***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Taping is a common technique to treat inversion ankle sprains , but the effects of tape on proprioception are still not clear . The purpose of this study was to establish whether proprioception would be modified by the use of ankle tape . To do so we studied joint position sense ( JPS ) in healthy volunteers using three-dimensional ( 3D ) movement analysis systems . Material and Methods : Forty healthy volunteers ( mean age and SD = 23.2 ± 4.2 ) were asked to actively reproduce four different ankle positions : 10 degrees of dorsiflexion , neutral , 10 degrees and 20 degrees of plantarflexion . The absolute difference between the estimated angle and the target angle was used to assess JPS . This difference was named Error . Subjects were r and omly assigned to the control ( n = 21 ) or the intervention ( n = 19 ) groups . Members of the intervention group received ankle tape for a lateral ligament sprain in the non-dominant leg . A t-test was used to evaluate the results . Results : Tape significantly improved JPS for the dorsiflexion position ( p = 0.038 ) . Neutral was the most accurately reproduced position , and the remaining positions were overestimated for both groups . Conclusion : Taping  improved proprioception in healthy volunteers , and 3D movement analysis was a useful method to accurately quantify joint position sense . Clinical relevance : Because ankle proprioception is critical to the functional success of surgical and rehabilitation treatments , these results regarding proprioception are of particular importance because ankle taping is often used in preventing ankle sprains and it is a common treatment after ankle injuries Lumbar corsets have been recommended for low back pain patients as a way of stabilizing the lumbar region , facilitating flexion movements , and reducing pain . However , little is known about how these devices affect lumbar motion . To determine the degree of changes in the lumbar region , our approach was to quantify three-dimensional kinematic data of the pelvis in harness-supported treadmill walking . Twelve healthy subjects ( age=32+/-11.8 years ) walked on a motorized treadmill at 4.5 km/h with and without wearing a lumbar corset . Three external markers overlying the sacrum were tracked by three ultrasound microphones , determining a local coordinate system , to obtain pelvic motions in the frontal , sagittal , and transverse planes . Raw kinematic data were low-pass filtered and normalized relative to the right heel strike . Mean values for net angular displacements of the pelvis were calculated for each plane within the 5th and 95th percentile . The Student 's t-test demonstrated significant differences ( P<0.001 ) between the corset/no-corset conditions in the frontal plane . An average 40 % decrease in the relative pelvis up- and downward movement occurred in the frontal plane ( 4.1 degrees+/-2.9 degrees vs. 7.1 degrees+/-3.3 degrees ) . The analysis revealed no significant differences of net angular displacements in the sagittal ( 2.9 degrees+/-1.4 vs. 3.4 degrees+/-1.7 degrees ) and the transverse planes ( 4.4 degrees+/-2.6 degrees vs. 4.3 degrees+/-2.1 degrees ) OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effects of patellar taping on knee joint proprioception . DESIGN AND SETTING : In a research unit , 3 proprioceptive tests were performed . For each of the tests , a st and ardized patellar taping technique was applied in r and om order . SUBJECTS : Fifty-two healthy volunteers ( 27 women , 25 men ; age , 23.2 + /- 4.6 years ; body mass index , 23.3 + /- 3.7 ) . MEASUREMENTS : We measured active angle reproduction , passive angle reproduction , and threshold to detection of passive movement on an isokinetic dynamometer . RESULTS : We found no significant differences between the tape and no-tape conditions in any of the 3 proprioceptive tests ( P > .05 ) . However , when the subjects ' results for active angle reproduction and passive angle reproduction were grade d as good ( < /=5 degrees ) and poor ( > 5 degrees ) , taping was found to improve significantly those with poor proprioceptive ability ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Subjects with good proprioception did not benefit from patellar taping . However , in those healthy subjects with poor proprioceptive ability as measured by active and passive ankle reproduction , patellar taping provided proprioceptive enhancement . Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of patellar taping on the proprioceptive status of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome Our purpose was to assess the effect of wearing close-fitting neoprene shorts on swinging leg movement discrimination ( MD ) scores in elite level Australian Football players . Twenty players had their swinging leg MD assessed using the active movement extent discrimination apparatus ( AMEDA ) , once wearing close-fitting neoprene and once wearing loose-fitting running shorts . Subjects were r and omly allocated to one of the shorts conditions prior to repeating the test in the other condition . The AMEDA was used to assess the accuracy at which subjects judge the extent of a st and ing backward swinging leg movement corresponding to the late swing early stance phase of running . Each subject performed 40 movements made to one of five r and omly set physical limits , and without the aid of vision made a judgment as to the perceived limit position . From the accuracy of these judgments , a movement discrimination ( MD ) score was calculated for each subject under each condition . Subjects were grouped as having low or high neuromuscular control , or ability to use proprioception when controlling active movements without vision , based on their loose-shorts MD score . Analysis was performed on the MD scores obtained for each limb from subjects in the two groups , under the two shorts-wearing conditions . There was no main effect of wearing close-fitting shorts when the cohort was treated as a whole . A significant interaction effect was obtained ( F=17.027 , p=0.0006 ) whereby the mean MD score of the low neuromuscular control ability group was improved when wearing neoprene shorts but was reduced for the high ability group . Wearing close-fitting neoprene shorts has a beneficial effect on leg swing judgment accuracy in subjects with low neuromuscular control ability . Conversely , leg swing judgment accuracy for subjects with high ability was reduced by wearing neoprene shorts The aim of this study was to assess the effect of patellar taping of the proprioceptive status of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome ( PFPS ) . A total of 32 subjects ( 18 males , 14 females of age 31.9 + /- 11.2 , body mass index 25.8 + /- 5.3 ) with PFPS were tested for  Joint Position Sense ( JPS ) using a Biodex dynamometer . Outcomes of interest were the absolute error ( AE ) , the variable error ( VE ) and the relative error ( RE ) of the JPS values for both active ( AAR ) and passive ( PAR ) angle reproduction at an angular velocity of 2 degrees /s with a start angle at 90 degrees and target angles of 60 degrees and 20 degrees . Taping was applied in r and om order across the patella of each subject with each of the subjects acting as their own internal control . Results indicated initially that application of patellar tape did not enhance and in some cases worsened the JPS of the subjects ( P > 0.05 ) . However , when the subjects ' proprioceptive status was grade d according to their closeness to the target angles into ' good ' ( 5 degrees , N = 10 ) and ' poor ' ( > 5 degrees , N = 22 ) taping enhanced nearly all values of those with ' poor ' proprioception , with AE at 20 degrees to statistical significance ( P = 0.021 ) . In conclusion , this study has shown that patellar taping did not improve the AAR and PAR JPS tests of a whole sample of 32 PFPS patients . It also has shown that a subgroup of PFPS patients with poor proprioception may exist and be helped by patellar taping Objective To compare the effect of foot orthotics and rehabilitation exercises by assessing balancing ability and joint proprioception in athletes who have chronic ankle instability . Methods Forty-one athletes who visited hospitals due to chronic ankle instability were r and omly assigned to two groups . One group had ankle rehabilitation exercises while the other group had the same rehabilitation exercises as well as foot orthotics . Joint position sense of the ankle joint was examined by using an isokinetic exercise machine . Balancing abilities categorized into static , dynamic and functional balance abilities were evaluated by using computerized posturography . We tested the subjects before and after the four-week rehabilitation program . Results After the four-week treatment , for joint reposition sense evaluation , external 75 % angle evaluation was done , revealing that the group with the application of foot orthotics improved by -1.07±1.64 on average , showing no significant difference between the two groups ( p>0.05 ) . Static , dynamic and functional balancing abilities using balance masters were evaluated , revealing that the two groups improved in some items , but showing no significant difference between them ( p>0.05 ) . Conclusion This study found that athletes with chronic ankle instability who had foot orthotics applied for four weeks improved their proprioceptive and balancing abilities , but did not show additional treatment effects compared with rehabilitation exercise treatment Objectives : To investigate whether a “ st and ard ” sized ( that is , a size that would be prescribed by a physiotherapist ) elastic b and age ( S-b and age ) around the knee of subjects with knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) would , in the short term ( a ) reduce pain , ( b ) improve knee joint proprioception , and ( c ) decrease sway in comparison with a looser ( L-b and age ) . Methods : In a cross over , within-subject study , 68 subjects ( 49 women , 19 men ; mean age 67.1 , range 36–87 ) with symptomatic and radiographic knee OA were r and omly assigned to either an S-b and age or an L-b and age . Two weeks later they were assigned to the opposite b and age size . Knee pain ( 10 cm visual analogue scale ( VAS ) ) , knee proprioception , and static postural sway were assessed for each b and age two weeks apart . During each visit assessment s were performed at baseline , after 20 minutes of b and age application , and immediately after b and age removal . Results : The S-b and age did not have any effect on knee pain , proprioception , or postural sway .  The L-b and age  reduced knee pain significantly ( pre-b and age application : median VAS 4.36 , IQR 3.84 –4.90 ; after 20 minutes of b and age application : median VAS 3.80 , IQR 3.3–4.3 , p<0.001 ) , improved static postural sway ( pre-b and age : median sway 4.50 , IQ range 3.5–6.4 ; b and age applied : median sway 4.45 , IQ range 3.4–6.3 , p=0.027 ) , but had no significant influence on knee proprioception . Conclusions : In subjects with knee OA application of an elastic b and age around the knee can reduce knee pain and improve static postural sway . This outcome depends on the size of applied b and age PURPOSE Recurrence of ankle sprains is common among athletes . Although ankle taping reduces the risk of injury , the mechanism underlying its effectiveness remains unclear . Anecdotal reports suggest a role of the belief among athletes that taping will protect them from injury . That is , taping may have a placebo effect . The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there was a placebo effect with ankle taping in individuals with ankle instability . METHODS Thirty participants with ankle instability completed a hopping test and a modified star excursion balance test under three conditions : ( i ) real tape , ( ii ) placebo tape , and ( iii ) control ( no tape ) . Participants were blinded to the purpose of the study and were informed that the study aim ed to compare two methods of ankle taping referred to as mechanical ( real ) and proprioceptive ( placebo ) . The order of testing the three conditions and the two functional tests was r and omized . RESULTS There was no significant difference in performance among the three conditions for the hopping test ( P = 0.865 ) or the modified star excursion balance test ( P = 0.491 ) . However , a secondary exploratory analysis revealed that participants ' perceptions of stability , confidence , and reassurance increased with both real and placebo ankle taping when performing the functional tasks . CONCLUSION The role of the placebo effect of ankle taping in individuals with ankle instability remains unclear . Clinicians should , therefore , continue to use ankle-taping techniques of known efficacy . They should , however , focus on maximizing patients ' beliefs in the efficacy of ankle taping , because its application reassured participants and improved their perceived stability and confidence . The effect of ankle taping on participants ' perceptions may contribute to its effectiveness in preventing injury This study examined the impact of using elasticized compression shorts on performance measures and proprioception at the hip .  Thirteen healthy subjects completed 2 r and omized testing sessions — one while wearing the Coreshorts compression shorts and one while not wearing the shorts . During each trial , active range of motion at the hip ; joint angle replication during hip flexion , abduction , and hyperextension ; leg power ; agility ; speed ; and aerobic endurance were measured , and subjective information pertaining to the fit of the shorts was collected . The use of the prophylactic brace did not limit performance on any measure except active range of motion during hip flexion ( p < 0.05 ) . Subjective data revealed 93.3 % of subjects felt the shorts were supportive , although proper fit was an issue . The present results support the use of moderate compression at and around the hip for the purpose of injury prevention . Continued research is necessary 
    Output:
    
The pooled evidence suggests that application of joint stabilizers  enhances joint proprioception and stability by not merely altering the mechanical stability of the underlying musculoskeletal structures but by also causing subtle changes in cerebral haemodynamics and musculoskeletal activation .