***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We evaluated  overactive bladder ( OAB )  symptoms and sexual and emotional health in sexually active women with OAB/urgency urinary incontinence ( UUI ) treated with tolterodine extended release ( ER ) . Sexually active women with OAB symptoms were r and omized to placebo or tolterodine ER . Five-day bladder diaries , Sexual Quality of Life Question naire — Female ( SQOL-F ) , Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Question naire ( PISQ ) , and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HAD ) were completed at baseline and week 12 . Tolterodine ER ( n = 201 ; mean ± SD age , 49 ± 12 years ) reduced UUI episodes ( P = 0.0029 ) , total ( P = 0.0006 ) and OAB ( P < 0.0001 ) micturitions , and pad use per 24 h ( P = 0.0024 ) , and was associated with improvements in SQOL-F ( P = 0.004 ) , PISQ total ( P = 0.009 ) , and HAD Anxiety ( P = 0.03 ) scores versus placebo ( n = 210 ; mean ± SD age , 47 ± 12 years ) . OAB symptoms improved with tolterodine ER as did the scores of sexual health and anxiety measures in sexually active women with OAB The Authors carried out a r and om double-blind trial on 30 patients affected by idiopathic urge incontinence with oxybutynin chloride ( 15 mg/die ) and placebo for two 20 day therapeutical cycles . The 24 patients who completed the trial oxybutynin chloride induced statistically significant effects -- compared to placebo too -- both on the subjective symptoms ( reduction or disappearance of the urgency in 14 cases - 60.8 % - and of urge incontinence in 16 cases - 76.1 % ) and on the objective symptoms showed by cystomanometry ( increased bladder capacity at the FD and VSD in 14 and 15 cases , respectively ; absence of involuntary contraction in 9 cases and normal or reduced detrusor pressure at the VSD in 13 out of 16 cases ) . Improvements , though less significant , were also obtained with the placebo BACKGROUND Solifenacin succinate is an antimuscarinic drug with reported efficacy and tolerability at a recommended starting dose of 5 mg QD in patients with overactive bladder ( OAB ) . OBJECTIVE The objective of this trial was to investigate the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of solifenacin 10 mg QD in patients with OAB . METHODS In this multicenter , Phase III , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , patients aged ≥18 years with OAB were r and omized at a 1:1 ratio to receive solifenacin 10 mg or placebo QD for 12 weeks . The patients were instructed to complete a micturition diary for the 3 days preceding each scheduled visit ( weeks 4 , 8 , and 12 ) . The primary end point was the change from baseline in the mean number of micturitions per 24 hours ; secondary end points included the mean change from baseline in the number of episodes per 24 hours of urgency , incontinence , nocturnal voiding , and nocturia and the mean volume voided per micturition . Tolerability was monitored through adverse events ( AEs ) , vital sign measurements , ECGs , laboratory assessment s , and physical examination . RESULTS A total of 672 patients were r and omized and received ≥1 dose of study drug ( solifenacin , n = 340 ; placebo , n = 332 ) . The mean ( SE ) decrease from baseline to study end in the number of micturitions per 24 hours was significantly greater in the solifenacin group compared with the placebo group ( -3.0 [ 0.2 ] vs -1.5 [ 0.2 ] , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . The mean decrease in the number of episodes of incontinence was significantly greater in the solifenacin group compared with the placebo group ( -2.0 [ 0.2 ] vs -1.1 [ 0.2 ] ; P < 0.001 ) , as was the mean decrease in the number of episodes of urgency ( -4.1 [ 0.2 ] vs -2.1 [ 0.2 ] ; P < 0.001 ) . Of the patients with ≥1 incontinence episode per 24 hours at baseline , significantly more patients in the solifenacin group achieved complete continence at study end than did patients in the placebo group ( 119/225 [ 52.9 % ] vs 80/237 [ 33.8 % ] ; P < 0.001 ) . The change from baseline to study end in the mean volume voided per micturition increased significantly in the solifenacin group compared with the placebo group ( 47.2 vs 2.7 mL ; P < 0.001 ) . Most AEs were mild or moderate in intensity . The AEs that were most commonly reported in the solifenacin-treated group were anticholinergic in nature : dry mouth ( 91 [ 26.8 % ] vs 13 patients [ 3.9 % ] in the placebo group ; P < 0.001 ) ; constipation ( 58 [ 17.1 % ] vs 11 [ 3.3 % ] ; P < 0.001 ) ; and blurred vision ( 12 [ 3.5 % ] vs 4 [ 1.2 % ] ; P < 0.05 ) . Serious AEs ( SAEs ) were reported for 5 patients in the solifenacin group and 3 patients in the placebo group . In the solifenacin group , 2 patients experienced chest pain , 1 had cellulitis , 1 had dehydration , and 1 had colonic obstruction ; only 1 SAE ( colonic obstruction ) was judged to be possibly related to the study drug . In the placebo group , 1 patient had chest pain , 1 had bacterial meningitis , and 1 had hemopericardium . CONCLUSIONS This study found that solifenacin 10 mg QD for 12 weeks was associated with significantly reduced symptoms of OAB , including the frequency of micturition , and episodes of urgency and of incontinence . With solifenacin , the volume voided per micturition increased by 47.2 mL , and 53 % of patients with ≥1 incontinence episode per 24 hours at baseline achieved complete continence . This efficacy was accompanied by a favorable safety and tolerability profile To evaluate the efficacy , tolerability and safety of a flexible‐dosing strategy with darifenacin , an M3‐selective receptor antagonist , in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder ( OAB ) In a multicentre placebo-controlled double-blind study 61 patients with spinal cord injuries and detrusor hyperreflexia were treated : 20 mg trospium chloride was given twice daily over a period of 3 weeks . Pre- and posttreatment urodynamic measurements demonstrated large improvements in maximum cystometric capacity ( mean = 138.1 ml ) , decreased maximum detrusor pressure ( mean = -37.8 cm H2O ) and an increase in compliance ( mean = 12.1 ml/cm H2O ) in the treatment group . Urodynamic parameters in the placebo group remained substantially unchanged . Comparisons between the two groups revealed highly significant differences for these parameters ( all , p less than 0.001 ) . No effect on maximum flow rate and residual urine was detected in either group . The incidence of spontaneously reported side-effects was extremely low and comparable for both groups PURPOSE An extended release formulation of trospium chloride was recently developed for the once daily treatment of overactive bladder . We investigated the safety , efficacy and tolerability of 60 mg trospium chloride once daily . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Subjects with overactive bladder were r and omized 1:1 to receive 60 mg trospium chloride once daily or placebo in this 12-week multicenter , parallel , double-blind , placebo controlled trial . Primary end points were calculated changes in diary recorded daily urinary frequency and daily urgency urinary incontinence episodes . Secondary end points were urgency severity , volume voided per void and the number of urgency voids per day . Safety was assessed by clinical examination , adverse event monitoring , clinical laboratory values and resting electrocardiograms . RESULTS Overall 601 subjects were prescribed  trospium once daily ( 298 ) or placebo ( 303 ) . Trospium once daily treatment result ed in significant improvements over placebo in all primary and key secondary efficacy outcomes at weeks 1 through 12 . The most common adverse events were dry mouth  ( trospium 8.7 % vs placebo 3 % ) and constipation  ( trospium 9.4 % vs placebo 1.3 % ) . Central nervous system adverse events were rare ( headache with trospium 1.0 % vs placebo 2.6 % ) . No clinical ly meaningful changes in laboratory , physical examination or electrocardiogram parameters were noted . CONCLUSIONS Trospium once daily provided significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms ( frequency , urgency urinary incontinence and urgency ) . Efficacy was similar to that seen previously with trospium chloride twice daily , while class effect anticholinergic adverse events occurred at comparatively low levels . Dry mouth was elicited at the lowest reported rate in the oral antimuscarinic drug class Aims of the study : The aim of this double-blind , r and omised , prospect i ve , multicentre trial was to evaluate the efficacy of propiverine in patients suffering from detrusor hyperreflexia caused by spinal cord injury in comparison to placebo . Study design : The treatment period of 14 days comprised visits at baseline ( V1 ) and after 14 days treatment ( V2 ) . Fifteen mg propiverine t.i.d . or placebo t.i.d . were administered as medication . The following efficacy parameters were adopted : the urodynamic parameters maximal cystometric bladder capacity , bladder volume on onset of the first as well as duration and amplitude of the maximum detrusor contraction , bladder compliance and residual urine , and subjective assessment of efficacy by physicians . For the evaluation of the safety of propiverine the incidence rate of adverse events by directly question ing as well as laboratory parameters were investigated . For biometrical evaluation t-test for independent groups was applied . Results : One hundred and thirteen patients were investigated .  The maximal cystometric bladder capacity increased significantly in the propiverine group , on average by 104 ml ( V1 : 262±132 ml . V2 : 366±143 ml , P<0.001 ) . The changes in bladder capacity during the first contraction and the maximum detrusor contraction in the verum group were both statistically significant . The bladder compliance documented a more pronounced increase under propiverine in comparison to placebo . Residual urine increased by 37±71 ml in the propiverine group , significantly more than in the placebo group ( P=0.01 ) . Sixty-three per cent of the patients expressed subjectively an improvement under propiverine in comparison with 23 % of the placebo group . Expected anticholinergic adverse events occurred : dryness of the mouth ( 37 % in the verum and 8 % in the placebo group ) , accommodation disorders ( 28 % and 2 % respectively ) . Nausea , constipation , headache , dizziness , tiredness and palpitations were reported in almost comparable incidence rates between 3 and 13 % in both treatment groups . Eight drop-outs were registered in the propiverine group ( five due to adverse events ) and three in the placebo group ( one due to adverse events ) . The laboratory parameters revealed no changes . Conclusion : Propiverine proved its efficacy in detrusor hyperreflexia with regard to the urodynamic parameters of the maximal cystometric bladder capacity and detrusor contractility . Anticholinergic adverse events such as dryness of the mouth and accommodation disorders were considered being tolerable . The increase in residual urine reflects the therapeutically desired effect of detrusor relaxation because the majority of patients normally practise intermittent catheterisation for bladder emptying OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a new extended-release ( ER ) , once-daily , capsule formulation of tolterodine , relative to placebo and the existing immediate-release ( IR ) , twice-daily , tablet formulation , for treatment of the overactive bladder . METHODS This was a double-blind , multicenter , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . One thous and five hundred twenty-nine patients ( 81 % women ) with urinary frequency ( eight or more micturitions every 24 hours ) and urge incontinence ( five or more episodes per week ) were r and omized to oral therapy with tolterodine ER 4 mg once daily ( n = 507 ) , tolterodine IR 2 mg twice daily ( n = 514 ) , or placebo ( n = 508 ) for 12 weeks . Efficacy was assessed at the end of the treatment period on the basis of the micturition diary variables . Tolerability and safety were assessed by evaluating the adverse events , electrocardiogram parameters , laboratory values , and treatment withdrawals . RESULTS Tolterodine ER 4 mg once daily ( P = 0.0001 ) and tolterodine IR 2 mg twice daily ( P = 0.0005 ) both significantly reduced the mean number of urge incontinence episodes per week compared with placebo 
    Output:
    
This is the first study allowing trade-offs between efficacy and adverse events of various drugs and dosages in the treatment of patients with OAB .