***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The present study aim ed to extend the literature on text messaging interventions involved in promoting healthy eating behaviours . The theoretical framework was the Theory of Planned Behaviour ( TPB ) . A r and omized controlled trial was used to test the impact of daily text messages compared to no message ( groups ) for reducing processed meat consumption ( PMC ) over a 2 week period , testing the sequential mediation role of anticipated regret and intention on the relationship between groups and PMC reduction . PMC and TPB variables were assessed both at Time 1 and Time 2 . Participants were Italian undergraduates ( at Time 1 N = 124 ) r and omly allocated to control and message condition groups . Undergraduates in the message condition group received a daily SMS , which focused on anticipated regret and urged them to self-monitor PMC .  Participants in the control group did not receive any message . Those who completed all measures at both time points were included in the analyses ( N = 112 ) . Findings showed that a daily messaging intervention , controlling for participants ' past behaviour , reduced self-reported consumption of PMC . Mediation analyses indicated partial serial mediation via anticipated regret and intentions . The current study provided support for the efficacy of a daily messaging intervention targeting anticipated regret and encouraging self-monitoring in decreasing PMC . Outcomes showed the important mediating role of anticipated regret and intentions for reducing PMC RATIONALE The present studies aim ed to contribute to the literature on psychological variables involved in reducing  red meat consumption ( RMC ) .  OBJECTIVE Study 1 investigated whether the theory of planned behaviour ( TPB ) , plus healthy-eating and meat-eating identities , could explain intentions to reduce RMC . Study 2 evaluated the effectiveness of an SMS text message intervention on self-monitoring to reduce RMC . METHODS In Study 1 , data were collected daily using online food diaries for one week and a TPB question naire . Study 2 was a r and omised controlled trial assessing pre- and post-RMC and TPB constructs by online food diaries and question naires over a one-week period . Participants were Italian undergraduates in each study ( Study 1 : N = 405 ; Study 2 : N = 244 ) . In Study 2 , participants were r and omly allocated to control and message condition groups . Participants in the message condition group received a daily SMS , which reminded them to monitor RMC  , while participants in the control group did not receive any message .  Only students who completed all measures were considered in the analyses ( Study 1 : N = 342 ; Study 2 : N = 228 ) . RESULTS Study 1 showed that affective and instrumental attitudes , perceived behavioural control , and meat-eating identity explained intentions to reduce RMC , while subjective norm , past behaviour , and healthy-eating identity did not . Study 2 showed that an SMS intervention was effective in increasing intentions and reducing RMC . Mediation analyses indicated partial serial mediation through healthy-eating and meat-eating identities and intentions . CONCLUSION The present studies provide support for the predictive validity of TPB in explaining intentions to reduce RMC and for the efficacy of an SMS intervention targeting self-monitoring in reducing RMC . Findings confirmed the important role of eating identities in explaining intentions to reduce RMC and in changing this behaviour Disease risk factors identified in epidemiological studies serve as important public health tools , helping clinicians identify individuals who may benefit from more aggressive screening or risk-modification procedures  , allowing policymakers to prioritize intervention programs , and encouraging at-risk individuals to modify behavior and improve their health . These factors have been based primarily on evidence from cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies , as most do not lend themselves to r and omized trials . While some risk factors are not modifiable , eating habits are subject to change through both individual action and broader policy initiatives . Meat consumption has been frequently investigated as a variable associated with diabetes risk , but it has not yet been described as a diabetes risk factor . In this article , we evaluate the evidence supporting the use of  meat consumption as a clinical ly useful risk factor for type 2 diabetes , based on studies evaluating the risks associated with  meat consumption  as a categorical dietary characteristic ( i.e. , meat consumption versus no meat consumption ) , as a scalar variable ( i.e. , gradations of meat consumption ) , or as part of a broader dietary pattern With growing awareness that sustainable consumption is important for quality of life on earth , many individuals intend to act more sustainably . In this regard , interest in reducing meat consumption is on the rise . However , people often do not translate intentions into actual behavior change . To address this intention-behavior gap , we tested the self-regulation strategy of mental contrasting with implementation intentions ( MCII ) . Here , people identify and imagine a desired future and current obstacles st and ing in its way . They address the obstacles with if-then plans specifying when , where , and how to act differently . In a 5-week r and omized controlled experimental study , we compared an information + MCII intervention with an information-only control intervention . As hypothesized , only MCII  participants ’ intention of reducing their meat consumption was predictive of their actual reduction , while no correspondence between intention and behavior change was found for control participants . Participants with a moderate to strong intention to reduce their meat consumption reduced it more in the MCII than in the control condition . Thus , MCII helped to narrow the intention-behavior gap and supported behavior change for those holding moderate and strong respective intentions Background Swaps are often used to encourage healthier food choices , but there is little evidence of their effectiveness . The current study assessed the impact of offering swaps on groceries purchased within a bespoke online supermarket ; specifically the objective was to measure the impact on energy density ( ED ) of food purchases following the offer of lower ED alternatives ( a ) at point of selection or at checkout , and ( b ) with or without explicit consent to receive swap prompts . Method Participants were asked to complete a 12-item shopping task within an online shopping platform , developed for study ing food purchasing . 1610 adults were r and omly assigned to a no swap control condition or to one of four interventions : consented swaps at selection ; consented swaps at checkout ; imposed swaps at selection ; or imposed swaps at checkout . Each swap presented two lower ED options from the same category as the participant ’s chosen food . Swap acceptance rate and purchased food ED were the primary outcomes . Results Of the mean 12.36 ( SD 1.26 ) foods purchased , intervention participants were offered a mean of 4.1 ( SD 1.68 ) swaps , with the potential to reduce the ED of purchased food ( effect ( 95 % CI ) : −83 kJ/100 g ( −110 – -56 ) , p = < 0.0001 ) . A median of one swap ( IQR 0 to 2 ) was accepted , not significantly reducing the purchased food ED ( effect ( 95 % CI ) : −24 kJ/100 g ( 4 – -52 ) , p = 0.094 ) . More swaps were accepted when offered at selection than at checkout ( OR ( 95 % CI ) = 1.224 ( 1.11 – 1.35 ) , p < 0.0001 ) , but no differences were seen with consent . Purchased food ED was unaffected by point of swap or consent , but reduced with number of swaps accepted ( effect per swap ( 95 % CI ) = −24 kJ/100 g ( −35 – -14 ) , p < 0.0001 ) . Conclusion Within category swaps did not reduce the ED of food purchases reflecting the observation that the use of swaps within an on-line shopping platform offered small potential gains in ED and a minority was accepted OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and short-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors . METHODS CanChange was telephone-delivered to 20 CRC survivors by health coaches over 6 weeks supported by an interactive participant h and book . We assessed program feasibility ( program retention and satisfaction ) and health outcomes [ CRC-specific symptoms ( fatigue , nausea , diarrhoea ) , quality of life ( QOL ) , and lifestyle variables ( physical activity , dietary intake , alcohol intake , smoking , body mass index ( BMI ) ) ] at baseline and post-intervention . RESULTS Post-intervention , 76 % of participants rated the program as excellent , 100 % rated the health coach as excellent , and 75 % rated the h and book as excellent . In addition , 80 % said that CanChange addressed their issues , 72 % said that CanChange helped them deal more effectively with their problems , and 100 % said that CanChange made them more motivated to make positive life changes . Finally , all participants said that they would recommend CanChange to other CRC survivors . From baseline to post-intervention we observed : non-significant improvements in all CRC-specific symptoms and QOL ; a significant decrease in processed meat intake [ median ( interquartile range ) : 1.0 ( 3.0 ) vs 0.0 ( 1.0 ) , p=0.01 ] ; as well as non-significant improvements in sedentary behaviour , and the proportion of participants meeting the national guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake . We observed no change in smoking status , while the results for alcohol intake , physical activity , and BMI were variable . CONCLUSIONS CanChange was a feasible and potentially effective lifestyle intervention to improve health outcomes for CRC survivors . A large r and omised controlled trial will follow to test the longer-term effects of this approach Background : This report examines the outcome data for Project PREVENT , a two-site r and omized control trial design ed to reduce behavioral risk factors for colorectal cancer among individuals who have been diagnosed with adenomatous colon polyps . Methods : The study sample included 1,247 patients with recent diagnosis of adenomatous colorectal polyps . Within 4 weeks following the polypectomy , participants completed a baseline survey by telephone , and were r and omized to either Usual Care ( UC ) or the PREVENT intervention , which was design ed to target multiple risk factors . The intervention consisted of a telephone-delivered intervention plus tailored material s , and focused on the six primary behavioral risk factors for colorectal cancer , including red meat consumption , fruit and vegetable intake , multivitamin intake , alcohol , smoking , and physical inactivity . Results : Participation in the PREVENT intervention was associated with a significantly greater reduction in prevalence of multiple risk factors for colorectal cancer compared with UC . Only about one third of UC participants dropped any risk factors during the study period , compared with almost half of the PREVENT participants . PREVENT participants were also significantly more likely to change more than one behavior than UC participants . Conclusions : The PREVENT intervention was effective in helping patients change multiple risk factors . These results provide further support that more comprehensive interventions that move beyond emphasis on a single risk factor are acceptable to patient population s , can result in improvements , and are cost effective OBJECTIVES We analyzed outcomes from a study that examined social- context ual factors in cancer prevention interventions for working class , multiethnic population s. METHODS Ten community health centers were r and omized to intervention or to control .  Patients who resided in low-income , multiethnic neighborhoods were eligible ; the intervention targeted fruit and vegetable consumption , red meat consumption , multivitamin intake , and physical activity . Outcomes were measured at 8 months . RESULTS The intervention led to significant increases in fruit and vegetable consumption and multivitamin intake and reductions in red meat consumption ; no change was found in physical activity levels . The intervention effect was not changed when context ual variables that may function as confounders or effect modifiers ( e.g. , gender , education , race/ethnicity , respondent and parents ' country of birth , and poverty status ) were included in the analyses . CONCLUSIONS The intervention led to significant improvements in health behaviors among a working class , multiethnic population , regardless of race/ ethnicity and socioeconomic status . Interventions that respond to the social context of working class individuals across racial/ethnic categories hold promise for improving cancer-related risk behaviors BACKGROUND The Cochrane Collaboration is strongly encouraging the use of a newly developed tool , the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool ( CCRBT ) , for all review groups . However , the psychometric properties of this tool to date have yet to be described . Thus , the objective of this study was to add information about psychometric properties of the CCRBT including inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity , in comparison with the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool ( EPHPP ) . METHODS Both tools were used to assess the method ological quality of 20 r and omized controlled trials included in our systematic review of the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions  to improve the management of cancer pain . Each study assessment was completed independently by two review ers using each tool . We analysed the inter-rater reliability of each tool 's individual domains , as well as final grade assigned to each study . RESULTS The EPHPP had fair inter-rater agreement for individual domains and excellent agreement for the final grade . In contrast , the CCRBT had slight inter-rater agreement for individual domains and fair inter-rater agreement for final grade . Of interest , no agreement between the two tools was evident in their final grade assigned to each study . Although both tools were developed to assess ' quality of the evidence ' , they appear to measure different constructs . CONCLUSIONS Both tools performed quite differently when evaluating the risk of bias or method ological quality of studies in knowledge translation interventions for cancer pain . The newly introduced CCRBT assigned these studies a higher risk of bias . Its psychometric properties need to be more thoroughly vali date d , in a range of research fields , to underst and fully how to interpret results from its application OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of a nutrition education intervention on nutritional factors and oxidative stress during treatment of breast cancer . DESIGN Nonr and omized clinical trial conducted in 2010 - 2011 , including an evaluation at baseline and after 12 months . PARTICIPANTS Women from Brazil who had breast cancer , divided into an intervention group ( 
    Output:
    
Self-monitoring interventions and individual lifestyle counselling led to , or were associated with reduced meat consumption .
Providing information about the health or environmental consequences of eating meat was associated with reduced intentions to consume and select meat in virtual environments , but there was no evidence to suggest this approach influenced actual behaviour .
Education about the animal welfare consequences of eating meat was associated with reduced intentions to consume meat , while interventions implicitly highlighting animal suffering were not .
Education on multiple consequences of eating meat led to mixed results .
Tailored education was not found to reduce actual or intended meat consumption , though few studies assessed this approach .
ConclusionS ome interventions targeting conscious determinants of human behaviour have the potential to reduce the dem and for meat .
In particular , self-monitoring interventions and individual lifestyle counselling can help to reduce meat consumption .
There was evidence of effectiveness of some educational messages in reducing intended consumption and selection of meat in virtual environments .