***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Determine whether Color Me Healthy ( CMH ) , an interactive nutrition and physical activity program for preschool children , increases fruit and vegetable consumption . DESIGN Intervention study . Data were collected at baseline , 1 week post-intervention , and 3 months post-intervention . SETTING Child care centers . PARTICIPANTS Preschool children ( n = 263 ) in 17 child care centers . INTERVENTION Child care centers were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions ; children ( n = 165 ) in 10 centers received the CMH curriculum , and children ( n = 98 ) in 7 centers acted as comparisons and did not receive the curriculum . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Process and outcome evaluation . Consumption of fruit and vegetable snacks . ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using repeated- measures analysis of variance and hierarchical linear modeling . RESULTS Children who received CMH significantly increased their consumption of fruit snacks by approximately 20.8 % and vegetable snacks by approximately 33.1 % between baseline assessment and the assessment conducted 3 months after the completion of the CMH program . Hierarchical linear modeling determined that group assignment ( ie , CMH or control ) was the only significant predictor of fruit and vegetable consumption . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S Findings suggest that CMH may be used in child care setting s for developing healthful eating habits The increasing prevalence of childhood overweight makes children an important target for health promotion programmes . An intervention was design ed for mothers to provide more vegetables to their daughters ’ diet . A r and omized controlled trial compared a self-regulation condition with a control condition in 155 mothers aged 25–50 years . Dependent variable was  children ’s ( aged 6–11 years ) vegetable consumption  which was reported by their mothers at three points in time . After baseline ( Time 1 ) , the intervention group received theory-based instructional leaflets to promote self-regulatory skills for providing a healthy nutrition for children . Changes were assessed after two weeks ( Time 2 ) and at three-month follow-up ( Time 3 ) . The self-regulation intervention in mothers led to an increase in vegetable intake among their daughters at Time 2 but not at Time 3 . However , maintenance of vegetable consumption at Time 3 was mediated by the amount of vegetable intake at Time 2 . Engaging mothers in self-regulatory health promotion programmes may be a feasible strategy to facilitate more vegetable intake among their daughters OBJECTIVE The High 5 for Preschool Kids ( H5-KIDS ) program tested the effectiveness of a home based intervention to teach parents how to ensure a positive fruit-vegetable ( FV ) environment for their preschool child , and to examine whether changes in parent behavior were associated with improvements in child intake . METHODS A group r and omized nested cohort design was conducted ( 2001 to 2006 ) in rural , southeast Missouri with 1306 parents and their children participating in Parents As Teachers , a national parent education program . RESULTS When compared to control parents , H5-KIDS parents reported an increase in FV servings ( MN=0.20 , p=0.05 ) , knowledge and availability of FV within the home ( p=0.01 ) , and decreased their use of noncoercive feeding practice s ( p=0.02 ) . Among preschoolers , FV servings increased in normal weight ( MN=0.35 , p=0.02 ) but not overweight children ( MN=-0.10 , p=0.48 ) , relative to controls . The parent 's change in FV servings was a significant predictor of child 's change in FV in the H5-KIDS group ( p=0.001 ) . CONCLUSION H5-KIDS suggests the need for , and promise of , early home intervention for childhood obesity prevention . It demonstrates the importance of participatory approaches in developing externally valid interventions , with the potential for dissemination across national parent education programs as a means for improving the intake of parents and young children Background Mexico has the highest adult overweight and obesity prevalence in the Americas ; 23.8 % of children < 5 years old are at risk for overweight and 9.7 % are already overweight or obese . Creciendo Sanos was a pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschoolers in Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social ( IMSS ) clinics . Methods We r and omized 4 IMSS primary care clinics to either 6 weekly educational sessions promoting healthful nutrition and physical activity or usual care . We recruited 306 parent-child pairs : 168 intervention , 138 usual care . Children were 2 - 5 years old with WHO body mass index ( BMI ) z-score 0 - 3 . We measured children ’s height and weight and parents reported children ’s diet and physical activity at baseline and 3 and 6-month follow-up . We analyzed behavioral and BMI outcomes with generalized mixed models incorporating multiple imputation for missing values . Results 93 ( 55 % ) intervention and 96 ( 70 % ) usual care families completed 3 and 6-month follow-up . At 3 months , intervention v. usual care children  increased vegetables by 6.3 servings/week ( 95 % CI , 1.8 , 10.8 ) . In stratified analyses , intervention participants with high program adherence ( 5 - 6 sessions ) decreased snacks and screen time and increased vegetables v. usual care .  No further effects on behavioral outcomes or BMI were observed . Transportation time and expenses were barriers to adherence . 90 % of parents who completed the post-intervention survey were satisfied with the program . Conclusions Although satisfaction was high among participants , barriers to participation and retention included transportation cost and time . In intention to treat analyses , we found intervention effects on vegetable intake , but not other behaviors or BMI .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01539070.Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica del IMSS : 2009 - 785 - 120 Children 's consumption of vegetables is still below recommendations . Since preference is the most important predictor of children 's intake and most children dislike vegetables , new strategies are needed to increase their preferences for vegetables . Flavour nutrient learning ( FNL ) could be an effective mechanism to change preferences . Forty healthy toddlers were included in a r and omized intervention study . During an intervention period of 7weeks , they consumed vegetable soups ( endive and spinach ) twice per week . Half of the group received a high-energy variant of one soup ( e.g. HE spinach ) and a low energy variant of the other ( LE endive ) , whereas for the other half the order was reversed ( HE endive , LE spinach ) . Primary outcome measures were preference and ad libitum consumption ( with a maximum of 200 g ) of both vegetable products ( LE ) , measured before , shortly after the intervention period , and 2 and 6months following conditioning to assess longer-term effects . After completion of the intervention period , 28 children ( 14 girls and 14 boys , age 35months ; SD±8.3 ) met criteria for FNL to occur , and were included in further data analysis . Results showed a significant increase ( ~58 g ) in ad libitum intake for both vegetable soups ( stable over time ) , but irrespective of the energy content . This indicates a robust effect of mere exposure on intake , but no FNL . For preference , however , results showed a significant shift in liking for the vegetable soup consistently paired with high energy , supporting FNL Breastfeeding ( BF ) is associated with willingness to accept vegetables . This may be due to the variety of flavours delivered via breast milk . Some mothers add vegetables to milk during complementary feeding ( CF ) to enhance acceptance . The present study tested a step-by-step exposure to vegetables in milk then rice during CF , on intake and liking of vegetables . Just before CF , enrolled mothers were r and omised to an intervention ( IG , n = 18 ; 6 BF ) or control group ( CG , n = 18 ; 6 BF ) . IG infants received 12 daily exposures to vegetable puree added to milk ( days 1 - 12 ) , then 12 × 2 daily exposures to vegetable puree added to rice at home ( days 13 - 24 ) . Plain milk and rice were given to CG . Then both received 11 daily exposures to vegetable puree . Intake was weighed and liking rated on days 25 - 26 and 33 - 35 after the start of CF in the laboratory , supplemented by the same data recorded at home . Vegetables were rotated daily ( carrots , green beans , spinach , broccoli ) . Intake , liking and pace of eating were greater for IG than CG infants . Intake and liking of carrots were greater than green beans . However , at 6 m then 18 m follow up , vegetable ( carrot > green beans ) but not group differences were observed . Mothers reported appreciation of the structure and guidance of this systematic approach . Early exposure to vegetables in a step-by-step method could be included in CF guidelines and longer term benefits assessed by extending the exposure period Children are not consuming sufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables in their habitual diet . Methods derived from associative learning theories could be effective at promoting vegetable intake in pre-school children . The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of different learning strategies in promoting the intake of a novel vegetable . Children aged between 9 and 38 months were recruited from UK nurseries . The children ( n 72 ) were r and omly assigned to one of three conditions ( repeated exposure , flavour-flavour learning or flavour-nutrient learning ) . Each child was offered ten exposures to their respective version of a novel vegetable ( artichoke ) . Pre- and post-intervention measures of  artichoke purée  and  carrot purée ( control vegetable ) intake were taken . At pre-intervention , carrot intake was significantly higher than artichoke intake ( P<0·05 ) . Intake of both vegetables increased over time ( P<0·001 ) ; however , when changes in intake were investigated , artichoke intake increased significantly more than carrot intake ( P<0·001 ) . Artichoke intake increased to the same extent in all three conditions , and this effect was persistent up to 5 weeks post-intervention . Five exposures were sufficient to increase intake compared to the first exposure ( P<0·001 ) . Repeated exposure to three variants of a novel vegetable was sufficient to increase intake of this vegetable , regardless of the addition of a familiar taste or energy . Repetition is therefore a critical factor for promoting novel vegetable intake in pre-school children OBJECTIVE This intervention sought to promote healthy eating with the ultimate goal of reducing childhood obesity risk . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Three hundred and sixty-one Latino families living on the US-Mexico border with at least one child between 7 - 13 years of age were eligible to participate . Families r and omly assigned to the four-month intervention received 14 contacts with a promotora ( community health worker ) , consisting of 11 home visits and three telephone calls ; the control condition was a delayed treatment intervention . Children reported on their dietary intake at baseline , immediately post-intervention and at the six month follow-up visit . RESULTS The intervention reduced weekly consumption of fast food ( p<0.05 ) . A dose-response relationship was observed such that for every seven hours of promotora contact , monthly variety of fruits ( p<0.01 ) and vegetables ( p<0.01 ) increased by one . No other intervention effects were observed . CONCLUSIONS Family-based interventions can improve children 's  eating habits , with the amount of contact with the promotora being key to success Dietary patterns are useful in nutritional epidemiology , providing a comprehensive alternative to the traditional approach based on single nutrients . The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a prospect i ve cohort study with a 21-year follow-up . At baseline , detailed quantitative information on subjects ' food consumption was obtained using a  48 h dietary recall method ( n 1768 , aged 3 - 18 years ) . The interviews were repeated after 6 and 21 years ( n 1200 and n 1037 , respectively ) . We conducted a principal component analysis to identify major dietary patterns at each study point . A set of two similar patterns was recognised throughout the study . Pattern 1 was positively correlated with consumption of traditional Finnish foods , such as rye , potatoes , milk , butter , sausages and coffee , and negatively correlated with fruit , berries and dairy products other than milk .  Pattern 1 type of diet was more common among male subjects , smokers and those living in rural areas . Pattern 2 , predominant among female subjects , non-smokers and in urban areas , was characterised by more health-conscious food choices such as vegetables , legumes and nuts , tea , rye , cheese and other dairy products , and also by consumption of alcoholic beverages . Tracking of the pattern scores was observed , particularly among subjects who were adolescents at baseline . Of those originally belonging to the uppermost quintile of pattern 1 and 2 scores , 41 and 38 % respectively , persisted in the same quintile 21 years later . Our results suggest that food behaviour and concrete food choices are established already in childhood or adolescence and may significantly track into adulthood BACKGROUND & AIMS To assess the effects of a low cost behavioral prevention program in a preschool setting . METHODS 64 Kindergartens in 4 Bavarian regions were r and omly assigned as intervention or controls in a 2:1 ratio . Sample s of 1318 and 1340 children examined in the school entrance health examination at 5.7+/-2.6 and 17.6+/-2.3 months ( mean+/-st and ard deviation for first and second sample 
    Output:
    
Intervention effectiveness was associated with number of setting s targeted and frequency of contact but not length of intervention .
Planning for social support , vegetable exposure and provision of staff training were commonly used behaviour change techniques in effective interventions .
This review has identified strategies that may optimise effectiveness of future home-based and community-based interventions aim ing to increase vegetable intake in young children