***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND / OBJECTIVES Obesity is related to inflammation and cardiovascular disease . The increase in saturated fatty acid intake ( SFA ) can potentiate cardiovascular risks . The aim of this study was to assess the influence of change in SFA on carotid intima-media thickness ( cIMT ) , metabolic profile and anti/pro-inflammatory adipokines in obese adolescents . METHODS Sixty obese adolescents were subjected to 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention ( nutrition , psychology , physical exercise and clinical therapy ) .  Blood glucose , insulin , lipid profile , leptin and adiponectin were analysed . Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD . cIMT was measured by ultrasonography . Dietetic intake was calculated by 3-day dietary record . Volunteers were analysed according to tertiles of change ( Δ ) in SFA intake : Low-SFA reduction<3.68 g ; Moderate-SFA reduction 3.68 - 13.67 g ; and High-SFA reduction>13.67 g. RESULTS Moderate and High-SFA tertiles presented reduction in insulin , leptin/adiponectin ratio , cIMT and increase in adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio . Adiponectin/leptin ratio was predictor of cIMT . HOMA-IR , total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol reduced only in High-SFA tertile , and was associated with SFA independent of visceral fat . Negative correlations between Δ of SFA and adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were observed . CONCLUSION Obese adolescents with moderate and high reduction in SFA presented improvements on pro/anti-inflammatory biomarkers and cIMT , leading to reduction in cardiovascular risks Background The effect of exercise on subjective appetite and short-term food intake has received little investigation in children . Despite a lack of reported evaluation of short- duration activity programs , they are currently being implemented in schools as a means to benefit energy balance . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold ( VeT ) on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in normal weight boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years . Methods On 4 separate mornings and in r and om order , boys ( n = 14 ) and girls ( n = 15 ) completed 2 rest or 2 exercise treatments for 15 ( short- duration ; SD ) or 45 min ( long- duration ; LD ) at their previously measured VeT , 2 h after a st and ardized breakfast .  Subjective appetite was measured at regular intervals during the study sessions and food intake from a pizza meal was measured 30 min after rest or exercise . Results An increase in average appetite , desire to eat , and hunger ( p < 0.05 ) was attenuated by SD exercise , but was further increased ( p < 0.05 ) by LD exercise . However , food intake  after SD and LD exercise was similar to after rest in both boys and girls ( p = 0.55 ) . The energy cost of SD and LD exercise result ed in a lower net energy balance compared to resting during the study measurement period in boys ( SD : Δ = -418 ± 301 kJ ; LD : Δ = -928 ± 196 kJ ) and in girls ( SD : Δ = -297 ± 105 kJ ; LD : Δ = -432 ± 115 kJ ) . Conclusion Neither SD nor LD exercise at the VeT increased short-term food intake and SD exercise  attenuated increases in appetite . Thus , SD exercise programs in schools may be an effective strategy for maintaining healthier body weights in children Purpose To compare two modalities of exercise training ( i.e. , Endurance Training [ ET ] and High-Intensity Interval Training [ HIT ] ) on health-related parameters in obese children aged between 8 and 12 years . Methods Thirty obese children were r and omly allocated into either the ET or HIT group . The ET group performed a 30 to 60-minute continuous exercise at 80 % of the peak heart rate ( HR ) . The HIT group training performed 3 to 6 sets of 60-s sprint at 100 % of the peak velocity interspersed by a 3-min active recovery period at 50 % of the exercise velocity . HIT sessions last ∼70 % less than ET sessions . At baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention , aerobic fitness , body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed . Results Both the absolute ( ET : 26.0 % ; HIT : 19.0 % ) and the relative VO2 peak ( ET : 13.1 % ; HIT : 14.6 % ) were significantly increased in both groups after the intervention . Additionally , the total time of exercise ( ET : 19.5 % ; HIT : 16.4 % ) and the peak velocity during the maximal grade d cardiorespiratory test ( ET : 16.9 % ; HIT : 13.4 % ) were significantly improved across interventions . Insulinemia ( ET : 29.4 % ; HIT : 30.5 % ) and HOMA-index ( ET : 42.8 % ; HIT : 37.0 % ) were significantly lower for both groups at POST when compared to PRE . Body mass was significantly reduced in the HIT ( 2.6 % ) , but not in the ET group ( 1.2 % ) . A significant reduction in BMI was observed for both groups after the intervention ( ET : 3.0 % ; HIT : 5.0 % ) . The responsiveness analysis revealed a very similar pattern of the most responsive variables among groups . Conclusion HIT and ET were equally effective in improving important health related parameters in obese youth BACKGROUND Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth . OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents . METHODS Participants were a subset of those taking part in the ' Eat Smart Study ' . They were aged 10 - 17 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 90th centile and were r and omized to one of three groups :  wait-listed control , structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks . Outcomes were fasting glucose , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , total amylin , acylated ghrelin , active glucagon-like peptide-1 , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine . Pre- and postpr and ial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales . RESULTS Of 87 ' Eat Smart ' participants , 74 participated in this sub- study . The mean ( st and ard deviation ) BMI z-score was 2.1 ( 0.4 ) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 ( 0.4 ) in the control group . Fasting insulin ( P = 0.05 ) and leptin ( P = 0.03 ) levels decreased , while adiponectin levels increased ( P = 0.05 ) in the intervention groups compared with control . The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other . A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin ( P < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model of assessment -insulin resistance ( P < 0.001 ) , leptin ( P < 0.001 ) , total amylin ( P = 0.03 ) , GIP ( P = 0.01 ) , PP ( P = 0.02 ) and increased adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference in appetite sensations . CONCLUSIONS Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain Short-term effects of different intensities of exercise-induced energy expenditure on energy intake and hunger were compared in 19 girls ( 10.0 + /- 0.6 years ) in three conditions :  sedentary , low-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise . The exercise conditions involved cycling at 50 and 75 % of peak oxygen uptake , respectively , but were design ed to evoke approximately 1.50 MJ of total expenditure , as estimated from continuously monitored heart rate . A maintenance breakfast of controlled energy intake was provided and ad libitum energy intake was measured at lunch and dinner . Differences in energy intake relative to expenditure , between 09:30 and 17:00 , were calculated by subtracting energy expenditure from energy intake ( energy difference ) . Hunger , fullness and prospect i ve consumption were rated before and after meals and exercise sessions . Lunch energy intake was significantly less after low-intensity exercise than after high-intensity exercise .  Energy expenditure was greater in the exercise conditions than when sedentary and the energy difference was more positive in the sedentary condition than in each of the exercise conditions . At mid-afternoon , rated prospect i ve consumption was less after the high-intensity exercise . The imposition of energy expenditure through exercise of either low or high intensity result ed in no detectable increase in energy intake in the short term Background Physical exercise can modify subsequent energy intake and appetite and may thus be of particular interest in terms of obesity treatment . However , it is still unclear whether an intensive bout of exercise can affect the energy consumption of obese children and adolescents . Objective To compare the impact of high vs. moderate intensity exercises on subsequent 24-h energy intake , macronutrient preferences , appetite sensations , energy expenditure and balance in obese adolescent . Design This r and omized cross-over trial involves 15 obese adolescent boys who were asked to r and omly complete three 24-h sessions in a metabolic chamber , each separated by at least 7 days : ( 1 ) sedentary ( SED ) ; ( 2 ) Low-Intensity Exercise ( LIE ) ( 40 % maximal oxygen uptake , VO2max ) ; ( 3 ) High-Intensity Exercise ( HIE ) ( 75%VO2max ) . Results Despite unchanged appetite sensations , 24-h total energy intake following HIE was 6–11 % lower compared to LIE and SED ( p<0.05 ) , whereas no differences appeared between SED and LIE . Energy intake at lunch was 9.4 % and 8.4 % lower after HIE compared to SED and LIE , respectively ( p<0.05 ) . At dinner time , it was 20.5 % and 19.7 % lower after HIE compared to SED and LIE , respectively ( p<0.01 ) . 24-h energy expenditure was not significantly altered . Thus , the 24-h energy balance was significantly reduced during HIE compared to SED and LIE ( p<0.01 ) , whereas those of SED and LIE did not differ . Conclusions In obese adolescent boys , HIE has a beneficial impact on 24-h energy balance , mainly due to the spontaneous decrease in energy intake during lunch and dinner following the exercise bout . Prescribing high-intensity exercises to promote weight loss may therefore provide effective results without affecting appetite sensations and , as a result , food frustrations . Trial Registration Clinical Trial.gov AIM To examine energy intake adaptations to a 10-week aerobic exercise program in obese adolescents . METHODS Twenty-six 12 - 17year old obese adolescents were asked to cycle twice a week for an hour in a research laboratory . Body composition , aerobic fitness ( submaximal fitness test ) and energy intake ( 3-day food record ) were assessed before and immediately after the 10-week intervention . RESULTS The average time spent pedaling per session was 55.3±12.1min for a mean energy expenditure of 2196±561kJpersession . The intervention produced significant improvements in percentage of body fat ( 44.5±10.6 % vs. 43.4±9.8 % ; p<0.05 ) but no significant weight and fat-free mass change . Peak workload ( 79.5±20.8W vs. 87.3±17.6W ; p<0.05 ) and peak heart rate ( 174.6±18.7bpm vs. 166.2±21.0bpm ; p<0.01 ) were improved . The mean total daily energy intake ( in kJ/day ) showed a tendency to decrease through the intervention ( 7440±1744 to 6740±2124kJ ; p=0.07 ) but a high inter-individual variability observed in the energy intake response to the intervention may explain the non-significant association between the energy intake response and weight loss . CONCLUSION A 10-week aerobic exercise program may result in a small decrease in energy intake and an associated decrease in percentage of body fat but no weight loss in obese adolescents . This lack of weight loss could be explained by a decrease in spontaneous energy expenditure outside the intervention sessions The effect of short duration exercise ( EXR ) on food intake ( FI ) and energy balance ( EB ) is not well understood in either normal weight ( NW ) or overweight ( OW ) and obese ( OB ) 9 - 14 years old children . Our purpose was to describe the effects of activity and a glucose drink on short term FI , appetite , and EB in NW , OW , and OB boys . 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION Structured physical activity interventions favour decreased daily energy intake in obese adolescents