***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: One hundred thirteen community dwelling subjects between the ages of 50 and 75 without dementia were recruited . A blind administrator r and omly assigned 54 subjects to placebo and 59 to active treatment groups . The active treatment consisted of four months treatment with a complex antioxidant blend . Placebo treatment was an identical gel and bottle administered for four months . Forty-eight active subjects and 38 placebo subjects completed the study . Memory testing with a 50 part paired association test and a 20-word immediate recall test were significantly improved , p=0.015 and p=0.005 respectively . A secondary study of serum homocysteine was completed in 25 active treatment subjects and 17 placebo subjects . Significant reduction in serum homocysteine levels was seen in the active treatment subjects ( p=0.005 ) . A complex antioxidant blend taken over four months improves performance on two difficult memory tests in community dwelling elderly subjects . Furthermore , the antioxidant significantly reduced the serum homocysteine level in treatment group Background About one-third of people older than 65 years fall at least once a year . Physical exercise has been previously demonstrated to improve gait , enhance physical fitness , and prevent falls . Nonetheless , the addition of cognitive training components may potentially increase these effects , since cognitive impairment is related to gait irregularities and fall risk . We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive – physical training would lead to greater improvements in dual-task ( DT ) gait compared to exclusive physical training . Methods Elderly persons older than 70 years and without cognitive impairment were r and omly assigned to the following groups : 1 ) virtual reality video game dancing ( DANCE ) , 2 ) treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training ( MEMORY ) , or 3 ) treadmill walking ( PHYS ) . Each program was complemented with strength and balance exercises . Two 1-hour training sessions per week over 6 months were applied . Gait variables , functional fitness ( Short Physical Performance Battery , 6-minute walk ) , and fall frequencies were assessed at baseline , after 3 months and 6 months , and at 1-year follow-up . Multiple regression analyses with planned comparisons were carried out . Results Eighty-nine participants were r and omized to three groups initially ; 71 completed the training and 47 were available at 1-year follow-up . DANCE/MEMORY showed a significant advantage compared to PHYS in DT costs of step time variability at fast walking ( P=0.044 ) . Training-specific gait adaptations were found on comparing DANCE and MEMORY : DANCE reduced step time at fast walking ( P=0.007 ) and MEMORY reduced gait variability in DT and DT costs at preferred walking speed ( both trend P=0.062 ) . Global linear time effects showed improved gait ( P<0.05 ) , functional fitness ( P<0.05 ) , and reduced fall frequency ( −77 % , P<0.001 ) . Only single-task fast walking , gait variability at preferred walking speed , and Short Physical Performance Battery were reduced at follow-up ( all P<0.05 or trend ) . Conclusion Long-term multicomponent cognitive – physical and exclusive physical training programs demonstrated similar potential to counteract age-related decline in physical functioning BACKGROUND Despite widespread use of multivitamin supplements , their effect on cognitive health-a critical issue with aging-remains inconclusive . To date , no long-term clinical trials have studied multivitamin use and cognitive decline in older persons . OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether long-term multivitamin supplementation affects cognitive health in later life . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of a multivitamin from 1997 to 1 June 2011 . The cognitive function sub study began in 1998 . Up to 4 repeated cognitive assessment s by telephone interview were completed over 12 years . ( Clinical Trials.gov : NCT00270647 ) SETTING : The Physicians ' Health Study II . PATIENTS 5947 male physicians aged 65 years or older . INTERVENTION Daily multivitamin or placebo . MEASUREMENTS A global composite score averaging 5 tests of global cognition , verbal memory , and category fluency . The secondary end point was a verbal memory score combining 4 tests of verbal memory , which is a strong predictor of Alzheimer disease . RESULTS No difference was found in mean cognitive change over time between the multivitamin and placebo groups or in the mean level of cognition at any of the 4 assessment s. Specifically , for the global composite score , the mean difference in cognitive change over follow-up was -0.01 SU ( 95 % CI , -0.04 to 0.02 SU ) when treatment was compared with placebo . Similarly , cognitive performance did not differ between the multivitamin and placebo groups on the secondary outcome , verbal memory ( mean difference in cognitive change over follow-up , -0.005 SU [ CI , -0.04 to 0.03 SU ] ) . LIMITATION Doses of vitamins may be too low or the population may be too well-nourished to benefit from a multivitamin . CONCLUSION In male physicians aged 65 years or older , long-term use of a daily multivitamin did not provide cognitive benefits . PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health , BASF , Pfizer , and DSM Nutritional Products Purpose To assess the effects of creatine supplementation , associated or not with strength training , upon emotional and cognitive measures in older woman . Methods This is a 24-week , parallel-group , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . The individuals were r and omly allocated into one of the following groups ( n=14 each ) : 1 ) placebo , 2 ) creatine supplementation , 3 ) placebo associated with strength training or 4 ) creatine supplementation associated with strength training . According to their allocation , the participants were given creatine ( 4 x 5 g/d for 5 days followed by 5 g/d ) or placebo ( dextrose at the same dosage ) and were strength trained or not .  Cognitive function , assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests involving memory , selective attention , and inhibitory control , and emotional measures , assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale , were evaluated at baseline , after 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention . Muscle strength and food intake were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks . Results After the 24-week intervention , both training groups ( ingesting creatine supplementation and placebo ) had significant reductions on the Geriatric Depression Scale scores when compared with the non-trained placebo group ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.01 , respectively ) and the non-trained creatine group ( p < 0.001 for both comparison ) . However , no significant differences were observed between the non-trained placebo and creatine ( p = 0.60 ) groups , or between the trained placebo and creatine groups ( p = 0.83 ) . Both trained groups , irrespective of creatine supplementation , had better muscle strength performance than the non-trained groups . Neither strength training nor creatine supplementation altered any parameter of cognitive performance . Food intake remained unchanged . Conclusion Creatine supplementation did not promote any significant change in cognitive function and emotional parameters in apparently healthy older individuals . In addition , strength training per se improved emotional state and muscle strength , but not cognition , with no additive effects of creatine supplementation . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov BACKGROUND Prior investigations have reported a link between poor status of antioxidants , folate , and cobalamin result ing in elevated total plasma homocysteine ( tHcy ) and methylmalonic acid ( MMA ) concentrations with an increased risk for reduced cognitive performance . The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a 6-month multivitamin supplementation on the cognitive performance of female seniors and to assess cognitive functioning in relation to vitamin status , tHcy , and MMA values at baseline . METHODS The study was performed as a r and omized placebo-controlled double-blind trial . 220 healthy , free-living women ( aged 60 - 91 years ) were included .  Blood drawings and cognitive tests were performed at the Institute of Food Science of the University of Hanover , Germany . Vitamin and cognitive status have been evaluated prior to and 6 months after supplementation . Plasma ascorbic acid , serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol , beta-carotene , and coenzyme Q10 , serum and erythrocyte folate as well as serum cobalamin , serum MMA , and plasma tHcy concentrations were measured . Activity coefficient of erythrocyte alpha aspartic aminotransferase was used as functional index for vitamin B(6 ) status . The cognitive performance was assessed by the Symbol Search test , a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( WAIS-III ) and the pattern-recognition test . Intelligence as assessed by the ' Kurztest für Allgemeine Intelligenz ' ( KAI ) was a further variable . RESULTS No significant differences in pattern-recognition and intelligence score were observed between vitamin and placebo group prior to and after multivitamin supplementation . In the Symbol Search test , the vitamin group exhibited better test results than the placebo group at both measure points . One-way ANOVA showed a marginally significant linear trend between the baseline tHcy concentration and the pattern-recognition score ( P = 0.051 ) in the total sample . Multiple backward regression revealed only a significant influence of the school graduation on baseline cognitive function test results . A general linear model showed that the changes in cognitive function scores could not be explained by the type of treatment or blood parameters . CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that 6 months supplementation of physiological dosages of antioxidants and B vitamins have no effect on cognitive performance in presumedly healthy and well-nourished female seniors . An intervention period of only 6 months may be too short for improving cognitive performance in well-educated elderly women without dementia Background Observational studies have frequently reported an association between cognitive function and nutrition in later life but r and omised trials of B vitamins and antioxidant supplements have mostly found no beneficial effect . We examined the effect of daily supplementation with 11 vitamins and 5 minerals on cognitive function in older adults to assess the possibility that this could help to prevent cognitive decline . Methods The study was carried out as part of a r and omised double blind placebo controlled trial of micronutrient supplementation based in six primary care health centres in North East Scotl and . 910 men and women aged 65 years and over living in the community were recruited and r and omised : 456 to active treatment and 454 to placebo . The active treatment consisted of a single tablet containing eleven vitamins and five minerals in amounts ranging from 50–210 % of the UK Reference Nutrient Intake or matching placebo tablet taken daily for 12 months . Digit span forward and verbal fluency tests , which assess immediate memory and executive functioning respectively , were conducted at the start and end of the intervention period . Risk of micronutrient deficiency at baseline was assessed by a simple risk question naire . Results For digit span forward there was no evidence of an effect of supplements in all participants or in sub-groups defined by age or risk of deficiency . For verbal fluency there was no evidence of a beneficial effect in the whole study population but there was weak evidence for a beneficial effect of supplementation in the two pre-specified subgroups : in those aged 75 years and over ( n 290 ; mean difference between supplemented and placebo groups 2.8 ( 95 % CI -0.6 , 6.2 ) units ) and in those at increased risk of micronutrient deficiency assessed by the risk question naire ( n 260 ; mean difference between supplemented and placebo groups 2.5 ( 95 % CI -1.0 , 6.1 ) units ) . Conclusion The results provide no evidence for a beneficial effect of daily multivitamin and multimineral supplements on these domains of cognitive function in community-living people over 65 years . However , the possibility of beneficial effects in older people and those at greater risk of nutritional deficiency deserves further attention Different types of exercise training have the potential to induce structural and functional brain plasticity in the elderly . Thereby , functional brain adaptations were observed during cognitive tasks in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that correlated with improved cognitive performance . This study aim ed to investigate if exercise training induces functional brain plasticity during challenging treadmill walking and elicits associated changes in cognitive executive functions . Forty-two elderly participants were recruited and r and omly assigned to either interactive cognitive-motor video game dancing ( DANCE ) or balance and stretching training ( BALANCE ) . The 8-week intervention included three sessions of 30 min per week and was completed by 33 participants ( mean age 74.9 ± 6.9 years ) . Prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) activity during preferred and fast walking speed on a treadmill was assessed applying functional near infrared spectroscopy pre- and post-intervention . Additionally , executive functions comprising shifting , inhibition , and working memory were assessed . The results showed that both interventions significantly reduced left and right hemispheric PFC oxygenation during the acceleration of walking ( p < 0.05 or trend , r = 0.25–0.36 ) , while DANCE showed a larger reduction at the end of the 30-s walking task compared to BALANCE in the left PFC [ F(1 , 31 ) = 3.54 , p = 0.035 , r = 0.32 ] . These exercise training induced modulations in PFC oxygenation correlated with improved executive functions ( p < 0.05 or trend , r = 0.31–0.50 ) . The observed reductions 
    Output:
    
In rodent studies , additive effects were found for docosahexaenoic acid supplementation when combined with physical exercise .
The reason for no clear effects of combinatory approaches in humans might be explained by the misfit between the combinations of nutritional methods with the physical interventions in the sense that they were not selected on sharing of similar neuronal mechanisms .