***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study measured the influence of 2-weeks ingestion of high chlorogenic acid ( CQA ) coffee on postexercise inflammation and oxidative stress , with secondary outcomes including performance and mood state .  Cyclists ( N = 15 ) were r and omized to CQA coffee or placebo ( 300 ml/day ) for 2 weeks , participated in a 50-km cycling time trial , and then crossed over to the opposite condition with a 2-week washout period . Blood sample s were collected pre- and postsupplementation , and immediately postexercise . CQA coffee was prepared using the Turkish method with 30 g lightly roasted , highly ground Hambela coffee beans in 300 ml boiling water , and provided 1,066 mg CQA and 474 mg caffeine versus 187 mg CQA and 33 mg caffeine for placebo .  Plasma caffeine was higher with CQA coffee versus placebo after 2-weeks ( 3.3-fold ) and postexercise ( 21.0-fold ) ( interaction effect , p < .001 ) . Higher ferric reducing ability of plasma ( FRAP ) levels were measured after exercise with CQA coffee versus placebo ( p = .01 ) . No differences between CQA coffee and placebo were found for postexercise increases in plasma IL-6 ( p = .74 ) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids ( 9 + 13 HODEs ) ( p = .99 ) . Total mood disturbance ( TMD ) scores were lower with CQA coffee versus placebo ( p = .04 ) . 50-km cycling time performance and power did not differ between trials , with heart rate and ventilation higher with CQA coffee , especially after 30 min . In summary , despite more favorable TMD scores with CQA coffee , these data do not support the chronic use of coffee highly concentrated with chlorogenic acids and caffeine in mitigating postexercise inflammation or oxidative stress or improving 50-km cycling performance Background Pre-workout supplements purportedly enhance feelings of energy , reduce fatigue and improve exercise performance . The purpose of this study was to examine the performance effects of caffeinated and non-caffeinated multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements . Methods In a counterbalanced , double-blind , placebo-controlled design , eccentric and concentric force production during lower body resistance exercise on a mechanized squat device were assessed after supplement ingestion . Repetitions-in-reserve/RPE and subjective feelings of energy , focus and fatigue were also examined . Twenty-one resistance-trained adults ( 12 F , 9 M ) completed three conditions in r and om order : caffeinated supplement , non-caffeinated supplement and placebo . Subjects were not informed of the presence of a placebo condition . Thirty minutes after supplement ingestion , a 3-repetition maximum test and 5 sets of 6 repetitions were completed using the squat device . Each repetition involved 4-s eccentric and concentric phases , and the force signal throughout each repetition was sample d from a load cell contained within the squat device . The scaled and filtered force signals were analyzed using customized software . Repeated measures analysis of variance and appropriate follow-up analyses were utilized to compare dependent variables , and relevant effect sizes ( d ) were calculated . Results Supplement or placebo ingestion led to similar subjective responses ( p > 0.05 ) . Energy ( + 8 to 44 % ; d = 0.3 to 0.8 ) and focus ( + 8 to 25 % ; d = 0.3 to 0.5 ) were acutely increased by supplement or placebo ingestion and decreased as the exercise session progressed . Fatigue was acutely decreased by supplement or placebo ingestion ( −7 to 38 % ; d = −0.1 to −0.6 ) and increased as the exercise session progressed . Eccentric and concentric forces were unimproved by supplementation during the exercise sets for both sexes . In the non-caffeinated supplement condition only , maximal eccentric force production was lower during sets 3 to 5 , as compared to set 1 ( p < 0.05 ) . Effect size data indicated that both the caffeinated and non-caffeinated supplements may contribute to small increases in concentric force production in males ( + 5 to 20 % , d = 0.2 to 0.4 relative to placebo ) , but not females . Conclusions As compared to placebo , caffeinated and non-caffeinated multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements failed to improve concentric and eccentric force production . In males , effect size data indicate a possible small benefit of supplementation on concentric force production , although this was not statistically significant . When resistance-trained subjects were unaware of the presence of a placebo , resistance exercise performance was similar regardless of whether a placebo or multi-ingredient supplement was ingested Caffeine consumption increases the urinary excretion of calcium and other minerals . Factors that affect caffeine metabolism such as steroid hormones may modify this effect . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral contraceptive ( OC ) use on the 4-h urinary excretion of calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , zinc , sodium , potassium and caffeine metabolites in response to a high caffeine dose given as coffee beverage . Adult women , 20 - 29 y , users ( + OC , n = 15 ) and nonusers ( -OC , n = 15 ) of oral contraceptives , with calcium intake approximately 500 mg/d , participated in two tests , caffeine load ( 5 mg/kg body weight ) and no-caffeine control , in a r and omized crossover design . The net increase ( caffeine load corrected by no caffeine ) in urinary excretion of most minerals was significantly higher in -OC than in + OC ( P < 0.05 ) , with the larger group difference for calcium ( ninefold ) followed by magnesium ( twofold ) , zinc ( onefold ) and potassium ( onefold ) . Net increases in urinary excretion of 1-methylurate and paraxanthine were about three- and fivefold higher , respectively , in -OC than in + OC ( P < 0.05 ) whereas net increases in urinary excretion of 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil ( AFMU ) and 1,7-dimethylurate were over twofold higher in the + OC than in -OC ( P < 0.05 ) . Following the caffeine load , most urinary minerals showed negative correlation with urinary 1-methylurate in -OC ( R < /= -0.78 , P < 0.01 ) , and with urinary AFMU and 1,7-dimethylurate in + OC ( R < /= -0.84 , P < 0.01 ) . Oral contraceptives appear to limit the renal effect of caffeine on mineral excretion possibly by reducing paraxanthine excretion , the most active caffeine metabolite Abstract Jacobson , BH , Hester , GM , Palmer , TB , Williams , K , Pope , ZK , Sellers , JH , Conchola , EC , Woolsey , C , and Estrada , C. Effect of energy drink consumption on power and velocity of selected sport performance activities . J Strength Cond Res 32(6 ) : 1613–1618 , 2018—Energy drinks ( ED ) comprise a multibillion dollar market focused on younger , active , and competitive individuals . Marketing includes cl aims of improved alertness and performance . The purpose of this study was to assess power ( W ) and velocity ( m·s−1 ) of a simulated , isolated foreh and stroke ( FHS ) , and a countermovement vertical jump ( CVJ ) before and after ingestion of a commercially available energy shot ( ES ) or a placebo ( PL ) . Healthy college-aged men and women ( N = 36 ) volunteers were r and omly placed in the ES or PL . Before and 30 minutes after ingesting either the ES or PL , participants performed 3 FHSs and CVJs . Power and velocity of each performance was measured using a linear velocity transducer and the highest value for each measure was used for subsequent analysis . The ES group demonstrated a significant ( p = 0.05 ) increase in velocity and W for the FHS , but not for the CVJ . All measures remained unchanged in the PL group for both , the FHS and CVJ . Females demonstrated a significant increase in velocity over males in FHS , but not in CVJ . It was concluded that while the dose of stimulants in the ES was adequate to improve performance of smaller muscle groups , it may not have been sufficient to affect the larger muscle groups of the lower legs which contribute to the CVJ . While the ES used in the present study contained a caffeine dosage within the NCAA limit and did improve performance for the upper body , it must be noted that there are health risks associated with ED consumption To examine the effect of caffeine ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise , we studied 20 muscle glycogen-loaded subjects who were given placebo or caffeine ( 6 mg/kg ) in a double blinded fashion 90 min before cycling for 2 h at 65 % of their maximal oxygen consumption . Exercise-induced glycogen depletion in the thigh muscle was noninvasively measured by means of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( NMR ) spectroscopy , and plasma concentrations of substrates and neuroendocrine hormones , including beta-endorphins , were also assessed . Muscle glycogen content was increased 140 % above normal values on the caffeine trial day ( P < 0.001 ) . After cycling for 2 h , caffeine ingestion was associated with a greater increase in plasma lactate ( caffeine : + 1.0 + /- 0.2 mmol/L ; placebo , + 0.1 + /- 0.2 mmol/L ; P < 0.005 ) , epinephrine ( caffeine , + 223 + /- 82 pg/mL ; placebo , + 56 + /- 26 pg/mL ; P < 0.05 ) , and cortisol ( caffeine , + 12 + /- 3 mg/mL ; placebo , + 2 + /- 2 mg/mL ; P < 0.001 ) levels . However , plasma free fatty acid concentrations increased ( caffeine , + 814 + /- 133 mmol/L ; placebo , + 785 + /- 85 mmol/L ; P = NS ) , and muscle glycogen content decreased ( caffeine , -57 + /- 6 mmol/L muscle ; placebo , -53 + /- 5 mmol/L muscle ; P = NS ) to the same extent in both groups . At the same time , plasma beta-endorphin levels almost doubled ( from 30 + /- 5 to 53 + /- 13 pg/mL ; P < 0.05 ) in the caffeine-treated group , whereas no change occurred in the placebo group . We conclude that caffeine ingestion 90 min before prolonged exercise does not exert a muscle glycogen-sparing effect in athletes with high muscle glycogen content . However , these data suggest that caffeine lowers the threshold for exercise-induced beta-endorphin and cortisol release , which may contribute to the reported benefits of caffeine on exercise endurance OBJECTIVES Some previous studies have demonstrated an early effect of caffeine administration on subjective state , but none of them has explored its existence after the administration of decaffeinated coffee , or the possible differences depending on the gender and circadian typology of the subjects . The aim of the present work is to investigate the early effects ( 10 - 30 min post-consumption ) of a single low dose of caffeine ( 100 mg ) and decaffeinated coffee on sleepiness , subjective activation and affect using a realistic design . The influence of gender and circadian typology is also explored . METHODS A r and omized double-blind informed placebo controlled procedure was applied to 688 healthy undergraduate volunteers , mean age 22.03+/-2.21 years , 238 men and 450 women . Measures were recorded before and after beverage consumption ( 10 , 20 and 30 min ) , in two experimental sessions : morning 11:00 - 13:00 h or afternoon 16:00 - 18:00 h. RESULTS Caffeine administration induced arousing effects ( lesser somnolence and greater activation ) in all post-consumption records , while the effects of decaffeinated drink were only apparent at 10 min .  Caffeine effects were greater in men , and the decaffeinated beverage produced greater effects in women . Circadian typology only showed effects for time of day ( morning/afternoon ) related with rhythmic expression . CONCLUSION Future works should study more accurately the early effect of coffee beverages and the influence of gender , using other parameters which have proven to be sensitive to their administration . The effect of several caffeine doses should also be studied Background The aim of this study was to examine the influence of caffeine supplementation on knee flexor and knee extensor strength before , during and after intermittent running exercise in female team-sport players taking oral contraceptive steroids ( OCS ) . Method Ten healthy females ( 24 ± 4 years ; 59.7 ± 3.5 kg ; undertaking 2–6 training sessions per week ) taking low-dose monophasic oral contraceptives of the same hormonal composition took part in a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover- design trial . Sixty minutes following the 
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In particular , it seems that men are able to produce more power , greater total weight lifted and more speed with the same dose of caffeine than women .
In summary , caffeine supplementation produced a similar ergogenic benefit for aerobic performance and the fatigue index in men and women athletes .
Nevertheless , the effects of caffeine to produce more power , total weight lifted and to improve sprint performance with respect to a placebo was higher in men than women athletes despite the same dose of caffeine being administered .
Thus , the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake on anaerobic performance might be higher in men than in women