***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brief intense interval training as exercise intervention for promoting health and to evaluate potential benefits about common interventions , that is , prolonged exercise and strength training . METHODS Thirty-six untrained men were divided into groups that completed 12 wk of intense interval running ( INT ; total training time 40 min wk(-1 ) ) , prolonged running ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) , and strength training ( approximately 150 min wk(-1 ) ) or continued their habitual lifestyle without participation in physical training . RESULTS The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was superior in the INT ( 14 % + /- 2 % increase in V˙O2max ) compared with the other two exercise interventions ( 7 % + /- 2 % and 3 % + /- 2 % increases ) . The blood glucose concentration 2 h after oral ingestion of 75 g of glucose was lowered to a similar extent after training in the INT ( from 6.1 + /- 0.6 to 5.1 + /- 0.4 mM , P < 0.05 ) and the prolonged running group ( from 5.6 + /- 1.5 to 4.9 + /- 1.1 mM , P < 0.05 ) . In contrast , INT was less efficient than prolonged running for lowering the subjects ' resting HR , fat percentage , and reducing the ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol . Furthermore , total bone mass and lean body mass remained unchanged in the INT group , whereas both these parameters were increased by the strength-training intervention . CONCLUSIONS INT for 12 wk is an effective training stimulus for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness and glucose tolerance , but in relation to the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity , it is less effective than prolonged training . Furthermore and in contrast to strength training , 12 wk of INT had no impact on muscle mass or indices of skeletal health Objective . The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high intensity interval training ( HIIT ) versus continuous aerobic exercise training ( CONT ) or placebo ( PLA ) on body composition by r and omized controlled design . Methods . Work capacity and body composition ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) were measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention in 38 previously inactive overweight adults . Results . There was a significant group × time interaction for change in work capacity ( P < 0.001 ) , which increased significantly in CONT ( 23.8 ± 3.0 % ) and HIIT ( 22.3 ± 3.5 % ) but not PLA ( 3.1 ± 5.0 % ) . There was a near-significant main effect for percentage trunk fat , with trunk fat reducing in CONT by 3.1 ± 1.6 % and in PLA by 1.1 ± 0.4 % , but not in HIIT ( increase of 0.7 ± 1.0 % ) ( P = 0.07 ) . There was a significant reduction in and roid fat percentage in CONT ( 2.7 ± 1.3 % ) and PLA ( 1.4 ± 0.8 % ) but not HIIT ( increase of 0.8 ± 0.7 % ) ( P = 0.04 ) . Conclusion . These data suggest that HIIT may be advocated as a time-efficient strategy for eliciting comparable fitness benefits to traditional continuous exercise in inactive , overweight adults . However , in this population HIIT does not confer the same benefit to body fat levels as continuous exercise training OBJECTIVES To describe the proportion of women reporting time is a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity  , the characteristics of these women and the perceived causes of time pressure , and to examine associations between perceptions of time as a barrier and consumption of fruit , vegetables and fast food , and physical activity . DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of food intake , physical activity and perceived causes of time pressure . SETTING A r and omly selected community sample . SUBJECTS A sample of 1580 women self-reported their food intake and their perceptions of the causes of time pressure in relation to healthy eating . An additional 1521 women self-reported their leisure-time physical activity and their perceptions of the causes of time pressure in relation to physical activity . RESULTS Time pressure was reported as a barrier to healthy eating by 41 % of the women and as a barrier to physical activity by 73 % . Those who reported time pressure as a barrier to healthy eating were significantly less likely to meet fruit , vegetable and physical activity recommendations , and more likely to eat fast food more frequently . CONCLUSIONS Women reporting time pressure as a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity are less likely to meet recommendations than are women who do not see time pressure as a barrier . Further research is required to underst and the perception of time pressure issues among women and devise strategies to improve women 's food and physical activity behaviours AIM The purpose of this study was intended to evaluate the effects of a high intensity interval training ( HIIT ) program on the body composition , cardiac function and aerobic capacity in overweight young women . METHODS Sixty female university students ( aged 19 - 20 , BMI ≥25kg/m2 and percentage body fat ≥ 30 % ) were chosen and then r and omly assigned to each of the HIIT group , the moderate intensity continuous training ( MICT ) group and the non-training control group . The subjects in both the HIIT and MICT groups underwent exercise training five times per week for 12 weeks . In each of the training sessions , the HIIT group performed interval exercises at the individualized heart rate ( HR ) of 85 % of VO2max and separated by brief periods of low intensity activity ( HR at 50 % of VO2max ) , while the MICT group did continuous walking and /or jogging at the individualized HR of 50 % of VO2max . RESULTS Both of these exercise training programs produced significant improvements in the subjects ' body composition , left ventricular ejection fraction , heart rate at rest , maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold . However , the HIIT group achieved better results than those in the MICT group , as it was evaluated by the amount of the effect size . The control group did not achieve any change in all of the measured variables . CONCLUSION The tangible results achieved by our relatively large groups of homogeneous subjects have demonstrated that the HIIT program is an effective measure for the treatment of young women who are overweight AIM This study compared the effect of high-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) and moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) for 16 weeks on whole-body and abdominal fat mass ( FM ) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . METHODS Seventeen women ( 69±1 years ; BMI : 31±1kg.m-2 ) were r and omly assigned to either a HIIT [ 60 × (8s at 77 - 85 % HRmax , 12s of active recovery ) ] or MICT ( 40min at 55 - 60 % of their individual HRR ) cycling program for 16 weeks , 2 days/week . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body and regional FM content , including abdominal adiposity and visceral adipose tissue . Plasma cholesterol , HDL , LDL , triglycerides , glucose and HbA1c levels were measured . Levels of nutritional intake and physical activity were evaluated by 7-day self-reports . RESULTS Dietary energy ( caloric ) intake , physical activity level and total body mass did not vary in either group from the beginning to the end of the training intervention . Overall , total FM decreased and total fat-free mass significantly increased over time ( by around 2 - 3 % ) . Total FM reduction at the end of the intervention was not significantly different between groups . However , significant loss of total abdominal ( -8.3±2.2 % ) and visceral ( -24.2±7.7 % ) FM was observed only with HIIT . Time effects were noted for HbA1c and total cholesterol/HDL ratio . CONCLUSION With no concomitant caloric restriction , an HIIT program in postmenopausal women with T2D ( twice a week for 16 weeks ) appeared to be more effective for reducing central obesity than MICT , and could be proposed as an alternative exercise training program for this population BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic review s. However , the reliability of data obtained with most quality assessment scales has not been established . This report describes 2 studies design ed to investigate the reliability of data obtained with the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale developed to rate the quality of RCTs evaluating physical therapist interventions . METHOD In the first study , 11 raters independently rated 25 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base . In the second study , 2 raters rated 120 RCTs r and omly selected from the PEDro data base , and disagreements were resolved by a third rater ; this generated a set of individual rater and consensus ratings . The process was repeated by independent raters to create a second set of individual and consensus ratings . Reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items was calculated using multirater kappas , and reliability of the total ( summed ) score was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC [ 1,1 ] ) . RESULTS The kappa value for each of the 11 items ranged from.36 to.80 for individual assessors and from.50 to.79 for consensus ratings generated by groups of 2 or 3 raters . The ICC for the total score was.56 ( 95 % confidence interval=.47-.65 ) for ratings by individuals , and the ICC for consensus ratings was.68 ( 95 % confidence interval=.57-.76 ) . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The reliability of ratings of PEDro scale items varied from " fair " to " substantial , " and the reliability of the total PEDro score was " fair " to " good . This study aim ed to determine the effects of 12 weeks of isocaloric programs of high-intensity intermittent training ( HIIT ) or moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) or a short- duration HIIT ( 1/2HIIT ) inducing only half the energy deficit on a cycle ergometer , on body weight and composition , cardiovascular fitness , resting metabolism rate ( RMR ) , respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) , nonexercise physical activity ( PA ) levels and fasting and postpr and ial insulin response in sedentary obese individuals . Forty-six sedentary obese individuals ( 30 women ) , with a mean BMI of 33.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 and a mean age of 34.4 ± 8.8 years were r and omly assigned to one of the three training groups : HIIT ( n = 16 ) , MICT ( n = 14 ) or 1/2HIIT ( n = 16 ) and exercise was performed 3 times/week for 12 weeks . Overall , there was a significant reduction in body weight , waist ( p < .001 ) and hip ( p < .01 ) circumference , , trunk and leg fat mass ( FM ; p < .01 ) and an increase in trunk and leg fat free mass ( FFM ; p < .01 ) and cardiovascular fitness ( VO2max in ml/kg/min ; p < .001 ) with exercise . However , no significant differences were observed between groups . There was no significant change in RMR , RER , nonexercise PA levels , fasting insulin or insulin sensitivity with exercise or between groups . There was a tendency for a reduction in AUC insulin with exercise ( p = .069 ) , but no differences between groups . These results indicate that isocaloric training protocol s of HIIT or MICT ( or 1/2HIIT inducing only half the energy deficit ) exert similar metabol 
    Output:
    
There were no significant differences between HIIT and MICT for any body composition measure , but HIIT required ~40 % less training time commitment .
Running training displayed large effects on whole-body fat mass for both HIIT and MICT ( st and ardized mean difference -0.82 and -0.85 , respectively ) , but cycling training did not induce fat loss .
Short-term moderate-intensity to high-intensity exercise training can induce modest body composition improvements in overweight and obese individuals without accompanying body-weight changes .
HIIT and MICT show similar effectiveness across all body composition measures suggesting that HIIT may be a time-efficient component of weight management programs