***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To evaluate the effects of water versus beverages sweetened with non‐nutritive sweeteners ( NNS ) on body weight in subjects enrolled in a year‐long behavioral weight loss treatment program . Methods The study used a r and omized equivalence design with NNS or water beverages as the main factor in a trial among 303 weight‐stable people with overweight and obesity . All participants participated in a weight loss program plus assignment to consume 24 ounces ( 710 ml ) of water or NNS beverages daily for 1 year . Results NNS and water treatments were non‐equivalent , with NNS treatment  showing greater weight loss at the end of 1 year . At 1 year subjects receiving water had maintained a 2.45 ± 5.59 kg weight loss while those receiving NNS beverages maintained a loss of 6.21 ± 7.65 kg ( P < 0.001 for difference ) . Conclusions Water and NNS beverages were not equivalent for weight loss and maintenance during a 1‐year behavioral treatment program . NNS beverages were superior for weight loss and weight maintenance in a population consisting of regular users  of NNS beverages who either maintained or discontinued consumption of these beverages and consumed water during a structured weight loss program . These results suggest that NNS beverages can be an effective tool for weight loss and maintenance within the context of a weight management program BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of obesity in children has been linked in part to the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks . Our aim was to examine this relation . METHODS We enrolled 548 ethnically diverse schoolchildren ( age 11.7 years , SD 0.8 ) from public schools in four Massachusetts communities , and studied them prospect ively for 19 months from October , 1995 , to May , 1997 . We examined the association between baseline and change in consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks ( the independent variables ) , and difference in measures of obesity , with linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potentially confounding variables and clustering of results within schools . FINDINGS For each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed , both body mass index ( BMI ) ( mean 0.24 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI 0.10 - 0.39 ; p=0.03 ) and frequency of obesity ( odds ratio 1.60 ; 95 % CI 1.14 - 2.24 ; p=0.02 ) increased after adjustment for anthropometric , demographic , dietary , and lifestyle variables . Baseline consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was also independently associated with change in BMI ( mean 0.18 kg/m2 for each daily serving ; 95 % CI 0.09 - 0.27 ; p=0.02 ) . INTERPRETATION Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks is associated with obesity in children Dietary compensation for energy provided as ethanol is reportedly limited . Whether this is a function of the ethanol or other aspect of the medium in which it is ingested is not known . Eight male and eight female adults ingested 1.08 liters of beer ( 5.0 % ethanol w/v , 1891kJ ) , light beer ( 2.9 % ethanol w/v , 1197kJ ) , no-alcohol beer ( 0.1 % ethanol w/v , 816kJ ) , cola ( 1749kJ ) or carbonated water ( 0kJ ) every 3 - 4 days with a midday meal . Diet records were kept the preceding day and day of beverage ingestion . Energy intake was significantly higher each day an energy-bearing beverage was consumed relative to its preceding day . A literature review revealed dietary compensation for modifications of energy intake via fluids is less precise than when solid foods are manipulated . These findings demonstrate dietary adjustment for energy derived from ethanol is imprecise , but also indicate energy from carbohydrate elicits little dietary response when ingested in a beverage Whereas soft drinks are described as primarily thirst-quenching liquids , juices and milk are said to be liquid foods , with a greater satiating power . This study was conducted to compare the effects of orange juice , low-fat milk ( 1 % ) , regular cola , and sparkling water on hunger , thirst , satiety , and energy intakes at the next meal . Thirty-two volunteers ( 14 men and 18 women ) , ages 18 - 35 years , consumed a breakfast preload composed of 590 ml ( 20 oz ) of an energy-containing beverage ( 1036 kJ ) or water ( 0 kJ ) and a slice of toast ( 418 kJ ) on four different occasions . Participants rated hunger , thirst , fullness , and desire to eat at baseline and at 20-min intervals for 2 h following preload ingestion . A tray lunch was presented at 2 h , 15 min and food consumption was measured . Compared to sparkling water , the three energy-containing beverages were associated with higher fullness and reduced hunger rating and desire to eat . However , energy intakes at lunch ( 4511+/-151 kJ for men and 3183+/-203 kJ for women ) were the same across all four beverage conditions and no compensation for breakfast energy was observed . The three beverages of equal energy value were significantly different from sparkling water , but not from each other , in their effects on hunger and satiety ratings . All four beverages satisfied thirst equally well . Whether energy-containing cola , juice , and low-fat milk facilitate a positive energy balance remains a topic for further study Objective The present study evaluated weight loss and compliance outcomes for overweight adolescents assigned to one of two dietary interventions differing in the type of snacks allowed . Methods The study was a 12-week , controlled clinical trial , among otherwise healthy but overweight ( body mass index ≥95th percentile ) 11-year-old to 15-year-old girls who were r and omly assigned to either a 1,500 kcal/day free-snack program or a 1,500 kcal/day restricted-snack program . All subjects were counseled to consume three servings of dairy products per day , and were provided with a 500 mg calcium supplement as well . Subjects in the free-snack group could choose any 150-calorie item as one of their two daily snacks , including regular soda if desired ; however , subjects in the restricted-snack group were limited to diet soda . Results Thirty-two adolescent girls completed the 12-week intervention . Both diets were equally effective in achieving a modest amount of weight loss , and were equally acceptable to the subjects . Significant decreases in weight , body mass index , anthropometric measures , total cholesterol and triglycerides were observed . Conclusions A 1,500 kcal/day diet allowing for a free snack of 150 calories was equally as effective as a more restricted snack policy in achieving a modest amount of weight loss among overweight 11-year-old to 15-year-old girls . In addition , results suggest that some soda may be included in a teen weight control diet , as long as caloric intake is maintained at recommended levels , and care is taken to achieve adequate intake of essential nutrients . Calcium intake among subjects was low at baseline , and , although it increased during the study ( due to supplementation ) , further efforts to increase consumption of naturally calcium-rich and calcium-fortified foods and beverages are needed BACKGROUND A population of over 12,000 mature subjects participated in a longitudinal study ( 8 years ) of nutrition and health ( the Su . Vi . Max Study ) . In this context , a specific cross-sectional study was carried out in a r and omly selected sub population . AIM To identify anthropometric , nutritional and biochemical correlates of spontaneous use of ' light ' foods and drinks in a free-living population . DESIGN Men ( n = 2299 ) and women ( n = 1979 ) , 45 - 60 years , reported their food intakes over six non-consecutive days . Consumers of low-fat and low-sugar foods and drinks , and artificial sweeteners , were compared with non-consumers . RESULTS Users of low-sugar products were heavier than non-users ; female consumers of low-fat products , but not males , had higher body weight and BMI than non-consumers . Users of low-sugar products had higher triacylglycerols and glycaemia than non-users while biochemical parameters were not different in users and non-users of low-fat products . Use of low-sugar products led to increased diet density of a few micronutrients , including cholesterol . Low-fat product selection was associated with increased intake of most micronutrients , both in absolute value and in density . CONCLUSIONS In mature adults , selection of fat-reduced products was associated with improved quality of the diet , while anthropometric and biological parameters appeared less favourable in consumers of low-sugar products vs. non-consumers . The longitudinal follow-up of the cohort in future years will help determine cause- and -effect relationships among these parameters OBJECTIVE To examine the secular trends in the association between  obesity and hypertension among American adults between 1999 and 2014 . METHODS Data from the 1999 - 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( eight survey cycles ) were used . Obesity was determined from measured body mass index , with hypertension assessed from measured blood pressure and self-reported medication use . Meta-regression was used to examine the linear , quadratic , and cubic trends of the relationship between the observed odds ratio effect sizes ( obesity and hypertension ) and the NHANES cycles ( year ) using a r and om-effects model . RESULTS Across the years of 1999 to 2014 , there was a significant , positive linear trend ( p = .006 ) in the association between overweight/obesity and hypertension . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the association between overweight/obesity and hypertension is becoming stronger over time . Continued surveillance of temporal changes associated with obesity and hypertension is necessary to monitor how such changes may underlie changes in the risk for chronic disease . SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This novel study evaluates whether the magnitude of association between obesity and hypertension has changed over the last 15-years Importance Health care professionals commonly recommend increased water consumption , typically to 8 cups per day , as part of a weight-reducing diet . However , this recommendation is based on limited evidence and virtually no experimental data from the pediatric population . Objective To compare 2 st and ardized weight-loss diets among adolescents with overweight or obesity , either with or without additional advice and behavioral support to increase habitual water intake to 8 cups per day . Design , Setting , and Participants A r and omized clinical , parallel-group trial was conducted between February 2 , 2011 , and June 26 , 2014 , at Boston Children ’s Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , among 38 adolescents with overweight or obesity who reported drinking 4 cups or less of water per day . Interventions All participants in both groups received similar weight-reducing interventions , differentiated by advice about water intake ( the water group received advice to increase water intake to 8 cups per day ; the control group did not receive such advice ) but controlled for other dietary recommendations and treatment intensity . The interventions included dietary counseling , daily text messages , and a cookbook with health guides . To support adherence to 8 cups of water per day , the water group received well-defined messages about water through counseling and daily text messages , a water bottle , and a water pitcher with filters . Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was 6-month change in body mass index z score . Data analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle . Results All 38 participants ( 27 girls and 11 boys ; mean [ SD ] age , 14.9 [ 1.7 ] years ) completed the study . Both groups reported drinking approximately 2 cups of water per day at baseline . Self-reported change in water intake at 6 months was greater in the water group ( difference from baseline , 2.8 cups per day [ 95 % CI , 1.8 to 3.8 ] ; P < .001 ) compared with that in the control group ( difference from baseline , 1.2 cups per day [ 95 % CI , 0.2 to 2.2 ] ; P = .02 ) ( difference between groups , 1.6 cups per day [ 95 % CI , 0.2 to 3.0 cups per day ] ; P = .03 ) . The 6-month change in body mass index z score did not differ between the water group ( difference from baseline , –0.1 [ 95 % CI , –0.2 to –0.0 ] ; P = .005 ) and the control group ( difference from baseline , –0.1 [ 95 % CI , –0.2 to –0.0 ] ; P = .008 ) ( difference between groups , –0.0 [ 95 % CI , −0.1 to 0.1 ] ; P = .88 ) . Conclusions and Relevance Advice and behavioral supports to consume 8 cups of water per day in the context of a weight-reducing diet did not affect body weight among adolescents with overweight or obesity . Despite intensive behavior supports , few adolescents achieved the target of 8 cups of water per day . Environmental interventions to reduce barriers to water consumption at school may be necessary in future research of the feasibility and effectiveness to achieve the target of an intake of 8 cups of water per day in adolescents . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov Identifier : OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of water preloading before meals as a weight loss strategy for adults with obesity 
    Output:
    
The most effective intervention among the studies was the replacement of caloric beverages with water .
In conclusion , despite 5.15 % of weight loss , the low to moderate quality of evidence and the short term of follow-up are limitations to support evidence -based recommendations of water consumption for weight loss