***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of alveolar corticotomy on orthodontic tooth movement when retracting upper canines compared with the conventional technique and to evaluate patients ' pain and discomfort levels after corticotomy .  MATERIAL S AND METHODS A split-mouth design r and omized controlled trial at the Department of Orthodontics ( University Al-Baath Dental School ) was performed . A total of 30 patients whose orthodontic treatment required canine retraction were included . The predictor variable was the use of corticotomy to facilitate tooth movement . The velocity of space closure was evaluated as the primary outcome variable by measuring the distance between the canine and first molar on each side of the mouth immediately after corticotomy and at 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , and 12 weeks after corticotomy . The levels of pain and discomfort were evaluated as the secondary outcome variables using a question naire administered 4 times during the first week after corticotomy . Paired t tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to detect significant differences . RESULTS A total of 30 patients ( 15 males and 15 females ) were recruited with a mean age of 20.04 ± 3.63 years ( range 15 to 24 ) .  The space closure velocity after corticotomy was significantly faster on the experimental side than on the control side ( mean = 0.74 mm/week vs 0.20 mm/week between 1 week after and immediately after corticotomy , respectively ; P < .001 ) . The pain encountered during eating was high , with 50 % and 30 % of patients reporting severe pain at 1 and 3 days postoperatively , respectively . No significant differences were detected between the male and female patients regarding the tooth movement velocity on the experimental side . CONCLUSIONS Alveolar corticotomy  increased orthodontic tooth movement and was accompanied by moderate degrees of pain and discomfort INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to clinical ly evaluate miniscrew implant-supported maxillary canine retraction with corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics . METHODS The sample consisted of 13 adult patients ( 5 men , 8 women ; mean age , 19 years ) exhibiting Class II Division 1 malocclusion with increased overjet requiring the therapeutic extraction of the maxillary first premolars , with subsequent retraction of the maxillary canines .  Corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics was r and omly assigned to 1 side of the maxillary arch at the canine-premolar region , and the other side served as the control . By using miniscrews as anchorage , canine retraction was initiated via closed nickel-titanium coil springs applying 150 g of force per side . The following variables were examined over a 4-month follow-up period : rate of tooth movement , molar anchorage loss , plaque index , gingival index , probing depth , attachment loss , and gingival recession . RESULTS The average daily rate of canine retraction was significantly higher on the corticotomy than the control side by 2 times during the first 2 months after the corticotomy surgery . This rate of tooth movement declined to only 1.6 times higher in the third month and 1.06 times higher by the end of the fourth month . No molar anchorage loss occurred during canine retraction on either the operated or the nonoperated side . There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative measurements of plaque index , probing depth , attachment loss , and gingival recession . CONCLUSIONS Corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics can be a feasible treatment modality for adults seeking orthodontic treatment with reduced treatment times OBJECTIVE To evaluate if the improved accelerated osteogenic orthodontics ( IAOO ) procedure could speed Class III surgical patients ' preoperative orthodontic treatment duration and , if yes , to what extent . This study was also design ed to determine whether or not an IAOO procedure affects the tooth-moving pattern during extraction space closure . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The sample s in this study consisted of 24 Class III surgical patients . Twelve skeletal Class III surgery patients served as an experimental group ( group 1 ) and the others as a control group ( group 2 ) . Before treatment , the maxillary first premolars were removed . For group 1 , after the maxillary dental arch was aligned and leveled ( T2 ) , IAOO procedures were performed in the maxillary alveolar bone . Except for this IAOO procedure in group 1 , all 24 patients experienced similar combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment . Study casts of the maxillary dentitions were made before orthodontic treatment ( T1 ) and after extraction space closure ( T3 ) . All of the casts were laser scanned , and the amount of movement of the maxillary central incisor , canine , and first molar , as well as arch widths , were digitally measured and analyzed by using the three-dimensional model superimposition method . RESULTS The time duration s T3-T2 were significantly reduced in group 1 by 8.65 ± 2.67 months and for T3-T1 were reduced by 6.39 ± 2.00 months ( P < .001 ) . Meanwhile , the tooth movement rates were all higher in group 1 ( P < .05 ) . There were no significant differences in the amount of teeth movement in the sagittal , vertical , and transverse dimensions between the two groups ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSION The IAOO can reduce the surgical orthodontic treatment time for the skeletal Class III surgical patient by more than half a year on average . The IAOO procedures do not save anchorage INTRODUCTION Corticotomy is an effective method of accelerating the orthodontic treatment . The aim of this study was to compare the treatment time for the extraction space closure , between corticotomy assisted and conventional orthodontic tooth movement and to check the alveolar bone thickness before and after corticotomy procedure in the corticotomy group . SETTING S AND DESIGN Cross-sectional clinical study . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty patients ( age>15 y ) requiring orthodontic treatment with upper anterior retraction in the extraction space of 1(st ) premolar were selected and were r and omised into control and corticotomy group each group consisted of 10 subjects . Pre retraction , corticotomy was performed in the maxillary anterior segment . The pre and post retraction CT scans were recorded and the thickness of the alveolar plates were measured at crestal level ( S1 ) , mid root level ( S2 ) and apical level ( S3 ) PreTreatment ( T1 ) . The same measurements were repeated after incisor retraction was completed PostTreatment ( T2 ) . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Student 's t-test , Pearson correlation coefficient . RESULTS There was a significant difference in retraction time ( days ) between control and corticotomy groups ( p<0.001 ) . Also , there were significant difference in total alveolar bone thickness at the crest region for all the four incisor teeth ( p<0.05 ) . A significant difference was observed in total alveolar bone thickness at the S2 and S3 level for 11 , 21 and 11 , 12 and 22 ( p<0.05 ) respectively . CONCLUSION Alveolar corticotomies not only accelerates the orthodontic treatment but , also provides the advantage of increased alveolar width to support the teeth and overlying structures BACKGROUND Corticotomy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement , also defined as corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment ( CAOT ) , is a promising technique that recently had many applications in orthodontics . AIM The purpose of this study was to compare the use of piezoelectric surgery and conventional rotatory osteotomy technique for CAOT , determining the duration of surgery and oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS CAOT was performed in a sample of subjects , r and omly choosing piezoelectric surgery ( PS Group ) or conventional rotary osteotomy technique ( RT Group ) . The duration of surgery was recorded and the oral health-related quality of life evaluated using the short form Oral Health Impact Profile ( OHIP-14 ) preoperatively , 3 and 7 days after surgery . t-test and Cronbach 's alpha were used for statistical analysis . RESULTS 12 patients ( mean age 14 ; range : 13 - 17 ) were enrolled . The time needed to complete the osteotomy cuts was greater ( p = 0.1 ) for the piezoelectric surgery group ( mean 34.3 minutes ; range 35.3 - 32.6 ) than for the rotator group(mean 28.2 minutes ; range 27.1 - 29.2 ) . Oral health-related quality of life deteriorated from baseline ( OHIP-14 mean : 6.33 ) to first follow-up , 3 day after surgery , in both groups ( PS Group : 22.67 OHIP-14 ; RT Group : 21.33 OHIP-14 ) . At 7 days follow-up there was a nearly complete recovery of the original OHIP-14 values , even faster with the conventional rotary osteotomy technique ; however , no statistically significant differences were recorded between the two methods ( p = 0.35 ) . Cronbach 's alpha values indicated an excellent internal consistency reliability . CONCLUSIONS In clinical decision-making regarding the use of corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment , it should be aware of the expected decrease in oral health-related quality of life both using piezoelectric surgery or rotary osteotomy technique . In addition , the piezoelectric osteotomy requires a longer surgical time AIM To evaluate the effect of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics ( CFO ) in adults using a further modified technique versus traditional therapy in orthodontic tooth movement . METHODS Twenty adult orthodontic patients with moderate crowding of the lower anterior teeth were r and omly divided and treated with either a modified technique of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontic tooth movement ( Group I ) or conventional orthodontic therapy ( Group II ) . Total treatment time was calculated in weeks from the time of activation of the orthodontic appliance immediately following the corticotomy procedure to the time of debracketing . Clinical periodontal parameters and st and ardized periapical radiographs were recorded at baseline , post-orthodontic treatment ( time of debracketing ) and six months post-operatively . The primary radiographic variables were root length and bone density . RESULTS Treatment duration for patients in both groups ranged from 14 - 20 weeks . There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the treatment duration : 17.5 + /- 2.8 weeks in the CFO group and 49 + /- 12.3 weeks in the conventional orthodontic therapy group . No significant changes occurred in clinical probing depth in either group at any time interval . The net percentage of change that occurred in bone density from baseline to six months post-treatment was not statistically significantly different between the two groups . Group I demonstrated a net decrease in bone density of 21.8 % , while Group II demonstrated a net decrease of 37.2 % . Group I demonstrated an average net decrease in root length of 0.02 + /- 0.10 mm , while Group II demonstrated an average net decrease of 1.4 + /- 0.8 mm , which was not statistically significantly different . CONCLUSION The results of the current study suggest that corticotomy-facilitated orthodontic tooth movement using a further modified technique significantly reduces the total time of treatment . In addition , the incidence of root resorption and adverse effect on teeth investing tissues associated with orthodontic tooth movement were reduced . Moreover , the acceleration of tooth movement through the proposed technique motivated patient cooperation OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the anchorage loss , amount and time of canine retraction , and canine tipping concomitant with  periodontal ligament distraction ( PLD ) using intermittent and continuous forces . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This was a split mouth r and omized clinical trial involving 30 patients in need of first premolar extraction . For each patient , one side was r and omly allocated to receive a screw-based dental distractor , and the other side a continuous force coil spring distractor . Molar and canine movements were recorded on study casts using the rugae as reference . Changes in the long axis of the canines were evaluated from pre- and post distraction panoramic radiographs . RESULTS On the screw side , molars moved mesially 2.5±0.9 mm . The canine tipped distally a mean of 10.5 ° ±3.1 ° . The average time needed for canine retraction was 5.3±1.3 weeks . In the coil side , the molar mesial movement was not statistically different from the screw group ( 2.8±1.5 mm ) . The canine moved bodily with a mean distal tip of 0.27 ° ±1.75 ° in a period of 27.8±6.6 weeks . CONCLUSIONS Anchorage loss occurs with dental distraction using either intermittent or continuous force . No significant difference in anchorage loss was found with either type of force . The surgical intervention did not shorten the time needed for canine retraction using the continuous force . Continuous force leads to slow bodily retraction of the canine unlike the intermittent force which leads to rapid tipping of the canine 
    Output:
    
RESULTS All the studies agree that corticotomy prior to orthodontic treatment accelerates dental movement , reducing the treatment time .
With regard to side-effects , no periodontal damage was found , although this was only studied in the short term .