***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Many elderly patients in long-term care hospitals can not adequately brush their dentures because of disease , dementia and poor dexterity . Such inadequate cleaning may allow for the multiplication of C and ida spp . and bacteria , which could serve as reservoirs for disseminating infections . OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of 3 denture cleansers in reducing the number of microorganisms on dentures in a hospitalized geriatric population . METHODS Three br and s of cleanser ( Denture Brite , Polident and Efferdent ) were compared ; water was used as the control . Microbiological sample s were obtained before and after 3 one-week periods of cleanser use ; these sample s were taken by a microbiologist blinded to the assigned treatment . In the statistical analysis , the ranks of the differences between the before-treatment and after-treatment scores of each regimen were compared by means of the general linear model . In addition , the efficacy of each cleanser in reducing accumulation of plaque , stain and food was assessed . RESULTS The rank of the differences in the number of colony-forming units ( CFUs ) of C and ida spp . before and after one week of use of Denture Brite ( p = 0.04 ) and Polident ( p = 0.01 ) , was significantly greater than that of the control group , but there was no difference between Efferdent use and control ( p = 0.10 ) . No significant differences in reduction of Streptococcus mutans were observed between Denture Brite ( p = 0.13 ) or Polident ( p = 0.12 ) and the control group , whereas dentures cleaned with Efferdent exhibited significantly greater reduction in Streptococcus mutans ( p = 0.02 ) than dentures cleaned with water . Over all study periods , there were no significant differences among the cleansers in reduction of C and ida spp . or Streptococcus mutans . Dentures cleaned with Denture Brite , Polident or Efferdent appeared to have similar reductions in the level of plaque , stain and food , and all had substantially greater reductions than dentures cleaned with water only . The significant difference in the rank of the reduction in C and ida spp . CFUs ( p = 0.005 ) was related to the variance between study periods ( p = 0.01 ) and the variance between subjects ( p = 0.008 ) . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of denture cleansers significantly reduced the number of microorganisms on dentures in a hospitalized geriatric population Since a large percentage of denture wearers in South Africa make use of household products as denture cleansers , it was considered desirable to find a household product which can be used as a satisfactory sanitising agent in denture cleansing routines . Six subjects , each wearing an acrylic plate with removable plugs of a st and ard surface area , used a different solution in rotation as a disinfectant . The following solutions were tested : a 0.04 per cent hypochlorite + 0.66 per cent NaCl ( 4 per cent Milton ) , 0.012 per cent hypochlorite + 0.19 per cent NaCl ( 1.2 per cent Milton ) , 20 per cent NaCl , undiluted vinegar and 50 per cent diluted vinegar solutions . On completion of each experimental period the plugs were removed , visually inspected and viable bacterial counts were made . All solutions result ed in a significant ( p < 0.01 ) reduction of viable bacteria compared to the tap water control . The sodium hypochlorite solutions were more effective sanitising solutions OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare and correlate biofilm levels in complete upper and lower prosthesis after brushing , associated with specific paste and soap , by means of computerised methodology . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-five complete denture wearers were selected and instructed to brush their prostheses ( Soft Oral B 40 ) three times a day for 3 weeks with water ( Control ) , specific paste for complete dentures ( Corega Brite ) ( Experiment 1 ) and neutral soap ( Experiment 2 ) . The study was based on a cross-over model and a wash-out period was not included . For biofilm quantification , the internal surfaces were dyed ( neutral red 1 % ) , photographed ( Canon EOS Digital ) and the disclosed biofilm was measured with the Image Tool 2.0 software . The products were assessed by means of a question naire regarding their hygiene properties and acceptance . RESULTS The variance analysis indicated that the lower prostheses exhibited a mean biofilm percentage , significantly higher than the upper prostheses and that brushing with paste ( Experiment 1 ) was more effective than soap ( Experiment 2 ) and , in turn , this was more effective than water ( Control ) . There was a high biofilm correlation ( Pearson correlation ) between both prostheses . Both products were well accepted by the patients , but the most favoured one was the paste . CONCLUSIONS This was effective in controlling the biofilm and can be used preventatively in the maintenance of oral health by wearers of complete dentures . This is important where the lower prosthesis can harbour microorganisms which may act as a reservoir for other areas of the mouth and thus enhance the importance of proper hygiene The purpose of this clinical study was to test the effectiveness of three methods of decontamination on complete dentures . Dentures worn by patients for varying lengths of time were h and led aseptically and treated with three different treatment modalities . The dentures were touched and sectioned and then retouched to a variety of microbiological media . The quantity of microbial growth was recorded and predominating microorganisms were identified using st and ard microbiological techniques . System A was found to consistently decontaminate and sanitize dentures worn by patients . System B and System C showed variable reduction of microorganisms . An unexpected spectrum of both pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms was found in the dentures examined , including a wide range of gram-negative bacteria , gram-positive bacteria , and yeasts . A wide range of microorganisms must be considered when treating either oral or systemic diseases in denture wearers . Denture hygiene and decontamination are critical to the prevention of oral and systemic disease transmission . The dentures of ill patients must be considered as possible sources of pathogenic microorganisms A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of a soaking solution ( Efferdent Extra-Strength Denture Cleanser Tablets ) to mechanical cleaning with a denture paste ( Advanced Formula Dentu-Creme Denture Cleaning Paste ) to remove and kill plaque bacteria from removable dentures . The study was conducted in a r and omized , four-way crossover fashion with 18 subjects . At each clinic visit , subjects were r and omized to one of four treatment regimens : 1 ) no treatment ; 2 ) brushing with denture paste ; 3 ) soaking in Efferdent ; 4 ) brushing followed by soaking in Efferdent . Microbiological sampling for plaque bacteria was made before and after each treatment . Aliquot sample s of 10-fold serial dilutions were plated on supplemented Schaedler Agar ( for total anaerobes ) and on CVE agar ( for fusobacteria ) . Analysis of covariance was performed on the log10 transformed scores at posttreatment using the pre-treatment scores as covariates . Significant treatment effects were : F(3,41 ) = 81.60 , p less than 0.001 for anaerobes and F(3,50 ) = 104.38 , p less than 0.001 for fusobacteria . Pairwise comparisons using Tukey hsd post hoc tests showed that for total anaerobes , treatments 1 and 2 yielded higher scores than treatments 3 and 4 . For fusobacteria , treatment 1 greater than 2 greater than 3 or 4 ; no difference between treatments 3 and 4 . The results demonstrated the superior performance of Efferdent over Dentu-Creme It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in removing denture plaque . The study group consisted of forty institutionalized geriatric denture wearers , who were assigned r and omly into an enzyme group and a placebo group . Enzyme tablets and placebo for denture soaking were administered by the nurses . The dentures were immersed for 15 min once daily for three months . The amount of denture plaque , the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa , and the concentration of yeasts and bacteria in mucosal and denture smears were recorded before , during , and after the experimental period . The study was design ed and carried out as a double-blind study . After denture soaking for six weeks a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa was recorded . After denture soaking for twelve weeks the conditions had improved further when comparing the enzyme group with the placebo group It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of brushing with a 1 % chlorhexidine gel or a commercial solution cleanser ( Steradent ) in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of new dentures . The study group consisted of 74 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned r and omly to one of four treatment groups , testing either the chlorhexidine gel , a placebo gel , Steradent , or a placebo solution . The experiment was started immediately after denture treatment was completed . The experimental period was 1 month . The amount of denture plaque , the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa , and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period . Plaque had formed on all new dentures but to a smaller extent in the groups testing the chlorhexidine gel or the placebo gel . The study does not provide any obvious evidence of a chemical effect of chlorhexidine gel or Steradent as a means to prevent formation of microbial plaque on the mucosal surface of maxillary complete dentures It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of complete dentures . The study group consisted of 60 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned r and omly into an enzyme group , a placebo group , or a Steradent group . After denture treatment was completed the patients were instructed to immerse the new dentures for 15 min once daily for one month in the denture cleanser . The amount of denture plaque , the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa , and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period . The study was design ed and carried out as a double-blind study . New denture plaque had formed in all patients ; however in the enzyme group significantly reduced plaque scores were recorded as compared with the plaque scores recorded on the original dentures . The Steradent tablets or the placebo tablets had no apparent effect STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Adequate plaque control is essential for the maintenance of a healthy oral mucosa . Denture cleansers are a popular method used by denture wearers for cleaning . The clinical effectiveness of a new cleanser in tablet form has not been tested in vivo . Methods used for the in vivo assessment of denture cleanser effectiveness are often not st and ardized . PURPOSE The aims of this in vivo study were to develop a new method for assessing plaque levels on dentures by using digital imaging and to use this methodology , together with a vali date d visual scoring method , to evaluate plaque buildup on dentures . MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-five subjects were r and omized to 1 of 2 treatment groups : ( 1 ) dentures soaked in a new cleanser , or ( 2 ) dentures soaked in water . The treatment period lasted 14 days . Plaque was assessed at baseline and on days 2 and 14 by using digital image analysis and a visual scoring technique . Results were analyzed with ANOVA at the 95 % confidence interval . RESULTS The new cleanser showed a statistically significant reduction in mean visual plaque of 51 % at day 2 ( P = 0.0002 ) and 42 % ( P = 0.0014 ) at day 14 compared with water . Similar results were seen with digital imaging . CONCLUSION The new denture cleanser proved to be effective at preventing plaque accumulation on dentures . The analysis of digital images gave similar results as the visual scoring method The aim of this study was to evaluate how the soaking of dentures in a disinfection solution affects salivary microbe counts and stomatitis of partially dentate patients . Patients soaked their dentures for 4 weeks r and omly both in a disinfection solution and in a placebo solution .  Mutans streptococci , lactobacilli and yeast counts were measured before and after each test period and also the flow rate , buffer capacity and pH of saliva were registered . Disinfection decreased all microbe levels investigated , but only lactobacilli counts decreased significantly . Placebo treatment had either no effect on salivary microbe counts or they increased slightly . Disinfection caused some reduction of the mucosal inflammation under the denture base , but could not completely remove stomatitis during the 4-week test period It was the purpose of the study to test the efficiency of dextranase , mutanase , and protease in removing denture plaque . The study group comprised 100 denture-wearers with denture stomatitis . The enzymes were dispensed as dissolvent tablets either in pure or in mixed preparations . Placebo tablets and Steradent , a commercial denture cleanser , were used as control tablets . The following parameters were studied : the amount of denture plaque , the degree of palatal erythema , and the concentration of yeast cells and inflammatory cells in mucosal and denture smears . The study was design ed and carried out as a double-blind study . The dissolvent tablets containing the enzymes in mixed preparations were more effective than the tablets containing the pure enzymes , the placebo tablets , or the Sterad 
    Output:
    
Isolated reports indicated that chemicals and brushing appear to be more effective than placebo in the reduction of plaque coverage and microbial counts of anaerobes and aerobes on complete denture bases .