***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We used fMRI to investigate developmental changes in brain activation during a Stroop color-word interference task . A positive correlation was observed between age and Stroop-related activation ( n = 30 ) in the left lateral prefrontal cortex , the left anterior cingulate , and the left parietal and parieto-occipital cortices . No regions showed a negative correlation between activation and age . We further investigated age-related differences by stratifying the sample into three age groups : children ( ages 7 - 11 ) , adolescents ( ages 12 - 16 ) , and young adults ( ages 18 - 22 ) . Young adult subjects ( n = 11 ) displayed significant activation in the inferior and middle frontal gyri bilaterally , the left anterior cingulate , and bilateral inferior and superior parietal lobules . Between-group comparisons revealed that young adults had significantly greater activation than adolescent subjects ( n = 11 ) in the left middle frontal gyrus and that young adults showed significantly greater activation than children ( n = 8) in the anterior cingulate and left parietal and parieto-occipital regions , as well as in the left middle frontal gyrus . Compared to children , both adult and adolescent subjects exhibited significantly greater activation in the parietal cortex . Adult and adolescent groups , however , did not differ in activation for this region . Together , these data suggest that Stroop task-related functional development of the parietal lobe occurs by adolescence . In contrast , prefrontal cortex function contributing to the Stroop interference task continues to develop into adulthood . This neuromaturational process may depend on increased ability to recruit focal neural re sources with age . Findings from this study , the first developmental fMRI investigation of the Stroop interference task , provide a template with which normal development and neurodevelopmental disorders of prefrontal cortex function can be assessed The brain 's attentional system identifies and selects information that is task-relevant while ignoring information that is task-irrelevant . In two experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging , we examined the effects of varying task-relevant information compared to task-irrelevant information . In the first experiment , we compared patterns of activation as attentional dem and s were increased for two Stroop tasks that differed in the task-relevant information , but not the task-irrelevant information : a color-word task and a spatial-word task . Distinct subdivisions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the precuneus became activated for each task , indicating differential sensitivity of these regions to task-relevant information ( e.g. , spatial information vs. color ) . In the second experiment , we compared patterns of activation with increased attentional dem and s for two Stroop tasks that differed in task-irrelevant information , but not task-relevant information : a color-word task and color-object task . Little differentiation in activation for dorsolateral prefrontal and precuneus regions was observed , indicating a relative insensitivity of these regions to task-irrelevant information . However , we observed a differentiation in the pattern of activity for posterior regions . There were unique areas of activation in parietal regions for the color-word task and in occipito-temporal regions for the color-object task . No increase in activation was observed in regions responsible for processing the perceptual attribute of color . The results of this second experiment indicate that attentional selection in tasks such as the Stroop task , which contain multiple potential sources of relevant information ( e.g. , the word vs. its ink color ) , acts more by modulating the processing of task-irrelevant information than by modulating processing of task-relevant information While numerous studies have implicated both anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control , the nature of their involvement remains a source of debate . Here we determine the extent to which their relative involvement in attentional control depends upon the levels of processing at which the conflict occurs ( e.g. , response , non-response ) . Using a combination of blocked and rapid presentation event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques , we compared neural activity during incongruent Stroop trial types that produce conflict at different levels of processing . Our data suggest that the involvement of anterior cingulate and right prefrontal cortex in attentional control is primarily limited to situations of response conflict , while the involvement of left prefrontal cortex extends to the occurrence of conflict at non-response levels We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to investigate neural responses associated with the semantic interference ( SI ) effect in the  picture-word task .  Independent stage models of word production assume that the locus of the SI effect is at the conceptual processing level ( Levelt et al. [ 1999 ] : Behav Brain Sci 22:1 - 75 ) , whereas interactive models postulate that it occurs at phonological retrieval ( Starreveld and La Heij [ 1996 ] : J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 22:896 - 918 ) . In both types of model resolution of the SI effect occurs as a result of competitive , spreading activation without the involvement of inhibitory links . These assumptions were tested by r and omly presenting participants with trials from semantically-related and lexical control distractor conditions and acquiring image volumes coincident with the estimated peak hemodynamic response for each trial . Overt vocalization of picture names occurred in the absence of scanner noise , allowing reaction time ( RT ) data to be collected . Analysis of the RT data confirmed the SI effect . Regions showing differential hemodynamic responses during the SI effect included the left mid section of the middle temporal gyrus , left posterior superior temporal gyrus , left anterior cingulate cortex , and bilateral orbitomedial prefrontal cortex . Additional responses were observed in the frontal eye fields , left inferior parietal lobule , and right anterior temporal and occipital cortex . The results are interpreted as indirectly supporting interactive models that allow spreading activation between both conceptual processing and phonological retrieval levels of word production . In addition , the data confirm that selective attention/response suppression has a role in resolving the SI effect similar to the way in which Stroop interference is resolved . We conclude that neuroimaging studies can provide information about the neuroanatomical organization of the lexical system that may prove useful for constraining theoretical models of word production The Stroop task , in which subjects must name the color of letters that spell color words different than the color-to-be-named , provides an important experimental paradigm for the study of selective attention . Cerebral blood flow activation studies have not always demonstrated consistent activation patterns ; inconsistent results may reflect nonspecific responses , such as arousal or anticipation , rather than cerebral networks specific to Stroop interference processing . In order to identify regions consistently implicated in Stroop interference processing , we undertook two experiments with a Stroop interference paradigm and contrasting lexical and nonlexical control conditions . In our first experiment , st and ard Stroop stimuli , e.g. , the word " RED " displayed in a green font , were contrasted with color naming of the font of noncolor words and color naming of a false font . In our second experiment , we compared Stroop stimuli with colored symbols and a control condition design ed to elicit nonspecific interference-taboo words displayed in color fonts . Only two brain regions showed a consistent CBF change in both experiments . Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus reflected processing more specific to the Stroop task , while deactivation in the right superior temporal gyrus occurred for the Stroop and the taboo conditions , consistent with more nonspecific processing . Activation in the anterior cingulate cortex occurred in only one comparison in one experiment and may not reflect functions central to overcoming Stroop interference In the present r and omized , mixed-trial event-related fMRI study , we examined the neural mechanisms underlying inhibitory control using a stop-signal paradigm in which stop-signal frequency was manipulated parametrically across blocks . As hypothesized , presenting stop signals less frequently was accompanied by a stronger set to respond to the go stimuli as subjects were faster in responding to go stimuli on no stop-signal trials and made more commission errors ( i.e. , were less successful in inhibiting the go response ) on stop-signal trials . When response inhibition was successful , having to inhibit responses more frequently compared to less frequently was associated with greater activation in occipital areas . This presumably reflects enhanced visual attention to the stop signal . When response inhibition failed , greater activity was observed in bilateral insula when stop signals were presented less compared to more frequently . The insula may thus play a role in processing the significance of inhibitory failure Although the importance of the posterior parietal and prefrontal regions in spatial localization of visual stimuli is well established , their role in auditory space perception is less clear . Using positron emission tomography ( PET ) during auditory and visual spatial localization in the same subjects , modality-specific areas were identified in the superior parietal lobule , middle temporal and lateral prefrontal cortices . These findings suggest that , similar to the visual system , the hierarchical organization of the auditory system extends beyond the temporal lobe to include areas in the posterior parietal and prefrontal regions specialized in auditory spatial processing . Our results may explain the dissociation of visual and auditory spatial localization deficits following lesions involving these regions The Stroop interference task requires a person to respond to a specific dimension of a stimulus while suppressing a competing stimulus dimension . Previous PET and fMRI studies using the Color Stroop paradigm have shown increased activity in the " cognitive division " of the cingulate cortex . In our fMRI study with nine subjects , we used a Color-Word Matching Stroop task . A frontoparietal network , including structures in the lateral prefrontal cortex , the frontopolar region , the intraparietal sulcus , as well as the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus , was activated when contrasting the incongruent vs the neutral condition . However , no substantial activation in either the right or left hemisphere of the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) was detected . In accordance with a series of recent articles , we argue that the ACC is not specifically involved in interference processes . The ACC seems rather involved in motor preparation processes which were controlled in the present Color-Word Matching Stroop task . We argue that the region around the banks of the inferior frontal sulcus is required to solve interference problems , a concept which can also be seen as a component of task set management Listeners are able to extract important linguistic information by viewing the talker 's facea process known as speechreading . Previous studies of speechreading present small closed sets of simple words and their results indicate that visual speech processing engages a wide network of brain regions in the temporal , frontal , and parietal lobes that are likely to underlie multiple stages of the receptive language system . The present study further explored this network in a large group of subjects by presenting naturally spoken sentences which tap the richer complexities of visual speech processing . Four different baselines ( blank screen , static face , nonlinguistic facial gurning , and auditory speech ) enabled us to determine the hierarchy of neural processing involved in speechreading and to test the cl aim that visual input reliably accesses sound-based representations in the auditory cortex . In contrast to passively viewing a blank screen , the static-face condition evoked activation bilaterally across the border of the fusiform gyrus and cerebellum , and in the medial superior frontal gyrus and left pre central gyrus ( p < .05 , whole brain corrected ) . With the static face as baseline , the gurning face evoked bilateral activation in the motion-sensitive region of the occipital cortex , whereas visual speech additionally engaged the middle temporal gyrus , inferior and middle frontal gyri , and the inferior parietal lobe , particularly in the left hemisphere . These latter regions are implicated in lexical stages of spoken language processing . Although auditory speech generated extensive bilateral activation across both superior and middle temporal gyri , the group-averaged pattern of speechreading activation failed to include any auditory regions along the superior temporal gyrus , suggesting that fluent visual speech does not always involve sound-based coding of the visual input . An important finding from the individual subject analyses was that activation in the superior temporal gyrus did reach significance ( p < .001 , small-volume corrected ) for a subset of the group . Moreover , the extent of the left-sided superior temporal gyrus activity was strongly correlated with speech-reading performance . Skilled speechreading was also associated with activations and deactivations in other brain regions , suggesting that individual differences reflect the efficiency of a circuit linking sensory , perceptual , memory , cognitive , and linguistic processes rather than the operation of a single component process Previous neuroimaging studies of the Stroop task have postulated that the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) plays a critical role in resolution of the Stroop interference condition . However , activation of the ACC is not invariably seen and appears to depend on a variety of method ological factors , including the degree of response conflict and response expectancies . The present functional MRI study was design ed to identify those brain areas critically involved in the interference condition . Healthy subjects underwent a blocked-trial design fMRI experiment while responding to 1 of 3 stimulus conditions : ( 1 ) incongruent color words , ( 2 ) congruent color words , and ( 3 ) color-neutral words . Subjects responded to the printed color of the word via a manual response . Compared to the congruent and neutral conditions , the incongruent condition produced significant activation within the left inferior pre central sulcus ( IpreCS ) located on the border between the inferior frontal gyrus , pars opercularis ( BA 44 ) and the ventral premotor region ( BA 6 ) . Significant deactivations in the rostral component of the ACC and the posterior cingulate gyrus were also observed . Selective activation of the left IpreCS is compatible with findings from previous neuroimaging , lesion , electrophysiological , and behavioral studies and is presumably related to the mediation of competing articulatory dem and s during the interference condition Functional neuroimaging studies have found abnormal anterior cingulate activity in depressed subjects , and other studies have shown that the cingulate gyrus becomes active in healthy subjects during interference tasks . The authors hypothesized that subjects with mood disorder might show blunted cingulate activation during the st and ard Stroop interference task or during a modified version involving sadness-laden words . In contrast to 11 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects who activated the left cingulate during the st and ard Stroop , 11 mood-disordered subjects activated the right anterior cingulate gyrus only slightly and instead showed increased activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and visual cortex . This study supports theories of blunted limbic and paral 
    Output:
    
In the first part of this article , we report a systematic review of 34 neuroimaging publications , which reveals that conflict-related activity is reliably reported in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilaterally in the lateral prefrontal cortex , the anterior insula , and the parietal lobe .
The results provide converging evidence that the regions identified by the systematic review are reliably engaged in conflict processing .
Despite carefully matching the Stroop tasks , some regions of differential activity remained , particularly in the parietal cortex .