***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A r and omized , controlled intervention trial of two household-scale drinking water filters was conducted in a rural village in Cambodia . After collecting four weeks of baseline data on household water quality , diarrheal disease , and other data related to water use and h and ling practice s , households were r and omly assigned to one of three groups of 60 households : those receiving a ceramic water purifier ( CWP ) , those receiving a second filter employing an iron-rich ceramic ( CWP-Fe ) , and a control group receiving no intervention .  Households were followed for 18 weeks post-baseline with biweekly follow-up . Households using either filter reported significantly less diarrheal disease during the study compared with a control group of households without filters as indicated by longitudinal prevalence ratios CWP : 0.51 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.41 - 0.63 ) ; CWP-Fe : 0.58 ( 95 % CI : 0.47 - 0.71 ) , an effect that was observed in all age groups and both sexes after controlling for clustering within households and within individuals over time Daniel Maeusezahl and colleagues conducted a cluster-r and omized controlled trial in rural Bolivia of solar drinking water disinfection  , and find only moderate compliance with the intervention and no evidence of reduction in diarrhea among children A number of household water treatment and safe storage technologies , such as chlorine disinfection , solar disinfection , and ceramic filtration , have been documented for their ability to reduce diarrheal disease and improve microbial water quality .  The bios and filter ( BSF ) is a promising household water treatment technology in use by > 500,000 people globally . The purpose of this research was to document the ability of BSFs to improve water quality and to reduce diarrheal disease in user compared with non-user households in a r and omized controlled trial in Bonao , Dominican Republic , during 2005 - 2006 . During the 6-month intervention period , 75 BSF households had significantly improved drinking water quality on average compared with 79 control households ( P < 0.001 ) . Based on r and om intercepts logistic regression , BSF households had 0.53 times the odds of diarrheal disease as control households , indicating a significant protective effect of the BSF against waterborne diarrheal disease Although the efficacy of  chlorine disinfection  under controlled laboratory conditions is well known , the effectiveness of  chlorine  under field point-of-use ( POU ) conditions is still not clearly understood and may be impacted by a variety of factors . This study evaluated the effectiveness of  POU chlorine disinfection in rural Ecuador under typical use conditions and compared this effectiveness with the efficacy in controlled laboratory conditions . While reductions of indicator organisms were slightly higher in households that used chlorination , no significant differences were seen between households employing POU chlorination and the households with no chlorination ( 1 - 1.5 log10 median reductions for chlorinating households and 0.31 - 0.55 log10 for nonchlorinating households , depending on the indicator organism ) . In contrast , significant reduction of all test organisms was found when simulating POU conditions in the laboratory . This study demonstrates that POU chlorination can be considerably less effective under actual field conditions than would be predicted based on its laboratory efficacy ( 3 - 5 log10 median reductions for chlorinated and 0 - 0.3 log10 for nonchlorinated sample s ) . Human factors ( including improper storage and chlorine dosing ) and uncontrolled water quality effects are hypothesized to impact significantly the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection Simple , effective and affordable methods are needed to treat and safely store non-piped , gathered household water . This study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness of consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene . Community families were recruited and r and omly divided into intervention ( household water chlorination and storage in a special container ) and  control ( no intervention ) households . Microbes in stored household water were extensively inactivated by 1 - 5-mg/L doses of hypochlorite . Escherichia coli levels in stored household waters were < 1/100 mL in most intervention households but readily detectable at high levels in control households . Stored water of intervention households was also lower in Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic plate count bacteria than in control households . The intervention reduced household diarrhoeal illness . In Bolivia , monthly episodes of household diarrhoeal illness were 1.25 and 2.2 in intervention and control families , respectively ( P = < 0.002 ) indicating that 43 % of community diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention . In Bangladesh , mean episodes of child diarrhoea/1,000 d were 19.6 and 24.8 in intervention and control groups respectively ( P = < 0.03 ) indicating that about 24 % of observed diarrhoea was preventable by using the intervention . Chlorine disinfection and storage in an appropriate container significantly improved the microbiological quality of non-piped household drinking water and reduced community diarrhoeal disease . Widespread use of this simple treatment and storage system for non-piped domestic water has the potential to dramatically reduce the global burden of waterborne diarrhoeal disease To determine the effectiveness of ceramic filters in reducing diarrhea , we conducted a r and omized controlled trial in Zimbabwe and South Africa , in which 61 of 115 households received ceramic filters .  Incidence of non-bloody and bloody diarrhea was recorded daily over 6 months using pictorial diaries for children 24 - 36 months of age . Poisson regression was used to compare incidence rates in intervention and control households . Adjusted for source quality , intervention household drinking water showed reduced Escherichia coli counts ( relative risk , 0.67 ; 95 % CI , 0.50 - 0.89 ) . Zero E. coli were obtained for drinking water in 56.9 % of intervention households . The incidence rate ratio for bloody diarrhea was 0.20 ( 95 % CI , 0.09 - 0.43 ; P < 0.001 ) and for non-bloody diarrhea was 0.17 ( 95 % CI , 0.08 - 0.38 ; P < 0.001 ) , indicating much lower diarrhea incidence among filter users . The results suggest that ceramic filters are effective in reducing diarrheal disease incidence 
    Output:
    
Indeed these three interventions are predicted to have the same or less effect than what may be expected due purely to reporting bias in unblinded studies With the currently available evidence ceramic filters are the most effective form of HWT in the longterm , disinfection-only interventions including SODIS appear to have poor if any longterm public health benefit