***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A prospect i ve study in non-institutionalised Australian elderly aged 60 years and over commenced in Dubbo , NSW in 1988 . AIM To examine the relationship between all-causes mortality and alcohol intake . METHODS The data were derived from a community-based sample comprising 1236 men and 1569 women followed for a median period of 77 months . Regular alcohol intake was reported by 78 % of men and 52 % of women . Eighty-seven per cent of men and 44 % of women primarily drank beer . RESULTS Death occurred in 305 men and 236 women , 34 % and 39 % respectively from coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . In a proportional hazards model , the hazard ratio ( HR ) for all-causes mortality in male drinkers , compared with abstainers , was 0.75 at one-seven drinks/week , 0.76 at eight-14 drinks/week , 0.69 at 15 - 28 drinks/week and 0.49 at > 28 drinks/week ( p < 0.04 ) , an inverse relationship . In female drinkers , HR was 0.78 at one-seven drinks/week , 0.49 at eight-14 drinks/week ( p < 0.04 ) and 0.62 at 15 - 28 drinks/weeks , potentially a U shaped relationship . The effect on all-causes mortality could not be attributed to a differential effect of beer versus wine/spirit intake . Although the mortality rate was lower in those taking any alcohol compared with abstainers , those taking any alcohol exhibited an increased proportion of deaths due to cancer at the expense of a reduced proportion of CHD and stroke deaths . CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intake in the Dubbo elderly appears to be independently associated with a significant increase in life expectancy . Mechanisms underlying the effect may emerge at a longer interval of follow-up CONTEXT Basic research and observational evidence as well as results from trials of colon polyp recurrence suggest a role for aspirin in the chemoprevention of cancer . OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of aspirin on the risk of cancer among healthy women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS In the Women 's Health Study , a r and omized 2 x 2 factorial trial of aspirin and vitamin E conducted between September 1992 and March 2004 , 39 876 US women aged at least 45 years and initially without previous history of cancer , cardiovascular disease , or other major chronic illness were r and omly assigned to receive either aspirin or aspirin placebo and followed up for an average of 10.1 years . INTERVENTION A dose of 100 mg of aspirin ( n=19 934 ) or aspirin placebo ( n=19 942 ) administered every other day . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Confirmed newly diagnosed invasive cancer at any site , except for nonmelanoma skin cancer . Incidence of breast , colorectal , and lung cancer were secondary end points . RESULTS No effect of aspirin was observed on total cancer ( n = 2865 ; relative risk [ RR ] , 1.01 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.94 - 1.08 ; P = .87 ) , breast cancer ( n = 1230 ; RR , 0.98 ; 95 % CI , 0.87 - 1.09 ; P = .68 ) , colorectal cancer ( n = 269 ; RR , 0.97 ; 95 % CI , 0.77 - 1.24 ; P = .83 ) , or cancer of any other site , with the exception of lung cancer for which there was a trend toward reduction in risk ( n = 205 ; RR , 0.78 ; 95 % CI , 0.59 - 1.03 ; P = .08 ) . There was also no reduction in cancer mortality either overall ( n = 583 ; RR , 0.95 ; 95 % CI , 0.81 - 1.11 ; P = .51 ) or by site , except for lung cancer mortality ( n = 140 ; RR , 0.70 ; 95 % CI , 0.50 - 0.99 ; P = .04 ) . No evidence of differential effects of aspirin by follow-up time or interaction with vitamin E was found . CONCLUSIONS Results from this large-scale , long-term trial suggest that alternate day use of low-dose aspirin ( 100 mg ) for an average 10 years of treatment does not lower risk of total , breast , colorectal , or other site-specific cancers . A protective effect on lung cancer or a benefit of higher doses of aspirin can not be ruled out Aims /hypothesisModerate alcohol intake has been associated with increased life expectancy due to reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease . We prospect ively examined the effects of alcohol consumption on mortality in Type 2 diabetic patients in Switzerl and . Methods A total of 287 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 125 women , 162 men ) , recruited in Switzerl and for the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes , were included in this study . After a follow-up period of 12.6±0.6 years ( means ± SD ) , mortality from CHD and from all causes was assessed . Results During the follow-up , 70 deaths occurred ( 21 from CHD , 49 from other causes ) . Compared with non-drinkers , alcohol consumers who drank alcohol 1 to 15 g , 16 to 30 g and 30 g or more per day had the following risk rates of death from CHD : 0.87 ( 95 % CI : 0.25 to 2.51 , NS ) , 0.00 ( 95 % CI : 0.00 to 0.92 , p less than 0.05 ) and 0.37 ( 95 % CI , 0.01 to 2.42 , NS ) , respectively . The corresponding risk rates of death from all causes were 1.27 ( 95 % CI : 0.68 to 2.28 , NS ) , 0.36 ( 95 % CI : 0.09 to 0.99 , p less than 0.05 ) and 1.66 ( 95 % CI : 0.76 to 3.33 , NS ) . Conclusions /interpretationIn Swiss Type 2 diabetic patients moderate alcohol consumption of 16 to 30 g per day was associated with reduced mortality from CHD and from all causes . Alcohol intake above 30 g per day was associated with a tendency towards increased all-cause mortality BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is still conflicting evidence regarding a link between alcohol drinking and the risk of stroke . In most prospect i ve studies , the assessment of the alcohol drinking has been based on self-reporting , which may be unreliable . The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between stroke and both the self-reported alcohol drinking and the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase ( GGT ) concentration , which was regarded as a biological marker of alcohol drinking . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study of 14 874 Finnish men and women aged 25 to 64 years who participated in a cardiovascular risk-factor survey in 1982 or 1987 . The following risk factors , determined at baseline , were included in data analyses : self-reported alcohol drinking , GGT , smoking , blood pressure , serum cholesterol , and body mass index . The cohorts were followed until the end of 1994 . Stroke events were identified through the national death registry and hospital discharge registry by computerized record linkage . RESULTS Serum GGT concentration was associated with the risk of total and ischemic stroke in both genders . There was also a significant association among men between GGT and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and among women between GGT and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage . The relationships remained statistically significant also after adjustment for other risk factors . Self-reported alcohol drinking did not associate with any type of stroke . CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that excessive alcohol drinking is related to an increased risk of stroke . Biological markers of alcohol drinking , such as serum GGT level , are useful for the assessment of risks related to alcohol drinking Background Most studies on the effect of alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease or all-cause mortality assess alcohol intake at one point in time and therefore do not take into consideration changes in drinking habits over time . We investigate whether a second assessment of alcohol intake substantially improves estimation of the effects of alcohol intake on these outcomes . Design A prospect i ve cohort study of 2710 men and women , age 35 - 64 years at baseline in 1984/85 in the Augsburg region in southern Germany . We recorded incident fatal and  non-fatal coronary events and all-cause mortality until 1997 .  Alcohol intake  and other explanatory variables were assessed in 1984/85 and 1987/88 . Methods Based on these assessment s , participants were classified as non-drinkers , quitters , starters and constant drinkers . We calculated hazard rate ratios for coronary events and all-cause mortality in these groups and adjusted for several potential confounders using Cox 's proportional hazards model . These estimates were compared with hazard rate ratios based on a single assessment of alcohol intake in 1987/88 . Results Among male constant drinkers the adjusted hazard rate ratio ( HRR ) for coronary events was lowest among those consuming 0.1 - 19.9 g alcohol per day , compared with non-drinkers [ HRR 0.29 ; 95 % confidence interval ( Cl ) 0.12 - 0.70 ] . The lowest all-cause mortality risk was observed among men drinking 20.0 - 39.9 g per day ( HRR 0.48 ; 95 % Cl 0.26 - 0.88 ) . In female constant drinkers the HRR for all-cause mortality was 0.71 ( 95 % Cl 0.40 - 1.26 ) for those reporting 0.1 - 19.9 g daily alcohol consumption . Hazard rate ratios for alcohol intake classified by two assessment s consistently revealed a more pronounced beneficial effect of alcohol consumption than those for alcohol intake groups based on a single measurement . Conclusions Assessment of alcohol intake at two points in time seems slightly to improve the risk estimation for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and for all-cause mortality , compared with a single measurement . Thus , our findings strengthen the evidence of a beneficial effect of light to moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality BACKGROUND Red meat consumption has been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases . However , its relationship with mortality remains uncertain . METHODS We prospect ively observed 37 698 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1986 - 2008 ) and 83 644 women from the Nurses ' Health Study ( 1980 - 2008 ) who were free of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and cancer at baseline .  Diet was assessed by vali date d food frequency question naires and up date d every 4 years . RESULTS We documented 23 926 deaths ( including 5910 CVD and 9464 cancer deaths ) during 2.96 million person-years of follow-up . After multivariate adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors , the pooled hazard ratio ( HR ) ( 95 % CI ) of total mortality for a 1-serving-per-day increase was 1.13 ( 1.07 - 1.20 ) for unprocessed red meat and 1.20 ( 1.15 - 1.24 ) for processed red meat . The corresponding HRs ( 95 % CIs ) were 1.18 ( 1.13 - 1.23 ) and 1.21 ( 1.13 - 1.31 ) for CVD mortality and 1.10 ( 1.06 - 1.14 ) and 1.16 ( 1.09 - 1.23 ) for cancer mortality . We estimated that substitutions of 1 serving per day of other foods ( including fish , poultry , nuts , legumes , low-fat dairy , and whole grains ) for 1 serving per day of red meat were associated with a 7 % to 19 % lower mortality risk . We also estimated that 9.3 % of deaths in men and 7.6 % in women in these cohorts could be prevented at the end of follow-up if all the individuals consumed fewer than 0.5 servings per day ( approximately 42 g/d ) of red meat . CONCLUSIONS Red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of total , CVD , and cancer mortality . Substitution of other healthy protein sources for red meat is associated with a lower mortality risk To examine the relation between alcohol intake and the incidence of  coronary heart disease among Japanese , the authors analyzed data from a prospect i ve study of 8,476 Japanese male employees , who were 40 - 59 years old at baseline ( between 1975 and 1984 ) and worked for 13 urban companies in Osaka , Japan . These men were followed until the end of 1993 , on average , an 8.8-year follow-up . Eighty-three coronary heart disease events ( 54 myocardial infa rct ion , 3 
    Output:
    
Light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of multiple cardiovascular outcomes