***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Different food production methods may result in differences in the content of secondary metabolites such as polyphenolic compounds . The present study compared conventionally ( CPD ) and organically produced ( OPD ) diets in a human crossover intervention study ( n = 16 ) with respect to the intake and excretion of five selected flavonoids and effect on markers of oxidative defense . The urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol was higher after 22 days of intake of the OPD when compared to the CPD ( P < 0.05 ) . The excretions of flavonoids in urine as a percentage of intake ( 0.6 - 4 % ) were similar after both interventions . Most markers of antioxidative defense did not differ between the diets , but intake of OPD result ed in an increased protein oxidation and a decreased total plasma antioxidant capacity compared to baseline ( P < 0.05 ) . Some varietal difference was seen in the study , and because selection of more resistant varieties is of central importance to organic farming , it can not be excluded that the observed effects originate from these differences . The food production method affected the content of the major flavonoid , quercetin , in foods and also affected urinary flavonoids and markers of oxidation in humans Soy phytoestrogens were suggested to reduce the risk of a number of diseases including breast cancer . Given that these compounds are metabolized by bacteria , alteration of intestinal bacteria and enzymes may affect phytoestrogen metabolism . We hypothesized that probiotics , when consumed with soy protein , would increase plasma isoflavones , as well as equol producer frequency , in postmenopausal women . We further hypothesized that these effects would differ between women who have had breast cancer and women who have not . To test these hypotheses , 20 breast cancer survivors and 20 controls completed four 6-wk treatments in a r and omized , crossover design : supplementation with soy protein ( S ) ( 26.6 + /- 4.5 g protein , 44.4 + /- 7.5 mg isoflavones/d ) ; soy + probiotics ( S+P ) ( 10(9 ) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS+1 and Bifidobacterium longum , 15 - 30 mg fructooligosaccharide/d ) ; milk protein ( M ) ( 26.6 + /- 4.5 g protein/d ) ; and milk + probiotics ( M+P ) . Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations did not differ between controls and survivors , although genistein tended to be lower in survivors at baseline ( P = 0.15 ) , and during soy ( P = 0.16 ) and milk protein ( P = 0.16 ) consumption . As expected , soy consumption increased plasma phytoestrogen concentrations ( P < 0.0001 ) . Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations and the number of equol producers did not differ between the S and S+P diets . At the same time , plasma equol concentrations as well as urinary equol excretion in 2 subjects were more than 7-fold different between the 2 diets . These results indicate that this particular probiotic supplement does not generally affect plasma isoflavones , although the large differences between plasma and urinary equol in some subjects suggest that equol producer status may be modifiable in some individuals Soybeans contain isoflavones , which have been associated with many health benefits , including decreased cancer risk . The purpose of our study was to measure urinary isoflavonoid excretion in response to daily consumption of soy that contained 0 - 36 mg isoflavones -- a lower range than used in previous studies -- and to compare urinary isoflavonoid excretion between equol excreters and nonexcreters . Fourteen men and women aged 20 - 40 y participated in the study . Half of the subjects were identified previously as equol excreters and the other half as equol nonexcreters . This r and omized , double-blind , crossover study consisted of four 9-d diet treatment periods . During each treatment period participants consumed a low-photoestrogen controlled diet and a beverage containing 0 , 5 , 10 , or 20 g soy protein . Urine collected on the last 3 d of each treatment period was analyzed for isoflavonoid ( equol , O-desmethylangolensin , genistein , and daidzein ) and lignan ( enterodiol and enterolactone ) contents by using isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . There was a highly linear dose response of urinary isoflavonoid excretion to soy consumption , which did not differ significantly between equol excreters and nonexcreters . There were no significant differences in lignan excretion between the two diet treatments . Our results indicate that urinary isoflavonoid excretion is dose dependent in humans at low to moderate levels of soy consumption We investigated whether the bioavailability of isoflavones  could be enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides to aglycones before consumption of a nonfermented soy food . Two drinks were formulated with an enriched isoflavone extract from soy germ ( Fujiflavone P10 ) , one of which was hydrolyzed enzymatically with beta-glucosidase to produce aglycones . In a r and omized , double-blinded , cross-over study , six European , postmenopausal women consumed each soy drink at a 1-wk interval at a concentration of 1 mg total isoflavones/kg body . The plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of daidzein , genistein and glycitein  did not differ after consumption of the two beverages . Plasma total isoflavone concentrations reached 4 - 5 micro mol/L. The pharmacokinetics of glycitein  were similar to those of daidzein . The isoflavone secondary metabolites detected were dihydrodaidzein in plasma and O-desmethylangolensin , equol , and dihydrogenistein in urine . The ratios of individual isoflavones to one another were not conserved from food to plasma to urine , indicating that the individual isoflavones do not have the same absorptions and body retentions . In conclusion , previous hydrolysis of glycosides to aglycones does not enhance the bioavailability of isoflavones in humans BACKGROUND Test results on the bioavailability of isoflavones in the aglycone or glucoside form in Eastern and Western human subjects are contradictory . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the bioavailability of the soy isoflavones daidzein and genistein in American women with typical American dietary habits after ingestion of the aglycone or glucoside form of isoflavones . DESIGN Fifteen American women aged 46 + /- 6 y participated in a r and omized , double-blind study . Blood sample s were collected 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 24 , and 48 h after consumption of aglycone or glucoside tablets with breakfast . The plasma curves for daidzein , genistein  , and equol  were constructed and the postpr and ial maximum concentration ( C(max ) ) , time to the maximum concentration ( t(max ) ) , and area under the curve ( AUC ) were determined . RESULTS  Isoflavone concentrations peaked early ( 1 - 2 h ) in plasma and peaked again at 4 - 8 h. Mean C(max ) , t(max ) , and AUC values for genistein were not significantly different after ingestion of aglycone or glucoside . However , C(max ) and AUC values , but not t(max ) , were significantly higher for daidzein after aglycone ingestion , which was partly due to its higher content in the aglycone tablets . Equol appeared after 4 h and remained elevated after 48 h. Despite a higher content of daidzein in the aglycone tablets , the AUC for equol was significantly higher after ingestion of the glucoside tablets , probably because of the metabolic action of intestinal bacteria during the long intestinal transit time of glucoside . CONCLUSION The apparent bioavailability of genistein and daidzein is not different when consumed as either aglycone or glucoside by American women BACKGROUND Soy isoflavones are potential cancer chemoprevention treatments . OBJECTIVE We conducted safety studies of purified unconjugated genistein , daidzein , and glycitein , and defined pharmacokinetic parameters for their absorption and metabolism . DESIGN Thirty healthy men ingested a single dose of 1 of 2 isoflavone preparations purified from soy . The delivered doses of genistein ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , or 16 mg/kg body wt ) were higher than those previously administered to humans . Formulation A was composed of 90 + /- 5 % genistein , 10 % daidzein , and 1 % glycitein . Formulation B was composed of 43 % genistein , 21 % daidzein , and 2 % glycitein . RESULTS We observed no clinical ly significant behavioral or physical changes after treatment . We observed elevations in lipoprotein lipase and hypophosphatemia that were possibly related to the treatment but that were associated with no clinical toxicity . Considerable quantities of isoflavones were excreted in urine as conjugates . The terminal elimination rate , elimination half-life , area under the curve , maximum plasma concentration , apparent systemic clearance , and volume of distribution were estimated for genistein and daidzein . The mean elimination half-lives with both formulations were 3.2 h for free genistein and 4.2 h for free daidzein . The mean pseudo half-lives were 9.2 h for total genistein and 8.2 h for total daidzein . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplements of purified unconjugated isoflavones administered to humans in single doses exceeding normal dietary intake manyfold result ed in minimal clinical toxicity . Genistein and daidzein ( free and total ) were rapidly cleared from plasma and excreted in urine We examined the associations of intake of vegetables , legumes and fruit with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population with prevalent diabetes in Europe . A cohort of 10,449 participants with self-reported diabetes within the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study was followed for a mean of 9 y. Intakes of vegetables , legumes , and fruit were assessed at baseline between 1992 and 2000 using vali date d country-specific question naires . A total of 1346 deaths occurred . Multivariate relative risks ( RR ) for all-cause mortality were estimated in Cox regression models and RR for cause-specific mortality were derived in a competing risk model . An increment in intake of total vegetables , legumes , and fruit of 80 g/d was associated with a RR of death from all causes of 0.94 [ 95 % CI 0.90 - 0.98 ] . Analyzed separately , vegetables and legumes were associated with a significantly reduced risk , whereas nonsignificant inverse associations for fruit intake were observed . Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) mortality and mortality due to non-CVD/non-cancer causes were significantly inversely associated with intake of total vegetables , legumes , and fruit ( RR 0.88 [ 95 % CI 0.81 - 0.95 ] and 0.90 [ 0.82 - 0.99 ] , respectively ) but not cancer mortality ( 1.08 [ 0.99 - 1.17 ] ) . Intake of vegetables , legumes , and fruit was associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality in a diabetic population . The findings support the current state of evidence from general population studies that the protective potential of vegetable and fruit intake is larger for CVD than for cancer and suggest that diabetes patients may benefit from a diet high in vegetables and fruits Flavonols are antioxidants that may reduce the risk of heart disease . Two major flavonols in the diet are quercetin and kaempferol , and their main sources in The Netherl and s are tea and onions . We investigated whether plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of quercetin and kaempferol in humans could be used as biomarkers of intake . We provided 15 subjects with strong black tea ( 1600 mL/d ) or fried onions ( 129 g/d ) for 3 d each in r and om order separated by a 4-d washout period . The tea provided 49 mg quercetin and 27 mg kaempferol daily and the onions provided 13 mg quercetin and no kaempferol . Flavonols from both foods were clearly absorbed . However , the excretion of unmodified quercetin was 0.5 % of intake after tea and 1.1 % after onions . Thus , the absorption of quercetin from tea was half of that from onions . The onion treatment was repeated 7 - 14 d later to estimate within-subject CVs as a measure of reproducibility when the same treatment is given twice . CVs for quercetin were 30 % in plasma and 42 % in urine . The magnitude of these variations relative to actual variations of approximately 60 % between free-living subjects indicates that concentrations of quercetin in plasma and urine are applicable as biomarkers of its intake . We conclude that flavonols in plasma and urine reflect short-term flavonol intake and that they could be used as biomarkers to distinguish between high and low flavonol consumption in epidemiologic studies The effects of consuming a soy protein isolate beverage powder ( 60 g/d for  
    Output:
    
Both genistein and daidzein exhibited dose-response relationships .
Other isoflavonoid levels such as O-desmethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) and equol were also reported to increase following soy consumption .
Using a developed scoring system , genistein and daidzein can be considered as promising c and i date markers for soy consumption .
Furthermore , genistein and daidzein also served as good estimates of soy intake as evidence d from long-term exposure studies marking their status as vali date d biomarkers .
On the contrary , only few studies indicated proposed biomarkers for pulses intake , with pipecolic acid and S-methylcysteine reported as markers reflecting dry bean consumption , unsaturated aliphatic , hydroxyl-dicarboxylic acid related to green beans intake and trigonelline reported as marker of peas consumption .