***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE To investigate whether early catheter removal  following transurethral prostatectomy ( TURP )  is safe and whether it has any effect on the length of hospital stay . PATIENTS AND METHODS Following transurethral prostatectomy 59 patients were r and omized into one of two groups : those whose catheter was removed on day 1 after surgery and those whose catheter was removed on day 2 . The incidence of complications and the duration of post-operative hospital stay were assessed . RESULTS Catheter removal on day 1 led to a significantly shorter post-operative hospital stay ( 2.3 days versus 3.3 days ) and did not incur a higher incidence of complications . CONCLUSIONS Removal of the catheter on the first day following TURP is safe in selected patients and leads to a shorter post-operative hospital stay In the fields of both nursing and medicine there is a dearth of published literature on the optimum time to remove  indwelling urinary catheters ( IDCs ) following urological surgery .  Tradition seems to be in favour of removing IDCs at 0600 hours despite a lack of evidence to support this practice . This study was undertaken to determine whether midnight removal of IDCs result ed in patients ' resuming normal voiding patterns .  A prospect i ve clinical trial was conducted to determine the impact midnight removal of urinary catheters would have on the patients ' voiding pattern , and subsequent discharge from hospital .  One hundred and sixty patients were entered into the study . The patients were allocated at r and om to have their urinary catheter removed either at midnight or at 0600 hours . Patients who had their catheters removed at midnight passed a greater volume of urine with both their first ( 268 ml compared with 177 ml ; P<0.0001 ) and second voids ( 322 ml compared with 195 ml ; P<0.0001 ) than their counterparts in the 0600 group . This permitted earlier discharge from hospital . The results reported in this study support the findings of earlier research that midnight removal of IDC leads to an earlier resumption of normal voiding patterns , permits earlier discharge from hospital and appears to reduce patients ' anxiety . The recommendation from this study is that there should be a change in hospital policy so that the majority of IDCs are removed at midnight Patients who had undergone bladder neck surgery were r and omized to having their urethral catheters removed either early in the morning or late at night . There was no difference in the incidence of urinary retention between these two groups of patients . However , patients who presented with acute urinary retention had a higher incidence of postoperative urinary retention . This study suggests that a urethral catheter may be safely removed in the evening without increasing the risk of urinary retention . There also seems to be no greater chance of the patient having to be recatheterized at an unsocial hour OBJECTIVES Postoperative urethral catheter drainage after radical prostatectomy is bothersome to patients . A pilot study was initiated to determine if urethral catheter removal prior to hospital discharge is feasible . METHODS Thirty-three consecutive men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy  were prospect ively studied and followed for a minimum of 6 months ( mean , 8.5 ) . Postoperative cystography was utilized to direct early catheter removal . RESULTS Of 33 patients , 27 ( 82 % ) underwent successful catheter removal at a mean of 4.2 postoperative days . No patient experienced urinary retention , urinoma development , pelvic abscess , or anastomotic stricture . Urinary continence is excellent ( no pads required ) in 70 % and good ( stress incontinence requiring 1 to 2 pads/24 hours ) in 18 % of patients at last follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Following radical prostatectomy , early catheter removal prior to hospital discharge is feasible . Early results suggest no deleterious consequences . Prospect i ve monitoring of more patients is needed to determine if this practice is widely applicable The interval before removal of the catheter used in prostatic transurethral surgery  depends to a great extent on the surgeon , with a frequently empirical orientation . We conducted a prospect i ve , r and omized and controlled study of 213 patients who underwent transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia . The catheter was removed systematic ally 24 hours after transurethral incision and 48 hours after transurethral resection of the prostate ( group 1 - 52 and 54 patients , respectively ) or the catheterization interval was determined by each surgeon in accordance with the usual criteria ( group 2 - 52 and 55 patients , respectively ) . No statistically significant differences were noted between these 2 groups in regard to complications . We conclude that systematic removal of the catheter at the aforementioned periods is cost-effective , safe and comfortable for the patient This study shows that removal of urinary catheters at midnight has several advantages over removal at 6 AM . The midnight group had a significantly greater initial voided volume and a longer time to first void than the equivalent 6 AM group . Advantages to midnight catheter removal also exist for nursing staff . Midnight tends to be less busy on the nursing unit compared with 6 AM , thus making it a preferable time for performance of routine tasks . Catheter removal at midnight also allows for convenient observation of patient voiding and assessment earlier in the day . This means that any necessary intervention can take place during working hours when more staff are on duty . There is also the potential for earlier discharge , with economic benefits related to shorter bed stay and more efficient discharge planning . We believe midnight catheter removal offers considerable benefits over the traditional 6 AM time on both general and urology units BACKGROUND Voiding dysfunction is frequently observed after  rectal resection  and justifies urinary drainage . However , there is no agreement about the optimal duration of this postoperative drainage . The aim of this controlled trial was to compare 1 versus 5 days of transurethral catheterization after rectal resection , with special reference to urinary tract infection and bladder retention . METHODS One hundred twenty-six patients undergoing rectal resection  were included in a prospect i ve r and omized study design ed to compare the results for patients undergoing 1 day of transurethral catheterization after rectal resection  ( 1-day group ) with those for patients undergoing 5 days ' catheterization  ( 5-day group ) . RESULTS Patients were r and omly assigned to the 1-day and 5-day groups ( n = 64 and 62 , respectively ) . Clinical findings and surgical procedures were comparable in both groups . Acute urinary retention occurred in 16 patients ( 25 % ) in the 1-day group versus 6 ( 10 % ) in the 5-day group ( P < .05 ) . Urinary tract infection was observed in 13 of 64 patients ( 20 % ) in the 1-day group versus 26 of 62 ( 42 % ) in the 5-day group ( P < .01 ) . Multivariate analysis revealed that after 1 day of catheterization carcinoma of the low rectum and lymph node metastasis were significant risk factors for acute urinary retention ( P < .05 for both factors ) . After selection of patients without low rectum carcinoma , the acute urinary retention rate was comparable in both groups ( 14 % in the 1-day group versus 7 % in the 5-day group ) , but the urinary tract infection rate was significantly lower in the 1-day group versus the 5-day group ( 14 % vs 40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our controlled study showed that after rectal resection 1 day of urinary drainage can be recommended for most patients . Five-day drainage should be reserved for patients with low rectal carcinoma OBJECTIVES Shortening hospital stay yet not compromising quality of care can result in significant cost savings for children undergoing surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux . METHODS We review ed the medical records of pediatric patients who underwent ureteroneocystostomy between July 1995 and July 1997 . A total of 43 patients , aged 0.2 to 18 years ( mean 5.2 ) who all received identical postoperative care , except for their pain management and the time of bladder catheter removal , were included in the study . Twenty-three were treated with intravenous ketorolac tromethamine ( Toradol ) ; the remaining 20 received narcotics in the immediate postoperative period . The bladder catheter was removed in less than 24 hours in 22 children , and greater than 24 hours in 21 . RESULTS Patients who received ketorolac tromethamine for postoperative analgesia had on average shorter hospital length of stays than those treated with narcotics ( 1.4 versus 2.5 days , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . The average stay for children whose bladder catheter was removed within 24 hours postoperatively was significantly shorter than those whose catheter was removed after a 24-hour period ( 1.4 versus 2.4 days , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . There were no reimplantation failures . One child presented 2 days postoperatively with anemia , which did not require transfusion . CONCLUSIONS Our review demonstrates that ketorolac tromethamine can be used safely and effectively in children for immediate postoperative analgesia , and that its proper use combined with early catheter removal can reduce the length of hospital stay for pediatric patients undergoing ureteroneocystostomy PURPOSE We prospect ively tested the safety of routine removal of the catheter as early as 2 to 4 days after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Between March 1998 and March 2001 , 228 patients underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for clinical ly organ confined prostate cancer . The last 113 consecutive patients were included in a prospect i ve study according to gravitational cystography performed 2 to 4 days postoperatively . If no leak was seen the catheter was removed . If a leak was apparent the catheter was left indwelling for another 6 days and cystography was repeated . RESULTS Cystography 2 to 4 days postoperatively showed an anastomosis without a leak in 96 ( 84.9 % ) patients who subsequently had the catheters removed . There were 28 patients who had the catheter removed on postoperative day 2 , 28 day 3 and 40 day 4 . In 17 ( 15.1 % ) patients an anastomotic leak was observed , and the catheter was not removed at that time . Of the 96 patients in whom the catheter was removed early 10 ( 10.4 % ) had urinary retention that necessitated re-catheterization . This procedure was performed without the need for cystoscopy . After the catheter was removed all patients were able to void 24 hours later . Median followup was 7 months ( range 1 to 15 ) and showed continence rates greater than 93 % . No anastomotic stricture , pelvic abscess or urinoma developed in any patient . CONCLUSIONS Patients who undergo laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can have the catheter safely removed 2 to 4 days postoperatively without a higher risk of incontinence , stricture or leak related problems OBJECTIVE To compare three methods for a trial of micturition ( TOM ) ( the midnight removal of the catheter , dawn removal , and a new infusion method ) in a r and omized prospect i ve study . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 118 consecutive patients who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) or bladder neck incision ( BNI ) underwent TOM by one of the three methods . In the infusion method , the bladder was filled at a fast-drip rate via the catheter from a bag of normal saline connected by an intravenous supply set . The catheter was then removed , the patient voided and the volume was measured . From the volume of saline remaining , it was possible to calculate the residual volume in the patient . RESULTS The infusion TOM took a mean 13 h less than the other two methods , which were statistically indistinguishable . CONCLUSION The infusion TOM is safe and simple , is quick to carry out and can be performed at any time . It establishes the completeness of bladder emptying , which helps in the assessment of voiding PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that early catheter removal may be accomplished safely after radical prostatectomy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Cystography on postoperative day 4 or 5 in 42 of 67 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy  revealed no extravasation in 30 and the urethral catheter was removed ( group 1 ) . The control group included 25 patients who did not undergo cystography  , and the catheter was removed 14 days postoperatively ( group 2 ) . RESULTS Immediate and late continence was achieved in 14 ( 46.7 % ) and 25 ( 83.3 % ) cases in group 1 , and in 8 ( 32 % ) and 22 ( 88 % ) cases in group 2 , respectively ( p>0.05 ) .  Catheterization  was performed easily without any endoscopic or surgical procedure in 2 patients ( 6.7 % ) in group 1 who presented in urinary retention after catheter removal . Wound infection and pelvic abscess developed in 1 case ( 3.3 % ) . There were no late complications . In group 2 urinary retention developed in 1 patient ( 4 % ) , wound infection in 1 ( 4 % ) and hematuria in 1 ( 4 % ) . Two patients ( 8 % ) had late vesical neck contracture at 4 and 10 months , respectively , which required urethrotomy in 1 . In 1 patient ( 4 % 
    Output:
    
There was no significant difference in need for recatheterisation , although recatheterisation after removal at night was more likely to be during working hours .
There is suggestive but inconclusive evidence of a benefit from midnight removal of the indwelling urethral catheter .
The evidence also suggests shorter hospital stay after early rather than delayed catheter removal but the effects on other outcomes are unclear .
There is little evidence on which to judge other aspects of management , such as catheter clamping