***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To determine the effect of Tai Chi on oxidative stress in a population of elderly Mexican subjects . Design It was carried out a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 55 healthy subjects r and omly divided into two age-matched groups : ( i ) a  control group with 23 subjects and ( ii ) an experimental group with 32 subjects . The experimental group received daily training in Tai Chi for 50 min . Measurements It was measured before and after 6-month of exercise period : thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) , total antioxidant status ( TAS ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) . Results It was found that the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant decrease in glucose levels , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLC ) , and systolic blood pressure , as well as an increase in SOD and GPx activity and TAS compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Our findings suggest that the daily practice of Tai Chi is useful for reducing OxS in healthy older adults Objective Evaluating the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness , blood pressure , and perceived health in community-dwelling elderly . Design A r and omized controlled trial . Setting Community-dwelling elderly in Vinh city , Vietnam . Participants Ninety-six community-dwelling participants aged 60 to 79 years ( 68.9 ± 5.1 years ) were recruited . Intervention Subjects were divided r and omly into two groups : Tai Chi and Control groups . Participants in the Tai Chi group ( aged 69.02 ± 5.16 years ) attended a 60-minute Tai Chi practice session twice a week for 6 months . The session consisted of a 15-minute warm-up and a 15-minute cool-down period . The Control group ( aged 68.72 ± 4.94 years ) maintained routine daily activities . Outcome measures The Senior Fitness Test and Short-Form 36 ® ( SF-36 ® ) are primary outcome measures . Results After 24 weeks of the Tai Chi training program , the intervention group showed significant decrease in systole of 12 mmHg and heart rate 6.46 bpm . Body mass index and waist – hip ratio were also reduced by 1.23 and 0.04 , respectively . The Senior Fitness Test and SF-36 showed significant improvement . Conclusion In this r and omized controlled trial study , Tai Chi is beneficial to improve systole blood pressure , heart rate , body mass index , waist – hip ratio , perceived health , and physical fitness . Assessment of the effects of Tai Chi may be focused more on chronic disease with a long-term training program in the future Purpose The aim was to assess the effects of a Tai Chi – based program on health-related quality of life ( HR-QOL ) in people with elevated blood glucose or diabetes who were not on medication for glucose control . Method 41 participants were r and omly allocated to either a Tai Chi intervention group ( N = 20 ) or a usual medical-care control group ( N = 21 ) . The Tai Chi group involved 3 × 1.5 h supervised and group-based training sessions per week for 12 weeks . Indicators of HR-QOL were assessed by self-report survey immediately prior to and after the intervention . Results There were significant improvements in favor of the Tai Chi group for the SF36 subscales of physical functioning ( mean difference = 5.46 , 95 % CI = 1.35–9.57 , P < 0.05 ) , role physical ( mean difference = 18.60 , 95 % CI = 2.16–35.05 , P < 0.05 ) , bodily pain ( mean difference = 9.88 , 95 % CI = 2.06–17.69 , P < 0.05 ) and vitality ( mean difference = 9.96 , 95 % CI = 0.77–19.15 , P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions The findings show that this Tai Chi program improved indicators of HR-QOL including physical functioning , role physical , bodily pain and vitality in people with elevated blood glucose or diabetes who were not on diabetes medication BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE [ corrected ] With the ever-increasing pressure on healthcare budgets , we witness a growing dem and for evidence of the economic implication s of care across many therapeutic areas . Stroke is no exception . METHODS Detailed information on healthcare use was collected in conjunction with two 12-week international trials design ed primarily to assess the safety and efficacy of a new potential neuroprotective agent . The information was gathered prospect ively by means of a customized re source use instrument that included both acute and long-term inpatient management as well as community care . In this report , the results pertaining to the 1341 acute ischemic stroke patients are described . RESULTS More than 70 % of the mean cost ( $ 13 668 ) was explained by the initial hospitalization , which averaged 24 days . The total cost and its components varied according to patient age , the presence of comorbidities , and several indicators of disease severity . Pronounced country differences could be observed in the management of this fairly homogeneous patient group . CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive picture of the healthcare services used for the treatment and rehabilitation of stroke victims , presented with respect to various patient and disease characteristics . It is expected that research ers evaluating the cost-efficiency of specific stroke treatments will benefit from the detailed information presented in this report The existing review s of massage therapy ( MT ) research are either limited to infants , adults , or were conducted prior to the publication of the most recent studies using pediatric sample s. R and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of pediatric MT are review ed . A literature search yielded 24 RCTs of pediatric MT  , defined as the manual manipulation of soft tissue intended to promote health and well-being in recipients between 2 and 19 years of age . Because RCTs of pediatric MT varied considerably in the amount and types of data reported , quantitative and narrative review methods were both used . Singledose and multiple-dose effects were examined separately . Among single-dose effects , significant reductions of state anxiety were observed at the first session ( g 1⁄4 0.59 , P < 0.05 ) and the last session ( g 1⁄4 1.10 , P < 0.01 ) of a course of treatment . Effects for salivary cortisol ( g 1⁄4 0.28 ) , negative mood ( g 1⁄4 0.52 ) and behavior ( g 1⁄4 0.37 ) were non-significant . Three of eleven multiple-dose effects were statistically significant . These were trait anxiety ( g 1⁄4 0.94 , P < 0.05 ) , muscle tone ( g 1⁄4 0.90 , P < 0.01 ) and arthritis pain ( g1⁄4 1.33 , P < 0.01 ) . Results of studies not permitting effect size calculation were judged to be generally consistent with quantitative results . MT benefits pediatric recipients , though not as universally as sometimes reported . Numerous weaknesses endemic to MT research ( e.g. low statistical power , frequent failure to report basic descriptive statistics ) are identified , and recommendations for future pediatric MT research are discussed OBJECTIVES A single bout of t'ai chi ( TC ) exercise was previously found to be associated with a significant increase in post-exercise adiponectin levels in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors . The objective of this study was to examine the long-term effects of 24-month habitual TC exercise on adiponectin levels , glucose homeostasis , lipid profile , and atherosclerotic burden in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors . DESIGN This was a prospect i ve observational study . SETTING S/LOCATION The study was conducted at a regional hospital in south Taiwan . SUBJECTS Participants of a TC exercise program held by the clinics of cardiology and cardiovascular surgery for individuals with cardiovascular diseases were recruited to the TC group . Individuals who did not join the program were recruited as controls . All study subjects had at least one cardiovascular risk factor . INTERVENTIONS Ninety-minute session of Yang 's style TC at least once a week . OUTCOME MEASURES Measurements on adiponectin , glucose homeostasis , lipid profile , and atherosclerotic burden were made at three time points-baseline , 12 months , and 24 months . Two-way repeated- measures general linear model was used to assess the changes over the study period between the TC and control groups . RESULTS Thirty-seven patients in both the TC and control groups completed the study . The TC group showed a greater increase in natural logarithmic transformed ( Ln ) adiponectin values than the control group over the study period ( interaction effect p=0.009 ) . Glucose homeostasis , lipid profile , risk of atherosclerosis , and atherosclerotic burden did not showed significant changes with TC compared with the controls over the 24-month period . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that for individuals with at least one cardiovascular risk factor , engaging in habitual TC exercise could lead to favorable changes in levels of adiponectin . The association between habitual TC and cardiovascular events and diabetic complications will require further investigations AIMS To estimate the potential effectiveness of different " high-risk " and " population " approaches to the primary prevention of  cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in middle-aged British men , after correction for regression dilution bias . METHODS AND RESULTS We used a combination of cohort and r and omised controlled trial evidence to estimate the effectiveness of high-risk strategies , based on the identification of high-risk factors or high absolute risk , and strategies based on population -wide reductions in cholesterol and blood pressure . High-risk strategies were potentially effective but would need to be used widely to have a substantial effect on CVD in the population . Aggressive pharmacological treatment ( using statins , beta-blockers , ACE-inhibitors and aspirin ) in individuals with a 10-year Framingham event risk of > or=30 % ( 6 % of population ) would have reduced major CVD by at most 11 % . This figure increased to 34 % at a > or=20 % treatment threshold ( 26 % of population ) . In contrast , modest downwards shifts in the population distributions of serum total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure led to marked expected reductions in major CVD . Taking regression dilution bias into account , 10 % reductions in long-term mean blood cholesterol and blood pressure could have reduced major CVD by 45 % . CONCLUSIONS If high-risk strategies are to have a major impact on CVD in the population , they need to be more widely used than previously envisaged . Population -wide reduction of major risk factors is needed if CVD is to be substantially reduced It has recently been reported that the practice of Tai Chi reduces oxidative stress ( OxS ) , but it is not clear whether walking or Tai Chi produces a greater antioxidant effect . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the practice of Tai Chi and walking on markers for OxS. We carried out a quasi-experimental study with 106 older adults between 60 and 74 years of age who were clinical ly healthy and divided into the following groups : ( i )  control group ( n = 23 ) , ( ii )  walking group ( n = 43 ) , and ( iii ) Tai Chi group ( n = 31 ) . We measured the levels of lipoperoxides ( LPO ) , antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , and total antioxidant status ( TAS ) pre- and post-intervention in all subjects . The data were subjected to a covariant analysis . We found lower levels of LPO in the Tai Chi group compared with the walking group ( Tai Chi , 0.261 ± 0.02 ; walking , 0.331 ± 0.02 ; control , 0.304 ± 0.023 µmol/L ; P = 0.05 ) . Likewise , we observed significantly higher SOD activity and lower OxS-score in the Tai Chi group ( P < 0.05 ) . Our findings suggest that the practice of Tai Chi produces a more effective antioxidant effect than walking BACKGROUND Few data exist to evaluate whether Tai Chi ( TC ) training improves physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes more than a wellness education ( WE ) program does among older fallers transitioning to frailty . METHODS This 48-week r and omized clinical trial was provided at 10 matched pairs of congregate living facilities in the Atlanta metropolitan area to 291 women and 20 men , who were transitionally frail , > or=70 years old , and had fallen at least once within the past year . Pairs of facilities were r and omized to either TC exercise ( n = 158 ) or WE ( control ) interventions ( n = 153 ) over 48 weeks . Physical performance ( freely chosen gait speed , reach , chair-rises , 360 degrees turn , picking up an object from the floor , and single limb support ) and hemodynamic outcomes ( heart rate and blood pressure ) were obtained at baseline and after 4 , 8 , and 12 months . RESULTS Mean percent change ( baseline to 1 year ) for gait speed increased similarly in both cohorts ( TC : 9.1 % and WE : 8.2 % ; p = .78 ) . However , time to complete three chair-rises decreased 12.3 % for TC and increased 13.7 % for WE ( p = .006 ) . Baseline to 1 year mean percent change decreased among TC and increased within WE cohorts for : body mass index ( -2.3 
    Output:
    
For the risk factors of stroke , pooled analysis demonstrated that TCC exercise was associated with lower body weight , BMI , FBG level , and decreasing SBP , DBP , plasma TC , and LDL-C level regardless of the intervention period less than half a year or more than one year and significantly raised HDL-C level in comparison to nonintervention .
Compared with other treatments , TCC intervention on the basis of the same other treatments in patients with chronic disease also showed the beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure .
The present systematic review indicates that TCC exercise is beneficially associated with the primary prevention of stroke in middle-aged and elderly adults by inversing the high risk factors of stroke