane technique for its ability to create bone over buccal fenestrations after fixture installation in the maxilla . 7 patients were selected by the use of CT-scan . Criteria for patient selection were that the alveolar crest should have a vertical height > 13 mm and a facial-palatal concavity , where exposure at the central portion of the fixture could be anticipated . One fenestration , r and omly chosen , in each patient was covered with an e-PTFE ( exp and ed polytetrafluoroethylene ) ( Gore-Tex GTAM ) membrane . Contralateral fenestrations served as controls ( without the placement of a membrane ) . The amount of newly formed bone was calculated by photometric assessment s. The results showed that the fixture fenestrations , treated with the membrane technique , demonstrated a significantly ( p<0.005 ) higher amount of new bone formation compared to the controls , where little or no improvement had taken place at the fenestrations . The study conclusively shows that the membrane technique is a reconstructive technique , able to create new bone at localized bone fenestrations at titanium fixtures . Additionally , the study also demonstrates that the periosteum alone , in adult humans , is not capable of generating new bone at exposed titanium implants PURPOSE The aim of this r and omized study was to evaluate and compare the long-term success rates of cylindric , screw-type titanium implants with a larger diameter ( 5.9 mm ) that were placed in fresh extraction sockets in association with resorbable bone substitutes or a resorbable membrane . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighty-three partially edentulous adult patients , selected from among those treated in 1997 and 1998 at the San Raffaele Institute in whom 1 or more implants had been placed into fresh posterior m and ibular or maxillary sockets , were included in the study . A total of 111 implants were placed , 36 in m and ibles and 75 in maxillae . Fifty-six implants were placed in combination with resorbable hydroxyapatite ( HA group ) and 55 with a resorbable membrane ( MR group ) . Intraoral radiographs and follow-up examinations , including verification of implant stability via the Periotest , were carried out at second-stage surgery 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months later ; and then annually up to 4 years after placement of the definitive restoration . The radiographic examination was conducted by means of a st and ardized procedure to verify osseointegration . RESULTS There was 100 % attendance at the follow-up examination after 4 years . At second-stage surgery , which was performed after 4 to 6 months ' healing time , none of the implants showed any signs of mobility , peri-implantitis , or bone loss . Two implants failed in the MR group , 
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CONCLUSIONS Major bone grafting procedures of extremely resorbed m and ibles may not be justified .
Bone substitutes may replace autogenous bone for sinus lift procedures of extremely atrophic sinuses .
Both guided bone regeneration procedures and distraction osteogenesis can be used to augment bone vertically , but it is unclear which is the most efficient .
It is unclear whether augmentation procedures are needed at immediate single implants placed in fresh extraction sockets ; however , sites treated with barrier + Bio-Oss showed a higher position of the gingival margin than sites treated with barriers alone .
More bone was regenerated around fenestrated implants with nonresorbable barriers than without barriers ; however , it remains unclear whether such bone is of benefit to the patient .
Bone morphogenetic proteins may enhance bone formation around implants grafted with Bio-Oss , but there was no reliable evidence supporting the efficacy of other active agents , such as platelet-rich plasma , in conjunction with implant treatment