***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: UNLABELLED This study determined the changes of calcium concentration in a medium containing teeth/biofilm exposed to Coffea canephora extract ( CCE ) . Enamel fragments were r and omly fixed into two 24-well polystyrene plates containing BHI . Pooled human saliva was added to form biofilm on fragments . Specimens were divided into treatment groups ( G , n = 8 per group ) and treated with 50 μl daily for 1 min per week , as follows : G1 , 20 % CCE ; G2 , Milli-Q water ( negative control ) ; G3 , antibiotic ( positive control ) . Six fragments represented the blank control ( G4 ) . The calcium content was observed at baseline , 4 and 7 days of treatment by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry . Cross-sectional hardness of enamel was a demineralization indicator . Calcium increased in the medium after 4 and 7 days of treatment in G1 ( 3·80 ± 1·3 mg l(-1 ) and 4·93 ± 2·1 mg l(-1 ) , respectively ) and G3 ( 4th day = 5·7 ± 1·8 mg l(-1 ) ; 7th day = 6·7 ± 3·5 mg l(-1 ) ) ( P > 0·05 ) . Calcium from G2 decreased after 7 days , which was different from G3 ( P < 0·05 ) . The lower calcium content , at the end of the experiment , was represented by G4 , 2·16 ± 0·2 mg l(-1 ) . The increase in calcium after treatment with CCE is probably due to its antibacterial effect , which caused the bacterial lysis and consequent release of calcium in the medium . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study revealed an inhibitory action of Coffea canephora against dental biofilm . This coffee species caused bacterial lysis and consequent release of calcium into the medium . Furthermore , the advantage of coffee as an antibacterial beverage is that it is consumed in a concentrated form ( 6 - 10 % ) as opposed to various medicinal infusions that have shown such effect in vitro and are usually consumed at 1 - 2 % . Therefore , a light roasted C. canephora aqueous extract can be considered as a potential anticariogenic substance In the present work , we studied the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract ( HAE ) from Punica granatum ( pomegranate ) fruits on dental plaque microorganisms . The study was conducted on 60 healthy patients ( 33 females and 27 males , with age ranging from 9 to 25 years ) using fixed orthodontic appliances , and r and omly distributed into 3 groups of 20 patients each . The first group ( control ) used distilled water , while the second and third groups used chlorhexidine ( st and ard ) and HAE as mouth-rinses , respectively . The dental plaque material was collected from each patient , before and after a 1-min mouth-rinse with 15 ml of either distilled water , chlorhexidine or HAE . In both dental plaque collection s , the material was removed from patients without oral hygiene , for 24 h ( no tooth brushing ) . Dental plaque sample s were diluted in phosphate buffered saline ( PBS ) plated on Mueller-Hinton agar , and incubated for 48 h , at 37 ° C . Results , expressed as the number of colony forming units per milliliter ( CFU/mL ) , show that the HAE was very effective against dental plaque microorganisms , decreasing the CFU/ml by 84 % ( CFU X105 , before mouth-rinse : 154.0 ±41.18 ; after mouth-rinse : 25.4 ±7.76 ) . While similar values were observed with chlorhexidine , used as st and ard and positive control ( 79 % inhibition ) , only an 11 % inhibition of CFU/ml was demonstrated in the distilled water group , negative control ( CFUX 105 , before mouth-rinse : chlorhexidine , 208.7 ±58.81 and distilled water , 81.1 ±10.12 ; after mouth-rinse : chlorhexidine , 44.0 ±15.85 and distilled water , 71.9 ±8.68 ) . The HAE presented also an antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms , and may be a possible alternative for the treatment of dental plaque bacteria OBJECTIVES The present study focused on isolation , characterization and evaluation of purified compounds from Morus alba  against Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation .  METHODS The effect of crude extract from M. alba leaves was evaluated against oral pathogens , chiefly S. mutans . MICs were determined by the microdilution method . The compound was purified by employing silica gel chromatography and critically analysed with GC-MS , NMR and IR spectroscopy . The S. mutans traits of adherence and biofilm formation were assessed at sub-MIC concentrations of the crude extract and purified compound . Both water-soluble and alkali-soluble polysaccharide were estimated to determine the effect of the purified compound on the extracellular polysaccharide secretion of S. mutans . Its effect on biofilm architecture was also investigated with the help of confocal microscopy . RESULTS The purified compound of M. alba showed an 8-fold greater reduction of MIC against S. mutans than the crude extract ( MICs , 15.6 and 125 mg/L , respectively ) . The extract strongly inhibited biofilm formation of S. mutans at its active accumulation and plateau phases . The purified compound led to a 22 % greater reduction in alkali-soluble polysaccharide than in water-soluble polysaccharide . The purified compound was found to be  1-deoxynojirimycin ( DNJ ) . Confocal microscopy revealed that DNJ distorts the biofilm architecture of S. mutans . CONCLUSIONS The whole study reflects a prospect i ve role of DNJ as a therapeutic agent by controlling the overgrowth and biofilm formation of S. mutans This double-blind , r and omized control trial sought to evaluate the clinical effects of 3 mouthrinses against salivary mutans streptococci ( MS ) .  Ninety high-caries risk volunteers were r and omly assigned to 3 groups , each group using a selected mouthrinse BID for 30 days . Subjects in Group 1 rinsed with 10 ml of 50 % Acacia nilotica , Group 2 subjects rinsed with 10 ml of 0.2 % chlorhexidine ( active control ) , and subjects in Group 3 rinsed with saline water ( passive control ) . Unstimulated saliva sample s were collected at baseline , 30 , and 60 days . MS were cultured on mitis salivarius bacitracin agar , and colony counts were obtained . The margin of error was fixed at 5 % . ANOVA and post hoc least significant difference tests were performed . There were significant decreases in the MS colony count in the A. nilotica and chlorhexidine groups at 30 days ( 85 % and 83 % , respectively ) and at 60 days ( 65 % and 63 % , respectively ) ( P < 0.0001 ) . The antibacterial action of A. nilotica against MS was similar to that of chlorhexidine Aim : To determine the anti-carious effect of coffee in humans .  Coffee represents one of the most consumed products by the population . Material s and Methods : A r and om sample of 1000 individuals , of both sexes , who consumed only coffee as a beverage and who visited the Out-Patient Department of KLE Society 's Institute of Dental Sciences , with a dental complaint and no history of any major illness , were considered as subjects . The patients ' histories with regard to the coffee intake , such as , period of consumption , frequency of consumption , whether taken with milk or wihout milk , with sugar or without sugar , and the br and make , was noted . History of the type of diet , consumption of sweets , periodicity of brushing , and whether they had undergone fluoride applications were also noted . A thous and patients who consumed beverages  other than coffee were taken as the control . Results : The results showed that coffee most consumed was roasted coffee , and the frequency on an average was about three cups per day , for an average period of 35 years . The Decayed/Missing/Filled Surface ( DMFS ) scores varied from 2.9 , in subjects who drank black coffee , to 5.5 in subjects who consumed coffee together with sweeteners and creaming agents . The DMFS score was 3.4 in subjects who consumed coffee together with milk but no sugar . The DMFS score of the control subjects was 4 , indicating that coffee if consumed alone had anticaries action , but in the presence of additives the antibacterial and anticaries action was totally minimized . Conclusion : Thus coffee can help in prevention of dental caries if consumed without additives 
    Output:
    
The data of 14 reports disclosed enhanced antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity by the plant extracts obtained from Vitis vinifera , Pinus spp . ,
Overall , a positive correlation was revealed between herb-based therapies and elimination rates of all types of multispecies oral biofilms .
In that context , integrating or even replacing conventional dental therapy protocol s with herbal-inspired treatments can allow effective antimicrobial control of oral biofilms and thus , dental diseases