***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Various methods and material s are used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity . The aim of this r and omized prospect i ve controlled clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the desensitizing effects of the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser and fluoride varnish by considering the degree of pre- and posttreatment pain , discomfort , and functional complications . METHODS Twenty patients with clinical ly diagnosed cervical dentin hypersensitive teeth were included and r and omly allocated to either the application of fluoride varnish ( group fluoride ) or Nd : YAG laser ( 100 mJ , 20 Hz ; group Nd : YAG ) . The assessment of pain and discomfort was performed by a visual analog scale after an air blast at baseline , immediately after treatment , and at patient visits on weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . RESULTS Laser treatment result ed in significant improvements of discomfort immediately after treatment and after 1 week . At the 2- , 3- , and 4-week examination , the discomfort in group fluoride decreased up to nearly 75 % to 85 % of baseline scores , whereas the effect of the laser stayed nearly unchanged . The visual analog scale scores for pain at 4 weeks examination were significantly lower in the fluoride group compared with those in the laser group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Nd : YAG laser is a suitable tool for the immediately successful reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity and has better patient satisfaction and shorter treatment time OBJECTIVE The advent of dental lasers has raised another possible treatment option for dentine hypersensitivity ( DH ) and has become a research interest in the last decades . The aim of this r and omized , controlled , double-blind , split mouth , clinical study was to evaluate and compare the desensitizing effects of erbium , chromium-doped : yttrium , sc and ium , gallium and garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) to galium-aluminium-arsenide ( GaAlAs ) laser on DH . METHODS Fifty-one patients participated in this study for a total of 174 teeth .  DH was assessed for all groups with a visual analog scale . For each patient , the teeth were r and omized to three groups . In the diode laser group , sensitive teeth were irradiated with the GaAlAs laser at 8.5J/cm(2 ) energy density . In the Er , Cr : YSGG laser group , sensitive teeth were irradiated with Er , Cr : YSGG laser in the hard tissue mode using a none-contact probe at an energy level of 0.25W and repetition rate of 20Hz , 0 % water and 10 % air . In the control group no treatment was performed . Treatment time was 60s for GaAlAs laser and 30s for Er , Cr : YSGG laser . RESULTS When compared with the control group and baseline data , in both laser groups , laser irradiation provided a desensitizing effect immediately after treatment and this effect was maintained throughout the study ( p<0.05 ) . No significant differences between Er , Cr : YSGG and GaAlAs laser groups were found at any follow-up examination ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Based on these findings , it may be concluded that both Er , Cr : YSGG and GaAlAs lasers were effective in the treatment of DH following a single application UNLABELLED The dentin hypersensitivity is a painful condition rather prevalent in the general population . There are several ways of treatment for such condition , including the low intensity lasers . The proposal of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide diode laser in the treatment of this painful condition , using a placebo as control . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-two patients were selected , 22 females and 10 males , with ages ranging from 20 to 52 years old . The 32 patients were r and omly distributed into two groups , treated and control ; the sample consisted of 68 teeth , 35 in the treated group and 33 in the control group . The treated group was exposed to six laser applications with intervals from 48 to 72 hours , and the control group received , as placebo , applications of a curing light . RESULTS A significant reduction was observed in the pain condition between the initial phase and after six laser applications ; however , such reduction could also be observed for the control group exposed to the placebo . CONCLUSION Therapy with the low intensity Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide laser - AsGaAl induces a statistically significant reduction in the painful condition after each application and between the beginning and end of treatment , although there was no statistically significant difference between the treated group ( laser ) and the control group ( placebo ) at the end of treatment and after the mediate evaluation results ( after 6 weeks ) , this way impairing the real measurement of laser effectiveness and placebo effect OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare clinical ly the efficacy of desensitizer toothpaste alone and in combination with the diode laser in the management of dentin hypersensitivity ( DH ) , as well as both the immediate and late therapeutic effects on teeth with gingival recessions . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In total , 52 teeth diagnosed with DH in 13 ( seven women , six men , aged 16 - 48 years ) healthy adult patients were included in this study , and teeth were r and omly divided equally into two groups : the test group , which received treatment with desensitizer toothpaste and GaAlAs ( diode ) laser , and the control group , treated with desensitizer toothpaste .  DH was assessed by means of an air stimulus , and a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) was used to measure DH . The selected teeth in the test group received laser therapy for three sessions . Teeth subjected to diode-laser treatment were irradiated at 100 mW for 25 sec at 808 nm , with continuous-emission , noncontact mode , perpendicular to the surface , with scanning movements on the region of exposed root surfaces . RESULTS Significant reduction of DH occurred at all times measured during the three treatment sessions in the test group . When compared with the means of the responses in the three treatment sessions of the two groups , the test group showed a higher degree of desensitization in teeth with gingival recession than did the control group ( p < 0.001 ) . The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the diode laser were more evident compared with those of desensitizer toothpaste . CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of the present study , a significant effect of combined desensitizer toothpaste and diode laser therapy occurs in the treatment of desensitization of teeth with gingival recession . Desensitizer toothpaste appears to have the therapeutic potential to alleviate DH . Conversely , diode laser can be used to reduce DH Various methods are used for treatment of hypersensitive dental necks . They all aim to seal exposed dentinal tubules , which are open toward the oral cavity and transmit stimuli to the sensitive nerve endings of the tooth pulp . The main sealing material s are fluoride preparations , strontium chloride , and hydroxyapatite . However , these material s must be applied periodically to achieve permanent freedom from pain . Since the introduction of laser technology into dentistry , efforts have been made to treat dentine hypersensitivity with the laser . An in vitro study revealed that CO2 laser irradiation results in almost complete closure of the dentinal tubules in the dental neck region . In the present in vivo study , the efficacy of laser treatment  was examined in 72 patients with dentine hypersensitivity and 72 control patients over a period of 12 weeks . When success was defined as complete freedom from pain , the success rate in the laser group was 94.5 % ; when marked pain relief was included in the definition of treatment success , 98.6 % of the patients were treated successfully . Treatment of the control group with conventional dental neck fluoridation result ed in no marked improvement . Laser Doppler measurements of pulpal blood flow immediately before and after treatment revealed no effects of laser irradiation on pulpal blood flow . Dentine sample s were obtained from the dental necks 6 weeks after laser treatment and examined with atomic absorption spectroscopy ( AAS ) . Tin was present in the sample s , which suggests that the combined laser treatment and fluoridation result in permanent integration of fluoride in the dentine surface Cervical dentine hypersensitivity is the most frequent complaint among reported odontalgias . Thus , this study evaluated the effectiveness of two types of lasers ( 660 nm wavelength red , and 830 nm wavelength infrared ) as dentine desensitizers , as well as both the immediate and late therapeutic effects in individuals 25 to 45 years of age . A total of 40 teeth with cervical exposure were treated in 4 sessions . They were divided into 2 groups according to treatment . A 660 nm wavelength red diode laser and an 830 nm wavelength infrared diode laser were used . Dentine sensitivity to cold nociceptive stimulus was evaluated by means of a pain numeric scale from zero to 10 before each treatment session , at 15 and 30 min after irradiation , and in a follow-up period of 15 , 30 and 60 days after the end of treatment . Significant levels of dentinal desensitization were only found in patients ranging in age from 25 to 35 years . The 660 nm red diode laser was more effective than the 830 nm infrared laser and a higher level of desensitization was observed at the 15 and 30 minute post-irradiation examinations . The immediate and late therapeutic effects of the 660 nm red diode laser were more evident in 25 - 35-year-old patients compared with those of the 830 nm infrared diode laser , in terms of the different age groups OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of CO(2 ) and Er : YAG lasers alone and in combination with topical sodium fluoride ( NaF ) in the management of dentine hypersensitivity .  MATERIAL S AND METHODS A group of 50 patients presenting with a total of 420 hypersensitive teeth were r and omly allocated into five groups . Group 1 was treated with 2 % NaF , groups 2 and 3 were lased by a CO(2 ) ( 1 W , continuous wave mode , for 10 sec ) or Er : YAG ( 30 Hz , 60 mJ for 10 sec , without water/air spray ) laser , and groups 4 and 5 received NaF plus the CO(2 ) and the Er : YAG laser , respectively . The scanning speed of the laser was 0.8 mm/sec . The degree of thermal sensitivity was determined with an evaporative stimulus consisting of a 1-sec air blast at a distance of 2 mm from each site tested . Quantification of the degree of discomfort was determined according to a four-point pain scale before treatment and 1 wk , 1 mo , and 6 mo after treatment . RESULTS All treatment forms result ed in significant improvement of discomfort . At 1 wk , 1 mo , and 6 mo , cold air blast scores were significantly reduced compared to baseline scores , except for the NaF group . In the NaF group , there was a statistically significant increase in mean degree of discomfort at 6 mo compared with 1 wk ( p + /- 0.01 ) and 1 mo ( p + /- 0.001 ) . Comparison of the other treatment regimens revealed that cold air blast scores were significantly lower for the other four treatments than for NaF gel alone ( p + /- 0.001 ) . No superiority was found for desensitization among the CO(2 ) , Er : YAG , CO(2 ) + NaF , and Er : YAG + NaF groups . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that both the CO(2 ) and Er : YAG lasers have promising potential for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity . Lasers in combination with NaF gel appear to show better efficacy compared to either treatment modality alone PURPOSE To compare the desensitizing effects of a glutaraldehyde-based desensitizing system ( Gluma ) and an Er : YAG laser treatment on cervically exposed hypersensitive dentin . METHODS A total of 22 subjects ( mean age : 39 + /- 13.7 years ; 15 females , 7 males ) suffering from cervical dentin hypersensitivity was included in a prospect i ve , split-mouth clinical study . The teeth were treated on one side of the mouth with the glutaraldehyde-based desensitizing system and on the other side with the Er : YAG laser .  Sensitivity perception was recorded before treatment ( baseline ) , during and immediately after treatment , after 1 week , 1 month , 3 months and 6 months . The subjects were asked to rate the sensitivity experienced during air stimulation by placing a mark on a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) . RESULTS Both techniques showed an effective reduction of cervical dentin hypersensitivity . The subjects experienced equal improvements compared to their status before and 6 months after treatment with both methods ( P<0.001 ) Clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity have been numerous and protocol s varied . To date there is little consensus as to the conduct of studies on this poorly-understood yet common and painful dental condition . A committee of interested persons from academia and industry was convened to discuss the subject of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity and a consensus report is presented . A double-blind r and omized parallel groups design is recommended , although cross-over design s may be used for the preliminary screening of agents . Subjects may have multiple sites scored . Sample size will be determined by estimating the variability in the study population , the effect to be detected and the power of the statistical test to be used . Subject selection is based on a clinical diagnosis of dentine hypersensitivity , excluding those with conflicting characteristics such as currently-active 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , Er : YAG , Nd : YAG , and GaAlAs lasers appear to be efficacious in reducing DH .