***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and decreased energy expenditure ( EE ) . Workplace interventions breaking up sedentary time have increased EE but the cardiovascular responses are unknown . The practicalities of these interventions , such as required costs and workplace adaptations , are question ed . Calisthenics exercises overcome such limitations , but have not been assessed . The aim of this study was to assess the EE and heart rate ( HR ) response when breaking up sedentary time with a short bout of st and ing , walking or calisthenics . METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty healthy participants ( 15 male ) completed four 30 min conditions : a ) 30 min sitting , or breaking up this period with two minutes of b ) st and ing , c ) treadmill walking ( 4 km·h(-1 ) ) or d ) a set of calisthenics exercises ( including squats and lunges ) . HR and EE ( indirect calorimetry ) were assessed throughout . During the activity break , calisthenics caused the highest HR ( 90 ± 12 bpm ) compared to all other conditions ( Sit : 70 ± 12 bpm ; St and : 72 ± 13 bpm ; Walk:84 ± 10 bpm ; p < 0.001 ) and EE was the highest with calisthenics ( 13 ± 5 kcal ) compared to all conditions except walking ( Sit:3 ± 1 kcal ; St and : 5 ± 1 kcal ; p < 0.001 ) . The recovery following calisthenics had highest total EE ( 27 ± 7 kcal ) compared to walking ( 23 ± 6 kcal ) and st and ing ( 22 ± 6 kcal ) and also the longest elevation of HR ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Calisthenics led to a greater total EE and HR response compared to st and ing or walking interventions . Calisthenics may be a time efficient method to break up sedentary time without individuals leaving their work environment . Hence calisthenics could be utilised to disrupt workplace sedentary time and improve cardiovascular health and assist in weight management Background Excessive sitting time is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity independent of physical activity . This aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sit-st and workstation on sitting time , and vascular , metabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes in office workers , and to investigate workstation acceptability and feasibility . Methods A two-arm , parallel-group , individually r and omised controlled trial was conducted in one organisation . Participants were asymptomatic full-time office workers aged ≥18 years . Each participant in the intervention arm had a sit-st and workstation installed on their workplace desk for 8 weeks . Participants in the control arm received no intervention . The primary outcome was workplace sitting time , assessed at 0 , 4 and 8 weeks by an ecological momentary assessment diary . Secondary behavioural , cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed . Acceptability and feasibility were assessed via question naire and interview . ANCOVA and magnitude-based inferences examined intervention effects relative to controls at 4 and 8 weeks . Participants and research ers were not blind to group allocation . Results Forty-seven participants were r and omised ( intervention n = 26 ; control n = 21 ) . Relative to the control group at 8 weeks , the intervention group had a beneficial decrease in sitting time ( −80.2 min/8-h workday ( 95 % CI = −129.0 , −31.4 ) ; p = 0.002 ) , increase in st and ing time ( 72.9 min/8-h workday ( 21.2 , 124.6 ) ; p = 0.007 ) and decrease in total cholesterol ( −0.40 mmol/L ( −0.79 , −0.003 ) ; p = 0.049 ) . No harmful changes in musculoskeletal discomfort/pain were observed relative to controls , and beneficial changes in flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure were observed . Most participants self-reported that the workstation was easy to use and their work-related productivity did not decrease when using the device . Factors that negatively influenced workstation use were workstation design , the social environment , work tasks and habits . ConclusionS hort-term use of a feasible sit-st and workstation reduced daily sitting time and led to beneficial improvements in cardiometabolic risk parameters in asymptomatic office workers . These findings imply that if the observed use of the sit-st and workstations continued over a longer duration , sit-st and workstations may have important ramifications for the prevention and reduction of cardiometabolic risk in a large proportion of the working population .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02496507 BACKGROUND We found recently that changes in nonexercise activity thermogenesis ( NEAT ) mediate resistance to weight gain with overfeeding in sedentary adults . A potentially important , yet seldom investigated , component of NEAT is the energy expenditure of fidgeting-like activities . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to measure changes in energy expenditure with fidgeting-like activities . DESIGN Energy expenditure was measured in 24 subjects ( 17 women and 7 men x+/- SD body weight : 76 + /- 21 kg ) while recumbent at rest , sitting motionless , st and ing motionless , partaking of self-selected fidgeting-like movements while seated and while st and ing , and walking on a treadmill at 1.6 , 3.2 , and 4.8 km/h ( 1 , 2 , and 3 mph ) . Measurements were performed by using a high-precision , indirect calorimeter connected to the subject via a transparent , lightweight facemask that enabled almost unrestricted movement . RESULTS Compared with metabolic rate in the supine position ( 5.4 + /- 1.5 kJ/min ) , energy expenditure increased while sitting motionless by 4 + /- 6 % , while fidgeting while seated by 54 + /- 29 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) , while st and ing motionless by 13 + /- 8 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) , while fidgeting while st and ing by 94 + /- 38 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) , while walking at 1.6 km/h by 154 + /- 38 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) , while walking at 3.2 km/h by 202 + /- 45 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) , and while walking at 4.8 km/h by 292 + /- 81 % ( P : < 0.0001 ) . There was a significant , positive correlation between changes in energy expenditure and body weight for fidgeting-like activities while st and ing ( r = 0.43 , P : = 0.02 ) but not while seated . CONCLUSIONS There is marked variance between subjects in the energy expenditure associated with self-selected fidgeting-like activities . The thermogenic potential of fidgeting-like and low- grade activities is sufficiently great to substantively contribute to energy balance The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 24-wk diet + exercise ( DE ) or diet-only program on basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) , bone mineral density ( BMD ) , energy expended during daily activities , muscle strength , and maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) in 40 postmenopausal women . Daily energy need was determined by measuring BMR and assessing physical activity with 8-d self-reported activity records . The DE group consumed 2092 kJ/d less than the daily energy need and walked and performed strength-training exercises during which they expended an additional 837 kJ/d . The two diet-only groups consumed either 2092 kJ/d ( D-2092 ) or 2929 kJ/d ( D-2929 ) less than the daily energy need . BMD , BMR , muscle strength , VO2max , and energy expended during lying , sitting , st and ing , and walking were measured at baseline and after 12 and 24 wk of treatment . A significant decrease in BMR and energy expended during sitting and walking occurred in all groups , with no significant differences observed among groups . Although the declines in BMR were significant , they were small and may not have been physiologically relevant . No changes in BMD or VO2max occurred , whereas strength increased significantly in the DE group . The results showed that postmenopausal women significantly improved their body composition over a period of 6 mo without experiencing a large decline in BMR , BMD , or select components of energy expenditure Background Sedentary behavior is defined as any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure of 1.5 METS or less while in a sitting or reclining posture . This study examines this definition by assessing the energy cost ( METs ) of common sitting , st and ing and walking tasks . Methods Fifty one adults spent 10 min during each activity in a variety of sitting tasks ( watching TV , Playing on the Wii , Playing on the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) and typing ) and non-sedentary tasks ( st and ing still , walking at 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 , 1.0 , 1.2 , 1.4 , and 1.6 mph ) . Activities were completed on the same day in a r and om order following an assessment of resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) . A portable gas analyzer was used to measure oxygen uptake , and data were converted to units of energy expenditure ( METs ) . Results Average of st and ardized MET values for screen-based sitting tasks were : 1.33 ( SD : 0.24 ) METS ( TV ) , 1.41 ( SD : 0.28 ) ( PSP ) , and 1.45 ( SD : 0.32 ) ( Typing ) . The more active , yet still seated , games on the Wii yielded an average of 2.06 ( SD : 0.5 ) METS . St and ing still yielded an average of 1.59 ( SD : 0.37 ) METs . Walking MET values increased incrementally with speed from 2.17 to 2.99 ( SD : 0.5 - 0.69 ) METs . Conclusions The suggested 1.5 MET threshold for sedentary behaviors seems reasonable however some sitting based activities may be classified as non-sedentary . The effect of this on the definition of sedentary behavior and associations with metabolic health needs further investigation Background Prolonged sitting time has been associated with adverse health outcomes . Interventions at work may contribute to reduced sitting . The objective was to test if a multicomponent work-based intervention can reduce sitting time and the number of prolonged sitting periods ( > 30 min ) , increase the number of sit-to-st and transitions and decrease  waist circumference and body fat percentage among office workers . Primary outcomes were : change in sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and sit-to-st and transitions at follow-up 1 month later . Methods At four workplaces , 19 offices ( 317 workers in total ) were cluster r and omized for intervention or control . The intervention included the appointment of local ambassadors , management support , environmental changes , a lecture and a workshop . Sitting time was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh . Data were processed using Acti4 software providing data on time spent sitting , st and ing and doing other activities . Control participants were instructed to behave as usual . Follow-up measurements were obtained after 1 and 3 months . Results At 1 and 3 months , total sitting time was 71 ( P < 0.001 ) and 48 min ( P < 0.001 ) lower per 8-h workday in the intervention group compared with the control group . At 1 month , the number of prolonged sitting periods was lower ( -0.79/8-h workday , P < 0.001 ) and sit-to-st and transitions were higher ( + 14%/sitting hour , P = 0.001 ) in the intervention compared with the control group . After 3 months , trends persisted . The body fat percentage was lower by 0.61 percentage points ( P = 0.011 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group after 3 months . Conclusions The multicomponent workplace-based intervention was effective in reducing sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and body fat percentage , and in increasing the number of sit-to-st and transitions Humans show considerable interindividual variation in susceptibility to weight gain in response to overeating . The physiological basis of this variation was investigated by measuring changes in energy storage and expenditure in 16 nonobese volunteers who were fed 1000 kilocalories per day in excess of weight-maintenance requirements for 8 weeks . Two-thirds of the increases in total daily energy expenditure was due to increased  nonexercise activity thermogenesis  ( NEAT ) , which is associated with fidgeting , maintenance of posture , and other physical activities of daily life . Changes in NEAT accounted for the 10-fold differences in fat storage that occurred and directly predicted resistance to fat gain with overfeeding ( correlation coefficient = 0.77 , probability < 0.001 ) . These results suggest that as humans overeat , activation of NEAT dissipates excess energy to preserve leanness and that failure to activate NEAT may result in ready fat gain OBJECTIVES Interrupting prolonged periods of sitting may improve postpr and ial insulin and glucose although it is unclear whether interruptions need to involve physical activity or simply a change in posture ( from sitting to st and ing ) to benefit adults without metabolic impairment . This study examined effects of interrupting sitting with intermittent walking , and intermittent st and ing on dynamic insulin and glucose responses in men without known metabolic impairment . DESIGN 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The substitution of sitting with st and ing could be a potential solution for a sedentary lifestyle to prevent weight gain in the long term .