***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Intestinal damage and malabsorption caused by chronic environmental enteropathy are associated with growth faltering seen in infants in less-developed countries . Evidence has suggested that supplementary omega-3 ( n−3 ) long-chain PUFAs ( LC-PUFAs ) might ameliorate this damage by reducing gastrointestinal inflammation . LC-PUFA supplementation may also benefit cognitive development . Objective : We tested whether early n−3 LC-PUFA supplementation improves  infant intestinal integrity , growth , and cognitive function . Design : A r and omized , double-blind , controlled trial [ 200 mg DHA and 300 mg EPA or 2 mL olive oil/d for 6 mo ] was conducted in a population of 172 rural Gambian infants aged 3–9 mo . The primary endpoints were anthropometric measures and gut integrity [ assessed by using urinary lactulose : mannitol ratios ( LMRs ) ] . Plasma fatty acid status , intestinal mucosal inflammation ( fecal calprotectin ) , daily morbidity , and cognitive development ( 2-step means-end test and an attention assessment ) were secondary endpoints . Results : PUFA supplementation result ed in a significant increase in plasma n−3 LC-PUFA concentrations ( P < 0.001 for both DHA and EPA ) and midupper arm circumference ( MUAC ) ( effect size : 0.31 z scores ; 95 % CI : 0.06 , 0.56 ; P = 0.017 ) at 9 mo of age . At 12 mo , MUAC remained greater in the intervention group , and we observed significant increases in skinfold thicknesses ( P ≤ 0.022 for all ) . No other significant differences between treatment groups were detected for growth or LMRs at 9 mo or for secondary outcomes . Conclusions : Fish-oil supplementation successfully increased plasma n−3 fatty acid status . However , in young , breastfed Gambian infants , the intervention failed to improve linear growth , intestinal integrity , morbidity , or selected measures of cognitive development . The trial was registered at www.is rct n.org as IS RCT N66645725 Summary Background Fast weight gain and linear growth in children in low-income and middle-income countries are associated with enhanced survival and improved cognitive development , but might increase risk of obesity and related adult cardiometabolic diseases . We investigated how linear growth and relative weight gain during infancy and childhood are related to health and human capital outcomes in young adults . Methods We used data from five prospect i ve birth cohort studies from Brazil , Guatemala , India , the Philippines , and South Africa . We investigated  body-mass index , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , plasma glucose concentration , height , years of attained schooling , and related categorical indicators of adverse outcomes in young adults . With linear and logistic regression models , we assessed how these outcomes relate to birthweight and to statistically independent measures representing linear growth and weight gain independent of linear growth ( relative weight gain ) in three age periods : 0–2 years , 2 years to mid-childhood , and mid-childhood to adulthood . Findings We obtained data for 8362 participants who had at least one adult outcome of interest . A higher birthweight was consistently associated with an adult body-mass index of greater than 25 kg/m2 ( odds ratio 1·28 , 95 % CI 1·21–1·35 ) and a reduced likelihood of short adult stature ( 0·49 , 0·44–0·54 ) and of not completing secondary school ( 0·82 , 0·78–0·87 ) . Faster linear growth was strongly associated with a reduced risk of short adult stature ( age 2 years : 0·23 , 0·20–0·52 ; mid-childhood : 0·39 , 0·36–0·43 ) and of not completing secondary school ( age 2 years : 0·74 , 0·67–0·78 ; mid-childhood : 0·87 , 0·83–0·92 ) , but did raise the likelihood of overweight ( age 2 years : 1·24 , 1·17–1·31 ; mid-childhood : 1·12 , 1·06–1·18 ) and elevated blood pressure ( age 2 years : 1·12 , 1·06–1·19 ; mid-childhood : 1·07 , 1·01–1·13 ) . Faster relative weight gain was associated with an increased risk of adult overweight ( age 2 years : 1·51 , 1·43–1·60 ; mid-childhood : 1·76 , 1·69–1·91 ) and elevated blood pressure ( age 2 years : 1·07 , 1·01–1·13 ; mid-childhood : 1·22 , 1·15–1·30 ) . Linear growth and relative weight gain were not associated with dysglycaemia , but a higher birthweight was associated with decreased risk of the disorder ( 0·89 , 0·81–0·98 ) . Interpretation Interventions in countries of low and middle income to increase birthweight and linear growth during the first 2 years of life are likely to result in substantial gains in height and schooling and give some protection from adult chronic disease risk factors , with few adverse trade-offs . Funding Wellcome Trust and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Help as hungry children helps young adults Supporters of early childhood interventions follow the rule “ better early than late , ” but so far there 's been limited evidence that the rule applies to disadvantaged children in developing countries . Gertler et al. looked at the earnings of young adults in Jamaica , 20 years after , as toddlers , they were given 2 years of help from community health workers .  The earnings of the treatment group caught up to those of a comparison group of well-fed children , but the control group of undernourished children that did not receive the health worker visits has lagged behind . Science , this issue p. 998 Encouraging greater mother-child interactions can compensate in the long term for poor nutrition . A substantial literature shows that U.S. early childhood interventions have important long-term economic benefits . However , there is little evidence on this question for developing countries . We report substantial effects on the earnings of participants in a r and omized intervention conducted in 1986–1987 that gave psychosocial stimulation to growth-stunted Jamaican toddlers . The intervention consisted of weekly visits from community health workers over a 2-year period that taught parenting skills and encouraged mothers and children to interact in ways that develop cognitive and socioemotional skills  . The authors reinterviewed 105 out of 129 study participants 20 years later and found that the intervention increased earnings by 25 % , enough for them to catch up to the earnings of a nonstunted comparison group identified at baseline ( 65 out of 84 participants ) Background Recurrent infections and inflammation contribute to growth faltering in low-income countries . n-3 ( ω-3 ) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty-acids ( LC-PUFAs ) may improve immune maturation , resistance to infections , and growth in young children who are at risk . Objective We evaluated the independent and combined effects of fish oil ( 500 mg n-3 LC-PUFAs/d ) supplementation to lactating mothers and their breastfed children , aged 6 - 24 mo , on child morbidity , systemic inflammation , and growth in southwest Ethiopia . Design A 4-arm double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted by enrolling 360 mother-infant pairs with infants 6 - 12 mo old . Study arms were both the lactating mother and child receiving fish oil intervention ( MCI ) , only the lactating mother receiving fish oil intervention and child receiving placebo control ( MI ) , only the child receiving intervention and mother receiving placebo control ( CI ) , and both mother and child receiving a placebo supplement or control ( C ) . The primary study outcome was linear growth using monthly changes in length-for-age z score . Anthropometric measurements were taken monthly , and hemoglobin , C-reactive protein , and blood LC-PUFAs were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 mo of follow-up . Weekly morbidity surveillance was conducted throughout the study . Results Fish-oil supplementation significantly increased blood n-3 LC-PUFA concentration ( P < 0.01 ) and decreased the arachidonic acid:(docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid ) ratio ( P < 0.001 ) in all intervention arms . No significant intervention effect was found on linear growth , morbidity , or systemic inflammation . Compared to the control group , a small positive effect on monthly changes in weight-for-length z scores was found in the CI arm ( effect size : 0.022/mo ; 95 % CI : 0.005 , 0.039/mo ; P = 0.012 ) and the MCI arm ( effect size : 0.018/mo ; 95 % CI : 0.001 , 0.034/mo ; P = 0.041 ) . Conclusions n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation of lactating mothers and children did not affect child linear growth and morbidity in a low-income setting . n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation given directly to children modestly increased relative weight gain . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01817634 Background Child undernutrition affects millions of children globally . We investigated associations between suboptimal growth and mortality by pooling large studies . Methods Pooled analysis involving children 1 week to 59 months old in 10 prospect i ve studies in Africa , Asia and South America . Utilizing most recent measurements , we calculated weight-for-age , height/length-for-age and weight-for-height/length Z scores , applying 2006 WHO St and ards and the 1977 NCHS/WHO Reference . We estimated all-cause and cause-specific mortality hazard ratios ( HR ) using proportional hazards models comparing children with mild ( −2≤Z<−1 ) , moderate ( −3≤Z<−2 ) , or severe ( Z<−3 ) anthropometric deficits with the reference category ( Z≥−1 ) . Results 53 809 children were eligible for this re- analysis and contributed a total of 55 359 person-years , during which 1315 deaths were observed . All degrees of underweight , stunting and wasting were associated with significantly higher mortality . The strength of association increased monotonically as Z scores decreased . Pooled mortality HR was 1.52 ( 95 % Confidence Interval 1.28 , 1.81 ) for mild underweight ; 2.63 ( 2.20 , 3.14 ) for moderate underweight ; and 9.40 ( 8.02 , 11.03 ) for severe underweight . Wasting was a stronger determinant of mortality than stunting or underweight . Mortality HR for severe wasting was 11.63 ( 9.84 , 13.76 ) compared with 5.48 ( 4.62 , 6.50 ) for severe stunting . Using older NCHS st and ards result ed in larger HRs compared with WHO st and ards . In cause-specific analyses , all degrees of anthropometric deficits increased the hazards of dying from respiratory tract infections and diarrheal diseases . The study had insufficient power to precisely estimate effects of undernutrition on malaria mortality . Conclusions All degrees of anthropometric deficits are associated with increased risk of under-five mortality using the 2006 WHO St and ards . Even mild deficits substantially increase mortality , especially from infectious diseases OBJECTIVE To estimate the association of improved nutrition in early life with  adult intellectual functioning , controlling for years of schooling . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Four villages in Guatemala , as well as locations within Guatemala to which cohort members migrated . PARTICIPANTS Individuals who had participated as children in a nutrition supplementation intervention trial from March 1 , 1969 , through February 28 , 1977 ( N = 2392 ) . From May 1 , 2002 , through April 30 , 2004 , adequate information for analysis was obtained from 1448 of 2118 individuals ( 68.4 % ) not known to have died . INTERVENTIONS Individuals exposed to atole ( a protein-rich enhanced nutrition supplement ) at birth through age 24 months were compared with those exposed to the supplement at other ages or to fresco , a sugar-sweetened beverage . We measured years of schooling by interview . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on the Serie Interamericana ( InterAmerican Series ) tests of reading comprehension and the Raven Progressive Matrices , obtained from May 1 , 2002 , through April 30 , 2004 . RESULTS In models controlling for years of schooling and other predictors of intellectual functioning , exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months was associated with an increase of 3.46 points ( 95 % confidence interval , -1.26 to 8.18 ) and 1.74 points ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.53 - 2.95 ) on the InterAmerican Series and Raven Progressive Matrices tests , respectively . There was no statistical interaction between exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months and years of schooling on either outcome ( P = .24 and P = .60 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Improved early-life nutrition is associated with increased intellectual functioning in adulthood after taking into account the effect 
    Output:
    
Evidence suggests that investment in fighting chronic malnutrition through multisectoral policies , multi-year nutritional supplementation ( protein or multiple micronutrient supplementation ) and possibly CCTs can have a long-term impact on economic development of LMICs .