***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective The effects of growth hormone ( GH ) on the luminal transport of amino acids and glucose by the human small intestine were investigated . Summary Background Data The anabolic effect of growth hormone administration is associated with nitrogen retention and an increase muscle strength , but the impact of growth hormone on nutrient uptake from the gut lumen has not been examined . Methods Twelve healthy patients received a daily subcutaneous dose of low-dose GH ( 0.1 mg/kg ) , high-dose GH ( 0.2 mg/kg ) , or no treatment ( controls ) for 3 days before surgery . At operation , ileum ( 8 patients ) or jejunum ( 4 patients ) was resected , and brush border membrane vesicles ( BBMVs ) were prepared by differential centrifugation . Vesicle purity was confirmed by a 16-fold enrichment of marker enzymes . The carrier-mediated transport of glutamine ( System B ) , leucine ( System L ) , alanine ( System B ) , arginine ( System y+ ) , MeAIB ( methyl α-aminoisobutyric acid [ System A ] ) , and glucose ( Na+-dependent glucose transporter ) by BBMVs was measured by a rapid mixing/filtration technique . Results Treatment with low-dose GH result ed in a statistically insignificant increase in amino acid transport rates in jejunal and ileal BBMVs . High-dose GH result ed in a generalized 20%- to 70%- stimulation of amino acid transport , whereas glucose transport was not affected . The effects of GH were similar in ileum and jejunum . Kinetic analysis of the transport of glutamine ( the most abundant amino acid in the body and the principal gut fuel ) and the essential amino acid leucine revealed that the increase in transport was caused by a 50 % increase in carrier Vmax , consistent with an increase in the number of functional carriers in the brush border membrane . Pooled analysis of transport velocities demonstrated that total rates of amino acid uptake from the gut lumen were increased significantly by 35 % in GH-treated patients . Conclusions The ability of GH to enhance amino acid uptake from the gut lumen provides energy and precursors for protein synthesis in the gut mucosa , as well as additional substrate for anabolism in other organs This study was design ed to determine whether alanyl glutamine-containing total parental nutrition ( TPN ) can restore the impaired adaptive process of the remaining intestine , observed with administration of conventional TPN , after massive small-bowel resection . Seventy-four male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 g were r and omly divided into seven groups . Group I rats ( n = 10 ) were killed after overnight fasting . Group II animals ( n = 32 ) underwent massive small bowel resection ( 85 % ) with preservation of the first 15 cm of jejunum . Group III animals ( n = 32 ) were also su bmi tted to massive small-bowel resection with preservation of 15 cm of terminal ileum . Three different TPN solutions were prepared . Solution A was a conventional formulation that did not contain glutamine . Solution B contained 1.88 times the amino acid concentration of solution A. Solution C was prepared by adding alanyl glutamine ( 2 g/100 mL ) to solution A. Solutions B and C were isonitrogenous and isocaloric . Each solution was infused to groups II and III , which were subdivided into groups IIA ( n = 10 ) , IIB ( n = 11 ) , IIC ( n = 11 ) , IIIA ( n = 10 ) , IIIB ( n = 11 ) , and IIIC ( n = 11 ) . After 1 week of TPN ( 270 kcal/kg per day ) , the experimental animals were killed and the intestine was taken for examination . Final body weight did not differ significantly among the groups , and there was no difference in nitrogen balance among the animals that received solution B or C. ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND & AIMS The effects of parenteral growth hormone , glutamine supplementation , and a high carbohydrate-low fat ( HCLF ) diet on gut adaptation in short-bowel syndrome are unclear . The aim of this study was to compare effects of this treatment regimen and placebo in patients with short-bowel syndrome . METHODS A r and omized , 6-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study in 8 patients with short-bowel syndrome ( average small bowel length , 71 cm ; mean duration , 12.9 years ) was performed . Active treatment was growth hormone ( 0.14 mg.kg-1.day-1 ) , oral glutamine ( 0.63 g.kg-1.day-1 ) , and the HCLF diet for 21 days . The weight , basal metabolic rate , nutrient and electrolyte balance , serum insulin-like growth factor I levels , D-xylose absorption , morphology and DNA proliferation of small intestinal mucosa , and gastrointestinal transit were evaluated . Treatments were compared by paired t test . RESULTS Active treatment transiently increased body weight , significantly but modestly increased the absorption of sodium and potassium , and decreased gastric emptying . The assimilation of macronutrients , stool volumes , and morphometry of small bowel mucosa were not statistically different in the two treatment arms . CONCLUSIONS Although treatment with growth hormone , glutamine , and HCLF diet for 3 weeks result ed in modest improvements in electrolyte absorption and delayed gastric emptying , there were no improvements in small bowel morphology , stool losses , or macronutrient absorption BACKGROUND A previous controlled study of ten patients with short bowel syndrome ( SBS ) reported human recombinant growth hormone result ed in a significant increase in body weight and lean body mass ( LBM ) without clinical edema . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of growth hormone , glutamine , and diet on body composition . METHODS A r and omized , 6-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study was performed in eight patients . Active treatment was 21 days of growth hormone , oral glutamine , and a high-carbohydrate-low-fat ( HCLF ) diet .  Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scan . Treatments were compared by paired t test . RESULTS Active treatment result ed in significant increases in body weight ( mean 3.02 + /- 0.7 kg , p < .05 ) and lean body mass , ( mean 3.96 + /- 0.5 kg , p < .001 ) . Percent body fat was significantly reduced in the actively treated group ( mean -2.51 % + /- 0.4 , p < .001 ) . Body weight returned to base-line within 2 weeks of discontinuing active treatment . Macronutrient and fluid absorption did not increase with active treatment . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with growth hormone , glutamine , and HCLF diet result ed in decreased percent body fat and increased body weight and LBM in patients with SBS , without an increase in macronutrient or fluid absorption . The positive findings are most likely a reflection of increased extracellular fluid because all eight patients developed peripheral edema on active treatment . Furthermore , the positive effect of active treatment does not appear to be sustained once discontinued BACKGROUND Positive effects of high dose growth hormone and glutamine ( GH + GLN ) on body composition in short bowel patients have been described . Lack of effects on intestinal absorption found in some studies has been ascribed to concomitant essential fatty acid ( EFA ) deficiency . This study describes changes in body weight ( BW ) and composition , 24-h urine creatinine excretion , intestinal fatty acid absorption ( total , saturated , unsaturated and EFA ) , and EFA status in relation to treatment with GH + GLN in 8 short bowel patients . METHODS A double-blind , crossover study between placebo and growth hormone ( mean , 0.12 mg/kg/day ) plus oral ( mean , 28 g/day ) and parenteral glutamine ( mean , 5.2 g/day ) for 28 days . Body composition was measured by dual-energy absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scans . Intestinal fatty acid absorption was evaluated in balance studies , and EFAs were measured in plasma phospholipids by gas liquid chromatography . RESULTS Active treatment did not increase BW , lean body mass ( LBM ) , fat mass ( FM ) and bone mass significantly compared with placebo treatment , but BW increased 1.03 kg ( 1.7 % , P < 0.05 ) , LBM 2.93 kg ( 8.7 % , P < 0.001 ) and FM decreased 2.41 kg ( 10.6 % , P < 0.001 ) in comparison with baseline . Twenty-four-hour urine creatinine excretion did not differ between study periods . No changes in intestinal absorption of fatty acids were seen , and no changes in EFAs measured in plasma phospholipids were observed . Only 1 of 8 patients , who did not receive parenteral lipids , had a Holman index above 0.2 , indicative of EFA deficiency . All developed peripheral oedema . CONCLUSIONS Combined high dose growth hormone and glutamine administered for 4 weeks , did not improve absorption of fatty acids or EFA status in short bowel patients . No changes in BW or composition were seen when comparing treatment to placebo periods . The increase in LBM measured by DEXA scan , comparing treatment and baseline periods , was not accompanied by an increase in the 24-h urinary creatinine excretion and is suspected to be associated with an accumulation in extracellular fluids BACKGROUND Massive loss of intestinal surface area results in the short bowel syndrome characterized by malabsorption of fluid , electrolytes , and other nutrients . Although the remaining bowel undergoes morphological and functional adaptation , often these changes are inadequate to support the individual by enteral feedings , and parenteral nutrition is required to prevent dehydration , electrolyte disturbances , and malnutrition . Substances such as growth hormone , glutamine , and fiber exert bowel-specific trophic effects and either directly or indirectly influence nutrient absorption . This study was undertaken to determine whether the co-administration of exogenous growth hormone , supplemental glutamine , and a modified fiber-containing diet could enhance nutrient absorption in patients who had undergone massive intestinal resection . METHODS Ten patients ( 5 men , 5 women , aged 43 + /- 4 years ) with short bowel syndrome were studied 6 + /- 1 years after surgical resection . All patients were admitted to the Clinical Research Center for a 28-day period ; the first week served as a control period when nutritional ( enteral and parenteral ) and medical management simulated usual home therapy . Thereafter , eight patients received exogenous growth hormone , supplemental glutamine , and a modified high-carbohydrate , high-fiber diet . Two patients were treated with the modified diet alone . The efficiency of net nutrient absorption ( percent absorbed ) for total calories , protein , fat , carbohydrate , water , and sodium was calculated from the measured nutrient intake and stool losses . RESULTS Three weeks of treatment with growth hormone , glutamine , and a modified diet increased total caloric absorption from 60.1 + /- 6.0 % to 74.3 + /- 5.0 % ( p < or = .003 ) , protein absorption from 48.8 + /- 4.8 % to 63.0 + /- 5.4 % ( p < or = .006 ) , and carbohydrate absorption from 60.0 + /- 9.8 % to 81.5 + /- 5.3 % ( p < or = .02 ) . Fat absorption did not change ( 61.0 + /- 5.3 % to 60.3 + /- 7.9 % , p = NS ) . Water and sodium absorption increased from 45.7 + /- 6.7 % to 65.0 + /- 7.3 % ( p < or = .002 ) and from 49.0 + /- 9.8 % to 69.6 + /- 6.5 % ( p < or = .04 ) , respectively . These absorptive changes result ed in a decrease in stool output ( 1,783 + /- 414 g/d control period vs 1,308 + /- 404 g/d third week of treatment , p < or = .05 ) . Treatment with diet alone did not influence nutrient absorption or stool output . CONCLUSIONS The combined administration of growth hormone , glutamine , and a modified diet enhanced nutrient absorption from the remnant bowel after massive intestinal resection . These changes occurred in a group of patients that had previously failed to adapt to the provision of enteral nutrients . This therapy may offer an alternative to long-term dependence on total parenteral nutrition for patients with severe short bowel syndrome BACKGROUND AND AIMS Animal studies have reported positive effects of glutamine on intestinal absorption and morphology ; human studies have been less convincing . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine and diet on intestinal morphology , motility , and absorption . METHODS A r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled crossover study in 8 patients with short- 
    Output:
    
The results suggest a positive effect of human growth hormone on weight gain and energy absorption .
However , in the majority of trials , the effects are short-lived returning to baseline shortly after cessation of therapy .
To date , the evidence is inconclusive to recommend this therapy .