***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT Background : Attentional bias ( i.e. , differences in reaction time between drug and neutral cues ) has been associated with a variety of drug-use behaviors ( e.g. , craving , abstinence ) . Reduction of bias may ultimately reduce use . Objective : The current study examined whether attentional bias modification therapy ( ABMT ) reduced the frequency of drug use behaviors in individuals with cocaine use disorder ( CUD ) . Method : Participants ( n = 37 ) were r and omly assigned to ABMT or control therapy , which systematic ally varied how frequently probes replaced neutral ( ABMT = 100 % ; control therapy = 50 % ) relative to drug stimuli . Each intervention included 5 training sessions comprising a total of 2640 trials over 4 weeks . Clinical assessment s occurred at baseline , post-intervention , 2 weeks and 3 months posttreatment . Results : There were no baseline differences between groups on drug-use behaviors or other clinical measures . Contrary to predictions , both groups exhibited slower rather than faster reaction times for cocaine stimuli ( p = 0.005 ) at baseline , with no relationship between bias and baseline measures of drug-use behavior . Conclusions : ABMT was not more effective than our control therapy at reducing attentional bias , reducing craving or changing other drug use behaviors . Current results suggest additional replication studies are needed to assess ABMT ’s efficacy in reducing drug-use behaviors in CUD Introduction Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent during adolescence and characterized by negative interpretation biases . Cognitive bias modification of interpretations ( CBM-I ) may reduce such biases and improve emotional functioning . However , as findings have been mixed and the traditional scenario training is experienced as relatively boring , a picture-based type of training might be more engaging and effective . Methods The current study investigated short- and long-term effects ( up to 6 months ) and users ’ experience of two types of CBM-I procedure in adolescents with heightened symptoms of anxiety or depression ( N = 119 , aged 12–18 year ) . Participants were r and omized to eight online sessions of text-based scenario training , picture-word imagery training , or neutral control training . Results No significant group differences were observed on primary or secondary emotional outcomes . A decrease in anxiety and depressive symptoms , and improvements in emotional resilience were observed , irrespective of condition . Scenario training marginally reduced negative interpretation bias on a closely matched assessment task , while no such effects were found on a different task , nor for the picture-word or control group . Subjective evaluations of all training paradigms were relatively negative and the imagery component appeared particularly difficult for adolescents with higher symptom levels . Conclusions The current results question the preventive efficacy and feasibility of both CBM-I procedures as implemented here in adolescents BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a progressive neurocognitive developmental disorder . Recent evidence shows that computerized training interventions ( Cognitive Bias Modification , CBM ) can reverse some of these maladaptively changed neurocognitive processes . A first clinical study of a CBM , called alcohol-avoidance training , found that trained alcoholic patients showed less relapse at one-year follow-up than control patients . The present study tested the replication of this result , and questions about mediation and moderation . METHODS 509 alcohol-dependent patients received treatment as usual ( primarily Cognitive Behavior Therapy ) inpatient treatment .  Before and after treatment , the implicit approach bias was measured with the Alcohol Approach-Avoidance Task . Half of the patients were r and omly assigned to CBM  , the other half received  treatment as usual only . Background variables , psychopathology and executive control were tested as possible moderating variables of CBM . One year after treatment , follow-up data about relapse were collected . RESULTS The group receiving CBM  developed alcohol-avoidance behavior and reported significantly lower relapse rates at one-year follow-up . Change in alcohol-approach bias mediated this effect . Moderation analyses demonstrated that older patients and patients with a strong approach-bias at pretest profited most from CBM . CONCLUSIONS CBM is a promising treatment add-on in alcohol addiction and may counter some of the maladaptive neurocognitive effects of long-term alcoholism Attentional bias modification ( ABM ) to avoid smoking-related cues is a potentially new intervention in addition to existing therapy to stop smoking . We examined immediate and long-term changes in attentional bias and treatment outcomes from multiple ABM sessions in 67 smokers trying to quit . After assessing attentional bias baseline , participants were r and omly allocated to one of three training groups : three sessions of ABM ( avoid 3 ) ; two sessions of placebo-ABM and one session of ABM ( avoid 1 ) ; and three sessions of placebo-ABM ( avoid 0 ) . At baseline , all groups had similar positive attentional bias , which became negative at 24h post-training . After 1 month , avoid 1 and avoid 3 still exhibited negative attentional biases . Only avoid 3 maintained this effect at 6-month , but not at 12-month assessment s. ABM produced a long-lasting automatic and maintained avoidance to smoking-related cues which depended on number of sessions ; however its effects on treatment outcomes are uncertain Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Based on information processing models of anxiety and depression , we investigated the efficacy of multiple sessions of online attentional bias modification training to reduce attentional bias and symptoms of anxiety and depression , and to increase emotional resilience in youth . Unselected adolescents ( N = 340 , age : 11 - 18 years ) were r and omly allocated to eight sessions of a dot-probe , or a visual search -based attentional training , or one of two corresponding placebo control conditions .  Cognitive and emotional measures were assessed pre- and post-training ; emotional outcome measures also at three , six and twelve months follow-up . Only visual search training enhanced attention for positive information , and this effect was stronger for participants who completed more training sessions . Symptoms of anxiety and depression reduced , whereas emotional resilience improved . However , these effects were not especially pronounced in the active conditions . Thus , this large-scale r and omized controlled study provided no support for the efficacy of the current online attentional bias modification training as a preventive intervention to reduce symptoms of anxiety or depression or to increase emotional resilience in unselected adolescents . However , the absence of biased attention related to symptomatology at baseline , and the large drop-out rates at follow-up preclude strong conclusions Depression is a global health problem requiring treatment innovation . Targeting neglected cognitive aspects may provide a useful route . We tested a cognitive-training paradigm using positive mental imagery ( imagery cognitive bias modification , imagery CBM ) , developed via experimental psychopathology studies , in a r and omized controlled trial . Training was delivered via the Internet to 150 individuals with current major depression . Unexpectedly , there was no significant advantage for imagery CBM compared with a closely matched control for depression symptoms as a whole in the full sample . In exploratory analyses , compared with the control , imagery CBM significantly improved anhedonia over the intervention and improved depression symptoms as a whole for those participants with fewer than five episodes of depression and those who engaged to a threshold level of imagery . Results suggest avenues for improving imagery CBM to inform low-intensity treatment tools for depression . Anhedonia may be a useful treatment target for future work Social Anxiety Disorder ( SAD ) models implicate social threat cue vigilance ( i.e. , attentional biases ) in symptom development and maintenance . A modified dot-probe protocol has been shown to reduce SAD symptoms , in some but not all studies , presumably by modifying an attentional bias . The current r and omized controlled trial was design ed to replicate and extend such research . Participants included treatment-seeking adults ( n = 108 ; 58 % women ) who met diagnostic criteria for SAD . Participants were r and omly assigned to a st and ard ( i.e. , control ) or modified ( i.e. , active ) dot-probe protocol condition and to participate in-lab or at home . The protocol involved twice-weekly 15-min sessions , for 4 weeks , with question naires completed at baseline , post-treatment , 4-month follow-up , and 8-month follow-up . Symptom reports were assessed with repeated measures mixed hierarchical modeling . There was a main effect of time from baseline to post-treatment wherein social anxiety symptoms declined significantly ( p < .05 ) but depression and trait anxiety did not ( p > .05 ) . There were no significant interactions based on condition or participation location ( ps > .05 ) . Reductions were maintained at 8-month follow-up . Symptom reductions were not correlated with threat biases as indexed by the dot-probe task . The modified and st and ard protocol both produced significant sustained symptom reductions , whether administered in-lab or at home . There were no robust differences based on protocol type . As such , the mechanisms for benefits associated with modified dot-probe protocol s warrant additional research OBJECTIVE Attention bias modification ( ABM ) is a promising treatment for depression , but trial data remain restricted to adults . The present trial examined effects of ABM on adolescent depression . METHOD A total of 45 adolescents with major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , selected from a school population ( n = 2,731 ) using a 2-stage case-finding procedure , were r and omized to an active ABM intervention ( n = 23 ) or placebo ABM training ( n = 22 ) . In the active condition , participants completed a neutral ABM over 2 weeks for 8 sessions ( 320 trials each ) to shift attention away from sad words to neutral words . At a 9-week follow-up , they received a positive ABM for 2 weeks with 4 more sessions ( 480 trials each ) , shifting attention to positive words . The placebo training used the same tasks but shifted attention toward neutral and sad words equally often . Attentional biases and clinical status determined by semi-structured interviews and question naires were obtained before and after each training . Depressive symptoms were reassessed at 8- and 12-month follow-ups . RESULTS Greater reductions in attentional bias score and clinician-rated depressive symptoms were found for active ABM compared with placebo after initial neutral ABM . More participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for MDD in active ABM than in placebo . Greater reductions in self-reported depressive and anxious symptoms at the 12-month follow-up were also found in active ABM compared with placebo . CONCLUSION ABM may be a potential treatment tool for mild to moderate adolescent major depression . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Attention Bias Modification Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents : A R and omized Controlled Trial ; http:// clinical trials.gov/ ; NCT02078258 High trait anger is associated with more severe alcohol use problems , and alcohol has been found to facilitate aggressive behavior among individuals with high trait anger . Treatments focused on a sample with alcohol use disorder with elevated anger could reduce alcohol use problems , as well as violence and aggression . We sought to examine the efficacy of interpretation bias modification for hostility ( IBM-H ) in a sample with high trait anger and alcohol use disorder ( AUD ) . Fifty-eight individuals with AUD and elevated trait anger were r and omly assigned to eight web-based sessions ( two per week ) of IBM-H or a healthy video control condition ( HVC ) .  Measures of interpretation bias , anger , and alcohol use were administered at pre- and post-treatment and at one-month follow-up . IBM-H led to greater improvements in interpretation bias compared to HVC at post and follow-up . IBM-H also led to greater reductions in trait anger than HVC , though this was an indirect effect mediated by changes in interpretation bias . Further , IBM-H led to lower anger expression than HVC ; this was a direct ( non-mediated ) effect . Lastly , both conditions reported decreases in alcohol use and consequences following treatment , though there were no significant differences between them . These findings provide initial support for the utility of IBM-H as a brief non-confrontational intervention for AUD with elevated trait anger . Limitations and future research directions are discussed OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of a multiple-sessions Web-based Attentional Bias Modification ( ABM ) self-help intervention in 434 smokers who made a quit-attempt . METHOD Respondents were r and omized to receive 6 sessions of ABM- or placebo-training in a period of 2 weeks . Smoking-related cognitions ( e.g. , self-efficacy and intention to quit ) and cognitive biases ( i.e. , attentional and approach bias ) for smoking-cues were assessed before training ( pretest ) . Primary outcome -variable was continued abstinence , 6 months after baseline . Bias reduction at the posttraining assessment was the secondary outcome . A 2 × 2 mixed analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and logistic regression analyses were conducted using the whole sample ( N = 434 ) as well as sub sample s of light to moderate smokers ( < 15 cigarettes , N = 115 ) and heavy smokers ( 15 or more cigarettes , N = 319 ) . Conservative analyses ( coding drop-outs as smokers ) as well as complete case analyses were conducted . RESULTS The ABM training had no significant effect regarding bias reduction and no behavioral effects in the whole sample of smokers . Sub sample analyses revealed a significant positive effect on continued abstinence in heavy smokers only ( complete case analyses : odds ratio [ OR ] = 3.15 ; p = .02 ; confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.24 - 7.99 ; conservative analyses : OR 
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This review is of importance given how technology has transformed delivery of conventional therapies .