***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION The aim of this prospect i ve clinical study was to evaluate the skeletal , dentoalveolar , and soft-tissue effects of  maxillary protraction  with miniplates compared with conventional facemask therapy and an untreated Class III control group . METHODS Forty-five subjects who were in prepubertal or pubertal skeletal growth periods were included in the study and divided into 3 groups of 15 patients each . All subjects had skeletal and dental Class III malocclusions with maxillary deficiency , vertically normal growth pattern , anterior crossbite , Angle Class III molar relationship , normal or increased overbite , and retrusive nasomaxillary complex . Before maxillary protraction , rapid maxillary expansion with a bonded appliance was performed in both treatment groups . In the first group ( MP+FM ) , consisting of 5 girls and 10 boys ( mean age , 10.91 years ) , facemasks were applied from 2 titanium miniplates surgically placed laterally to the apertura piriformis regions of the maxilla . The second group ( FM ) of 7 girls and 8 boys ( mean age , 10.31 years ) received maxillary protraction therapy with conventional facemasks applied from hooks of the rapid maxillary expansion appliance . The third group of 8 girls and 7 boys ( mean age , 10.05 years ) was the untreated control group . Lateral cephalometric films were obtained at the beginning and end of treatment or observation in all groups and analyzed according to a structural superimposition method . Measurements were evaulated statistically with Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests . RESULTS Treatment periods were 6.78 and 9.45 months in the MP+FM and FM groups , respectively , and the observation period in the control group was 7.59 months . The differences were significant between the 3 groups ( P < 0.05 ) and the MP+FM and FM groups ( P < 0.001 ) . The maxilla moved forward for 2.3 mm in the MP+FM group and 1.83 mm in the FM group with maxillary protraction . The difference was significant between 2 groups ( P < 0.001 ) . The protraction rates were 0.45 mm per month in the MP+FM group and 0.24 mm per month in the FM group ( P < 0.001 ) . The maxilla showed anterior rotation after facemask therapy in the FM group ( P < 0.01 ) ; there was no significant rotation in the MP+FM group . Posterior rotation of the m and ible and increased facial height were more evident in the FM group compared with the MP+FM group ( P < 0.01 ) . Both the maxilla and the m and ible moved forward significantly in the control group . Protrusion and mesialization of the maxillary teeth in the FM group were eliminated in the MP+FM group . The maxillom and ibular relationships and the soft-tissue profile were improved remarkably in both treatment groups . CONCLUSIONS The undesired effects of conventional facemask therapy were reduced or eliminated with miniplate anchorage , and efficient maxillary protraction was achieved in a shorter treatment period The aim of this research was to evaluate , within a controlled clinical study , the effects of a Delaire-type facemask or a modified Jasper Jumper ( JJ ) used in the treatment of children with Class III malocclusions due to maxillary retrognathia on temporom and ibular disorders ( TMDs ) . Forty-six patients with Class III malocclusions referred for orthodontic treatment were divided into two groups , a test and a control . The test group comprised 33 r and omly chosen patients ( 15 females , 18 males ) aged 8 - 11 years . The control group included 13 patients ( eight females , five males ) with similar features .  TMD assessment  was performed before and after treatment using a two-axis question naire , the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporom and ibular Disorders ( RDC/TMDs ) . Qualitative data were evaluated using chi-square and McNemar tests . No statistically significant differences related to the presence of TMD were observed pre- or post-treatment ( P > 0.05 ) . The most commonly encountered diagnosis was arthralgia in the JJ group both before and after treatment . Evaluation of joint and muscle regions showed decreased symptoms , apart from the diagnosed discomforts , in the JJ group ( P < 0.05 ) . Reduced symptoms were observed in the Delaire group ; however , this reduction was not statistically significant . An increase , not considered to be statistically significant , was observed in the control group . The Delaire-type facemask and modified JJ used in the early phase of Class III malocclusion treatment did not result in TMD Background and Objective : When treating pronounced dentoalveolar compensation of a skeletal Class III malocclusion , preoperative decompensation frequently requires the extraction of maxillary lateral teeth and retraction of the incisors . In this context , maximum anchorage of the maxillary molars is frequently necessary to attain the significant increase in negative overjet that is desired . The aim of this study was to compare the quality of conventional and skeletal molar anchorage using mini-implants in association with pre-operative decompensation . Patients and Methods : Pre-operative decompensation involved the symmetric extraction of two lateral teeth from the maxilla as well as retraction of the front teeth in each of 20 patients with a marked skeletal Class III . The molar anchorage half of the patients received was conventional ( transpalatal arch ) while the other half were treated with skeletal anchorage via mini-implants inserted in the anterior palate . Study models were prepared and analyzed using a 3D scanner before and after space closure ( OrthoProof ) . We analyzed the bilateral degree of mesial molar migration and change in the transversal dimension ( DigiModel software ) . Results : All patients demonstrated mesial migration of the upper molars as a response to the load on the anchorage unit . The 4.21 mm ( ± 1.17 mm ) anchorage loss associated with conventional anchorage was greater than that of skeletal anchorage in the anterior palate ( 2.05 mm [ ± 1.39 mm ] ) . We observed a tendency towards transversal expansion in the molar region according to the design and thickness of the transpalatal arch . Conclusions : Skeletal molar anchorage proved to be more effective than the conventional anchorage . Hence , skeletal anchorage is preferable , especially when patients are in serious need of preoperative decompensation . The anterior palate has proven to be an advantageous region for insertion in conjunction with the correct mechanics . ZusammenfassungFragestellung : Bei ausgeprägten dentoalveolären Kompensationen einer skelettalen Klasse III ist i m Rahmen der prächirurgischen Dekompensation oftmals die Extraktion von Oberkiefer-Seitenzähnen mit Retraktion der Front indiziert . Die in diesem Rahmen gewünschte signifikante Vergrößerung der negativen sagittalen Frontzahnstufe erfordert oft eine maximale Verankerung der Oberkiefermolaren . Ziel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Qualität der konventionellen und skelettalen Molarenverankerung mittels Mini-Implantaten i m Rahmen der präoperativen Dekompensation . Patienten und Method ik : Bei 20 Patienten mit einer ausgeprägten skelettalen Klasse III wurden zur präoperativen Dekompensation symmetrisch jeweils zwei Seitenzähne i m Oberkiefer extrahiert sowie eine Frontretraktion durchgeführt . Die Molarenverankerung erfolgte bei der einen Hälfte der Patienten jeweils mittels konventioneller Verankerung ( Transpalatinalbogen ) und bei der and eren Hälfte skelettal mittels Mini-Implantaten i m anterioren Gaumen . Vor und nach dem Lückenschluss wurden Studienmodelle angefertigt und mittels eines 3D-Scanners ( Ortho-Proof ) vermessen . Sowohl das beidseitige Ausmaß der Mesialw and erung der Molaren als auch eine Veränderung in der Transversalen wurden ausgewertet ( DigiModel Software).Ergebnisse : Bei allen Patienten kam es bei Belastung der Verankerungseinheit zu einer Mesialw and erung der Oberkiefermolaren . Bei konventioneller Verankerung war der Verankerungsverlust mit 4,21 mm ( ± 1,17 mm ) größer als bei skelettaler Verankerung i m anterioren Gaumen mit 2,05 mm ( ± 1,39 mm ) . Je nach Design und Stärke des Transpalatinalbogens zeigte sich eine Tendenz zur transversalen Erweiterung i m Molarenbereich . Schlussfolgerungen : Die skelettale Molarenverankerung zeigte eine höhere Effektivität als die konventionelle Verankerung . Insbesondere bei Patienten mit einem großen Bedarf an präoperativer Dekompensation sollte daher der skelettalen Verankerung der Vorzug gegeben werden . Der anteriore Gaumen erwies sich in Kombination mit einer geeigneten Mechanik für diese Aufgabe als vorteilhafte Insertionsregion The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dentofacial effects of 1 week rapid palatal expansion ( RPE ) and activation-deactivation ( A/D ) RPE protocol s with reverse headgear ( RH ) . Two groups , each containing 15 subjects , were included in this study . In the  RPE group ( seven males and eight females , 11.94 ± 1.62 years ) , Hyrax screws were activated every 12 hours for 1 week . At the end of this period , RPE was stopped and the patients were instructed to wear the RH . In the A/D-RPE group ( seven males and eight females , 11.34 ± 1.81 years ) , the screws were activated every 12 hours for 1 week . Subsequently , the screws were deactivated every 12 hours for 1 week followed by activation and deactivation for the following 2 weeks . After this protocol , the patients were instructed to use the RH . A total force of 700 g was applied to both groups for 16 - 18 hours/day for the first 3 months , for 12 hours/day for the second 3 months , and for 6 hours/day for the second 6 months . Lateral cephalometric films were taken before treatment ( T1 ) and at the end of the first ( T2 ) and second ( T3 ) 6 months to evaluate the dentofacial changes . Intragroup differences of each l and mark at T2-T1 , T3-T2 , and T3-T1 were analysed with a paired t-test ( P < 0.016 ) , and intergroup differences were compared with an independent t-test ( P < 0.05 ) . Anterior movement of point A ( 4.13 mm ) for the A/D-RPE group was approximately twice of the RPE group ( 2.33 mm ; P < 0.001 ) . Backward movement of the m and ible showed no significant difference between the groups . Anterior face height increases did not demonstrate significant differences between the groups . The pronounced anterior movement of point A demonstrates that the A/D-RPE procedure positively affects maxillary protraction The aims of this study were to evaluate ( i ) the effect of ethnicity , social deprivation , and normative orthodontic treatment need on orthodontic aesthetic self-perception , self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment , and oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion ; ( ii ) the effect of ethnicity , social deprivation , and gender on perceived orthodontic treatment need and use of orthodontic services ; ( iii ) the influence of perceived oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion on perceived need and wish for orthodontic treatment ; and ( iv ) whether orthodontic treatment experience influences perceived oral aesthetic impact of malocclusion . A stratified , r and om sample of 434 14 - 15-year-old children from schools in Manchester , UK , was obtained . Information was collected on orthodontic aesthetic self-perception and orthodontic treatment experience using a question naire . The former data were combined to form an Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale ( OASIS ) . Normative orthodontic treatment need was measured with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need ( IOTN ) . Children with higher clinical need for orthodontic treatment perceived themselves as worse off than their peers with lower need . More socially deprived children or those with high  IOTN aesthetic component ( AC ) scores had a higher ( i.e. more negative ) aesthetic impact ( OASIS ) score . Asians and females had higher IOTN dental health component ( DHC ) scores , but a better aesthetic appearance than Caucasians and males . More deprived children were less likely to have received orthodontic treatment . Despite this , OASIS scores were similar between treated and untreated children . Untreated children who wished for orthodontic treatment had higher IOTN AC and OASIS scores INTRODUCTION In this cephalometric investigation , we analyzed the treatment effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction ( BAMP ) with miniplates in the maxilla and m and ible connected by Class III elastics in patients with Class III malocclusion . METHODS The treated sample consisted of 21 Class III patients consecutively treated with the BAMP protocol before the pubertal growth spurt ( mean age , 11.10 ± 1.8 years ) and reevaluated after BAMP therapy  , about 1 year later . The treated group was compared with a matched control group of 18 untreated Class III subjects . Significant differences between the treated and control groups were assessed with independent- sample t tests ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS Sagittal measurements of the maxilla showed highly significant improvements during active treatment ( about 4 mm more than the untreated controls ) , with significant protraction effects at orbitale and pterygomaxillare . Significant improvements of overjet and molar relationship were recorded , as well as in the m and ibular skeletal measures at Point B and pogonion . Vertical skeletal changes and modifications in incisor 
    Output:
    
There is some evidence that the use of a facemask to correct prominent lower front teeth in children is effective when compared to no treatment on a short-term basis .