***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract : We conducted a large population -based case-control study in Sweden to examine the association of dietary patterns and the development of cancers from the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction . In total 185 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma , 165 with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma , 258 with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma , and 815 r and omly selected population controls underwent face-to-face interviews .  Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify possible dietary patterns . Multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for age , sex , years of education , body mass index , physical activity , symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux , smoking , and total energy intake was used to estimate odds ratios ( ORs ) and their 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) . We identified three major dietary patterns in this population , for example , " healthy diet " ( high in vegetables , tomato , fruits , fish , and poultry ) , " Western diet " ( high in processed meat , red meat , sweets , high-fat dairy , and high-fat gravy ) , and " alcohol drinker " ( high in intakes of beer , liquor , and French fries ) . We found that a healthy diet tended to moderately decrease the risk of all three cancers under study , although none of the associations was statistically significant . A high score of Western diet was associated with increased risks of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma ( high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st quartile , OR = 1.8 , 95 % CI = 1.1 - 2.9 , P for trend = 0.04 ) and esophageal adenocarcinoma ( high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile , OR = 1.6 , 95 % CI = 0.9 - 3.1 , P for trend = 0.13 ) , whereas a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake ( alcohol drinker ) significantly increased the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus ( 3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile , OR = 3.5 , 95 % CI = 1.9 - 6.3 , P for trend < 0.0001 ) . Our study confirms the important role of diet in the carcinogenesis of esophageal and cardia cancer Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) , atrophic gastritis , dietary and life‐style factors have been associated with gastric cancer ( GC ) . These factors have been evaluated in a large case – control study nested in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition carried out in 9 countries , including the Mediterranean area . Participants , enrolled in 1992–1998 , provided life‐style and dietary information and a blood sample ( 360,000 ; mean follow‐up : 6.1 years ) . For 233 GC cases diagnosed after enrolment and their 910 controls individually‐matched by center , gender , age and blood donation date H. pylori antibodies ( antilysate and antiCagA ) and plasma Pepsinogen A ( PGA ) were measured by ELISA methods . Severe chronic atrophic gastritis ( SCAG ) was defined as PGA circulating levels < 22 μg/l . Overall , in a conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for education , smoke , weight and consumption of total vegetables , fruit , red and preserved meat , H. pylori seropositivity was associated with GC risk . Subjects showing only antibodies anti‐H. pylori lysate , however , were not at increased risk , while those with antiCagA antibodies had a 3.4‐fold increased risk . Overall , the odds ratio associated with SCAG was 3.3 ( 95 % CI 2.2–5.2 ) . According to site , the risk of noncardia GC associated with CagA seropositivity showed a further increase ( OR 6.5 ; 95 % CI 3.3–12.6 ) ; on the other h and , a ten‐fold increased risk of cardia GC was associated with SCAG ( OR 11.0 ; 95 % CI 3.0–40.9 ) . These results support the causal relationship between H. pylori CagA+ strains infection , and GC in these European population s even after taking into account dietary habits . This association was limited to distal GC , while serologically defined SCAG was strongly associated with cardia GC , thus suggesting a divergent risk pattern for these 2 sites . © 2006 Wiley‐Liss , It is considered that fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) protect against oesophagus and gastric cancer ( GC ) . However , 2 recent meta‐analyses suggest that the strength of association on GC seems to be weaker for vegetables than for fruit and weaker in cohort than in case‐control studies . No evidence exists from cohort studies about adenocarcinoma of oesophagus ( ACO ) . In 521,457 men and women participating in the EPIC cohort in 10 European countries , information of diet and lifestyle was collected at baseline . After an average of 6.5 years of follow‐up , a total of 330 GC and 65 ACO , confirmed and classified by a panel of pathologists , was used for the analysis . We examined the relation between F&V intake and GC and ACO . A calibration study in a sub‐ sample was used to control diet measurement errors . In a sub‐ sample of cases and a r and om sample of controls , antibodies against Helicobacter pylori ( Hp ) were measured and interactions with F&V were examined in a nested case‐control study . We observed no association with total vegetable intake or specific groups of vegetables and GC risk , except for the intestinal type , where a negative association is possible regarding  total vegetable ( calibrated HR 0.66 ; 95 % CI 0.35–1.22 per 100 g increase ) and onion and garlic intake ( calibrated HR 0.70 ; 95 % CI 0.38–1.29 per 10 g increase ) . No evidence of association between fresh fruit intake and GC risk was observed . We found a negative but non significant association between citrus fruit intake and the cardia site ( calibrated HR 0.77 ; 95 % CI 0.47–1.22 per 100 g increase ) while no association was observed with the non‐cardia site . Regarding ACO , we found a non significant negative association for vegetable intake and for citrus intake ( calibrated HRs 0.72 ; 95 % CI 0.32–1.64 and 0.77 ; 95 % CI 0.46–1.28 per 100 and 50 g increase , respectively ) . It seems that Hp infection does not modify the effect of F&V intake . Our study supports a possible protective role  of vegetable intake in the intestinal type of GC and the ACO . Citrus fruit consumption may have a role in the protection against cardia GC and ACO . © 2005 Wiley‐Liss , In a previous European prospect i ve investigation into cancer and nutrition ( EPIC ) analysis , we found an inverse association between total intake of vegetables , onion and garlic , and risk of intestinal gastric cancer ( GC ) and between citrus fruit and risk of cardia GC . The aim of this study is to reanalyze the effect of fruit and vegetables ( F&V ) , based on a longer follow‐up and twice the number of GC cases . Subjects are 477,312 men and women mostly aged 35 to 70 years participating in the EPIC cohort , including 683 gastric adenocarcinomas with 11 years of follow‐up . Information on diet and lifestyle was collected at baseline . A calibration study in a sub sample was used to correct for dietary measurement errors . When comparing the highest vs. lowest quintile of intake , we found an inverse association between total intake of V&F and GC risk [ hazard ratio ( HR ) 0.77 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.57–1.04 ; p for trend 0.02 ] , between fresh fruit and risk of the diffuse type ( HR 0.59 ; 95 % CI 0.36–0.97 ; p for trend 0.03 ) and an inverse association between citrus fruit and risk of cardia cancer ( HR 0.61 ; 95 % CI 0.38–1.00 , p for trend 0.01 ) . Although calibration revealed somewhat stronger inverse associations , none of the risks reached statistical significance . There was no association between total or specific vegetables intake and GC risk . The inverse association between fresh fruit and citrus fruits and risk of GC seems to be restricted to smokers and the Northern European countries . Fresh fruit and citrus fruit consumption may protect against diffuse and cardia GC , respectively BACKGROUND Prospect i ve data on red and processed meat in relation to risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer are scarce . We present analyses of association between red and processed meat and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes within The Netherl and s Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer . DESIGN 120 852 individuals aged 55 - 69 years were recruited in 1986 , and meat intake was assessed using a 150-item food frequency question naire . After 16.3 years of follow-up , 107 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas , 145 esophageal adenocarcinomas , 163 gastric cardia adenocarcinomas , 489 gastric non-cardia adenocarcinomas , and 3923 subcohort members were included in a case-cohort analysis . RESULTS Processed as well as red meat intake was positively associated with  esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in men .  Hazard ratios for highest versus lowest quintile of processed and red meat were 3.47 [ 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) : 1.21 - 9.94 ; P for trend : 0.04 ] and 2.66 ( 95 % CI : 0.94 - 7.48 ; P for trend : 0.06 ) , respectively . No association was seen for adenocarcinomas or gastric cancer subtypes or for any of the four subtypes among women . CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that red and processed meat consumption is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in men but not with cancers of other esophageal and gastric subtypes Dietary pattern analysis is an alternative and complementary approach to identify the relationship between diet and the risk of chronic disease . This study was aim ed at investigating the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan . Using baseline data from a prospect i ve study of 20,300 men and 21,812 women , we conducted factor analysis and identified 3 major dietary patterns , healthy , traditional and Western , and calculated the factor scores of each pattern for individuals . During 10 years of follow‐up , 400 cases of gastric cancer were identified . We found an inverse association between the healthy pattern and gastric cancer risk in women [ rate ratio for highest quartile ( RR ) = 0.56 ; 95 % CI = 0.32–0.96 ; p for trend = 0.03 ] , but not in men . In contrast , the traditional pattern was significantly associated with the increased risk of gastric cancer in both genders ( for men , RR = 2.88 , 95 % CI = 1.76–4.72 ; for women , RR = 2.40 , 95 % CI = 1.32–4.35 ) . The Western pattern was not associated with risk . These associations persisted in histologic subtypes . Our findings support the idea that the healthy pattern  decreased the risk of gastric cancer among females , while the traditional pattern increased the risk in both genders . © 2004 Wiley‐Liss , BACKGROUND Dietary factors are thought to have an important role in gastric and esophageal carcinogenesis , but evidence from cohort studies for such a role is lacking . We examined the risks of gastric cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma  associated with meat consumption within the European Prospect i ve Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) cohort . METHODS A total of 521,457 men and women aged 35 - 70 years in 10 European countries participated in the EPIC cohort .  Dietary and lifestyle information was collected at recruitment . Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between  meat intake  and risks of cardia and gastric non-cardia cancers and esophageal adenocarcinoma .  Data from a calibration sub study were used to correct hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) for diet measurement errors . In a nested case-control study , we examined interactions between Helicobacter pylori infection status ( i.e. , plasma H. pylori antibodies ) and meat intakes . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 6.5 years , 330 gastric adenocarcinoma and 65 esophageal adenocarcinomas were diagnosed . Gastric non-cardia cancer risk was statistically significantly associated with intakes of total meat ( calibrated HR per 100-g/day increase = 3.52 ; 95 % CI = 1.96 to 6.34 ) , red meat ( calibrated HR per 50-g/day increase = 1.73 ; 95 % CI = 1.03 to 2.88 ) , and processed meat ( calibr 
    Output:
    
There is a ~2-fold difference in GC risk between a ' Prudent/healthy ' diet-rich in fruits and vegetables , and a ' Western/unhealthy ' diet-rich in starchy foods , meat and fats