***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMMSCs ) and bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BMMNCs ) are both used to treat spastic cerebral palsy . However , the differences in therapeutic effect remain unknown . Methods A total of 105 patients with spastic cerebral palsy were enrolled and r and omly assigned to three groups : the BMMSC group , the BMMNC group and the control group . Patients in both transplantation groups received four intrathecal cell injections . Patients in the control group received Bobath therapy . The gross motor function measure ( GMFM ) and the fine motor function measure ( FMFM ) were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy before transplantation and 3 , 6 , and 12 months after transplantation . Results Three months after cell transplantation , scores in the A dimension of GMFM and the A and C dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are all higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Six months after cell transplantation , scores in the A , B dimensions of GMFM and the A , B , C , D , and E dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Twelve months after cell transplantation , scores in the A , B , and C dimensions of GMFM and the A , B , C , D , and E dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are all higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No obvious adverse effects were investigated during follow-up . Conclusions BMMSC transplantation for the treatment of cerebral palsy is safe and feasible , and can improve gross motor and fine motor function significantly . In addition , compared with BMMNC , the motor function of children improved significantly in terms of gross motor and fine motor functions Abstract Cerebral palsy ( CP ) is a condition affecting young children that causes lifelong disabilities . Umbilical cord blood cells improve motor function in experimental systems via paracrine signaling . After demonstrating safety , we conducted a phase II trial of autologous cord blood ( ACB ) infusion in children with CP to test whether ACB could improve function ( Clinical Trials.gov , NCT01147653 ; IND 14360 ) . In this double‐blind , placebo‐controlled , crossover study of a single intravenous infusion of 1–5 × 107 total nucleated cells per kilogram of ACB , children ages 1 to 6 years with CP were r and omly assigned to receive ACB or placebo at baseline , followed by the alternate infusion 1 year later . Motor function and magnetic resonance imaging brain connectivity studies were performed at baseline , 1 , and 2 years post‐treatment . The primary endpoint was change in motor function 1 year after baseline infusion . Additional analyses were performed at 2 years . Sixty‐three children ( median age 2.1 years ) were r and omized to treatment ( n = 32 ) or placebo ( n = 31 ) at baseline . Although there was no difference in mean change in Gross Motor Function Measure‐66 ( GMFM‐66 ) scores at 1 year between placebo and treated groups , a dosing effect was identified . In an analysis 1 year post‐ACB treatment , those who received doses ≥2 × 107/kg demonstrated significantly greater increases in GMFM‐66 scores above those predicted by age and severity , as well as in Peabody Developmental Motor Scales‐2 Gross Motor Quotient scores and normalized brain connectivity . Results of this study suggest that appropriately dosed ACB infusion improves brain connectivity and gross motor function in young children with CP . Stem Cells Translational Medicine Context : Endothelial colony-forming cells ( ECFCs ) are the only putative endothelial progenitor cells capable of vasculogenesis , and their dysfunction may represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . Intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ) is a pregnancy-related disorder associated with long-term cardiovascular risk . Objective : Our objective was to determine whether ECFCs derived from pregnancies complicated by IUGR exhibit altered vasculogenic potential . Design and Setting : This was a prospect i ve cohort study ; patients were recruited at St. Mary 's Hospital , Manchester , United Kingdom . Participants : Twenty-three women with normal pregnancies and 13 women with IUGR-complicated pregnancies at gestational ages above 37 weeks were included . Main Outcome Measures : Vasculogenic capacity of rigorously characterized ECFCs was investigated in vivo by measuring blood vessel formation in collagen/fibronectin gels implanted in mice ; proliferative , migratory , and chemotactic abilities were assessed in cell culture . Placental uptake of fetal ECFCs , assessed by differences in arterial and venous cord blood content , was determined by flow cytometry . Results : In vivo , IUGR ECFCs formed fewer blood vessels ( P < .001 ) and capillaries ( P = .001 ) compared with normal pregnancy-derived ECFCs . In culture conditions , IUGR ECFCs had reduced proliferation ( P = .01 ) and migration ( P = .007 ) and diminished chemotactic abilities to stromal cell-derived factor 1 ( P = .007 ) coupled with reduced hypoxia-induced matrix metalloproteinase-2 release ( P = .02 ) . Finally , in IUGR pregnancies , the number of ECFCs was lower in arterial cord blood ( P = .002 ) and placental uptake of cells was reduced ( P < .001 ) . Conclusions : ECFCs derived from IUGR cord blood are rarefied and dysfunctional , result ing in diminished vasculogenic potential ; this could be a cause of placental dysfunction in IUGR , with long-term postnatal implication s for cardiovascular function in offspring Objective We performed a r and omized , double-blind , cross-over study to assess the neuroregenerative potential of intravenous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) followed by infusion of mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( mP BMC s ) in children with cerebral palsy ( CP ) . Methods Children with non-severe CP were enrolled in this study . G-CSF was administered for 5 days , then mP BMC s were collected by apheresis and cryopreserved . One month later ( M1 ) , recipients were r and omized to receive either mP BMC s or a placebo infusion , and these treatment groups were switched at 7 months ( M7 ) and observed for another 6 months ( M13 ) . We assessed the efficacy of treatment by evaluating neurodevelopmental tests , as well as by brain magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion tensor imaging ( MRI-DTI ) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( FDG ) brain positron emission tomography-computed tomography ( PET-CT ) scanning to evaluate the anatomical and functional changes in the brain . Results Fifty-seven patients aged 4.3 ± 1.9 ( range 2–10 ) years and weighing 16.6 ± 4.9 ( range 11.6–56.0 ) kg were enrolled in this study . The administration of G-CSF as well as the collection and reinfusion of mP BMC s were safe and tolerable . The yield of mP BMC s was comparable to that reported in studies of pediatric donors without CP and patients with nonhematologic diseases . 42.6 % of the patients responded to the treatment with higher neurodevelopmental scores than would normally be expected . In addition , larger changes in neurodevelopment test scores were observed in the 1 month after G-CSF administration ( M0–M1 ) than during the 6 months after reinfusion with mP BMC s or placebo ( M1–M7 or M7–M13 ) . Patients who received G-CSF followed by mP BMC infusion at 7 months ( T7 group ) demonstrated significantly more neurodevelopmental improvement than patients who received G-CSF followed by mP BMC infusion at 1 month ( T1 group ) . In contrast to the results of neurodevelopment tests , the results of MRI-DTI at the end of this study showed greater improvement in the T1 group . Although we observed metabolic changes to the cerebellum , thalamus and cerebral cortex in the 18F-FDG brain PET-CT scans , there were no significant differences in such changes between the mP BMC and placebo group or between the T1 and T7 group . Conclusions Neurodevelopmental improvement was seen in response to intravenous G-CSF followed by mP BMC reinfusion , particularly to the G-CSF alone even without mP BMC reinfusion . Further studies using a larger number of mP BMC s for the infusion which could be collected by repeated cycles of apheresis or using repeated cycles of G-CSF alone , are needed to clarify the effect of mP BMC reinfusion or G-CSF alone ( Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov , NCT02983708 . Registered 5 December , 2016 , retrospectively registered ) Background Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for cerebral palsy , which refers to a category of brain diseases that are associated with chronic motor disability in children . Autologous MSCs may be a better cell source and have been studied for the treatment of cerebral palsy because of their functions in tissue repair and the regulation of immunological processes . Methods To assess neural stem cell – like ( NSC-like ) cells derived from autologous marrow mesenchymal stem cells as a novel treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy , a total of 60 cerebral palsy patients were enrolled in this open-label , non-r and omised , observer-blinded controlled clinical study with a 6-months follow-up . For the transplantation group , a total of 30 cerebral palsy patients received an autologous NSC-like cells transplantation ( 1 - 2 × 107 cells into the subarachnoid cavity ) and rehabilitation treatments whereas 30 patients in the control group only received rehabilitation treatment . Results We recorded the gross motor function measurement scores , language quotients , and adverse events up to 6 months post-treatment . The gross motor function measurement scores in the transplantation group were significantly higher at month 3 ( the score increase was 42.6 , 95 % CI : 9.8–75.3 , P=.011 ) and month 6 ( the score increase was 58.6 , 95 % CI : 25.8–91.4 , P=.001 ) post-treatment compared with the baseline scores . The increase in the Gross Motor Function Measurement scores in the control group was not significant . The increases in the language quotients at months 1 , 3 , and 6 post-treatment were not statistically significant when compared with the baseline quotients in both groups . All the 60 patients survived , and none of the patients experienced serious adverse events or complications . Conclusion Our results indicated that NSC-like cells are safe and effective for the treatment of motor deficits related to cerebral palsy . Further r and omised clinical trials are necessary to establish the efficacy of this procedure IMPORTANCE Antenatal magnesium sulfate given to pregnant women at imminent risk of very preterm delivery reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in early childhood , although its effects into school age have not been reported from r and omized trials . OBJECTIVE To determine the association between exposure to antenatal magnesium sulfate and neurological , cognitive , academic , and behavioral outcomes at school age . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS The ACTOMgSO4 was a r and omized clinical trial conducted in 16 centers in Australia and New Zeal and , comparing magnesium sulfate with placebo given to pregnant women ( n = 535 magnesium ; n = 527 placebo ) for whom imminent birth was planned or expected before 30 weeks ' gestation . Children who survived from the 14 centers who participated in the school-age follow-up ( n = 443 magnesium ; n = 424 placebo ) were invited for an assessment at 6 to 11 years of age between 2005 and 2011 . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mortality , cerebral palsy , motor function , IQ , basic academic skills , attention and executive function , behavior , growth , and functional outcomes . Main analyses were imputed for missing data . RESULTS Of the 1255 fetuses known to be alive at r and omization , the mortality rate to school age was 14 % ( 88/629 ) in the magnesium sulfate group and 18 % ( 110/626 ) in the placebo group ( risk ratio [ RR ] , 0.80 ; 95 % CI , 0.62 - 1.03 , P = .08 ) . Of 867 survivors available for follow-up , outcomes at school age ( corrected age 6 - 11 years ) were determined for 669 ( 77 % ) . Comparing the magnesium sulfate and placebo groups revealed no statistically significant difference in proportions with cerebral palsy ( 23/295 [ 8 % ] and 21/314 [ 7 % ] , respectively ; odds ratio [ OR ] , 1.26 ; 95 % CI , 0.84 - 1.91 ; P = .27 ) or abnormal motor function ( 80/297 [ 27 % ] and 80/300 [ 27 % ] , respectively ; OR , 1.16 ; 95 % CI , 0.88 - 1.52 ; P = .28 ) . There was also little difference between groups on any of the cognitive , behavioral , growth 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION Stem cell therapy for CP compared with symptomatic st and ard care only , shows a significant positive effect on the gross motor function , although the magnitude of the improvement is limited .