***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Nutrient composition of the grasshoppers  Oxya hyla hyla showed that they are a rich nutrient source containing 687.7 g protein/kg of dry body weight . Their antinutrient values fell within nutritionally acceptable values of the poultry bird Coturnix japonica japonica ( Japanese quail ) . The most required essential amino acids and fatty acids were also present in sufficient amount . For feeding trial nine diets were formulated on an equal crude protein ( 230 g/kg ) basis with grasshopper meal , fish meal , and soybean meal . Three sets of diets with grasshopper meal were prepared with 50 g/kg , 100 g/kg , and 150 g/kg grasshopper of total feed . Similarly , other diet sets were prepared with fish meal and also with soybean meal . Results were compared with another group of Japanese quails fed on a reference diet that was considered as control . Two experiments were conducted with a total number of 600 , seven-day-old , Japanese quails . In experiment 1 for determination of growth performance , quails were r and omly distributed into ten groups of males and ten groups of females containing 30 birds each . In experiment 2 for determination of laying performance , identical ten groups were prepared in ten repetitions ( 2 females and 1 male in each group ) from the six-week-old birds of experiment 1 . Birds of diet set GM2 have gained the highest body weight ( male 4.04 g/bird/day ; female 5.01 g/bird/day ) followed by birds of FM3 diet set ( male 3.72 g/bird/day ; female 4.40 g/bird/day ) , whereas birds of reference diet have gained 3.05 g/bird/day for male and 3.23 g/bird/day for female . Feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) of birds fed with GM2 was the lowest ( male 3.33 ; female 2.97 ) whereas FCR of R group was higher ( male 4.37 ; female 4.65 ) than grasshopper meal and fish meal based diets . Hen day production percentage was higher ( 72.2 ) in GM2 group , followed by FM3 ( 63.5 ) group . R group had lower 1st egg weight ( 9.0 g ) , weight gain ( 8.2 g ) , percentage of hen day production ( 41.8 % ) , higher feed intake ( 33.6 g/day/bird ) , and age at 1st laid egg than the grasshopper meal and fish meal based diets . So growth and laying performance of the birds were significantly better in grasshopper meal and fish meal added diet fed sets than the reference diet fed group ; among all the dietary groups 100 g/kg grasshopper meal added diet mostly gave significantly better results followed by 150 g/kg fish meal added diets . It was ascertained that the O. hyla hyla meal had pronounced positive response on the birds . So , the quails could be easily fed 100 g/kg grasshopper meal added diet as it was the most suitable alternative feedstuff compared to the conventional protein source based diets To investigate the effect of two insect meals ( from Hermetia illucens , HI and Tenebrio molitor , TM larvae ) on productive performance and blood profiles of Barbary partridge , ninety , seven days old partridges were divided into 5 groups ( 6 replicates , 3 partridges/replicate ) . Up to 64d , the groups fed 5 isoproteic and isoenergetic diets : the control fed a corn-soybean meal diet ( SBM group ) ; in TM25 and TM50 groups the 25 and 50 % of SBM proteins were substituted by the protein from TM , respectively ; in HI25 and HI50 groups the 25 and 50 % of SBM were substituted by the protein from HI , respectively . The birds fed TM25 and both the HI levels reached a higher ( P<0.01 ) live weight at 64d than the control . Considering the entire experimental period the TM groups had a more favorable FCR than SBM . The carcass weights of all the insect groups were higher ( P<0.01 ) than the control . The weight of the full digestive tract in SBM group was the highest ( P<0.01 ) . The caecal weight , the intestinal and caecal length were the highest ( P<0.01 ) in the SBM group . The SBM group the highest value of albumin/globulin ( P<0.01 ) and creatinine ( P<0.05 ) . TM seems to be more effective than HI in improving FCR . The reduced albumin/globulin ratio in the insect meal fed groups could be ascribed to the chitin content and this result was not affected by the amount of chitin intake , suggesting that also the lowest values are able to express their potential effects in partridges Abstract This study evaluated the effects of Tenebrio molitor ( TM ) larvae meal inclusion in diets for broilers . A total of 160 male broiler chicks ( Ross 708 ) at one‐day of age were r and omly allotted to four dietary treatments : a control ( C ) group and three TM groups , in which TM meal was included at 50 ( TM5 ) , 100 ( TM10 ) , and 150 ( TM15 ) g/kg , respectively . The experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic . Each group consisted of five pens as replicates ( 8 chicks/pen ) . After the evaluation of growth performance and haematochemical parameters , the animals were slaughtered at 53 days and carcass traits were recorded . Morphometric investigations were performed on duodenum , jejunum , and ileum and histopathological alterations were assessed for liver , spleen , thymus , bursa of Fabricius , kidney , and heart . The live weight ( LW ) showed a linear ( 12 and 25 days , P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 , maximum with TM15 and TM10 ) and quadratic ( 53 days , P < 0.05 , maximum with TM5 ) response to dietary TM meal inclusion . A linear ( 1 to 12 and 12 to 25 days , P < 0.001 , maximum with TM15 ) and quadratic ( 12 to 25 days , P = 0.001 , maximum with TM15 ) effect was also observed for the daily feed intake ( DFI ) . The feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) showed a linear response ( 25 to 53 and 1 to 53 days , P = 0.001 and P < 0.05 , maximum with TM15 ) . Haematological and serum biochemical traits , carcass traits and histopathological findings were not affected by dietary TM meal inclusion ( P > 0.05 ) . TM15 birds showed lower villus height ( P < 0.05 ) , higher crypt depth ( P < 0.05 ) , and lower villus height to crypt depth ratio ( P = 0.001 ) compared with C and TM5 . In conclusion , increasing levels of dietary TM meal inclusion in male broiler chickens  may improve body weight and feed intake , but negatively affect feed efficiency and intestinal morphology , thus suggesting that low levels may be more suitable . However , no effect on haematochemical parameters , carcass traits , and histological findings were observed in relation to TM meal utilization Insects are currently being considered as a novel protein source for animal feeds , because they contain a large amount of protein . The larvae of Tenebrio molitor ( TM ) have been shown to be an acceptable protein source for broiler chickens in terms of growth performance , but till now , no data on histological or intestinal morphometric features have been reported . This study has had the aim of evaluating the effects of dietary TM inclusion on the performance , welfare , intestinal morphology and histological features of free-range chickens . A total of 140 medium-growing hybrid female chickens were free-range reared and r and omly allotted to two dietary treatments : ( i ) a control group and ( ii ) a TM group , in which TM meal was included at 75 g/kg . Each group consisted of five pens as replicates , with 14 chicks per pen . Growth performance , haematological and serum parameters and welfare indicators were evaluated , and the animals were slaughtered at the age of 97 days . Two birds per pen ( 10 birds/treatment ) were su bmi tted to histological ( liver , spleen , thymus , bursa of Fabricius , kidney , heart , gl and ular stomach and gut ) and morphometric ( duodenum , jejunum and ileum ) investigations . The inclusion of TM did not affect the growth performance , haematological or serum parameters . The morphometric and histological features were not significantly affected either , thus suggesting no influence on nutrient metabolization , performance or animal health . Gl and ular stomach alterations ( chronic flogosis with epithelial squamous metaplasia ) were considered paraphysiological in relation to free-range farming . The observed chronic intestinal flogosis , with concomitant activation of the lymphoid tissue , was probably due to previous parasitic infections , which are very frequently detected in free-range chickens . In conclusion , the findings of this study show that yellow mealworm inclusion does not affect the welfare , productive performances or morphological features of free-range chickens , thus confirming that TM can be used safely in poultry diets Recent studies have suggested the utilization of maggots as a feed supplement forenhanced broiler performance . Maggots , which are a major dietary source of protein , appear during the biodegradation of chicken droppings using house flies . The objective ofthe present study was to investigate the effect of maggot supplementation on the meat quality and growth performance of broiler chickens . A total of 600 one-day-old male commercial broiler chicks ( Ross ) were r and omly assigned into 5 treatment groups consisting of 40 replicates of 3 birds . The birds were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 5.0 , 10.0 , 15.0 and 20.0 % maggots . Overall , broiler chicken performance was influenced by the optimal amino acid profile ; high protein ( 63.99 % ) and essential amino acid content ( 29.46 % ) , or high protein digestibility ( 98.50 % ) of the maggots . Maggot supplementation caused linear increases in live weight gain but not the feed conversion ratio . The diets of 10 and 15 % maggots was the most efficient in terms of average weight gain forthe 4 - 5 week old broiler chickens ( p<0.05 ) . It also significantly increased dressing percentage , breast muscle , and thigh muscle ( p<0.05 ) . No differences were observed forliver abdominalfat , or meat color , and the crude protein contents of breast muscle were constant . However , in the maggot-fed broilers , breast muscle lysine and tryptophan levels increased significantly as compared to the birds fed the basal diet ( p<0.05 ) . These results indicate that feeding diets containing 10 to 15 % maggots in chicken dropping after biodegradation can improve the carcass quality and growth performance of broiler chickens In order to exp and with vali date d scientific data the limited knowledge regarding the potential application of insects as innovative feed ingredients for poultry , the present study tested a partial substitution of soya bean meal and soya bean oil with defatted black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae meal ( H ) in the diet for growing broiler quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) on growth performance , mortality , nutrients apparent digestibility , microbiological composition of excreta , feed choice , carcass and meat traits . With this purpose , a total of 450 10-day-old birds were allocated to 15 cages ( 30 birds/cage ) and received three dietary treatments : a Control diet ( C ) and two diets ( H1 and H2 ) corresponding to 10 % and 15 % H inclusion levels , respectively ( H substituted 28.4 % soya bean oil and 16.1 % soya bean meal for H1 , and 100 % soya bean oil and 24.8 % soya bean meal for H2 , respectively ) . At 28 days of age , quails were slaughtered , carcasses were weighed , breast muscles were then excised from 50 quails/treatment , weighed , and ultimate pH ( pHu ) and L * , a * , b * colour values were measured . Breast muscles were then cooked to assess cooking loss and meat toughness . For the digestibility trial , a total of 15 28-day-old quails were assigned to the three feeding groups . The excreta sample s were subjected to chemical and microbiological analysis . The same 15 quails were then simultaneously provided with C and H2 diets for a 10-day feed choice trial . Productive performance , mortality and carcass traits were in line with commercial st and ards and similar in all experimental groups . With the exception of ether extract digestibility , which was lower in H1 group compared with C and H2 ( P=0.0001 ) , apparent digestibility of dry matter , CP , starch and energy did not differ among treatments . Microbial composition of excreta was also comparable among the three groups . Feed choice trial showed that quails did not express a preference toward C or H2 diets . Breast meat weight and yield did not differ among C , H1 and H2 quails . Differently , the inclusion of H meal reduced meat pHu compared with C. In conclusion , this study demonstrated that H. illucens larvae meal can partially replace conventional soya bean meal and soya bean oil in the diet for 
    Output:
    
With respect to diets without insects , pooled differences in growth performances were statistically not different from the null , but heterogeneity was marked across studies .
Average daily gain decreased with increasing inclusion rates of insects , going below the null for rates of 10 % and more .
Grasshoppers were negatively associated with the average daily gain and positively associated with feed intake .
Overall , our results show insects should substitute only partially conventional protein sources and not be grasshoppers to guarantee the appropriate growth of birds