***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE As part of a continuous quality control effort to measure the interrater reliability of urodynamic studies performed at multiple centers , we compared agreement levels for urodynamic studies between central and local physician review ers . We report interrater reliability findings for the filling cystometrogram . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following a satisfactory interrater reliability study among 4 central physician review ers in 33 tracings 36 urodynamic study tracings from 9 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network continence treatment centers and 13 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network certified urodynamic study testers were r and omly selected for review . These tracings were originally interpreted by 11 local physician review ers using st and ardized Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network interpretation guidelines . Each of the 4 central physician review ers review ed 9 r and omly assigned tracings and none review ed tracings from his or her center . Local and central physician review ers were instructed to categorize values as invalid if specified technical quality assurance st and ards were not met or the signal pattern suggested implausible values because of technical deficiencies . An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for continuous ( numerical ) variables and a kappa statistic was calculated for qualitative values with acceptable agreement defined a priori as an intraclass correlation coefficient of greater than 0.6 . RESULTS Filling cystometrogram baseline pressure , Valsalva leak point pressure , and volume and pressure measurements at maximum cystometric capacity had excellent intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.74 to 0.99 . There were no significant differences between local and central physician review er means , indicating excellent agreement . CONCLUSIONS With proper quality control measures in place and a set of st and ardized interpretive guidelines excellent interrater reliability between local and central physician review er can be achieved for numerical cystometrogram variables Abstract Objective : To compare tension-free vaginal tape with colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence .  Design : Multicentred r and omised comparative trial . Setting : Gynaecology or urology departments in 14 centres in the United Kingdom and Eire , including university teaching hospitals and district general hospitals . Participants : 344 women with urodynamic stress incontinence ; 175 r and omised to tension-free vaginal tape and 169 to colposuspension  Main outcome measures : Assessment before treatment and at six months postoperatively with the SF-36 , the Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms question naire , the EQ-5D health question naire , a one week urinary diary , one hour perineal pad test , cystometry , and , in some centres , urethral profilometry . Results : 23 women in the colposuspension group and 5 in the vaginal tape group withdrew before surgery . No significant difference was found between the groups for cure rates : 115 ( 66 % ) women in the vaginal tape group and 97 ( 57 % ) in the colposuspension group were objective ly cured ( 95 % confidence interval for difference in cure −4.7 % to 21.3 % ) . Bladder injury was more common during the vaginal tape procedure ; postoperative complications , in particular delayed resumption of micturition , were more common after colposuspension . Operation time , duration of hospital stay , and return to normal activity were all longer after colposuspension than after the vaginal tape procedure . Conclusion : Surgery with tension-free vaginal tape is associated with more operative complications than colposuspension , but colposuspension is associated with more postoperative complications and longer recovery .  Vaginal tape shows promise for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence because of minimal access and rapid recovery times ; cure rates at six months were comparable with colposuspension . What is already known on this topic Few r and omised trials exist on surgery for stress incontinence Systematic review s suggest that colposuspension is associated with cure rates of up to 90 % Case series of tension-free vaginal tape suggest cure rates of about 85 % , with rapid return to normal activity What this study adds At six months the tension-free vaginal tape procedure is as effective as colposuspension for the primary treatment of stress incontinence Operative complications were more common with vaginal tape , but duration of hospital stay and return to normal activity were shorter than with colposuspension  Postoperative complications were more common after OBJECTIVE To compare peri-operative complications , pain , and the immediate functional results of the sub-urethral sling procedure for urinary stress incontinence by the retropublic and transobturator routes , using a non-elastic polypropylene sub-urethral sling . PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospect i ve , multicentre study involved 88 women undergoing the sub-urethral sling procedure for stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . The retropubic route ( RPR ) and the transobturator route ( TOR ) were used in respectively 42 and 46 cases . The characteristics of the women in the RPR and TOR groups were as follows : mean age ( + /-st and ard deviation ) 56.8+/-12 years and 53.4+/-10 years , respectively ; mean BMI : 25+/-4 and 26+/-4 ; mean parity : 2.1+/-0.9 and 2+/-1 children ; post-menopausal status : 66.7 % and 58.7 % ; prior surgery for SUI : 7.1 % and 6.5 % ; and prior hysterectomy : 21.4 % and 26.1 % . None of these characteristics differed significantly between the groups . Likewise , pre-operative urinary functional status ( SUI stage , and pollakiuria , nocturia and urgency rates ) was similar in the two groups . RESULTS Mean hospital stay and overall morbidity rate were not significantly different between the RPR and TOR groups . Mean operating time was longer in the RPR group . Bladder injury was significantly more frequent in the RPR group and vaginal injury was significantly more frequent in the TOR group . Pain scores were significantly lower in the TOR group . The objective functional results at one month did not differ between the groups . Quality of life , evaluated with question naires and numerical rating scales , was similarly improved in the two groups . DISCUSSION The suburethral sling procedure was less painful by the TOR route than by the RPR route . Bladder injury , haematomas and abscesses were only observed in the RPR group , while vaginal injury only occurred in the TOR group . The immediate functional results of the two approaches were similar Introduction and hypothesisThis study aims to analyze comparatively the efficacy and safety of synthetic transobturatory and aponeurotic retropubic slings , in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) in women . Methods Patients were separated in a r and omized way . Twenty-one patients were su bmi tted to the operatory correction by the transobturatory sling technique , whereas 20 patients were operated by the retropubic sling technique . All patients were su bmi tted to complete physical exam and urodynamic test . The “ T ” test and the Mann – Whitney U test were applied to establish comparisons between the two groups . Patients were followed-up for 12 months . Results Healing rate was 90.5 % ( 19/21 ) and 95 % ( 19/20 ) , respectively after 12 months . The transobturatory group presented lesser complications rate than the retropubic group . Conclusions The transobturatory and the aponeurotic slings techniques were equally effective for the treatment of SUI . The transobturatory sling has shown fewer complications and lesser surgical time than the aponeurotic sling technique Background : The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of an innovative , minimally invasive sling technique with autologous tissue in women with concomitant incontinence and anterior vaginal wall prolapse ( AVWP ) . Material s and Methods : Fifty-six women with stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) or mixed urinary incontinence and AVWP were r and omly assigned into two groups : In Group A ( 26 patients ) , anterior colporrhaphy ( Kelly placation ) and sling placement using a strip of anterior vaginal wall were performed , and in Group B ( 30 patients ) , transvaginal mesh correction of AVWP and tension-free vaginal tape ( TVT ) insertion ( retropubic – craniocaudal route ) using polypropylene mesh were carried out . The patients were followed-up for over 18 months and were assessed objective ly using a 48 h frequency-volume chart , a 48 h pad test and a st and ardized stress test . Related surgical complications and outcomes were recorded and compared . Results : Surgical cure rates for Group A and Group B at the first ( 3 days ) and last ( 18 months ) post-operative visits were 62 % and 84 % ; and 54 % , and 72 % , respectively ( P = 0.09 and 0.31 ) . Complications occurred in 9 patients ( 44 % ) of Group B , but only 3 patients ( 12 % ) in Group A. Conclusion : Vaginal sling surgery using an anterior vaginal wall strip can improve SUI and in comparison with propylene mesh is associated with lower complication rates . Although , the surgical success rate of this technique is lower than T-Sling , larger studies with selected patients will help assess the suitable patients for this pelvic reconstructive surgery PURPOSE We examined preoperative and postoperative patient related factors associated with continence status up to 7 years after surgery for stress urinary incontinence . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Women r and omized to Burch colposuspension or fascial sling surgery and assessed for the primary outcome of urinary continence 2 years after surgery were eligible to enroll in a prospect i ve observational study . Survival analysis was used to investigate baseline and postoperative factors in the subsequent risk of stress urinary incontinence , defined as self-report of stress urinary incontinence symptoms , incontinence episodes on a 3-day diary or surgical re-treatment . RESULTS Of the women who participated in the r and omized trial 74 % ( 482 of 655 ) were enrolled in the followup study . Urinary continence rates decreased during a period of 2 to 7 years postoperatively from 42 % to 13 % in the Burch group and from 52 % to 27 % in the sling group , respectively . Among the baseline factors included in the first multivariable model age ( p = 0.03 ) , prior stress urinary incontinence surgery ( p = 0.02 ) , menopausal status ( 0.005 ) , urge index ( 0.006 ) , assigned surgery ( p = 0.01 ) and recruiting site ( p = 0.02 ) were independently associated with increased risk of incontinence . In the final multivariable model including baseline and postoperative factors , Burch surgery ( p = 0.01 ) , baseline variables of prior urinary incontinence surgery ( p = 0.04 ) , menopausal status ( p = 0.03 ) and postoperative urge index ( p < 0.001 ) were each significantly associated with a greater risk of recurrent urinary incontinence . CONCLUSIONS Preoperative and postoperative urgency incontinence symptoms , Burch urethropexy , prior stress urinary incontinence surgery and menopausal status were negatively associated with long-term continence rates . More effective treatment of urgency urinary incontinence in patients who undergo stress urinary incontinence surgery may improve long-term overall continence status Introduction and hypothesisThe purpose of this study is to describe risk factors for post-operative urinary tract infection ( UTI ) the first year after stress urinary incontinence surgery . Methods Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed on data from 1,252 women r and omized in two surgical trials , Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy trial ( SISTEr ) and Trial Of Mid-Urethral Slings ( TOMUS ) . Results Baseline recurrent UTI ( rUTI ; ≥3 in 12 months ) increased the risk of UTI in the first 6 weeks in both study population s , as did sling procedure and self-catheterization in SISTEr , and bladder perforation in TOMUS  . Baseline rUTI , UTI in the first 6 weeks , and PVR > 100 cc at 12 months were independent risk factors for UTI between 6 weeks and 12 months in the SISTEr population . Few ( 2.3–2.4 % ) had post-operative rUTI , precluding multivariable analysis . In women with pre-operative rUTI , successful surgery ( negative cough stress test ) at 1 year did not appear to decrease the risk of persistent rUTI . Conclusions Pre-operative rUTI is the strongest risk factor for post-operative UTI OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of surgically managing stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) with tension-free vaginal tape ( TVT ) and autologous fascia lata pubovaginal sling ( Lata ) . METHODS Sixty-seven patients suffering from SUI entered this prospect i ve study . The patients were divided into two groups r and omly , 48 in TVT group and 19 in Lata group . The average follow-up time post-operation was 20 months in TVT group and 37 months in Lata group . RESULTS The operating time was ( 27 + /- 5 ) min in TVT and ( 125 + /- 13 ) min in Lata . The volume of blood loss during surgery was : ( 27 + /- 6 ) ml in TVT and ( 67 + /- 11 ) ml in Lata . The post-operative recovery period in the hospital was : TVT , 1 
    Output:
    
Traditional slings seem to be as effective as minimally invasive slings , but had higher rates of adverse effects .
Tradional sling procedures appeared to confer a similar cure rate in comparison to open retropubic colposuspension , but the long term adverse event profile is still unclear .