***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE This study examined the effectiveness of three peer-facilitated brief alcohol interventions -small group motivational interviewing , motivationally enhanced peer theater , and an interactive alcohol-education program-with  students engaging in high-risk drinking who were referred for alcohol policy violations . METHOD Undergraduate students referred for alcohol policy violations ( N = 695 ) at a large northeastern public university were r and omized to one of the three conditions . Six-month follow-up data were collected on drinking frequency and quantity , negative consequences , use of protective behaviors , and perceptions of peers ' drinking norms . RESULTS There were no statistically significant overall pre-post effects or treatment effects . However , exploratory analyses indicated that decreases in perceived norms and increases in use of protective behavioral strategies were associated with reductions in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems at follow-up ( p < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The presence of nonsignificant pre-post or main effects is , in part , consistent with recent research indicating that sanctioned college students may immediately reduce drinking in response to citation and that brief interventions may not contribute to additional behavioral change . The presence of statistically significant correlations between alcohol use and related problems with corrections in norms misperceptions and increased use of protective behaviors at the individual level holds promise for both research and practice . The integration of elements addressing social norms and use of protective behaviors within brief cognitive-behavioral intervention protocol s delivered by trained peer facilitators warrants further study using r and omized clinical trials AIM To establish the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention compared to feedback only when delivered in an emergency department for reducing alcohol use and problems among young adults . DESIGN Two-group r and omized controlled trial with follow-up assessment s at 6 and 12 months . SETTING Level I Trauma Center . PARTICIPANTS A total of 198 18 - 24-year-old patients who were either alcohol positive upon hospital admission or met screening criteria for alcohol problems . INTERVENTION Participants were assigned r and omly to receive a one-session motivational intervention ( MI ) that included personalized feedback , or the personalized feedback report only ( FO ) . All participants received additional telephone contact 1 month and 3 months after baseline . MEASUREMENTS Demographic information , alcohol use , alcohol problems and treatment seeking . FINDINGS Six months after the intervention MI participants drank on fewer days , had fewer heavy drinking days and drank fewer drinks per week in the past month than did FO patients . These effects were maintained at 12 months . Clinical significance evaluation indicated that twice as many MI participants as FO participants reliably reduced their volume of alcohol consumption from baseline to 12 months . Reductions in alcohol-related injuries and moving violations , and increases in alcohol treatment-seeking were observed across both conditions at both follow-ups with no differences between conditions . CONCLUSIONS This study provides new data supporting the potential of the motivational intervention tested to reduce alcohol consumption among high-risk youth AIMS This study aim ed at testing the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention ( BI ) compared with a minimal intervention ( MI ) for reducing alcohol consumption in adult , alcohol-positive traffic casualties . METHODS Patients were recruited at the emergency room of a trauma hospital and screened for alcohol by a qualitative saliva test ( positive from a blood alcohol concentration of 0.02 g/l ) . Positive patients ( 13.3 % ) who accepted entering the study were r and omly allocated into BI and MI . Baseline assessment was the same for all patients . Blind telephone follow-ups were performed at months 3 , 6 , and 12 , and results were analysed by protocol and by intention-to-treat analysis . RESULTS After 1 year of follow-up , 67 % of the patients had reduced their consumption , the percentage of heavy drinkers had dropped by 47 % , and 62 % of baseline AUDIT-C positive patients ( hazardous drinkers ) had become negative . Binge drinking dropped significantly ( P < 0.05 ) . Results at month 12 were in line with the previous ones . CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of BI compared with MI has not been verified , but a significant reduction in consumption has been observed in the whole sample , without significant differences by type of intervention . The persistence and dimension of changes suggest a real effect of both interventions , although the lack of a pure control group does not allow definitive conclusions . Traffic casualties are in a teachable moments to benefit from easy and cheap interventions This study tested the efficacy of behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders ( AUD ) among men who have sex with men ( MSM ) and who are at risk for HIV transmission . HIV-negative MSM with current AUD ( N = 198 ) were recruited , offered treatment focused on reducing drinking and HIV risk , and followed during treatment and 12 months posttreatment . Participants ( n = 89 ) accepted treatment and were r and omized to either 4 sessions of motivational interviewing ( MI ) or 12 sessions of combined MI and coping skills training ( MI + CBT ) .  Other participants ( n = 109 ) declined treatment but were followed , forming a non-help-seeking group ( NHS ) . MI yielded significantly better drinking outcomes during the 12-week treatment period than MI + CBT , but posttreatment outcomes were equivalent . NHS participants significantly reduced their drinking as well . Service delivery and treatment research implication s are discussed OBJECTIVES Adolescents in their late teens and early 20s have the highest alcohol consumption in the United States ; binge drinking peaks at age 21 - 25 years . Underage drinking is associated with many negative consequences , including academic problems and risk of intentional and unintentional injuries . This study tested the effectiveness of pediatric emergency department ( PED ) screening and brief intervention to reduce alcohol consumption and associated risks . METHODS A three-group r and omized assignment trial was structured to test differences between intervention ( I ) and st and ard assessed control ( AC ) groups in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related behaviors from baseline to 12 months and to compare the AC group with a minimally assessed control ( MAC ) group to adjust for the effect of assessment reactivity on control group behavior . Patients aged 14 - 21 years were eligible if they screened positive on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT ) or for binge drinking or high-risk behaviors . The MAC group received a re source h and out , written advice about alcohol-related risks , and a 12-month follow-up appointment . Patients in the AC group were assessed using st and ardized instruments in addition to the MAC protocol . The I group received a peer-conducted motivational intervention , referral to community re sources and treatment if indicated , and a 10-day booster in addition to assessment . Measurements included 30-day self-report of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related behaviors , screens for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder , and self-report of attempts to quit , cut back , or change conditions of use , all repeated at follow-up . Motor vehicle records and medical records were also analyzed for changes from baseline to 1-year follow-up . RESULTS Among 7,807 PED patients screened , 1,202 were eligible ; 853 enrolled ( I , n = 283 ; AC , n = 284 ; MAC , n = 286 ) , with a 12-month follow-up rate of 72 % . At 12 months , more than half of enrollees in Reaching Adolescents for Prevention ( RAP ) attempted to cut back on drinking , and over a third tried to quit . A significantly larger proportion of the I group made efforts to quit drinking and to be careful about situations when drinking compared to AC enrollees , and there was a numerically but not significantly greater likelihood ( p = 0.065 ) among the I group for efforts to cut back on drinking . At 3 months , the likelihood of the I group making attempts to cut back was almost triple that of ACs . For efforts to quit , it was double , and for trying to be careful about situations when drinking , there was a 72 % increase in the odds ratio ( OR ) for the I group . Three-month results for attempts were sustained at 12 months for quit attempts and efforts to be careful . Consumption declined in both groups from baseline to 3 months to 12 months , but there were no significant between-group differences in alcohol-related consequences at 12 months or in alcohol-related risk behaviors . We found a pattern suggestive of assessment reactivity in only one variable at 12 months : the attempt to cut back ( 73.3 % for the I group vs. 64.9 % among the AC group and 54.8 % among the MAC group ) . CONCLUSIONS Brief motivational intervention result ed in significant efforts to change behavior ( quit drinking and be careful about situations while drinking ) but did not alter between-group consumption or consequences By the age of 18 , between 16 and 27 % of adolescents in the U.S. have been arrested for an offense and by the age of 23 this increases to a staggering 25 - 41 % . Most youth that get into legal trouble have a substance abuse problem and many youth report high risk driving behaviors . Adjudication of adolescents for an offense may provide an opportunity to provide a secondary prevention program for such high risk behaviors . In this regard the primary aim of the present study was to test two hypotheses : ( 1 ) that interventions involving group motivational interviewing would decrease future legal charges beyond those achieved by the combination of sanctions and remedial actions otherwise m and ated by the court ; and ( 2 ) that the addition of a trauma room exposure to the group MI intervention would increase the effectiveness of MI  in decreasing these future legal charges . Court m and ated youth who have had a high risk driving police charge and /or alcohol related police charge and who are drivers ( n=992 ) were r and omly assigned to one of the three 20h interventions ; enhanced prototypic community service ( CS ) , Motivational Intervention with typical community service ( MI ) , and Motivational Intervention with exposure to a hospital trauma center ( MI-H ) . As hypothesized , the probability of being charged with an offense within the 6 months post-treatment was significantly less for participants in the combined MI groups than those in the CS group . The combined MI groups also had significantly fewer overall number of police charge events than the CS group at 6 months . Mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between MI vs. CS interventions and subsequent police charges was partially accounted for by the youth 's experience of the MI component of the intervention . Despite fewer police charges at 6 months the combined MI group reported ( 1 ) significantly more hazardous drinking and ( 2 ) a greater amount of speeding and distracted driving than the control group over this same 6-month period . Hypothesis 2 , that MI-H would be more effective than MI in reducing police charges , was not supported . This was so despite evidence supporting the hypotheses that ( 1 ) trauma room exposure would increase participants ' emotional arousal during the intervention and ( 2 ) increased arousal would be predictive of fewer police charges . Despite support for the theorized causal pathway , the combination of trauma room exposure and MI did not result in better outcomes than MI combined with traditional community service . Given this discrepancy between empirical supports for the theory in the face of the absence of incremental effectiveness of the MI-H treatment condition , a better underst and ing of the participant 's hospital experience will be necessary if we are to successfully utilize the trauma room exposure to increase the effectiveness of MI interventions for this target group to achieve better outcomes OBJECTIVE To determine whether a brief individual motivational interview ( IMI ) plus a family motivational interview ( Family Check-Up [ FCU ] ) would reduce alcohol use in adolescents treated in an emergency department after an alcohol-related event more effectively than would an IMI only . DESIGN Two-group r and omized design with 3 follow-up time points . SETTING An urban regional level I trauma center . PARTICIPANTS Adolescents aged 13 to 17 years ( N = 125 ) with a positive blood alcohol concentration as tested using blood , breath , or saliva . INTERVENTIONS Either IMI or IMI plus FCU . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Drinking frequency ( days per month ) , quantity ( drinks per occasion ) , and frequency of high-volume drinking ( ≥5 drinks per occasion ) . RESULTS Both conditions result ed in a reduction in all drinking outcomes at all follow-up points ( P < .001 for all ) , with the strongest effects at 3 and 6 months . Adding the FCU to the IMI result ed in a somewhat better outcome than did the IMI only on high-volume drinking days at 3-month follow-up ( 14.6 % vs 32.1 % , P = .048 ; odds ratio , 2.76 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.99 - 7.75 ) . CONCLUSIONS Motivational interventions have a positive effect on drinking outcomes in the short term after an alcohol-related emergency department visit . Adding the FCU to an IMI result ed in somewhat better effects on high-volume drinking at short-term follow-up than did an IMI only . The cost of extra sessions necessary to complete the FCU should be weighed against the potential benefit of reducing high-volume drinking when considering adding the FCU to an IMI for this population OBJECTIVE Motivational interviewing to reduce alcohol and marijuana use among incarcerated adolescents was evaluated . METHOD Adolescents ( N = 162 , 84 % male ; M = 17.10 years old ) were r and omly assigned to receive motivational interviewing or relaxation training , with follow-up assessment 3 months after release . RESULTS Compared with those who received relaxation training , adolescents who received motivational interviewing had lower rates of alcohol and marijuana use at follow-up , with some evidence for moderating effects of depression . At low levels of depression , adolescents who received motivational interviewing had lower rates of use . Adoles 
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We also considered other outcomes and at four or more months follow-up we found no effects on drink-driving ( SMD -0.11 ; 95 % CI -0.31 to 0.09 ) , moderate quality of evidence ; or other alcohol-related risky behaviour ( SMD -0.14 ; 95 % CI -0.30 to 0.02 ) , moderate quality of evidence .Further analyses showed that the type of control comparison ( assessment only versus alternative intervention ) did not predict the outcome in a clear or straightforward way ; and there was no consistent relationship between the duration of the MI intervention ( in minutes ) and effect size .
The results of this review indicate that there are no substantive , meaningful benefits of MI interventions for the prevention of alcohol misuse .