***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec ( IDeg ) was compared with insulin detemir ( IDet ) , both administered once daily ( OD ) as basal treatment in participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM ) . The primary outcome was non-inferiority of IDeg to IDet in glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) reduction after 26 weeks . Methods This multinational , 26-week , controlled , open-label , parallel-group trial r and omized adults with T1DM to IDeg  or IDet as OD basal insulin treatment combined with mealtime bolus insulin aspart ( IAsp ) . Participants with T1DM treated with any basal – bolus insulin regimen for ≥12 months prior to the trial , a mean HbA1c ≤ 10.0 % ( 85.8 mmol/mol ) and body mass index ( BMI ) ≤35.0 kg/m2 at screening participated in the trial ( IDeg : N = 302 ; IDet : N = 153 ) . Results After 26 weeks , HbA1c decreased 0.73 % ( 8.0 mmol/mol ) ( IDeg ) and 0.65 % ( 7.1 mmol/mol ) ( IDet ) [ estimated treatment difference ( ETD ) IDeg – IDet : −0.09 % ( −0.23 ; 0.05)95%CI ( −10.0 mmol/mol [ −2.6 ; 0.6]95 % CI ) ; confirming non-inferiority ] . Mean fasting plasma glucose improved in both groups , and was lower with IDeg than IDet [ ETD IDeg – IDet : −1.66 mmol/l ( −2.37 ; −0.95)95 % CI , p < 0.0001 ] . The rate of confirmed hypoglycaemia was similar with IDeg and IDet [ 45.83 vs. 45.69 episodes per patient-year of exposure ( PYE ) ; estimated rate ratio ( RR ) IDeg/IDet : 0.98 ( 0.80 ; 1.20)95 % CI , p = 0.86 ] . The rate of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia was lower with IDeg than IDet [ 4.14 vs. 5.93 episodes per PYE ; RR IDeg/IDet : 0.66 ( 0.49 ; 0.88)95 % CI , p = 0.0049 ] . Adverse event profiles were similar between groups . Conclusion IDeg administered OD in basal – bolus therapy effectively improved long-term glycaemic control in participants with T1DM with a lower risk of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia than IDet OBJECTIVE To compare ultra-long-acting insulin degludec with glargine for efficacy and safety in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs ( OADs ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 1-year , parallel-group , r and omized , open-label , treat-to-target trial , adults with type 2 diabetes with A1C of 7−10 % taking OADs were r and omized 3:1 to receive once daily degludec or glargine , both with metformin . Insulin was titrated to achieve prebreakfast plasma glucose ( PG ) of 3.9−4.9 mmol/L. The primary end point was confirmation of noninferiority of degludec to glargine in A1C reduction after 52 weeks in an intent-to-treat analysis . RESULTS In all , 1,030 participants ( mean age 59 years ; baseline A1C 8.2 % ) were r and omized (  degludec 773 , glargine 257 ) . Reduction in A1C  with degludec was similar ( noninferior ) to that with glargine ( 1.06 vs. 1.19 % ) , with an estimated treatment difference of degludec to glargine of 0.09 % ( 95 % CI −0.04 to 0.22 ) . Overall rates of confirmed hypoglycemia ( PG < 3.1 mmol/L or severe episodes requiring assistance ) were similar , with degludec and glargine at 1.52 versus 1.85 episodes/patient-year of exposure ( PYE ) . There were few episodes of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycemia in the overall population , and these occurred at a lower rate with degludec versus glargine ( 0.25 vs. 0.39 episodes/PYE ; P = 0.038 ) . Similar percentages of patients in both groups achieved A1C levels < 7 % without hypoglycemia . End-of-trial mean daily insulin doses were 0.59 and 0.60 units/kg for degludec and glargine , respectively . Adverse event rates were similar . CONCLUSIONS Insulins degludec and glargine administered once daily in combination with OADs provided similar long-term glycemic control in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes , with lower rates of nocturnal hypoglycemia with degludec Purpose The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/insulin aspart ( IDegAsp ) once daily ( OD ) compared with insulin glargine U100 ( IGlar ) OD over 52 weeks in insulin-naïve adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) was investigated . Methods In this open-label , parallel-group treat-to-target trial , participants were r and omized ( 1:1 ) to receive IDegAsp OD ( breakfast , n = 266 ) or IGlar OD ( as per label , n = 264 ) . Participants then entered a 26-week extension phase ( IDegAsp OD , n = 192 ; IGlar OD , n = 221 ) . The primary endpoint was change from baseline to Week 26 in HbA1c . Results After 26 and 52 weeks , mean HbA1c decreased to similar levels in both groups . After 52 weeks , the mean estimated treatment difference was –0.08 % ( –0.26 , 0.09 95%CI ) , confirming the non-inferiority of IDegAsp OD versus IGlar OD evaluated at Week 26 . After 52 weeks , there was a similar reduction in mean fasting plasma glucose in both treatment groups . The rate of confirmed hypoglycemic episodes was 86 % higher ( p < 0.0001 ) whereas the rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia was 75 % lower ( p < 0.0001 ) for IDegAsp versus IGlar . Conclusion Nocturnal-confirmed hypoglycemia was higher with IGlar whereas overall and diurnal hypoglycemia were higher with IDegAsp dosed at breakfast . These results highlight the importance of administration of IDegAsp with the main meal of the day , tailored to the individual patient ’s needs . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01045707 [ core ] ) and NCT01169766 [ ext OBJECTIVE Insulin degludec ( IDeg ) is a basal insulin that forms soluble multihexamers after subcutaneous injection , result ing in an ultra-long action profile . We assessed the efficacy and safety of IDeg formulations administered once daily in combination with mealtime insulin aspart in people with type 1 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 16-week , r and omized , open-label trial , participants ( mean : 45.8 years old , A1C 8.4 % , fasting plasma glucose [ FPG ] 9.9 mmol/L , BMI 26.9 kg/m2 ) received subcutaneous injections of IDeg(A ) ( 600 μmol/L ; n = 59 ) , IDeg(B ) ( 900 μmol/L ; n = 60 ) , or insulin glargine ( IGlar ; n = 59 ) , all given once daily in the evening . Insulin aspart was administered at mealtimes . RESULTS At 16 weeks , mean A1C was comparable for IDeg(A ) ( 7.8 ± 0.8 % ) , IDeg(B ) ( 8.0 ± 1.0 % ) , and IGlar ( 7.6 ± 0.8 % ) , as was FPG ( 8.3 ± 4.0 , 8.3 ± 2.8 , and 8.9 ± 3.5 mmol/L , respectively ) . Estimated mean rates of confirmed hypoglycemia were 28 % lower for IDeg(A ) compared with IGlar ( rate ratio [ RR ] : 0.72 [ 95 % CI 0.52–1.00 ] ) and 10 % lower for IDeg(B ) compared with IGlar ( RR : 0.90 [ 0.65–1.24 ] ) ; rates of nocturnal hypoglycemia were 58 % lower for IDeg(A ) ( RR : 0.42 [ 0.25–0.69 ] ) and 29 % lower for IDeg(B ) ( RR : 0.71 [ 0.44–1.16 ] ) . Mean total daily insulin dose was similar to baseline . The frequency and pattern of adverse events was similar between insulin treatments . CONCLUSIONS In this clinical exploratory phase 2 trial in people with type 1 diabetes  , IDeg is safe and well tolerated and provides comparable glycemic control to IGlar at similar doses , with reduced rates of hypoglycemia Background : The First Basal Insulin Evaluation ( FINE ) Asia study is a multinational , prospect i ve , observational study of insulin-naïve Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients in Asia , uncontrolled ( A1c ≥ 8 % ) on oral hypoglycemic agents , design ed to evaluate the impact of basal insulin initiation . Methods : Basal insulin was initiated with or without concomitant oral therapy and doses were adjusted individually . All treatment choices , including the decision to initiate insulin , were at the physician 's discretion to reflect real-life practice . Results : Patients ( n= 2679 ) from 11 Asian countries were enrolled ( mean [ ±SD ] duration of diabetes 9.3 ± 6.5 years ; weight 68.1 ± 12.7 kg ; A1c 9.8 ± 1.6 % ) . After 6 months of basal insulin ( NPH insulin , insulin glargine , or insulin detemir ) , A1c decreased to 7.7 ± 1.4 % ; 33.7 % patients reached A1c < 7 % . Fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) decreased from 11.7 ± 3.6 to 7.2 ± 2.5 mmol/L and 36.8 % of patients reached FBG < 6.1 mmol/L. The mean daily insulin dose prescribed increased marginally from 0.18 to 0.23 U/kg per day at baseline to 0.22–0.24 U/kg per day at Month 6 . Mean changes in body weight and reported rates of hypoglycemia were low over the duration of the study . Conclusions : Initiation of insulin therapy is still being delayed by approximately 9 years , result ing in many Asian patients developing severe hyperglycemia . Initiating insulin treatment with basal insulin  was effective and safe in Asian T2DM patients in a real-world setting , but insulin needs may differ from those in Western countries Aims To evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of a simplified basal – bolus regimen of once‐daily insulin degludec/insulin aspart ( IDegAsp ) with additional IAsp vs. a st and ard basal – bolus insulin regimen of insulin detemir ( IDet ) with IAsp in adults with Type 1 diabetes . Methods This was an open‐label trial comprising a 26‐week core phase followed by a 26‐week extension phase . Participants were r and omized to IDegAsp once daily at the main meal and IAsp at remaining meals ( IDegAsp+IAsp ) , or IDet ( once or twice daily ) and IAsp at all meals ( IDet+IAsp ) . Insulins were titrated to target plasma glucose of < 5 mmol/l ( < 90 mg/dl ) at pre‐breakfast ( IDegAsp and IDet ) and at pre‐meal ( IAsp ) . Results After 52 weeks , the overall confirmed hypoglycaemia rate was 31.8 episodes/patient‐years of exposure ( PYE ) with IDegAsp+Asp and 36.7 episodes/PYE with IDet+IAsp , and the rate of nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia was significantly lower with IDegAsp+Asp than with IDet+IAsp ( 3.1 vs. 5.4 episodes/PYE , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Adverse event rates were comparable between groups . Mean HbA1c decreased from baseline by 0.7 % ( IDegAsp+IAsp ) and 0.6 % ( IDet+IAsp ) , achieving 60 or 61 mmol/mol ( 7.6 % or 7.7 % , respectively ) , at Week 52 . The 
    Output:
    
No statistically significant differences in HbA1c were seen between any two insulins or formulations .
No differences in glycaemic control were seen between insulin degludec , detemir and glargine .
Hypoglycaemia was less probable with degludec than glargine , and patients taking detemir gained less body weight than those given degludec or glargine .
In type 2 diabetes , withdrawals as a result of adverse events were more probable with detemir than glargine