***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Observational studies demonstrate an association between physical activity and improved outcomes in breast and colon cancer survivors . To test these observations with a large , r and omized clinical trial , an intervention that significantly impacts physical activity in these patients is needed . The Active After Cancer Trial ( AACT ) was a multicenter pilot study evaluating the feasibility of a telephone-based exercise intervention in a cooperative group setting . Sedentary ( engaging in < 60 min of recreational activity/week ) breast and colorectal cancer survivors were r and omized to a telephone-based exercise intervention or usual care control group . The intervention was delivered through the University of California at San Diego ; participants received ten phone calls over the course of the 16-week intervention . All participants underwent assessment of physical activity , fitness , physical functioning , fatigue and exercise self-efficacy at baseline and after the 16-week intervention . One hundred and twenty-one patients were enrolled through ten Cancer and Leukemia Group B ( CALGB ) institutions ; 100 patients had breast cancer and 21 had colorectal cancer . Participants r and omized to the exercise group increased physical activity by more than 100 versus 22 % in controls ( 54.5 vs. 14.6 min , P = 0.13 ) , and experienced significant increases in fitness ( increased 6-min walk test distance by 186.9 vs. 81.9 feet , P = 0.006 ) and physical functioning ( 7.1 vs. 2.6 , P = 0.04 ) as compared to the control group . Breast and colorectal cancer survivors enrolled in a multicenter , telephone-based physical activity intervention  increased physical activity and experienced significant improvements in fitness and physical functioning . Lifestyle intervention research is feasible in a cooperative group setting Background To examine the effects of a 6 month lifestyle intervention on quality of life , depression , self-efficacy and eating behavior changes in overweight and obese endometrial cancer survivors . Methods Early stage endometrial cancer survivors were r and omized to intervention ( n = 23 ) or usual care ( n = 22 ) groups . Chi-square , Student 's t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used in intent-to-treat analyses . Outcomes were also examined according to weight loss . Results Morbidly obese patients had significantly lower self-efficacy , specifically when feeling physical discomfort . There was a significant improvement for self-efficacy related to social pressure ( p = .03 ) and restraint ( p = .02 ) in the LI group . There was a significant difference for emotional well-being quality of life ( p = .02 ) , self-efficacy related to negative emotions ( p < .01 ) , food availability ( p = .03 ) , and physical discomfort ( p = .01 ) in women who lost weight as compared to women who gained weight . Improvement in restraint was also reported in women who lost weight ( p < .01 ) . Conclusion This pilot lifestyle intervention had no effect on quality of life or depression but did improve self-efficacy and some eating behaviors . Trial Registration http://www . clinical trials.gov ; Background Due to early detection and advances in treatment , the number of women surviving breast cancer is increasing . Whilst there are many positive aspects of improved survival , breast cancer survival is associated with many long-term health and psychosocial sequelae . Engaging in regular physical activity post-diagnosis can reduce this burden . Despite this evidence , the majority of breast cancer survivors do not engage in regular physical activity . The challenge is to provide breast cancer survivors with appealing and effective physical activity support in a sustainable and cost-effective way . This article describes the protocol for the Move More for Life Study , which aims to assess the relative efficacy of two promising theory-based , print interventions design ed to promote regular physical activity amongst breast cancer survivors . Method and design Breast cancer survivors were recruited from across Australia . Participants will be r and omised into one of three groups : ( 1 ) A tailored-print intervention group , ( 2 ) a targeted-print intervention group , or ( 3 ) a st and ard recommendation control group . Participants in the tailored-print intervention group will receive 3 tailored newsletters in the mail over a three month period . Participants in the targeted-print group will receive a previously developed physical activity guidebook design ed specifically for breast cancer survivors immediately after baseline . Participants in the st and ard recommendation control will receive a brochure detailing the physical activity guidelines for Australian adults . All participants will be assessed at baseline , and at 4 and 10 months post-baseline . Intervention efficacy for changing the primary outcomes ( mins/wk aerobic physical activity ; sessions/exercises per week resistance physical activity ) and secondary outcomes ( steps per day , health-related quality life , compliance with physical activity guidelines , fatigue ) will be assessed . Mediation and moderation analyses will also be conducted . Discussion Given the growing number of cancer survivors , distance-based behaviour change programs addressing physical activity have the potential to make a significant public health impact . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR ) identifier : Background Healthful dietary patterns , including eating fruits and vegetables ( F&V ) and avoiding obesity , may decrease the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases . In addition to promoting health for the general population , a cancer diagnosis may provide a “ teachable moment , ” facilitating the adoption of more healthful eating habits and leading to lower risk of chronic disease and better overall health . Purpose This study was design ed to test the effectiveness of two health communication interventions in increasing F&V consumption and physical activity in a sample of older adults ( average age of 66 years ) , including both colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors and noncolorectal cancer-affected ( N-CRC ) individuals . Methods CRC survivors and N-CRC individuals were recruited from a population -based case – control study and r and omly assigned to four conditions using a 2 × 2 design . We tested two different methods of communicating and promoting health behavior change alone or in combination : tailored print communication ( TPC ) and brief telephone-based motivational interviewing ( TMI ) . Results A significant increase in F&V consumption was found for the combined intervention group in the entire sample ( p < 0.05 ) . When stratified by cancer survivor status , the effect was concentrated in the N-CRC subset ( p < 0.01 ) versus CRC survivors . The combined intervention was also found to be most cost-effective for the N-CRC group , with TPC  more cost-effective than TMI . For physical activity , none of the interventions produced statistically significant improvements . Conclusions This study indicates that combining tailoring and motivational interviewing may be an effective and cost-effective method for promoting dietary behavior change among older healthy adults . More research is needed to identify the optimal dose and timing for intervention strategies to promote dietary and physical activity change among both CRC survivors and the general population Background Delivering effective multiple health behavior interventions to large numbers of adults with chronic conditions via primary care setting s is a public health priority . Purpose Within a 12-month , telephone-delivered diet and physical activity intervention with multiple behavioral outcomes , we examined the extent and co-variation of multiple health behavior change . Methods A cluster-r and omized trial with 434 patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension were recruited from 10 general practice s , which were r and omized to receive telephone counseling or usual care .  Results Those receiving telephone counseling were significantly more likely than those in usual care to make greater reductions in multiple behaviors after adjusting for baseline risk behaviors ( OR 2.42 ; 95%CI 1.43 , 4.11 ) . Controlling for baseline risk and group allocation , making changes to either physical activity , fat , vegetable , or fiber intake was associated with making significantly more improvements in other behaviors . Conclusions For patients with chronic conditions , telephone counseling can significantly improve multiple health behaviors , with behavioral changes tending to co-vary This study used a prospect i ve design to test a model of the relation between social cognitive variables and physical activity in a sample of 277 university students .  Social support , self-efficacy , outcome expectations , and self-regulation  were measured at baseline and used to predict physical activity 8 weeks later . Results of structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of the social cognitive model to the data . Within the model , self-efficacy had the greatest total effect on physical activity , mediated largely by self-regulation , which directly predicted physical activity . Social support indirectly predicted physical activity through its effect on self-efficacy . Outcome expectations had a small total effect on physical activity , which did not reach significance . The social cognitive model explained 55 % of the variance observed in physical activity PURPOSE To conduct a clinical trial to determine if an educational intervention and a nutritional intervention could enhance physical and psychological functioning among younger women completing treatment for early-stage breast cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Younger women ( 50 years of age or younger , N = 252 ) , within 2 months of having completed active nonhormonal adjuvant therapy , diagnosed with stage 0 , I , or II breast cancer with 10 or fewer positive lymph nodes were r and omly assigned to a three-arm clinical trial . Women in the control arm of the trial received st and ard medical care . Women in the two active arms received either an educational intervention , design ed to provide information about their illness and enhance adjustment , or a nutritional intervention , design ed to promote a more healthy diet . Primary end points included mental functioning , physical functioning , and depressive symptoms . Women were assessed before r and om assignment , 4 months later ( immediately post-intervention ) , and 13 months later ( 9 months post-intervention ) . RESULTS Participants assigned to the two active treatment arms had significantly less depressive symptomatology and better physical functioning by 13-month follow-up ( differences between the two active arms were nonsignificant ) . These effects were primarily accounted for by changes in intrusive thoughts , concerns regarding cancer recurrence and mortality , self-concept perceptions , and self-efficacy expectations . CONCLUSION Tailored psychosocial interventions can be effectively design ed to enhance adjustment among younger women who are completing nonhormonal adjuvant therapy OBJECTIVE The majority of endometrial cancer survivors ( ECS ) are obese and at risk for premature death . The purpose of this study was to evaluate an intervention for ECS to promote weight loss and a healthy lifestyle . METHODS Early stage overweight and obese ( body mass index ≥ 25 ) ECS ( N=75 ) were r and omized to a  6-month lifestyle intervention ( LI ) or usual care ( UC ) . The LI group received education and counseling for six months ( 10 weekly followed by 6 bi-weekly sessions ) . Weight change at 12 months was the primary endpoint . Secondary outcomes included fruit/vegetable servings/day and physical activity ( PA ) . Multiple imputations were used for missing data and mixed models were used to analyze changes from baseline . RESULTS Adherence was 84 % and follow-up data were available from 92 % of participants at 6 months and 79 % at 12 months . Mean [ 95 % CI ] difference in weight change between LI and UC groups at 6 months was -4.4 kg [ -5.3 , -3.5 ] , p<0.001 and at 12 months was -4.6 kg [ -5.8 , -3.5 ] , p<0.001 . Mean [ 95 % CI ] difference in PA minutes between groups at 6 months was 100 [ 6 , 194 ] , p=0.038 and at 12 months was 89 [ 14 , 163 ] , p=0.020 . Mean difference in kilocalories consumed was -217.8 ( p<0.001 ) at 6 months and -187.2 ( p<0.001 ) at 12 months . Mean [ 95 % CI ] difference in fruit and vegetable servings was 0.91 servings/day at 6 months and 0.92 at 12 months ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Behavior change and weight loss are achievable in overweight and obese ECS , however , the clinical implication s of these changes are unknown and require a larger trial with longer follow-up Objective With increases in cancer survival , promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors among survivors is receiving considerable attention . This study compared health behaviors among a large sample of Australian adult cancer survivors with an age- and sex-matched cohort of people with no cancer history . Methods Using the Australian National Health Survey , 968 cancer survivors were identified , and r and omly matched by age and sex to 5,808 respondents without a history of cancer . Six health behaviors were compared  ( smoking , physical activity , servings of vegetables , servings of fruit , alcohol use , skin checks )  , along with  overweight and obesity , using polytomous logistic regression analyses controlling for selected chronic conditions . Models were applied across both groups and by tumor site . Results Compared to the non-cancer comparison group , cancer survivors were significantly more likely to be current ( OR = 1.35 ) smokers , particularly those under 40 years ( OR = 1.69 ) , and more likely to have regular skin checks ( OR = 1.76 ) . Although not significant , there was consistent evidence that cancer survivors were slightly more likely to be overweight or obese ( p = 0.065 ) and have higher levels of alcohol consumption ( p = 0.088 ) . There was no evidence of differences between survivors and controls for levels of physical inactivity , vegetable consumption or fruit consumption .  Women with a history of gynecological cancers were much more likely to be current smokers ( OR = 2.37 ) , while other differences by sex and cancer site were consistent with overall patterns . Cancer survivors were also significantly more likely to report having a range of co-morbid chronic medical conditions . Conclusion Given their increased 
    Output:
    
No SCT constructs were associated with intervention effects .
There were no consistent trends relating to intervention delivery method or whether the intervention targeted single or multiple behaviors .
Conclusions SCT-based interventions demonstrate promise in improving physical activity and diet behavior in cancer survivors , using a range of intervention delivery modes .
Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsSCT-based interventions targeting diet or physical activity are safe and result in meaningful changes to diet and physical activity behavior that can result in health improvements