***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and aims : Ulcerative colitis ( UC ) is an acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the large bowel with unknown aetiology . The immune response against normal commensal microorganisms is believed to drive inflammatory processes associated with UC . Therefore , modulation of bacterial communities on the gut mucosa , through the use of probiotics and prebiotics , may be used to modify the disease state . Methods : A synbiotic was developed for use in UC patients combining a probiotic , Bifidobacterium longum , isolated from healthy rectal epithelium , and a prebiotic ( Synergy 1 ) , a preferential inulin-oligofructose growth substrate for the probiotic strain . Treatment was employed in a double blinded r and omised controlled trial using 18 patients with active UC for a period of one month . Clinical status was scored and rectal biopsies were collected before and after treatment , and transcription levels of epithelium related immune markers were measured . Results : Sigmoidoscopy scores ( scale 0–6 ) were reduced in the test group ( start 4.5 ( 1.4 ) , end 3.1 ( 2.5 ) ) compared with placebo ( start 2.6 ( 2.1 ) , end 3.2 ( 2.2 ) ) ( p = 0.06 ) . mRNA levels for human beta defensins 2 , 3 , and 4 , which are strongly upregulated in active UC , were significantly reduced in the test group after treatment ( p = 0.016 , 0.038 , and 0.008 , respectively ) . Tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1α , which are inflammatory cytokines that drive inflammation and induce defensin expression , were also significantly reduced after treatment ( p = 0.018 and 0.023 , respectively ) . Biopsies in the test group had reduced inflammation and regeneration of epithelial tissue . Conclusions : Short term synbiotic treatment of active UC result ed in improvement of the full clinical appearance of chronic inflammation in patients receiving this therapy Dendritic cells ( DCs ) constitute a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting leukocytes important in activation of both innate and adaptive immunity . We studied the gene expression patterns of  DCs  incubated with reagents inducing their activation or inhibition . Total RNA was isolated from DCs and gene expression profiling was performed with oligonucleotide microarrays . Using a supervised learning algorithm based on R and om Forest , we generated a molecular signature of inflammation from a training set of 77 sample s. We then vali date d this molecular signature in a testing set of 38 sample s. Supervised analysis identified a set of 44 genes that distinguished very accurately between inflammatory and non inflammatory sample s. The diagnostic performance of the signature genes was assessed against an independent set of sample s , by qRT-PCR . Our findings suggest that the gene expression signature of DCs can provide a molecular classification for use in the selection of anti-inflammatory or adjuvant molecules with specific effects on DC activity Background Probiotics are widely used for the cure or prevention of several clinical conditions . However , clinical decisions need to be substantiated by an analysis of the complex bacteria – host interplay in the intestinal lumen . Aims To identify the gene expression pattern induced by Bacillus clausii in the intestinal mucosa of healthy individuals . Methods Six male patients ( mean age 38±5 years ) affected by endoscopically confirmed mild oesophagitis were treated for one month with esomeprazole , and were r and omly selected to receive or not B. clausii ( groups I and II , respectively ) . Duodenal biopsies were taken pre and post-treatment to identify the modification of gene expression , using the GeneChip Human U133A array . To vali date the microarray analysis , real-time reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) of five target genes was performed . Results After B. clausii administration , a total of 158 and 265 genes were up and downregulated , respectively . Quantitative PCR confirmed the microarray data . B. clausii mainly affected the expression of genes involved in immune response and inflammation , apoptosis and cell growth , cell differentiation , cell – cell signalling , cell adhesion , signal transcription and transduction . Conclusions Our data represent the first global analysis of B. clausii effects on the gene expression profile in normal intestine , and provide the basis to identify the mechanisms by which these agents interact with the host and exert their beneficial effects . Future studies are needed to clarify the B. clausii-induced gene pattern in the clinical disorders in which probiotics have proved to be effective In order to de grade aflatoxin B₁ ( AFB₁ ) , AFB₁-degrading microbes ( probiotics ) such as Lactobacillus casei , Bacillus subtilis and Pichia anomala , and the AFB₁-degrading enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae were selected and combined to make feed additive . Seventy-five 43-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were r and omly divided into 5 groups , 15 broilers for each group . The broilers were given with 5 kinds of diets such as the basal diet , 400 μg/kg AFB₁ supplement without feed additive , and 200 , 400 , 800 μg/kg AFB₁ supplement with 0.15 % feed additive . The feeding experimental period was 30 d , which was used to determine production performance of broilers . In addition , serum , liver and chest muscle were selected for measuring AFB₁ residues , gene expressions , microscopic and antioxidant analyses . The results showed that adding 0.15 % feed additive in broiler diets could significantly relieve the negative effect of AFB₁ on chicken 's production performance and nutrient metabolic rates ( P<0.05 ) . It could also improve AFB₁ metabolism , hepatic cell structure , antioxidant activity , and many hepatic enzyme gene expressions involved in oxidoreductase , apoptosis , cell growth , immune system and metabolic process ( P<0.05 ) . It could be concluded that the feed additive was able to de grade AFB₁ and improve animal production AIM To investigate whether birch pollen allergy symptoms are linked with gut microbiota changes and whether probiotics have an effect on these . METHODS Forty seven children with confirmed birch pollen allergy were r and omized to receive either a probiotic combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus ( L. acidophilus ) NCFM ( ATCC 700396 ) and Bifidobacterium lactis ( B. lactis ) Bl-04 ( ATCC SD5219 ) or placebo in a double-blind manner for 4 mo , starting prior to onset of the birch pollen season . Symptoms were recorded in a diary . Blood sample s were taken for analysis of cytokines and eosinophils . Fecal sample s were analysed for microbiota components , calprotectin and IgA. Nasal swabs were taken for analysis of eosinophils . RESULTS The pollen season induced a reduction in Bifidobacterium , Clostridium and Bacteroides which could not be prevented by the probiotic intervention . During the intervention , significantly higher numbers of B. lactis 11.2 x 10(7 ) + /- 4.2 x 10(7 ) vs 0.1 x 10(7 ) + /- 0.1 x 10(7 ) bacteria/g feces ( P < 0.0001 ) and L. acidophilus NCFM 3.5 x 10(6 ) + /- 1.3 x 10(6 ) vs 0.2 x 10(6 ) + /- 0.1 x 10(6 ) bacteria/g feces ( P < 0.0001 ) were observed in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group . During May , there was a tendency for fewer subjects , ( 76.2 % vs 95.2 % , P = 0.078 ) to report runny nose , while during June , fewer subjects , 11.1 % vs 33.3 % , reported nasal blocking in the probiotics group ( P = 0.101 ) . Concomitantly , fewer subjects in the probiotic group had infiltration of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa compared to the placebo group , 57.1 % vs 95 % ( P = 0.013 ) . Eye symptoms tended to be slightly more frequent in the probiotic group , 12.5 d [ interquartile range ( IQR ) 6 - 18 ] vs 7.5 d ( IQR 0 - 11.5 ) ( P = 0.066 ) during May. Fecal IgA was increased in the placebo group during the pollen season ; this increase was prevented by the probiotics ( P = 0.028 ) . CONCLUSION Birch pollen allergy was shown to be associated with changes in fecal microbiota composition . The specific combination of probiotics used was shown to prevent the pollen-induced infiltration of eosinophils into the nasal mucosa , and indicated a trend for reduced nasal symptoms The study aim ed at determining the effect of inulin and /or a multispecies probiotic formulation on  gastrointestinal tract ( GIT ) morphology , immunological and haematological parameters . Forty-eight newly weaned piglets were assigned to four feeding groups , receiving a st and ard basal diet ( control ) , supplemented with 0.4 % inulin , probiotics ( 1 · 109 CFU/kg as fed , enterococci , lactobacilli , bifidobacteria ) or a combination of both ( synbiotic ) . After four weeks of ad libitum feeding piglets were slaughtered and intestinal tissue sample s were obtained for histometry . Additional tissue sample s of the GIT , mesenteric lymph nodes , blood , liver and spleen were taken for mRNA expression analysis of cell turnover ( CDK4 , caspase3 , IGF I ) , transcription factor NFκB and inflammatory marker genes ( TNFα , TGFβ ) . Changes in histometry occurred predominantly in the small intestine , showing higher jejunal villi when probiotics were administered alone ( p < 0.10 ) . Inulin  decreased the number of acidic goblet cells in jejunal villi ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas probiotics increased neutral goblet cells in ileal villi ( p < 0.05 ) . Though inflammatory marker genes were uninfluenced by treatment in the proximal GIT , the colon showed downregulations induced by inulin ( TNFα : p < 0.10 , TGFβ : p < 0.05 ) . Gene expression of CDK4 was upregulated in the jejunum and of TGFβ in the mesenteric lymph nodes in the probiotic groups . Interestingly , the probiotic group alone exhibited upregulations in cell turnover marker genes in the colon and blood . Furthermore , for numerous parameters , inulin and probiotics led to no synergistic but antagonistic interactions 
    Output:
    
Particular strains of Bifidobacteria , Lactobacilli , Escherichia coli , Propionibacterium , Bacillus and Saccharomyces influence the gene expression of mucins , Toll-like receptors , caspases , nuclear factor-κB , and interleukins and lead mainly to an anti-inflammatory response in cultured enterocytes .