***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two exercise programs of 8 months duration on lipid profiles in older women . METHODS In 2006 , 77 women from Porto , Portugal , aged 60 - 79 years were r and omly assigned into a multicomponent exercise ( ME ) program or resistance exercise ( RE ) program . Before- and after-training , body composition , daily physical activity ( DPA ) , aerobic endurance , plasma concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TG ) were assessed . Training was performed twice weekly . The protocol for the ME included aerobic exercise , muscular endurance exercises and activities targeted to improve balance and flexibility . The RE protocol included leg press , leg extensions and curls , double chest raises , lateral raises , overhead press and abdominal exercises . RESULTS Significant decreases in TG ( -5.1 % , p=0.006 ) , and significant increases in HDL-C ( 9.3 % , p<0.001 ) were observed in the ME group . Following 8 months no significant changes were observed on lipid profile in RE group , although lipid- and lipoprotein-related variables tended to alter favorably . Both regimens result ed in significant improvements on 6-min walk test ( 6.4 % , p=0.001 for ME ; and 6.0 % , p=0.044 for RE ) . No significant changes were observed in total DPA and body fat in either group after exercise interventions . No significant correlations were found between body composition , physical activity , aerobic endurance , and lipid profile . CONCLUSIONS The data suggested that 8 months of ME may be more effective than RE for inducing favorable changes in plasma lipoprotein and lipid profiles BACKGROUND Obesity exacerbates the age-related decline in physical function and causes frailty in older adults ; however , the appropriate treatment for obese older adults is controversial . METHODS In this 1-year , r and omized , controlled trial , we evaluated the independent and combined effects of weight loss and exercise in 107 adults who were 65 years of age or older and obese . Participants were r and omly assigned to a control group , a weight-management ( diet ) group , an exercise group , or a weight-management-plus-exercise ( diet-exercise ) group . The primary outcome was the change in score on the modified Physical Performance Test . Secondary outcomes included other measures of frailty , body composition , bone mineral density , specific physical functions , and quality of life . RESULTS A total of 93 participants ( 87 % ) completed the study . In the intention-to-treat analysis , the score on the Physical Performance Test , in which higher scores indicate better physical status , increased more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group or the exercise group ( increases from baseline of 21 % vs. 12 % and 15 % , respectively ) ; the scores in all three of those groups increased more than the scores in the control group ( in which the score increased by 1 % ) ( P<0.001 for the between-group differences ) . Moreover , the peak oxygen consumption improved more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group or the exercise group ( increases of 17 % vs. 10 % and 8 % , respectively ; P<0.001 ) ; the score on the Functional Status Question naire , in which higher scores indicate better physical function , increased more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group ( increase of 10 % vs. 4 % , P<0.001 ) . Body weight decreased by 10 % in the diet group and by 9 % in the diet-exercise group , but did not decrease in the exercise group or the control group ( P<0.001 ) . Lean body mass and bone mineral density at the hip decreased less in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group ( reductions of 3 % and 1 % , respectively , in the diet-exercise group vs. reductions of 5 % and 3 % , respectively , in the diet group ; P<0.05 for both comparisons ) . Strength , balance , and gait improved consistently in the diet-exercise group ( P<0.05 for all comparisons ) . Adverse events included a small number of exercise-associated musculoskeletal injuries . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a combination of weight loss and exercise provides greater improvement in physical function than either intervention alone . ( Funded by the National Institutes of Health ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00146107 . ) OBJECTIVES This r and omized controlled trial studied the effects of a low- to moderate-intensity group exercise program on strength , endurance , mobility , and fall rates in fall-prone elderly men with chronic impairments . METHODS Fifty-nine community-living men ( mean age = 74 years ) with specific fall risk factors ( i.e. , leg weakness , impaired gait or balance , previous falls ) were r and omly assigned to a control group ( n = 28 ) or to a 12-week group exercise program ( n = 31 ) . Exercise sessions ( 90 minutes , three times per week ) focused on increasing strength and endurance and improving mobility and balance . Outcome measures included isokinetic strength and endurance , five physical performance measures , and self-reported physical functioning , health perception , activity level , and falls . RESULTS Exercisers showed significant improvement in measures of endurance and gait . Isokinetic endurance increased 21 % for right knee flexion and 26 % for extension . Exercisers had a 10 % increase ( p < .05 ) in distance walked in six minutes , and improved ( p < .05 ) scores on an observational gait scale . Isokinetic strength improved only for right knee flexion . Exercise achieved no significant effect on hip or ankle strength , balance , self-reported physical functioning , or number of falls . Activity level increased within the exercise group . When fall rates were adjusted for activity level , the exercisers had a lower 3-month fall rate than controls ( 6 falls/1000 hours of activity vs 16.2 falls/1000 hours , p < .05 ) . DISCUSSION These findings suggest that exercise can improve endurance , strength , gait , and function in chronically impaired , fall-prone elderly persons . In addition , increased physical activity was associated with reduced fall rates when adjusted for level of activity Purpose : The myriad consequences of age‐related muscle atrophy include reduced muscular strength , power , and mobility ; increased risk of falls , disability , and metabolic disease ; and compromised immune function . At its root , aging muscle atrophy results from a loss of myofibers and atrophy of the remaining type II myofibers . The purpose of this trial ( NCT02442479 ) was to titrate the dose of resistance training ( RT ) in older adults in an effort to maximize muscle regrowth and gains in muscle function . Methods : A r and omized , four‐arm efficacy trial in which four , distinct exercise prescriptions varying in intensity , frequency , and contraction mode/rate were evaluated : ( 1 ) high‐resistance concentric‐eccentric training ( H ) 3 d/week ( HHH ) ; ( 2 ) H training 2 d/week ( HH ) ; ( 3 ) 3 d/week mixed model consisting of H training 2 d/week separated by 1 bout of low‐resistance , high‐velocity , concentric only ( L ) training ( HLH ) ; and ( 4 ) 2 d/week mixed model consisting of H training 1 d/week and L training 1 d/week ( HL ) . Sixty‐four r and omized subjects ( 65.5 ± 3.6 y ) completed the trial . All participants completed the same 4 weeks of pre‐training consisting of 3 d/week followed by 30 weeks of r and omized RT . Results : The HLH prescription maximized gains in thigh muscle mass ( TMM , primary outcome ) and total body lean mass . HLH also showed the greatest gains in knee extension maximum isometric strength , and reduced cardiorespiratory dem and during steady‐state walking . HHH was the only prescription that led to increased muscle expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine receptors and this was associated with a lesser gain in TMM and total body lean mass compared to HLH . The HL prescription induced minimal muscle regrowth and generally lesser gains in muscle performance vs. the other prescriptions . Major conclusions : The HLH prescription offers distinct advantages over the other doses , while the HL program is subpar . Although limited by a relatively small sample size , we conclude from this r and omized dose‐response trial that older adults benefit greatly from 2 d/week high‐intensity RT , and may further benefit from inserting an additional weekly bout of low‐load , explosive RT . Trial registration : Clinical Trials.gov NCT02442479 HighlightsHLH maximized gains in thigh muscle mass and total body lean mass . HLH induced the greatest gains in knee extension maximum isometric strength .  HLH reduced cardiorespiratory dem and during steady‐state walking . HHH led to increased muscle expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine receptors . The HL prescription induced minimal muscle regrowth and lesser gains in performance Little is known about the combined associations of cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) and h and grip strength ( GS ) with  mortality in general adult population s. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative risk of mortality for CRF , GS , and their combination . In UK Biobank , a prospect i ve cohort of > 0.5 million adults aged 40–69 years , CRF was measured through submaximal bike tests ; GS was measured using a h and -dynamometer . This analysis is based on data from 70,913 men and women ( 832 all-cause , 177 cardiovascular and 503 cancer deaths over 5.7-year follow-up ) who provided valid CRF and GS data , and with no history of heart attack/stroke/cancer at baseline . Compared with the lowest CRF category , the hazard ratio ( HR ) for all-cause mortality was 0.76 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.64–0.89 ] and 0.65 ( 95 % CI 0.55–0.78 ) for the middle and highest CRF categories , respectively , after adjustment for confounders and GS . The highest GS category had an HR of 0.79 ( 95 % CI 0.66–0.95 ) for all-cause mortality compared with the lowest , after adjustment for confounders and CRF . Similar results were found for cardiovascular and cancer mortality . The HRs for the combination of highest CRF and GS were 0.53 ( 95 % CI 0.39–0.72 ) for all-cause mortality and 0.31 ( 95 % CI 0.14–0.67 ) for cardiovascular mortality , compared with the reference category of lowest CRF and GS : no significant association for cancer mortality ( HR 0.70 ; 95 % CI 0.48–1.02 ) . CRF and GS are both independent predictors of mortality . Improving both CRF and muscle strength , as opposed to either of the two alone , may be the most effective behavioral strategy to reduce all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk PURPOSE To determine whether various intensities of aerobic training differentially affect aerobic capacity as well as resting HR and resting blood pressure ( BP ) . METHODS Sixty-one health young adult subjects were matched for sex and VO2max and were r and omly assigned to a moderate- ( 50 % VO2 reserve ( VO2R ) , vigorous ( 75 % VO2R ) , near-maximal-intensity ( 95 % VO2R ) , or a nonexercising control group . Intensity during exercise was controlled by having the subjects maintain target HR based on HR reserve . Exercise volume ( and thus energy expenditure ) was controlled across the three training groups by varying duration and frequency . Fifty-five subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a stationary bicycle ergometer and pre- and posttesting . During the final 4 wk , the moderate-intensity group exercised for 60 min , 4 d.wk the vigorous-intensity group exercised for 40 min , 4 d.wk and the near-maximal-intensity group exercised 3 d.wk performing 5 min at 75 % VO2R followed by five intervals of 5 min at 95 % VO2R and 5 min at 50 % VO2R . RESULTS VO2max significantly increased in all exercising groups by 7.2 , 4.8 , and 3.4 mL.min.kg in the near-maximal- , the vigorous- , and the moderate-intensity groups , respectively . Percent increases in the near-maximal- ( 20.6 % ) , the vigorous- ( 14.3 % ) , and the moderate-intensity ( 10.0 % ) groups were all significantly different from each other ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant changes in resting HR and BP in any group . CONCLUSION When volume of exercise is controlled , higher intensities of exercise are more effective for improving VO2max than lower intensities of exercise in healthy , young adults Purpose Physical exercise and cognitive training have been shown to enhance cognition among older adults . However , few studies have looked at the potential synergetic effects of combining physical and cognitive training in a single study . Prior trials on combined training have led to interesting yet equivocal results . The aim of this study was to examine the effects of combined physical and cognitive interventions on physical fitness and neuropsychological performance in healthy older adults 
    Output:
    
All other comparisons were unclear .
Same-session combined training can induce clinical ly relevant fitness improvements in older adults