***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy ( MBCT ) , a treatment combining mindfulness meditation and interventions taken from cognitive therapy , in patients suffering from chronic-recurrent depression . Currently symptomatic patients with at least three previous episodes of depression and a history of suicidal ideation were r and omly allocated to receive either MBCT delivered in addition to treatment-as-usual ( TAU ; N = 14 completers ) or TAU alone ( N = 14 completers ) . Depressive symptoms and diagnostic status were assessed before and after treatment phase . Self-reported symptoms of depression decreased from severe to mild levels in the MBCT group while there was no significant change in the TAU group . Similarly , numbers of patients meeting full criteria for depression decreased significantly more in the MBCT group than in the TAU group . Results are consistent with previous uncontrolled studies . Although based on a small sample and , therefore , limited in their generalizability , they provide further preliminary evidence that MBCT can be used to successfully reduce current symptoms in patients suffering from a protracted course of the disorder OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) for chronic insomnia and combined depressive or anxiety symptoms of older adults aged 75 years and over . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled , single-blind clinical trial . PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants included 60 adults aged 75 years and over with chronic insomnia . Participants were r and omly assigned to the eight-week MBSR group or the wait-list control group . Assessment s using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) , Self-rating Anxiety Sale ( SAS ) , and Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) were taken at baseline and post-treatment . For each outcome measure , a repeated measures analysis of variance was used to detect changes across assessment s. RESULTS There was a significant time × group interaction for the PSQI global score ( P = .006 ) ; the MBSR group had a decrease in the PSQI global score ( Cohen׳s d = 1.12 ) , while the control group did not ( Cohen׳s d = -0.06 ) . Among the PSQI components , there was a significant time × group interaction for daytime dysfunction ( P = .048 ) ; Cohen׳s d of the MBSR group was 0.76 , while Cohen׳s d of control group was -0.04 . There was no significant time × group interaction for the SAS score ( P = .116 ) , while for the GDS there was a significant time × group interaction ( P = .039 ) ; the Cohen׳s d value for the MBSR group was 1.20 , and it was 0.12 for the control group . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the MBSR program could be a beneficial treatment for chronic insomnia in adults aged 75 years and older OBJECTIVE To determine whether neurocognitive performance and clinical outcomes can be enhanced by a mindfulness intervention in older adults with stress disorders and cognitive complaints . To explore decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis activity as a possible mechanism . METHODS 103 adults aged 65 years or older with an anxiety or depressive disorder ( diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria ) and subjective neurocognitive difficulties were recruited in St. Louis , Missouri , or San Diego , California , from September 2012 through August 2013 and r and omly assigned in groups of 5 - 8 to  mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) or a health education control condition matched for time , attention , and credibility . The primary outcomes were memory ( assessed by immediate and delayed paragraph and list recall ) and cognitive control ( Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Verbal Fluency Test and Color Word Interference Test ) . Other outcomes included clinical symptoms ( worry , depression , anxiety , and global improvement ) . HPA axis activity was assessed using peak salivary cortisol . Outcomes were measured immediately post-intervention and ( for clinical outcomes only ) at 3- and 6-month follow up . RESULTS On the basis of intent-to-treat principles using data from all 103 participants , the mindfulness group experienced greater improvement on a memory composite score ( P = .046 ) . Groups did not differ on change in cognitive control . Participants receiving MBSR also improved more on measures of worry ( P = .042 ) and depression ( P = .049 ) at posttreatment and on worry ( P = .02 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , and anxiety ( P = .002 ) at follow-up and were more likely to be rated as much or very much improved as rated by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale ( 47 % vs 27 % , χ² = 4.5 , P = .03 ) . Cortisol level decreased to a greater extent in the mindfulness group , but only among those participants with high baseline cortisol . CONCLUSIONS In this population of older adults with stress disorders and neurocognitive difficulties , a mindfulness intervention improves clinical outcomes such as excessive worry and depression and may include some forms of immediate memory performance . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT01693874 OBJECTIVES Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease ( COPD ) suffer from significant dyspnea and may benefit from complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) therapies aim ed at mitigating symptoms . The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a mindfulness-based breathing therapy ( MBBT ) on improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in those with COPD . DESIGN We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of 8-week mindfulness-based breathing therapy ( MBBT ) compared to support groups to test efficacy on improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in those with COPD . SETTING The setting for this study was an academic-affiliated veterans healthcare system . SUBJECTS The subjects consisted of 86 patients with COPD . INTERVENTIONS MBBT included weekly meetings practicing mindfulness mediation and relaxation response . OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was a post 6-minute-walk test ( 6MWT ) Borg dyspnea assessment . Other outcome measures included health-related quality of life measures , 6MWT distance , symptom scores , exacerbation rates , and measures of stress and mindfulness . Analysis of covariance compared differences in outcomes between groups ; paired t test evaluated changes within groups . RESULTS Participants were predominantly elderly men with moderate to severe COPD . We found no improvements in dyspnea ( post 6MWT Borg difference between the MBBT and support group was 0.3 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : -1.1 , 1.7 ) . We found no differences between groups in almost all other outcome measures by either intention-to-treat analysis or within the subset that completed assigned group sessions . For the physical summary scale of the generic Short Form-36 for Veterans , the difference between outcomes favored the support group ( 4.3 , 95 % CI : 0.4 , 8.1 ) . Participant retention was low compared to mind-body trials that r and omize from CAM wait lists . CONCLUSIONS This trial found no measurable improvements in patients with COPD receiving a mindfulness-based breathing CAM therapy compared to a support group , suggesting that this intervention is unlikely to be an important therapeutic option for those with moderate-to-severe COPD Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objectives : To examine the effects of age and depressive symptom severity on changes in positive affect among older adults r and omly assigned to a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program or a Waitlist Control group . Drawing from the Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development , we hypothesized that lower levels of depressive symptom severity and older age would be associated with greater positive affect in response to the MBSR intervention . Methods : Data were collected from a sample of community-dwelling English-speaking adults ( n = 200 ) aged ≥ 65 , r and omly assigned to an eight-week MBSR program or a Waitlist Control group . Our main outcome variable was a five-item measure of positive affect , which was measured at study entry as well as eight weeks and six months later . Results : At the six-month follow-up , we observed group by baseline depressive symptom severity ( β = −.17 , p = .02 ) and group by baseline depressive symptom severity by age ( β = −.14 , p = .05 ) interactions . Among MBSR participants , greater baseline depressive symptom severity was also associated with less improvement in positive affect at the six-month follow-up ( β = −.30 , p = .003 ) . Findings were qualified by a significant depressive symptom severity by age interaction ( β = −.25 , p = .01 ) , such that MBSR participants who were 70 and over with lower baseline depressive symptom severity having the greatest improvement in positive affect at the six-month follow-up . Conclusion : MBSR  improves positive affect for older adults with lower depressive symptom severity , perhaps because it capitalizes on naturalistic changes in control strategies The cultivation of mindfulness has received increasing attention over the past 2 decades because of its association with increased psychological well-being and reduced stress-related health disorders . Given the robust positive association between perceived stress and cognitive impairment in late life , the current study evaluated the association between trait mindfulness , psychological well-being , and cognitive function in 73 healthy community-dwelling older adults . Controlling for a priori covariates , multivariate regression analyses showed a significant association between trait mindfulness and measures of psychological well-being , including self-reported depressive symptoms , quality of life , and stress profile . Analyses further showed a significant association between trait mindfulness and executive function , namely set shifting . No association was found for declarative memory . Mediation analyses showed that the association between mindfulness and cognitive function is mediated by perceived stress . This research supports the importance of cultivating mindfulness in late life to ensure cognitive and emotional well-being The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program for elders in a continuing care community . This mixed- methods study used both quantitative and qualitative measures . A r and omized waitlist control design was used for the quantitative aspect of the study . Thirty-nine elderly were r and omized to MBSR ( n = 20 ) or a waitlist control group ( n = 19 ) , mean age was 82 years . Both groups completed pre – post measures of health-related quality of life , acceptance and psychological flexibility , facets of mindfulness , self-compassion , and psychological distress . A subset of MBSR participants completed qualitative interviews . MBSR participants showed significantly greater improvement in acceptance and psychological flexibility and in role limitations due to physical health . In the qualitative interviews , MBSR participants reported increased awareness , less judgment , and greater self-compassion . Study results demonstrate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of an adapted MBSR program in promoting mind – body health for elders In a r and omized controlled trial , we investigated the effects of karate versus a mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) intervention on well-being and cognitive functioning in older adults . Fifty-five adults ( 52–81 years old ) participated in twice-weekly karate versus MBSR sessions or no training for 8 weeks . In pre- and post assessment s , subjective well-being , health , cognitive functioning , and chronic stress were measured . Pre assessment hair cortisol served as physiological stress marker . The results showed an improvement for the karate group , but not the MBSR and control group , in subjective mental health and anxiety as well as cognitive processing speed . The MBSR group showed by trend as a decrease in stress . No significant correlation between pre assessment hair cortisol and post assessment outcomes could be established . But the higher the level of baseline self-reported perceived stress , the higher the increase in depression , anxiety , and chronic stress . Generally , it can be assumed that karate and MBSR showed only small training effects concerning the assessed emotional and cognitive parameters 
    Output:
    
The results of this review provide evidence that the MBSR is more effective than wait-list-control group to reduce depression in older adults with clinical ly significant symptoms immediately following the intervention .
However , there is no clear evidence that the intervention reduced the perception of stress and anxiety , or that positive effects are maintained over the longer term .