***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Walnuts are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and have been shown to improve various cardiometabolic risk factors . We aim ed to investigate the association between walnut intake and incident type 2 diabetes  in 2 large cohort studies : the Nurses ’ Health Study ( NHS ) and NHS II . We prospect ively followed 58,063 women aged 52–77 y in NHS ( 1998–2008 ) and 79,893 women aged 35–52 y in NHS II ( 1999–2009 ) without diabetes , cardiovascular disease , or cancer at baseline .  Consumption of walnuts and other nuts was assessed every 4 y using vali date d food frequency question naires .  Self-reported type 2 diabetes was confirmed by a vali date d supplemental question naire . We documented a total of 5930 incident type 2 diabetes cases during 10 y of follow-up . In the multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model without body mass index ( BMI ) , walnut consumption was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes , and the HRs ( 95 % CIs ) for participants consuming 1–3 servings/mo ( 1 serving = 28 g ) , 1 serving/wk , and ≥2 servings/wk of walnuts were 0.93 ( 0.88–0.99 ) , 0.81 ( 0.70–0.94 ) , and 0.67 ( 0.54–0.82 ) compared with women who never/rarely consumed walnuts ( P-trend < 0.001 ) . Further adjustment for up date d BMI slightly attenuated the association and the HRs ( 95 % CIs ) were 0.96 ( 0.90–1.02 ) , 0.87 ( 0.75–1.01 ) , and 0.76 ( 0.62–0.94 ) , respectively ( P-trend = 0.002 ) . The consumption of total nuts ( P-trend < 0.001 ) and other tree nuts ( P-trend = 0.03 ) was also inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes , and the associations were largely explained by BMI . Our results suggest that higher walnut consumption is associated with a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women Almonds , together with other nuts , reduce serum cholesterol levels and may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease . There is much current interest in the relation of coronary heart disease to postpr and ial events . We have therefore assessed the effects of varying amounts of almonds on the postpr and ial blood glucose response to a carbohydrate meal . Our aim was to assess the effect of adding almonds to a bread meal .  Nine healthy volunteers ( 2 women , 7 men ; mean age , 27.8 years ; mean body mass index , 22.9 kg/m2 ) were r and omly fed with 3 test meals and 2 white bread control meals on separate days . Subjects were fed the meals after a 10- to 12-hour overnight fast . Each meal contained 50 g of available carbohydrate from white bread eaten alone or with 30 , 60 , or 90 g ( approximately 1 , 2 , or 3 oz ) of almonds .  Capillary finger-prick blood sample s for glucose analysis were obtained at 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , and 120 minutes . Glycemic responses were assessed by calculating the incremental area under the 2-hour blood glucose curve . The addition of almonds to white bread result ed in a progressive reduction in the glycemic index of the composite meal in a dose-dependent manner for the 30-g ( 105.8 + /- 23.3 ) , 60-g ( 63.0 + /- 9.0 ) , and 90-g ( 45.2 + /- 5.8 ) doses of almonds ( r = -0.524 , n = 36 , P = .001 ) . We conclude that , in addition to lowering serum cholesterol levels , almonds may also reduce the glycemic impact of carbohydrate foods with which they are eaten The etiology of leukemias can not entirely be explained by known risk factors , including ionizing radiation , benzene exposure , and infection with human T cell leukemia virus . A number of studies suggested that diet influences the risk of  adult leukemias .  However , results have been largely inconsistent . We examined the potential association between  dietary factors  and risk of leukemias among participants of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study . Among the 477,325 participants with mean follow-up of 11.34 yr ( SD = 2.47 ) , 773 leukemias ( 373 and 342 cases of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia , respectively ) were identified .  Diet  over the previous 12 mo was assessed at baseline using a vali date d country-specific dietary question naire . Cox proportional hazards regression was used to explore the association between dietary factors that have previously been associated with leukemia risk , including red and processed meat , poultry , offal , fish , dairy products , vegetables , fruits , and seeds/nuts , and risk of both lymphoid and myeloid leukemias . No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and total , lymphoid , and myeloid leukemias . Additional subtype analyses showed no dietary association with risk of major subtypes of leukemias . In summary , this study did not support a possible link between selected dietary factors and risk of leukemias OBJECTIVE To test the effects of two Mediterranean diet ( MedDiet ) interventions versus a low-fat diet on incidence of diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a three-arm r and omized trial in 418 nondiabetic subjects aged 55–80 years recruited in one center ( PREDIMED-Reus , northeastern Spain ) of the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea [ PREDIMED ] study , a large nutrition intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention in individuals at high cardiovascular risk . Participants were r and omly assigned to education on a low-fat diet ( control group ) or to one of two MedDiets , supplemented with either free virgin olive oil ( 1 liter/week ) or nuts ( 30 g/day ) . Diets were ad libitum , and no advice on physical activity was given . The main outcome was diabetes incidence diagnosed by the 2009 American Diabetes Association criteria . RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.0 years , diabetes incidence was 10.1 % ( 95 % CI 5.1–15.1 ) , 11.0 % ( 5.9–16.1 ) , and 17.9 % ( 11.4–24.4 ) in the MedDiet with olive oil group , the MedDiet with nuts group , and the control group , respectively . Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios of diabetes were 0.49 ( 0.25–0.97 ) and 0.48 ( 0.24–0.96 ) in the MedDiet supplemented with olive oil and nuts groups , respectively , compared with the control group . When the two MedDiet groups were pooled and compared with the control group , diabetes incidence was reduced by 52 % ( 27–86 ) . In all study arms , increased adherence to the MedDiet was inversely associated with diabetes incidence . Diabetes risk reduction occurred in the absence of significant changes in body weight or physical activity . CONCLUSIONS MedDiets without calorie restriction seem to be effective in the prevention of diabetes in subjects at high cardiovascular risk BACKGROUND Gallstone disease is a major source of morbidity in the developed countries . Nuts are rich in several compounds that may protect against gallstone disease . OBJECTIVE The association between nut intake and cholecystectomy was examined in a large cohort of women . DESIGN We prospect ively studied nut ( peanuts , other nuts , and peanut butter ) consumption in relation to the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of 80,718 women from the Nurses ' Health Study who were 30 - 55 y old in 1980 and had no history of gallstone disease . As part of the Nurses ' Health Study , the women reported on question naires mailed to them every 2 y both their consumption of nuts and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy . The women were followed through 2000 . RESULTS During 1,393,256 person-years of follow-up from 1980 to 2000 , we documented 7831 cholecystectomies . After adjustment for age and other known or suspected risk factors , women who consumed > or = 5 units of nuts ( 1 unit = 1 oz or 28.6 g nuts)/wk ( frequent consumption ) had a significantly lower risk of cholecystectomy ( relative risk : 0.75 ; 95 % CI : 0.66 , 0.85 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) than did women who never ate nuts or who ate < 1 unit/mo ( rare consumption ) . Further adjustment for fat consumption ( saturated fat , trans fat , polyunsaturated fat , and monounsaturated fat ) did not material ly alter the relation . In analyses examining consumption of peanuts and other nuts separately , both were associated with a lower risk of cholecystectomy . CONCLUSION In women , frequent nut consumption  is associated with a reduced risk of cholecystectomy AIM To examine whether peanut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer  in a prospect i ve cohort with a 10-year follow-up . METHODS In 1990 - 1992 , residents ( 12026 men and 11917 women aged 30 to 65 years ) in 7 townships , Taiwan , were interviewed and recruited into a cancer-screening cohort and annually followed up . Colorectal cancer cases in this cohort were identified from cancer registry and death certificates . Incidence rates of this disease by the end of 2001 were calculated by gender for the primary study variable and covariates . The  dietary intake  was assessed by means of weekly food frequency measures , including frequently consumed food groups and folk dishes including sweet potato , bean products , peanut products , pickled foodstuffs , nitrated or smoked foodstuffs . RESULTS During the study period , 107 new colorectal cancer cases ( 68 men and 39 women ) were confirmed . The multivariate Cox 's proportional hazard model showed that the relative risk ( RR ) of peanut consumption was 0.73 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.44 - 1.21 ] for men and 0.42 ( 95 % CI = 0.21 - 0.84 ) for women . However , frequent intake of pickled foodstuffs was harmful for women ( RR = 2.15 , 95 % CI = 0.99 - 4.65 ) . The risk of colorectal cancer was also elevated among cigarette smokers but not significant ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION This study suggests that frequent intake of peanut and its products may reduce colorectal cancer risk in women , demonstrating the anti-proliferating effect of peanut intake Background : Increasing nut intake has been associated with reduced risk of diabetes mellitus , which is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer . Methods : We prospect ively followed 75 680 women in the Nurses ’ Health Study , and examined the association between nut consumption and pancreatic cancer risk . Participants with a previous history of cancer were excluded .  Nut consumption was assessed at baseline and up date d every 2 to 4 years . Relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( 95 % CIs ) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models . Results : We documented 466 incident cases of pancreatic cancer . After adjusting for age , height , smoking , physical activity , and total energy intake , women who consumed a 28-g ( 1 oz ) serving size of nuts ⩾2 times per week experienced a significantly lower risk of pancreatic cancer ( RR , 0.65 ; 95 % CI , 0.47–0.92 ; P for trend=0.007 ) when compared with those who largely abstained from nuts . The results did not appreciably change after further adjustment for body mass index ( BMI ) and history of diabetes mellitus ( RR , 0.68 ; 95 % CI , 0.48–0.95 ; P for trend=0.01 ) . The inverse association persisted within strata defined by BMI , physical activity , smoking , and intakes of red meat , fruits , and vegetables . Conclusion : Frequent nut consumption is inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer in this large prospect i ve cohort of women , independent of other potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer A case-control study was carried out to investigate risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) in Henan , China . A total of 152 patients with HCC and 115 control patients with nonhepatic disease were included in this study . The risk factor analysis indicated that individual history of liver disease ( odds ratio [OR]=11.77 ; 95 % confidence interval [CI]=3.94 - 35.18 ) , 
    Output:
    
No significant association was found with other cancers or type 2 diabetes .
Nut consumption may play a role in reducing cancer risk .