***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In this intervention , teenagers with diabetes were introduced to  insulin-dependent adults who served as their sponsors . The study used an experimental design with 54 adolescents r and omized into experimental and control groups . Data were collected from biochemical markers , psychometric instruments , and interviews . Analysis of hemoglobins showed no differences between groups , although means for the intervention group declined . Intervention adolescents were less likely to agree that " I wish I could run away " and " I wish I did n't have diabetes " and showed higher self-esteem with regard to social acceptance and romantic appeal . Interview data showed that the adolescent-sponsor relationship provided a vital source of support that helped the adolescents develop awareness of their potential , contributing to feelings of validation and responsible regimen management . This study provides an evaluation of an innovative strategy for improving compliance in a high-risk population . The effectiveness of the intervention for black and Hispanic teenagers suggests that the program would be particularly viable in medical centers in minority communities Abstract Objective : To determine the effect of a peer led programme for asthma education on quality of life and related morbidity in adolescents with asthma . Design : Cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting : Six high schools in rural Australia . Participants : 272 students with recent wheeze , recruited from a cohort of 1515 students from two school years ( mean age 12.5 and 15.5 years ) ; 251 ( 92.3 % ) completed the study . Intervention : A structured education programme for peers comprising three steps ( the “ Triple A Program ” ) . Main outcome measures : Quality of life , school absenteeism , asthma attacks , and lung function . Results : When adjusted for year and sex , mean total quality of life scores showed significant improvement in the intervention than control group . Clinical ly important improvement in quality of life ( > 0.5 units ) occurred in 25 % of students with asthma in the intervention group compared with 12 % in the control group ( P=0.01 ) . The number needed to treat was 8 ( 95 % confidence interval 4.5 to 35.7 ) . The effect of the intervention was greatest in students in year 10 and in females . Significant improvements occurred in the activities domain ( 41 % v 28 % ) and in the emotions domain ( 39 % v 19 % ) in males in the intervention group . School absenteeism significantly decreased in the intervention group only . Asthma attacks at school increased in the control group only . Conclusion : The triple A programme leads to a clinical ly relevant improvement in quality of life and related morbidity in students with asthma . Wider dissemination of this programme in schools could play an important part in reducing the burden of asthma in Objective : Since peers have such an important influence on adolescents , we evaluated the efficacy of adding peer-based ‘ adventure therapy ’ to a st and ard cognitive-behavioral weight control program for overweight adolescents . Methods : Adolescents ( N=76 ) aged 13–16 years and 20 to 80 % overweight ( M=60.56 % , s.d.=15.17 % ) , were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment conditions : cognitive-behavioral group treatment with ‘ adventure therapy ’ similar to Outward Bound ® ( cognitive-behavioral treatment with peer-enhanced adventure therapy ( CBT+PEAT ) ) or cognitive-behavioral group treatment with aerobic exercise ( CBT+EXER ) . Anthropometric and psychosocial measures were obtained at baseline , at the end of the 16-week intervention , and at 10 months following r and omization . Results : Adolescents assigned to both treatment conditions demonstrated significant weight loss over time , F=29.06 , df=2 , 53 , P<0.01 . Average weight loss did not differ significantly between groups ( −5.31 kg for CBT+PEAT and −3.20 kg for CBT+EXER ) at the end of treatment . There was a significant difference in the percentage of participants maintaining a minimum 4.5 kg ( 10 pounds ) weight loss ( 35 % in the CBT+PEAT condition vs 12 % in the CBT+EXER condition , P=0.042 ) 10 months from r and omization . We also observed a significant age by treatment group interaction , such that older adolescents r and omized to CBT+PEAT demonstrated more than four times the weight loss of older adolescents assigned to CBT+EXER ( M=−7.86 kg vs M=−1.72 kg ) at the end of treatment . Conclusions : Peer-based ‘ adventure therapy ’ is a promising adjunct to st and ard cognitive-behavioral weight control intervention for adolescents , and may be most effective for older adolescents Multifaceted , sustained efforts are needed to reduce early pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases among high-risk adolescents . An important area for research is testing youth development interventions offered through clinic setting s , where access to high-risk adolescents is plentiful and few efforts have rigorously evaluated a dual approach of building protective factors while addressing risk . This article presents findings from a pilot study of Prime Time , a clinic-based youth development intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors among girls at risk for early pregnancy . Girls aged 13 to 17 years meeting specified risk criteria were assigned to Prime Time treatment groups . The Prime Time intervention included a combination of case management services and peer leadership groups . Participants completed self-report surveys at baseline , 12 and 18 months following enrollment . At 12 months , the intervention group reported significantly fewer sexual partners than the control group . At 18 months , the intervention group reported significantly more consistent condom use with trends toward more consistent hormonal and dual method use . Dose-response analyses suggested that relatively high levels of exposure to a youth development intervention were needed to change contraceptive use behaviors among adolescents at risk for early pregnancy . Given promising findings , further testing of the Prime Time intervention is warranted PURPOSE To examine the impact of a peer-led asthma education program on asthma knowledge , attitudes , and quality of life among adolescents . METHODS A controlled trial was conducted in two girls ' high schools situated in an area of high unemployment and low socioeconomic status , and with a large non-English-speaking community . One school received the intervention and the second school acted as a comparison school . The Triple A ( Adolescent Asthma Action ) program was implemented in the intervention school and involved Year 11 student peer leaders instructing Year 10 students about asthma . The Year 10 students then developed asthma-related health messages into student asthma performances which were presented to the main student body . Outcomes were evaluated by question naire . RESULTS The Triple A program led to a significant improvement in asthma knowledge in both students with asthma and their peers . This effect occurred not only in students conducting the asthma performances ( Year 10 ) , but also in students in the audience ( Year 7 ) . Students held favorable attitudes toward asthma , with high degrees of tolerance and moderate internal locus of control . Asthma-related quality of life was not altered by the intervention . CONCLUSION Peer-led asthma education was well received in the high school setting and led to important improvements in asthma knowledge among students with asthma and their peers OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led asthma self-management program for adolescents . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial comparing a peer-led asthma program ( intervention group ) and a conventional adult-led asthma program ( control group ) . Each program was implemented at a full-day camp . SETTING A city and adjacent suburbs in upstate New York . PARTICIPANTS A total of 112 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years with persistent asthma . INTERVENTION A peer-led asthma self-management program implemented at a day camp . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale and the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Question naire were administered at baseline and immediately and 3 , 6 , and 9 months after the intervention . Spirometry was conducted twice : before and 9 months after the intervention . RESULTS The intervention group reported more positive attitudes at 6 months ( mean difference , 4.11 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.65 - 7.56 ) and higher quality of life at 6 months ( difference , 11.38 ; 95 % CI , 0.96 - 21.79 ) and 9 months ( difference , 12.97 ; 95 % CI , 3.46 - 22.48 ) than the control group . The intervention was found to be more beneficial to adolescents of male gender or low family income , as shown by greater improvement in positive attitudes toward asthma and quality of life than their counterparts . CONCLUSION An asthma self-management program led by peer leaders is a developmentally appropriate approach that can be effective in assisting adolescents with asthma in improving their attitudes and quality of life , particularly for males and those of low socioeconomic status . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01161225 PURPOSE To examine the prospect i ve , longitudinal associations between positive well-being during adolescence and health outcomes in young adulthood , using a large , nationally representative sample of youth . METHODS On the basis of the data from the first three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health , we examined positive well-being during adolescence  ( averaged across Waves I-II ) as a predictor of perceived young adult general health and risky health behaviors ( Wave III ) . Each model included a full set of health and demographic baseline covariates . Missing values were assigned using multiple imputation methods ( n = 10,147 ) . RESULTS Positive well-being during adolescence was significantly associated with reporting better perceived general health during young adulthood , independent of depressive symptoms . Positive well-being was also significantly associated with fewer risky health behaviors in Wave III , after adding all covariates , including depressive symptoms and baseline risky health behaviors . CONCLUSION Few studies of adolescent health have examined positive psychological characteristics , tending to focus instead on the effect of negative mood states and cognitions on health . This study demonstrates that positive well-being during adolescence predicts better perceived general health and fewer risky health behaviors during young adulthood . Aligned with the goals of the positive youth development perspective , promoting and nurturing positive well-being during the transition from childhood to adolescence may present a promising way to improve long-term health 
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CONCLUSIONS : The PYD-consistent programs identified in this review can serve as models for the development of youth development programs for adolescents with chronic illness .
PYD-consistent programs have the potential to reach youth with chronic illness and promote positive adult outcomes broadly