***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined resistance and home-based walking exercise on glycemic and metabolic control , depression and quality of life in type-2 diabetes patients . Methods : This prospect i ve study was conducted at a private hospital in Turkey . Thirty-six type-2 diabetic patients participated in the study . Subjects were r and omly distributed in one 8 week exercise intervention or in one control group . Exercise program consisted of resistance training and home-based walking . Before and after the training program , muscular strength , fasting blood glucose , hemoglobin A1C , ( HbA1C ) and plasma lipid values , quality of life and symptoms of depression of the patients were assessed . Results : Exercise group 's baseline HbA1C was significantly higher than the control groups ( p < 0.05 ) ; other blood parameters were similar between the two groups ( p>0.05 ) . At the baseline no significant differences were observed in the depression and four subscales ( physical function , physical role , bodily pain , and general health perceptions ) of the SF-36 between the exercise and control groups ( p>0.05 ) . The exercise group had higher scores of emotional role , vitality and mental health subscales than the control groups after the training programs ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusion : Exercise training which included resistance training and home- based walking could be safe , effective and beneficial in diabetic patients BACKGROUND Regular physical exercise may improve a variety of physiological and psychological factors in depressive persons . However , there is little experimental evidence to support this assumption for adolescent population s. We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to investigate the effect of physical exercise on depressive state , the excretions of stress hormones and physiological fitness variables in adolescent females with depressive symptoms . METHODS Forty-nine female volunteers ( aged 18 - 20 years ; mean 18.8 + /- 0.7 years ) with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms , as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression ( CES-D ) scale , were r and omly assigned to either an exercise regimen or usual daily activities for 8 weeks . The subjects were then crossed over to the alternate regimen for an additional 8-week period . The exercise program consisted of five 50-min sessions per week of a group jogging training at a mild intensity . The variables measured were CES-D rating scale , urinary cortisol and epinephrine levels , and cardiorespiratory factors at rest and during exercise endurance test . RESULTS After the sessions of exercise the CES-D total depressive score showed a significant decrease , whereas no effect was observed after the period of usual daily activities ( ANOVA ) . Twenty-four hour excretions of cortisol and epinephrine in urine were reduced due to the exercise regimen . The training group had a significantly reduced resting heart rate and increased peak oxygen uptake and lung capacity . CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that a group jogging exercise may be effective in improving depressive state , hormonal response to stress and physiological fitness of adolescent females with depressive symptoms Background Depression is a disabling , prevalent condition . Physical activity programs may assist depression management in older people , ameliorate co-morbid conditions and reduce the need for antidepressants . The UPLIFT pilot study assessed the feasibility of older depressed people attending a community-based progressive resistance training ( PRT ) program .  The study also aim ed to determine whether PRT improves depressive status in older depressed patients . Methods A r and omised controlled trial was conducted . People aged ≥ 65 years with depressive symptoms were recruited via general practice s. Following baseline assessment , subjects were r and omly allocated to attend a local PRT program three times per week for 10 weeks or a brief advice control group . Follow-up assessment of depressive status , physical and psychological health , functional and quality of life status occurred post intervention and at six months . Results Three hundred and forty six people responded to the study invitation , of whom 22 % had depressive symptoms ( Geriatric Depression Scale , GDS-30 score ≥ 11 ) . Thirty two people entered the trial . There were no significant group differences on the GDS at follow-up . At six months there was a trend for the PRT intervention group to have lower GDS scores than the comparison group , but this finding did not reach significance ( p = 0.08 ) . More of the PRT group ( 57 % ) had a reduction in depressive symptoms post program , compared to 44 % of the control group . It was not possible to discern which specific components of the program influenced its impact , but in post hoc analyses , improvement in depressive status appeared to be associated with the number of exercise sessions completed ( r = -0.8 , p < 0.01 ) . Conclusion The UPLIFT pilot study confirmed that older people with depression can be successfully recruited to a community based PRT program . The program can be offered by existing community-based facilities , enabling its ongoing implementation for the potential benefit of other older people BACKGROUND Although exercise has been shown to relieve depression , little is known about its mechanism or dose-response characteristics . We hypothesized that high intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) would be more effective than either low intensity PRT or st and ard care by a general practitioner ( GP ) in depressed elderly persons , and that high intensity PRT would provide superior benefits in quality of life , sleep quality , and self-efficacy . METHODS Sixty community-dwelling adults > 60 years with major or minor depression were r and omized to supervised high intensity PRT ( 80 % maximum load ) or low intensity PRT ( 20 % maximum load ) 3 days per week for 8 weeks , or GP care . RESULTS A 50 % reduction in the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression score was achieved in 61 % of the high intensity , 29 % of the low intensity , and 21 % of the GP care group ( p = .03 ) . Strength gain was directly associated with reduction in depressive symptoms ( r = 0.40 , p = .004 ) , as was baseline social support network type ( F = 3.52 , p = .015 ) , whereas personality type , self-efficacy , and locus of control were unrelated to the antidepressant effect . Vitality quality -of-life scale improved more in the high intensity group than in the others ( p = .04 ) . Sleep quality improved significantly in all participants ( p < .0001 ) , with the greatest relative change in high intensity PRT ( p = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS High intensity PRT is more effective than is low intensity PRT or GP care for the treatment of older depressed patients Dance and movement therapy are consisted of music , easy exercises and sensorial stimulus and provide drugless treatment for the depression on low rates . In this study , it has been aim ed to examine the effect of dance over the depression . A total of 120 healthy male and female conservatory students ranged from 20 and 24 ages volunteered to participate in this study . They were divided r and omly into 1 of 2 groups : dance training group ( DTG ; N = 60 ) and control group ( CG ; N = 60 ) . A dance training program was applied to the subjects three days a week ( Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday ) during 12 weeks . The subjects in the control group did not participate in the training and participated only in the pre and post test measurements . Beck Depression Scale was used for the pre and post test measurements of subjects . 12 weeks of dance training has been found to be effective on the depression levels of the subjects participating in the research as the training group ( p < 0.05 ) . The depression level of males and females before training has meaningfully decreased after 12 weeks of dance training ( p < 0.05 ) . When the depression levels of the subjects participated in research as the control group were separately evaluated for males and females , no meaningful change has been found in the depression levels during 12 weeks ( p > 0.05 ) . In conclusion , it has been seen that dance affects the  depression levels of university students positively and decreases their depression levels CONTEXT Many observational studies have shown that physical activity reduces the risk of cognitive decline ; however , evidence from r and omized trials is lacking . OBJECTIVE To determine whether physical activity reduces the rate of cognitive decline among older adults at risk . DESIGN AND SETTING R and omized controlled trial of a 24-week physical activity intervention conducted between 2004 and 2007 in metropolitan Perth , Western Australia . Assessors of cognitive function were blinded to group membership . PARTICIPANTS We recruited volunteers who reported memory problems but did not meet criteria for dementia . Three hundred eleven individuals aged 50 years or older were screened for eligibility , 89 were not eligible , and 52 refused to participate . A total of 170 participants were r and omized and 138 participants completed the 18-month assessment . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly allocated to an education and usual care group or to a 24-week home-based program of physical activity . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale ( ADAS-Cog ) scores ( possible range , 0 - 70 ) over 18 months . RESULTS In an intent-to-treat analysis , participants in the intervention group improved 0.26 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -0.89 to 0.54 ) and those in the usual care group deteriorated 1.04 points ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.32 to 1.82 ) on the ADAS-Cog at the end of the intervention . The absolute difference of the outcome measure between the intervention and control groups was -1.3 points ( 95 % confidence interval,-2.38 to -0.22 ) at the end of the intervention . At 18 months , participants in the intervention group improved 0.73 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -1.27 to 0.03 ) on the ADAS-Cog , and those in the usual care group improved 0.04 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -0.46 to 0.88 ) . Word list delayed recall and Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes improved modestly as well , whereas word list total immediate recall , digit symbol coding , verbal fluency , Beck depression score , and Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short-Form physical and mental component summaries did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS In this study of adults with subjective memory impairment , a 6-month program of physical activity provided a modest improvement in cognition over an 18-month follow-up period . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000136606 The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a short-term mind-body intervention program on improving the depressive mood of an adult community sample . Forty adult volunteers with various degrees of depressive mood were r and omly assigned to the experimental group ( Dejian Mind-Body Intervention , DMBI ) and control group ( Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy , CBT ) . For each group , a total of four 90-min weekly sessions were conducted . Treatment-related changes were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI-II ) , an electroencephalographic indicator of positive affect ( i.e. , prefrontal activation asymmetry ) , and self-report ratings on physical health . Results indicated that both the DMBI and the CBT group demonstrated significant reduction in depressive mood . However , among individuals with moderate to severe depressive mood at baseline , only those in the DMBI but not the CBT group showed significant reduction in depressive mood . Besides , only the DMBI group demonstrated a significant increase in prefrontal activation asymmetry , suggesting increase in positive affect . While most psychological therapies for depressive mood normally take several months to show treatment effect , the present findings provided initial data suggesting that the DMBI was effective in improving depressive mood of community adults after 1 month of training OBJECTIVES Based on the model by Tsang et al. ( 2002 ) which summarized the etiological factors and consequences of depression in elderly with chronic physical illnesses , a r and omized clinical trial of a special form of Qigong ( The Eight Section Brocades ) was conducted to assess if it improved the biopsychosocial health of participants . DESIGN 50 geriatric patients in sub-acute stage of chronic physical illnesses were recruited and r and omly assigned into the intervention and control group . The intervention group was given a 12-week period of Qigong practice while the control group was given traditional remedial rehabilitation activities . RESULTS The intervention group participants expressed improvement in physical health , ADL , psychological health , social relationship , and health in general as reflected by scores of the Perceived Benefit Question naire and informal feedback . CONCLUSION Although results are not significant in the generalization measures , it may be due to small effect size , small sample size , and short intervention period . Although not all of the hypotheses are supported , this report shows that Qigong ( the Eight Section Brocades ) is promising as an alternative intervention for elderly with chronic physical illness to improve their biopsychosocial health . More systematic evaluation with larger sample size and longer period of intervention is now underway in Hong Kong . Results will be reported once available We examined the effects of two physical activity modes on depressive symptoms over a 5-year period among older adults and change in physical self-esteem as a mediator of changes in depressive symptoms . Formerly sedentary , older adults ( N = 174 ) were r and omly assigned into 6-month conditions of either walking or low-intensity resistance/flexibility training .  Depressive symptoms and physical self-esteem were measured before and after the 6-month intervention , and 12 and 60 months after intervention initiation . Depressive symptoms scores were decreased immediately after the intervention , followed by a sustained reduction for 12 and 60 months after intervention initiation ; there was no differential pattern of change between the physical activity modes . Change in physical self-esteem predicted change in 
    Output:
    
Exercise is moderately more effective than a control intervention for reducing symptoms of depression , but analysis of method ologically robust trials only shows a smaller effect in favour of exercise .
When compared to psychological or pharmacological therapies , exercise appears to be no more effective , though this conclusion is based on a few small trials