***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease that imposes a significant emotional burden with heavy psychosocial consequences . Several studies have investigated the association between MS and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety , and recently research ers have focused also on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) . This is the first study that investigates the usefulness of proposing a treatment for PTSD to patients with MS . Methods : A r and omized controlled trial with patients with MS diagnosed with PTSD comparing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ( EMDR ; n = 20 ) and Relaxation Therapy ( RT ; n = 22 ) . The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants that no longer meet PTSD diagnosis as measured with Clinician Administered PTSD Scale 6-months after the treatment . Results : The majority of patients were able to overcome their PTSD diagnosis after only 10 therapy sessions .  EMDR  treatment appears to be more effective than RT in reducing the proportion of patients with MS suffering from PTSD . Both treatments are effective in reducing PTSD severity , anxiety and depression symptoms , and to improve Quality of Life . Conclusion : Although our results can only be considered preliminary , this study suggests that it is essential that PTSD symptoms are detected and that brief and cost-effective interventions to reduce PTSD and associated psychological symptoms are offered to patients , in order to help them to reduce the psychological burden associated with their neurological condition . Trial registration : NCT01743664 , https:// clinical BACKGROUND More than a third of the approximately 10 million women with histories of interpersonal violence in the United States develop posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Currently available treatments for this population have a high rate of incomplete response , in part because problems in affect and impulse regulation are major obstacles to resolving PTSD . This study explored the efficacy of yoga to increase affect tolerance and to decrease PTSD symptomatology . METHOD Sixty-four women with chronic , treatment-resistant PTSD were r and omly assigned to either trauma-informed yoga or supportive women 's health education , each as a weekly 1-hour class for 10 weeks . Assessment s were conducted at pretreatment , midtreatment , and posttreatment and included measures of DSM-IV PTSD , affect regulation , and depression . The study ran from 2008 through 2011 . RESULTS The primary outcome measure was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale ( CAPS ) . At the end of the study , 16 of 31 participants ( 52 % ) in the yoga group no longer met criteria for PTSD compared to 6 of 29 ( 21 % ) in the control group ( n = 60 , χ²₁ = 6.17 , P = .013 ) . Both groups exhibited significant decreases on the CAPS , with the decrease falling in the large effect size range for the yoga group ( d = 1.07 ) and the medium to large effect size decrease for the control group ( d = 0.66 ) . Both the yoga ( b = -9.21 , t = -2.34 , P = .02 , d = -0.37 ) and control ( b = -22.12 , t = -3.39 , P = .001 , d = -0.54 ) groups exhibited significant decreases from pretreatment to the midtreatment assessment . However , a significant group × quadratic trend interaction ( d = -0.34 ) showed that the pattern of change in Davidson Trauma Scale significantly differed across groups . The yoga group exhibited a significant medium effect size linear ( d = -0.52 ) trend . In contrast , the control group exhibited only a significant medium effect size quadratic trend ( d = 0.46 ) but did not exhibit a significant linear trend ( d = -0.29 ) . Thus , both groups exhibited significant decreases in PTSD symptoms during the first half of treatment , but these improvements were maintained in the yoga group , while the control group relapsed after its initial improvement . DISCUSSION Yoga significantly reduced PTSD symptomatology , with effect sizes comparable to well- research ed psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic approaches . Yoga may improve the functioning of traumatized individuals by helping them to tolerate physical and sensory experiences associated with fear and helplessness and to increase emotional awareness and affect tolerance . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT00839813 Background A large proportion of mindfulness-based therapy  trials report statistically significant results , even in the context of very low statistical power . The objective of the present study was to characterize the reporting of “ positive ” results in r and omized controlled trials of mindfulness-based therapy . We also assessed mindfulness-based therapy trial registration s for indications of possible reporting bias and review ed recent systematic review s and meta-analyses to determine whether reporting biases were identified . Methods CINAHL , Cochrane CENTRAL , EMBASE , ISI , MEDLINE , PsycInfo , and SCOPUS data bases were search ed for r and omized controlled trials of mindfulness-based therapy . The number of positive trials was described and compared to the number that might be expected if mindfulness-based therapy were similarly effective compared to individual therapy for depression . Trial registries were search ed for mindfulness-based therapy registration s. CINAHL , Cochrane CENTRAL , EMBASE , ISI , MEDLINE , PsycInfo , and SCOPUS were also search ed for mindfulness-based therapy systematic review s and meta-analyses . Results 108 ( 87 % ) of 124 published trials reported ≥1 positive outcome in the abstract , and 109 ( 88 % ) concluded that mindfulness-based therapy was effective , 1.6 times greater than the expected number of positive trials based on effect size d = 0.55 ( expected number positive trials = 65.7 ) . Of 21 trial registration s , 13 ( 62 % ) remained unpublished 30 months post-trial completion . No trial registration s adequately specified a single primary outcome measure with time of assessment . None of 36 systematic review s and meta-analyses concluded that effect estimates were overestimated due to reporting biases . Conclusions The proportion of mindfulness-based therapy trials with statistically significant results may overstate what would occur in practice Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is a debilitating condition that affects approximately 10 % of women in the United States . Although effective psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD exist , clients with PTSD report additional benefits of complementary and alternative approaches such as yoga . In particular , yoga may downregulate the stress response and positively impact PTSD and comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms . We conducted a pilot study of a r and omized controlled trial comparing a 12-session Kripalu-based yoga intervention with an assessment control group .  Participants included 38 women with current full or subthreshold PTSD symptoms . During the intervention , yoga participants showed decreases in reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms . The assessment control group , however , showed decreases in reexperiencing and anxiety symptoms as well , which may be a result of the positive effect of self-monitoring on PTSD and associated symptoms . Between-groups effect sizes were small to moderate ( 0.08 - 0.31 ) . Although more research is needed , yoga may be an effective adjunctive treatment for PTSD . Participants responded positively to the intervention , suggesting that it was tolerable for this sample . Findings underscore the need for future research investigating mechanisms by which yoga may impact mental health symptoms , gender comparisons , and the long-term effects of yoga practice Yoga may be effective in the reduction of PTSD symptomology . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Kundalini Yoga ( KY ) treatment on PTSD symptoms and overall wellbeing . To supplement the current field of inquiry , a pilot r and omized control trial ( RCT ) was conducted comparing an 8-session KY intervention with a waitlist control group .  80 individuals with current PTSD symptoms participated . Both groups demonstrated changes in PTSD symptomology but yoga participants showed greater changes in measures of sleep , positive affect , perceived stress , anxiety , stress , and resilience . Between-groups effect sizes were small to moderate ( 0.09–0.25 ) . KY may be an adjunctive or alternative intervention for PTSD . Findings indicate the need for further yoga research to better underst and the mechanism of yoga in relation to mental and physical health , gender and ethnic comparisons , and short- and long-term yoga practice for psychiatric conditions BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is prevalent among military veterans and is associated with significant negative health outcomes . However , stigma and other barriers to care prevent many veterans from pursuing traditional mental health treatment . We developed a group-based Integrative Exercise ( IE ) program combining aerobic and resistance exercise , which is familiar to veterans , with mindfulness-based practice s suited to veterans with PTSD . This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of IE on PTSD symptom severity and quality of life , as well as assess the feasibility and acceptability of IE . METHODS Veterans ( N = 47 ) were r and omized to either IE or waitlist control ( WL ) .  Veterans in IE were asked to attend three 1-h group exercise sessions for 12 weeks . RESULTS Compared with WL , veterans r and omized to IE demonstrated a greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity ( d = -.90 ) , a greater improvement in psychological quality of life ( d = .53 ) and a smaller relative improvement in physical quality of life ( d = .30 ) Veterans ' ratings of IE indicated high feasibility and acceptability . LIMITATIONS The sample was relatively small and recruited from one site . The comparison condition was an inactive control . CONCLUSIONS This initial study suggests that IE is an innovative approach to treating veterans with symptoms of PTSD  that reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress and improves psychological quality of life . This approach to recovery may exp and the reach of PTSD treatment into non-traditional setting s and to veterans who may prefer a familiar activity , such as exercise , over medication or psychotherapy OBJECTIVE This study 's objective was to evaluate the effect of two common components of meditation ( mindfulness and slow breathing ) on potential mechanistic pathways . METHODS A total of 102 combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) were r and omized to ( a ) the body scan mindfulness meditation ( MM ) , ( b ) slow breathing ( SB ) with a biofeedback device , ( c ) mindful awareness of the breath with an intention to slow the breath ( MM+SB ) , or ( d ) sitting quietly ( SQ ) . Participants had 6 weekly one-on-one sessions with 20 minutes of daily home practice . The mechanistic pathways and measures were as follows : ( a ) autonomic nervous system ( hyperarousal symptoms , heart rate [ HR ] , and heart rate variability [ HRV ] ) ; ( b ) frontal cortex activity ( attentional network task [ ANT ] conflict effect and event-related negativity and intrusive thoughts ) ; and ( c ) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ( awakening cortisol ) . PTSD measures were also evaluated . RESULTS Meditation participants had significant but modest within-group improvement in PTSD and related symptoms , although there were no effects between groups . Perceived impression of PTSD symptom improvement was greater in the meditation arms compared with controls . Resting respiration decreased in the meditation arms compared with SQ . For the mechanistic pathways , ( a ) subjective hyperarousal symptoms improved within-group ( but not between groups ) for MM , MM+SB , and SQ , while HR and HRV did not ; ( b ) intrusive thoughts decreased in MM compared with MM+SB and SB , while the ANT measures did not change ; and ( c ) MM had lower awakening cortisol within-group ( but not between groups ) . CONCLUSION Treatment effects were mostly specific to self-report rather than physiological measures . Continued research is needed to further evaluate mindfulness meditation 's mechanism in people with PTSD This preliminary study examined whether the practice of mind – body techniques decreases symptoms of  posttraumatic stress in adolescents . Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index question naires were collected from 139 high school students in Kosovo who participated in a 6-week program that included meditation , biofeedback , drawings , autogenic training , guided imagery , genograms , movement , and breathing techniques .  Three separate programs were held approximately 2 months apart . There was no control group .  Posttraumatic stress scores significantly decreased after participation in the programs . These scores remained decreased in the 2 groups that participated in the follow-up study when compared to pretest measures . These data indicate that mind – body skills groups were effective in reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms in war-traumatized high school students OBJECTIVES This r and omized controlled trial of yoga for military veterans and active duty personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) evaluated the efficacy of a 10-week yoga intervention on PTSD . METHOD Fifty-one participants were r and omized into yoga or no-treatment assessment -only control groups . Primary outcome measures included question naires and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale . RESULTS Both yoga ( n = 9 ) and control ( n = 6 ) participants showed significant decreases in reexperiencing symptoms , with no significant between-group differences . Secondary within-group analyses of a self-selected wait-list yoga group ( n = 7 ) showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms after yoga participation , in contrast to their control group participation . Consistent with current literature regarding high rates of PTSD treatment dropout for veterans , this study faced challenges retaining participants across conditions . CONCLUSION These results are consistent with recent literature indicating that yoga may have potential 
    Output:
    
In most of the nine mindfulness and six yoga studies , significant between-group effects were found indicating moderate to large effect size advantages for these treatments .