***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Inadequate intake of the recommended five-a-day fruit and vegetable portions might contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk . We assessed the effects of dietary intake of a blackcurrant juice drink , rich in vitamin C and polyphenols , on oxidative stress and vascular function . This was a double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel group study of 66 healthy adults who habitually consume < 2 portions of fruit and vegetables per day . Participants were r and omly allocated to consume 250ml of placebo ( flavored water ) or low or high blackcurrant juice drink four times a day for 6 weeks . Flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) and plasma concentrations of F2-isoprostanes and vitamin C were measured . In the high blackcurrant juice drink group FMD increased significantly ( 5.8±3.1 to 6.9±3.1 % , P=0.022 ) compared with the placebo group ( 6.0±2.2 to 5.1±2.4 % ) . Plasma vitamin C concentration increased significantly in the low ( 38.6±17.6 to 49.4±21.0µmol/L , P<0.001 ) and high ( 34.6±20.4 to 73.8±23.3µmol/L , P<0.001 ) blackcurrant juice drink groups compared with the placebo group ( 38.1±21.0 to 29.0±17.6µmol/L ) . F2-isoprostane concentrations were significantly lower in the high blackcurrant juice drink group ( 225±64pg/ml ) compared with the low blackcurrant juice drink ( 257±69pg/ml , P=0.002 ) and placebo group ( 254±59pg/ml , P=0.003 ) . At follow-up , changes in plasma vitamin C correlated significantly with changes in FMD ( r=0.308 , P=0.044 ) . Consumption of blackcurrant juice drink high in vitamin C and polyphenols can decrease oxidative stress and improve vascular health in individuals with habitually low dietary fruit and vegetable intake BACKGROUND Anthocyanins have been shown to exert benefits on the lipid profile in many animal models . Whether these molecules have similar beneficial effects in humans is currently unknown . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of berry-derived anthocyanin supplements on the serum lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients . DESIGN A total of 120 dyslipidemic subjects ( age 40 - 65 y ) were given 160 mg anthocyanins twice daily or placebo for 12 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . RESULTS Anthocyanin consumption increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations ( 13.7 % and 2.8 % in the anthocyanin and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) and decreased LDL-cholesterol concentrations ( 13.6 % and -0.6 % in the anthocyanin and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . Cellular cholesterol efflux to serum increased more in the anthocyanin group than in the placebo group ( 20.0 % and 0.2 % , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . Anthocyanin supplementation decreased the mass and activity of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) ( 10.4 % and 6.3 % , respectively , in the anthocyanin group and -3.5 % and 1.1 % , respectively , in the placebo group ; P < 0.001 ) . In the anthocyanin group , the change in HDL cholesterol was negatively correlated with the change in CETP activity ( r(s ) = -0.330 ) . The change in LDL cholesterol was positively correlated with the change in CETP mass ( r(s ) = 0.354 ) . The change in cellular cholesterol efflux to serum was positively correlated with the change in HDL cholesterol ( r(s ) = 0.485 ) . In vitro , cyanidin 3-O-beta-glucosides dose-dependently lowered CETP activity in human HepG2 cells . CONCLUSIONS Anthocyanin supplementation in humans improves LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations and enhances cellular cholesterol efflux to serum . These benefits may be due to the inhibition of CETP Background Epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk . Aim of the study To study the effect of flavonoid-rich sea buckthorn berry ( SBB ) on circulating lipid markers associated with CVD risk and plasma flavonol concentration . Also investigated was whether changes in the circulating flavonol concentrations correlate with the SBB induced changes in C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentration observed previously . Subjects and methods In all 229 healthy participants completed the r and omized double-blind study and consumed daily 28 g of SBB or placebo for 3 months . Fasting blood sample s for the analysis of lipid markers and flavonols were obtained at the beginning and end of the study . Results Compared to the placebo , the consumption of SBB increased the plasma concentration of the flavonols quercetin and isorhamnetin significantly [ treatment differences 3.0 ng/ml ( P = 0.03 ) and 3.9 ng/ml ( P < 0.01 ) , respectively ] . The increase of kaempferol concentration was not significant [ treatment difference 0.7 ng/ml ( P = 0.08 ) ] . SBB did not affect the serum total , HDL , LDL cholesterol , or the serum triacylglycerol concentrations . There was no correlation between the changes in flavonol and CRP concentrations of participants . Conclusions The consumption of SBB significantly increased the fasting plasma concentration of quercetin and isorhamnetin indicating that it is a good dietary source of flavonols . However , this did not convert to affecting the circulating concentrations of lipid markers in healthy , normolipidemic adults having healthy diets Previous studies suggest that consumption of chokeberries may improve cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles . We hypothesized that chokeberries ( Aronia mitschurinii ) have beneficial effects on blood pressure , low- grade inflammation , serum lipids , serum glucose , and platelet aggregation in patients with untreated mild hypertension . A total of 38 participants were enrolled into a 16-week single blinded crossover trial . The participants were r and omized to use cold-pressed 100 % chokeberry juice ( 300 mL/d ) and oven-dried chokeberry powder ( 3 g/d ) , or matched placebo products in r and om order for 8 weeks each with no washout period . The daily portion of chokeberry products was prepared from approximately 336 g of fresh chokeberries . Urinary excretion of various polyphenols and their metabolites increased during the chokeberry period , indicating good compliance . Chokeberries  decreased daytime blood pressure and low- grade inflammation . The daytime ambulatory diastolic blood pressure decreased ( -1.64 mm Hg , P = .02 ) , and the true awake ambulatory systolic ( -2.71 mm Hg , P = .077 ) and diastolic ( -1.62 mm Hg , P = .057 ) blood pressure tended to decrease . The concentrations of interleukin ( IL ) 10 and tumor necrosis factor α decreased ( -1.9 pg/mL [ P = .008 ] and -0.67 pg/mL [ P = .007 ] , respectively ) and tended to decrease for IL-4 and IL-5 ( -4.5 pg/mL [ P = .084 ] and -0.06 pg/mL [ P = .059 ] , respectively ) . No changes in serum lipids , lipoproteins , glucose , and in vitro platelet aggregation were noted with the chokeberry intervention . These findings suggest that inclusion of chokeberry products in the diet of participants with mildly elevated blood pressure has minor beneficial effects on cardiovascular health BACKGROUND Berries are a particularly rich source of polyphenols . They also contain other bioactive substances , such as vitamin C. Previous studies indicated that the consumption of polyphenol-rich foods ( eg , cocoa , tea , and red wine ) may induce beneficial changes in pathways related to cardiovascular health . Whether the consumption of berries has similar effects is unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to investigate the effects of berry consumption on hemostatic function , serum lipids , and blood pressure ( BP ) . DESIGN Middle-aged unmedicated subjects ( n = 72 ) with cardiovascular risk factors consumed moderate amounts of berry or control products  for 8 wk in a single-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled intervention trial . RESULTS Berry consumption inhibited platelet function as measured with a platelet function analyzer ( using collagen and ADP as platelet activator ) [ changes : 11 % and -1.4 % in the berry and control groups , respectively ; P = 0.018 , analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) ] . Plasma biomarkers of platelet activation , coagulation , and fibrinolysis did not change during the intervention . Serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased significantly more ( P = 0.006 , ANCOVA ) in the berry than in the control group ( 5.2 % and 0.6 % , respectively ) , but total cholesterol and triacylglycerol remained unchanged . Systolic BP decreased significantly ( P = 0.050 , ANCOVA ) ; the decrease mostly occurred in subjects with high baseline BP ( 7.3 mm Hg in highest tertile ; P = 0.024 , ANCOVA ) . Polyphenol and vitamin C concentrations in plasma increased , whereas other nutritional biomarkers ( ie , folate , tocopherols , sodium , and potassium ) were unaffected . CONCLUSION The consumption of moderate amounts of berries result ed in favorable changes in platelet function , HDL cholesterol , and BP . The results indicate that regular consumption of berries may play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been of interest because of their potential health benefits against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and cancer . The aim of this work was to assess the association of the dietary intake of a food group that includes fruits , berries and vegetables with all-cause , CVD-related and non-CVD-related mortality .  The subjects were Finnish men aged 42 - 60 y examined in 1984 - 1989 in the prospect i ve Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor ( KIHD ) Study .  Dietary intakes were assessed by 4-d food intake record during the baseline phase of the KIHD Study . The risk of all-cause and non-CVD-related deaths was studied in 2641 men and the risk of CVD-related death in 1950 men who had no history of CVD at baseline . During a mean follow-up time of 12.8 y , cardiovascular as well as noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality were lower among men with the highest consumption of fruits , berries and vegetables . After adjustment for the major CVD risk factors , the relative risk for men in the highest fifth of fruit , berry and vegetable intake for all-cause death , CVD-related and non-CVD-related death was 0.66 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.50 - 0.88 ] , 0.59 ( 0.33 - 1.06 ) , and 0.68 ( 0.46 - 1.00 ) , respectively , compared with men in the lowest fifth . These data show that a high fruit , berry and vegetable intake is associated with reduced risk of mortality in middle-aged Finnish men . Consequently , the findings of this work indicate that diets that are rich in plant-derived foods can promote longevity The stiffening of arteries is a key step in atherogenesis leading to cardiovascular disease . It has been suggested that dietary polyphenols may be cardioprotective through possible favorable effects on oxidative stress and vascular function . The present study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of consuming low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail ( CJC ) , a source of polyphenols , on arterial stiffness in abdominally obese men . We hypothesize that regular CJC consumption will reduce circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins concentrations and have a beneficial impact on endothelial function . Thirty-five men ( mean age ± SD : 45 ± 10 years ) were r and omly assigned to drink 500 mL CJC/day ( 27 % juice ) or 500 mL placebo juice (PJ)/day for 4 weeks in a double-blind crossover design . Augmentation index ( AIx ) , an index of arterial stiffness , was measured by applanation tonometry of the radial artery and the cardiometabolic profile was assessed in each participant before and after each phase of the study . We found no significant difference in AIx changes between men who consumed CJC or PJ for 4 weeks ( P = .5820 ) . Furthermore , there was no between-treatment difference in changes in AIx responses to salbutamol ( P = .6303 ) and glyceryl trinitrate ( P = .4224 ) . No significant difference was noted in other cardiometabolic 
    Output:
    
This systematic review contributes moderate to strong evidence for the inclusion of berries as part of a cardioprotective diet