***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a study of the effectiveness of systematic relaxation training alone or combined with biofeedback in the treatment of  hypertension in pregnancy , 60 women were seen weekly for 6 weeks . 18 were given relaxation therapy alone ( group A ) , 18 relaxation plus biofeedback ( group B ) , and there were 24 controls . Whereas two-thirds of the control group had to be admitted to hospital during their pregnancies , less than a third of each experimental group had to be admitted . The experimental groups also had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the control group . There were no significant differences between groups A and B in hospital admission rates or blood-pressure measurements Matched groups of primigravid women received one of three antenatal training programmes : normal antenatal classes , normal classes plus electromyography biofeedback relaxation training , or normal classes plus skin-conductance biofeedback relaxation training . Myographic training was found to be effective within conventional antenatal constraints , whereas skin-conductance training was not . The women reported use of biofeedback training and related skills to be of some benefit during early labour . However , no difference between effectively trained electromyographic , ineffectively trained skin-conductance and control groups was found on labour and delivery performance measures A study of the effects of biofeedback on the pain of childbirth was conducted . Forty primigravidae were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group . The experimental group was given a series of training sessions in biofeedback and used biofeedback equipment during labor . All subjects were monitored during the labor and delivery period for their reports of pain using a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and a verbal descriptor scale ( VDS ) . Results showed that women using biofeedback during childbirth reported significantly lower pain : from admission to labor and delivery ( p less than 0.05:VDS ; p less than 0.01:VAS ) , at delivery ( p less than 0.005:VDS ) , and 24-hr postpartum ( p less than 0.01:VDS ) . Also , women in the biofeedback group labored an average of 2 hr less and used 30 % fewer medications . The results of this study suggest that EMG biofeedback may be effective in reducing levels of acute pain experienced by childbearing women This review evaluated the effect of complementary and alternative medicine on  pain during labor  with conventional scientific methods using electronic data bases through 2006 were used . Only r and omized controlled trials with outcome measures for  labor pain  were kept for the conclusions . Many studies did not meet the scientific inclusion criteria . According to the r and omized control trials , we conclude that for the decrease of  labor pain and /or reduction of the need for conventional analgesic methods : ( i ) There is an efficacy found for acupressure and sterile water blocks . ( ii ) Most results favored some efficacy for acupuncture and hydrotherapy . ( iii ) Studies for other complementary or alternative therapies for labor pain control have not shown their effectiveness This investigation assessed the efficacy of a biobehavioral intervention in the adjunctive treatment of mild pregnancy-induced hypertension ( PIH ) , a potentially serious complication of pregnancy in which normotensive women develop hypertension , proteinuria , and edema of unknown etiology late in gestation . Forty-five women with symptoms of PIH were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment conditions : bed rest alone ( the most common obstetrical treatment ) , bed rest with individualized compliance enhancement training , or a four-session biobehavioral treatment consisting of bed rest , compliance enhancement training , and individualized thermal biofeedback-assisted relaxation training . Results indicated that while blood pressure for the bed rest and compliance enhancement groups continued to rise and pose an increasing health risk to maternal and fetal well-being , subjects in the biobehavioral group maintained their blood pressure at a significantly lower , and presumably safer , level . The biobehavioral treatment is hypothesized to affect blood pressure levels in subjects with mild PIH through the mediation of the sympathetic nervous system , decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output . The results of this investigation suggest that the biobehavioral intervention may be an effective adjunct to bed rest in the treatment of mild PIH remote from term Abstract Clinical studies have not resolved whether prepared childbirth techniques alter the maternal experience of pain . In order to examine the effectiveness of prepared childbirth strategies on perception and endurance to pain , attention focusing and two methods of systematic relaxation were studied in 6 combinations in 52 subjects exposed to ice-water pain .  The attention focusing plus feedback relaxation ( AF+FR ) strategy most closely resembled childbirth techniques and was found to be the most effective . AF+FR subjects experienced only about 1/2 the pain of the control subjects for up to 3 min pain exposure while enduring the pain 2·5 times longer than control subjects . Pain endurance was found to be inversely related to pain perception for all subjects . All AF+FR subjects endured 2 min pain exposure while 6 of 9 control subjects terminated . Prepared childbirth strategies improved with practice , were effective for pain duration s longer than labor contractions and are more effective than distraction techniques examined in other studies . These results demonstrate the prepared childbirth strategies  produce psychoanalgesia and suggest that psychoanalgesic strategies may adequately substitute for chemical analgesics in normal vaginal delivery OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback alone with intra-anal biofeedback that was augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter in the treatment of postpartum fecal incontinence . A secondary aim was to examine the impact of the treatment on continence-related quality of life . STUDY DESIGN Sixty symptomatic women were assigned r and omly to receive intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback or electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter once weekly for 12 weeks and to perform daily pelvic floor exercises between treatments . Therapeutic response was evaluated with a symptom question naire to determine continence score , anal manometry , and endoanal ultrasound scanning . Quality of life was assessed before and after treatment with a vali date d question naire . RESULTS Fifty-four women completed the treatment ; 52 women ( 96 % ) had ultrasonic evidence of an external anal sphincter defect . After the treatment , both groups demonstrated significant improvement in continence score ( P < .001 ) and in squeeze anal pressures ( P < .04 ) . Resting anal pressures did not alter significantly . Quality of life improved after the completion of physiotherapy , but there were no differences in outcome between intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback and electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter . CONCLUSION Intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback therapy was associated with improved continence and quality of life in women with altered fecal continence after delivery . The addition of electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter did not enhance symptomatic outcome 
    Output:
    
Most trials assessed the effects of electromyographic biofeedback in women who were pregnant for the first time .
There was no significant evidence of a difference between biofeedback and control groups in terms of assisted vaginal birth , caesarean section , augmentation of labour and the use of pharmacological pain relief .
The results of the included trials showed that the use of biofeedback to reduce the pain in women during labour is unproven .
Electromyographic biofeedback may have some positive effects early in labour , but as labour progresses there is a need for additional pharmacological analgesia .
Despite some positive results shown in the included trials , there is insufficient evidence that biofeedback is effective for the management of pain during labour