***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To compare ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in a commercially available peroxide-based cleanser solution ( Polident ( ® ) ) with other denture cleaning methods , we examined the quantity of micro-organisms that survived on dentures before and after various cleaning methods . SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred complete dentures belonging to 50 nursing home residents ( mean age , 84.6 years ) were r and omly assigned to five groups according to the cleaning method employed : ( A ) immersion in Polident ( ® ) solution alone , ( B ) brushing with water , ( C ) ultrasonic cleaning with water , ( D ) method ( A ) followed by method ( B ) and ( E ) ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in Polident ( ® ) solution . Before and after the dentures had been cleaned , denture biofilm was collected from the mucosal surface of each lateral half of the examined dentures . The collected micro-organisms were cultured , presumptively identified by st and ard methods and quantified . Comparisons between the five cleaning methods were carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn 's multiple comparisons test . RESULTS The denture cleaning methods involving the use of Polident ( ® ) solution ( methods A , D and E ) were significantly more effective at denture disinfection than the other methods ( p < 0.05 ) ; in particular , the quantity of C and ida spp . was lowest after method E ( median , 0.00 ; significantly lower than those observed after methods A , B and C ; p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION It was concluded that ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in a peroxide-based cleanser solution  effectively reduces the quantity of micro-organisms surviving on dentures and is a suitable method for elderly individuals who find brushing their dentures difficult PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of disinfection with sodium perborate or chlorhexidine ( when combined with brushing ) on the removal of biofilm in relined dentures . METHODS Swabs were collected 48 hours after the relining procedure and at the follow-up time intervals of 7 , 15 , 30 , 90 , and 180 days . The dentures ' surface roughness was measured at the same times . 45 subjects were r and omly divided into three groups of 15 subjects each . The control group brushed with coconut soap and a soft toothbrush . The sodium perborate group followed the same procedure and also disinfected with sodium perborate solution for 5 minutes per day . The chlorhexidine group followed the control group procedure and disinfected with 2 % chlorhexidine digluconate solution for 5 minutes per day . The number of colony forming units and the surface roughness were evaluated statistically by 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The control group dentures exhibited similar levels of microbial cells throughout the experiment . However , after 15 days , no microbial growth was observed on the dentures for which either disinfection agent was used . There were no statistically significant differences in superficial roughness between the groups ( P = 0.298 ) . The disinfection agents used , combined with brushing , were able to remove the relined dentures ' biofilm after 15 days of disinfection . Roughness was not a predominant factor in CFU reduction BACKGROUND This r and omised clinical study evaluated the effect of chemical disinfection with sodium perborate or chlorhexidine on the colour stability of a hard chairside reline resin during six months . METHODS Hard chairside reline resin ( Tokuyama Rebase Fast II ) was used to reline complete dentures . After baseline colour measurements , the patients were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 15 ) and allocation was concealed with the use of the BioStat program . The dentures were cleansed according to three methods : CG ( control group)--brushing with coconut soap and soft toothbrush , PG ( Perborate group)--brushing according to previous methods and disinfection with warmed sodium perborate solution ( Corega Tabs ) for 5 min , once a day for 6 months and ChxG ( Chlorhexidine Group)--brushing according to CG and disinfection with chlorhexidine digluconate 2 % for 5min once a day for 6 months . The data of ΔE * , ΔL * , Δa * and Δb * were analysed by 2-way repeated- measures ANOVAs and Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS There were significant differences amongst groups for ΔL , Δa and Δb . The time had a significant effect on ΔE and ΔL , for all groups evaluated . CONCLUSION Changes in some colour parameters ( ΔL , Δa and Δb ) of the reline resin Tokuyama Rebase were observed when the dentures were disinfected by perborate and chlorhexidine digluconate 2 % solutions . The colour stability of was also influenced by time , regardless of disinfection or nondisinfection . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Colour stability of the denture material s is one variable to be considered when choosing disinfection methods . The data in this study will be useful to clinicians when they are selecting disinfectant solutions for disinfection of relined denture OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antimicrobial action of effervescent tablets and ultrasound on C and ida spp . and mutans streptococci from denture biofilm . BACKGROUND It is not uncommon for edentulous patients to be elderly and find it difficult to brush their dentures . Hence , auxiliary methods are required for cleansing dentures as well as treating oral infections . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-seven complete denture wearers were r and omly assigned into four groups : ( A ) Brushing with water ( control ) ; ( B ) Effervescent tablets ; ( C ) Ultrasonic device ( Ultrasonic Cleaner , model 2840 D ) ; ( D ) Effervescent tablets and ultrasonic device . All groups brushed their dentures with a specific brush and water , three times a day , before applying their treatments . Denture biofilm was collected at baseline and after 21 days . The sample s were collected by brushing the dentures with saline and the detached microbial cells were quantified by plating . Counts [ log ( CFU+1 ) ml(-1 ) ] of total aerobes , C and ida spp . and mutans streptococci were compared by one-way anova or Kruskal-Wallis test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference was found among the methods from C. albicans ( p = 0.76 ) , C. tropicalis ( p = 0.94 ) and C. glabrata ( p = 0.80 ) . Lower counts were found for methods B and D when compared with the other methods against mutans streptococci ( p < 0.001 ) . Method B showed lower total aerobic counts than A , whereas C and D showed intermediate results ( p = 0.011 ) . CONCLUSION The effervescent tablets significantly reduced mutans streptococci and total aerobes from denture biofilm . However , they was not as effective against C. albicans . Ultrasonic cleansing presented a discrete antimicrobial effect and was less effective than the tablets for complete denture disinfection ABSTRACT To preserve oral health and to maintain the prosthetic devices , it is important not only to improve the properties of commonly known hygiene products , but also to investigate new material s with antimicrobial action . Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite ( 0.25 % and 0.50 % ) and 10 % Ricinus communis ’ solutions against specific microorganisms . Material and Methods Sixty four maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures three times a day and to soak them ( 20 min/day ) in the solutions : SH1 : 0.25 % sodium hypochlorite ; SH2 : 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite ; RC : 10 % R. communis oil ; and C : 0.85 % saline ( control ) . The solutions were used for 7 days in a r and omized sequence . Following each period of use , there was a 1-week washout period . Antimicrobial activity was determined by Colony Forming Units ( CFU ) counts of Streptococcus mutans , C and ida spp . , and gram-negative microorganisms . For collecting biofilm , the internal surface of maxillary dentures was brushed with saline solution , and biofilm suspension obtained . After dilutions ( 100 - 10 - 3 ) , aliquots were seeded in Mitis salivarius , CHROMagar C and ida ® , and MacConkey agar for detecting S. mutans , C and ida spp . , or gram-negative microorganisms , respectively . After incubation , colonies were counted , and CFU/mL values were calculated . Then , transformation - log10 ( CFU+1 ) - data were analyzed using the Friedman test ( α=0.05 ) . Results showed significant differences between the solutions ( p<0.001 ) . Results All three solutions showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans . Against C and ida spp . , RC and SH1 solutions showed similar effect while SH2 showed superior activity . SH1 and SH2 solutions showed antimicrobial action against gram-negative microorganisms . The C and ida species most frequently isolated was C. albicans , followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata . Conclusions The 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and might be used to control denture biofilm . C. albicans was the most frequently isolated C and ida PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of microwave disinfection on the color stability of a hard chairside reline resin after a 1-year service period . METHODS 40 adult patients aged between 30 - 75 years , who required denture reline treatment , participated in this study . Tokuyama Rebase II was used to reline complete maxillary dentures . The edentulous subjects were r and omly divided into two groups ( n=20 ) and dentures were cleansed according to two methods : CG ( control group ) - brushing with coconut soap and soft toothbrush ; DG ( disinfection group ) - brushing according to previous methods and microwave disinfection once a week for 3 minutes at 650W . Color parameters in L*a*b * were recorded by spectrophotometer immediately after the reline , at 7 and 15 days , 1 , 3 , 6 and 9 months and 1 year post-placement . Data were analyzed by two-way repeated- measures ANOVA and Tukey tests ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Color alteration values of DG were significantly lower than those of CG ( P<0.05 ) . Color changes observed after 15 days were greater than values obtained at 7 days recall ( P<0.05 ) . All color changes observed for the CG were considered noticeable ( between 1.5 and 3.0 NBS ) . In DG , color change was slight ( between 0.5 and 1.5 NBS ) . There were statistically significant differences between L * values obtained initially and after 3 months , between 15 days and 3 months and between 15 days and 1 year ( P<0.05 ) . No significant differences were observed between group and time for the parameters a * and OBJECTIVES This cluster-r and omised controlled trial assessed whether oral health care education ( OHCE ) for nursing home caregivers would achieve improvements in clients ' oral health . METHODS Twenty-two nursing homes were r and omly allocated to intervention or control group . Clients were examined at baseline and at follow-up visits 1- and 6-months after caregivers received OHCE . Main outcome measures were denture plaque , denture-induced stomatitis , dental plaque and gingivitis . Differences in group means/medians were compared with adjustment for cluster r and omisation . RESULTS Clients ' baseline oral health was poor . After OHCE , the intervention group 's oral health scores improved significantly . Reductions in denture plaque scores ( 0 - 4 scale ) exceeded those of the control group by 1.15 ( 95%CI=0.83 , 1.47 ) at 1 month and by 1.47 ( 95%CI=1.13 , 1.80 ) at 6 months . Denture-induced stomatitis prevalence reduced significantly over 6 months compared to the control group ( P<0.0001 ) . Group differences in favour of the intervention group were 0.41 ( 95%CI=0.18 , 0.65 ) at 1 month and 0.34 ( 95%CI=0.14 , 0.53 ) at 6 months for dental plaque ( 0 - 3 scale ) , and 0.17 ( 95%CI= -0.01 , 0.35 ) at 1 month and 0.28 ( 95%CI 0.15 , 0.42 ) at 6 months for gingivitis ( 0 - 2 scale ) . Key differences remained significant after adjustment for clustering effects . The provider 's costs would currently be approximately pounds 6700 per year to deliver the intervention to a Health Authority with 100 homes . CONCLUSIONS Although final levels of residents ' oral health were still short of ideal , this study clearly shows that , for a modest cost , OHCE can improve caregivers '  knowledge , attitudes and oral health care performance for elderly , functionally dependent clients Background Appropriate oral hygiene is required to maintain oral health in denture wearers . This study aims to compare the role of denture cleaning methods in combination with overnight storage conditions on biofilm mass and composition on acrylic removable dentures . Methods In a cross-over r and omized controlled trial in 13 older people , 4 conditions with 2 different mechanical cleaning methods and 2 
    Output:
    
Combined application of different hygiene interventions , including brushing or ultrasound vibration in conjunction with chemical agents , leads to more effective outcomes ( reduction in denture biofilm percentage and /or number of microorganisms ' colony-forming units ) .
Critical concentrations of cleansing solutions along with the duration of their implementation influence the serviceability of dentures regarding colour stability .
Brushing represents the most commonly applied hygiene practice , while denture wearers ' attitudes are not complied with the recommended guidelines considering the reported frequency of hygiene practice s and the continuous denture wear