***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background So far , studies investigating Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) training in medical students are conducted in self-selected , pre- clinical sample s , with modest response rates without collecting data on non- participants . This study first examines interest and participation rates of students starting their clinical clerkships . Second , it compares students interested in a mindfulness training with non-interested students and students participating in a trial on the effect of MBSR with non-participating students on levels of psychological distress , personality traits , cognitive styles and mindfulness skills . Methods We examined two student sample s from the Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen : Study 1 From March to December 2010 we performed a cross-sectional pilot- study among 4th year medical students starting their clinical clerkships , assessing interest in a MBSR training . We compared scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory , the Neo Five Factor Inventory and the Five Facet Mindfulness Question  naire of interested students with those of non-interested students using t-tests with Bonferroni correction . Study 2 From February 2011 to August 2012 we invited 4th year medical students starting their clinical clerkships to participate in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) on the effectiveness of MBSR . We compared scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory , the Irrational Beliefs Inventory and the Five Facet Mindfulness Question  naire of participating students with those of non- participants using t-tests with Bonferroni correction . Results Study 1 : Ninety-five out of 179 participating students ( 53 % ) were interested in a MBSR training . Interested students scored significantly higher on psychological distress ( p = .004 ) and neuroticism ( p < .001 ) , than 84 non-interested students . Study 2 : Of 232 eligible students , 167 ( 72 % ) participated in our RCT . Participants scored significantly higher on psychological distress ( p = .001 ) , worrying ( p = .002 ) , problem avoidance ( p = .005 ) and lower on mindfulness skills ( p = .002 ) than 41 non- participants . Conclusions Interest in mindfulness training and response rates in a RCT on the effectiveness of MBSR among clinical clerkship students are equal to ( study 1 ) or higher ( study 2 ) than in studies on pre- clinical students . Interested students and participants in a RCT reported more psychological distress and psychopathology related character traits . Participants scored lower on mindfulness skills Background Distress and burnout among medical and psychology professionals are commonly reported and have implication s for the quality of patient care delivered . Already in the course of university studies , medicine and psychology students report mental distress and low life satisfaction . There is a need for interventions that promote better coping skills in students in order to prevent distress and future burnout . This study examines the effect of a seven-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) programme on mental distress , study stress , burnout , subjective well-being , and mindfulness of medical and psychology students . Methods A total of 288 students ( mean age = 23 years , 76 % female ) from the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø were r and omly allocated to an intervention or control group . The control group continued with their st and ard university courses and received no intervention . Participants were evaluated using self-reported measures both before and after the intervention . These were : the ‘ General Health Question naire , Maslach Burnout Inventory Student version , Perceived Medical School Stress , Subjective Well-being , and Five Facet Mindfulness Question naire ’ and additional indices of compliance . Results Following the intervention , a moderate effect on mental distress ( Hedges’g 0.65 , CI = .41 , .88 ) , and a small effect on both subjective well-being ( Hedges’g 0.40 , CI = .27 , .63 ) and the mindfulness facet ‘ non-reacting ’ ( Hedges’g 0.33 , CI = .10 , .56 ) were found in the intervention group compared with the control group . A higher level of programme attendance and reported mindfulness exercises predicted these changes . Significant effects were only found for female students who additionally reported reduced study stress and an increase in the mindfulness facet ‘ non-judging ’ . Gender specific effects of participation in the MBSR programme have not previously been reported , and gender differences in the present study are discussed . Conclusion Female medical and psychology students experienced significant positive improvements in mental distress , study stress , subjective well-being and mindfulness after participating in the MBSR programme . Trial registration BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of an 8-week stress reduction program based on training in mindfulness meditation . Previous research efforts suggesting this program may be beneficial in terms of reducing stress-related symptomatology and helping patients cope with chronic pain have been limited by a lack of adequate comparison control group . METHODS Twenty-eight individuals who volunteered to participate in the present study were r and omized into either an experimental group or a nonintervention control group . RESULTS Following participation , experimental subjects , when compared with controls , evidence d significantly greater changes in terms of : ( 1 ) reductions in overall psychological symptomatology ; ( 2 ) increase in overall domain-specific sense of control and utilization of an accepting or yielding mode of control in their lives , and ( 3 ) higher scores on a measure of spiritual experiences . CONCLUSIONS The techniques of mindfulness meditation , with their emphasis on developing detached observation and awareness of the contents of consciousness , may represent a powerful cognitive behavioral coping strategy for transforming the ways in which we respond to life events . They may also have potential for relapse prevention in affective disorders Background : Although mindfulness meditation interventions have recently shown benefits for reducing stress in various population s , little is known about their relative efficacy compared with relaxation interventions . Purpose : This r and omized controlled trial examines the effects of a 1-month mindfulness meditation versus somatic relaxation training as compared to a control group in 83 students ( M age=25 ; 16 men and 67 women ) reporting distress . Method : Psychological distress , positive states of mind , distractive and ruminative thoughts and behaviors , and spiritual experience were measured , while controlling for social desirability . Results : Hierarchical linear modeling reveals that both meditation and relaxation groups experienced significant decreases in distress as well as increases in positive mood states over time , compared with the control group ( p<.05 in all cases ) . There were no significant differences between meditation and relaxation on distress and positive mood states over time . Effect sizes for distress were large for both meditation and relaxation ( Cohen ’s d=1.36 and .91 , respectively ) , whereas the meditation group showed a larger effect size for positive states of mind than relaxation ( Cohen ’s d=.71 and .25 , respectively ) . The meditation group also demonstrated significant pre-post decreases in both distractive and ruminative thoughts/behaviors compared with the control group ( p<.04 in all cases ; Cohen ’s d=.57 for rumination and .25 for distraction for the meditation group ) , with mediation models suggesting that mindfulness meditation ’s effects on reducing distress were partially mediated by reducing rumination . No significant effects were found for spiritual experience . Conclusions : The data suggest that compared with a no-treatment control , brief training in mindfulness meditation or somatic relaxation reduces distress and improves positive mood states . However , mindfulness meditation may be specific in its ability to reduce distractive and ruminative thoughts and behaviors , and this ability may provide a unique mechanism by which mindfulness meditation reduces distress BACKGROUND The current study investigated the efficacy of two brief intervention programs-biofeedback and mindfulness meditation-on levels of state anxiety and perceived stress in second-year Thai nursing students as they began clinical training . METHOD Eighty-nine participants from a public nursing college in Thail and were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : biofeedback group , mindfulness meditation group , or a control group . All participants were given pre- and postintervention surveys , which included demographic information ; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( State Anxiety Scale ) ; and the Perceived Stress Scale . RESULTS Findings indicated that biofeedback significantly reduced anxiety and maintained stress levels in nursing students . Mindfulness meditation similarly decreased anxiety levels , while also significantly lowering stress levels . The biofeedback group exhibited significant reduction in anxiety levels among the three groups at postintervention . CONCLUSION Despite stressors and dem and s nursing students experience as they begin clinical practice , study findings support the use of biofeedback and mindfulness meditation interventions to assist nursing students in managing stress and anxiety The majority of mindfulness research to date has reported only on the group-level effects of interventions . Therefore , there is a need to better underst and who is most likely to benefit from mindfulness interventions . This study reports on moderation analyses from a two-centre r and omised controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) among 288 medical and psychology students . The study investigated whether baseline personality factors ( neuroticism , conscientiousness and extroversion ) and baseline mindfulness moderated effects on mental distress , study stress and subjective well-being measured after the intervention . An increased effect of the intervention on mental distress and subjective well-being was found in students with higher scores on neuroticism . Students with higher scores on conscientiousness showed an increased effect of mindfulness training on study stress . The training protected students against an increase in mental distress and study stress and a decrease in subjective well-being that was seen in the control group . Baseline mindfulness and extroversion did not moderate the effects of the intervention on the outcomes . The majority of the 288 medical and psychology students in the study sample were female . Female participants scored significantly higher on neuroticism and conscientiousness , and they may therefore be an important target group for mindfulness interventions among students Theory suggests that heightening state mindfulness in meditation practice over time increases trait mindfulness , which benefits psychological health . We prospect ively examined individual trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during a mindfulness-based intervention in relation to changes in trait mindfulness and psychological distress . Each week during the eight-week intervention , participants reported their state mindfulness in meditation after a brief mindfulness meditation .  Participants also completed pre- and post-intervention measures of trait mindfulness and psychological symptoms . Tests of combined latent growth and path models suggested that individuals varied significantly in their rates of change in state mindfulness in meditation during the intervention , and that these individual trajectories predicted pre-post intervention changes in trait mindfulness and distress . These findings support that increasing state mindfulness over repeated meditation sessions may contribute to a more mindful and less distressed disposition . However , individuals ' trajectories of change may vary and warrant further investigation Abstract Pursuing undergraduate medical training can be very stressful and academically challenging experience . A 5-week mindfulness-based stress management ( MBSM/Mindful-Gym ) program was developed to help medical students cope with stress . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing stress among students in a medical school in Malaysia . Seventy-five medical students participated in the program . They were stratified according to years of studies and r and omly allocated to intervention ( N = 37 ) and control groups ( N = 38 ) . The following outcome variables were measured at pre- and post-intervention :  mindfulness ( with Mindful Awareness Attention Scale ) ; perceived stress ( with Perceived Stress Scale ) ; mental distress ( with General Health Question naire ) , and self-efficacy ( with General Self-efficacy Scale ) . Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to analyse the effect of group ( intervention vs. control ) on changes in the outcome variables . There were significant improvements at one week post-intervention in all outcome variables : mindfulness ( β = 0.19 , ΔR2 = 0.04 , p = .040 , f2 = 0.05 ) , perceived stress ( β = −0.26 , ΔR2 = 0.07 , p = .009 , f2 = 0.10 ) ; mental distress ( β = −0.28 , ΔR2 = 0.10 , p = .003 , f2 = 0.15 ) ; and self-efficacy ( β = 0.30 , ΔR2 = 0.09 , p < .001 , f2 = 0.21 ) . Six months after the intervention , those who had joined the program reported higher self-efficacy compared to those in the control group ( β = 0.24 , ΔR2 = 0.06 , p = .020 , f2 = 0.08 ) ; but there was no difference in other outcome measures . More than 90 % of the participants found the program applicable in helping patients and all reported that they would recommend it to others . This study indicates that the program is potentially an effective stress management program for medical students in Malaysia BACKGROUND Nursing students often experience depression , anxiety , stress and decreased mindfulness which may decrease their patient care effectiveness . Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) effectively reduced depression , anxiety and stress , and increased mindfulness in previous research with other population s , but there is sparse evidence regarding its effectiveness for nursing students in Korea . OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of MBSR on depression , anxiety , stress and mindfulness in Korean nursing students . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS / SETTING Fifty ( 50 ) nursing students at KN University College of Nursing in South Korea were r and omly assigned to two groups . Data from 44 students , MBSR ( n=21 ) and a wait list ( WL ) control ( n=23 ) were analyzed . METHODS The MBSR group practice d mindfulness meditation for 2 h every week for 8 weeks . The WL group did not receive MBSR intervention . St and ar 
    Output:
    
Data Synthesis and Conclusions : Mindfulness‐based interventions decrease stress , anxiety , and depression and improve mindfulness , mood , self‐efficacy , and empathy in health profession students .
Due to the range of presentation options , mindfulness training can be relatively easily adapted and integrated into health professional training programs