***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a task-oriented exercise program with and without altered sensory input on postural stability in subjects with stroke . Sixteen hemiparetic subjects , at least 6 months post-stroke , were r and omly assigned to the experimental or control group , and participated in an 8-week task-oriented exercise program focusing on balance and mobility exercises . Exercises were performed under normal conditions by the control group , and under conditions of vision and surface manipulation by the experimental group . Pre- and post-test assessment s involved the measurement of the center of pressure ( COP ) displacement during double-legged stance and sit-to-st and under four sensory conditions : ( 1 ) eyes open , normal surface ; ( 2 ) eyes open , soft surface ; ( 3 ) eyes closed , normal surface ; and ( 4 ) eyes closed , soft surface , as well as the 10-m walking test . Results showed significant improvements ( P<0.05 ) in COP displacement under sensory conditions ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) for the experimental group only , and limited changes for the sit-to-st and in both groups after training . Significant improvements ( P<0.05 ) were also found in both groups for the walking test . It is concluded that a task-oriented exercise program , assisted by sensory manipulation , is more effective at improving the st and ing balance of stroke subjects than a conventional task-oriented program . Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht die Wirkung eines anforderungsspezifischen Übungsprogramms mit und ohne Sinnesreizänderung auf die posturale Stabilität von Schlaganfallpatienten . Insgesamt 16 Hemiparetiker wurden mindestens sechs Monate nach dem Schlaganfall r and omisiert der Versuchs- oder der Kontrollgruppe zugeordnet , innerhalb derer sie acht Wochen an einem anforderungsspezifischen Programm mit speziellen Gleichgewichts- und Mobilitätsübungen teilnahmen . Die Kontrollgruppe führte die Übungen unter normalen Bedingungen durch , die Versuchsgruppe dagegen unter Manipulation der Aspekte Sicht und Gehflächen . Bei den Bewertungen vor und nach dem Test wurde die Verlagerung des Druckmittelpunkts ( COP ) während der zweibeinigen Haltung und der Aufstehübung anh and von vier Sinneszuständen gemessen : ( 1 ) offene Augen , normale Fläche , ( 2 ) offene Augen , weiche Fläche , ( 3 ) geschlossene Augen , normale Fläche und ( 4 ) geschlossene Augen , weiche Fläche sowie anh and des 10 m Gehtests . Die Ergebnisse wiesen nur bei der Versuchsgruppe bei der COP-Verlagerung unter den Sinneszuständen ( 1 ) und ( 2 ) beachtliche Verbesserungen ( P<0,05 ) auf und bei beiden Gruppen in beschränktem Maß Veränderungen bei der Aufstehübung . Bei beiden Gruppen wurden auch signifikante Verbesserungen ( P<0,05 ) beim Gehtest beobachtet . Daraus schließt sich , dass ein anforderungsspezifisches Übungsprogramm mit begleitender Sinnesmanipulation das Gleichgewicht von Schlaganfallpatienten bei aufrechter Körperhaltung effektiver verbessert als ein herkömmliches anforderungsspezifisches Programm . El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los efectos de un programa de ejercicios dirigidos , con estimulación sensorial alterada o sin ella , sobre la estabilidad postural de sujetos con accidente vascular cerebral . Dieciséis sujetos hemiparéticos que habían sufrido un accidente vascular cerebral hacía al menos 6 meses , fueron distribuidos al azar en dos grupos : uno experimental y uno control . Los mismos participaron durante 8 semanas en un programa de ejercicios dirigidos , el cual se centraba en ejercicios de balance y de movilidad . El grupo control realizó los ejercicios en condiciones normales , mientras que el grupo experimental los realizó en condiciones en que la visión y las superficies fueron alteradas . En las evaluaciones realizadas antes y después de los ejercicios se midió la desviación del centro de presión ( CP ) durante la postura de pie utiliz and o ambas piernas , así como en la postura sentada , listo para ponerse de pie , bajo cuatro condiciones sensoriales deferentes : 1 ) ojos abiertos , superficie normal ;  2  ) ojos abiertos , superficie bl and a ;  3  ) ojos cerrados , superficie normal ;  y  4 ) ojos cerrados , superficie bl and a. Se realizó además la prueba de la marcha de los 10 m. Los result ados mostraron mejoras significativas ( P<0,05 ) en la desviación del CP en ambos grupos durante la prueba de la marcha . Se concluyó que un programa de ejercicios dirigidos , en los que se utilicen manipulaciones sensoriales , es más efectivo que un programa convencional de ejercicios dirigidos para mejorar el balance durante la postura de pie en sujetos con accidente vascular cerebral . Le but de cette étude était de comparer les effets d'un programme d'exercices fonctionnels assistés ou non de stimulations sensorielles sur la stabilité posturale de sujets atteints d'un accident vasculaire cérébral ( AVC ) . Seize sujets hémiparétiques atteints d'un AVC depuis au moins 6 mois et répartis de façon aléatoire au sein du groupe expérimental et du groupe témoin ont participé à un programme d'exercices fonctionnels de huit semaines portant sur des exercices d'équilibre et de mobilité . Les exercices étaient exécutés en situation normale par le groupe témoin et en situation de manipulation de la vision et de la surface de support par le groupe expérimental . Les évaluations pré et post exercices ont été effectuées à l'aide de la mesure du déplacement du centre de pression ( CP ) lors du maintien de la position debout en appui bipodal et du transfert assis-debout selon les quatre conditions sensorielles suivantes : yeux ouverts , surface normale ( 1 ) ; yeux ouverts , surface moelleuse ( 2 ) ; yeux fermés , surface normale ( 3 ) ; yeux fermés , surface moelleuse ( 4 ) . Le test de marche de 10 mètres a aussi été inclus dans l'évaluation . Les résultats ont démontré une amélioration significative ( P<0.05 ) du déplacement du CP dans les conditions 1 et 2 pour le groupe expérimental seulement ainsi que des changements limités pour le transfert assis-debout chez les deux groupes de sujets à la suite de l'entraînement . Une amélioration significative ( P<0.05 ) a été observée au niveau du test de marche chez les deux groupes de sujets . Cette étude a démontré qu'un programme d'exercices fonctionnels assistés de stimulations sensorielles est plus efficace pour l'amélioration du maintien de l'équilibre en position debout chez les sujets atteints d'un AVC qu'un programme d'exercices fonctionnels conventionnnel The " Timed Get-up- and -Go " ( TGUG ) test measures the overall time to complete a series of functionally important tasks . In the " Exp and ed Timed Get-up- and -Go " ( ETGUG ) test , times for the component tasks are measured using a multimemory stopwatch . Results from the ETGUG test were compared to those from the TGUG test on three groups of subjects : nonimpaired young , nonimpaired elderly , and elderly subjects at risk of falling . Significant differences were found between the two control groups and the at-risk group for all components of the test . Walking speed was the only measurement found to be significantly different between the young and elderly controls . The ETGUG test is a sensitive and objective assessment of function that requires minimal equipment , training , or expense . It better isolates functional deficits , thereby aiding the clinician in devising prevention strategies and guiding both treatment and further testing Objective : To assess the balance function of hemiplegic stroke patients and to investigate whether visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training following acute stroke can decrease falls among patients with hemiplegic stroke . Design : A prospect i ve study , using a Balance Master . Setting : Hospital-based rehabilitation units . Subjects : Fifty-two hemiplegic stroke patients ( 28 in the training group and 24 in the control group ) . Interventions : Conventional stroke rehabilitation programme plus visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training . Training effect was evaluated by assessing the static and dynamic balance performance as well as comparing the occurrence of falls in the training and control groups at six-month follow-up . Main measures : Occurrence of falls ; static balance in different sensory conditions ; and dynamic balance performance , including on-axis velocity and directional control during rhythmic weight-shift . Results : Significant improvement in dynamic balance performance was found in hemiplegic patients in the training group . The improvement was sustained for six months . With regarding to static balance function , no significant improvement was found . At six-month follow-up , 5 of 28 patients ( 17.8 % ) in the training group had fallen , compared with 10 of 24 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group . The occurrence of falls decreased , although not statistically significantly ( p = 0.059 ) . Conclusions : Visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training may improve dynamic balance function for hemiplegic stroke patients . The effects of training may be sustained for six months . The occurrence of falls decreased in the training group , but not statistically significantly Background and Purpose : Distinguishing between a clinical ly significant change and change due to measurement error can be difficult . The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change for the Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , forward and backward functional reach , the  Romberg Test and the Sharpened Romberg Test ( SRT ) with eyes open and closed , the Activities-specific Balance Confidence ( ABC ) Scale , the  Six-Minute Walk Test ( 6MWT ) , comfortable and fast gait speed , the  Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) , the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) , and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) in people with parkinsonism . Subjects : Thirty-seven community-dwelling adults with parkinsonism ( mean age=71 years ) participated . The Hoehn and Yahr Scale median score of 2 was on the lower end of the scale ; however , the scores ranged from 1 to 4 . Methods : Subjects were tested twice by the same raters , with 1 week between tests . Test-retest reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) . Minimal detectable change was calculated using a 95 % confidence interval ( MDC95 ) . Results : The ICCs for test-retest reliability were above .90 for the BBS , ABC Scale , SRT with eyes closed , 6MWT , and comfortable and fast gait speeds . The MDC95 values for those functional tests were : BBS=5/56 , ABC Scale=13 % , SRT with eyes closed=19 seconds , 6MWT=82 m , comfortable gait speed=0.18 m/s , and fast gait speed=0.25 m/s . The ICCs for test-retest reliability of SF-36 scores were above .80 , with the exception of the social functioning subscale . The MDC95 values for the SF-36 ranged between 19 % and 45 % . The MDC95 values for the UPDRS Activities of Daily Living section , Motor Examination section , and total scores were 4/52 , 11/108 , and 13/176 , respectively . Discussion and Conclusion : Minimal detectable change values are useful to therapists in rehabilitation and wellness programs in determining whether change during or after intervention is clinical ly significant . High test-retest reliability of scores for the BBS , ABC Scale , SRT with eyes closed , 6MWT , and gait speed make them trustworthy functional assessment s in people with parkinsonism . The SF-36 and UPDRS provide quality -of-life and disease severity rating values in the ongoing assessment of people with parkinsonism Background and Purpose — The incidence of falls among noninstitutionalized individuals with long-st and ing stroke has not been examined previously , although fractures are more common and the consequences more severe for stroke patients than for elderly people in general . Methods — For 4 months ( September to December 1998 ) , we followed 111 home-living patients who had suffered a stroke a mean of 10 years previously and 143 control subjects r and omly selected from the same municipality , matched with respect to age and sex .  Falls  were registered daily by use of “ fall calendars . ” Before the fall registration period , information about morbidity , use of medication , and activities of daily living had been registered . Height , weight , vision , blood pressure , motor function , and body sway had been measured , and depressive symptoms as well as cognitive function had been assessed . Results — During follow-up , 23 % of the patients and 11 % of the control subjects fell once or more , and the risk of falling at least once was more than twice as high for the patients with stroke , when controlled for potential confounders ( relative risk=2.2 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 4.3 ) . Among the stroke patients , depressive symptomatology predicted falls , and the relative risk for falling increased by 1.5 per st and ard deviation increase in the depression score . Conclusions — We conclude that falls are more frequent among noninstitutionalized long-term stroke survivors than among community control subjects and that the risk of falling and depressive symptoms are related in stroke patients Background and Purpose : Falls are a significant public health concern for older adults ; early identification of people at high risk for falling facilitates the provision of rehabilitation treatment to reduce future fall risk . The objective of this prospect i ve cohort study was to examine the predictive validity of the  Berg Balance Scale ( BBS  ) for 3 types of outcomes —any fall ( ≥1 fall ) , multiple falls ( 
    Output:
    
This CDP training program showed promise as a systematic , objective method to reduce fall risk with improved overground performance of balance tasks in an individual with chronic stroke