***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Examination of differences between primary alcohol and drug abusing adolescents can provide valuable direction to intervention efforts , though little research in this area has been conducted . The current study compared primary alcohol and primary drug abusing runaway adolescents who were r and omly assigned to family therapy or treatment as usual .  Baseline differences , as well as response to treatment , were examined separately for alcohol and drug use and by gender . Although few baseline differences were found , hierarchical linear modeling indicated that alcohol and drug abusing male and female adolescents responded differently to therapy . Primary drug using males showed poorer alcohol use outcomes than did primary alcohol abusers . Specifically , alcohol use increased for primary drug using males receiving family therapy , while drug use decreased in all groups . Findings suggest that alcohol and drug use outcomes might be improved at treatment planning through consideration of client 's gender and primary alcohol versus drug use PURPOSE We evaluate the efficacy of a short family intervention in reducing sexual risk behavior , drug use , and delinquent behaviors among homeless youth . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial of 151 families with a homeless adolescent aged 12 to 17 years . Between March 2006 and June 2009 , adolescents were recruited from diverse sites in Southern California and were assessed at recruitment ( baseline ) , and at 3 , 6 , and 12 months later . Families were r and omly assigned to an intervention condition with five weekly home-based intervention sessions or a control condition ( st and ard care ) . Main outcome measures reflect self-reported sexual risk behavior , substance use , and delinquent behaviors over the past 90 days . RESULTS Sexual risk behavior ( e.g. , mean number of partners ; p < .001 ) , alcohol use ( p = .003 ) , hard drug use ( p < .001 ) , and delinquent behaviors ( p = .001 ) decreased significantly more during 12 months in the intervention condition compared with the control condition . Marijuana use , however , significantly increased in the intervention condition compared with the control condition ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS An intervention to reengage families of homeless youth has significant benefits in reducing risk over 12 months Sedentarism is a serious health concern in industrialized countries throughout the world . We examined whether a text message-based intervention , targeted at increasing daily levels of physical activity , would be more effective than a st and ard psychoeducational intervention and a control condition .  Sixty-three individuals ( 43 women ) with a mean age of 23.7 years participated in the study . They were r and omly assigned to a psychoeducational st and ard intervention ; an augmented intervention with additional short text messages sent to the mobile phones to remind participants of their action plans , and a control condition . Objective ly assessed physical activity and self-efficacy were assessed pre- and post-intervention . Participants in the control condition showed a significant decline in physical activity from pre- assessment to post- assessment , whereas participants in both intervention arms exhibited a slight increase . Moreover , the augmented intervention result ed in a marginally significant increase in self-efficacy , whereas the st and ard intervention result ed in a significant decrease . The findings suggest that short text messages reminding individuals of their action plans are not more effective than an intervention without text messages , although there seems to be a beneficial effect on self-efficacy , which might facilitate behavior change in the long-term . Challenging aspects of the research design ( e.g. , reactivity of the assessment protocol ) are discussed and suggestions for future research are highlighted Runaway youth report a broader range and higher severity of substance-related , mental health and family problems relative to non-runaway youth . Most studies to date have collected self-report data on the family and social history ; virtually no research has examined treatment effectiveness with this population . This study is a treatment development project in which 124 runaway youth were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) ecologically based family therapy ( EBFT ) or ( 2 ) service as usual ( SAU ) through a shelter . Youth completed an intake , posttreatment , 6 and 12 months follow-up assessment . Youth assigned to EBFT reported greater reductions in overall substance abuse compared to youth assigned to SAU while other problem areas improved in both conditions . Findings suggest that EBFT is an efficacious intervention for this relatively severe population of youth This prospect i ve review was design ed to determine the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum health intervention program for homeless and runaway youth .  Diagnosis , treatment , and counseling for drug use , sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , and other health issues were provided all new admissions to a residential care facility during a 2-month enrollment . Education was continued during a 9-month follow-up period based on the program entitled Bright Futures , previously developed and published by the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health . Sixty percent of the 106 study residents had STDs on admission and 7 % developed new STDs after completing therapy and undergoing counseling . Drug dependence was reduced from 41 % to 3 % , and 42 % achieved full-time or part-time employment . Fifty-nine percent completed hepatitis B immunization with the 3-dose series . This experience suggests that an organized program of interventions in a residential care facility for homeless teenagers can significantly reduce drug dependence and STDs The broad objective of this study was to underst and the incidence and severity of aggression among sexually abused girls who were trafficked and who were then further used for commercial sexual exploitation ( referred to subsequently as sexually abused trafficked girls ) . In addition , the impact of counseling for minimizing aggression in these girls was investigated . A group of 120 sexually abused trafficked Indian girls and a group of 120 nonsexually abused Indian girls , aged 13 to 18 , participated in the study . The sexually abused trafficked girls were purposively selected from four shelters located in and around Kolkata , India . The nonsexually abused girls were selected r and omly from four schools situated near the shelters , and these girls were matched by age with the sexually abused trafficked girls . Data were collected using a Background Information Schedule and a st and ardized psychological test , that is , The Aggression Scale . Results revealed that 16.7 % of the girls were first sexually abused between 6 and 9 years of age , 37.5 % between 10 and 13 years of age , and 45.8 % between 14 and 17 years of age . Findings further revealed that 4.2 % of the sexually abused trafficked girls demonstrated saturated aggression , and 26.7 % were highly aggressive , that is , extremely frustrated and rebellious . Across age groups , the sexually abused trafficked girls suffered from more aggression ( p < .05 ) , compared with the nonvictimized girls . Psychological interventions , such as individual and group counseling , were found to have a positive impact on the sexually abused trafficked girls . These findings should motivate counselors to deal with sexually abused children . It is also hoped that authorities in welfare homes will underst and the importance of counseling for sexually abused trafficked children , and will appoint more counselors for this purpose In a prospect i ve two-group pilot study of a convenient sample of 156 young adults , we assessed improvement in HIV cognitive and transmission knowledge , hepatitis knowledge , and mental health at six-month follow-up . Multiple linear regression analysis revealed higher six-month scores in total HIV/AIDS knowledge , HIV/AIDS cognitive knowledge , HIV transmission knowledge and HBV and HCV knowledge at 6 months in the Hepatitis Health Promotion ( HHP ) group compared to the Art Messaging ( AM ) group . Moreover , homeless young participants who reported having significant others in their lives , and excellent or very good health did better than their counterparts . Youth who were attempting to get their lives together had higher scores for all types of knowledge except HBV . Hallucinogen users had significantly worse scores on all knowledge measures than non-users . Lastly , the HHP group revealed an improvement in psychological well-being compared to the AM group Homeless youth face various health challenges . The effectiveness of a short intervention to promote sexual health in 572 homeless 16—23-year-olds ( M = 19.467 + 1.89 ) was conducted using a quasi-experimental repeated measures design . Data collected at three time points ( pre-intervention , immediately post-intervention and follow-up ) via laptop computers were analyzed using multivariate general linear mixed models . A significant condition by time interaction was found for self-reported AIDS/STD knowledge ; intervention participants had higher scores at first post-test . Females scored significantly higher on cognitive and behavioral outcomes while males reported significantly more sexual risk-taking behaviors . Findings support gender-specific interventions Runaway youth are 6–12 times more likely to become infected with HIV than other youth . Using a quasi-experimental design , the efficacy of an  HIV prevention program  was evaluated over 2 years among 2 groups of runaways : ( 1 ) those at 2 shelters who received Street Smart , an intensive HIV intervention program , and ( 2 ) youth at 2 control shelters . Street Smart provided youth with access to health care and condoms and delivered a 10-session skill-focused prevention program based on social learning theory to youth . Prior to analysis of the intervention 's outcomes , propensity scores were used to identify comparable subgroups of youth in the intervention ( n = 101 ) and control conditions ( n = 86 ) . Compared to females in the control condition , females in the intervention condition significantly reduced their unprotected sexual acts at 2 years and alcohol use , marijuana use , and the number of drugs used over 12 months .  Male adolescents in the intervention condition showed significant reductions in marijuana use over 6 months compared to control youth . Adolescent HIV prevention programs must proactively identify mechanisms for maintaining behavior change over the long-term , and innovative research design s are needed to allow examination of agency-level interventions While research on homeless adolescents and young adults evidencing substance use disorder is increasing , there is a dearth of information regarding effective interventions , and more research is needed to guide those who serve this population . The current study builds upon prior research showing promising findings of the community reinforcement approach ( CRA ) ( Slesnick , Prestopnik , Meyers , & Glassman , 2007 ) . Homeless adolescents and young adults between the ages of 14 to 20 years were r and omized to one of three theoretically distinct interventions : ( 1 ) CRA ( n = 93 ) , ( 2 ) motivational enhancement therapy ( MET , n = 86 ) , or ( 3 ) case management ( CM , n = 91 ) . The relative effectiveness of these interventions was evaluated at 3 , 6 , and 12 months post-baseline . Findings indicated that substance use and associated problems were significantly reduced in all three interventions across time . Several moderating effects were found , especially for sex and history of childhood abuse . Findings show little evidence of superiority or inferiority of the three interventions and suggest that drop-in centers have choices for addressing the range of problems that these adolescents and young adults face While many studies provide useful information on the risk behaviors in which homeless youth engage , few prior studies evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) risk related reduction strategies . In this study , homeless youth ( n = 180 ) were recruited from a drop-in center and r and omly assigned to one of two conditions , either an integrated individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and HIV prevention intervention that focused on skills building and education or to treatment as usual . All youth were assessed at entry into the program and at 3 and 6 month follow-up points . Findings showed an interaction between treatment condition , age and time . In the interaction , youth assigned to the integrated treatment reported greater condom usage than youth assigned to treatment as usual , with younger youth assigned to treatment as usual showing no change in condom use . The number of sexual partners reported by youth in both treatment conditions was also reduced over time . However , youth in both conditions continued to engage in other high-risk behaviors . The integrated treatment findings are promising and suggest that interventions which target both HIV risk behavior in addition to other life areas ( substance use , mental health and housing ) among homeless youth may be necessary in order to significantly impact high-risk behaviors among this unique group The short-term results of a r and omized trial testing a brief feedback and motivational intervention for substance use among homeless adolescents are presented . Homeless adolescents ages 14 - 19 ( N = 285 ) recruited from drop-in centers at agencies and from street intercept were r and omly assigned to either a brief motivational enhancement ( ME ) group or 1 of 2 control groups . The 1-session motivational intervention presented personal feedback about patterns of risks related to alcohol or substance use in a style consistent with motivational interviewing . Follow-up interviews were conducted at 1 and 3 months postintervention . Youths who received the motivational intervention reported reduced illicit drug use other than marijuana at 1-month follow-up compared with youths in the control groups . Treatment effects were not found with respect to alcohol or marijuana . Post hoc analyses within the ME group suggested that those who were rated as more engaged and more likely to benefit showed greater drug use reduction than did those rated as less engaged . Limitations of the study are discussed as are implication s for development of future substance use interventions for this high-risk group BACKGROUND Alcohol use , and in particular , binge drinking , and methamphetamine use is pervasive among homeless youth and remains a social pressure among this vulnerable population . However , there is no compelling evidence that specific interventions for reducing drug and alcohol use are effective for homeless youth . OBJECTIVES This community-based participatory action pilot study assessed the impact of an intervention study focused on decreasing use of drugs and alcohol among a sample of homeless young adults ( N= 154 ) visiting a drop-in site in Santa Monica , California . The two programs consisted of an HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis Health Promotion ( HHP ) program led by nurses and an 
    Output:
    
We found no consistent results on a range of relevant outcomes within domains of psychosocial health , substance misuse and sexually risky behaviours .
Favourable changes from baseline were reported for outcomes for most participants following therapy interventions and st and ard services .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS Analysis revealed no consistently significant benefit for focused therapeutic interventions compared with st and ard services such as drop-in centres , case management and other comparable interventions for street-connected children and young people .
Commonly available services , however , were not rigorously evaluated .