***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent work suggests that plant sterol ( PS ) consumption may lower triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations ; however , human clinical trial evidence is inconsistent . We associated SNP r5882 in cholesteryl ester transfer protein with changes in TG concentrations following PS consumption ( 2 g/day for 4 weeks ) in a dual-centre , single-blind , r and omized , crossover trial . TG concentrations were lowered in homozygotes for the minor G-allele of rs5882 ( -0.46 ± 0.13 mmol/L , p = 0.002 , n = 10 ) ; there was no effect in the A-allele carriers Background —Recent trial data have challenged the hypothesis that cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) have causal roles in atherothrombosis . One method to evaluate this issue is to examine whether polymorphisms in the CETP gene that impact on HDL-C levels also impact on the future development of myocardial infa rct ion . Methods and Results —In a prospect i ve cohort of 18 245 initially healthy American women , we examined over 350 000 singe-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) first to identify loci associated with HDL-C and then to evaluate whether significant SNPs within these loci also impact on rates of incident myocardial infa rct ion during an average 10-year follow-up period . Nine loci on 9 chromosomes had 1 or more SNPs associated with HDL-C at genome-wide statistical significance ( P<5 × 10−8 ) . However , only SNPs near or in the CETP gene at 16q13 were associated with both HDL-C and risk of incident myocardial infa rct ion ( 198 events ) . For example , SNP rs708272 in the CETP gene was associated with a per-allele increase in HDL-C levels of 3.1 mg/dL and a concordant 24 % lower risk of future myocardial infa rct ion ( age-adjusted hazard ratio , 0.76 ; 95 % CI , 0.62 to 0.94 ) , consistent with recent meta- analysis . Independent and again concordant effects on HDL-C and incident myocardial infa rct ion were also observed at the CETP locus for rs4329913 and rs7202364 . Adjustment for HDL-C attenuated but did not eliminate these effects . Conclusion —In this prospect i ve cohort of initially healthy women , SNPs at the CETP locus impact on future risk of myocardial infa rct ion , supporting a causal role for CETP in atherothrombosis , possibly through an HDL-C mediated pathway Fruit and vegetables are key elements of a cardioprotective diet , but benefits on plasma lipids , especially HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , are inconsistent both within and between studies . In the present study , we investigated whether four selected HDL-C-related polymorphisms ( cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) Taq1B , APOA1 - 75G/A , hepatic lipase ( LIPC ) - 514C → T , and endothelial lipase ( LIPG ) I24582 ) modulate the plasma lipid response to a kiwifruit intervention . This is a retrospective analysis of data collected during a 12-week r and omised controlled cross-over trial . A total of eighty-five hypercholesterolaemic men completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in period before being r and omised to one of two 4-week intervention sequences of two green kiwifruit/d plus healthy diet ( kiwifruit intervention ) or healthy diet alone ( control intervention ) . The measurement of anthropometric parameters and collection of fasting blood sample s were carried out at baseline 1 and after the run-in ( baseline 2 ) and intervention periods . At baseline 2 , B1/B1 homozygotes of the CETP Taq1B gene had significantly higher total cholesterol : HDL-C , TAG : HDL-C , and apoB : apoA1 ratios and small-dense LDL concentrations than B2 carriers . A significant CETP Taq1B genotype × intervention interaction was observed for the TAG : HDL-C ratio ( P= 0·03 ) . B1/B1 homozygotes had a significantly lower TAG : HDL-C ( - 0·23 ( sd 0·58 ) mmol/l ; P= 0·03 ) ratio after the kiwifruit intervention than after the control intervention , whereas the ratio of B2 carriers was not affected . The lipid response was not affected by other gene polymorphisms . In conclusion , the significant decrease in the TAG : HDL-C ratio in B1/B1 homozygotes suggests that regular inclusion of green kiwifruit as part of a healthy diet may improve the lipid profiles of hypercholesterolaemic men with this genotype There are no definitive explanations as to why individuals with hypercholesterolemia , a major cardiovascular risk factor , respond differently to dietary change . Fifty five free-living individuals completed a double crossover trial with two dietary regimens , a high saturated fat diet ( providing 21 % energy from saturated fat and 3 % energy from polyunsaturated fat ) and a high polyunsaturated fat diet ( providing 11 % energy as saturated fat and 10 % energy as polyunsaturated fat ) , each phase continuing for 4 weeks . Extensive genotyping and several measures of dietary compliance have provided further insights regarding the determinants of extent of cholesterol response to changes in the nature of dietary fat . Individuals with the CETP B1B1 genotype and the LPL X447 + allele showed an average 0 . 44 ( 95 % CI : 0.22 , 0.66 ) and 0.45 ( 95 % CI : 0.18 , 0.72 ) mmol/l greater change in total cholesterol , respectively , than those with one or more CETP B2 allele or homozygous for the LPL S447 allele when comparing diets high and low in saturated fat . Indices of dietary compliance including changes in reported saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake and change in triglyceride linoleate were not significantly different between the CETP genotypes . Change in reported saturated ( r=0.36 , P=0.04 ) and polyunsaturated ( r=0.22 , P=0 . 05 ) fat intake and change in triglyceride linoleate ( reflecting polyunsaturated fat intake ) ( r=0.21 , P=0.07 ) , also predicted total cholesterol response to dietary fat changes . In multivariate analyses , variation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein and lipoprotein lipase genes predicted response independent of measures of dietary compliance , suggesting that these two genes are important determinants of variation in cholesterol response to dietary change in free-living individuals Little is known about whether cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) genetic variation may modify the effect of weight-loss diets varying in fat content on changes in lipid levels . We analyzed the interaction between the CETP variant rs3764261 and dietary interventions on changes in lipid levels among 732 overweight/obese adults from a 2 year r and omized weight-loss trial [ Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies ( POUNDS LOST ) ] , and replicated the findings in 171 overweight/obese adults from an independent 2 year weight-loss trial [ Dietary Intervention R and omized Controlled Trial ( DIRECT ) ] . In the POUNDS LOST , participants with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype on the high-fat diet had larger increases in HDL cholesterol ( P = 0.001 ) and decreases in triglycerides ( P = 0.007 ) than those on the low-fat diet at 6 months , while no significant difference between these two diets was observed among participants carrying other genotypes . The gene-diet interactions on changes in HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were replicated in the DIRECT ( pooled P for interaction ≤ 0.01 ) . Similar results on trajectory of changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides over the 2 year intervention were observed in both trials . Our study provides replicable evidence that individuals with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype might derive greater effects on raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides by choosing a low-carbohydrate/high-fat weight-loss diet instead of a low-fat diet We examined the relationships of I405V cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) , Taq1B CETP and apolipoprotein (apo)E polymorphisms with the pattern of response to dietary plant sterol ester ( PSE ) by plasma lipids and CETP concentrations as well as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) activity . Subjects with moderate primary hypercholesterolemia ( 20 - 60 y old ; 50 women ; 10 men ) consumed margarine ( 20 g/d ) without ( placebo ) or with PSE ( 2.8 g/d = 1.68 g/d phytosterols ) for 4 wk each period , in a crossover , double-blind study . Plasma CETP concentration was measured by ELISA ; endogenous LCAT activity was expressed as the percentage of esterification ( 30 min incubation ) of the subjects ' (14)C-unesterified cholesterol HDL . PSE reduced concentrations of plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) ( 10 % ) and LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( 12 % ) . In relation to the I405V CETP polymorphism , the percentage reductions in TC with consumption of PSE for the II , IV and VV phenotypes were 7.2 , 4.2 and not significant , respectively , whereas LDL-C significant reductions occurred only for II ( 9.5 % ) . However , the CETP concentration diminished only in the II phenotype The possible role of four c and i date genes in lipid and lipoprotein response to diet was examined in 214 members of two large kibbutz settlements in Israel . Four site polymorphisms ( signal peptide insertion/deletion , XbaI , EcoRI and MspI ) of the apo B gene , the common apo E genotypes , three common mutations ( T-93 G , S447stop and N291S ) of the LPL gene and the CETP I405V RFLP were determined . The average reduction induced by diet in participants with the absence of the EcoRI restriction site ( L4154 ) of the apo B gene compared with those found to be homozygotes for the restriction site ( G/G4154 ) were : 16.2 and 8.0 mg/dl for total cholesterol ( TC ) ( P=0 . 01 ) ; and 15.6 and 6.2 mg/dl for LDL-C ( P=0.007 ) , respectively . TC and LDL-C baseline levels were significantly different among the apo-E genotypes , yet there were no significant effects on lipid and lipoprotein dietary response . Triglyceride baseline values were significantly lower ( P=0.007 ) among subjects with the LPL S447stop mutation and HDL-C was significantly lower ( P=0.008 ) among subjects found to be heterozygous for the LPL N291S mutation . A heterogeneous response for triglyceride was observed for individuals with the S291 allele as compared to those individuals who were found to be homozygous for the N291 allele . No differences in dietary responsiveness were observed among the apo E and CETP genotypes . In conclusion , our results suggest that sequence variation(s ) in the coding region of the apo B gene linked to the EcoRI polymorphism are associated with total cholesterol and LDL-C responsiveness to dietary manipulation . In our study population , LPL mutations had a significant effect on TG and HDL-C baseline levels and on their response to diet Cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) , as a c and i date gene for dyslipoproteinemia and coronary heart disease , was studied in 105 men with low plasma concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and established coronary heart disease as well as in 515 r and omly selected men and women . A one-nucleotide substitution ( G to A ) in exon 15 , which changes arginine ( 451 ) to glutamine in CETP protein , was detected by PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing and screened in the population sample by a simple PCR-based restriction assay . In the r and om population sample the allele frequency of the R451Q mutation was 1.9 % . Men heterozygous for the R451Q mutation ( n = 7 ) had 27 % higher CETP activity than age- , body mass index- , smoking- and alcohol consumption-matched controls with normal genotype ( n = 21 ; P = 0.003 ) . Women heterozygous for the R451Q mutation ( n = 7 ) had 16 % lower total cholesterol compared to matched controls ( n = 21 ; P = 0.07 ) , but no such difference was detected in men . In the r and om population sample the correlation between plasma total cholesterol level 
    Output:
    
Among CETP variants , the rs9989419 best represented this genome wide association signal across all population s , based on LD r2 estimates from 1000 genomes references .
Regarding the rs708272 ( Taq1B ) , individuals with the B1 risk allele showed better responses to  dietary interventions  than those with B2B2 genotype , whereas with I405V , inconsistent results have been reported .
Modest alcohol consumption was associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease among B2 carriers of rs708272.It is concluded that variations in the CETP gene may modulate the effects of dietary components on metabolic traits .