***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: [ Purpose ] This study investigates whether cognition , balance and dual task performance in institutionalized older adults improves by a virtual reality dual task training . [ Subjects and Methods ] R and omized controlled trial ; Twenty institutionalized older adults with mild cognitive impairment ( 13 female , 7 male ; average age , 87.2 ± 5.96 years ) were r and omized to the intervention ( i.e. Virtual reality dual-task training using the BioRescue ) or control group ( no additional training ) . The intervention group took part in a 6-week training program while the elderly in the control group maintained their daily activities . Balance was measured with the Instrumented Timed Up- and -Go Test with and without a cognitive task . The Observed Emotion Rating Scale and Intrinsic Motivation Inventory were administered to evaluate the emotions and motivation regarding the exergaming program . [ Results ] The intervention group improved significantly on the total Timed Up- and -Go duration and the turn-to-sit duration during single-task walking in comparison to the control group who received no additional training . Participants found the virtual reality dual task training  pleasant and useful for their concentration , memory and balance . Pleasure and alertness were the two emotions which were mostly seen during the intervention . [ Conclusion ] The BioRescue is a pleasant and interesting treatment method , well suited for institutionalized older adults in need of lifelong physical therapy The aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of two types of cognitive training in 60 older adults with mild cognitive impairment by assessing the impact on functional activities , quality of life ( QOL ) , and various cognitive functions . The primary outcomes were functional activity level and QOL . The secondary outcome was cognitive examination . Group assignment was r and om . Group A ( n = 30 ) underwent CogniPlus , a computer-based , cognitive training .  Group B ( n = 30 ) underwent classical group-based cognitive training . Both programs comprised two 30-minute sessions per week for 10 weeks . After training , group A had better QOL ( p < 0.001 , effect size [ ES ] = 0.69 ) and better attention ( increased load score , p < 0.05 , ES = -0.23 ; errors , p < 0.001 , ES = -0.47 ) ; however , there were no group differences in functional activity level . Group A demonstrated larger improvements in QOL and attention than group B ( i.e. , classical cognitive training ) , but the transfer to functional activities was the same between groups . [ Res Gerontol Nurs . 2017 ; 10(4):172 - 180 . ] Abstract Background Cognitive training is effective in patients with mild cognitive impairment but does not typically address the motivational deficits associated with older population s with memory difficulties . Methods We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of cognitive training using a novel memory game on an iPad in 42 patients with a diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment assigned to either the  cognitive training ( n=21 ; 8 hours of gameplay over 4 weeks ) or control ( n=21 ; clinic visits as usual ) groups . Results Significant time-by-pattern-by-group interactions were found for cognitive performance in terms of the number of errors made and trials needed on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Paired Associates Learning task ( P=.044 ; P=.027 ) . Significant time-by-group interactions were also found for the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Paired Associates Learning first trial memory score ( P=.002 ) , Mini-Mental State Examination ( P=.036 ) , the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test ( P=.032 ) , and the Apathy Evaluation Scale ( P=.026 ) . Within-group comparisons revealed highly specific effects of cognitive training on episodic memory . The cognitive training group maintained high levels of enjoyment and motivation to continue after each hour of gameplay , with self-confidence and self-rated memory ability improving over time . Conclusions Episodic memory robustly improved in the cognitive training group . “ Gamified ” cognitive training may also enhance visuospatial abilities in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment . Gamification maximizes engagement with cognitive training by increasing motivation and could complement pharmacological treatments for amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer ’s disease . Larger , more controlled trials are needed to replicate and extend these findings ABSTRACT Objectives : Deficits in working memory ( WM ) are associated with age-related decline . We report findings from a clinical trial that examined the effectiveness of Cogmed , a computerized program that trains WM . We compare this program to a Sham condition in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment ( MCI ) . Methods : Older adults ( N = 68 ) living in the community were assessed . Participants reported memory impairment and met criteria for MCI , either by poor delayed memory or poor performance in other cognitive areas . The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status ( RBANS , Delayed Memory Index ) and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale ( CDR ) were utilized . All presented with normal Mini Mental State Exams ( MMSE ) and activities of daily living ( ADLs ) . Participants were r and omized to Cogmed or a Sham computer program . Twenty-five sessions were completed over five to seven weeks . Pre , post , and follow-up measures included a battery of cognitive measures ( three WM tests ) , a subjective memory scale , and a functional measure . Results : Both intervention groups improved over time . Cogmed significantly outperformed Sham on Span Board and exceeded in subjective memory reports at follow-up as assessed by the Cognitive Failures Question naire ( CFQ ) . The Cogmed group demonstrated better performance on the Functional Activities Question naire ( FAQ ) , a measure of adjustment and far transfer , at follow-up . Both groups , especially Cogmed , enjoyed the intervention . Conclusions : Results suggest that WM was enhanced in both groups of older adults with MCI . Cogmed was better on one core WM measure and had higher ratings of satisfaction . The Sham condition declined on adjustment ABSTRACT Cognitive rehabilitation for mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) and early Alzheimer 's disease is readily available to the geriatric population . Initial evidence suggests that techniques incorporating motivational strategies to enhance treatment engagement may provide more benefit than computerised training alone . Seventy four adults with sub clinical cognitive decline were r and omly assigned to computerised cognitive training ( CCT ) , Cognitive Vitality Training ( CVT ) , or an Active Control Group ( ACG ) , and underwent neuropsychological evaluations at baseline and four-month follow-up . Significant differences were found in changes in performance on the Modified Mini Mental State Examination ( mMMSE ) and measures of verbal learning and memory across treatment groups . Experimental groups showed greater preservation of functioning on the mMMSE than the ACG group , the CVT group performed better than the ACG group on one measure of verbal learning and both measures of verbal memory , and the CCT group performed better than the ACG group on one measure of verbal learning and one measure of verbal memory . There were no significant group differences between the CVT and CCT groups on measures of verbal learning or memory . It was concluded that computerised cognitive training may offer the most benefit when incorporated into a therapeutic milieu rather than administered alone , although both appear superior to more generic forms of cognitive stimulation We performed a pilot r and omized , controlled trial of intensive , computer-based cognitive training in 47 subjects with mild cognitive impairment . The intervention group performed exercises specifically design ed to improve auditory processing speed and accuracy for 100 min/d , 5 d/wk for 6 weeks ; the control group performed more passive computer activities ( reading , listening , visuospatial game ) for similar amounts of time . Subjects had a mean age of 74 years and 60 % were men ; 77 % successfully completed training . On our primary outcome , Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status total scores improved 0.36 st and ard deviations ( SD ) in the intervention group ( P=0.097 ) compared with 0.03 SD in the control group ( P=0.88 ) for a nonsignificant difference between the groups of 0.33 SD ( P=0.26 ) . On 12 secondary outcome measures , most differences between the groups were not statistically significant . However , we observed a pattern in which effect sizes for verbal learning and memory measures tended to favor the intervention group whereas effect sizes for language and visuospatial function measures tended to favor the control group , which raises the possibility that these training programs may have domain-specific effects . We conclude that intensive , computer-based mental activity is feasible in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and that larger trials are warranted A r and omized pilot experiment examined the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in participants with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . Participants performed exercises previously demonstrated to improve verbal memory and an active control group performed other computer activities . An auditory-verbal fMRI task was conducted before and after the two-month training program .  Verbal memory scores improved significantly and left hippocampal activation increased significantly in the experimental group ( gains in 5 of 6 participants ) relative to the control group ( reductions in all 6 participants ) . Results suggest that the hippocampus in MCI may retain sufficient neuroplasticity to benefit from cognitive training Objective : To investigate the 10-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) ages 40 to 85 years . Methods : We selected subjects from a memory clinic if they met one of the following definitions of MCI : cognitive complaints ( n = 181 ) , aging-associated cognitive decline ( AACD ) ( n = 163 ) , mild functional impairment ( n = 86 ) , or amnestic MCI ( n = 64 ) . Subjects were reassessed after 2 , 5 , and 10 years . The risk of dementia was calculated with Kaplan-Meier statistics . Analyses were conducted in the entire sample and in subgroups of subjects aged 40 to 54 years , 55 to 69 years , and 70 to 85 years . Results : The 10-year risk of dementia was 0.27 ( 95 % CI 0.20 to 0.34 ) in subjects with cognitive complaints , 0.28 ( 95 % CI 0.21 to 0.35 ) in subjects with AACD , 0.44 ( 95 % CI 0.32 to 0.56 ) in subjects with mild functional impairment , and 0.48 ( 95 % CI 0.35 to 0.61 ) in subjects with amnestic MCI . Ninety-one percent of the demented subjects had probable AD . The risk of dementia increased with increasing age for all MCI definitions ( p < 0.001 ) . Depending on the MCI definition used , the risk for dementia ranged from 0 to 0.06 in subjects aged 40 to 54 years , from 0.37 to 0.52 in subjects aged 55 to 69 years , and from 0.77 to 1.0 in subjects aged 70 to 85 years . Conclusions : The majority of subjects with MCI  do not progress to dementia at the long term . Age strongly influences the dementia risk . MCI often represents the predementia stage of a neurodegenerative disorder in elderly subjects but rarely in younger subjects This study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive intervention for attentional control in older adults with mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) with an executive deficit . It also sought to verify if the benefits of training generalised to primary and secondary outcome measures . Participants ( n = 24 ) were r and omly assigned to a training programme or active control condition . The experimental group completed a computer-based training programme involving Variable Priority ( VP ) coordination of both components of a dual task , to which was added a self-regulatory strategy design ed to augment meta-cognition . The active control group performed Fixed Priority ( FP ) training : rote practice of the same dual task involving a visual detection task combined with an alpha-arithmetic task . Six one-hour training sessions were held three times a week for two weeks . Participants were tested pre- and post-training to detect improvement and transfer effects . Both groups improved on the visual detection and alpha-arithmetic tasks completed in focused attention , but only participants receiving VP training significantly improved their dual-task cost in accuracy for the visual detection task . As for transfer effects , both FP and VP training produced improvements on select outcome measures : focused attention , speed of processing , and switching abilities . No reliable advantage for generalisability of VP over FP training was found . Overall , these findings indicate that cognitive intervention may improve attentional control in persons with MCI and an executive deficit BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) increases dementia risk with no pharmacologic treatment available . METHODS The Study of Mental and Resistance Training was a r and omized , double-blind , double-sham controlled trial of adults with MCI . Participants were r and omized to 2 supervised interventions : active or sham physical training ( high intensity progressive resistance training vs seated calisthenics ) plus active or sham cognitive training ( computerized , multidomain cognitive training vs watching videos/quizzes ) , 2 - 3 days/week for 6 months with 18-month follow-up . Primary outcomes were global cognitive function ( Alzheimer 's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale ; ADAS-Cog ) and functional independence ( Bayer Activities of Daily Living ) . Secondary outcomes included executive function , memory , and speed/attention tests , and cognitive domain scores . RESULTS One hundred adults with MCI [ 70.1 ( 6.7 ) years ; 68 % women ] were enrolled and analyzed . Resistance training significantly improved the primary outcome ADAS-Cog ; [ relative effect size ( 95 % confidence interval ) -0.33 ( -0.73 , 0. 
    Output:
    
Some cognitive interventions improved non-cognitive symptoms such as anxiety , depression , and ADLs .