***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To identify the dietary , lifestyle and socio-economic factors associated with the intake of whole grains ( WG ) in Norway , Sweden and Denmark . DESIGN A cross-sectional study . SETTING Sub sample of the Sc and inavian cohort ' HELGA ' consisting of three prospect i ve cohorts : The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study ; The Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study ; and the Danish Diet , Cancer and Health Study . SUBJECTS A total of 8702 men and women aged 30 - 65 years . Dietary data are from one 24 h dietary recall and data on  socio-economic  status and lifestyle factors including anthropometric values are from the baseline collection of data . RESULTS Vegetables , fruits , dairy products , fish and shellfish , coffee , tea and margarine were directly associated with the intake of WG  , whereas red meat , white bread , alcohol and cakes and biscuits were inversely associated . Smoking and BMI were consistently inversely associated with the intake of WG . Furthermore , length of education was directly associated with the intake of WG among women . CONCLUSIONS The intake of WG was found to be directly associated with healthy diet , lifestyle and socio-economic factors and inversely associated with less healthy factors , suggesting that these factors are important for consideration as potential confounders when study ing WG intake and disease associations Objective This study evaluates the impact of a number of demographic , biological , behavioural and lifestyle health risk factors on the incidence of hypertension in Thail and over a 4-year period . Design A 4-year prospect i ve study of health risk factors and their effects on the incidence of hypertension in a national Thai Cohort Study from 2005 to 2009 . Setting As Thail and is transitioning from a developing to a middle-income developed country , chronic diseases ( particularly cardiovascular disease ) have emerged as major health issues . Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke and cross-sectional studies have indicated that the prevalence is increasing . Study participants A total of 57 558 Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University students who participated in both the 2005 and 2009 question naire surveys and who were normotensive in 2005 were included in the analysis . Measures Adjusted relative risks associating each risk factor and incidence of hypertension by sex , after controlling for confounders such as age , socioeconomic status , body mass index ( BMI ) and underlying diseases . Results The overall 4-year incidence of hypertension was 3.5 % , with the rate in men being remarkably higher than that in women ( 5.2 % vs 2.1 % ) . In both sexes , hypertension was associated with age , higher BMI and comorbidities but not with income and education . In men , hypertension was associated with physical inactivity , smoking , alcohol and fast food intake . In women , hypertension was related to having a partner . Conclusions In both men and women , hypertension was strongly associated with age , obesity and comorbidities while it had no association with socioeconomic factors . The cohort patterns of socioeconomy and hypertension reflect that the health risk transition in Thais is likely to be at the middle stage . Diet and lifestyle factors associate with incidence of hypertension in Thais and may be amenable targets for hypertension control programmes Background An effect of diet in determining blood pressure is suggested by epidemiological studies , but the role of specific nutrients is still unsettled . Methods and Results The relation of various nutritional factors with hypertension was examined prospect ively among 30,681 predominantly white US male health professionals , 40–75 years old , without diagnosed hypertension . During 4 years of follow-up , 1,248 men reported a diagnosis of hypertension . Age , relative weight , and alcohol consumption were the strongest predictors for the development of hypertension . Dietary fiber , potassium , and magnesium were each significantly associated with lower risk of hypertension when considered individually and after adjustment for age , relative weight , alcohol consumption , and energy intake . When these nutrients were considered simultaneously , only dietary fiber had an independent inverse association with hypertension . For men with a fiber intake of < 12 g/day , the relative risk of hypertension was 1.57 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.20–2.05 ) compared with an intake of > 24 g/day . Calcium was significantly associated with lower risk of hypertension only in lean men .  Dietary fiber , potassium , and magnesium were also inversely related to baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure and to change in blood pressure during the follow-up among men who did not develop hypertension . Calcium was inversely associated with baseline blood pressure but not with change in blood pressure . No significant associations with hypertension were observed for sodium , total fat , or saturated , transunsaturated , and polyunsaturated fatty acids .  Fruit fiber but not vegetable or cereal fiber was inversely associated with incidence of hypertension . Conclusions These results support hypotheses that an increased intake of fiber and magnesium may contribute to the prevention of hypertension BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies outside of Western countries have evaluated the relationship between consumption of nuts and blood pressure ( BP ) . This study aim ed to investigate the relationship between nut consumption and blood pressure in an Iranian adult population . METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a cross-sectional investigation among 9660 r and omly selected Iranian adults , sample d to represent three large Iranian regions , using data collected in the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program in 2007 . The frequency of nut consumption was assessed by a food frequency question naire  . Systolic and diastolic BPs ( SBP and DBP ) were measured in duplicate by trained personnel using a st and ard protocol . Multiple linear and logistic regressions were applied to assess the relationship between nut intake and BP levels and the presence of hypertension as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg , and /or a DBP ≥ 90 mmHg and /or current use of at least one type of anti-hypertensive medication . Those with nut consumption ≥4 times/week showed less mean of BPs and hypertension prevalence , compared to those who consumed nuts < 1 times/week ( p < 0.001 ) . Compared to no consumption , consuming nuts ≥4 times/week was associated with a 34 % lower prevalence of hypertension ( multivariate odds ratio ( OR ) = 0.66 ; confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.51 - 0.87 ; p for trend = 0.009 ) . CONCLUSIONS More frequent nut consumption is associated with lower BP and lower risk of hypertension among Iranian adults BACKGROUND Some available evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra‐processed foods ( UPFs ) is associated with a higher risk of obesity . Collectively , this association and the nutritional characteristics of UPFs suggest that UPFs might also be associated with hypertension . METHODS We prospect ively evaluated the relationship between UPF consumption and the risk of hypertension in a prospect i ve Spanish cohort , the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project . We included 14,790 Spanish adult university graduates who were initially free of hypertension at baseline who were followed for a mean of 9.1 years ( SD , 3.9 years ; total person‐years : 134,784 ) .  UPF ( industrial formulations of chemical compounds which , beyond substances of common culinary use such as salt , sugar , oils , and fats , include substances also derived from foods but not used in culinary preparations ) consumption was assessed using a vali date d semi‐quantitative 136‐item food‐frequency question naire . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) for hypertension incidence . RESULTS During follow‐up , 1,702 incident cases of hypertension were identified . Participants in the highest tertile of  UPF  consumption had a higher risk of developing hypertension ( adjusted HR , 1.21 ; 95 % CI , 1.06 , 1.37 ; P for trend = 0.004 ) than those in the lowest tertile after adjusting for potential confounders . CONCLUSIONS In this large prospect i ve cohort of Spanish middle‐aged adult university graduates , a positive association between UPF  consumption and hypertension risk was observed . Additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our results OBJECTIVES Dietary factors play an important role in the development of hypertension ( HTN ) . In this study , we aim ed to determine the possible effect of protein foods group and its subgroups on risk of HTN after 3-year follow-up in Iranian adults . DESIGN Prospect i ve study in framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study . SUBJECTS A total of 1,152 healthy adults , aged 20 to 84 years participated and were followed-up for 3 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE  Usual dietary intake  was assessed using a 168-item vali date semiquantitative food frequency question naire at baseline and again after 3 years . Protein foods group was considered as the sum of meats , poultry , seafood , eggs , beans and peas , nuts , and seeds .  Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after 3 years , and HTN was diagnosed by the seventh report of Joint National Committee on prevention , detection , evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure ( JNC-VII ) . To assess the odds ratio of HTN in each tertile of protein foods group and its subgroup , a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding variables was used . RESULTS Mean age of participants was 36.0 ± 11.2 years , and mean intake of protein foods  group was 855 ± 343 g/week ( range 70.5 - 3,450 g/week ) . After 3 years of follow-up , the incidence of HTN was 12.5 % . There was no significant association between dietary intakes of the protein foods group , meats , poultry , seafood , beans and peas , and nuts and seeds and the occurrence of HTN over 3 years . However , 3-year incidence of HTN was significantly decreased in the highest tertile of eggs in compared with the lowest ( odds ratio : 0.54 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.32 - 0.91 ; P for trend = .02 ) . CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that egg consumption could have favorable effect against development of HTN Background Little is known about the relation of different dietary protein types with blood pressure ( BP ) . We examined whether intake of total , plant , animal , dairy , meat , and grain protein was related to BP in a cross sectional cohort of 20,820 Dutch adults , aged 20–65 y and not using antihypertensive medication . Design Mean BP levels were calculated in quintiles of energy-adjusted protein with adjustment for age , sex , BMI , education , smoking , and intake of energy , alcohol , and other nutrients including protein from other sources . In addition , mean BP difference after substitution of 3 en% carbohydrates or MUFA with protein was calculated . Results Total protein and animal protein were not associated with BP ( ptrend = 0.62 and 0.71 respectively ) , both at the expense of carbohydrates and MUFA . Systolic BP was 1.8 mmHg lower ( ptrend<0.01 ) in the highest ( > 36 g/d ) than in the lowest ( < 27 g/d ) quintile of plant protein . This inverse association was present both at the expense of carbohydrates and MUFA and more pronounced in individuals with untreated hypertension ( −3.6 mmHg ) than in those with normal ( + 0.1 mmHg ) or prehypertensive BP ( −0.3 mmHg ; pinteraction<0.01 ) . Meat and grain protein were not related to BP . Dairy protein was directly associated with systolic BP ( + 1.6 mmHg , ptrend<0.01 ) , but not with diastolic BP ( ptrend = 0.24 ) . Conclusions Total protein and animal protein were not associated with BP in this general untreated Dutch population .  Plant protein may be beneficial to BP , especially in people with elevated BP . However , because high intake of plant protein may be a marker of a healthy diet and lifestyle in general , confirmation from r and omized controlled trials is warranted BACKGROUND Diet has been reported to influence arterial blood pressure , and evidence indicates that the Mediterranean diet reduces cardiovascular mortality . OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine whether the Mediterranean diet , as an entity , and olive oil , in particular , reduce arterial blood pressure . DESIGN Arterial blood pressure and several sociodemographic , anthropometric , dietary , physical activity , and clinical variables were recorded at enrollment among participants in the Greek arm of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study . Of these participants , 20 343 had never received a diagnosis of hypertension and were included in an analysis in which systolic and diastolic blood pressure were regressed on the indicated possible predictors , including a 10-point score that reflects adherence to the Mediterranean diet and , alternatively , the score 's individual components and olive oil . RESULTS The Mediterranean diet score was significantly inversely associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure . Intakes of olive oil , vegetables , and fruit were significantly inversely associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure , whereas cereals , meat and meat products , and ethanol intake were positively associated with arterial blood pressure . Mutual adjustment between olive oil and vegetables , 
    Output:
    
Indication for nonlinear relations of the intakes of whole grains , fruits , fish , and processed meats with the risk of hypertension was detected .
In summary , this comprehensive dose-response meta- analysis of 28 reports identified optimal intakes of whole grains , fruits , nuts , legumes , dairy , red and processed meats , and SSBs related to the risk of hypertension .
However , the findings support the current dietary guidelines in the prevention of hypertension