***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: High prevalence of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) is seen in some immigrant groups in Western countries , particularly in those from the Indian subcontinent . Our aims were to increase the physical activity ( PA ) level  in a group of Pakistani immigrant men , and to see whether any increase was associated with reduced serum glucose and insulin concentrations . The intervention was developed in collaboration with the Pakistani community . It used a social cognitive theory framework and consisted of structured supervised group exercises , group lectures , individual counselling and telephone follow-up .  One- hundred and fifty physically inactive Pakistani immigrant men living in Oslo , Norway , were r and omised to either a control group or an intervention group . The 5-month intervention focused on increasing levels of PA  , which were assessed by use of accelerometer ( Actigraph MTI 7164 ) recordings . Risk of diabetes was assessed by serum glucose and insulin concentrations determined in a fasted state , and after an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) . ANCOVA was used to assess differences between groups . There was a mean difference in PA between the two groups of 49 counts per minute per day , representing a 15 % ( 95 % CI = 8.7–21.2 ; P = 0.01 ) higher increase in total PA level in the intervention group than in the control group . Insulin values taken 2 h after an OGTT were reduced in the intervention group by 27 % ( 95 % CI = 18.9–35.0 ; P = 0.02 ) more than those in the control group . There were no differences in fasting or postpr and ial glucose values between the groups at the follow-up test . This type of intervention can increase PA and reduce serum insulin in Pakistani immigrant men , thereby presumably reducing their risk of T2D OBJECTIVES To investigate the acceptability and feasibility of using short message services ( SMS ) via cell phones to ensure adherence to management prescriptions by diabetic patients . METHODS Type 2 diabetic patients with 5 or more years of diabetes and having HbA1c between 7.0 % to 10 % were r and omized to the control arm ( n = 105 ) to receive st and ard care and to the intervention arm ( SMS , n = 110 ) . Messages in English on principles of diabetes management were sent once in 3 days , the contents and frequencies varied as per the patients ' preferences . The study duration was 1 year . All participants were advised to report for quarterly clinic visits . A comparative assessment of the clinical , biochemical and anthropometric outcomes was made among the groups at the annual visit . RESULTS Annual review was possible in 71 % of intervention group and 63 % of control group . SMS was acceptable to the patients and the median number requested was 2 per week . HbA1c and plasma lipids improved significantly in the SMS group . CONCLUSIONS The pilot study showed that frequent communication via SMS was acceptable to diabetic patients and it helped to improve the health outcomes Migrant mortality does not conform to a single pattern of convergence towards prevalence rates in the host population . To underst and better how migrant mortality develops , it is necessary to further investigate how the underlying behavioural determinants change following migration . We studied whether the prevalence of behavioural risk factors over two generations of Turkish and Moroccan migrants converge towards the prevalence rates in the Dutch population . From a r and om sample from the population register of Amsterdam , 291 Moroccan and 505 Turkish migrants , aged 15–30 , participated in a structured interview that included questions on smoking , alcohol consumption , physical inactivity and weight/height .  Data from the Dutch population were available from Statistics Netherl and s. By calculating age-adjusted Odds Ratio ’s , prevalence rates among both generations were compared with prevalence rates in the host population for men and women separately . We found indications of convergence across generations towards the prevalence rates in the host population for smoking in Turkish men , for overweight in Turkish and Moroccan women and for physical inactivity in Turkish women . Alcohol consumption , however , remained low in all subgroups and did not converge towards the higher rates in the host population . In addition , we found a reversed trend among Turkish women regarding smoking : the second generation smoked significantly more , while the first generation did not differ from ethnic Dutch . In general , behavioural risk factors in two generations of non-Western migrants in the Netherl and s seem to converge towards the prevalence rates in the Dutch population . However , some subgroups and risk factors showed a different pattern This study used an experimental , pretest-posttest control group repeated measures design to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention program to reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) among Gujarati Asian Indians ( AIs ) in an urban community in the US . Participants included 70 adult AIs in the greater Houston metropolitan area . The primary outcomes were reduction in weight and hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) and improvement in physical activity . Participants were screened for risk factors and r and omly assigned to a 12-week group-based lifestyle intervention program ( n = 34 ) or a control group ( n = 36 ) that received st and ard print material on diabetes prevention . Participants also completed clinical measures and self-reported question naires about physical activity , social , and lifestyle habits at 0 , 3 , and 6 months . No significant baseline differences were noted between groups . While a significant decline in weight and increase in physical activity was observed in all participants , the intervention group lowered their HbA1c ( p < 0.0005 ) and waist circumference ( p = 0.04 ) significantly as compared to the control group . Findings demonstrated that participation in a culturally tailored , lifestyle intervention program in a community setting can effectively reduce weight , waist circumference , and HbA1c among Gujarati AIs living in the US Type 2 diabetes is extremely common in South Asians , e.g. in men from Pakistani and Indian population s it is about three times as likely as in the general population in Engl and , despite similarities in body mass index . Lifestyle interventions reduce the incidence of diabetes . Trials in Europe and North America have not , however , reported on the impact on South Asian population s separately or provided the details of their cross-cultural adaptation processes . Prevention of diabetes and obesity in South Asians ( PODOSA ) is a r and omized , controlled trial in Scotl and of an adapted , lifestyle intervention aim ed at reducing weight and increasing physical activity to reduce type 2 diabetes in Indians and Pakistanis . The trial was adapted from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study . We describe , reflect on and discuss the following key issues : The core adaptations to the trial design , particularly the delivery of the intervention in homes by dietitians rather than in clinics . The use of both a multilingual panel and professional translators to help translate and /or develop material s. The processes and challenges of phonetic translation . How intervention re sources were adapted , modified , newly developed and translated into Urdu and Gurmukhi ( written Punjabi ) . The insights gained in PODOSA ( including time pressures on investigators , imperfections in the adaptation process , the power of verbal rather than written information , the utilization of English and the mother-tongue language s simultaneously by participants and the costs ) might help the research community , given the challenge of health promotion in multi-ethnic , urban societies Background To our knowledge , no studies have aim ed at improving the PA level in south Asian immigrant men residing in Western countries , and few studies have considered the relevance of SCT constructs to the PA behaviour of this group in the long term . The observed low  physical activity ( PA ) level among south Asian immigrants in Western countries may partly explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) in this group . We have shown previously in a r and omised controlled trial , the Physical Activity and Minority Health study ( PAMH ) that a social cognitive based intervention can beneficially influence PA level and subsequently reduce waist circumference and insulin resistance in the short-term . In an extended follow-up of the PAMH study : we aim ed 1 ) to determine if the intervention produced long-term positive effects on PA level six months after intervention ( follow-up 2 ( FU2 ) ) , and 2 ) to identify the social cognitive mediators of any intervention effects . Methods Physically inactive Pakistani immigrant men ( n = 150 ) who were free of CVD and T2D were r and omly assigned to a five months PA intervention or a control group . Six months after the intervention ended , we telephoned all those who attended FU1 and invited them for a second follow-up test ( FU2 ) ( n = 133 ) . PA was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers . Statistical differences between groups were determined by use of ANCOVA . Results Significant differences ( baseline to FU2 ) between the groups were found for all PA variables ( e.g. , total PA level , sedentary time , PA intensity ) . Support from family and outcome expectancies increased more in the intervention group compared with the control group . Self-efficacy did not differ significantly between groups . Conclusions Our results show that a multi component PA programme can increase PA over the short and long term in a group of immigrant Pakistani men . However , we could not identify the factors that mediated these changes in PA . Protocol ID07112001326 , NCT ID : BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented by lifestyle modification ; however , successful lifestyle intervention programmes are labour intensive . Mobile phone messaging is an inexpensive alternative way to deliver educational and motivational advice about lifestyle modification . We aim ed to assess whether mobile phone messaging that encouraged lifestyle change could reduce incident type 2 diabetes  in Indian Asian men with impaired glucose tolerance . METHODS We did a prospect i ve , parallel-group , r and omised controlled trial between Aug 10 , 2009 , and Nov 30 , 2012 , at ten sites in southeast India . Working Indian men ( aged 35 - 55 years ) with impaired glucose tolerance were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) with a computer-generated r and omisation sequence to a mobile phone messaging intervention or st and ard care ( control group ) . Participants in the intervention group received frequent mobile phone messages compared with controls who received st and ard lifestyle modification advice at baseline only . Field staff and participants were , by necessity , not masked to study group assignment , but allocation was concealed from laboratory personnel as well as principal and co-investigators . The primary outcome was incidence of type 2 diabetes , analysed by intention to treat . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00819455 . RESULTS We assessed 8741 participants for eligibility . 537 patients were r and omly assigned to either the mobile phone messaging intervention ( n=271 ) or st and ard care ( n=266 ) . The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes was lower in those who received mobile phone messages than in controls : 50 ( 18 % ) participants in the intervention group developed type 2 diabetes compared with 73 ( 27 % ) in the control group ( hazard ratio 0·64 , 95 % CI 0·45 - 0·92 ; p=0·015 ) . The number needed to treat to prevent one case of type 2 diabetes was 11 ( 95 % CI 6 - 55 ) . One patient in the control group died suddenly at the end of the first year . We recorded no other serious adverse events . INTERPRETATION Mobile phone messaging is an effective and acceptable method to deliver advice and support towards lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes in men at high risk . FUNDING The UK India Education and Research Initiative , the World Diabetes Foundation Background In low/middle income countries like India , diabetes is prevalent and health care access limited . Most adults have a mobile phone , creating potential for mHealth interventions to improve public health . To examine the feasibility and initial evidence of effectiveness of mDiabetes , a text messaging program to improve diabetes risk behaviors , a global nonprofit organization ( Arogya World ) implemented mDiabetes among one million Indian adults . Objective A prospect i ve , parallel cohort design was applied to examine whether mDiabetes improved fruit , vegetable , and fat intakes and exercise . Methods Intervention participants were r and omly selected from the one million Nokia subscribers who elected to opt in to mDiabetes . Control group participants were r and omly selected from non-Nokia mobile phone subscribers . mDiabetes participants received 56 text messages in their choice of 12 language s over 6 months ; control participants received no contact . Messages were design ed to motivate improvement in diabetes risk behaviors and increase awareness about the causes and complications of diabetes . Participant health behaviors ( exercise and fruit , vegetable , and fat intake ) were assessed between 2012 and 2013 via telephone surveys by blinded assessors at baseline and 6 months later . Data were cleaned and analyzed in 2014 and 2015 . Results 982 participants in the intervention group and 943 in the control group consented to take the phone survey at baselne . At the end of the 6-month period , 611 ( 62.22 % ) in the intervention and 632 ( 67.02 % ) in the control group completed the follow-up telephone survey . Participants receiving texts demonstrated greater improvement in a health behavior composite score over 6 months , compared with those who received no messages F(1 , 1238 ) = 30.181 , P<.001 , 95 % CI , 0.251 - 0.531 . Fewer intervention participants demonstrated health behavior decline compared with controls . Improved fruit , vegetable , and fat consumption ( P<.01 ) but not exercise were observed in those receiving messages , as compared with controls . Conclusions A text messaging intervention was feasible and showed initial evidence of effectiveness in improving diab 
    Output:
    
The findings show that involving the target community in developing culturally appropriate interventions appears to be important in their acceptability , delivery and uptake .
Using community-based participation in intervention planning , evaluation and research appears to produce culturally and linguistically tailored interventions that address core values , attitudes , beliefs and norms , and encourage participation in PA .
Furthermore , the use of community health workers and underpinning the interventions with a psychological theory show promise in increasing PA uptake .