***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A total of 108 heifers were included in a placebo-controlled multicenter study on the use of an experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine containing whole , inactivated bacteria with pseudocapsule , alpha and beta toxoids , and a mineral oil as adjuvant . The heifers were injected in the area of the supramammary lymph nodes twice before calving and were observed and sample d throughout the first lactation . None of the vaccinated cows suffered from clinical Staph . aureus mastitis , and only 8.6 % suffered from sub clinical Staph . aureus mastitis , but a total of 16.0 % of the control cows suffered from clinical or sub clinical Staph . aureus mastitis . Mean SCC in vaccinated and control cows were the same throughout the lactation . Local swellings at the injection site were palpable in a substantial proportion of the vaccinated cows . In the statistical analyses , when cow was used as the unit of concern , no significant differences occurred between groups . However , when all parameters on udder health were considered together , the results indicated a potential protective effect of this vaccine during the entire lactation A vaccine was developed against bovine mastitis based on inactivated , highly encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus cells ; a crude extract of Staph . aureus exopolysaccharides ; and inactivated , unencapsulated Staph , aureus and Streptococcus spp . cells . This vaccine was tested on 30 heifers during a 7-mo period . The 30 heifers were r and omly assigned to three groups of 10 heifers each . The prepartum group received two injections of the vaccine at 8 and 4 wk before calving , and the postpartum group received two injections at 1 and 5 wk after calving . The control group received two injections of a placebo at 8 and 4 wk before calving . The vaccine or the placebo was administered subcutaneously in the brachiocephalicus muscle of the neck . The frequencies of intramammary infections caused by Staph . aureus were reduced from 18.8 % for heifers in the control group to 6.7 and 6.0 % for heifers in the prepartum and postpartum groups , respectively . This protective effect was maintained for at least 6 mo . The relative risk of mastitis caused by Staph . aureus was 0.31 and 0.28 for heifers in the prepartum and postpartum groups , respectively , compared with that for heifers in the control group . The results of the trial indicated the effectiveness of the vaccine in decreasing the incidence of intrammammary infections caused by Staph . aureus . A slight but nonsignificant increase occurred in fat production in the milk of vaccinated cows . The vaccine had no observable effect on somatic cell count or streptococcal infections Sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from bovine sources in the USA and the Republic of Irel and were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis ( MLEE ) , ribotyping , and r and om amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction ( RAPD-PCR ) typing at two separate laboratories . The S. aureus isolates were assigned by MLEE to 10 electrophoretic types ( ETs ) ( Index of Discrimination , D = 0.779 ) . In contrast , the same isolates were assigned to 13 ribotypes ( D = 0.888 ) , and to 12 RAPD types ( D = 0.898 ) . A common clone , ET3 , of worldwide distribution , was represented by six distinct combinations of ribotypes and RAPD types . S. aureus clones recovered from cows in Irel and were also associated with mastitis in dairy cows in the USA . These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that only a few specialized clones of S. aureus are responsible for the majority of cases of bovine mastitis , and that these clones have a broad geographic distribution The objective of the present study was to analyze an extracellular component from Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) , which we refer to as slime associated antigenic complex ( SAAC ) , and to investigate the role of SAAC-specific antibody production in protection from S. aureus bovine mastitis . Twelve primiparous gestating cows were r and omly assigned to one of the three groups : Group 1 was vaccinated with a S. aureus bacterin with very limited SAAC content ; Group 2 received a S. aureus bacterin with high SAAC content and Group 3 served as unvaccinated controls . Animals were vaccinated at 45 days before the expected parturition date and revaccinated 35 days later . All groups were challenged by intramammary infusion with a virulent heterologous strain of S. aureus 23 days after calving . Antibody response against SAAC in serum and in milk , general clinical signs , mastitis score , somatic cell count ( SCC ) and count of S. aureus in milk were evaluated before and after challenge . Immunization with a high SAAC content in the S. aureus bacterin ( Group 2 ) significantly enhanced antibody titers against SAAC ( in serum and milk ) and reduced the S. aureus concentration in milk during the post-challenge period compared to Group 1 and Group 3 . Moreover , a significant negative correlation was observed between SAAC antibody production on the day of the challenge and the S. aureus count in milk by 1 day after challenge . However , there was no evidence of a difference between vaccinated and control groups with regard to clinical signs of mastitis following the challenge . Nevertheless , the SAAC antibody concentration on the day of the challenge negatively correlated with the mastitis score in quarters infected with S. aureus at 2 days post-challenge . These results indicate that the vaccines did not prevent S. aureus intramammary infection ( IMI ) after the experimental challenge , but immunization with a S. aureus bacterin with high SAAC content was able to reduce S. aureus multiplication in the mammary gl and after challenge and suggests that the SAAC-specific antibody response could be involved in the protection against S. aureus intramammary infection . Although further studies should be performed to confirm the efficacy ( under experimental conditions and in field trials ) , we propose bacterins from strong biofilm-producing bacteria and with high SAAC content , rather than with limited SAAC content , as a cost-efficient vaccine design against S. aureus bovine mastitis A vaccine composed of three field isolates of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) derived from cases of mastitis in cows was developed . The vaccine was administered to nine uninfected cows while 10 other cows were used as controls . All cows were challenged with a highly virulent S. aureus strain administered into two quarters of each cow . Quarters were tested for clinical signs , secretion of S. aureus , and somatic cell count ( SCC ) . No systemic effects were observed in any of the cows , vaccinated or control . Vaccinated cows had 70 % protection from infection compared with fewer than 10 % in the controls . Moreover , all quarters challenged in the vaccinated cows , regardless of whether they were successfully infected or not with S. aureus , exhibited very mild inflammatory reactions , identified by their low SCCs ( < 100,000 ) A recently described new Staphylococcus aureus vaccine " MASTIVAC I " ( Patent no. PTC/IL98/00627 ) against S. aureus udder infection elicited protection against experimentally induced infection in cows . In the present paper we describe a large-scale vaccination field trial . A total of 452 Israeli Holstein heifers were included in the study over two consecutive years . Approximately half of the heifers ( 228 ) were vaccinated while the others ( 224 ) served as a control group . Antibody response was detected in all vaccinated animals 4 - 5 weeks post- primary immunization and it was sustained throughout the experimental period ( 300 - 330 days ) . S. aureus infection could be detected in only 3 out of 228 animals ( 1.3 % ) in the vaccinated group and in 6 out of 224 ( 2.7 % ) in the control group . These numbers were too low to be statistically evaluated . However , when somatic cell counts ( SCC ) and milk yields were considered , a significant difference was found between the two groups , namely , the vaccinated cows in first and second lactation had 42 and 54 % , respectively , lower SCCs and milk yields 0.5 kg per day higher than the non-vaccinated control cows . These results suggest that the new vaccine elicits a non-specific health improvement of the udder in addition to specific protection against S. aureus A placebo-controlled field study was performed to evaluate the effect of a herd-specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus on intramammary infection ( IMI ) , somatic cell count ( SCC ) and clinical mastitis .  Three hundred and twenty-one heifers were assigned to two groups . Heifers in the vaccination group ( n = 164 ) were vaccinated twice , i.e. 5 and 2 weeks before their expected calving date . Animals of the  control group ( n = 157 ) received the same treatment with a placebo containing no bacterial antigen . Quarter milk sample s were collected immediately after parturition prior to the first machine milking , 3 - 4 weeks after calving and before the onset of treatment in animals with signs of clinical mastitis during the first 3 months after calving . For comparison of SCC the data from the monthly milk test records were evaluated . The prevalence of S. aureus in quarter milk sample s taken at calving and 3 - 4 weeks post-partum did not differ significantly between the vaccine and control group . Incidence of clinical mastitis during the first 3 months after calving and the prevalence of S. aureus in quarter milk sample s taken before the onset of treatment did not differ significantly between the groups . The SCC was lower in vaccinated than in control heifers . However , the difference was only significant on the third milk test day . Regarding prevalence of IMI with S. aureus and incidence of clinical mastitis the use of a herd-specific vaccine against S. aureus did not prove to be efficient on this farm A crude ginseng extract ( GS ) and the purified ginsenoside R(b1 ) ( R(b1 ) ) were evaluated for their adjuvant effects in dairy cattle at immunisation with ovalbumin ( OVA ) and /or a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin used for prevention of bovine mastitis . To evaluate a suitable dose of GS as an adjuvant , 36 lactating cows were r and omly divided into six groups . The cows were inoculated twice intramuscularly with a 2-week interval , with saline solution , OVA in saline , or OVA in combination with 4 , 16 or 64 mg GS , or Al(OH)(3 ) . The level of specific antibodies to OVA in serum and milk whey was measured before immunisations and 1 - 5 weeks after the second immunisation . The antibody response in serum was significantly higher in animals immunised with OVA and GS than in animals immunised with OVA alone . A significant increase in milk antibody titres compared with OVA only was only found 2 weeks after the second immunisation in the group immunised with OVA and 4 mg GS . In the second part of the study , 18 heifers were r and omly divided into three groups and were immunised twice intramuscularly with a two week interval , with the S. aureus bacterin ( control ) , or with the bacterin in combination with 4 mg GS or 1 mg R(b1 ) . The specific antibody response to S. aureus and the lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with PWM , concanavalin A ( Con A ) or a specific S. aureus antigen was evaluated in blood sample s taken before and after immunisations as specified above . Addition of R(b1 ) result ed both in significantly higher antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation in response to PWM , Con A and S. aureus antigens than in the control group . Addition of GS induced a significantly higher lymphocyte proliferation in response to PWM and Con A than the control , but had no additional effect on the antibody production . In conclusion , both GS and R(b1 ) were safe adjuvants , and R(b1 ) had the strongest adjuvant effects , when used for immunisation against S. aureus in dairy cattle . Field trials are warranted to test the ability of GS and R(b1 ) to enhance the efficacy of mastitis vaccines in protection against intramammary infections Vaccination-challenge experiments were carried out with dairy heifers using new , killed cell-toxoid-adjuvant Staphylococcus aureus vaccines . The organisms in the vaccines were cultured under conditions which simulated in vivo growth and induced expression of a pseudocapsule . Dextran sulphate which promotes synthesis of IgG2 antibody was included in the vaccines as the primary adjuvant . Vaccinated heifers developed very high levels of both IgG1 and IgG2 anti-pseudocapsule antibody in serum , however , titres of neutralising antibody against toxoided haemolysins were generally low . Vaccinated and unvaccinated control heifers were challenged by intramammary infusion of three virulent strains of S aureus in four experiments . Vaccinated heifers were more resistant to clinical mastitis following challenge than were controls 
    Output:
    
This systematic review suggests that vaccines that employ new technologies ( DNA and /or recombinant protein vaccines ) and some long-st and ing bacterins have achieved good results , which supports their use in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus .