***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Self-efficacy is arguably the strongest correlate of physical activity , yet some research ers suggest this is because the construct confounds ability with motivation . We examine a more circumscribed construct , called perceived capability ( PC ) , meant to measure ability but not motivation and propose that the construct will not be related to unskilled physical activities but may be linked to skilled behaviors . The purpose of this paper was to examine whether a PC construct can be stripped of motivation using a vignette approach in both walking and resistance training behaviors . Participants were a r and om sample of 248 university students , who were then r and omly assigned to either answer resistance training or walking behavior questions .  Both groups completed a  PC measure and reasons for their answer before and after reading a vignette that clarified the phrasing of capability to a literal use of the term . PC was significantly ( p < .01 ) higher post- compared to pre-vignette and the differences were greater ( p < .01 ) for walking than for resistance training . PC had significantly ( p < .01 ) smaller correlations with intention and self-reported behavior post-disambiguation , which result ed in a null relationship with walking but a small correlation with resistance training behavior . When PC was combined with intention to predict behavior , however , there was no significant ( p > .05 ) difference in the amount of variance explained pre- to post-vignette . Thought listing showed that participants did not report capability barriers to walking and over half of the sample construed capability as motivation/other priorities pre-vignette . The findings support use of a vignette approach for research ers who wish to disentangle the assessment of PC from motivation while creating no overall loss in explained variance of physical activity Background Physical activity and consuming a healthy diet have clear benefits to the physical and psychosocial health of cancer survivors , with guidelines recognising the importance of these behaviors for cancer survivors . Interventions to promote physical activity and improve dietary behaviors among cancer survivors and carers are needed . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a group-based , face-to-face multiple health behavior change intervention on behavioral outcomes among cancer survivors of mixed diagnoses and carers . Methods The Exercise and Nutrition Routine Improving Cancer Health ( ENRICH ) intervention was evaluated using a two-group pragmatic r and omized controlled trial . Cancer survivors and carers ( n = 174 ) were r and omly allocated to the face-to-face , group-based intervention ( six , theory-based two-hour sessions delivered over 8 weeks targeting healthy eating and physical activity [ PA ] ) or wait-list control ( after completion of 20-week data collection ) . Assessment of the primary outcome ( pedometer-assessed mean daily step counts ) and secondary outcomes ( diet and alcohol intake [ Food Frequency Question naire ] , self-reported PA , weight , body mass index , and waist circumference ) were assessed at baseline , 8- and 20-weeks . Results There was a significant difference between the change over time in the intervention group and the control group . At 20 weeks , the intervention group had increased by 478 steps , and the control group had decreased by 1282 steps ; this represented an adjusted mean difference of 1761 steps ( 184 to 3337 ; P = 0.0028 ) . Significant intervention effects for secondary outcomes , included a half serving increase in vegetable intake ( difference 39 g/day ; 95 % CI : 12 to 67 ; P = 0.02 ) , weight loss ( kg ) ( difference -1.5 kg ; 95 % CI , -2.6 to -0.3 ; P = 0.014 ) and change in body mass index ( kg/m2 ) ( difference -0.55 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI , -0.97 to -0.13 ; P = 0.012 ) . No significant intervention effects were found for self-reported PA , total sitting time , waist circumference , fruit , energy , fibre , alcohol , meat , or fat consumption . Conclusions The ENRICH intervention was effective for improving PA , weight , body mass index , and vegetable consumption even with the inclusion of multiple cancer types and carers . As an example of successful research translation , the Cancer Council NSW has subsequently adopted ENRICH as a state-wide program . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Register identifier : ANZCTRN1260901086257 Background : In terms of motivation and long-term adherence , low-resistance exercise might be more suitable for older adults than high-resistance exercise . However , more data are needed to support this cl aim . Objective : The objective was to investigate the effect of low- and high-resistance exercise protocol s on long-term adherence and motivation . Methods : This study was design ed as an exploratory 24-week follow-up of a r and omized 12-week resistance training intervention in older adults . Participants were free to decide whether or not they continued resistance training at their own expense following the intervention . Fifty-six older adults were r and omly assigned to HIGH [ 2 × 10 - 15 repetitions at 80 % of one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) ] , LOW ( 1 × 80 - 100 repetitions at 20 % of 1RM ) , or LOW+ ( 1 × 60 repetitions at 20 % of 1RM + 1 × 10 - 20 repetitions at 40 % 1RM ) . Motivation , self-efficacy and the perceived barriers  for continuing resistance exercise were measured after cessation of each supervised intervention and at follow-up , while long-term adherence was probed retrospectively at follow-up . Results : Participants reported high levels of self-determined motivation before , during , and after the supervised intervention , with no differences between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Nevertheless , only few participants continued strength training after the intervention : 17 % in HIGH , 21 % in LOW+ , and 11 % in LOW ( p > 0.05 ) . The most commonly reported barriers for continuing resistance exercise  were perceived lack of time ( 46 % ) , being more interested in other physical activities ( 40 % ) , seasonal reasons ( 40 % ) , and financial cost ( 28 % ) . Conclusion : The results suggest no difference in long-term adherence after the end of a supervised exercise intervention at high or low external resistances . Long-term adherence was limited despite high levels of self-determined motivation during the interventions . These findings highlight the importance of further research on developing strategies to overcome barriers of older adults to adhere to resistance exercise without supervision OBJECTIVE Progressive resistance training ( PRT ) counteracts sarcopenia and has been demonstrated to improve physical function and quality of life in older adults . Despite the clear benefits of PRT , participation remains low . The core self-evaluation ( CSE ) construct is theoretically antecedent to four personality traits : locus of control , self-esteem , neuroticism ( emotional stability ) , and generalized self-efficacy . We have examined the association of CSE with exercise adoption among older adults invited to participate in a PRT trial . We hypothesized that CSE would positively predict adoption of PRT . STUDY DESIGN All residents of two retirement communities were invited to complete question naires with items on demographics , physical activity , CSE , and general health . Following completion of question naires , residents were invited to take part in an on-site , 10-week r and omized controlled trial of a PRT-based exercise trial . RESULTS Thirty-eight of 358 residents ( 63.2 % women ; 76.6±6.1 year ; range 58 - 92 ) enrolled and 118 residents completed the question naires . Multiple regression analysis predicting PRT adoption indicated that the demographic variables accounted for 38 % of the variance . Inclusion of CSE ( β=.405 ) accounted for an additional 10 % of the variance in PRT adoption . CONCLUSION CSE was predictive of PRT adoption in this cohort , adding significantly to the predictive efficacy of known demographic predictors . This is the first study to show that CSE may influence adoption of PRT in any cohort A poor underst and ing of behaviour change mechanisms has hindered the development of effective physical activity interventions . The aim of this study was to identify potential mediators of change in a home-based resistance training ( RT ) program for obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . Obese individuals with type 2 diabetes ( N = 48 ) were r and omly allocated to either an RT intervention ( n = 27 ) or a control group ( n = 21 ) for the 16-week study period . The study sample included 16 men and 32 women and the mean age of participants was 54.4 ( ±11.7 ) years . Participants in the RT group received a multi-gym and dumbbells and home supervision from a certified personal trainer . RT behaviour was measured using a modified Godin Leisure Time Question naire . Social-cognitive constructs were measured and tested in a mediating variable framework using a product-of-coefficients test . The intervention had a significant effect on RT behaviour ( p < 0.001 ) and muscular strength ( p < 0.001 ) . The intervention had a significant effect on RT planning strategies ( p < 0.01 ) , which mediated the effect of the intervention on RT behaviour . The home-based RT program successfully targeted participants ’ RT planning strategies which contributed to their exercise adherence This study identified factors associated with exercise participation  and  adherence  in a sample of 102 sedentary , functionally limited , community-dwelling adults aged 60 to 94 years who participated in a home-based resistance training program .  Stepwise regression analyses revealed that baseline physical factors ( i.e. , higher levels of mobility , weaker muscle strength , and fewer numbers of new medical conditions ) were associated with higher rates of participation in the home program .  Positive attitudes and a sense of control toward exercise , lower levels of confusion and depressive moods , and the development of fewer new medical problems during the program were related to higher levels of adherence to the program . Findings revealed that although physical health variables were the primary indicators of an older person 's overall participation in the program , it was the psychological factors that were most important to adherence to this home-based program Background Reaction time , coordination , and cognition performance typically diminish in older adults , which may lead to gait impairments , falls , and injuries . Regular strength – balance exercises are highly recommended to reduce this problem and to improve health , well-being , and independence in old age . However , many older people face a lack of motivation in addition to other strong barriers to exercise . We developed ActiveLifestyle , an information technology (IT)-based system for active and healthy aging aim ing at improving balance and strength . ActiveLifestyle is a training app that runs on a tablet and assists , monitors , and motivates older people to follow personalized training plans autonomously at home . Objective The objectives were to ( 1 ) investigate which IT-mediated motivation strategies increase adherence to physical exercise training plans in older people , ( 2 ) assess the impact of ActiveLifestyle on physical activity behavior change , and ( 3 ) demonstrate the effectiveness of the ActiveLifestyle training to improve gait speed . Methods A total of 44 older adults followed personalized , 12-week strength and balance training plans . All participants performed the exercises autonomously at home . Question naires were used to assess the technological familiarity and stage of behavior change , as well as the effectiveness of the motivation instruments adopted by ActiveLifestyle . Adherence to the exercise plan was evaluated using performance data collected by the app and through information given by the participants during the study . Pretests and posttests were performed to evaluate gait speed of the participants before and after the study . Results Participants were 75 years ( SD 6 ) , predominantly female ( 64 % ) , held a trade or professional diploma ( 54 % ) , and their past profession was in a sitting position ( 43 % ) . Of the 44 participants who enrolled , 33 ( 75 % ) completed the study . The app proved to assist and motivate independently living and healthy older adults to autonomously perform strength – balance exercises ( median 6 on a 7-point Likert scale ) . Social motivation strategies proved more effective than individual strategies to stimulate the participants to comply with the training plan , as well as to change their behavior permanently toward a more physically active lifestyle . The exercises were effective to improve preferred and fast gait speed . Conclusions ActiveLifestyle assisted and motivated independently living and healthy older people to autonomously perform strength – balance exercises over 12 weeks and had low dropout rates . The social motivation strategies were more effective to stimulate the participants to comply with the training plan and remain on the intervention . The adoption of assistive technology devices for physical intervention tends to motivate and retain older people exercising for longer periods of time Background Aerobic physical activity ( PA ) and resistance training are paramount in the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) , but few studies have examined the determinants of both types of exercise in the same sample . Objective The primary purpose was to investigate the utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior ( TPB ) in explaining aerobic PA and resistance training in a population sample of T2D adults . Methods A total of 244 individuals were recruited through a r and om national sample which was created by generating a r and om list of household phone numbers . The list was proportionate to the actual number of household telephone numbers for each Canadian province ( with the exception of Quebec ) . These individuals completed self-report TPB constructs of attitude , subjective norm , perceived behavioral control and intention , and a 3-month follow-up that assessed aerobic PA and resistance training . Results TPB explained 10 % and 8 % of the variance respectively for aerobic PA  and resistance training ;  and accounted for 39 % and 45 % of the variance respectively for aerobic PA and resistance training intentions . Conclusion These results may guide the development of appropriate PA interventions for aerobic PA and resistance training based on the TPB The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and 
    Output:
    
Education , perceived health status , quality of life , affective judgements , self-efficacy , intention , self-regulation behaviours , subjective norm and programme leadership were associated with RT .
Conclusion Low education levels and poor health status were associated with low participation rates in RT .
Intrapersonal factors including affective judgements , self-efficacy , and self-regulation behaviours , and interpersonal factors including subjective norms and programme leadership may be important for promoting RT behaviours