***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : In vitro and animal studies suggested that soy protein and isoflavones promote weight and body fat loss . However , clinical trials in humans were few and the effects remained uncertain . Objectives : To examine whether soy protein with isoflavones and isoflavone extracts exert beneficial effects on body composition among postmenopausal women . Design : A double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 180 postmenopausal Chinese women with mild hyperglycemia . After a 2-week adaptation , participants were r and omly assigned to one of the three arms to receive 15 g soy protein and 100 mg isoflavones ( Soy group ) , or 15 g milk protein and 100 mg isoflavones ( Iso group ) , or 15 g milk protein ( placebo group ) on a daily basis for 6 months . Results : We observed a mild but significant favorable effect of soy protein with isoflavones on the changes of body weight ( BW ) , body mass index , and body fat percentage relative to isoflavone extracts and milk protein after 6-month supplementation . The mean differences of BW between the Soy and the Iso groups were −0.75 kg ( 95 % CI : −1.363 to −0.136 , P=0.017 ) , and between the Soy and the placebo groups were −0.60 kg ( 95 % CI : −1.209 to −0.019 , P=0.047 ) . The mean difference of change percentage in body fat percentage between the Soy and the Iso groups was −3.74 % ( 95 % CI : −6.88 to −0.60 % , P=0.02 ) , and between the Soy and the placebo groups was −2.54 % ( 95 % CI : −5.69 to 0.12 % . P=0.08 ) . Conclusions : Six-month supplementation of soy protein with isoflavones had a mild favorable effect on body composition in postmenopausal women A double-blind , r and omized clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of consumption of supplemental whey protein ( WP ) , soy protein ( SP ) , and an isoenergetic amount of carbohydrate ( CHO ) on body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese but otherwise healthy participants . Ninety overweight and obese participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups for 23 wk : 1 ) WP ; 2 ) SP ( each providing ~56 g/d of protein and 1670 kJ/d ) ; or 3 ) an isoenergetic amount of CHO . Supplements were consumed as a beverage twice daily . Participants were provided no dietary advice and continued to consume their free-choice diets . Participants ’ body weight and composition data were obtained monthly . Dietary intake was determined by 24-h dietary recalls collected every 10 d. After 23 wk , body weight and composition did not differ between the groups consuming the SP and WP or between SP and CHO ; however , body weight and fat mass of the group consuming the WP were lower by 1.8 kg ( P < 0.006 ) and 2.3 kg ( P < 0.005 ) , respectively , than the group consuming CHO . Lean body mass did not differ among any of the groups . Waist circumference was smaller in the participants consuming WP than in the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Fasting ghrelin was lower in participants consuming WP compared with SP or CHO . Through yet-unknown mechanisms , different sources of dietary protein may differentially facilitate weight loss and affect body composition . Dietary recommendations , especially those that emphasize the role of dietary protein in facilitating weight change , should also address the demonstrated clinical potential of supplemental WP OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of a soy-based low-calorie diet on weight control , body composition , and blood lipid profiles compared with a traditional low-calorie diet . METHODS Thirty obese adults ( mean body mass index 29 - 30 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omized to two groups . The soy-based low-calorie group consumed soy protein as the only protein source , and the traditional low-calorie group consumed two-thirds animal protein and the rest plant protein in a 1200 kcal/d diet for 8 wk . A diet record was kept everyday throughout the study . Food intake was analyzed before and after the study . Anthropometric data were acquired every week , and biochemical data from before and after the 8-wk experiment were compared . RESULTS Body weight , body mass index , body fat percentage , and waist circumference significantly decreased in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The decrease in body fat percentage in the soy group ( 2.2 % , 95 % confidence interval 1.6 - 2.8 ) was greater than that in the traditional group ( 1.4 % , 95 % confidence interval -0.1 to 2.8 ) . Serum total cholesterol concentrations , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations , and liver function parameters decreased in the soy-based group and were significantly different from measurements in the traditional group ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant change in serum triacylglycerol levels , serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels , and fasting glucose levels was found in the soy or traditional group . CONCLUSION Soy-based low-calorie diets significantly decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and had a greater effect on reducing body fat percentage than traditional low-calorie diets . Thus , soy-based diets have health benefits in reducing weight and blood lipids OBJECTIVE Consumption of soy protein has recently been shown to improve the blood lipid levels in nondiabetic subjects . The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a dietary supplement of soy protein , isoflavones , and cotyledon fiber ( Abalon ) affects cardiovascular risk markers , blood glucose , and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic subjects . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty type 2 diabetic subjects participated in a crossover trial . They were r and omized to double-blind supplementation for 6 weeks with Abalon ( soy protein [ 50 g/day ] with high levels of isoflavones [ minimum 165 mg/day ] and cotyledon fiber [ 20 g/day ] ) or placebo ( casein [ 50 g/day ] and cellulose [ 20 g/day ] ) , separated by a 3-week wash-out period . RESULTS The results are expressed as means + /- SD . The percentage mean treatment difference between Abalon and placebo demonstrated significantly lower mean values after Abalon for LDL cholesterol ( 10 + /- 15 % , P < 0.05 ) , LDL/UHDL ratio ( 12 + /- 18 % , P < 0.05 ) , apolipoprotein ( apo ) B100 ( 30 + /- 38 % , P < 0.01 ) , triglycerides ( 22 + /- 10 % , P < 0.05 ) , and homocysteine ( 14 + /- 21 % , P < 0.01 ) , whereas the total cholesterol value tended to be less significant but still lower ( 8 + /- 15 % , P < 0.08 ) . No change occurred in HDL cholesterol , apo B100/apo A1 ratio , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 , factor VIIc , von Willebr and factor , fibrinogen , lipoprotein(a ) , glucose , HbA1c , or 24-h blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with Abalon on cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects . This improvement is seen even in individuals with near-normal lipid values Background : Postmenopausia and hypercholesterolemia are related to endothelial dysfunction , a pathogenic event in atherosclerosis . Soy protein reduces plasma cholesterol , but there is scanty information about its effect on endothelial function . Objective : To evaluate the effect of isolated soy protein compared to caseinate on plasma lipoproteins and endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women . Design : R and omized , double-blind , cross-over trial . Setting : Outpatient clinic of the Catholic University of Chile . Subjects : Eighteen healthy , postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia were recruited , included and completed the protocol . Interventions : During the trial , all patients followed a low fat/low cholesterol diet and were r and omly assigned to receive isolated soy protein or matching caseinate for 4 weeks , and then the alternative treatment until week 8 . At pre- study and at the end of the first and second period , plasma lipoprotein levels and endothelial function ( flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ) were evaluated . Results : Plasma total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration were significantly lower with the low fat/low cholesterol diet compared to pre- study , either with caseinate or soy protein . No significant differences in plasma lipid concentration between caseinate or soy protein interventions were observed . FMD did not change with the caseinate . In contrast , when soy protein was administered , FMD was significantly higher compared to pre- study ( 9.471.8 % vs 5.371.2 % ; P<0.05 ) and compared to caseinate intervention ( 9.471.8 % vs 4.971.5 % ; P<0.033 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women , soy protein improves endothelial function , regardless of changes in plasma lipoproteins . Sponsorship : Pontificia Universidad Católica ( DIPUC99/09E ) , Protein Technology International and Gynopharm Laboratory ( Recalcine Group ) High-protein diets have been advocated for weight loss and the treatment of diabetes . Yet animal protein sources are often high in saturated fat and cholesterol . Vegetable protein sources , by contrast , are low in saturated fat and without associated cholesterol . We have therefore assessed the effect on serum lipids of raising the protein intake by 5 % using a cereal protein , barley protein , as part of a st and ard therapeutic diet . Twenty-three hypercholesterolemic men and postmenopausal women completed a r and omized crossover study comparing a bread enriched with either barley protein or calcium caseinate [ 30 g protein , 8374 kJ ( 2000 kcal ) ] taken separately as two 1-mo treatment phases with a minimum 2-wk washout . Body weight and diet history were collected weekly during each treatment . Fasting blood sample s were obtained at wk 0 , 2 , and 4 . Palatability , satiety , and compliance were similar for both the barley protein- and casein-enriched breads , with no differences between the treatments in effects on serum LDL cholesterol or C-reactive protein , measures of oxidative stress , or blood pressure . Nevertheless , because no adverse effects were observed on cardiovascular risk factors , barley protein remains an additional option for raising the protein content of the diet The present study was aim ed to evaluate the effect of plant proteins ( lupin protein or pea protein ) and their combinations with soluble fibres ( oat fibre or apple pectin ) on plasma total and LDL-cholesterol levels .  A r and omised , double-blind , parallel group design was followed : after a 4-week run-in period , participants were r and omised into seven treatment groups , each consisting of twenty-five participants . Each group consumed two bars containing specific protein/fibre combinations : the reference group consumed casein+cellulose ; the second and third groups consumed bars containing lupin or pea proteins+cellulose ; the fourth and fifth groups consumed bars containing casein and oat fibre or apple pectin ; the sixth group and seventh group received bars containing combinations of pea protein and oat fibre or apple pectin , respectively . Bars containing lupin protein+cellulose ( - 116 mg/l , - 4·2 % ) , casein+apple pectin ( - 152 mg/l , - 5·3 % ) , pea protein+oat fibre ( - 135 mg/l , - 4·7 % ) or pea protein+apple pectin ( - 168 mg/l , - 6·4 % ) result ed in significant reductions of total cholesterol levels ( P<0·05 ) , whereas no cholesterol changes were observed in the subjects consuming the bars containing casein+cellulose , casein+oat fibre or pea protein+cellulose . The present study shows the hypocholesterolaemic activity and potential clinical benefits of consuming lupin protein or combinations of pea protein and a soluble fibre , such as oat fibre or apple pectin CONTEXT Reduced intake of saturated fat is widely recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease . The type of macronutrient that should replace saturated fat remains uncertain . OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 3 healthful diets , each with reduced saturated fat intake , on blood pressure and serum lipids . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized , 3-period , crossover feeding study ( April 2003 to June 2005 ) conducted in Baltimore , Md , and Boston , Mass. Participants were 164 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension . Each feeding period lasted 6 weeks and body weight was kept constant . INTERVENTIONS A diet rich in carbohydr 
    Output:
    
Based on data extraction , we observed that soy protein consumption ( with isoflavones ) , but not soy protein alone ( without isoflavones ) or other plant proteins ( pea and lupine proteins , wheat gluten ) , leads to a 3 % greater decrease in both total and LDL cholesterol compared with animal- source d protein ingestion , especially in individuals with high fasting cholesterol concentrations .
This observation was made when animal proteins were provided as a whole diet rather than given supplementally .
Some observational studies reported an inverse association between plant protein intake and systolic and diastolic blood pressure , but this was not confirmed by intervention studies .
Moreover , plant protein ( wheat gluten , soy protein ) intake as part of a mixed meal result ed in a lower postpr and ial insulin response than did whey .
This systematic review provides some evidence that the intake of soy protein associated with isoflavones may prevent the onset of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease , i.e. , hypercholesterolemia and hypertension , in humans .
However , we were not able to draw any further conclusions from the present work on the positive effects of plant proteins relating to glucose homeostasis and body composition