***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) , and E-selectin are systemic inflammatory markers ( IM ) that positively correlate with cardiovascular ( CV ) risk . Despite the known CV effects of atypical antipsychotics , there is limited prospect i ve data on IM changes during treatment . METHODS The IM outcomes were compared between  antipsychotic treatment groups in the CATIE ( Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness ) schizophrenia trial phase 1 with subjects with laboratory assessment s at baseline and 3 months ( n = 789 ) . RESULTS There were significant treatment differences in CRP , E-selectin , and ICAM-1 at 3 months , with a differential impact of baseline values on the CRP and ICAM-1 results . In overall comparisons , quetiapine and olanzapine had the highest median levels for CRP , and olanzapine for E-selectin and ICAM-1 .  Olanzapine was significantly different after baseline adjustment than perphenazine ( p = .001 ) for E-selectin , and in those with low baseline CRP ( < 1 mg/L ) , olanzapine was significantly different than perphenazine ( p < .001 ) , risperidone ( p < .001 ) , and ziprasidone ( p = .002 ) for CRP .  Perphenazine had the lowest 3-month ICAM-1 levels in subjects with baseline ICAM-1 above the median , but the differences were not statistically significant versus olanzapine ( p = .010 ) , quetiapine ( p = .010 ) , and risperidone ( p = .006 ) after controlling for multiple comparisons . The 18-month repeated measures CRP analysis confirmed the significantly higher values for olanzapine in those with low baseline CRP . CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides further evidence for differential antipsychotic metabolic liabilities as measured by changes in systemic inflammation . C-reactive protein might emerge as a useful target for CV risk outcomes in schizophrenia patients Objective The present study aim ed to examine the changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and body weight during 6-month risperidone treatment in drug naïve , first-episode schizophrenia . Methods Sixty-two drug naïve , first-episode schizophrenia ( SZ group ) and 60 healthy individuals ( control group ) were enrolled in the study . Serum interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) levels , and body weight were measured at baseline for both groups , and repeated for the SZ group at five different time points during 6-month risperidone treatment . Results At baseline , serum IL-1β , IL-6 , and TNF-α levels in the SZ group ( 53.28 ± 12.62 , 33.98 ± 14.13 , 50.08 ± 12.86 pg/mL , respectively ) were significantly higher than those in the control group ( 23.49 ± 15.27 , 15.53 ± 7.16 , 32.12 ± 15.23 pg/mL , respectively ) ( p 's < 0.001 ) . Within the SZ group , serum IL-1β levels decreased significantly at 2 weeks ( 48.02 ± 16.00 pg/mL , p < 0.01 ) and 1 month ( 44.70 ± 16.63 pg/mL , p < 0.001 ) , but then gradually increased at 2 months ( 48.49 ± 18.87 pg/mL ) , 3 months ( 50.59 ± 18.48 pg/mL ) and 6 months ( 53.64 ± 16.22 pg/mL ) to the levels comparable to baseline ; serum IL-6 levels changed significantly over the course of treatment ( p = 0.001 ) , but reached the levels comparable to baseline at 6 months ( 37.13 ± 13.23 pg/mL ) ; serum levels of TNF-α increased significantly at 3 months ( 55.02 ± 16.69 pg/mL , p < 0.01 ) and 6 months ( 58.69 ± 13.57 pg/mL , p < 0.001 ) ; steady and significant weight gain was observed at each follow-up time point ( p 's < 0.001 ) , from 56.71 ± 9.25 kg at baseline to 62.72 ± 9.53 kg at 6 months . Conclusions Risperidone treatment is associated with changes in serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and weight . There is an initial anti-inflammatory effect that reduces with treatment , potentially due to its weight gain side effect The second generation antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine are known to cause weight gain . However , only clozapine is associated with drug-induced fever . Cytokines have been linked to the induction of both weight gain and drug-induced fever . We investigated these potential side effects of clozapine and olanzapine and studied their differential effects on cytokine secretion . Thirty patients suffering from schizophrenia , schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder were treated with either clozapine ( mean modal dose : 266.7+/-77.9 mg ) or olanzapine ( 21.2+/-2.5 mg ) in a r and omized , double-blind , 6-week study . Body mass index ( BMI ) , tympanic temperature , and plasma levels of leptin and cytokines ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , soluble TNF receptor 1 and 2 ( sTNFR-1/2 ) , soluble interleukin-2 receptors ( sIL-2R ) , interleukin-6 ) were determined weekly . BMI , leptin and cytokines significantly increased over time , except interleukin-6 and sTNFR-1 in the olanzapine group . All cytokines numerically increased compared to baseline already during the first week of treatment in both groups . Leptin , TNF-alpha , sTNFR-1 , sTNFR-2 and sIL-2R levels correlated with the BMI . Five patients who received clozapine ( 33 % ) developed drug-induced fever ( > /=38 degrees C ) . In these , interleukin-6 peak levels were significantly ( p<0.01 ) higher than in those patients treated with clozapine who did not develop fever . In conclusion , increase of BMI appears to be related to clozapine 's and olanzapine 's similar effects on cytokine systems , whilst drug-induced fever appears to be related to clozapine 's differential effects on interleukin-6 
    Output:
    
Our meta‐ analysis found decreased IL‐2 and IL‐6 post‐treatment levels in FEPOur meta‐ analysis found decreased IL‐2 and IL‐6 post‐treatment levels in FEP.IL‐6 and IL‐2 , and possibly IL‐1&bgr ; , could be considered as state markers .
TNF‐&agr ; , IL‐17 , and IFN‐&ggr ; might represent trait markers in drug‐naïve FEP .
Relevant sensitivity analysis confirmed these findings .
IL‐1&bgr ; had high between‐ study heterogeneity .
IL‐6 and IL‐2 , and possibly IL‐1&bgr ; , could be considered state markers , decreasing after antipsychotic treatment , whilst TNF‐&agr ; , IL‐17 , and IFN‐&ggr ; might be considered trait markers .