***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of success for physiotherapy treatment in women with persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a single-blind r and omized controlled trial comparing 2 physiotherapy intervention programs for persistent SUI in postpartum women . SETTING Obstetric clinic of a mother and children 's university hospital . PARTICIPANTS Women , ages 23 to 39 ( N=57 ) , were r and omized to 1 of 2 pelvic floor muscle ( PFM ) training programs , 1 with and 1 without abdominal muscle training .  INTERVENTION Over 8 weeks , participants in each group followed a specific home exercise program once a day , 5 days a week . In addition , participants attended individual weekly physiotherapy sessions throughout the 8-week program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Treatment success was defined as a pad weight gain of less than 2 g on a 20-minute pad test with st and ardized bladder volume after 8 weeks ' treatment . The relationship between potential predictive PFM function variables as measured by a PFM dynamometer and success of physiotherapy was studied using forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses . RESULTS Forty-two women ( 74 % ) were classified as treatment successes , and 15 ( 26 % ) were not . Treatment success was associated with lower pretreatment PFM passive force and greater PFM endurance pretreatment , but the latter association was barely statistically significant . This model explained between 23 % ( Cox and Snell R(2 ) ) and 34 % ( Nagelkerke R(2 ) ) of the outcome variability . CONCLUSIONS The results contribute new information on predictors of success for physiotherapy treatment in women with persistent postpartum SUI Objective To assess the effect of pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery on pelvic floor characteristics in nulliparous women . Methods We examined 107 nulliparas during pregnancy and at 9 weeks and 10 months after vaginal delivery . Methods used included a question naire , clinical examination , perineosonography , urethral pressure profiles , and intravaginal and intra-anal pressure recordings during pelvic floor contraction . After the second examination , the women were assigned in alternating manner to either 12 sessions of pelvic floor exercises with biofeedback and electrostimulation ( n = 51 ) or no training ( n = 56 ) . The two groups were compared at the third examination . Results Stress urinary incontinence incidence decreased in 2 % of control subjects compared with 19 % of women who underwent pelvic floor education ( P = .002 ) , whereas the incidence of fecal incontinence ( 5 % versus 4 % , P = 1 ) and the percentage of women who recovered predelivery pelvic floor contraction strength ( 33 % versus 41 % , P = .4 ) were no different . We observed no significant differences in bladder neck position and mobility , urethral functional length , maximal urethral closure pressure , pressure transmission ratio , residual area of continence at stress st and ing , or intravaginal or intra-anal pressures during pelvic floor contraction between groups at the third examination . Conclusion Pelvic floor education , begun 2 months postpartum , significantly reduced the incidence of stress urinary incontinence , but not fecal incontinence or weak pelvic floor . Similarly , bladder neck behavior , urodynamic characteristics , intravaginal or intra-anal pressures during pelvic floor squeezing also were not modified Background Both maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are increasing in prevalence and associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and child . Observational studies regarding physical activity in pregnancy have found reduced weight gain in active mothers , as well as reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes . There is however a lack of high quality , r and omized controlled trials on the effects of regular exercise training in pregnancy , especially those with a pre-pregnancy body mass index ( BMI ) at or above 30 kg/m2 . Methods We are conducting a r and omised , controlled trial in Norway with two parallel arms ; one intervention group and one control group . We will enroll 150 previously sedentary , pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI at or above 30 kg/m2 . The intervention group will meet for organized exercise training three times per week , starting in gestation week 14 ( range 12 - 16 ) . The control group will get st and ard antenatal care . The main outcome measure will be weight gain from baseline to delivery . Among the secondary outcome measures are changes in exercise capacity , endothelial function , physical activity level , body composition , serum markers of cardiovascular risk , incontinence , lumbopelvic pain and cardiac function from baseline to gestation week 37 ( range 36 - 38 ) . Offspring outcome measures include anthropometric variables at birth , Apgar score , as well as serum markers of inflammation and metabolism in cord blood . Discussion The results of this trial will provide knowledge about effects of regular exercise training in previously sedentary , obese pregnant women . If the program proves effective in reducing gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes , such programs should be considered as part of routine pregnancy care for obese women . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : A physiotherapist-delivered continence promotion program was recently implemented with postpartum women in Australia . A previous r and omised controlled trial demonstrated that the program was effective in promoting pelvic floor exercises and continence at 3 months postpartum . The present study compares pelvic floor exercise frequency and continence status for women in the intervention and ‘ usual care ’ control groups at 12 months postpartum . While there was no significant difference in continence status , women in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to be practising  pelvic floor exercises  at adequate frequencies . In turn , continued adherence to pelvic floor exercises at 12 months was predictive of continence at that time . Potential strategies for enhancing women ’s adherence to pelvic floor exercise regimes during and beyond the postpartum year are discussed OBJECTIVE : The long-term prevalence of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery is unknown . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of anal incontinence in primiparous women 5 years after their first delivery and to evaluate the influence of subsequent childbirth . METHODS : A total of 349 nulliparous women were prospect ively followed up with question naires before pregnancy , at 5 and 9 months , and 5 years after delivery . A total of 242 women completed all question naires . Women with sphincter tear at their first delivery were compared with women without such injury . Risk factors for development of anal incontinence were also analyzed . RESULTS : Anal incontinence increased significantly during the study period . Among women with sphincter tears , 44 % reported anal incontinence at 9 months and 53 % at 5 years ( P = .002 ) . Twenty-five percent of women without a sphincter tear reported anal incontinence at 9 months and 32 % had symptoms at 5 years ( P < .001 ) . Risk factors for anal incontinence at 5 years were age ( odds ratio [ OR ] 1.1 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.0–1.2 ) , sphincter tear ( OR 2.3 ; 95 % CI 1.1–5.0 ) , and subsequent childbirth ( OR 2.4 ; 95 % CI 1.1–5.6 ) . As a predictor of anal incontinence at 5 years after the first delivery , anal incontinence at both 5 months ( OR 3.8 ; 95 % CI 2.0–7.3 ) and 9 months ( OR 4.3 ; 95 % CI 2.2–8.2 ) was identified . Among women with symptoms , the majority had infrequent incontinence to flatus , whereas fecal incontinence was rare . CONCLUSION : Anal incontinence among primiparous women increases over time and is affected by further childbirth . Anal incontinence at 9 months postpartum is an important predictor of persisting symptoms Introduction and hypothesisThe objective was to examine the relationship between maternal and perinatal factors and the occurrence of stress ( SUI ) or mixed ( MUI ) urinary incontinence ( UI  ) 1 year after the first vaginal delivery in primiparous women . Methods Participants in this prospect i ve cohort were recruited consecutively from June 2003 to July 2005 from all eligible women who delivered in the department . A vali date d question naire , the International Consultation of Incontinence Question naire Short Form ( ICIQ-SF ) was completed by all participants 2–3 days after delivery , and a similar second question naire was filled out 1 year later . Additional data were obtained from the medical records . The first question naire was completed by 1,018 women ( 63 % ) and the second by 859 women ( 84 % ) . The study group comprised the 575 women without any UI before the pregnancy and who had a vaginal delivery . The primary analysis comprised 117 women with either SUI or MUI 1 year after the vaginal delivery and 403 women without any UI . Results In univariate analyses , the following factors were associated with SUI or MUI : prepregnancy body mass index ( BMI ) ≥ 30 ( p < 0.05 ) , UI during the pregnancy ( p < 0.05 ) , perineal lesions ( p < 0.05 ) , and anal sphincter tears ( p = 0.05 ) . Logistic regression analysis showed that SUI or MUI was strongly associated with UI during the pregnancy [ adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) 4.7 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 2.9–7.7 ) and inversely associated with oxytocin augmentation ( adjusted OR 0.5 , 95 % CI 0.3–0.9 ) . Conclusions SUI or MUI 1 year after the first vaginal delivery was strongly associated with UI during the pregnancy and inversely associated with oxytocin augmentation OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of extracorporeal magnetic innervation ( ExMI ) on pelvic muscle strength of primiparous patients . STUDY DESIGN Primigravid patients were r and omized to receive either active or sham ExMI postpartum treatments for 8 weeks . The main outcome measure was pelvic muscle strength measured by perineometry at baseline ( midtrimester ) , 6 weeks ( before treatments ) , 14 weeks , 6 months , and 12 months postpartum . Mixed r and omized-repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the mean perineometry values between the 2 groups and across all 5 time periods . RESULTS Fifty-one patients enrolled , and 18 were lost to attrition . There were no differences in demographics or delivery characteristics between the active and sham groups . There was an overall time effect , F(3,85 ) = 3.1 , P = .049 , but no group , F(1,31 ) = 0.007 , P = .94 , or (group)(time ) interaction , F(3,85 ) = 1.8 , P = .15 . CONCLUSION We found no differences in pelvic muscle strength between patients receiving active or sham ExMI treatments in the early postpartum period Objective : To investigate the effect of supervised and unsupervised pelvic floor muscle exercises utilizing trunk stabilization for treating postpartum urinary incontinence and to compare the outcomes . Design : R and omized , single-blind controlled study . Setting : Outpatient rehabilitation hospital . Subjects : Eighteen subjects with postpartum urinary incontinence . Interventions : Subjects were r and omized  to either a supervised training group with verbal instruction from a physiotherapist , or an unsupervised training group after undergoing a supervised demonstration session . Main measures : Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom question naire ( urinary symptoms and quality of life ) and vaginal function test ( maximal vaginal squeeze pressure and holding time ) using a perineometer . Results : The change values for urinary symptoms ( −27.22 ± 6.20 versus −18.22 ± 5.49 ) , quality of life ( −5.33 ± 2.96 versus −1.78 ± 3.93 ) , total score ( −32.56 ± 8.17 versus −20.00 ± 6.67 ) , maximal vaginal squeeze pressure ( 18.96 ± 9.08 versus 2.67 ± 3.64 mmHg ) , and holding time ( 11.32 ± 3.17 versus 5.72 ± 2.29 seconds ) were more improved in the supervised group than in the unsupervised group ( P < 0.05 ) . In the supervised group , significant differences were found for all variables between pre- and post-test values ( P < 0.01 ) , whereas the unsupervised group showed significant differences for urinary symptom score , total score and holding time between the pre- and post-test results ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions : These findings suggest that exercising the pelvic floor muscles by utilizing trunk stabilization under physiotherapist supervision may be beneficial for the management of postpartum urinary incontinence A r and omized controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the extent to which a program of reinforced pelvic floor muscle exercises ( PFME ) reduces urinary incontinence 1 year after delivery . Two hundred and thirty women who were incontinent 3 months postpartum were r and omized to either a control group doing st and ard postnatal pelvic floor muscle exercises ( n=117 ) or to an intervention group ( n=113 ) who saw a physiother 
    Output:
    
It seemed that the more intensive the programme the greater the treatment effect .
It is possible that mixed prevention and treatment approaches might be effective when the intervention is intensive enough .
There was little evidence about long-term effects for either urinary or faecal incontinence .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that for women having their first baby , PFMT can prevent urinary incontinence up to six months after delivery .
There is support for the widespread recommendation that PFMT is an appropriate treatment for women with persistent postpartum urinary incontinence .