***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Many epidemiologic studies have reported a positive association between dairy products and prostate cancer .  Calcium or saturated fatty acid in dairy products has been suspected as the causative agent . To investigate the association between dairy products , calcium , and saturated fatty acid and prostate cancer in Japan , where both the intake of these items and the incidence of prostate cancer are low , we conducted a population -based prospect i ve study in 43,435 Japanese men ages 45 to 74 years . Participants responded to a vali date d question naire that included 138 food items . During 7.5 years of follow-up , 329 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer .  Dairy products were associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of prostate cancer . The relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of total dairy products , milk , and yogurt were 1.63 ( 1.14 - 2.32 ) , 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.19 ) , and 1.52 ( 1.10 - 2.12 ) , respectively . A statistically significant increase in risk was observed for both calcium and saturated fatty acid , but the associations for these were attenuated after controlling for potential confounding factors . Some specific saturated fatty acids increased the risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner . Relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) on comparison of the highest with the lowest quartiles of myristic acid and palmitic acid were 1.62 ( 1.15 - 2.29 ) and 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.20 ) , respectively . In conclusion , our results suggest that the intake of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):930–7 CONTEXT Although increased intake of grain products has been recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , prospect i ve data examining the relation of whole grain intake to risk of ischemic stroke are sparse , especially among women . OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that higher whole grain intake reduces the  risk of ischemic stroke in women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A prospect i ve cohort of 75,521 US women aged 38 to 63 years without previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus , coronary heart disease , stroke , or other CVDs in 1984 , who completed detailed food frequency question naires ( FFQs ) in 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and 1994 , and were followed up for 12 years as part of the Nurses ' Health Study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incidence of ischemic stroke , confirmed by medical records , by quintile of whole grain intake according to FFQ responses . RESULTS During 861,900 person-years of follow-up , 352 confirmed incident cases of ischemic stroke occurred . We observed an inverse association between whole grain intake and ischemic stroke risk . The age-adjusted relative risks ( RRs ) from the lowest to highest quintiles of whole grain intake were 1.00 ( referent ) , 0.68 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.49 - 0.94 ) , 0.69 ( 95 % CI , 0.51 - 0.95 ) , 0.49 ( 95 % CI , 0.35 - 0.69 ) , and 0.57 ( 95 % CI , 0.42 - 0.78 ; P = .003 for trend ) . Adjustment for smoking modestly attenuated this association ( RR comparing extreme quintiles , 0.64 ; 95 % CI , 0.47 - 0.89 ) . This inverse association remained essentially unchanged with further adjustment for known CVD risk factors , including saturated fat and transfatty acid intake ( multivariate-adjusted RR comparing extreme quintiles , 0.69 ; 95 % CI , 0.50 - 0.98 ) . The inverse relation between whole grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke was also consistently observed among subgroups of women who never smoked , did not drink alcohol , did not exercise regularly , or who did not use postmenopausal hormones . No significant association was observed between total grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke . CONCLUSIONS In this cohort , higher intake of whole grain foods was associated with a  lower risk of ischemic stroke among women , independent of known CVD risk factors . These prospect i ve data support the notion that higher intake of whole grains may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke Background — Little is known about the role of dietary intake in the development of  deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus ( venous thromboembolism [ VTE ] ) . Homocysteine , factor VIII , and von Willebr and factor levels , risk factors for VTE , are influenced by dietary intake . We tested the hypothesis that foods rich in B vitamins and & ohgr;-3 fatty acids are negatively associated and meat intake is positively associated with incidence of VTE . Methods and Results — In a prospect i ve study over 12 years , 14 962 middle-aged adults participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were followed up for incident VTE . All hospitalizations were identified , and 196 VTEs were vali date d by chart review . A food frequency question naire assessed dietary intake at baseline and year 6 . In separate proportional hazards regression analyses , risk of developing VTE was computed across quintiles of selected nutrients , major food groups , and the Western diet pattern , with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors , body mass index , and diabetes . Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of VTE incidence across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were 1.0 ( reference ) , 0.73 ( 0.48 to 1.11 ) , 0.57 ( 0.37 to 0.90 ) , 0.47 ( 0.29 to 0.77 ) , and 0.59 ( 0.36 to 0.99 ) ( Ptrend=0.03 ) . Eating fish 1 or more times per week was associated with 30 % to 45 % lower incidence of VTE for quintiles 2 to 5 compared with quintile 1 , suggestive of a threshold effect . Hazard ratios of VTE across quintiles of red and processed meat intake were 1.0 , 1.24 ( 0.78 to 1.98 ) , 1.21 ( 0.74 to 1.98 ) , 1.09 ( 0.64 to 1.87 ) , and 2.01 ( 1.15 to 3.53 ) ( Ptrend=0.02 ) . Hazard ratios were attenuated only slightly after adjustment for factors VIIc and VIIIc and von Willebr and factor . Conclusions — A diet including more plant food and fish and less red and processed meat is associated with a lower incidence of VTE Background : Calcium , vitamin D , and dairy products are highly correlated factors , each with potential roles in breast carcinogenesis . Few prospect i ve studies have examined these relationships in postmenopausal women . Methods : Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort completed a detailed question naire on diet , vitamin and mineral supplement use , medical history , and lifestyle in 1992 to 1993 . After exclusion of women with a history of cancer and incomplete dietary data , 68,567 postmenopausal women remained for analysis . During follow-up through August 31 , 2001 , we identified 2,855 incident cases of breast cancer . Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios ( RR ) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models . Results : Women with the highest intake of dietary calcium ( > 1,250 mg/d ) were at a lower risk of breast cancer than those reporting ≤500 mg/d [ RR , 0.80 ; 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) , 0.67 - 0.95 ; Ptrend = 0.02 ] ; however , neither use of supplemental calcium nor vitamin D intake was associated with risk . Consumption starting at two or more servings of dairy products per day was likewise inversely associated with risk ( RR , 0.81 ; 95 % CI , 0.69 - 0.95 ; Ptrend = 0.002 , compared with < 0.5 servings/d ) . The associations were slightly stronger in women with estrogen receptor – positive tumors comparing highest to lowest intake : dietary calcium  ( RR , 0.67 ; 95 % CI , 0.51 - 0.88 ; Ptrend = 0.004 ) ; dairy products ( RR , 0.73 ; 95 % CI , 0.57 - 0.93 ; Ptrend = 0.0003 ) , and dietary vitamin D ( RR , 0.74 ; 95 % CI , 0.59 - 0.93 ; Ptrend = 0.006 ) . Conclusions : Our results support the hypothesis that dietary calcium and /or some other components in dairy products may modestly reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer . The stronger inverse associations among estrogen receptor – positive tumors deserve further study . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(12):2898–904 We examined prospect ively the association between whole grain consumption and  colorectal cancer risk  in the population -based Swedish Mammography Cohort . A total of 61 433 women completed a food-frequency question naire at baseline ( 1987–1990 ) and , through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry , 805 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified during a mean follow-up of 14.8 years . High consumption of whole grains was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer , but not of rectal cancer . The multivariate rate ratio ( RR ) of colon cancer for the top category of whole grain consumption ( ⩾4.5 servings day−1 ) compared with the bottom category ( < 1.5 servings day−1 ) was 0.67 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.47–0.96 ; P-value for trend=0.06 ) . The corresponding RR after excluding cases occurring within the first 2 years of follow-up was 0.65 ( 95 % CI , 0.45–0.94 ; P-value for trend=0.04 ) . Our findings suggest that high consumption of whole grains  may decrease the risk of colon cancer in women Background Control of body weight by balancing energy intake and energy expenditure is of major importance for the prevention of type 2 diabetes , but the role of specific dietary factors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes is less well established . We evaluated intakes of whole grain , bran , and germ in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in prospect i ve cohort studies . Methods and Findings We followed 161,737 US women of the Nurses ' Health Studies ( NHSs ) I and II , without history of diabetes , cardiovascular disease , or cancer at baseline . The age at baseline was 37–65 y for NHSI and 26–46 y for NHSII .  Dietary intakes and potential confounders were assessed with regularly administered question naires . We documented 6,486 cases of type 2 diabetes during 12–18 y of follow-up . Other prospect i ve cohort studies on whole grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes were identified in search es of MEDLINE and EMBASE up to January 2007 , and data were independently extracted by two review ers . The median whole grain intake in the lowest and highest quintile of intake was , respectively , 3.7 and 31.2 g/d for NHSI and 6.2 and 39.9 g/d for NHSII . After adjustment for potential confounders , the relative risks ( RRs ) for the highest as compared with the lowest quintile of whole grain intake was 0.63 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 0.57–0.69 ) for NHSI and 0.68 ( 95 % CI 0.57–0.81 ) for NHSII ( both : p-value , test for trend < 0.001 ) . After further adjustment for body mass index ( BMI ) , these RRs were 0.75 ( 95 % CI 0.68–0.83 ; p-value , test for trend < 0.001 ) and 0.86 ( 95 % CI 0.72–1.02 ; p-value , test for trend 0.03 ) respectively . Associations for bran intake were similar to those for total whole grain intake , whereas no significant association was observed for germ intake after adjustment for bran . Based on pooled data for six cohort studies including 286,125 participants and 10,944 cases of type 2 diabetes , a two-serving-per-day increment in whole grain consumption was associated with a 21 % ( 95 % CI 13%–28 % ) decrease in risk of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for potential confounders and BMI . Conclusions Whole grain intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes , and this association is stronger for bran than for germ . Findings from prospect i ve cohort studies consistently support increasing whole grain consumption for 
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Results Based on 7,282 abstract s , 57 studies met the quality criteria and were evidence grade d. The data were too limited to draw any conclusions regarding : red and processed meat intake in relation to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and iron status ; potatoes and berries regarding any study outcomes ; and dairy consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer and CVD .
However , dairy consumption seemed unlikely to increase CVD risk ( moderate- grade evidence ) .
There was probable evidence ( moderate- grade ) for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD , and suggestive evidence ( low- grade ) for colorectal cancer and for dairy consumption being associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes and increased risk of prostate cancer .
The WCRF/AICR concludes that red and processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer .
Conclusions Probable ( moderate ) evidence was only observed for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD .