***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Prolonged vibration stimulation to normal individuals could lead to muscle weakness attributable to attenuation of afferent feedback . This weakness is neurophysiologically similar to that seen in patients with knee injury . Theoretically , increasing input to gamma motor neurons could reverse this weakness . Sensory input to these neurons from skin could indirectly increase Ia afferent feedback . The present study examined the effect of this tactile stimulation in the form of Kinesiology tape on muscle weakness attributable to attenuation of afferent feedback . DESIGN R and omized , crossover design . METHODS All participants were measured their eccentric maximal voluntary contractions under the 2 conditions (  taping and non-taping ) . First , maximal voluntary contraction during eccentric contraction was measured as baseline . For the taping condition , Kinesiology tape was applied around each subject 's knee joint during maximal voluntary contraction measurement after vibration . For the non-taping condition , tape was not applied during maximal voluntary contraction measurement after vibration . Mean percentage changes between pre- and post-vibration stimulation were compared between two conditions . RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction and average electromyography of taping condition was significantly larger than that of non-taping condition . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that tactile stimulation in the form of Kinesiology tape inhibits the decline of both strength and electromyography . Alpha motor neuron activity attenuated by prolonged vibration would thus be partially rescued by tactile stimulation . These results indirectly suggest that stimulation of skin around the knee could counter quadriceps femoris weakness due to attenuated Ia afferent activity BACKGROUND Kinesio taping is a commonly used intervention for patients with chronic low back pain . However , the medium term effects of kinesio taping in these patients are unknown . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of kinesio taping in patients with chronic low back pain after 6 months from r and omization . METHODS This was a r and omized controlled trial with a 6 months follow up . One hundred and forty eight participants were r and omly assigned to the experimental ( kinesio taping with skin convolutions ) or control ( kinesio taping without convolutions-Sham Taping ) group . Participants from both groups had the tape reapplied twice a week for four weeks . The outcomes were pain , disability and global impression of recovery after 6 months . RESULTS One participant was lost to follow up in the experimental group ( n=73 , response rate 99 % ) and two in the control group ( n=72 , response rate 97 % ) . After 6 months there were no statistically significant between-group differences in pain intensity ( between-group difference -0.8 points , 95 % CI -1.7 to 0.2 ) , global impression of recovery ( 0.4 , -0.7 to 1.5 ) , or disability ( -1.1 , -3.0 to 0.7 ) . CONCLUSION Four weeks of kinesio taping treatment was no better than sham taping for patients with chronic low back pain , at 6 months follow-up . Trial Registration Number ( http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ ) : RBR-7ggfkv ( Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials ) Study Design . A r and omized controlled trial with 2-week Kinesio taping intervention . Objective . The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of Kinesio taping application on pain , functional disability , and trunk flexion range of motion ( ROM ) in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain ( chronic NSLBP ) . Summary of Background Data . Kinesio taping is a therapeutic tool used for treatment of chronic NSLBP . However , there is little scientific evidence that describes its clinical efficacy . Methods . Forty-four patients with chronic NSLBP were r and omized into experimental group ( n = 21 ) and placebo group ( n = 23 ) . The experimental group was treated with Erector Spinae Taping , whereas the placebo group was treated with placebo taping . The primary endpoint was pain intensity on visual analog scale . Secondary endpoints were functional disability on Arabic version of Oswestry disability index ( ODI ) and trunk flexion ROM on Modified Schober 's test . All measurements were recorded at baseline ( W0 ) , after 2-week intervention ( W2 ) , and at 4-week ( W4 ) follow-up . Results . Both group were comparable at baseline ( P > 0.05 ) . The experimental group had a greater decrease in pain than the placebo group after W2 of intervention ( mean between-group difference 2.05 cm , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.38–2.71 points ) . This was maintained to W4 follow-up ( 2.25 cm , 95 % CI = 1.67–2.82 points ) . At W2 , the experimental group had significantly greater improvement in disability , by 3.90 points ( 95 % CI = 1.68–8.54 points ) . This effect was significant at W4 follow-up ( 5.6 , 95 % CI = 2.65–8.54 points ) . Similarly trunk flexion ROM was significantly better at W2 ( −0.71 cm , 95 % CI = −0.85 to −0.56 ) and W4 follow-up ( −0.73 cm , 95 % CI = −0.88 to −0.58 ) . Conclusion . Kinesio taping  reduces pain and disability and improves trunk flexion ROM after 2 weeks of application . However , thesis effects were very small to be considered clinical ly relevant and meaningful when compared with placebo taping . Level of Evidence : Study Design R and omized controlled trial . Background Many clinical practice guidelines endorse both manual therapy and exercise as effective treatment options for patients with low back pain . To optimize the effects of the treatments recommended by the guidelines , a new intervention known as Kinesio Taping is being widely used in these patients . Objectives To determine the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain when added to a physical therapy program consisting of exercise and manual therapy . Methods One hundred forty-eight patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain were r and omly allocated to receive 10 ( twice weekly ) sessions of physical therapy , consisting of exercise and manual therapy , or the same treatment with the addition of Kinesio Taping applied to the lower back . The primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability ( 5 weeks after r and omization ) and the secondary outcomes were pain intensity , disability ( 3 months and 6 months after r and omization ) , global perceived effect , and satisfaction with care ( 5 weeks after treatment ) . Data were collected by a blinded assessor . Results No between-group differences were observed in the primary outcomes of pain intensity ( mean difference , -0.01 points ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : -0.88 , 0.85 ) or disability ( mean difference , 1.14 points ; 95 % CI : -0.85 , 3.13 ) at 5 weeks ' follow-up . In addition , no between-group differences were observed for any of the other outcomes evaluated , except for disability 6 months after r and omization ( mean difference , 2.01 points ; 95 % CI : 0.03 , 4.00 ) in favor of the control group . Conclusion Patients who received a physical therapy program consisting of exercise and manual therapy did not get additional benefit from the use of Kinesio Taping . Level of Evidence Therapy , level 1b . Prospect ively registered May 28 , 2013 at www . Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01866332 ) . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):506 - 513 . Epub 6 Jun 2016 . doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6590 Objective In this study , we aim ed on investigating the effects of Kinesio taping ( KT ) in acute postoperative rehabilitation phase of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) reconstruction . Methods Thirty male patients ( mean age : 28.1 years ) with ACL reconstruction were r and omly assigned to two groups : ( 1 ) an experimental group to receive a KT treatment through the muscle and lymphatic correction techniques ; or ( 2 ) a control group for sham KT . Both interventions were applied twice during a 10-day period from the fourth postoperative day . All patients received the same rehabilitation program for three months . The groups were compared according to range of motion ( ROM ) , pain , swelling and muscle strength before treatment and on the fifth and tenth treatment days . Subjective evaluations were made with the Lysholm , modified Cincinnati and Tegner scores on the first and third postoperative months . Results Intragroup comparisons showed significant improvements in both groups on the fifth and tenth day and first and third month evaluations ( p < 0.05 ) . In comparison to the control group , the experimental group showed significant improvements in swelling around the patella , all pain measurements and hamstring muscle strength on the fifth KT day and knee flexion range of motion ( ROM ) , night pain , all swelling measurements and hamstring muscle strength on the tenth KT day ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Our results revealed that KT techniques applied in addition to the acute rehabilitation program of ACL reconstruction are beneficial in treatment of pain , swelling , knee flexion ROM , and hamstring muscle strength . Level of evidence Level I , Therapeutic study [ Purpose ] Nonspecific low back pain ( NSLBP ) is a very common but largely self-limiting condition . Several types of tape and their associated application methods are available for different conditions . The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Kinesio taping ( KT ) compared with traditional management of NSLBP . [ Subjects and Methods ] Forty male and female patients with a mean age of 34.8±7.54 years were r and omly divided into two groups ; group 1 ( n=20 ) which underwent conventional physical therapy with KT , and group 2 ( n=20 ) , which underwent only conventional physical therapy . The intervention sessions for both groups were three times per week for four weeks . Outcomes were assessed for activities of daily living ( ADL ) using the Rol and -Morris Disability Question naire , pain severity using a visual analogue scale , and ranges of motion ( ROMs ) of trunk flexion and extension using the modified Schober ’s test . [ Results ] Significant differences in measures of pain , ADL , and trunk flexion and extension ROMs were observed post intervention within each group . In comparison , there were no significant differences in measures of pain , ADL , and trunk flexion and extension ROMs post intervention between groups . [ Conclusion ] A physical therapy program involving strengthening exercises for abdominal muscles and stretching exercises for back , hamstring , and iliopsoas muscles with or without Kinesio taping was beneficial in the treatment of chronic low back pain [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to conduct cervical stability training and upper thoracic manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain and then investigate the changes of cervical proprioception and pain . [ Subjects and Methods ] Subjects were 30 workers with mechanical neck pain , who were r and omly divided into an  upper thoracic manipulation group and a cervical stability training group . Upper thoracic manipulation after cervical stability training was conducted for the upper thoracic manipulation group , and only stability training was conducted for the cervical stability training group . The intervention period was six weeks , and consisted of three sessions a week , each of which lasted for 30 minutes . For proprioception measurement , an  electro-goniometer  was used to measure reposition sense before and after the intervention . The visual analogue scale was used to assess pain . [ Results ] After the intervention , the error angle was significantly smaller in flexion and right left side-bending , and pain was significantly reduced in the upper thoracic manipulation group . According to the post intervention comparison of the two groups , there were significant differences in the proprioception and pain values . [ Conclusion ] Conducting both cervical stability training and upper thoracic manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain was more helpful for the improvement of proprioception and pain than cervical stability training alone CONTEXT Kinesiology tape ( KT ) has become popular among athletes for both injury prevention and rehabilitation due to its reported therapeutic effects , including facilitation of lymphatic flow and enhanced peripheral blood flow . However , evidence to support such cl aims is insufficient . OBJECTIVE To determine whether KT improves skin blood flow ( SkBF ) responses in young , elite soccer players . DESIGN R and omized crossover study . SETTING Research laboratory . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirteen healthy , elite , adolescent male soccer players ( age = 14.7 ± 0.6 years ) . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants completed 2 experimental trials ; during trial 1 , the volar aspect of the dominant forearm was taped . Forearm SkBF was measured within the taped area and 3 cm lateral to the taped area . During trial 2 , no tape was applied to either site . Both trials were performed within 7 days . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Baseline and maximal thermally ( 42 ° C ) stimulated SkBF responses were assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry . Continuously measured SkBF and derived mean arterial pressure obtained at 5-minute intervals were used to calculate cutaneous vascular conductance ( CVC ) , the primary outcome measure . RESULTS No differences were observed for baseline SkBF or CVC between trials or measurement sites . After local heating , no differences were evident for SkBF or CVC between trials or measurement sites . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that , in healthy , trained adolescent males , KT was not associated with increased forearm SkBF Background : Kinesio Taping ® has been widely used in clinical practice . However , it is unknown whether this type of tape is more effective than placebo taping in patients with chronic lower back pain . Objective : To compare the effectiveness 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Since kinesiotape is convenient for application , it could be used for individuals with chronic low back pain in some cases , especially when the patients could not get other physical therapy