***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To evaluate the success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krown and to determine the level of parental satisfaction with this treatment option . METHODS Forty-eight crowns were placed in 18 children with a mean age of 5 years . A split mouth design was used . Each participant r and omly received each crown type on 2 or 4 pair matched molars . Two trained operators completed all treatments . Two additional trained and calibrated clinicians blindly re-evaluated crowns according to specified variables . A visual analogue scale was used to determine parental satisfaction . Examiner reliability was determined by Cohen 's kappa scores and results were analysed statistically using Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS All crowns were retained after 12 months with no statistical difference in the clinical and radiographic success of posterior NuSmile ( ® ) and Kinder ™ Krowns . Overall success was high with 81 % of facings intact and 83 % free of gingival inflammation after 12 months . Radiographically , 81 % were successful . Veneer facing wear was significantly more likely to occur with opposing crowns ( P=.02 ) . Parental satisfaction was excellent with a mean score of 9.3 out of 10 . CONCLUSIONS These crowns combine the durability of conventional stainless steel crowns with improved esthetics and are proposed as a suitable alternative where esthetic dem and is increased Background Severe dental caries and the treatment thereof are reported to affect growth and well-being of young children . The objective of this study was to assess the effects of extraction of severely decayed pulpally involved primary teeth on weight and height in underweight preschool Filipino children . Methods Underweight preschool Filipino children with severe dental decay had their pulpally involved primary teeth extracted during a stepped wedge cluster r and omized clinical trial . Day care centers were r and omly divided into two groups ; children from Group A day care centers received treatment as soon as practical , whereas children from Group B day care centers were treated four months after Group A. Clinical oral examinations using WHO criteria and the pufa-index were carried out . Anthropometric measurements were done on both groups immediately before treatment of Group A and at follow-up four months later . Height and weight z-scores were calculated using 2006 and 2007 WHO Growth St and ards . Multilevel analysis was used to assess the effect of dental extraction s on changes in anthropometric measurements after dental treatment . Results Data on 164 children ( 85 in Group A and 79 in Group B ) , mean age 59.9 months , were analyzed . Both groups gained weight and height during the trial period . Children in Group A significantly increased their BMI ( p < 0.001 ) , and their weight-for-age ( p < 0.01 ) and BMI -for-age z-scores ( p < 0.001 ) after dental treatment , whereas untreated children in Group B did not . Children in Group A had significantly more weight gain ( p < 0.01 ) compared to untreated children in Group B. However , children in Group A had an inverse change in height gain ( p < 0.001 ) . Adjustment for the time interval between the two visits had little effect on the results . Conclusions The extraction of severely decayed primary teeth result ed in significant weight gain in underweight Filipino children . Untreated dental decay should be considered an important co-factor affecting child growth and should be considered when planning for interventions to improve child growth . Trial registration IS RCT N90779069 http://www.controlled-trials.com/is rct n/is rct Background Scotl and has high levels of untreated dental caries in primary teeth . The Hall Technique is a simplified method of managing carious primary molars using preformed metal crowns ( PMCs ) cemented with no local anaesthesia , caries removal or tooth preparation . This study compared the acceptability of the  Hall Technique  for children , their carers , and dentists , and clinical outcomes for the technique , with conventional restorations . Methods General dental practice based , split mouth , r and omized controlled trial ( 132 children , aged 3–10 ) . General dental practitioners ( GDPs , n = 17 ) in Tayside , Scotl and ( dmft 2.7 ) placed conventional ( Control ) restorations in carious primary molars , and Hall Technique PMCs on the contralateral molar ( matched clinical ly and radiographically ) . Dentists ranked the degree of discomfort they felt the child experienced for each procedure ; then children , their carers and dentists stated which technique they preferred . The teeth were followed up clinical ly and radiographically . Results 128 conventional restorations were placed on 132 control teeth , and 128 PMCs on 132 intervention teeth . Using a 5 point scale , 118 Hall PMCs ( 89 % ) were rated as no apparent discomfort up to mild , not significant ; for Control restorations the figure was 103 ( 78 % ) . Significant , unacceptable discomfort was recorded for two Hall PMCs ( 1.5 % ) and six Control restorations ( 4.5 % ) . 77 % of children , 83 % of carers and 81 % of dentists who expressed a preference , preferred the Hall technique , and this was significant ( Chi square , p < 0.0001 ) . There were 124 children ( 94 % of the initial sample ) with a minimum follow-up of 23 months . The Hall PMCs outperformed the Control restorations  : a ) ' Major ' failures ( signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpal disease ) : 19 Control restorations ( 15 % ) ; three Hall PMCs ( 2 % ) ( P < 0.000);b ) ' Minor ' failures ( loss of restoration , caries progression ) : 57 Control restorations ( 46 % ) ; six Hall PMCs ( 5 % ) ( P < 0.000)c ) Pain : 13 Control restorations ( 11 % ) ; two Hall PMCs ( 2 % ) ( P = 0.003 ) . Conclusion The Hall Technique was preferred to conventional restorations by the majority of children , carers and GDPs . After two years , Hall PMCs showed more favourable outcomes for pulpal health and restoration longevity than conventional restorations . The Hall Technique appears to offer an effective treatment option for carious primary molar teeth . Trial registration numberCurrent Controlled Trials IS RCT N47267892 – A r and omized controlled trial in primary care of a novel method of using preformed metal crowns to manage decay in primary molar teeth : the Hall technique Two alternative methods of restoring primary teeth that had multisurface lesions were examined in a clinical longitudinal study . In a paired comparison , stainless steel crowns proved far superior to multisurface amalgam restorations with respect to both lifespan and replacement rate .  Stainless steel crowns are not only more acceptable to the patient and more cost effective , but also more acceptable to the dentist because of the comparatively simple procedures involved in restoring even severely affected primary molars A parallel-r and omized controlled trial on caries-preventive strategies was conducted in a general dental practice with a mixed socioeconomic background patient population . The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that , compared to regular care consisting of check-ups twice a year with professional fluoride applications and pit and fissure sealants in all permanent molars , a larger caries-preventive effect can be achieved by following a non-operative caries treatment and prevention ( NOCTP ) strategy or by following , in addition to regular care , an increased number of professional topical fluoride applications ( IPFA ) . A total of 230 children ( 6.0 years ± 3 months of age ) were r and omly assigned to the two experimental groups or the control group . After 3 years , 179 participants remained in the study ( 54 NOCTP , 62 IPFA and 63 control ) . The children were examined at baseline and at 3 years by the same experienced examiner , who was blinded for the allocation of the children . Caries was scored clinical ly at the D3 level . Per protocol analysis revealed a mean DMFS increment after 3 years of 0.15 ( 95 % CI -0.05 to 0.35 ) for NOCTP , 0.34 ( 95 % CI 0.11 to 0.54 ) for IPFA and 0.47 ( 95 % CI 0.26 to 0.68 ) for the control group . To account for missing data , multiple imputation was used , after which the mean DMFS increment was 0.11 ( 95 % CI -0.05 to 0.27 ) for NOCTP , 0.29 ( 95 % CI 0.11 to 0.46 ) for IPFA and 0.40 ( 95 % CI 0.21 to 0.55 ) for the control group . Testing the differences with independent sample s t test revealed a lower caries increment in the NOCTP group compared to the control group . ANCOVA was used to correct for differences in baseline dmfs , socioeconomic status and perceived dental hygiene burden . The ΔDMFS effect size between the NOCTP and the control group dropped , losing statistical significance ( p = 0.06 ) . Although the results in this study are promising , it has yet to be established in a larger study whether NOCTP has the ability to be effective in regular dental practice with a mixed socioeconomic status population Aim To ascertain general dental practitioners ' views on the use of stainless steel ( pre-formed metal ) crowns to restore carious primary molars . Method Ninety-three general dental practitioners were selected at r and om from those practising in Lancashire , Cheshire and Greater Manchester in 2003 and interviewed separately about the clinical care they provide to the primary dentition . Before the interview participants recorded the care they would provide for a case scenario , describing a child with a carious lesion that the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry ( BSPD ) guidelines indicate should be treated with a stainless steel crown . Results In answering the case scenario only six ( 7 % ) of the dentists reported that they would fit a stainless steel crown .  Of the 93 dentists interviewed 71 % knew of the BSPD guidelines , but only 18 % had ever fitted a stainless steel crown  in general practice . Reasons given for not using stainless steel crowns were they are inappropriate for many children , time consuming to fit , difficult to manipulate , expensive , and ugly . Conclusion The BSPD guidelines on the use of stainless steel crowns do not reflect the views of the majority of general dental practitioners who consider these crowns unsuitable for most children and an impractical restorative technique in busy daily practice BACKGROUND More conservative techniques for managing dental caries including ' partial ' and ' no caries removal ' have been increasingly of interest . AIM To compare children 's  behaviour and pain perception , also technique acceptability ( parents and dentists ) , when approximal dentinal lesions ( ICDAS 3 - 5 ) in primary molars ( 3 - 8-year-olds ) were managed with three treatment strategies ; conventional restorations ( CR ) , hall technique ( HT ) , and non-restorative caries treatment ( N RCT ) . DESIGN Secondary care-based , three-arm parallel-group , r and omised controlled trial , with 169 participants treated by 12 dentists . OUTCOME MEASURES child 's pain perception ( Visual Analogue Scale of Faces ) ; behaviour ( Frankl scale ) ; and parents ' and dentists ' treatment opinions ( 5-point Likert scales ) . RESULTS Children showed more negative behaviour in the CR group ( 37 % ) compared to N RCT ( 21 % ) and HT ( 13 % ) ( P = 0.047 , CI = 0.41 to 0.52 ) . Pain intensity was rated ' very low ' or ' low ' in 88 % N RCT , 81 % HT , and 72 % CR ( P = 0.11 , CI = 0.10 to 0.12 ) . N RCT and HT were ' very easy ' or ' easy ' to perform for > 77 % of dentists , compared to 50 % in CR group ( P < 0.000 ) . There were no statistically significant differences in parents ' rating of their child 's level of comfort ( P = 0.46 , CI = 0.45 to 0.48 ) . CONCLUSIONS Dentists reported more negative behaviour in CR group . For all techniques , children 's pain perception and dentist/parent acceptability were similar Aims To prospect ively report on the survival of resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( RMGIC ) , photac-fil and pre-formed stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restorations in primary molar teeth placed over a seven-year period in a specialist paediatric dental practice under private contract of remuneration . Method All primary molar restorations placed by a specialist paediatric dentist over a seven-year period were review ed and the outcome results recorded . Data were recorded at review visits until June 30 , 2003 . Data recorded included Class I restorations , Class II restorations and SSC . The Class II cavities were either mesial or distal , with or without buccal/palatal extensions . If both proximal surfaces were decayed or if after cavity preparation the result ant outline form was significantly larger than the minimal classical form , RMGIC was not used ; an SSC was placed instead . Stainless steel crown preparation followed conventional guidelines . The crowns were cemented with reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol ( Kalzinol ) . The status was recorded as satisfactory restoration , tooth exfoliated , tooth extracted for orthodontic reasons with the date of extraction , or needing replacement . If replaced then the reason for replacement was also recorded . Results A total of 544 Class I RMGICs , 962 Class II RMGICs , and 1,010 SSCs  were placed . At the last review of each restoration , 98.3 % of 
    Output:
    
Crowns placed on primary molar teeth with carious lesions , or following pulp treatment , are likely to reduce the risk of major failure or pain in the long term compared to fillings .
Crowns fitted using the Hall Technique may reduce discomfort at the time of treatment compared to fillings .