***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of sensory stimulation program  administered by primipara on the physical growth and mother-infant feeding interaction for the first 6 months of infancy . METHOD Data were collected from December 1 , 2001 to June 30 , 2003 . A total of 35 mothers and their infants were assigned to a control ( n=17 ) and an experimental ( n=18 ) group . Mothers in the experimental group received education related to sensory stimulation program and administered to their infants twice a day for 6 months . Both groups were measured the weight , length , head circumference and chest circumference of infants at 6 weeks , 10 weeks , 14 weeks , 18 weeks , and 22 weeks and the mother-infant feeding interaction at 6 weeks , 10 weeks through the home visiting . RESULT Compared to the control group , the experimental group had significantly larger increases in head circumference for intervention period . In addition to , the experimental group showed significantly higher score in mother-infant interaction than control group . CONCLUSION These data suggested that sensory stimulation program administered by primipara may improve the physical growth of full term infant and mother-infant feeding interaction Abstract Objectives : To establish the relative cost effectiveness of postnatal support in the community in addition to the usual care provided by community midwives . Design : R and omised controlled trial with six month follow up . Setting : Recruitment in a university teaching hospital and care provided in women 's homes . Participants : 623 postnatal women allocated at r and om to intervention ( 311 ) or control ( 312 ) group . Intervention : Up to 10 home visits in the first postnatal month of up to three hours duration by a community postnatal support worker . Main outcome measure : General health status as measured by the SF-36 and risk of postnatal depression . Breast feeding rates , satisfaction with care , use of services , and personal costs . Results : At six weeks there was no significant improvement in health status among the women in the intervention group . At six weeks the mean total NHS costs were £ 635 for the intervention group and £ 456 for the control group ( P=0.001 ) . At six months figures were £ 815 and £ 639 ( P=0.001 ) . There were no differences between the groups in use of social services or personal costs . The women in the intervention group were very satisfied with the support worker visits . Conclusions : There was no health benefit of additional home visits by community postnatal support workers compared with traditional community midwifery visiting as measured by the SF-36 . There were no savings to the NHS over six months after the introduction of the community postnatal support worker service This pilot study 's objective was to determine the effectiveness of postpartum education received by midwifery clients at the University of New Mexico Hospital . The authors of the study r and omized 100 women following delivery to two groups . Group one , n = 55 , received written postpartum instructions only .  Group two , n = 45 , received oral instructions by the certified nurse-midwife in addition to the written instructions . Both groups answered a written question naire after the teaching . Analyses were carried out on 100 posttest scores . Mean test scores for group one was 17.9 out of a possible score of 20 . Mean score for group two was 18.3 . No significant difference was detected between these two mean scores . A 95 % confidence interval for the difference between mean scores was -1.9 to 1.1 ( P > .05 ) . Reliability of instrument was established via the Kuder-Richardson formula 21 . This conservative estimate of internal consistency yielded r = .50 . The authors found that oral instructions by the certified nurse-midwife did not significantly increase the knowledge of primiparas as evidence d by posttest results . However , results must be interpreted cautiously for three reasons : low reliability of the instrument , the small difference between groups , and the sample size . The need to determine how best to approach postpartum education is imperative in this era of early hospital discharge . A certified nurse-midwife 's time may be better spent focusing on individual concerns rather than on a set teaching agenda . Alternative opportunities such as postpartum home visits need to be explored as a means of providing support and guidance to new mothers OBJECTIVE Research has found corporal punishment to have limited effectiveness in altering child behavior and the potential to produce psychological and cognitive damage . Pediatric professionals have advocated reducing , if not eliminating its use . Despite this , it remains a common parenting practice in the US . METHODS Using a three-group r and omized design , this study explored whether embedding educational information about typical child development and effective parenting in baby books could alter new mothers ' attitudes about their use of corporal punishment .  Low-income , ethnically diverse women ( n=167 ) were recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy and followed until their child was 18 months old . RESULTS Findings from home-based data collection throughout this period suggest that educational baby books compared with non-educational baby books or no books can reduce new mothers ' support for the use of corporal punishment ( respective effect sizes=.67 and .25 ) and that these effects are greater for African-American mothers ( effect sizes=.75 and .57 ) and those with low levels of educational attainment ( high school diploma , GED , or less ) ( effect sizes=.78 and .49 ) . CONCLUSION Given their low cost and ease of implementation , baby books offer a promising way to change new mothers ' attitudes and potentially reduce the use of corporal punishment with infants and toddlers STUDY OBJECTIVES Maternal and infant sleep are significant health concerns for postpartum families . The results of previously published studies have indicated that behavioral-educational strategies promote infant sleep , but these reports relied on parental report and did not include maternal sleep . This pilot study of a maternal-infant sleep intervention evaluated feasibility , acceptability , and effects on sleep and other outcomes in the early postpartum period . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with concealed-group allocation . SETTING Hospital postpartum unit with home follow-up . PARTICIPANTS First-time mothers and their infants r and omly assigned to sleep intervention ( n = 15 ) or control group ( n = 15 ) . INTERVENTIONS The sleep intervention included a 45-minute meeting with a nurse to discuss sleep information and strategies , an 11-page booklet , and weekly phone contact to reinforce information and problem solve . The control group received a 10-minute meeting during which only maternal sleep hygiene and basic information about infant sleep were discussed , a 1-page pamphlet , and calls at weeks 3 and 5 to maintain contact without provision of advice . MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS Question naires were completed at baseline and 6 weeks ; sleep diaries and mother and infant actigraphy were completed at 6 weeks . The mothers in the sleep intervention group averaged 57 minutes more nighttime sleep , and fewer rated their sleep as a problem , as compared with the mothers in the control group . Infants in the sleep intervention group had fewer nighttime awakenings and had maximum lengths of nighttime sleep that were , on average , 46 minutes longer than those in the control group . CONCLUSIONS A behavioral-educational intervention with first-time mothers in the early postpartum period promotes maternal and infant sleep . Further evaluation of the intervention in a larger , more diverse sample is needed This study evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention design ed to improve early parenting by increasing underst and ing of infant developmental needs and promoting maternal responsiveness as indicated by increased positive behavior support for infants and decreased psychological control . At-risk mothers were r and omly assigned to control or treatment conditions , the latter consisting of training in parental responsiveness , developmental knowledge , and loving touch . Following the intervention , treatment mothers reduced their controlling tendencies ; they were less rigid , less intrusive , and more flexible than control mothers . Treatment mothers provided more parental support indicated by higher quality verbalizations , more demonstrative teaching , and lower role-reversal tendencies . Editors ’ Strategic Implication s : Further replication will be necessary , but the results for the “ My Baby and Me ” program are promising . The authors provide crucial information for parent educators about the pairing of basic knowledge transfer with the active engagement of parents with their infants in practicing new parenting skills Objective Interventions to reduce health inequalities for young children and their mothers are important : involving peers is recommended , but evidence of value for this approach is limited . The authors aim ed to examine the effect of an innovative tailored peer-mentoring programme , based on perceived needs , for first-time mothers in socio-economically deprived communities . Design R and omised controlled trial ; parallel qualitative study with purposive sample s using semistructured interviews . Setting Socio-economically disadvantaged areas , Belfast . Participants Primigravidae , aged 16–30 years , without significant co-morbidity . Intervention Peer-mentoring by a lay-worker fortnightly during pregnancy and monthly for the following year , tailored to participants ' wishes ( home visits/telephone contacts ) , additional to usual care . Main outcome measures Infant psychomotor and mental development ( Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( BSID-II ) ) at 1 year , assessed by an observer blinded to group allocation . Mothers ' health at 1 year postnatal ( SF-36 ) . Results Of 534 women invited , 343(64 % ) participated ; 85 % , with their children , completed outcome assessment s ( 140 of 172 intervention ; 152 of 171 controls ) . Intervention and control groups did not differ in BSID-II psychomotor ( mean difference 1.64 , 95 % CI −0.94 to 4.21 ) or mental ( −0.81 , −2.78 to 1.16 ) scores , nor SF-36 physical functioning ( −5.4 , −11.6 to 0.7 ) or mental health ( −1.8 , −6.1 to 2.6 ) . Women valued advice given in context of personal experience of child-rearing . Mentors gained health-related knowledge , personal skills and new employment opportunities . Conclusions Despite possible longer-term social advantage , this peer-mentoring programme showed no benefit for infant development or maternal health at 1 year . Further rigorous evaluation of important outcomes of complex interventions promoting health for children in socially disadvantaged communities is warranted . Trial registration no IS RCT N The study examines an intervention design ed to influence mothers ' sensitive responsiveness toward their infant by presenting information about the newborn 's competence to interact and promoting affectionate h and ling and interaction with the infant . Thirty-six primiparous mothers and their newborn infants participated in the study . On day 2/3 after delivery , mother-infant dyads were assigned to either : ( 1 ) an experimental group that received an intervention program design ed to enhance mother-infant interaction ; or ( 2 ) a control group that was presented with an intervention that emphasized basic caregiving skills . One month later an observation was undertaken in the home to assess mother-infant synchronous and asynchronous co-occurrences during free-play and infant bathing . The enhancement group showed a reliably greater frequency of co-occurrences involving vocal exchanges , looking to the partner , and physical contact . There also were differences in mothers ' responsiveness to infant crying and involuntary responses . The findings show that even a modest videotaped early intervention can enhance  mothers ' sensitive responsiveness to the infant The aim of the study was to describe young families ' illness-behavior in connection with minor illness in children aged 0 - 8 years , and to assess the effect of delivered written health education . The effectiveness of written health education  in the management of minor illness was evaluated by a r and omized controlled trial . One hundred young families from one group practice were allocated at r and om to a study group and a control group . The study group received written health education . Health education result ed in more self-treatment and fewer contacts with the general practitioner ( GP ) , and the families indicated worry less often as the main reason for consulting the GP . The GPs ' assessment of the appropriateness of the families ' consultations showed no significant differences between the study and the control groups . It is recommended that GPs , in connection with prophylactic child examinations , h and over a patient education manual . This manual could form the basis for a dialogue between the GP and the parents when their child becomes ill OBJECTIVE To determine whether educational baby books are an effective method for increasing  low-income , first-time mothers ' safety practice s during their child 's first 18 months . METHODS Primiparous women ( n = 167 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups : an educational book group , a noneducational book group , or a no-book group . Home visits and interviews measured safety practice s when women were in their third trimester of pregnancy ( baseline ) and when their children were 2 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 12 , and 18 months of age . RESULTS Women in the educational book group had fewer risks in their homes and exercised more safety practice s than the no-book group ( - 20 % risk reduction ; effect size = -.30 ) . When the safety practice s involved little time or expense ( eg , putting away sharp objects ) , the educational book group was significantly more likely to engage in these behaviors than the no-book group ( 40 % higher practice s ; effect size = 0.19 ) or noneducational book group ( 27 % higher practice s ; effect size = 0.13 ) . However , no differences were found between groups for behaviors that required high effort in time , money , or hassle ( eg , installing latches on cabinets ) . CONCLUSIONS Educational baby books appear to be an easy and low-cost way to increase the safety practice s of new mothers , especially if the practice s involve little to no time , money , or hassle Background Infant crying and sleep problems ( e.g. frequent night waking , difficulties settling to sleep ) each affect up to 30 % of infants and often co-exist . They are costly to manage and associated with adverse outcomes including postnatal depression symptoms , early weaning from breast milk , and later child behaviour problems . Preventing such problems could improve these ad 
    Output:
    
The benefits of educational programs to participants and their newborns remain unclear .
Education related to sleep enhancement appears to increase infant sleep but appears to have no effect on infant crying time .