***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Observational studies suggest high prenatal vitamin D intake may be associated with reduced childhood wheezing .  We examined the effect of prenatal vitamin D on childhood wheezing  in an interventional study . Methods We r and omised 180 pregnant women at 27 weeks gestation to either  no vitamin D , 800 IU ergocalciferol daily until delivery or single oral bolus of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol  , in an ethnically stratified , r and omised controlled trial . Supplementation improved but did not optimise vitamin D status . Research ers blind to allocation assessed offspring at 3 years . Primary outcome was any history of wheeze assessed by vali date d question naire . Secondary outcomes included atopy , respiratory infection , impulse oscillometry and exhaled nitric oxide . Primary analyses used logistic and linear regression . Results We evaluated 158 of 180 ( 88 % ) offspring at age 3 years for the primary outcome . Atopy was assessed by skin test for 95 children ( 53 % ) , serum IgE for 86 ( 48 % ) , exhaled nitric oxide for 62 ( 34 % ) and impulse oscillometry of acceptable quality for 51 ( 28 % ) . We found no difference between supplemented and control groups in risk of wheeze  [ no vitamin D : 14/50 ( 28 % ) ; any vitamin D : 26/108 ( 24 % ) ( risk ratio 0.86 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.49 , 1.50 ; P = 0.69 ) ] . There was no significant difference in atopy , eczema risk , lung function or exhaled nitric oxide between supplemented groups and controls . Conclusion Prenatal vitamin D supplementation in late pregnancy that had a modest effect on cord blood vitamin D level , was not associated with decreased wheezing in offspring at age three years . Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com IS RCT To determine if human milk provides for adequate growth and bone mineralization during the lst yr of life , 91 term infants were evaluated . Infants were divided into three groups human milk alone , human milk with supplemental vitamin D , and Similac .  Lactating mothers who were receiving supplements of calcium and vitamin D  were also studied to determine the effects of lactation on their bone mineral status . Blood was drawn from infants and mothers for measurements of serum calcium , phosphate , alkaline phosphatase , and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry . Growth was similar between breast-fed and formula-fed infants . Regardless of type of feeding , male infants grew heavier and longer than corresponding female infants . Serum calcium and phosphate levels were similar among the three infant groups : only 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at 4 months and serum alkaline phosphatase at 2 wk and 6 months of age were different among the three infant groups . Biochemical and vitamin D values were similar among the lactating mothers . There were no differences in infant bone mineral content among the three groups , but male infants had higher bone mineral content than female infants . There were no effects of the duration of lactation of maternal bone mineral content or vitamin D status Background / Objective : To study whether a free supply of vitamin D2 drops to 6-week-old infants together with tailor-made information h and outs improves the vitamin D status after 7 weeks in the intervention group compared to a control group . Subjects/ Methods : In this cluster r and omized controlled trial in eight child health clinics in Oslo , Norway , 66 healthy infants with Pakistani , Turkish or Somali background were included . The intervention group received daily supplementation of vitamin D drops containing 10 μg ( 400 IU ) of ergocalciferol ( vitamin D2 ) with a tailor-made information brochure about vitamin D and its sources , and instruction on how to administer the drops . They were compared to a control group receiving usual care . The principal outcome measure was increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( S-25OHD ) 7 weeks later . S-25OHD was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry . Results : Total 78 % ( n=51 ) of the included infants completed the study . At follow-up , S-25OHD was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group ( 93.5 versus 72.7 nmol l−1 , P=0.03 ) . The mean increase in S-25OHD adjusted for baseline was 28 nmol l−1 ( 95 % confidence interval 10.9–45.2 , P=0.002 ) higher in the intervention group than in the control group . Among exclusively breastfed infants at baseline , S-25OHD increased by 32.3 nmol l−1 ( P=0.035 ) in the intervention group compared to control group . Conclusion : Free supply of vitamin D drops to 6-week-old infants together with tailor-made information h and outs significantly improved the vitamin D status of infants with immigrant background compared to usual care Background Antenatal vitamin D status may be associated with the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes ; however , the benefits of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy remain unknown . Methods We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled r and omized trial to evaluate the effect of high-dose prenatal 3rd trimester vitamin D3 supplementation on maternal and neonatal ( cord blood ) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) concentration ( primary biochemical efficacy outcome ) and maternal serum calcium concentration ( primary safety measure ) . Eligibility criteria were pregnant women aged 18 to < 35 years , at 26 to 29 weeks gestation , and residing in Dhaka , Bangladesh . 160 women were r and omized by 1:1 allocation to one of two parallel intervention groups ; placebo ( n = 80 ) or 35,000 IU/week of vitamin D3 ( n = 80 ) until delivery . All participants , study personnel and study investigators were blind to treatment allocation . Results Mean maternal 25(OH)D concentration was similar in the vitamin D and placebo groups at baseline ( 45 vs. 44 nmol/L ; p = 0.66 ) , but was significantly higher in the vitamin D group vs. placebo group among mothers at delivery ( 134 vs. 38 nmol/L ; p < 0.001 ) and newborns ( cord blood : 103 vs. 39 ; p < 0.001 ) . In the vitamin D group , 95 % of neonates and 100 % of mothers attained 25(OH)D > 50 nmol/L , versus 21 % mothers and 19 % of neonates in the placebo group . No participants met criteria for hypercalcemia , there were no known supplement-related adverse events , and major pregnancy outcomes were similar between groups . Conclusions Antenatal 3rd-trimester vitamin D3 supplementation ( 35,000 IU/week ) significantly raised maternal and cord serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L in almost all participants without inducing hypercalcemia or other observed safety concerns . Doses up to 35,000 IU/week may be cautiously used in further research aim ed at establishing the clinical effects and safety of vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy . Trial registration This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01126528 ) in association with hypothyroidism . We did not obtain parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies . There was no evidence of other au to immune diseases or deficiencies in the mother ( or int2ant ) on the basis of routine clinical and laboratory tests . Breast-fed infants are at risk for nutr i t ional deficiencies if the mother is malnourished , a vegan , or if she has an abnormali ty in nut r ien t metabolism . Physicians should be aware tha t even with a well-balanced mate rna l diet , an occasional breast-fed infant can develop a serious nutritional deficiency In a double-blind trial of vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women calciferol ( ergocalciferol , 1000 IU/day ) was administered to 59 women and placebo to 67 controls during the last trimester . The two groups had similar distributions of maternal age , height , parity , number of vegetarians , countries of origin , and sex and gestation of the infants . At entry to the trial maternal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25-OHD ) concentrations were low in both treatment and control groups and significantly lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians . Mothers in the treatment group gained weight faster in the last trimester than those in the control group , and at term they and their infants all had adequate plasma 25-OHD concentrations , Mothers and infants in the control group , however , had low plasma concentrations of 25-OHD and calcium and raised plasma alkaline phosphatase ( bone isoenzyme ) activity . Five of these infants developed symptomatic hypocalcaemia . Almost twice as many infants in the control group were small for gestational age ( 29 % v 15 % ) , but there were no significant differences between the two groups of infants in antropometric measurements . Infants in the control group , however , had larger fontanelles , suggesting impaired ossification of the skull . Because of the benefits to mothers and infants in the treatment group and the absence of side effects , vitamin D supplements should be given to all pregnant Asian women in the United Kingdom This study was conducted to determine if vitamin D supplementation is required to prevent rickets in breast-fed infants . Breast-feeding rates are increasing , and there are concerns about whether the vitamin D content of breast milk is sufficient . There are a few treatment trials of vitamin D supplementation in breast-fed infants ; these were conducted in northern climates . The authors therefore performed a prospect i ve clinical trial comparing vitamin D supplementation with placebo as control in southern Louisiana . Blood sample s and question naires were collected at birth , 2 , 4 , and 6 months of age . There were no cases of rickets observed , and no differences in alkaline phosphatase levels between groups . Thus , there was no evidence that vitamin D supplementation reduced rickets risk in the authors ’ study population . This suggests that the current recommendations for universal vitamin D supplementation of breast-fed infants throughout the United States may need to be revised & NA ; A r and omized study was conducted to evaluate the effects of single‐dose and daily vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women during the last trimester of a winter pregnancy in the Northwest of France . The women were divided into three r and omized groups : one ( N = 21 ) was given a vitamin D2 supplement of 1000 IU/day during the last three months of pregnancy , one ( N = 27 ) was given a single oral dose of 5 mg at the seventh month of pregnancy , and one ( N = 29 ) acted as a control . Venous plasma sample s were obtained at delivery from the women and from cord blood , and levels of calcium , 25‐OHD , and 1,25(OH)2D were determined . No significant difference in plasma calcium concentration was found among the three groups , but within each group plasma calcium concentrations were higher in the cord sample s than in the respective maternal sample s. The levels of the two metabolites measured were consistently lower in the cord sample s than in the respective maternal sample s. Cord 25‐OHD concentrations correlated with those of maternal plasma . No significant modification of maternal calciuria or of the birth weight of term infants was observed . 25‐OHD concentrations were greater in maternal and cord plasma from treated mothers , but only a slight difference was observed between the supplemented groups . 1,25(OH)2D concentrations were not significantly different in the three groups . A single 5‐mg dose of vitamin D given orally at the seventh month of pregnancy provides effective prophylaxis in the authors ’ region . ( Obstet Gynecol 68:300 , 1986 The objective was to evaluate the need for vitamin D prophylaxis in healthy infants . This was a prospect i ve and r and omized study performed at primary care clinics . Eighty-eight full-term 1-month-old healthy infants were r and omly assigned to receive ( n = 41 ) or not ( n = 47 ) 402 IU/d of vitamin D for 1 year . Primary outcome measures were serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) and parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) concentrations at 3 , 6 , and 12 months of age ; secondary measures included data on feeding , habitat , season of birth , sun exposure , and physical examination . At 3 and 6 months of age , serum 25OHD levels ( ±SD ) were significantly higher ( P < .001 ) in the prophylaxis group . In the group without prophylaxis , serum 25OHD increased with age ; and breast-fed infants aged 3 months had the lowest value ( 20.2 ± 9.4 ng/mL ) , which was significantly ( P = .001 ) lower than that of formula-fed infants ( 35.0 ± 9.7 ng/mL ) . The PTH levels were not influenced by the prophylaxis or feeding . No influence of either the habitat or season of birth on serum 25OHD concentrations was demonstrated . No infant had clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency . Serum 25OHD and PTH concentrations were weakly 
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Results Having review ed the currently available evidence , the WAO guideline panel found no support for the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of developing allergic diseases in children .
The WAO guideline panel suggest not using vitamin D in pregnant women , breastfeeding mothers , or healthy term infants as a means of preventing the development of allergic diseases .