***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose This study aim ed to assess the effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation on the swallowing function of irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with dysphagia . Material s and methods Twenty nasopharyngeal carcinoma subjects with dysphagia were divided into a functional electrical stimulation ( FES ) and a home rehabilitation program ( HRP ) group . Each subject completed a quality of life question naire on swallowing and a videofluoroscopic study at the commencement and the end of the procedures . The FES group received functional electrical stimulation of the supra-hyoid muscles over 15 sessions . The HRP group performed self-swallowing exercises at home . The evaluation parameters included the quality of life question naire scores , the penetration – aspiration scale ( PAS ) , the movement of the hyoid bone , and the amount of pyriform sinuses stasis . Results Most swallowing outcomes of the FES group improved after FES . The quality of life score ( p = 0.003 ) , the duration of the movement of thin barium through the hyoid ( p = 0.001 ) , the moving speed of paste barium through the hyoid ( p = 0.028 ) , and the pyriform sinus stasis area of the paste barium ( p = 0.026 ) reached significant difference in the FES group . Most swallowing outcomes did not improve in the HRP group . The degree of improvement in the movement speed of the hyoid bone in the thin barium ( p = 0.018 ) and the PAS of the paste barium ( p = 0.016 ) were statistically significantly greater in the FES group than in the HRP group . Conclusion FES will improve the swallowing function of NPC patients with dysphagia and bring about better quality of life OBJECTIVES Dysphagia is a common and debilitating side effect of chemoradiotherapy . Assessment is difficult ; swallowing is multifactorial and studies choose from a range of dysphagia assessment s. This study intended to investigate the relationship between swallowing assessment s of dysphagia in a cohort of patients and to evaluate whether clinical swallowing measures can predict patient reported swallowing outcomes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-three head and neck cancer patients from two teaching hospitals were recruited prospect ively over 25 months . At three months follow-up patients were assessed using  Rosenbeck 's Penetration-Aspiration Scale ( PAS ) , The 100 ml Water Swallow Test ( WST ) , The Performance Status Scale : Normalcy of Diet and the MD And erson Dysphagia Inventory ( MDADI ) . RESULTS The highest correlation was observed between the MDADI and Normalcy of Diet ( rho 0.68 ) and the lowest between the MDADI and the PAS ( rho 0.34 ) . Using multiple regression the PAS and WST accounted for 44 % of the variance in the MDADI scores ( R2 = 0.44 , F = 37.8 , p < 0.001 ) . On stepwise regression , the model only retained the Normalcy of Diet scores ( R2 = 0.42 , F=107.9 , p < 0.001 ) . Separating the PAS into subgroups , those with no penetration or aspiration on the PAS scored significantly higher on the MDADI ( p = < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Patient reported swallowing outcomes were strongly aligned with diet restrictions but poorly aligned with clinical assessment . The WST , however , was more correlated than the PAS score , representing a more functional assessment . Clinical dysphagia , associated with significant morbidity , and patient reported dysphagia related to quality of life are not interchangeable and must be measured separately OBJECTIVE To design a reliable and vali date d self-administered question naire whose purpose is to assess dysphagia 's effects on the quality of life ( QOL ) of patients with head and neck cancer . DESIGN Cross-sectional survey study . METHODS Focus groups were convened for question naire development and design . The M. D. And erson Dysphagia Inventory ( MDADI ) included global , emotional , functional , and physical subscales . One hundred consecutive adult patients with a neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract who underwent evaluation by our Speech Pathology team completed the MDADI and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item  Short Form Health Survey  ( SF-36 ) . Speech pathologists completed the Performance Status Scale for each patient . Validity and reliability properties were calculated . Analysis of variance was used to assess how well the MDADI discriminated between groups of patients . RESULTS The internal consistency reliability of the MDADI was calculated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient . The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the MDADI subscales ranged from 0.85 to 0.93 . Test-retest reliability coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.69 to 0.88 . Spearman correlation coefficients between the MDADI subscales and the SF-36 subscales demonstrated construct validity . Patients with primary tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx had significantly greater swallowing disability with an adverse impact on their QOL compared with patients with primary tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx ( P<.001 ) . Patients with a malignant lesion also had significantly greater disability than patients with a benign lesion ( P<.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The MDADI is the first vali date d and reliable self-administered question naire design ed specifically for evaluating the impact of dysphagia on the QOL of patients with head and neck cancer . St and ardized question naires that measure patients ' QOL offer a means for demonstrating treatment impact and improving medical care . The development and validation of the MDADI and its use in prospect i ve clinical trials allow for better underst and ing of the impact of treatment of head and neck cancer on swallowing and of swallowing difficulty on patients ' QOL UNLABELLED Dysphagia can be a consequence of total laryngectomy even in the absence of symptoms and it could indeed directly or indirectly compromise quality of life . AIM To evaluate the characteristics of swallowing after total laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy with pharyngeal T closure , correlating them with the Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders question naire . METHODS A prospect i ve evaluation was performed in 28 patients ; fifteen undergoing total laryngectomy and thirteen undergoing total pharyngolaryngectomy .  Swallowing was evaluated through videofluoroscopy regarding the preparatory , oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing , and the  quality of life related to swallowing question naire was employed to measure quality of life . RESULTS Anatomical and functional changes were observed under videofluoroscopic evaluation . Dysphagia was diagnosed in 18 patients ( 64.3 % ) , being mild in 66.6 % and moderate/severe in 33.3 % . The question naire indicated good quality of life in almost all scales . Complaints of dysphagia were associated to the burden ( p=0.036 ) and mental health scale ( p=0.031 ) . The question naire indicated impact on the mental health scale for patients with severe dysphagia ( p=0.012 ) . CONCLUSIONS High incidence of dysphagia was observed in some quality of life assessment s , especially of mild degree Aims : To evaluate the patient-to-patient model and swallowing problems in Chinese patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer ( SLC ) , and to find a solution to help SLC patients with swallowing problems . Methods : Eighty-nine patients who had undergone operation for horizontal partial laryngectomy  were chosen and divided r and omly into two groups . The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer ( EORTC ) , Swallow Quality -of-Life ( SWAL-QOL ) and Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) question naires were used to measure the quality of life and swallowing situation of those patients . Results : At 0.5 and 1 months after eating , the scores of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and SWAL-QOL of the participant group were significantly higher than those of the nonparticipant group ( p < 0.05 ) . One week after eating , the VAS score for swallowing improved significantly from 4.9 to 7.9 in the participant group . However , in the nonparticipant group , the VAS score showed no obvious change ( from 4.5 to 4.1 ) . Conclusions : We concluded that the patient-to-patient model may be utilized in clinical cases to solve swallowing problems of SLC patients , and infered that swallowing problems mainly appeared in 60 to 70-year-olds , and 1 week after eating was a critical time point of communication Recent and specific data on the prevalence and /or incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in the general population are scarce . This study focuses on obtaining this data by means of a literature review and telephone survey . A literature review was performed to obtain data on the prevalence of dysphagia in the general population . Secondly , a quasi-r and om telephone survey using the functional health status question naire EAT-10 was conducted with the aim of establishing prevalence data on oropharyngeal dysphagia in the Netherl and s. The literature review revealed six articles which met the inclusion criteria . The prevalence data on oropharyngeal dysphagia in the general population varied between 2.3 and 16 % . For the telephone survey , a total of 6,700 individuals were contacted by telephone , of which , 2,600 ( 39 % ) participated in the study . Of the 2,600 participants , as many as 315 ( 12.1 % ) were identified as having swallowing abnormalities and showed increased risk of oropharyngeal dysphagia with age . Prevalence data on oropharyngeal dysphagia in the Dutch general population were as high as 12.1 % . This data are in line with the retrieved prevalence data from the literature This study compares the effects of traditional logopedic dysphagia treatment with those of neuromuscular electrical stimulation ( NMES ) as adjunct to therapy on the quality of life in patients with Parkinson ’s disease and oropharyngeal dysphagia . Eighty-eight patients were r and omized over three treatment groups .  Traditional logopedic dysphagia treatment and traditional logopedic dysphagia treatment combined with NMES at sensor or motor level stimulation were compared . At three times ( pretreatment , post-treatment , and 3 months following treatment ) , two quality -of-life question naires ( SWAL-QOL and MD And erson Dysphagia Inventory ) and a single-item Dysphagia Severity Scale were scored . The Functional Oral Intake Scale was used to assess the dietary intake . After therapy , all groups showed significant improvement on the Dysphagia Severity Scale and restricted positive effects on quality of life . Minimal group differences were found . These effects remained unchanged 3 months following treatment . No significant correlations were found between dietary intake and quality of life .  Logopedic dysphagia treatment results in a restricted increased quality of life in patients with Parkinson ’s disease . In this r and omized controlled trial , all groups showed significant therapy effects on the Dysphagia Severity Scale and restricted improvements on the SWAL-QOL and the MDADI . However , only slight nonsignificant differences between groups were found The aim of this work was to translate the 44-item SWAL-QoL into Dutch ( SWAL-QoL-NL ) and compare the validity of this question naire against Euroqol in a Dutch population with dysphagia .  SWAL-QoL was translated according to international guidelines . SWAL-QoL-NL and Euroqol were completed by 152 patients in seven diagnosis groups .  Internal consistency and correlations were calculated . Scores for nine subscales ( General burden , Food selection , Eating duration , Fear of eating , Sleep , Fatigue , Mental health , Social functioning and a symptom score ) ranged between 0.80 and 0.92 ( Cronbach ’s α ) . Two subscales ( Eating desire and Communication scored 0.67 and 0.60 , respectively , and were removed from the question naire . The 14-item battery on clinical symptoms showed an internal consistency of 0.80 , allowing the use of a sum score on group level in clinical research . Correlation of SWAL-QoL-NL  subscales with the Euroqol was negligible to low ( Pearson ’s correlations range = 0.09–0.36 ) . The 39-item  SWAL-QoL-NL  proved to be a reliable tool to examine the impact of dysphagia on quality of life  in a Dutch population .  Internal consistency allows the use of nine subscales of SWAL-QoL-NL for comparisons on a group level ( 0.80 < α < 0.92 ) only . Also a Symptom score can be derived from the raw data This prospect i ve , cross-sectional study evaluated the impact of dysphagia on quality of life in healthy ageing and in subjects with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) using the  Swallowing Quality of Life ( SWAL-QOL ) question naire . Sixteen healthy young adults ( 8 males , mean age = 25.1 years ) and 16 healthy elders ( 8 males , mean age = 72.8 years ) were recruited . Thirty-two subjects with idiopathic PD ( mean age = 68.5 years ) were recruited from a movement disorders clinic . The severity of PD was staged using the Hoehn and Yahr scale . Results revealed that elders experienced symptoms of dysphagia more frequently than young adults but the overall SWAL-QOL scores were not significantly different . Sub 
    Output:
    
Inverse bidirectional relationships were found between decreased HRQoL and increased OD severity .
Following intervention , changes were evident through improved HRQoL with decreased OD severity .
The findings of this paper highlight the importance of targeting HRQoL in patients with OD .