***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A growing number of empirical studies have revealed that diaphragmatic breathing may trigger body relaxation responses and benefit both physical and mental health . However , the specific benefits of diaphragmatic breathing on mental health remain largely unknown . The present study aim ed to investigate the effect of diaphragmatic breathing on cognition , affect , and cortisol responses to stress . Forty participants were r and omly assigned to either a  breathing intervention group ( BIG ) or a control group ( CG ) . The BIG received intensive training for 20 sessions , implemented over 8 weeks , employing a real-time feedback device , and an average respiratory rate of 4 breaths/min , while the CG did not receive this treatment . All participants completed pre- and post-tests of sustained attention and affect . Additionally , pre-test and post-test salivary cortisol concentrations were determined in both groups . The findings suggested that the BIG showed a significant decrease in negative affect after intervention , compared to baseline . In the diaphragmatic breathing condition , there was a significant interaction effect of group by time on sustained attention , whereby the BIG showed significantly increased sustained attention after training , compared to baseline . There was a significant interaction effect of group and time in the diaphragmatic breathing condition on cortisol levels , whereby the BIG had a significantly lower cortisol level after training , while the CG showed no significant change in cortisol levels . In conclusion , diaphragmatic breathing could improve sustained attention , affect , and cortisol levels . This study provided evidence demonstrating the effect of diaphragmatic breathing , a mind-body practice , on mental function , from a health psychology approach , which has important implication s for health promotion in healthy individuals OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to vali date the effects of a simplified , gentle form of t'ai chi chuan in patients with type 2 diabetes and who are also obese . DESIGN The study was design ed to be a r and omized controlled trial . SETTING This study was conducted in the department of metabolism and endocrinology at Cheng Ching Hospital , in Taichung , Taiwan . SUBJECTS The study subjects were hospital-based patients with type 2 diabetes and who were also obese ( ages 40 - 70 , with a body-mass index [ BMI ] range of 30 - 35 ) . The patients were r and omly selected and grouped into t'ai chi exercise ( TCE ) and conventional exercise ( CE ) groups . INTERVENTIONS After receiving instruction in t'ai chi , the TCE group and the CE group practice d three times per week , including one practice session lasting up to 1 hour , for 12 weeks . OUTCOME MEASURES Hemoglobin A1C , serum lipid profile , serum malondialdehyde , and C-reactive protein were measured . Physical parameters of body weight and BMI were also measured . Diet and medications of participants were monitored carefully while biochemical and physical conditions were analyzed . RESULTS After 12 weeks , hemoglobin A1C values of the TCE group did not decrease ( 8.9 ± 2.7 % : 8.3 ± 2.2 % ; p = 0.064 ) . BMI ( 33.5 ± 4.8 : 31.3 ± 4.2 ; p = 0.038 ) and serum lipids , including triglyceride ( 214 ± 47 mg/dL : 171 ± 34 mg/dL ; p = 0.012 ) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 38 ± 16 mg/dL : 45 ± 18 mg/dL ; p = 0.023 ) had significant improvements . Serum malondialdehyde tended to decrease from baseline ( 2.66 ± 0.78 μmol/L : 2.31 ± 0.55 μmol/L ; p = 0.035 ) , and C-reactive protein also decreased ( 0.39 ± 0.19 mg/dL : 0.22 ± 0.15 mg/dL ; p = 0.014 ) . No improvements occurred in BMI , lipids , and oxidative stress profiles in the CE group . CONCLUSIONS T'ai chi exercise practice d by patients who are obese and have type 2 diabetes is efficient and safe when supervised by professionals and helps improve parameters , such as BMI , lipid profile , C-reactive protein , and malondialdehyde . Periodic monitoring of blood glucose , blood pressure , heart rate , breathing , physical fitness , and symptoms of discomfort of patients who exercise helps prevent injury . Simple , gentle TCE can be applied as regular daily exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes even when such patients are obese OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of psychosocial stress at work on risk of type 2 diabetes , adjusting for conventional risk factors , among a sample of British , white-collar , middle-aged men and women . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospect i ve analysis ( 1991–2004 ) from the Whitehall II cohort study . The current sample consists of 5,895 Caucasian middle-aged civil servants free from diabetes at baseline . Type 2 diabetes was ascertained by an oral glucose tolerance test supplemented by self-reports at baseline and four consecutive waves of data collection including two screening phases . The job strain and iso-strain models were used to assess psychosocial work stress .  RESULTS Iso-strain in the workplace was associated with a twofold higher risk of type 2 diabetes in age-adjusted analysis in women but not in men ( hazard ratio 1.94 [ 95 % CI 1.17–3.21 ) . This effect remained robust to adjustment for socioeconomic position and outside work stressors and was only attenuated by 20 % after adjustment for health behaviors , obesity , and other type 2 diabetes risk factors . CONCLUSIONS  Psychosocial work stress  was an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes among women after a 15-year follow-up . This association was not explained by potential confounding and mediating factors . More evidence from prospect i ve studies using the same work stress models is needed to support the current findings and provide further information on sex differences Background Yoga has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as a beneficial adjuvant for type 2 diabetes mellitus . This study investigated the impact of Hatha yoga and conventional physical training ( PT ) exercise regimens on biochemical , oxidative stress indicators and oxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods This prospect i ve r and omized study consisted of 77 type 2 diabetic patients in the Hatha yoga exercise group that were matched with a similar number of type 2 diabetic patients in the conventional PT exercise and control groups . Biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , very low-density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) were determined at baseline and at two consecutive three monthly intervals . The oxidative stress indicators ( malondialdehyde – MDA , protein oxidation – POX , phospholipase A2 – PLA2 activity ) and oxidative status [ superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase activities ] were measured . Results The concentrations of FBG in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups after six months decreased by 29.48 % and 27.43 % respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) and there was a significant reduction in serum TC in both groups ( P < 0.0001 ) . The concentrations of VLDL in the managed groups after six months differed significantly from baseline values ( P = 0.036 ) . Lipid peroxidation as indicated by MDA significantly decreased by 19.9 % and 18.1 % in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively ( P < 0.0001 ) ; whilst the activity of SOD significantly increased by 24.08 % and 20.18 % respectively ( P = 0.031 ) . There was no significant difference in the baseline and 6 months activities of PLA2 and catalase after six months although the latter increased by 13.68 % and 13.19 % in the Hatha yoga and conventional PT exercise groups respectively ( P = 0.144 ) . Conclusion The study demonstrate the efficacy of Hatha yoga exercise on fasting blood glucose , lipid profile , oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes and suggest that Hatha yoga exercise and conventional PT exercise may have therapeutic preventative and protective effects on diabetes mellitus by decreasing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant status . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR ) : Background Type two diabetes is a complex and dem and ing chronic disease and its impact in a state ( Kerala ) which leads India in terms of the number of people with Diabetes is profound . Though the male to female ratio among the people with diabetes is roughly equal , women are uniquely and more severely affected . Management of type two Diabetes requires considerable dexterity on the part of the patient to manage drugs , diet and exercise . Therefore , in a low middle-income country like India it is necessary to look at low cost interventions that can empower the patient and build on available re sources to help manage diabetes . Hence , we studied the feasibility and effect of two low cost interventions ; yoga and peer support on glycaemic and other outcomes among women with type two diabetes . Methods An open label parallel three armed r and omized control trial was conducted among 124 recruited women with Diabetes for three months . Block r and omization with a block length of six was carried out with each group having at least 41 women . In the Yoga arm , sessions by an instructor , consisting of a group of postures coordinated with breathing were conducted for an hour , two days a week . In the peer support arm each peer mentor after training visited 13–14 women with diabetes every week followed by a phone call . The meeting was about applying disease management or prevention plans in daily life . Results There was a trend in decline of fasting plasma glucose in the peer and yoga group and of glycosylated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) in the yoga group only , though not significant . A significant decrease was observed in diastolic blood pressure and hip circumference in the yoga group . The process indicated that most ( 80 % ) of the women in the yoga group attended classes regularly and 90 % of the women in the peer group reported that peer mentoring was useful . Conclusion The effect of yoga and peer support on glycaemic outcomes was incremental . Longer term studies are necessary to ascertain the benefits shown by this feasibility study .Trial registration CTRI/2011/12/002227 date d 14/12/2011 OBJECTIVE We sought to prospect ively evaluate the impact of a 10 minute seated yoga program added to st and ard comprehensive diabetes care on glucose control and cardiovascular health in the severely ill , medically complex diabetic population . METHOD A total of 10 patients with type 2 diabetes , ages 49 - 77 , with duration of diabetes > 10 years and haemoglobin A1C > 9 % ( 75 mmol/mol ) were included in the study . Patients r and omized to a yoga intervention were taught a 10 minute seated yoga practice , were given an explanatory DVD and a fold-out pocket guide to encourage adherence at home , and were instructed to incorporate the practice as often as they could . The patients in the control arm were provided information and h and outs on the available yoga classes on campus . RESULTS At 3 month clinical follow up , the mean decrease in fasting capillary blood glucose ( CBG ) was 45 % among yoga participants ( -5.2 ± 4.1 mmol/L ) . Heart rate ( HR ) dropped by 18 % and Diastolic blood pressure ( BP ) dropped by 29 % in the intervention arm , ( -12.4 ± 6.69 and -26 ± 12.05 mmHg , respectively ) . There were no statistically significant changes in the haemoglobin A1C , systolic blood pressure , weight , or body mass index in either group . CONCLUSION Our small pilot study reinforces the current medical evidence supporting the use of yoga , combined with st and ard care , to improve health outcomes in diabetes Introduction India has become the epicentre for diabetes , a stress-related disorder affecting the working skills and day-to-day lifestyle management of younger population . Most of the studies have reported the effect of yoga on improving Quality of Life ( QoL ) in diabetic patients with other comorbidities . Till date , no r and omized control trial reports are available to show the effect of yoga therapy on QoL and Indian Diabetes Risk Score ( IDRS ) in normotensive prediabetic and diabetic young individuals . Aim To determine the effect of 12 weeks of yoga therapy on QoL and IDRS among normotensive prediabetic and diabetic young Indian adults . Material s and Methods A r and omized control trial was conducted in Endocrinology Outpatient Department ( OPD ) . Normotensive participants ( n=310 ) aged 18 - 45 years were divided into healthy controls ( n=62 ) , prediabetics ( n=124 ) and diabetics ( n=124 ) . Study group subjects were r and omly assigned to Group II ( n=62 , prediabetes-st and ard treatment ) , Group III ( n=62 , prediabetes-st and ard treatment + yoga therapy ) , Group IV ( n=62 , diabetes-st and ard treatment ) and Group V ( n=6 
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Results Meta-analyses showed that meditative movements significantly improved FBG , HbA1c , PPBG , TC , LDL-C , and HDL-C. No improvement was found in BMI .
Conclusions The results demonstrated a favorable effect or tendency of meditative movements to improve blood glucose and blood lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus .