***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims The aim of this single-site , r and omized , controlled , double-blind , 3-arm parallel study was to determine the effectiveness of a prophylaxis paste containing 15 % calcium sodium phosphosilicate ( CSPS ; NovaMin ® ) with and without fluoride in reducing dentine hypersensitivity immediately after a single application and 28 days following dental scaling and root planing . Material s & Methods Overall , 151 subjects were enrolled in this study . All subjects received a scaling and root planing procedure followed by a final prophylaxis step using one of three different prophylaxis pastes : Test-A ( 15 % NovaMin ® and NaF ) , Test-B ( 15 % NovaMin ® ) and a control . Dentine hypersensitivity was assessed by tactile stimulus ( Yeaple Probe ® ) and by air blast ( Schiff scale ) at baseline , immediately after and 28 days after a prophylaxis procedure . One hundred and forty-nine subjects completed the study . Results Subjects having received the test prophylaxis pastes showed statistically lower ( anova , p < 0.05 ) dentine hypersensitivity compared with the control group immediately after the prophylaxis procedure ( Yeaple Probe ® : Test-A = 20.9 ± 12.6 , Test-B = 22.7 ± 12.9 , Control=11.2 ± 3.1 ; Schiff score : Test-A = 1.1 ± 0.6 , Test-B = 1.1 ± 0.6 , Control = 2.0 ± 0.7 ) and after 28 days ( Yeaple probe : Test-A = 21.5 ± 11.9 , Test-B = 20.6 ± 11.3 , Control = 11.8 ± 6.0 ; Schiff score : Test-A = 1.0 ± 0.6 , Test-B = 1.0 ± 0.6 , Control = 2.0 ± 0.7 ) . Conclusions In conclusion , the single application of both fluori date d and non-fluori date d prophylaxis pastes containing 15 % CSPS ( NovaMin ® ) provided a significant reduction of dentine hypersensitivity up to at least 28 days The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two desensitizing agents in the reduction of dentin hypersensitivity in a r and omized , double-blind , split-mouth clinical trial . Seventy-seven teeth from 13 patients that presented some degree of sensitivity to probing and /or air stimulation were treated with one of the following desensitizing agents : Oxa-Gel ( G1 ) , Sensi Kill ( G2 ) and placebo gel ( G3 - control ) . According to paired t-test , all treatments , even the placebo gel , were capable of reducing sensitivity scores for both stimuli . Analysis of data by ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( ? = 0.05 ) showed that the sensitivity scores were significantly lower only for Sensi Kill in comparison to the other products ( Oxa-Gel and placebo ) , when air stimulus was applied . It may be concluded that treatment with Sensi Kill presented a slightly better performance in reducing dentin hypersensitivity when compared to the other desensitizing agent The aim of this r and omized , controlled , split-mouth , clinical study was to differentiate and clinical ly qualify the effectiveness of different desensitizing agents in the treatment of painful symptoms caused by cervical dentin hypersensitivity ( CDH ) . Two hundred- and -fifty-two teeth of 42 patients were distributed into seven groups ( n = 36 ) : G1 - placebo ; G2 , G3 , G4 and G6 - fluoride varnishes ; G5 - sodium fluoride ; G7 - potassium oxalate . Three applications were made one week apart . A three-score system ( Alfa = 0 , Bravo = 2 , and Charlie = 3 , respectively for no sensitivity , slight sensitivity and high sensitivity ) was used to assess CDH after each application and after 30 days . The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskall-Wallis and Dun tests . After the second week , statistically significant differences were observed for all material s compared with the baseline . After 30 days , Group G7 had presented a significant gradual reduction along all the evaluated time intervals . It was concluded that all the desensitizing agents were capable of reducing dentin hypersensitivity , with the exception of the placebo and the sodium fluoride groups OBJECTIVE Cervical tooth erosion is increasingly observed among adults and frequently associated with dentin sensitivity ( DS ) . This study evaluated the effectiveness on DS of a biomimetic mineralization system ( BIMIN ) in comparison to the current st and ard treatment ( Gluma ( ® ) Desensitizer , Gluma ) . METHODS In this single-blind , 2-arm study , 40 patients with confirmed cervical DS were r and omized to either the test group or the positive control group . A Visual-Analog-Scale ( VAS ) was used to assess DS following stimulation of the exposed dentin with a 2-s air blast . Assessment s were made at baseline ( pre-treatment ) , 2 days , 4 , 8 and 12 weeks , and 12 months after treatment . Two-stage replicas were obtained from the treated teeth and gold sputtered at baseline , and 2 days , 3 and 12 months after treatment . Surface topography of the treated cervical lesions and occlusion of dentinal tubules were investigated using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS Both treatments led to a statistically significant reduction ( P<0.0001 ) in DS that persisted over the entire 12-month observation period . Differences in DS between the treatments were not statistically significant . SEM photomicrographs demonstrated that a mineral layer concealed the dentinal tubules in the test group . In contrast , numerous dentinal tubules remained visible in cervical defects that were treated with Gluma . SIGNIFICANCE A biomimetic mineralization kit was successfully used to treat patients exhibiting DS . The effect was similar to using Gluma , and was likely the result of the deposition of an enamel-like layer on the exposed cervical dentin OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different interventions ( non-desensitising toothpaste , desensitising toothpaste and professionally applied dentine bonding agent ) in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity  over a 2-week , 3-month and 6-month-period in a dental practice setting . METHODS This was a r and omised controlled , single-blind ; parallel-group trial conducted in general dental practice by a single general dental practitioner . Seventy-five subjects were r and omly allocated to three groups ; non-desensitising toothpaste ( NDT ) , desensitising toothpaste ( DT ) and professionally applied desensitising agent ( DA ) . Dentinal hypersensitivity was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) to record the response from a st and ardised short blast of air from a triple syringe . Dentinal hypersensitivity was recorded at baseline , two weeks , three months and six months for all groups . RESULTS Dentinal hypersensitivity reduced significantly ( p<0.0001 ) in both groups DT and DA , in addition the reduction in sensitivity was sustained and continued to improve over a 6-month-period . The greatest reduction in dentinal hypersensitivity was recorded in group DA . CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that application of dentine bonding agents , to teeth diagnosed with dentine hypersensitivity provides the greatest improvement in dentine hypersensitivity at 2 weeks and 6 months . This reduction in dentine hypersensitivity is greater than that achieved by the desensitising toothpaste tested and a non-desensitising toothpaste Background Supporting 21st century health care and the practice of evidence -based medicine ( EBM ) requires ubiquitous access to clinical information and to knowledge-based re sources to answer clinical questions . Many questions go unanswered , however , due to lack of skills in formulating questions , crafting effective search strategies , and accessing data bases to identify best levels of evidence . Methods This r and omized trial was design ed as a pilot study to measure the relevancy of search results using three different interfaces for the PubMed search system . Two of the search interfaces utilized a specific framework called PICO , which was design ed to focus clinical questions and to prompt for publication type or type of question asked . The third interface was the st and ard PubMed interface readily available on the Web . Study subjects were recruited from interns and residents on an inpatient general medicine rotation at an academic medical center in the US . Thirty-one subjects were r and omized to one of the three interfaces , given 3 clinical questions , and asked to search PubMed for a set of relevant articles that would provide an answer for each question . The success of the search results was determined by a precision score , which compared the number of relevant or gold st and ard articles retrieved in a result set to the total number of articles retrieved in that set . Results Participants using the PICO templates ( Protocol A or Protocol B ) had higher precision scores for each question than the participants who used Protocol C , the st and ard PubMed Web interface . ( Question 1 : A = 35 % , B = 28 % , C = 20 % ; Question 2 : A = 5 % , B = 6 % , C = 4 % ; Question 3 : A = 1 % , B = 0 % , C = 0 % ) 95 % confidence intervals were calculated for the precision for each question using a lower boundary of zero . However , the 95 % confidence limits were overlapping , suggesting no statistical difference between the groups . Conclusion Due to the small number of search es for each arm , this pilot study could not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the search protocol s. However there was a trend towards higher precision that needs to be investigated in a larger study to determine if PICO can improve the relevancy of search results OBJECTIVES This r and omized clinical trial tested the three-month desensitizing effect of two protocol s using nano-hydroxyapatite formulations compared with Pro-Argin and fluoride varnish . METHODS Twenty-eight subjects with 137 teeth presenting dentin exposure with a minimal hypersensitivity of four on the visual analog scale ( VAS ) took part of this study . The subjects were r and omly assigned to four groups : Desensibilize Nano-P paste ( 20 % hydroxyapatite [ HAP ] , potassium nitrate , and sodium fluoride [ NaF ] ; 9000 ppm fluoride [ F ] ) ; Desensibilize Nano-P associated with experimental home-care pastes ( 10 % HA , potassium nitrate , and NaF ; 900 ppm F ) ; Pro-Relief professional paste ( 8 % arginine with Pro-Argin technology ) associated with home-care toothpaste ( 8 % arginine , sodium monofluorophosphate , 1450 ppm F ) ; and Duraphat professional varnish ( NaF varnish , 22,600 ppm F ) . The professional treatments were performed in weekly appointments over three weeks . The home-care products were used continuously for three months . A VAS was used to assess the tooth sensitivity response after st and ardized evaporative stimulus at baseline and after one month and three months . The baseline score was deducted from the final score , and the means were analyzed using nested analysis of variance , while the comparison between times was performed by a general linear model ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS At the first month all treatments were effective , but there were no significant differences among them ( p=0.94 ) . At the third month , despite the fact that NaF varnish had the lowest effect in reducing hypersensitivity , no significant difference was found among the treatments ( p=0.09 ) . Only Pro-Relief increased its effect over time ( p=0.049 ) . CONCLUSIONS Nano-hydroxyapatite formulations ( with or without home->care product association ) were as effective as the other treatments in reducing dentin hypersensitivity over three months OBJECTIVE Dentin hypersensitivity , or what patients may describe as " sensitive teeth , " is defined as a short , sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to thermal , evaporative , tactile , electrical , osmotic or chemical stimuli . It is widely accepted that dentin hypersensitivity is an uncomfortable condition that also affects function and quality of life . This study determines the differences in efficiency of three desensitizing products when compared with a placebo . METHODS A r and omized controlled clinical trial was conducted to compare three different  professional dentin desensitizer agents in 52 patients . The age and sex of the patients was recorded .  Gluma Desensitizer ( Heraeus Kulzer ) , UltraEZ ( Ultradent Products , Inc ) and Duraphat ( Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals , Inc , New York , NY , USA ) were used as desensitizer agents and distilled water was used as the placebo . The baseline measurement of the dentin hypersensitivity was made by using a visual analog scale ( VAS ) . Twenty-four hours and seven days after application of the desensitizer agents and placebo , a new VAS analysis was conducted for patients ' sensitivity level . The desensitizer agents were compared in terms of mean values , and ANOVA was used for testing differences among the groups ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS The results showed that the mean pain scores of the placebo group were significantly higher than that of the study groups ( p<0.05 ) . The VAS analysis revealed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity over time with the use of agents ( p<0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among the three desensitizing agents ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These three desensitizing agents , which contain different active ingredients , were effective in relieving dentin hypersensitivity . However , no superiority was found in dentin sensitivity relief among the agents OBJECTIVE The advent of dental lasers has raised another possible treatment option for dentine hypersensitivity ( DH ) and has become a research interest in the last decades . The aim of this r and omized , controlled , 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The results of pairwise meta- analysis suggest that among in-office treatments , dentinal tubule occlusion ( whether chemical or physical ) and nerve desensitization provide the best outcomes for treatment of dentin hypersensitivity .