***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction The efficacy and safety of taspoglutide , a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog , were compared with sitagliptin or placebo , as adjunct to metformin , in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes . Methods In this r and omized , double-blind , double-dummy , parallel-group trial , patients were r and omized to taspoglutide 10 mg once weekly ( QW ) , 20 mg QW , 100 mg sitagliptin once daily ( QD ) , or placebo for 24 weeks , followed by 28-week short-term and 104-week long-term extension periods . The primary endpoint was change in glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) after 24 weeks . Results In this study , 666 patients ( baseline HbA1c , 7.96 % [ SD , 0.87 ] ; fasting plasma glucose , 9.61 mmol/L [ 2.56 ] ; body weight , 92.4 kg [ 19.3 ] ) were r and omized to taspoglutide 10 mg QW ( n = 190 ) , 20 mg QW ( n = 198 ) , 100 mg sitagliptin QD ( n = 185 ) , or placebo ( n = 93 ) for 24 weeks . After 24 weeks , least squares mean ( SE ) HbA1c reductions were greater with taspoglutide 10 mg ( −1.23 % [ 0.06 ] ) and 20 mg ( −1.30 % [ 0.06 ] ) versus sitagliptin ( −0.89 % [ 0.06 ] ) or placebo ( −0.10 % [ 0.08 ] ) . Mean treatment differences with taspoglutide 10 mg and 20 mg were −0.34 ( 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] : −0.49 , −0.19 ) and −0.41 ( −0.56 , −0.26 ) versus sitagliptin ; and −1.13 ( −1.31 , −0.95 ) and −1.20 ( −1.38 , −1.02 ) versus placebo . Weight loss was greater with taspoglutide 10 mg ( −1.8 kg [ 0.3 ] ) and 20 mg ( −2.6 kg [ 0.3 ] ) than sitagliptin ( −0.9 kg [ 0.3 ] ) or placebo ( −0.5 kg [ 0.4 ] ) . Effects on HbA1c and weight loss continued through 52 weeks of treatment . No cases of severe hypoglycemia occurred with any active treatment . Gastrointestinal adverse events , and allergic and injection-site reactions were higher in the taspoglutide groups , causing higher discontinuation rates . Anti-taspoglutide antibodies were confirmed in 46 % of patients . Conclusion Taspoglutide demonstrated better efficacy on glycemic control and weight loss than sitagliptin , but a high incidence of adverse events led to high discontinuation rates . The safety profile of taspoglutide in this trial was similar to other trials in the clinical program , and led to the discontinuation of dosing OBJECTIVE Study the effects of exenatide ( EXE ) plus rosiglitazone ( ROSI ) on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity using hyperglycemic and euglycemic insulin clamp techniques in participants with type 2 diabetes on metformin . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 20-week , r and omized , open-label , multicenter study , participants ( mean age , 56 ± 10 years ; weight , 93 ± 16 kg ; A1C , 7.8 ± 0.7 % ) continued their metformin regimen and received either EXE 10 μg b.i.d . ( n = 45 ) , ROSI 4 mg b.i.d . ( n = 45 ) , or EXE 10 μg b.i.d . + ROSI 4 mg b.i.d . ( n = 47 ) . Seventy-three participants underwent clamp procedures to quantitate insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity . RESULTS A1C declined in all groups ( P < 0.05 ) , but decreased most with EXE+ROSI ( EXE+ROSI , −1.3 ± 0.1 % ; ROSI , −1.0 ± 0.1 % , EXE , −0.9 ± 0.1 % ; EXE+ROSI vs. EXE or ROSI , P < 0.05 ) . ROSI result ed in weight gain , while EXE and EXE+ROSI  result ed in weight loss ( EXE , −2.8 ± 0.5 kg ; EXE+ROSI , −1.2 ± 0.5 kg ; ROSI , + 1.5 ± 0.5 kg ; P < 0.05 between and within all groups ) . At week 20 , 1st and 2nd phase insulin secretion was significantly higher in EXE and EXE+ROSI versus ROSI ( both P < 0.05 ) . Insulin sensitivity ( M value ) was significantly higher in EXE+ROSI versus EXE ( P = 0.014 ) . CONCLUSIONS Therapy with EXE+ROSI offset the weight gain observed with ROSI and elicited an additive effect on glycemic control with significant improvements in β-cell function and insulin sensitivity Postpr and ial triglyceridaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . This study investigated the effects of steady‐state liraglutide 1.8 mg versus placebo on postpr and ial plasma lipid concentrations after 3 weeks of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) BACKGROUND Exenatide , an incretin mimetic for adjunctive treatment of type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) , reduced hemoglobin A(1c ) ( A1C ) and weight in clinical trials . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of > or = 3 years exenatide therapy on glycemic control , body weight , cardiometabolic markers , and safety . METHODS Patients from three placebo-controlled trials and their open-label extensions were enrolled into one open-ended , open-label clinical trial . Patients were r and omized to twice daily ( BID ) placebo , 5 mug exenatide , or 10 mug exenatide for 30 weeks , followed by 5 mug exenatide BID for 4 weeks , then 10 mug exenatide BID for > or = 3 years of exenatide exposure . Patients continued metformin and /or sulfonylureas . RESULTS 217 patients ( 64 % male , age 58 + /- 10 years , weight 99 + /- 18 kg , BMI 34 + /- 5 kg/m(2 ) , A1C 8.2 + /- 1.0 % [ mean + /- SD ] ) completed 3 years of exenatide exposure . Reductions in A1C from baseline to week 12 ( -1.1 + /- 0.1 % [ mean + /- SEM ] ) were sustained to 3 years ( -1.0 + /- 0.1 % ; p < 0.0001 ) , with 46 % achieving A1C < or = 7 % . Exenatide progressively reduced body weight from baseline ( -5.3 + /- 0.4 kg at 3 years ; p < 0.0001 ) . Patients with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) at baseline ( n = 116 ) had reduced ALT ( -10.4 + /- 1.5 IU/L ; p < 0.0001 ) and 41 % achieved normal ALT . Patients with elevated ALT at baseline tended to lose more weight than patients with normal ALT at baseline ( -6.1 + /- 0.6 kg vs. -4.4 + /- 0.5 kg ; p = 0.03 ) , however weight change was minimally correlated with baseline ALT ( r = -0.01 ) or ALT change ( r = 0.31 ) . Homeostasis Model Assessment B ( HOMA-B ) , blood pressure , and aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) all improved . A subset achieved 3.5 years of exenatide exposure and had serum lipids available for analysis ( n = 151 ) .  Triglycerides decreased 12 % ( p = 0.0003 ) , total cholesterol decreased 5 % ( p = 0.0007 ) , LDL-C decreased 6 % ( p < 0.0001 ) , and HDL-C increased 24 % ( p < 0.0001 ) . Exenatide was generally well tolerated . The most frequent adverse event was mild-to-moderate nausea . The main limitation of this study is the open-label , uncontrolled nature of the study design which does not provide a placebo group for comparison . CONCLUSION Adjunctive exenatide treatment for > or = 3 years in T2DM patients result ed in sustained improvements in glycemic control , cardiovascular risk factors , and hepatic biomarkers , coupled with progressive weight reduction Aim The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin , each added to metformin , over 52 weeks in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Methods In an open-label , parallel-group trial , metformin-treated participants were r and omised to liraglutide 1.2 mg/day ( n= 225 ) , liraglutide 1.8 mg/day ( n= 221 ) or sitagliptin 100 mg/day ( n= 219 ) for 26 weeks ( main phase ) . Participants continued the same treatment in a 26-week extension . Results Liraglutide ( 1.2 or 1.8 mg ) was superior to sitagliptin for reducing HbA1c from baseline ( 8.4–8.5 % ) to 52 weeks : −1.29 % and −1.51 % vs. −0.88 % respectively . Estimated mean treatment differences between liraglutide and sitagliptin were as follows : −0.40 % ( 95 % confidence interval −0.59 to −0.22 ) for 1.2 mg and −0.63 % ( −0.81 to −0.44 ) for 1.8 mg ( both p < 0.0001 ) . Weight loss was greater with liraglutide 1.2 mg ( −2.78 kg ) and 1.8 mg ( −3.68 kg ) than sitagliptin ( −1.16 kg ) ( both p < 0.0001 ) . Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Question naire scores increased significantly more with liraglutide 1.8 mg than with sitagliptin ( p = 0.03 ) . Proportions of participants reporting adverse events were generally comparable ; minor hypoglycaemia was 8.1 % , 8.3 % and 6.4 % for liraglutide 1.2 mg , 1.8 mg and sitagliptin respectively . Gastrointestinal side effects , mainly nausea , initially occurred more frequently with liraglutide , but declined after several weeks . Conclusion Liraglutide provides greater sustained glycaemic control and body weight reduction over 52 weeks . Treatment satisfaction was significantly greater with 1.8 mg liraglutide , similar to 26-week results . The safety profiles of liraglutide and sitagliptin are consistent with previous reports OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of taspoglutide ( R1583/BIM51077 ) , a human once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 analog , in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Type 2 diabetic ( n = 306 ) patients who failed to obtain glycemic control ( A1C 7–9.5 % ) despite 1,500 mg metformin daily were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind subcutaneous treatment with placebo or taspoglutide , either 5 , 10 , or 20 mg once weekly or 10 or 20 mg once every 2 weeks , and followed for 4 additional weeks . All patients received their previously established dose of metformin throughout the study . Glycemic control was assessed by change in A1C ( percent ) from baseline . RESULTS Significantly greater ( P < 0.0001 ) reductions in A1C from a mean ± SD baseline of 7.9 ± 0.7 % were observed in all taspoglutide groups compared with placebo after 8 weeks of treatment : –1.0 ± 0.1 % ( 5 mg once weekly ) , –1.2 ± 0.1 % ( 10 mg once weekly ) , –1.2 ± 0.1 % ( 20 mg once weekly ) , –0.9 ± 0.1 % ( 10 mg Q2W ) , and –1.0 ± 0.1 % ( 20 mg Q2W ) vs. –0.2 ± 0.1 % with placebo . After  
    Output:
    
IMPLICATION S GLP-1 RAs were associated with modest reductions in LDL-C , total cholesterol , and triglycerides but no significant improvement in HDL-C. Further evidence is needed to determine if improvements in lipid profiles might translate into reductions in cardiovascular outcomes