***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Although exercise has been shown to relieve depression , little is known about its mechanism or dose-response characteristics . We hypothesized that high intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) would be more effective than either low intensity PRT or st and ard care by a general practitioner ( GP ) in depressed elderly persons , and that high intensity PRT would provide superior benefits in quality of life , sleep quality , and self-efficacy . METHODS Sixty community-dwelling adults > 60 years with major or minor depression were r and omized to supervised high intensity PRT ( 80 % maximum load ) or low intensity PRT ( 20 % maximum load ) 3 days per week for 8 weeks , or GP care . RESULTS A 50 % reduction in the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression score was achieved in 61 % of the high intensity , 29 % of the low intensity , and 21 % of the GP care group ( p = .03 ) . Strength gain was directly associated with reduction in depressive symptoms ( r = 0.40 , p = .004 ) , as was baseline social support network type ( F = 3.52 , p = .015 ) , whereas personality type , self-efficacy , and locus of control were unrelated to the antidepressant effect . Vitality quality -of-life scale improved more in the high intensity group than in the others ( p = .04 ) . Sleep quality improved significantly in all participants ( p < .0001 ) , with the greatest relative change in high intensity PRT ( p = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS High intensity PRT is more effective than is low intensity PRT or GP care for the treatment of older depressed patients 1 . A group of alcoholic patients who were treated with a  physical fitness program as an adjunct to the usual program showed significantly less craving for alcohol than members in the st and ard treatment group . 2 . The group treated with physical fitness as well as therapy saw themselves as having more internal locus of control and being less controlled by powerful others . 3 . Nurses are the hospital professionals most likely to be involved with important roles in exercise programs with alcoholic patients This pilot aims to better underst and the market for childcare in Saudi Arabia – both the supply and dem and sides – and to design a r and omized controlled experiment to test whether access to affordable day care ( in the form of subsidies , for example ) would incentivize Saudi mothers to search actively for employment and to remain employed once they are hired . In addition , the study seeks to underst and the degree to which employment early on in one ’s life impacts employment in later stages . The pilot will provide information on the groups of women the experiment should target , appropriate levels for the childcare subsidy , and the quality and current geographic locations of daycare sites . Expected Impact Determine the effects of facilitating childcare access on Saudi women ’s employment . PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS  Boston University Patricia Cortes  Harvard University Claudia Goldin  Swarthmore College Jennifer OBJECTIVE To evaluate exercise as a treatment for stimulant use disorders . METHODS The STimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise ( STRIDE ) study was a r and omized clinical trial conducted in 9 residential addiction treatment programs across the United States from July 2010 to February 2013 . Of 497 adults referred to the study , 302 met all eligibility criteria , including DSM-IV criteria for stimulant abuse and /or dependence , and were r and omized to either a dosed exercise intervention ( Exercise ) or a health education intervention ( Health Education ) control , both augmenting treatment as usual and conducted thrice weekly for 12 weeks . The primary outcome of percent stimulant abstinent days during study weeks 4 to 12 was estimated using a novel algorithm adjustment incorporating self-reported Timeline Followback ( TLFB ) stimulant use and urine drug screen ( UDS ) data . RESULTS Mean percent of abstinent days based on TLFB was 90.8 % ( SD = 16.4 % ) for Exercise and 91.6 % ( SD = 14.7 % ) for Health Education participants . Percent of abstinent days using the eliminate contradiction ( ELCON ) algorithm was 75.6 % ( SD = 27.4 % ) for Exercise and 77.3 % ( SD = 25.1 % ) for Health Education . The primary intent-to-treat analysis , using a mixed model controlling for site and the ELCON algorithm , produced no treatment effect ( P = .60 ) . In post hoc analyses controlling for treatment adherence and baseline stimulant use , Exercise participants had a 4.8 % higher abstinence rate ( 78.7 % ) compared to Health Education participants ( 73.9 % ) ( P = .03 , number needed to treat = 7.2 ) . CONCLUSIONS The primary analysis indicated no significant difference between exercise and health education . Adjustment for intervention adherence showed modestly but significantly higher percent of abstinent days in the exercise group , suggesting that exercise may improve outcomes for stimulant users who have better adherence to an exercise dose . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT01141608 To determine the influence of exercise training on  smoking after acute myocardial infa rct ion ( AMI ) , smoking rates in 42 pre-AMI smokers assigned to exercise training were compared with 26 pre-AMI smokers assigned to no training . Exercise training occurred 3 - 26 weeks after AMI . The increase in functional capacity in 3 - 26 weeks was significantly greater in training than in no-training patients : 1.8 vs. 1.2 METs respectively ( p less than 0.05 ) . Adherence to exercise training  was higher in non-smokers and former smokers than in those who continued to smoke : 89 % and 88 % vs. 80 % respectively ( NS ) . The prevalence of smoking 6 months post-AMI was lower in training than in no-training patients : 31 % vs. 39 % respectively ( NS ) . Plasma thiocyanates collected on a r and om sample of 42 patients suggested that 19 % of patients who are smoking after MI fail to report doing so . Self-reported cigarette consumption at 28 weeks was half as great in training as in no-training patients : 11 + /- 7 vs. 22 + /- 16 cigarettes per day ( p less than 0.03 ) . Firm advice to stop smoking followed by medically supervised exercise training with frequent followup reduces self-reported cigarette consumption in patients after AMI AIM To examine whether exercise counselling increases smoking abstinence and reduces tobacco withdrawal and gains in weight and body fat . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING A community-based stop smoking clinic . PARTICIPANTS Two hundred and ninety-nine male and female smokers . INTERVENTION Participants were assigned r and omly to a 7-week smoking cessation programme , including nicotine replacement therapy plus either ( i ) exercise counselling , or ( ii ) health education advice with equal contact time as for the exercise counselling condition . MEASUREMENTS Six weeks of smoking abstinence was confirmed by expired carbon monoxide . FINDINGS There was no significant difference in smoking abstinence between the exercise group ( n = 154 ) and the controls ( n = 145 ) at 6 weeks ( 39.6 % versus 38.6 % ) , nor was there any difference in gains in weight or body fat , although those in the exercise group increased their exercise levels . Exercise participants reported less tension , anxiety and stress than the controls during the first week of smoking abstinence ( P = 0.03 , 0.01 and 0.04 , respectively ) , less irritability throughout 2 weeks of abstinence ( P = 0.03 ) , and less restlessness throughout 3 weeks of abstinence ( P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Adding brief exercise counselling to a smoking cessation programme did not increase smoking abstinence or reduce gains in weight or body fat significantly , although exercise levels were raised and there were some beneficial effects on psychological symptoms Purpose : We propose a functional assessment approach for patients with alcoholic dependence of working age undergoing aerobic training .  The background is the WHO indication ( ICIDH-2 ) to use measurable ‘ activities ’ as a means to assess the individual ‘ participation ’ in social life which also implies work capacity . Defining sustainable energetic levels for the individual is an important issue for both the quantification of an effective training and the evaluation of possible improvements following training . Methods : Fifty-six ‘ alcohol dependent ’ patients , as defined by DSM IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ) , admitted to our Unit in a 16 month-period participated in the study . Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls ( Group C ) . Out of all the 56 patients , 33 ( Group A ) underwent an aerobic training and 23 subjects ( Group N ) underwent the same pharmacological and psychological therapy but without aerobic training . Patients were assigned to the treatment ( A ) or no treatment ( N ) group according to a ‘ quasi-experimental ’ design ( i.e. temporal selection criteria ) . The evaluation protocol consisted of submaximal symptom-limited tests . The tests consisted of bouts of ‘ basic ’ activities ( walking , lifting , arm-work ) to be performed at different intensities . We estimated the total energetic work ( TW ) performed in the tests by means of formulas available in the literature . The maximal energetic intensity ( EI ) reached during the tests was also estimated and expressed in MET ( multiple of the basal metabolism ) . Results : Significant differences in work capacity were observed between patients and healthy subjects at baseline . Group A significantly increased TW after rehabilitation , while Group N did not increment their performance at the re-test . Conclusions : The proposed approach could be useful in the functional assessment of deconditioned subjects with alcohol dependence in working age , and could monitor the changes in work capacity following training OBJECTIVES This study addressed the rate and predictors of substance abuse relapse among clients with severe mental illness who had attained full remission from substance abuse . METHODS In a ten-year prospect i ve follow-up study of clients with co-occurring severe mental and substance use disorders , 169 clients who had attained full remission , defined according to DSM-III-R as at least six months without evidence of abuse or dependence , were identified . The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was developed to show the pattern of relapse , and a discrete-time survival analysis was used to identify predictors of relapse . RESULTS Approximately one-third of clients who were in full remission relapsed in the first year , and two-thirds relapsed over the full follow-up period . Predictors of relapse included male sex , less than a high school education , living independently , and lack of continued substance abuse treatment . CONCLUSIONS After attaining full remission , clients with severe mental disorders continue to be at risk of substance abuse relapse for many years . Relapse prevention efforts should concentrate on helping clients to continue with substance abuse treatment as well as on developing housing programs that promote recovery INTRODUCTION Research indicates that exercise may be helpful for smoking cessation ; however , the majority of studies have focused only on women and only on aerobic exercise . This pilot study explored the use of resistance training ( RT ) ( i.e. , weight lifting ) as an adjunctive strategy for quitting smoking for both men and women . METHODS A sample of 25 smokers received a brief smoking cessation counseling session and the nicotine patch prior to being r and omized into a 12-week RT or contact control ( CC ) group . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , 3-month , and at a 6-month follow-up . RESULTS Participants ( 52 % female ) averaged 36.5 years ( SD = 12.0 ) of age and 19.1 years ( SD = 12.0 ) of smoking . At the 3-month assessment , objective ly verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence ( PPA ) rates were 46 % for the RT group and 17 % for CC ; prolonged abstinence rates were 16 % and 8 % , respectively . At the 6-month assessment , objective ly verified 7-day PPA rates were 38 % for the RT group and 17 % for CC ; prolonged abstinence rates were 15 % and 8 % , respectively . Mean body weight decreased 0.6 kg ( SD = 1.7 ) in the RT group and increased 0.6 kg ( SD = 2.8 ) in the CC group . Mean body fat decreased 0.5 % ( SD = 1.8 ) in the RT group and increased 0.6 % ( SD = 0.7 ) in the CC . CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting on the use of a RT program as an aid to smoking cessation treatment . The findings suggest that such a program is feasible as an adjunctive treatment for smoking cessation . An adequately powered trial is warranted Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more The present study was conducted to examine the effects of acute aerobic exercise on smoking behavior . On alternate days , 10 healthy young smokers were subjected to half an hour of sustained high exercise ( about 56 % of maximum work capacity ) or of low exercise ( about 28 % of maximum , simulating normal daytime activity ) . During the high-exercise condition , there were pronounced increases in physiological markers of physical activity such as mean work , heart rate , and lactic acid as well as elevations in circulating hormones ( norepinephrine , epinephrine , and immunoreactive beta-endorphin and cortisol ) known to be affected by vigorous exercise . Despite a trend toward decreased desire for cigarettes after the high exercise condition 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : The evidence for the effects of  anaerobic exercise  in SUDs is weak , although a tendency toward positive effects on abstinence in nicotine dependent individuals was observable .