***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of various body-composition assessment techniques to detect changes in soft tissue in older , weight-stable women ( 50 - 70 y of age ) completing a 1-y r and omized , controlled trial of progressive resistance training . The intervention group ( n = 20 ) performed high-intensity strength-training 2 d/wk with five different exercises ; the control group ( n = 19 ) was untreated .  Hydrostatic weighing , 24-h urinary creatinine , computed tomography of thigh sections , total body potassium , and tritium dilution techniques were used to measure increases in total fat-free mass ( FFM ) and the muscle and water components of FFM . A decrease in fat mass ( by hydrostatic weighing ) was seen in the strength-trained women compared with the control subjects ( P - 0.01 - 0.0001 ) . Anthropometry , bioelectric impedance , dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and total body nitrogen and carbon did not measure any significant change in soft tissue . The choice of a body-composition technique is important when design ing a study expected to affect soft tissue , because not all techniques available are precise enough to detect small changes We compared the effects of concentric ( Con ) and eccentric ( Ecc ) isokinetic training on quadriceps  muscle strength , cross-sectional area , and neural activation .  Women ( age 20.0 + /- 0.5 yr ) r and omly assigned to Con training ( CTG ; n = 16 ) , Ecc training ( ETG ; n = 19 ) , and control ( CG ; n = 19 ) groups were tested before and after 10 wk of unilateral Con or Ecc knee-extension training .  Average torque measured during Con and Ecc maximal voluntary knee extensions  increased 18.4 and 12.8 % for CTG , 6.8 and 36.2 % for ETG , and 4.7 and -1.7 % for CG , respectively . Increases by CTG and ETG were greater than for CG ( P < 0.05 ) . For CTG , the increase was greater when measured with Con than with Ecc testing . For ETG , the increase was greater when measured with Ecc than with Con testing . The increase by ETG with Ecc testing was greater than the increase by CTG with Con testing . Corresponding changes in the integrated voltage from an electromyogram measured during strength testing were 21.7 and 20.0 % for CTG , 7.1 and 16.7 % for ETG , and -8.0 and -9.1 % for CG . Quadriceps cross-sectional area measured by magnetic resonance imaging ( sum of 7 slices ) increased more in ETG ( 6.6 % ) than in CTG ( 5.0 % ) ( P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that Ecc is more effective than Con isokinetic training for developing strength in Ecc isokinetic muscle actions and that Con is more effective than Ecc isokinetic training for developing strength in Con isokinetic muscle actions . Gains in strength consequent to Con and Ecc training are highly dependent on the muscle action used for training and testing . Muscle hypertrophy and neural adaptations contribute to strength increases consequent to both Con and Ecc training The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of isokinetic eccentric ( ECC ) and concentric ( CON ) training at two velocities [ fast , 180 ° s−1 ( 3.14 rad s−1 ) and slow,30 ° s−1(0.52 rad s−1 ) ] on muscle hypertrophy . Twenty-four untrained volunteers ( age 18–36 years ) participated in fast- ( n=13 ) or slow- ( n=11 ) velocity training , where they trained one arm eccentrically for 8 weeks followed by CON training of the opposite arm for 8 weeks . Ten subjects served as controls ( CNT ) . Subjects were tested before and after training for elbow flexor muscle thickness by sonography and isokinetic strength ( Biodex ) . Overall , ECC training result ed in greater hypertrophy than CON training ( P<0.01 ) . No significant strength or hypertrophy changes occurred in the CNT group . ECC ( 180 ° s−1 ) training result ed in greater hypertrophy  than CON ( 180 ° s−1 ) training and CON ( 30 ° s−1 ) training ( P<0.01 ) . ECC ( 30 ° s−1 ) training result ed in greater hypertrophy  than CON ( 180 ° s−1 ) training ( P<0.05 ) , but not CON ( 30 ° s−1 ) training . ECC ( 180 ° s−1 ) training result ed in the greatest increases in strength ( P<0.01 ) . We conclude that ECC fast training is the most effective for muscle hypertrophy and strength gain We aim ed to determine whether there were differences in the extent and time course of skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) and muscle collagen protein synthesis ( CPS ) in human skeletal muscle in an 8.5-h period after bouts of maximal muscle shortening ( SC ; average peak torque = 225 + /- 7 N.m , means + /- SE ) or lengthening contractions ( LC ; average peak torque = 299 + /- 18 N.m ) with equivalent work performed in each mode . Eight healthy young men ( 21.9 + /- 0.6 yr , body mass index 24.9 + /- 1.3 kg/m2 ) performed 6 sets of 10 maximal unilateral LC of the knee extensors on an isokinetic dynamometer . With the contralateral leg , they then performed 6 sets of maximal unilateral SC with work matched to the total work performed during LC ( 10.9 + /- 0.7 vs. 10.9 + /- 0.8 kJ , P = 0.83 ) . After exercise , the participants consumed small intermittent meals to provide 0.1 g.kg(-1).h(-1 ) of protein and carbohydrate . Prior exercise elevated MPS above rest in both conditions , but there was a more rapid rise after LC ( P < 0.01 ) . The increases ( P < 0.001 ) in CPS above rest were identical for both SC and LC and likely represent a remodeling of the myofibrillar basement membrane . Therefore , a more rapid rise in MPS after maximal LC could translate into greater protein accretion and muscle hypertrophy during chronic resistance training utilizing maximal LC Serum creatine kinase ( CK ) activity and subjective ratings of muscle soreness were assessed in 28 college women following three different arm flexion exercise regimens . The subjects were r and omly assigned to an eccentric , isometric , or concentric exercise regimen . Each regimen was equated for total work time and work-to-rest ratio . Blood sample s for determination of serum CK activity and perceived soreness ratings were obtained prior to and 5 , 10 , and 25 h following each exercise . Significant increases in perceived soreness ratings were observed for each exercise regimen . The magnitude of the post-exercise increase in perceived soreness was greatest for the eccentric and the isometric exercises with minimal soreness following the concentric exercise . A small but significant increase in serum CK activity was observed following the three exercises ( eccentric = 35.8 % , concentric = 37.6 % , isometric = 34.0 % ) . The post-exercise serum CK increases did not differ significantly among the three regimens . The rise in serum CK activity suggests that muscle damage occurred during all three tasks . However , due to multiple factors which can affect serum CK levels , the increase in serum CK activity may not provide a sensitive indicator of the magnitude of the injury Background The pattern of protein intake following exercise may impact whole-body protein turnover and net protein retention . We determined the effects of different protein feeding strategies on protein metabolism in resistance-trained young men . Methods Participants were r and omly assigned to ingest either 80 g of whey protein as 8x10 g every 1.5h ( PULSE ; n=8 ) , 4x20 g every 3h ( intermediate , INT ; n=7 ) , or 2x40 g every 6h ( BOLUS ; n=8 ) after an acute bout of bilateral knee extension exercise ( 4x10 repetitions at 80 % maximal strength ) . Whole-body protein turnover ( Q ) , synthesis ( S ) , breakdown ( B ) , and net balance ( NB ) were measured throughout 12h of recovery by a bolus ingestion of [15N]glycine with urinary [15N]ammonia enrichment as the collected end-product . Results PULSE Q rates were greater than BOLUS ( ~19 % , P<0.05 ) with a trend towards being greater than INT ( ~9 % , P=0.08 ) . Rates of S were 32 % and 19 % greater and rates of B were 51 % and 57 % greater for PULSE as compared to INT and BOLUS , respectively ( P<0.05 ) , with no difference between INT and BOLUS . There were no statistical differences in NB between groups ( P=0.23 ) ; however , magnitude-based inferential statistics revealed likely small ( mean effect±90%CI ; 0.59±0.87 ) and moderate ( 0.80±0.91 ) increases in NB for PULSE and INT compared to BOLUS and possible small increase ( 0.42±1.00 ) for INT vs. PULSE . Conclusion We conclude that the pattern of ingested protein , and not only the total daily amount , can impact whole-body protein metabolism . Individuals aim ing to maximize NB would likely benefit from repeated ingestion of moderate amounts of protein ( ~20 g ) at regular intervals ( ~3h ) throughout the day Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare pure eccentric and concentric isokinetic training with respect to their possible specificity in the adaptation of strength and morphology of the knee extensor muscles . Ten moderately trained male physical education students were divided into groups undertaking eccentric ( ETG ) and concentric ( CTG ) training . They performed 10 weeks of maximal isokinetic ( 90 ° · s−1 ) training of the left leg , 4 × 10 repetitions – three times a week , followed by a second 10-week period of similar training of the right-leg . Mean eccentric and concentric peak torques increased by 18 % and 2 % for ETG and by 10 % and 14 % for CTG , respectively . The highest increase in peak torque occurred in the eccentric 90 ° · s−1 test for ETG ( 35 % ) whereas in CTG strength gains ranged 8%–15 % at velocities equal or lower than the training velocity . Significant increases in strength were observed in the untrained contra-lateral leg only at the velocity and mode used in ipsilateral training . Cross-sectional area of the quadriceps muscle increased 3%–4 % with training in both groups , reaching statistical significance only in ETG . No major changes in muscle fibre composition or areas were detected in biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle for either leg or training group . In conclusion , effects of eccentric training  on muscle strength appeared to be more mode and speed specific than corresponding concentric training . Only minor adaptations in gross muscle morphology indicated that other factors , such as changes in neural activation patterns , were causing the specific training-induced gains in muscle strength Summary Women participated in 5 months of unilateral concentric ( n = 37 ) or eccentric ( n = 33 ) isokinetic resistance training of the legs and arms . Limb muscular strength increased as did total body , leg , and arm fat-free soft tissue mass , total body BMC , hip BMD , and forearm BMC and BMD . Isokinetic training benefits bone mineral acquisition . Introduction and hypothesisIsokinetic resistance training ( IRT ) is osteogenic ; however , it is not known if concentric or eccentric modalities of IRT produce differential effects on bone . We tested our hypothesis that high-load eccentric versus concentric mode of IRT would produce greater increases in muscular strength , fat-free soft tissue mass ( FFSTM ) , bone mineral density ( BMD ) and content ( BMC ) in trained legs and arms . Methods Participants were r and omized to 5 months of  concentric ( n = 37 ) or eccentric ( n = 33 ) training  . The non-dominant leg and arm were used during training ; dominant limbs served as controls . Muscular strength was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer ; body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Results Muscular strength of the concentrically and eccentrically trained leg ( 18.6 % ; 28.9 % ) and arm ( 12.5 % ; 24.6 % ) significantly increased with training . Gains in total body ( TB ) BMC ( p < 0.05 ) and , in the trained limbs , total proximal femur BMD ( p < 0.05 ) and total forearm BMD ( p < 0.05 ) and BMC ( p < 0.05 ) occurred in both groups . FFSTM increased for the TB and trained leg and arm ( all p < 0.001 ) in both modes . Conclusion Regardless of the mode , high-intensity , slow-velocity IRT increases muscular strength and FFSTM of trained limbs and imparts benefits to TB BMC and site-specific BMD and BMC in young women Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of skeletal muscle adaptations result ing from high-intensity , upper and lower body dynamic resistance training ( WT ) .  A group of 17 men and 20 women were recruited for WT , and 6 men and 7 women served as a control group . The WT group performed six dynamic resistance exercises to fatigue using 8–12 repetition maximum ( RM ) . The subjects trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks . One-RM knee extension ( KE ) 
    Output:
    
The findings indicate the importance of including eccentric and concentric actions in a hypertrophy-oriented RT program , as both have shown to be effective in increasing muscle hypertrophy