***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract . Rationale : Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive beverage that contains the naturally occurring psychedelic agent N , N-dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) . This " tea " has been used for centuries in religious and medicinal context s in the rain forest areas of South America and is presently gaining the attention of psychedelic users in North America and Europe . Objectives : In the present study , the psychological effects and tolerability of ayahuasca were assessed . Methods : Three increasing doses of encapsulated freeze-dried ayahuasca ( 0.5 , 0.75 , and 1.0 mg DMT/kg body weight ) were administered to six healthy male volunteers with prior experience in the use of this tea , in a single-blind crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial . Results : Ayahuasca produced significant dose-dependent increases in five of the six subscales of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale , in the LSD , MBG , and A scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory , and in the " liking " , " good effects " and " high " visual analogue scales . Psychological effects were first noted after 30–60 min , peaked between 60–120 min , and were resolved by 240 min . The tea was well tolerated from a cardiovascular point of view , with a trend toward increase for systolic blood pressure . Modified physical sensations and nausea were the most frequently reported somatic-dysphoric effects . The overall experience was regarded as pleasant and satisfactory by five of the six volunteers , while one volunteer experienced an intensely dysphoric reaction with transient disorientation and anxiety at the medium dose and voluntarily withdrew from the study . Conclusions : Ayahuasca can be described as inducing changes in the perceptual , affective , cognitive , and somatic spheres , with a combination of stimulatory and visual psychoactive effects of longer duration and milder intensity than those previously reported for intravenously administered DMT A herbal tea ( called an abafado in Brazil ) prepared from the dried leaves of lemongrass was administered to healthy volunteers . Following a single dose or 2 weeks of daily oral administration , the abafado produced no changes in serum glucose , urea , creatinine , cholesterol , triglycerides , lipids , total bilirubin , indirect bilirubin , GOT , GPT , alkaline phosphatase , total protein , albumin , LDH and CPK . Urine analysis ( proteins , glucose , ketones , bilirubins , occult blood and urobilinogen ) as well as EEG and EKG showed no abnormalities . There were slight elevations of direct bilirubin and of amylase in some of the volunteers , but without any clinical manifestation . These results taken together indicate that lemongrass as used in Brazilian folk medicine is not toxic for humans . The eventual hypnotic effect of lemongrass was investigated in 50 volunteers who ingested sample s of lemongrass and a placebo  under double-blind conditions . The parameters ( i.e. sleep induction , sleep quality , dream recall and rewakening ) did not show any effect of lemongrass as compared to the placebo .  Eighteen subjects with high scores of trait-anxiety  were su bmi tted to an anxiety-inducing test following taking lemongrass or placebo under double-blind conditions . Their anxiety levels were similar , indicating that the abafado of the plant does not have anxiolytic properties . It is concluded that lemongrass , one of the most popular Brazilian herbal medicines , used for its alleged CNS-depressant effects , is atoxic but lacks hypnotic or anxiolytic properties OBJECTIVE Passionflower ( Passiflora incarnata ) is a folk remedy for anxiety . A double-blind r and omized trial compared the efficacy of Passiflora incarnata extract with oxazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder .  METHODS The study was performed on 36 out- patients diagnosed with GAD using DSM IV criteria . Patients were allocated in a r and om fashion : 18 to the Passiflora extract 45 drops/day plus placebo tablet group , and 18 to oxazepam 30 mg/day plus placebo drops for a 4-week trial . RESULTS Passiflora extract and oxazepam were effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . No significant difference was observed between the two protocol s at the end of trial . Oxazepam showed a rapid onset of action . On the other h and , significantly more problems relating to impairment of job performance were encountered with subjects on oxazepam . CONCLUSION The results suggest that Passiflora extract is an effective drug for the management of generalized anxiety disorder , and the low incidence of impairment of job performance with Passiflora extract compared to oxazepam is an advantage . A large-scale trial is justified The aim of the present study was to carry out a controlled pilot study on the putative anxiolytic effect of valepotriates .  Thirty-six out patients with generalized anxiety disorder ( DSM III-R ) , after a 2-week wash-out , were r and omized to one of the following three treatments for 4 weeks ( n = 12 per group ) : valepotriates ( mean daily dose : 81.3 mg ) , diazepam ( mean daily dose : 6.5 mg ) , or placebo . A parallel , double-blind , flexible-dose , placebo-controlled design was employed . No significant difference was observed among the three groups at baseline or in the change from baseline on the Hamilton anxiety scale ( HAM-A ) or in the trait part of the state-trait anxiety inventory ( STAI-trait ) . Moreover , the three groups presented a significant reduction in the total HAM-A scores . On the other h and , only the diazepam and valepotriates groups showed a significant reduction in the psychic factor of HAM-A. The diazepam group also presented a significant reduction of the STAI-trait . Although the principal analysis ( HAM-A between group comparison ) found negative results ( probably due to the small sample size in each group ) , the preliminary data obtained in the present study suggest that the valepotriates may have a potential anxiolytic effect on the psychic symptoms of anxiety . However , since the number of subjects per group was very small , the present results must be viewed as preliminary . Thus , further studies addressing this issue are warranted The aim of this r and omised double-blind multi-centre parallel group comparative study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of a new st and ardised fresh-plant extract obtained from the shoot tips of St. John 's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L. ) in the treatment of mild to moderate depression . 348 out- patients ( 259 female , 89 male ) with mild to moderate depression were recruted by 12 psychiatrc specialty practice s and 26 general practice s. The patients took during 6 weeks 3 times a day 1 tablet of a Hypericum preparation st and ardised to either 0.17 mg ( 114 patients ) , 0.33 mg ( 115 patients ) , or 1 mg ( 119 patients ) total hypericin per day ( Hyperiforce ) . The main outcome measure was the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression ; additional measures were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Clinical Global Impression . At the end of treatment , a reduction in the average Hamilton Depression score from an initial 16 - 17 to 8 - 9 , i.e. a relative reduction of about 50 % , was observed in all groups ( 280 patients , par protocol analysis ) . The response rates were 62 % , 65 % and 68 % , respectively ( 348 patients , intention to treat analysis ) . Overall , the intergroup comparison revealed no significant differences . Tolerability was excellent , with mild adverse reactions probably causally related to the treatment occurring in only 7 of the 348 patients ( 2 % ) . This Hypericum preparation is effective in all three doses and is well tolerated Scutellaria lateriflora is an herbal medicine with long-st and ing traditional use as a relaxing nervine . There has been controversy in the literature with regards to its efficacy , and this study was design ed to clarify its effectiveness in reducing anxiety , one of the phytotherapeutic indications . A double blind , placebo-controlled study of healthy subjects demonstrated noteworthy anxiolytic effects . The use of phytomedicines for the treatment of anxiety is review ed , as is the published literature on S. lateriflora and its putative toxicity SUMMARY Objective : To assess the clinical efficacy of a neurotonic component containing fixed quantities of two plant extracts ( Crataegus oxyacantha and Eschscholtzia californica ) and magnesium versus placebo in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders with associated functional disturbances , under usual general practice prescription conditions . Research design and methods : A total of 264 patients ( 81 % female ; mean age : 44.6 years ) presenting with generalised anxiety ( DSM-III-R ) of mild-to-moderate intensity ( total Hamilton anxiety scale score between 16 and 28 ) were included in a double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled trial . Patients were r and omly assigned to two groups : 130 received the study drug ( Sympathyl ) , and 134 a placebo ( two tablets twice daily for 3 months ) . Efficacy and safety data were recorded before first administration and 7 , 14 , 30 , 60 and 90 days after start of treatment . Sympathyl is produced and marketed by Laboratoire Innotech International , Arcueil , France . Main outcome measures : Efficacy was assessed by ( a ) change in Hamilton anxiety scale total and somatic scores ; ( b ) change in patient self- assessment ; ( c ) number and percentage of responsive subjects ( reduction of at least 50 % in Hamilton or self- assessment score ) ; and ( d ) the physician 's clinical global impression . Tolerance was assessed by undesirable events spontaneously reported by the patients over the study period . Results : Total and somatic Hamilton scale scores and subjective patient-rated anxiety fell during treatment , indicating clinical improvement . The decrease was greater in the study drug than in the placebo group . End of treatment clinical improvement , as measured by the mean difference between final and pre-treatment scores , was , for the study drug and placebo groups respectively : −10.6 and −8.9 on the total anxiety score ( p = 0.005 ) ; −6.5 and −5.7 on the somatic score ( p = 0.054 ) ; and −38.5 and −29.2 for subjectively assessed anxiety ( p = 0.005 ) . The risk/benefit ratio as judged by the investigating physicians was also significantly greater in the study drug than in the placebo group . In all , 15 patients ( 11.5 % ) in the study drug group and 13 patients ( 9.7 % ) in the placebo group experienced 22 and 15 adverse events , respectively . Undesirable events were mainly mild or moderate digestive or psychopathological disorders . Conclusions : The preparation containing fixed quantities of Crataegus oxyacantha , Eschscholtzia californica , and magnesium proved safe and more effective than placebo in treating mild-tomoderate anxiety disorders The authors studied the acute effects of " Guaraná " , when compared to caffeine and placebo , ( double blind study ) on cognition , anxiety and sleep in 30 normal volunteers . Although results were negative it can not be concluded that " Guaraná " is harmless . Other studies shall be undertaken , administering " Guaraná " on a long term basis , as popularly procl aim ed Abstract . Rationale : Extracts of Bacopa monniera have been reported to exert cognitive enhancing effects in animals . However , the effects on human cognition are inconclusive . Objective : The current study examined the chronic effects of an extract of B. monniera ( Keenmind ) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects . Methods : The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled independent-group design in which subjects were r and omly allocated to one of two treatment conditions , B. monniera ( 300 mg ) or placebo .  Neuropsychological testing was conducted pre-(baseline ) and at 5 and 12 weeks post drug administration . Results : B. monniera significantly improved speed of visual information processing measured by the IT task , learning rate and memory consolidation measured by the AVLT ( P<0.05 ) , and state anxiety ( P<0.001 ) compared to placebo , with maximal effects evident after 12 weeks . Conclusions : These findings suggest that B. monniera may improve higher order cognitive processes that are critically dependent on the input of information from our environment such as learning and memory 
    Output:
    
It was concluded that there is a lack of rigorous studies in this area and that only kava has been shown beyond reasonable doubt to have anxiolytic effects in humans