***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Percutaneous renal sympathetic denervation by radiofrequency energy has been reported to reduce blood pressure ( BP ) by the reduction of renal sympathetic efferent and afferent signaling . We evaluated the effects of this procedure on BP and sleep apnea severity in patients with resistant hypertension and sleep apnea . We studied 10 patients with refractory hypertension and sleep apnea ( 7 men and 3 women ; median age : 49.5 years ) who underwent renal denervation and completed 3-month and 6-month follow-up evaluations , including  polysomnography and selected blood chemistries , and BP measurements .  Antihypertensive regimens were not changed during the 6 months of follow-up . Three and 6 months after the denervation , decreases in office systolic and diastolic BPs were observed ( median : −34/−13 mm Hg for systolic and diastolic BPs at 6 months ; both P<0.01 ) . Significant decreases were also observed in plasma glucose concentration 2 hours after glucose administration ( median : 7.0 versus 6.4 mmol/L ; P=0.05 ) and in hemoglobin A1C level ( median : 6.1 % versus 5.6 % ; P<0.05 ) at 6 months , as well as a decrease in apnea-hypopnea index at 6 months after renal denervation ( median : 16.3 versus 4.5 events per hour ; P=0.059 ) . In conclusion , catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation  lowered BP in patients with refractory hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea , which was accompanied by improvement of sleep apnea severity . Interestingly , there are also accompanying improvements in glucose tolerance . Renal sympathetic denervation may conceivably be a potentially useful option for patients with comorbid refractory hypertension , glucose intolerance , and obstructive sleep apnea , although further studies are needed to confirm these proof-of-concept data OBJECTIVES The aim of this prospect i ve r and omized study was to assess the impact of renal artery denervation in patients with a history of refractory atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and drug-resistant hypertension who were referred for pulmonary vein isolation ( PVI ) . BACKGROUND Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular condition responsible for the development and maintenance of AF . Treating drug-resistant hypertension with renal denervation has been reported to control blood pressure , but any effect on AF is unknown . METHODS Patients with a history of symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF refractory to ≥2 antiarrhythmic drugs and drug-resistant hypertension ( systolic blood pressure > 160 mm Hg despite triple drug therapy ) were eligible for enrolment . Consenting patients were r and omized to PVI only or PVI with renal artery denervation .  All patients were followed ≥1 year to assess maintenance of sinus rhythm and to monitor changes in blood pressure . RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were enrolled , and 14 were r and omized to PVI only , and 13 were r and omized to PVI with renal artery denervation . At the end of the follow-up , significant reductions in systolic ( from 181 ± 7 to 156 ± 5 , p < 0.001 ) and diastolic blood pressure ( from 97 ± 6 to 87 ± 4 , p < 0.001 ) were observed in patients treated with PVI with renal denervation without significant change in the PVI only group . Nine of the 13 patients ( 69 % ) treated with PVI with renal denervation were AF-free at the 12-month post-ablation follow-up examination versus 4 ( 29 % ) of the 14 patients in the PVI-only group ( p = 0.033 ) . CONCLUSIONS Renal artery denervation reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with drug-resistant hypertension and reduces AF recurrences when combined with PVI BACKGROUND Renal sympathetic denervation ( RDN ) reduces sympathetic activity and blood pressure ( BP ) in patients with resistant hypertension . The present study aim ed to investigate the effects of RDN on HR and other electrocardiographic parameters . METHODS 136 patients aged 62.2 ± 0.8 years ( 58 % male , BP 177 ± 2/93 ± 1 mmHg ) with resistant hypertension underwent RDN . BP and a 12-lead electrocardiogram ( ECG ) were recorded before , 3 months ( n=127 ) , and 6 months ( n=88 ) after RDN . RESULTS After 3 months ( 3 M ) and 6 months ( 6 M ) , systolic BP was reduced by 25.5 ± 2.4 mmHg ( p<0.0001 ) and 28.1 ± 3 mmHg ( p<0.0001 ) . HR at baseline was 66.1 ± 1 beats per minute ( bpm ) and was reduced by 2.6 ± 0.8 bpm after 3 months ( p=0.001 ) and 2.1 ± 1.1 bpm after 6 months ( p=0.046 ) . Patients with HR at baseline between 60 - 71 bpm and ≥ 71 bpm had a reduction of 2.9 ± 7.6 bpm ( p=0.008 ) and 9.0 ± 8.6 bpm ( p<0.0001 ) , respectively , whereas in patients with baseline HR<60 bpm HR slightly increased after 3 months ( 2.7 ± 8.4 bpm ; p=0.035 ) . Neither baseline HR nor change of HR correlated with the reduction of systolic BP . The PR interval was prolonged by 11.3 ± 2.5 ms ( p<0.0001 ) and 10.3 ± 2.5 ms ( p<0.0001 ) at 3 and 6 months after RDN , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Renal sympathetic denervation reduced heart rate and the PR interval as indicators of cardiac autonomic activity 
    Output:
    
RDN result ed in a substantial reduction in mean BP at 6 months in patients with resistant hypertension .
The decrease in BP was similar irrespective of study design and type of catheter employed .