***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and mortality among women with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses ' Health Study cohort . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Nurses ' Health Study , a prospect i ve cohort of U.S. female registered nurses , included 7,401 women with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at baseline or during follow-up from 1976 to 1996 .  Total and cause-specific mortality of these diabetic women were the outcomes of interest . RESULTS We documented 724 deaths during 20 years of follow-up ( 67,420 person-years ) among women with type 2 diabetes . In multivariate analyses , adjusting for age , history of high blood pressure and high cholesterol , and other cardiovascular risk factors , compared with never smokers , the RRs of mortality were 1.31 ( 95 % CI 1.11 - 1.55 ) for past smokers , 1.43 ( 0.96 - 2.14 ) for current smokers of 1 - 14 cigarettes/day , 1.64 ( 1.24 - 2.17 ) for current smokers of 15 - 34 cigarettes/day , and 2.19 ( 1.32 - 3.65 ) for current smokers of > or = 35 cigarettes/day ( P for trend = 0.0002 ) . Women with type 2 diabetes who had stopped smoking for > or = 10 years had a mortality RR of 1.11 ( 0.92 - 1.35 ) compared with diabetic women who were never smokers . CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking is associated in a dose-response manner with an increased mortality among women with type 2 diabetes . Furthermore , quitting smoking appears to decrease this excess risk substantially . Diabetes patients should be strongly advised against smoking Cigarette smoking causes acute blood pressure ( BP ) elevation , although some studies have found similar or lower BPs in smokers compared with nonsmokers .  Cross-sectional data from 3 years ( 1994 to 1996 ) of the annual Health Survey for Engl and were used to investigate any difference in BP between smokers and nonsmokers in a nationally representative sample of adults ( ≥16 years old ) . R and omly selected adults ( 33 860 ; 47 % men ) with valid body mass index ( BMI ) and BP measurements provided data on smoking status ( never , past , or current ) and were stratified into younger ( 16 to 44 years old ) and older ( ≥45 years old ) age groups . Analyses provided between 89 % and 94 % power to detect a difference of 2 mm Hg systolic BP between smokers and nonsmokers in the 4 age/gender strata ( & agr;=0.05 ) . Older male smokers had higher systolic BP adjusted for age , BMI , social class , and alcohol intake than did nonsmoking men . No such differences were seen among younger men or for diastolic blood pressure in either age group . Among women , light smokers ( 1 to 9 cigarettes/d ) tended to have lower BPs than heavier smokers and never smokers , significantly so for diastolic BP . Among men , a significant interaction between BMI and the BP-smoking association was observed . In women , BP differences between nonsmokers and light smokers were most marked in those who did not drink alcohol . These data show that any independent chronic effect of smoking on BP is small . Differences between men and women in this association are likely to be due to complex interrelations among smoking , alcohol intake , and BMI The influence of cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco on plasma fibrinogen level , fibrinolytic variables , glucose tolerance and serum insulin was studied in a r and omly selected population sample consisting of 604 men and 662 females between 25 and 64 years . Subjects were grouped according to tobacco habits as follows :  regular smokers ( > 1 cig/day ) , ex-smokers , snuff dippers , and non-tobacco users .  An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on 54 % of the participants .  Tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 ( PAI-1 ) activity were used to study fibrinolysis . Men who smoked had 0.34 g/l ( 95 % CI 0.17 to 0.49 ) higher fibrinogen level than non-tobacco users and numbers of cigarettes smoked correlated with plasma fibrinogen levels ( r = 0.21 , P = 0.006 ) . Female smokers had significantly higher fibrinogen levels than ex-smokers but the difference compared with non-smokers was not significant . Snuff dipping did not affect fibrinogen levels . We found no relationship between tPA activity , PAI-1 activity and tobacco use . Post-load plasma glucose was lower in women who smoked , otherwise no influence of tobacco use on glucose levels was seen . Lower post-load insulin levels ( -8.8 mU/ml , 95 % CI -2.4 to -16.3 ) than in non-smokers were also found in women who smoked . This was only partially explained by a lower body mass index in smokers . We conclude that cigarette smoking is associated with increased fibrinogen levels , unaltered fibrinolysis , normal glucose tolerance and insulin levels . The use of smokeless tobacco , as moist oral snuff , does not appear to affect these potential cardiovascular risk factors 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Non-smokers have a statistically significant lower HbA1c and more favourable lipid profile compared to smokers .
Smoking cessation does not lead to an increase in HbA1c in long-term and may reduce vascular complications in diabetes by its favourable impact on lipid profile