***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) has consistently been associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer ; however , if this decrease is related to the use of anti‐diabetic drugs is unknown . We prospect ively studied men in the comparison cohort in the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden 3.0 , with data on T2DM , use of metformin , sulfonylurea and insulin retrieved from national health care registers and demographic data bases . Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compute hazard ratios ( HR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) of prostate cancer , adjusted for confounders . The study consisted of 612,846 men , mean age 72 years ( st and ard deviation ; SD = 9 years ) , out of whom 25,882 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer during follow up , mean time of 5 years ( SD = 3 years ) . Men with more than 1 year 's duration of T2DM had a decreased risk of prostate cancer compared to men without T2DM ( HR = 0.85 , 95 % CI = 0.82–0.88 ) but among men with T2DM , those on metformin had no decrease ( HR = 0.96 , 95 % CI = 0.77–1.19 ) , whereas men on insulin ( 89 % ) or sulfonylurea ( 11 % ) had a decreased risk ( HR = 0.73 , 95 % CI = 0.55–0.98 ) , compared to men with T2DM not on anti‐diabetic drugs . Men with less than 1 year 's duration of T2DM had no decrease in prostate cancer risk ( HR = 1.11 , 95 % CI = 0.95–1.31 ) . Our results gave no support to the hypothesis that metformin protects against prostate cancer as recently proposed . However , our data gave some support to an inverse association between T2DM severity and prostate cancer risk OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of nateglinide , glyburide , and placebo on postmeal glucose excursions and insulin secretion in previously diet-treated patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled  multicenter study was conducted in 152 patients who received either nateglinide ( 120 mg before three meals daily , n = 51 ) , glyburide ( 5 mg q.d . titrated to 10 mg q.d . after 2 weeks , n = 50 ) , or placebo ( n = 51 ) for 8 weeks .  Glucose , insulin , and C-peptide profiles during liquid meal challenges were measured at weeks 0 and 8 . At weeks -1 and 7 , 19-point daytime glucose and insulin profiles , comprising three solid meals , were measured . RESULTS During the liquid-meal challenge , nateglinide reduced the incremental glucose area under the curve ( AUC ) more effectively than glyburide ( = -4.94 vs. -2.71 mmol . h/l , P < 0.05 ) , whereas glyburide reduced fasting plasma glucose more effectively than nateglinide ( = -2.9 vs. -1.0 mmol/l , respectively , P < 0.001 ) . In contrast , C-peptide induced by glyburide was greater than that induced by nateglinide ( = + 1.83 vs. + 0.95 nmol . h/l , P < 0.01 ) , and only glyburide increased fasting insulin levels . During the solid meal challenges , nateglinide and glyburide elicited similar overall glucose control ( 12-h incremental AUC = -13.2 vs. -15.3 mmol . h/l ) , but the insulin AUC induced by nateglinide was significantly less than that induced by glyburide ( 12-h AUC = + 866 vs. + 1,702 pmol . h/l , P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that nateglinide selectively enhanced early insulin release and provided better mealtime glucose control with less total insulin exposure than glyburide Aims /hypothesisThe aims of the study were to evaluate the association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of death from any cancer and specific cancers in East and South Asians . Methods Pooled analyses were conducted of 19 prospect i ve population -based cohorts included in the Asia Cohort Consortium , comprising data from 658,611 East Asians and 112,686 South Asians . HRs were used to compare individuals with diabetes at baseline with those without  diabetes for the risk of death from any cancer and from site-specific cancers , including cancers of the oesophagus , stomach , colorectum , colon , rectum , liver , bile duct , pancreas , lung , breast , endometrium , cervix , ovary , prostate , bladder , kidney and thyroid , as well as lymphoma and leukaemia . Results During a mean follow-up of 12.7 years , 37,343 cancer deaths ( 36,667 in East Asians and 676 in South Asians ) were identified . Baseline diabetes status was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of death from any cancer ( HR 1.26 ; 95 % CI 1.21 , 1.31 ) . Significant positive associations with diabetes were observed for cancers of the colorectum ( HR 1.41 ; 95 % CI 1.26 , 1.57 ) , liver ( HR 2.05 ; 95 % CI 1.77 , 2.38 ) , bile duct ( HR 1.41 ; 95 % CI 1.04 , 1.92 ) , gallbladder ( HR 1.33 ; 95 % CI 1.10 , 1.61 ) , pancreas ( HR 1.53 ; 95 % CI 1.32 , 1.77 ) , breast ( HR 1.72 ; 95 % CI 1.34 , 2.19 ) , endometrium ( HR 2.73 ; 95 % CI 1.53 , 4.85 ) , ovary ( HR 1.60 ; 95 % CI 1.06 , 2.42 ) , prostate ( HR 1.41 ; 95 % CI 1.09 , 1.82 ) , kidney ( HR 1.84 ; 95 % CI 1.28 , 2.64 ) and thyroid ( HR 1.99 ; 95 % CI 1.03 , 3.86 ) , as well as lymphoma ( HR 1.39 ; 95 % CI 1.04 , 1.86 ) . Diabetes was not statistically significantly associated with the risk of death from leukaemia and cancers of the bladder , cervix , oesophagus , stomach and lung . Conclusions /interpretationDiabetes was associated with a 26 % increased risk of death from any cancer in Asians . The pattern of associations with specific cancers suggests the need for better control ( prevention , detection , management ) of the growing epidemic of diabetes ( as well as obesity ) , in order to reduce cancer mortality Separated by an interval of at least one week , single oral and intravenous doses of either antipyrine ( 18 mg/kg ) , tolbutamide ( 15 mg/kg ) , or warfarin ( 0.75 mg/kg ) were given to normal volunteers . Each drug was administered as an aqueous solution . The oral and intravenous routes of administration of each of these drugs produced very similm extrapolated Y intercepts , plasma half‐lives , apparent volumes of distribution , and metabolic clearance rates .  Three patients with cirrhosis of the liver also received antipyrine by oral and intravenous routes ; there were no significant pharmacokinetic differences OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between type 2 diabetes , glucose-lowering therapies ( monotherapy with either metformin , sulphonylurea or insulin ) and cancer risk in Taiwan . METHODS Using Taiwan 's National Health Research Institutes data base of 1,000,000 r and om subjects from 2000 - 2008 , we found 61777 patients with type 2 diabetes ( age ≥20 years ) and 677378 enrollees with no record of diabetes . RESULTS After adjusting for age and sex , we found patients with diabetes to have significantly higher risk of all cancers ( OR : 1.176 ; 95 % CI : 1.149 - 1.204 , P < 0.001 ) . Diabetic patients treated with insulin or sulfonylureas had significantly higher risk of all cancers , compared to those treated with metformin ( OR : 1.583 ; 95 % CI : 1.389 - 1.805 , P < 0.001 and OR : 1.784 ; 95 % CI : 1.406 - 2.262 , P < 0.001 ) . Metformin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of colon and liver cancer compared to sulphonylureas or insulin treatment . Sulfonylureas treatment was associated with an increased risk of breast and lung cancer compared to metformin therapy . CONCLUSIONS Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes are at a high risk of breast , prostate , colon , lung , liver and pancreatic cancer . Those treated with insulin or sulfonylureas monotherapy are more likely to develop colon and liver cancer than those treated with metformin Purpose There is great interest in whether type 2 diabetes and its treatments alter breast cancer risk and prognosis , but previous studies are inconclusive . We conducted a cohort study within the UK General Practice Research Data base to investigate associations of type 2 diabetes and patterns of diabetes treatment with breast cancer risk and all-cause mortality . Methods We identified 52,657 women with type 2 diabetes , diagnosed between 1987 and 2007 , and 30,210 r and omly selected women without diabetes . We performed a time-dependent analysis using Cox proportional hazards models . Results Diabetes was associated with a 29 % increased overall breast cancer risk ( 95 % CI : 1.16–1.44 ) , but the association markedly attenuated when adjusted for age , period of cohort entry , region , and body mass index ( BMI ) ( HR : 1.12 ; 95 % CI : 0.98–1.29 ) . Women with breast cancer and pre-existing diabetes had a 49 % ( 95 % CI : 1.17–1.88 ) increased all-cause mortality risk compared with women with breast cancer but without diabetes , after controlling for age , period , region , BMI , smoking , alcohol , and deprivation . Compared with sulfonylurea , we found weak evidence that metformin monotherapy ( HR : 1.04 ; 95 % CI : 0.79–1.37 ) and insulin ( HR : 1.33 ; 95 % CI : 0.63–2.83 ) modified breast cancer risk among women with diabetes . Conclusions We found weak evidence that diabetes is associated with a small increased risk of breast cancer . Among treated women , there is no evidence that anti-diabetes treatments modify the risk of developing breast cancer , with wide confidence intervals indicating imprecise effect estimates . Women with breast cancer and diabetes , however , had an increased all-cause mortality risk highlighting the potential importance of maintaining adequate glycemic control alongside anti-cancer treatments and subsequent follow-up OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of repaglinide , glipizide , and glibenclamide on insulin secretion and postpr and ial glucose after a single st and ard 500-kcal test meal . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 12 type 2 diabetic patients with early diabetes ( mean HbA(1c ) of 6.1 % ) and 12 matched control subjects were enrolled in this r and omized , double-blind , crossover trial . Subjects received placebo , 2 mg repaglinide , 5 mg glipizide , and 5 mg glibenclamide in a r and om fashion during the trial . Administration of each drug was followed by a single st and ard 500-kcal test meal . A washout period of 7 - 12 days existed between the four study visits . RESULTS All three drugs were equally effective on the total pr and ial insulin secretion ( area under the curve [ AUC ] -15 to 240 min ) . However , clear differences were noted in the early insulin secretion ( AUC -15 to 30 min ) ; both repaglinide and glipizide increased secretion in nondiabetic subjects by approximately 61 and 34 % , respectively , compared with placebo . In the diabetic patients , the difference versus placebo was 37 and 47 % , respectively . The difference between glipizide and glibenclamide  reached significance in both groups of subjects , whereas repaglinide was more effective than glibenclamide only in the healthy nondiabetic subject group . All three drugs were effective in decreasing total glucose AUC in the nondiabetic and diabetic population . In the nondiabetic subjects , however , repaglinide was significantly more effective than glibenclamide . The differences disappeared in the diabetic subjects 
    Output:
    
The overall pre- clinical and clinical evidence suggest that the influence of SUs on cancer risk in T2DM patients differs between the various SUs .
Pre- clinical evidence supports potential anti-cancer effects of SUs , which are of interest for further studies and potentially repurposing of SUs .