***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Parents commonly use rewards to encourage children to eat healthfully , but this practice remains controversial because rewards are suspected of undermining children ’s intrinsic motivation . A cluster-r and omized trial examined children ’s acceptance of a disliked vegetable over 12 daily taste exposures . These exposures were paired with a tangible reward , a social reward , or no reward , and the findings were compared with the results from a no-treatment control condition . Liking and intake of the vegetable were assessed in a free-choice consumption task at preintervention , postintervention , 1 month after intervention , and 3 months after intervention . Liking increased more in the three intervention conditions than in the control condition , and there were no significant differences between the intervention conditions . These effects were maintained at follow-up . Children in both reward conditions increased consumption , and these effects were maintained for 3 months ; however , the effects of exposure with no reward became nonsignificant by 3 months . These results indicate that external rewards do not necessarily produce negative effects and may be useful in promoting healthful eating BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of obesity in children has been linked in part to the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks . Our aim was to examine this relation . METHODS We enrolled 548 ethnically diverse schoolchildren ( age 11.7 years , SD 0.8 ) from public schools in four Massachusetts communities , and studied them prospect ively for 19 months from October , 1995 , to May , 1997 . We examined the association between baseline and change in consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks ( the independent variables ) , and difference in measures of obesity , with linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potentially confounding variables and clustering of results within schools . FINDINGS For each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed , both body mass index ( BMI ) ( mean 0.24 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI 0.10 - 0.39 ; p=0.03 ) and frequency of obesity ( odds ratio 1.60 ; 95 % CI 1.14 - 2.24 ; p=0.02 ) increased after adjustment for anthropometric , demographic , dietary , and lifestyle variables . Baseline consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was also independently associated with change in BMI ( mean 0.18 kg/m2 for each daily serving ; 95 % CI 0.09 - 0.27 ; p=0.02 ) . INTERPRETATION Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks is associated with obesity in children AIM To examine the beverage consumption habits of Singaporean children and to investigate knowledge and attitudes of parents and children with regard to beverage consumption . METHODS A total of 800 respondents were r and omly surveyed using face-to-face household interviews conducted between 10 March and 23 April 2009 . The survey included mothers aged 25 to 44 years , of 400 children aged three to six years and 400 children aged seven to 10 years . RESULTS Children aged three to six and seven to 10 years typically consume milk on a daily basis . Younger children consume a greater number of servings of milk  , whereas a significantly greater proportion of children aged seven to 10 years consume malted energy drinks and non-gassy and gassy soft drinks ( P ≤ 0.005 for all ) . In older children , a decline in the proportion consuming milk on a typical weekday ( 69 % vs. 92 % for three- to six-year-olds ) is accompanied by a reduction in mean calcium intake ( 733 mg vs. 1032 mg for three- to six-year-olds ) . On a typical weekday , 26 % of children aged three to six years did not meet the recommended daily dietary allowance ( RDDA ) of 600 mg of calcium . Of children aged seven to 10 years , 61 % also did not meet the age-appropriate RDDA of 700 g mg of calcium . CONCLUSIONS Milk consumption decreases with age while the consumption of beverages such as malted energy drinks , gassy and non-gassy soft drinks and syrups increases markedly . Educational programmes may aid in the selection of appropriate nutrient-dense beverages and other calcium-rich foods to ensure that children achieve the recommended daily dietary nutrient intake OBJECTIVE To examine whether parents offering a sticker reward to their child to taste a vegetable the child does not currently consume is associated with improvements in children 's liking and consumption of the vegetable . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of exposure only ( EO ) and exposure plus reward ( E + R ) , relative to a control group , on children 's liking and consumption of a target vegetable . Assessment s were conducted at baseline and 2 weeks from baseline ( post-intervention ) . Follow-up assessment s were conducted at 4 weeks and 3 months from baseline . SETTING The study took place in Adelaide , South Australia . Participants were self-selected in response to local media advertisements seeking to recruit parents finding it difficult to get their children to eat vegetables . SUBJECTS Participants were 185 children ( 110 boys , seventy-five girls ) aged 4 - 6 years and their primary caregiver/parent ( 172 mothers , thirteen fathers ) . RESULTS The E + R group was able to achieve more days of taste exposure . Both EO and E + R increased liking at post-intervention compared with control and no further change occurred over the follow-up period . All groups increased their intake of the target vegetable at post-intervention . Target vegetable consumption continued to increase significantly over the follow-up period for E + R and control but not for EO . CONCLUSIONS The findings provide support for the effectiveness of using a sticker reward with a repeated exposure strategy . In particular , such rewards can facilitate the actual tastings necessary to change liking 
    Output:
    
In addition , the efficacy of some parenting practice s might be dependent on the food consumption context and the age of the child .
Conclusions This study illustrates that a number of parental behaviors are strong correlates of child food consumption behavior .