***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We prospect ively investigated the associations between  dietary patterns  and  risk of prostate cancer  in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study . Between 1986 and 2000 , 3,002 incident prostate cancer cases were identified in our cohort . Using factor analysis , two major dietary patterns were identified , a prudent and a western dietary pattern . Dietary patterns were not appreciably associated with risk of total prostate cancer . For the highest versus the lowest quintiles , the multivariable relative risk ( RR ) for the prudent pattern was 0.94 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 0.83 - 1.06 ] , and for the western pattern , the multivariable RR was 1.03 ( 95 % CI , 0.92 - 1.17 ) . Neither were these associated with risk of advanced prostate cancer [ highest versus lowest quintile , prudent pattern ( RR , 1.01 ; 95 % CI , 0.68 - 1.49 ) ; western pattern ( RR , 1.13 ; 95 % CI , 0.77 - 1.67 ) ] . Higher western pattern scores were suggestively associated with a greater risk of advanced prostate cancer among older men [ highest versus lowest quintile ( RR , 1.35 ; 95 % CI , 0.97 - 1.90 ) ] , but not after adding processed meat to the model [ highest versus lowest quintile ( RR , 1.11 ; 95 % CI , 0.75 - 1.65 ) ] . We did not find any evidence for a protective association between prudent pattern and risk of prostate cancer . The lack of association between a  western dietary pattern  as identified by factor analysis in our cohort and prostate cancer risk suggests that dietary risk factors for prostate cancer are likely to differ from those for other conditions , such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes , that have been associated with a western dietary pattern in this cohort . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(1):167–71 BACKGROUND Multivitamin supplements are used by millions of Americans because of their potential health benefits , but the relationship between multivitamin use and prostate cancer is unclear . METHODS We prospect ively investigated the association between multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer ( localized , advanced , and fatal ) in 295,344 men enrolled in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study who were cancer free at enrollment in 1995 and 1996 . During 5 years of follow-up , 10,241 participants were diagnosed with incident prostate cancer , including 8765 localized and 1476 advanced cancers . In a separate mortality analysis with 6 years of follow-up , 179 cases of fatal prostate cancer were ascertained . Multivitamin use was assessed at baseline as part of a self-administered , mailed food-frequency question naire .  Relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) were calculated by use of Cox proportional hazards regression , adjusted for established or suspected prostate cancer risk factors . RESULTS No association was observed between  multivitamin use and risk of localized prostate cancer . However , we found an increased risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancers ( RR = 1.32 , 95 % CI = 1.04 to 1.67 and RR = 1.98 , 95 % CI = 1.07 to 3.66 , respectively ) among men reporting excessive use of multivitamins  ( more than seven times per week ) when compared with never users . The incidence rates per 100,000 person-years for advanced and fatal prostate cancers for those who took a multivitamin more than seven times per week were 143.8 and 18.9 , respectively , compared with 113.4 and 11.4 in never users . The positive associations with excessive multivitamin use were strongest in men with a family history of prostate cancer or who took individual micronutrient supplements , including selenium , beta-carotene , or zinc . CONCLUSION These results suggest that regular multivitamin use is not associated with the risk of early or localized prostate cancer . The possibility that men taking high levels of multivitamins along with other supplements have increased risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancers is of concern and merits further evaluation BACKGROUND Anticarcinogenic activities of vitamin K have been observed in various cancer cell lines , including prostate cancer cells . Epidemiologic studies linking dietary intake of vitamin K with the development of prostate cancer have not yet been conducted . OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between dietary intake of phylloquinone ( vitamin K1 ) and menaquinones ( vitamin K2 ) and total and advanced prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition . DESIGN At baseline , habitual dietary intake was assessed by means of a food-frequency question naire .  Dietary intake of phylloquinone and menaquinones ( MK-4 - 14 ) was estimated by using previously published HPLC-based food-content data . Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of total and advanced prostate cancer in relation to intakes of phylloquinone and menaquinones were calculated in 11 319 men by means of Cox proportional hazards regression . RESULTS During a mean follow-up time of 8.6 y , 268 incident cases of prostate cancer , including 113 advanced cases , were identified . We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total menaquinone intake [ multivariate relative risk ( highest compared with lowest quartile ) : 0.65 ; 95 % CI : 0.39 , 1.06 ] . The association was stronger for advanced prostate cancer ( 0.37 ; 0.16 , 0.88 ; P for trend = 0.03 ) . Menaquinones from dairy products had a stronger inverse association with advanced prostate cancer than did menaquinones from meat . Phylloquinone intake was unrelated to prostate cancer incidence ( 1.02 ; 0.70 , 1.48 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an inverse association between the intake of menaquinones , but not that of phylloquinone , and prostate cancer . Further studies of dietary vitamin K and prostate cancer are warranted We examined consumption of animal foods , protein and calcium in relation to  risk of prostate cancer among 142 251 men in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition . Associations were examined using Cox regression , stratified by recruitment centre and adjusted for height , weight , education , marital status and energy intake . After an average of 8.7 years of follow-up , there were 2727 incident cases of prostate cancer , of which 1131 were known to be localised and 541 advanced-stage disease . A high intake of dairy protein  was associated with an increased risk , with a hazard ratio for the top versus the bottom fifth of intake of 1.22 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.07–1.41 , Ptrend=0.02 ) . After calibration to allow for measurement error , we estimated that a 35-g day−1 increase in consumption  of dairy protein  was associated with an increase in the risk of prostate cancer of 32 % ( 95 % CI : 1–72 % , Ptrend=0.04  ) .  Calcium from dairy products was also positively associated with risk , but not calcium from other foods . The results support the hypothesis that a high intake of protein or calcium from dairy products may increase the risk for prostate cancer The incidence of prostate cancer is much lower in Asian than Western population s. Given that environmental factors such as dietary habits may play a major role in the causation of prostate cancer and the high consumption of green tea in Asian population s , this low incidence may be partly due to the effects of green tea . The JPHC Study ( Japan Public Health Center-based Prospect i ve Study ) was established in 1990 for cohort I and in 1993 for cohort II . The subjects were 49,920 men aged 40 - 69 years who completed a question naire that included their green tea consumption habit at baseline and were followed until the end of 2004 . During this time , 404 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer , of whom 114 had advanced cases , 271 were localized , and 19 were of an undetermined stage .  Green tea was not associated with localized prostate cancer . However , consumption was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in the risk of advanced prostate cancer . The multivariate relative risk was 0.52 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.28 , 0.96 ) for men drinking 5 or more cups/day compared with less than 1 cup/day ( p(trend ) = 0.01 ) . Green tea may be associated with a decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer Phytanic acid is a saturated fatty acid found predominantly in red meat and dairy products and may contribute to increases in prostate cancer risk that are observed with higher intakes of these foods . We constructed a novel summary measure of phytanic acid intake and prospect ively examined its association with prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol , Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study --a cohort of Finnish male smokers aged 50 - 69 years .  Diet was assessed at baseline in 27,111 participants using a vali date d 276-item dietary question naire .  Since phytanic acid is not currently included in food composition tables , we used the published phytanic acid content of 151 major food items to estimate total daily intake . During up to 21 years of follow-up , a total of 1,929 incident prostate cancer cases ( including 438 advanced cases ) were identified . Higher phytanic acid intake , though unrelated to the risk of localized disease [ relative risks ( RR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) for increasing quartiles of intake = 1.00 ( ref ) , 0.83 ( 0.68 - 1.01 ) , 0.76 ( 0.62 - 0.94 ) and 0.91 ( 0.74 - 1.13 ) ; p trend = 0.23 ] , was associated with increased risks of advanced prostate cancer [ RR and 95 % CI = 1.00 ( ref ) , 1.43 ( 1.09 - 1.89 ) , 1.31 ( 0.99 - 1.75 ) and 1.38 ( 1.02 - 1.89 ) ; p trend = 0.06 ] . This association appeared to be driven predominantly by phytanic acid obtained from dairy products ( particularly butter ) . Our study indicates that phytanic acid may contribute to previously observed associations between high-fat animal foods ( particularly dairy products ) and prostate cancer risk , although some caution is warranted as it may be acting as a surrogate marker of dairy fat Supplemental vitamin E ( α-tocopherol ) has been linked to lower prostate cancer incidence in one r and omized trial and several , although not all , observational studies . The evidence regarding dietary intake of individual vitamin E isoforms and prostate cancer is limited and inconclusive , however . We prospect ively examined the relations of supplemental vitamin E and dietary intakes of α- , β- , γ- , and δ- tocopherols to prostate cancer risk among 295,344 men , ages 50 to 71 years and cancer-free at enrollment in 1995 to 1996 , in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study . At baseline , participants completed a question naire that captured information on diet , supplement use , and other factors . Proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks ( RR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( 95 % CI ) of prostate cancer . During 5 years of follow-up , 10,241 incident prostate cancers were identified . Supplemental vitamin E intake was not related to prostate cancer risk ( for > 0 - 99 , 100 - 199 , 200 - 399 , 400 - 799 , and ≥800 IU/d versus never use : RR , 0.97 , 0.89 , 1.03 , 0.99 , and 0.97 ( 95 % CI , 0.87 - 1.07 ) respectively ; Ptrend = 0.90 ) . However , dietary γ-tocopherol , the most commonly consumed form of vitamin E in the United States , was significantly inversely related to the risk of advanced prostate cancer ( for highest versus lowest quintile : RR , 0.68 ; 95 % CI , 0.56 - 0.84 ; Ptrend = 0.001 ) . These results suggest that supplemental vitamin E does not protect against prostate cancer , but that increased consumption of γ-tocopherol from foods is associated with a reduced risk of clinical ly relevant disease . The potential benefit of γ-tocopherol for prostate cancer prevention deserves further attention . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1128–35 High-temperature cooked meat contains heterocyclic amines , including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ( PhIP ) , and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , such as benzo(a)pyrene ( BaP ) . In rodents , a high intake of PhIP induces prostate tumors . We prospect ively investigated the association between meat and meat mutagens 
    Output:
    
Epidemiologic studies have shown that , overall , the habitual consumption of a diet high in saturated fat , well-done meats , and calcium is associated with an increased risk for advanced prostate cancer .
An inconsistent association was observed for intake of total meat , fruits , and vegetables .
Although most case-control studies suggest that intake of these nutrients or foods significantly alters advanced prostate cancer risk , cohort studies yielded mixed results .
No apparent effect of fish and zinc intake on advanced prostate cancer was found in most epidemiologic studies .
Epidemiologic studies conducted to date have revealed that some dietary factors modulate the risk for advanced prostate cancer .
If these findings are confirmed by more adequately powered epidemiologic studies , especially prospect i ve cohort studies that measure the nutrients and their biochemical indicators , the risk of advanced prostate cancer , which is fatal and thus clinical ly significant , may be reduced by dietary modification or chemoprevention