***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To comprehend the results of a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) , readers must underst and its design , conduct , analysis , and interpretation . That goal can be achieved only through total transparency from authors . Despite several decades of educational efforts , the reporting of RCTs needs improvement . Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to help authors improve reporting by use of a checklist and flow diagram . The revised CONSORT statement presented here incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement . The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title , Abstract , Introduction , Methods , Results , and Discussion . The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting this information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect , or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings . We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT . The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial ( enrolment , intervention allocation , follow- up , and analysis ) . The diagram explicitly shows the number of participants , for each intervention group , included in the primary data analysis . Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have done an intention- to-treat analysis . In sum , the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT , enabling readers to underst and a trial 's conduct and to assess the validity of its results Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies We found that interval training provides an effective means to improve the cardiovascular fitness and health status of highly functional patients with coronary artery disease . We also revealed that interval training improves anaerobic tolerance to a greater extent than the traditional exercise training model without increasing the risk to the patient . This research supports the implementation of interval training for highly functional patients with coronary artery disease Background —Predicting the risk of cardiac and all-cause death in patients with established coronary heart disease is important in counseling the individual and design ing risk-stratified rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs . Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were thus completed on initial assessment data obtained from patients referred to an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation center . Methods and Results —A single-center prospect i ve observational design took peak cardiorespiratory exercise test data for 12 169 male rehabilitation c and i date s aged 55.0±9.6 years ( 7096 myocardial infa rct ions [ MIs ] , 3077 coronary artery bypass grafts [ CABGs ] , and 1996 documented cases of ischemic heart disease [ IHD ] ) . A follow-up of 4 to 29 years ( median , 7.9 ) yielded 107 698 man-years of experience . Entry data were tested for associations with time to cardiac and all-cause death . We recorded 1336 cardiac deaths ( 953 MI , 225 CABG , and 158 IHD ) and 2352 all-cause deaths . A powerful predictor of cardiac and all-cause mortality was measured peak oxygen intake ( & OV0312;o2peak ) . For the overall sample , values of < 15 , 15 to 22 , and > 22 mL/kg per minute yielded respective multivariate adjusted hazard ratios of 1.00 , 0.62 , and 0.39 for cardiac and 1.00 , 0.66 , and 0.45 for all-cause deaths . For the separate diagnostic categories , apart from & OV0312;o2peak , the only other significant predictors of cardiac death common to all 3 were smoking and digoxin , and for all-cause death , age , smoking , digoxin , and diabetes . Conclusions —Exercise capacity , as determined by direct measurement of & OV0312;o2peak , exerts a major long-term influence on prognosis in men after MI , CABG , or IHD and can play a valuable role in risk stratification and counseling BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training has been shown to be superior to moderate continuous exercise training in improving exercise capacity and endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease . The objective of this study was to evaluate this training model on in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention for stable or unstable angina . METHODS AND RESULTS We prospect ively r and omized 40 patients after percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of a bare metal stent ( n = 30 ) or drug eluting stent ( n = 32 ) to a 6-month supervised high-intensity interval exercise training program  ( n = 20 ) or to a control group ( n = 20 ) . At six months , restenosis , measured as in-segment late luminal loss of the stented coronary area , was smaller in the training group 0.10 ( 0.52 ) mm compared to the control group 0.39 ( 0.38 ) mm ( P = .01 ) . Reduction of late luminal loss in the training group was consistent with both stent types . Peak oxygen uptake increased in the training and control group by 16.8 % and 7.8 % , respectively ( P < .01 ) . Flow-mediated dilation improved 5.2 % ( 7.6 ) in the training group and decreased -0.1 % ( 8.1 ) in the control group ( P = .01 ) . Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased by -0.4 ( 1.1 ) mg/L in the training group and increased by 0.1 ( 1.2 ) mg/L in the control group ( P = .03 for trend ) . CONCLUSIONS Regular high-intensity interval exercise training was associated with a significant reduction in late luminal loss in the stented coronary segment . This effect was associated with increased aerobic capacity , improved endothelium function , and attenuated inflammation Background Increased aerobic exercise capacity appears to reduce both all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality .  Physical exercise to improve peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) is thus strongly recommended , however evidence regarding the most efficient training intensity for patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) is still lacking . The purpose of this r and omized study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity aerobic interval exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise , representing the same total training load , for increasing VO2peak in stable CAD- patients . Methods Twenty-one stable CAD- patients were r and omized to supervised treadmill walking at either high intensity ( 80–90 % of VO2peak ) or moderate intensity ( 50–60 % of VO2peak ) three times a week for 10 weeks . Results After training VO2peak increased by 17.9 % ( P = 0.012 ) in the high intensity group and 7.9 % ( P = 0.038 ) in the moderate intensity group . The training-induced adaptation was significantly higher in the high intensity group ( P = 0.011 ) . Conclusions High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate exercise for increasing VO2peak in stable CAD- patients . As VO2peak seems to reflect a continuum between health and cardiovascular disease and death , the present data may be useful in design ing effective training programmes for improved health in the future The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel group-based aerobic interval training of high intensity on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) and examine the relation between changes in functional capacity and quality of life .  Eighty patients with stable CHF ( 63 men , 17 women ; mean age 70.1 + /- 7.9 [ SD ] years ; left ventricular ejection fraction 30 + /- 8.5 % ) on optimal medical treatment were r and omly assigned to either a 16-week group-based aerobic high-intensity interval training model twice weekly for 65 to 80 minutes/day ( n = 40 ) or a control group ( n = 40 ) that received st and ard care .  Functional capacity was measured using the 6-minute walk test and cycle ergometer test . Quality of life was measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire . After 16 weeks , functional capacity improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the control group measured using the 6-minute walk test ( + 58 vs -15 meters ; p < 0.001 ) and for both workload and time measured using the bicycle ergometer test ( + 10 vs -1 W ; p < 0.001 ; + 57 vs -8 seconds ; p < 0.001 ) . Quality of life improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the control group ( p = 0.03 ) , and a significant inverse correlation was found between quality of life and functional capacity ( r = -0.49 , p < 0.05 ) . In conclusion , our exercise model significantly improved functional capacity and quality of life compared with the control group in patients with CHF . Improvements in quality of life were significantly related to functional capacity 
    Output:
    
IT prescribed in isolation or in combination with resistance training was shown to induce significant and clinical ly important physiological adaptations in cardiac patients .
IT was also shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness ( e.g. VO2max , VO2AT ) , endothelial function , left ventricle morphology and function ( e.g. ejection fraction ) to a significantly greater extent when compared with conventional MCT .
No adverse cardiac or other life-threatening events occurred secondary to exercise participation in these studies .