***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent findings point to a perceptive impairment of emotional facial expressions in patients diagnosed with Parkinson disease ( PD ) . In these patients , administration of dopamine can modulate emotional facial recognition . We used fMRI to investigate differences in the functional activation in response to emotional and nonemotional gestures between PD patients and age-matched healthy controls ( HC ) . In addition , we used PET to evaluate the striatal dopamine transporter availability ( DAT ) with [11C]d-threo-methylpheni date in the patient group . Patients showed an average decrease to 26 % in DAT when compared to age-corrected healthy references . Reduction in the DAT of the left putamen correlated not only with motor impairment but also with errors in emotional gesture recognition . In comparison to HC , PD patients showed a specific decrease in activation related to emotional gesture observation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex ( VLPFC ) and the right superior temporal sulcus . Moreover , the less DAT present in the left putamen , the lower the activation in the left VLPFC . We conclude that a loss of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the putamen results in a reduction of ventrolateral prefrontal access involved in the recognition of emotional gestures In this study , individuals with Parkinson ’s disease were tested as a model for basal ganglia dysfunction to infer how these structures contribute to the processing of emotional speech tone ( emotional prosody ) .  Nondemented individuals with and without Parkinson ’s disease ( n = 21/group ) completed neuropsychological tests and tasks that required them to process the meaning of emotional prosody in various ways ( discrimination , identification , emotional feature rating ) . Individuals with basal ganglia disease exhibited abnormally reduced sensitivity to the emotional significance of prosody in a range of context s , a deficit that could not be attributed to changes in mood , emotional-symbolic processing , or estimated frontal lobe cognitive re source limitations in most conditions . On the basis of these and broader findings in the literature , it is argued that the basal ganglia provide a critical mechanism for reinforcing the behavioral significance of prosodic patterns and other temporal representations derived from cue sequences ( Lieberman , 2000 ) , facilitating cortical elaboration of these events Studies in patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) suggest that the characteristic motor symptoms of the disorder are frequently accompanied by impairments in cognition that are most profound in tasks of executive function . Neuropsychological deficits are not an inevitable consequence of the disease , yet the reasons underlying cognitive heterogeneity in PD are not well understood . To determine the underlying neural correlate of these cognitive deficits , we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to compare groups of cognitively impaired and unimpaired patients , matched on all other clinical measures .  fMRI revealed significant signal intensity reductions during a working-memory paradigm in specific striatal and frontal lobe sites in patients with cognitive impairment compared with those patients who were not cognitively unimpaired . These results demonstrate that cognitive deficits in PD are accompanied by neural changes that are related to , but distinct from , those changes that underlie motoric deficits in these patients . Furthermore , they suggest that fMRI may provide a valuable tool for identifying patients who may benefit from targeted therapeutic strategies Resting state brain activity in Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) can give clues to the pathophysiology of the disorder , and might be helpful in diagnosis , but it has never been explored using functional MRI ( fMRI ) . In the current study , we used a regional homogeneity ( ReHo ) method to investigate PD‐related modulations of neural activity in the resting state . FMRIs were acquired in 22 patients with PD at both before and after levodopa administration , as well as in 22 age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls . In the PD group compared with the healthy controls , we found ReHo decreased in extensive brain regions , including the putamen , thalamus , and supplementary motor area ; and increased in some other areas , including the cerebellum , primary sensorimotor cortex , and premotor area . The ReHo off medication was negatively correlated with the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) in the putamen and some other regions , and was positively correlated with the UPDRS in the cerebellum . Administration of levodopa relatively normalized ReHo . Our findings demonstrate that neural activity in the resting state is changed in patients with PD . This change is secondary to dopamine deficiency , and related to the severity of the disease . The different neuronal activity at the baseline state should be considered in explaining fMRI findings obtained during tasks . Hum Brain Mapp 2009 . © 2008 Wiley‐Liss , 
    Output:
    
A significant regional GM volume decrease was detected in the left inferior frontal gyrus ( BA47 ) extending to the left superior temporal gyrus ( BA38 ) and the left insula ( BA13 ) of patients with IPD compared with HC subjects .
The findings of this study remain largely unchanged in quartile and jackknife sensitivity analyses and in subgroup analyses .
Robust GM reductions in the inferior frontal/orbitofrontal gyrus ( BA47 ) are implicated in IPD , and the reductions may be related to the mediation of the non-motor IPD symptoms , such as cognitive , emotional , and autonomic functions .