***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of high-velocity training in healthy older persons . DESIGN A 12-week r and omized trial , with subjects blocked for gender and residence , comparing high-velocity resistance training with a self-paced walking program . SETTING Retirement community . PARTICIPANTS Forty-three volunteers over the age of 70 years . INTERVENTION Power group : high-velocity leg exercises 3 times weekly with weekly increases in resistance combined with 45 minutes of moderate , nonresistance exercise weekly . Walking group : moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes daily , 6 days weekly . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables measured included leg press peak power and leg extensor strength . Functional performance outcomes included : 6-minute walk distance , Short Physical Performance Battery , Physical Performance Test , and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey . RESULTS Peak power improved 22 % ( p = .004 ) in the power group ( 3.7 + /- 1.0 W/kg to 4.5 + /- 1.4 W/kg ) but did not change in the walking group ( 3.99 + /-.76 W/kg to 3.65 + /-.94 W/kg ) . Leg extensor power at resistance of 50 % , 60 % , and 70 % of body weight increased 50 % , 77 % , and 141 % , respectively , in the power group ( p < .0001 , repeated- measures analysis of variance ) . Strength improved 22 % in the power-trained individuals and 12 % in the walkers ( p < .0001 ) . Training did not improve functional task performance in either group . One subject developed a radiculopathy during training . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training focusing on speed of movement improved leg power and maximal strength substantially , but did not improve functional performance in healthy high-functioning older volunteers Objective . To assess the effectiveness of an intervention planned and implemented by regional geriatric care teams in order to prevent disability in an elderly population . Design . R and omized , controlled trial with intention-to-treat and subgroup analyses . Subjects and setting . All home-dwelling persons aged 85 years or older in the City of Oulu ( n = 555 , 67 % ) , including 486 persons with a history of recurrent falls or at least one risk factor for disability in the activities of daily living ( ADL ) or mobility . Interventions . Programme consisting of home exercise , walking exercise , group exercise , and self-care exercise . Main outcome measures . Change in ADL and mobility during the intervention . Results . Change in ADL performance did not differ ( p = 0.462 ) but a positive change was found in mobility performance ( p = 0.013 ) in the intervention subjects ( n = 243 ) compared with the controls ( n = 243 ) . At the end of the intervention period , severe mobility restrictions existed similarly in intervention and control subjects : 48 ( 34 % ) and 46 ( 31 % ) ( p = 0.650 ) respectively . Frequency of admissions into long-term institutional care were similar in intervention and control groups : 15 ( 7 % ) and 13 ( 6 % ) ( p = 0.669 ) . Impaired balance existed in fewer intervention subjects ( 64 , 45 % ) than controls ( 89 , 59 % ) ( p = 0.015 ) . Frequency and times of home exercise activity reduced in control subjects ( p < 0.001 ) but did not change in subjects assigned to home exercise intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion . A pragmatic intervention slowed down the reduction of movement performance but positive effects could not be found in subjects with severe movement and any ADL dysfunction . Positive effects were also found in balance performance OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults STUDY OBJECTIVE In the causative mechanism of falls among older community dwellers , slips and trips have been found to be significant precursors . The purpose of the two year trial was to assess the effectiveness of multi-component interventions targeting major risk factors for falls in reducing the incidence of slips , trips and falls among the well , older community . DESIGN Four groups with approximately equal numbers of participants were r and omly allocated to interventions . The prevention strategies included education and awareness raising of falls risk factors , exercise sessions to improve strength and balance , home safety advice to modify environmental hazards , and medical assessment to optimise health . The interventions combined the strategies in an add on approach . The first intervention group receiving the information session only was regarded as the control . The outcome of interest was the occurrence of a slip , trip or fall , monitored prospect ively using a daily calendar diary . PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two hundred and fifty two members of the National Seniors Association in the Brisbane district agreed to participate . National Seniors clubs provide a forum for active , community dwelling Australians aged 50 and over to participate in policy , personal development and recreation . MAIN RESULTS Using Cox 's proportional hazards regression model , adjusted hazard ratios comparing intervention groups with the control ranged from 0.35 ( 95 % CI 0.17 , 0.73 ) to 0.48 ( 0.25 , 0.91 ) for slips ; 0.29 ( 0.16 , 0.51 ) to 0.45 ( 0.27 , 0.74 ) for trips ; and 0.60 ( 0.36 , 1.01 ) to 0.82 ( 0.51 , 1.31 ) for falls . While calendar monitoring recorded outcome , it was also assessed as a prevention strategy by comparing the intervention groups with a hypothetical non-intervened group . At one year after intervention , reductions in the probability of slips , trips and falls ( 61(95%CI 54 , 66)% ; 56 ( 49 , 63)% ; 29 ( 22 , 36)% respectively ) were demonstrated . CONCLUSIONS This study makes an important contribution to the priority community health issue of falls prevention by showing that effective , sustainable , low cost programmes can be introduced through community-based organisations to reduce the incidence of slips , trips and falls in well , older people OBJECTIVE to determine the effect of risk factor modification and balance exercise on falls rates in residential care homes . DESIGN cluster r and omised controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS 196 residents ( aged 60 years or over ) in 20 residential care homes were enrolled ( 38 % response rate ) . Homes were r and omly allocated to intervention and control arms . A total of 102 residents were consigned to the intervention arm and 94 to the control arm . INTERVENTION a multifactorial falls prevention programme including 3 months gait and balance training , medication review , podiatry and optometry . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES number of falls/recurrent falls per person , number of medications per person , and change in Tinetti gait and balance measure . RESULTS in the intervention group there was a mean of 2.2 falls per resident per year compared with 4.0 in the control group ; this failed to reach statistical significance ( P = 0.2 ) once the intra-cluster correlation ( ICC , 0.10 ) had been accounted for . Several risk factors were reduced in the intervention arm . CONCLUSIONS falls risk factor reduction is possible in residents of care homes . A modest reduction in falls rates was demonstrated but this failed to reach statistical significance OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of high-frequency whole-body vibration ( WBV ) on balancing ability in elderly women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . Subjects were r and omized to either the WBV intervention or the no-treatment control group . SETTING Community-living elderly women . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-nine elderly women aged 60 or above without habitual exercise . INTERVENTION Side alternating WBV at 20Hz with 3 minutes a day and 3 days a week for 3 months in the WBV intervention group . Those in control group remained sedentary with normal daily life for the whole study period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Limits of stability in terms of reaction time , movement velocity , directional control , endpoint excursion , maximum excursion , and the functional reach test were performed at baseline and endpoint . RESULTS Significant enhancement of stability was detected in movement velocity ( P<.01 ) , maximum point excursion ( P<.01 ) , in directional control ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS WBV was effective in improving the balancing ability in elderly women . This also provides evidence to support our user-friendly WBV treatment protocol of 3 minutes a day for the elderly to maintain their balancing ability and reduce risks of fall OBJECTIVES To determine the relative effect of education and activity programs on fear of falling , balance , strength , and health status . DESIGN A r and omized intervention trial with two groups ( education and activity ) ; evaluators were blind to group allocation . SETTING Motor performance laboratory at Queen 's University . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight community-dwelling seniors who reported a fear of falling and activity restriction but were free of neurological and mobility-limiting orthopedic conditions .  INTERVENTIONS Programs design ed to reduce fear of falling were delivered weekly to groups of three to five seniors for 8 weeks , each session lasting 1 hour . The activity program included low-resistance exercises and weight-shifting activities . Education focused on identifying and reducing risk factors for falls . MEASUREMENTS Balance confidence , activity level , limits of stability ( LOS ) , isokinetic strength , and health status were measured twice preintervention ( baseline ) , postintervention , and 6 weeks later . RESULTS Both programs reduced fear of falling ( P < .006 ) as ascertained from the balance confidence scores . Differential effects were observed in LOS ( P < .05 ) ; activity improved balance , whereas education led to modest declines . Gains in perception of health status were limited to physical health for the activity group and mental health for the education group . Benefits were generally sustained at follow-up . CONCLUSION Improved balance confidence is not intervention-specific , but associated changes in physical ability and health status are a function of the composition of the intervention program OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in healthy older people more than 75 years of age . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up was conducted . SETTING The study was performed in the rural town of Kahoku , Japan , the population of which is considered representative of the older population of Japan . PARTICIPANTS We studied 42 healthy volunteers ( 18 men and 24 women ; mean age , 79 years ( range 75 to 87 years ) ) who were r and omly assigned to one of two groups , exercise or control . INTERVENTION Subjects assigned to the exercise group were instructed to exercise for 60 minutes twice a week for 6 months . Subjects in the control group were not instructed to engage in an specific exercise regimen . MEASUREMENTS The following measurements were recorded for both groups at baseline and at 6-month follow-up : ( 1 ) Neurobehavioral function as determined by the following tests : Mini-Mental State Exam ( MMSE ) , Hasegawa Dementia Scale Revised ( HDSR ) , Visuospatial Cognitive Performance Test ( VCP-test ) , Button score , Up & Go test , and Functional Reach ; and ( 2 ) Body mass index and blood pressure . RESULTS The effects of exercise were shown in the Up & Go test , and Functional Reach ( ANOVA with repeated measures ) . CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the acceptability and effectiveness of exercise on neurobehavioral function , even in older people more than 75 years of age OBJECTIVES This r and omized controlled trial studied the 
    Output:
    
Multiple exercise types ( combinations of the above ) ( 43 studies of which 29 provided data for one or more primary outcomes ): Timed Up & Go Test ( MD -1.63 s ; 95 % CI -2.28 to -0.98 s , 635 participants , 12 studies ) ; st and ing on one leg for as long as possible with eyes open ( MD 5.03 s ; 95 % CI 1.19 to 8.87 s , 545 participants , 9 studies ) , and with eyes closed ( ( MD 1.60 s ; 95 % CI -0.01 to 3.20 s , 176 participants , 2 studies ) ; walking speed ( SMD 0.04 ; 95 % CI -0.10 to 0.17 , 818 participants , 15 studies ) ; and the Berg Balance Scale ( ( MD 1.84 points ; 95 % CI 0.71 to 2.97 points , 80 participants , 2 studies ) .Few adverse events were reported but most studies did not monitor or report adverse events .
In general , the more effective programmes ran three times a week for three months and involved dynamic exercise in st and ing .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS There is weak evidence that some types of exercise ( gait , balance , co-ordination and functional tasks ; strengthening exercise ; 3D exercise and multiple exercise types ) are moderately effective , immediately post intervention , in improving clinical balance outcomes in older people .
Such interventions are probably safe .
There is either no or insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions for general physical activity ( walking or cycling ) and exercise involving computerised balance programmes or vibration plates .