***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative efficacy of ( 1 ) individual cognitive-behavioral family-based therapy ( CBFT ) ; ( 2 ) group CBFT ; and ( 3 ) a waitlist control group in the treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . METHOD This study , conducted at a university clinic in Brisbane , Australia , involved 77 children and adolescents with OCD who were r and omized to individual CBFT , group CBFT , or a 4- to 6-week waitlist control condition .  Children were assessed before and after treatment and at 3 months and 6 months following the completion of treatment using diagnostic interviews , symptom severity interviews , and self-report measures . Parental distress , family functioning , sibling distress , and levels of accommodation to OCD dem and s were also assessed . Active treatment involved a manualized 14-week cognitive-behavioral protocol , with parental and sibling components . RESULTS By an evaluable patient analysis , statistically and clinical ly significant pretreatment-to-posttreatment change occurred in OCD diagnostic status and severity across both individual and group CBFT , with no significant differences in improvement ratings between these conditions . There were no significant changes across measures for the waitlist condition . Treatment gains were maintained up to 6 months of follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Contrary to previous findings and expectations , group CBFT is as effective in reducing OCD symptoms for children and adolescents as individual treatment . Findings support the efficacy and durability of CBFT in treating childhood OCD The relative effectiveness of group care ( GC ) and multidimensional treatment foster care ( MTFC ) was compared in terms of their impact on criminal offending , incarceration rates , and program completion outcomes for 79 male adolescents who had histories of chronic and serious juvenile delinquency . Results show that boys who participated in MTFC had significantly fewer criminal referrals and returned to live with relatives more often . Multiple regression analyses showed that assignment to a treatment condition ( i.e. , GC or MTFC ) predicted official and self-reported criminality in follow-up beyond other well-known predictors of chronic juvenile offending ( i.e. , age at 1st offense , number of previous offenses , age at referral ) BACKGROUND Previous studies in non clinical sample s have shown psychosocial treatments to be efficacious in the treatment of adolescent depression , but few psychotherapy treatment studies have been conducted in clinical ly referred , depressed adolescents . METHODS One hundred seven adolescent patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder ( MDD ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments : individual cognitive behavior therapy , systemic behavior family therapy ( SBFT ) , or individual nondirective supportive therapy ( NST ) . Treatments were 12 to 16 sessions provided in as many weeks . Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using all follow-up data . RESULTS Of the 107 patients enrolled in the study , 78 ( 72.9 % ) completed the study , 4 ( 3.7 % ) never initiated treatment , 10 ( 9.3 % ) had exclusionary criteria that were undetected at entry , 8 ( 7.5 % ) dropped out , and 7 ( 6.5 % ) were removed for clinical reasons . Cognitive behavior therapy showed a lower rate of MDD at the end of treatment compared with NST ( 17.1 % vs 42.4 % ; P = .02 ) , and result ed in a higher rate of remission ( 64.7 % , defined as absence of MDD and at least 3 consecutive Beck Depression Inventory scores < 9 ) than SBFT ( 37.9 % ; P = .03 ) or NST ( 39.4 % ; p = .04 ) . Cognitive behavior therapy result ed in more rapid relief in interviewer-rated ( vs both treatments , P = .03 ) and self-reported depression ( vs SBFT , P = .02 ) . All 3 treatments showed significant and similar reductions in suicidality and functional impairment . Parents ' views of the credibility of cognitive behavior therapy improved compared with parents ' views of both SBFT ( P = .01 ) and NST ( P = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Cognitive behavior therapy is more efficacious than SBFT or NST for adolescent MDD in clinical setting s , result ing in more rapid and complete treatment response OBJECTIVE To test the hypotheses that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) ( 1 ) symptoms of ADHD , oppositional defiant disorder , and overall functioning are significantly improved by methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial treatment compared with methylpheni date alone and with methylpheni date plus attention control and ( 2 ) more children receiving combined treatment can be taken off methylpheni date . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , psychotherapy , and academic assistance , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention psychosocial control treatment . Assessment s included parent , teacher , and psychiatrist ratings , and observations in academic and gym classes . RESULTS Combination treatment did not lead to superior functioning and did not facilitate methylpheni date discontinuation . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In stimulant-responsive children with ADHD , there is no support for adding ambitious long-term psychosocial intervention to improve ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years Sixty children , ages 7 - 17 years , who fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed . ; American Psychiatric Association , 1994 ) diagnosis for various specific phobias were r and omized to ( a ) 1-session exposure treatment alone , ( b ) 1-session treatment with a parent present , or ( c ) wait-list control group for 4 weeks . After the waiting period , the wait-list patients were rer and omized to the active treatments . The patients ' phobias were assessed with behavioral approach tests ( approach behavior , experienced anxiety , and physiological reactions ) , whereas general anxiety , depression , phobic tendencies , and anxiety sensitivity were assessed with self-report inventories . Assessment s were done pre- , post- , and 1-year following treatment . Results showed that both treatment conditions did significantly better than the control condition , whereas the treatment groups did equally well on most measures , and the effects were maintained at follow-up . The implication s of these results are discussed This study evaluated the relative efficacy of an exposure-based contingency management ( CM ) treatment condition and an exposure-based cognitive self-control ( SC ) treatment condition relative to an education support ( ES ) control condition for treating children with phobic disorders . Eighty-one children and their parents completed a 10-week treatment program in which children and parents were seen in separate treatment sessions with the therapist , followed by a brief conjoint meeting . Children in both the CM and SC conditions showed substantial improvement on all of the outcome measures . These gains were maintained at 3- , 6- , and 12-month follow-ups . Interestingly , children in the ES condition also showed comparable improvements at posttreatment and at 3- , 6- , and 12-month follow-ups . Implication s of the findings are discussed with respect to knowledge development and clinical practice OBJECTIVE To evaluate two different parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) in a community sample . METHOD Three-year-old children displaying a preschool equivalent of ADHD ( n = 78 ) were r and omly assigned to either a parent training ( PT ; n = 30 ) , a parent counseling and support ( PCO&S ; n = 28 ) , or a waiting-list control group ( n = 20 ) . The PT group received coaching in child management techniques . The PC&S group received nondirective support and counseling .  Measures of child symptoms and mothers ' well-being were taken before and after intervention and at 15 weeks follow-up . RESULTS ADHD symptoms were reduced ( F2,74 = 11.64 ; p < .0001 ) and mothers ' sense of well-being was increased by PT relative to both other groups ( F2,74 = 10.32 ; p < .005 ) . Fifty-three percent of children in the PT group displayed clinical ly significant improvement ( chi 2 = 4.08 ; p = .048 ) . CONCLUSIONS PT is a valuable treatment for preschool ADHD . PC&S had little effect on children 's behavior . Constructive training in parenting strategies is an important element in the success of parent-based interventions . Psychostimulants are not a necessary component of effective treatment for many children with preschool ADHD The state of the art for treatment efficacy studies now requires manual guided treatments and tests of therapist adherence . This report provides findings regarding adherence assessment of therapists participating in an investigation of treatment matching in adolescent substance abusers . The Group Sessions Rating Scale ( GSRS ) , a group-therapy process measure , was studied to determine its appropriateness for assessing group treatment of adolescents with a ) substance use disorders ( SUD ) , b ) interrater reliability , c ) internal consistency , and d ) ability to discriminate the active ingredients of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) from interactional therapy ( IT ) .  Interrater reliabilities were moderate to high , with those for CBT generally higher than those for IT .  Internal consistency of CBT items was moderate , whereas those of IT were moderately high . Discriminability between the two treatment modalities was high . The frequency of active ingredients was generally therapy-specific : high for the relevant and low for the nonrelevant therapeutic modality items . The GSRS was found to be effective in the measurement of treatment process in adolescents with SUD OBJECTIVE A r and omized , controlled effectiveness trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for depressed adolescent offspring of depressed parents in a health maintenance organization ( HMO ) was conducted . METHOD Potential adult cases were found by review ing antidepressant medication prescriptions , mental health appointments , and medical charts . Introductory study letters signed by each parent 's treating physician were mailed to the appropriate adults . Eligible offspring aged 13 to 18 who met current DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and /or dysthymia were r and omly assigned to either usual HMO care  ( n = 47 ) or usual care plus a 16-session group CBT program ( n = 41 ) . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , after treatment , and at 12- and 24-month follow-up . RESULTS Using intent-to-treat analyses , the authors were unable to detect any significant advantage of the CBT program over usual care , either for depression diagnoses , continuous depression measures , nonaffective measures , or functioning outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Group CBT does not appear to be incrementally beneficial for depressed offspring of depressed parents who are receiving other mental health care . However , given that many other studies have found positive effects of CBT for youth depression , this single study should not be viewed as evidence that CBT is ineffective overall In this article , we examine the impact of two universal , grade 1 preventive interventions on the onset of tobacco smoking as assessed in early adolescence . The classroom-centered ( CC ) intervention was design ed to reduce the risk for tobacco smoking by enhancing teachers ' behavior management skills in first grade and , thereby , reducing child attention problems and aggressive and shy behavior-known risk behaviors for later substance use . The family-school partnership ( FSP ) intervention targeted these early risk behaviors via improvements in parent-teacher communication and parents ' child behavior management strategies . A cohort of 678 urban , predominately African-American , public school students were r and omly assigned to one of three Grade 1 classrooms at entrance to primary school ( age 6 ) . One classroom featured the CC intervention , a second the FSP intervention , and the third served as a control classroom . Six years later , 81 % of the students completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews . Relative to controls , a modest attenuation in the risk of smoking initiation was found for students who had been assigned to either the CC or FSP intervention classrooms ( 26 % versus 33 % ) ( adjusted relative risk for CC/control contrast=0.57 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.34 - 0.96 ; adjusted relative risk for FSP/control contrast=0.69 , 95 % CI , 0.50 - 0.97 ) . Results lend support to targeting the early antecedent risk behaviors for tobacco smoking Fifty-three child and adolescent psychiatric patients with depressive disorders were r and omly allocated to brief cognitive-behaviour therapy ( CBT ) or to a control treatment , relaxation training .  Forty-eight patients completed the treatment phase of the trial , which comprised 5 - 8 treatment sessions . Post-treatment assessment s showed a clear advantage of CBT over relaxation on measures of both depression and overall outcome . However , there were no significant differences between the treatments on comorbid anxiety and conduct symptoms . At follow-up , the differences between the groups were reduced , partly because of a high relapse rate in the DTP group and partly because subjects in the relaxation group continued to recover OBJECTIVES This study examined ( 1 ) the effect of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention on anxiety , depression , and coping strategies in school-age 
    Output:
    
Findings suggest that many child psychotherapy treatment studies have not inadequately controlled for nonspecific factors such as attention and treatment intensity and have failed to assess specific mediators of change .