***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Physical activity is an important aspect of good health for everyone ; it is even more important for psychiatric patients who usually live an unhealthy lifestyle . In recent years , there has been growing focus on the use of soccer as a vehicle to improve the health of subjects with severe mental illness . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soccer practice on the self-reported health quality of life ( SRHQL ) and sports performance ( SP ) in psychotic subjects . Eighteen male patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia were r and omized into either a trained ( TG ) or a control group ( CG ) . The TG was trained for 12 weeks using two soccer training sessions per week . The CG did not perform any regular sports activity during the experimental period . Anthropometric measurements , SRHQL , personal time records in a 30 meter sprint test and slalom test running with a ball were evaluated before and after the experimental period . SRHQL was assessed using Short Form-12 question naire measuring physical and mental component summary scores . After the training period , the TG showed a relevant decrease by 4.6 % in bodyweight ( BW ) and body mass index compared to baseline . Conversely , the CG showed an increased BW and body mass index by 1.8 % from baseline to posttest . Moreover , after 12 weeks we found that control patients increased their BW significantly when compared to trained patients ( Δ = 5.4 % ; P < 0.05 ) . After the training period , comparing the baseline TG ’s Short Form-12-scores to posttest results , we found an improvement of 10.5 % and 10.8 % in physical component summary and mental component summary , respectively . In addition , performances on the 30 meter sprint test and slalom test running with a ball in the TG improved significantly ( P < 0.01 ) from baseline to posttest when compared to CG . Soccer practice appears able to improve psychophysical health in individuals with diagnosis of schizophrenia . Indeed , our study demonstrated that programmed soccer physical activity could reduce antipsychotic medication-related weight gain and improve SRHQL and sports performance in psychotic subjects BACKGROUND Many people with mental health problems do not seek professional help but their use of other sources of help is unclear . AIMS To investigate patterns of lay and professional help-seeking in men and women aged 16 - 64 years in relation to severity of symptoms and socio-demographic variables . METHOD Postal question naire survey , including the 12-item General Health Question naire ( GHQ-12 ) , sent to a stratified r and om sample ( n=15,222 ) of the population of Somerset . RESULTS The response rate was 76 % . Only 28 % of people with extremely high GHQ-12 scores ( > or = 8) had sought help from their general practitioner but most ( 78 % ) had sought some form of help . Males , young people and people living in affluent areas were the least likely to seek help . CONCLUSIONS Health promotion interventions to encourage appropriate help-seeking behaviour in young people , particularly in men , may lead to improvements in the mental health of this group of the population Social isolation and disengagement fragments local communities . Evidence indicates that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in their countries of resettlement . Research to identify approaches to best address this is needed .  Football United is a program that aims to foster social inclusion and cohesion in areas with high refugee settlement in New South Wales , Australia , through skills and leadership development , mentoring , and the creation of links with local community and corporate leaders and organisations . The Social Cohesion through Football study 's broad goal is to examine the implementation of a complex health promotion program , and to analyse the processes involved in program implementation . The study will consider program impact on individual health and wellbeing , social inclusion and cohesion , as well as analyse how the program by necessity interacts and adapts to context during implementation , a concept we refer to as plasticity . The proposed study will be the first prospect i ve cohort impact study to our knowledge to assess the impact of a comprehensive integrated program using football as a vehicle for fostering social inclusion and cohesion in communities with high refugee settlement . Methods / design A quasi-experimental cohort study design with treatment partitioning involving four study sites . The study employs a ' dose response ' model , comparing those with no involvement in the  Football United program  with those with lower or higher levels of participation . A range of qualitative and quantitative measures will be used in the study . Study participants ' emotional well being , resilience , ethnic identity and other group orientation , feelings of social inclusion and belonging will be measured using a survey instrument complemented by relevant data drawn from in-depth interviews , self reporting measures and participant observation . The views of key informants from the program and the wider community will also be solicited . Discussion The complexity of the Football United program poses challenges for measurement , and requires the study design to be responsive to the dynamic nature of the program and context . Assessment of change is needed at multiple levels , drawing on mixed methods and multidisciplinary approaches in implementation and evaluation . Attention to these challenges has underpinned the design and methods in the Social Cohesion through Football study , which will use a unique and innovative combination of measures that have not been applied together previously in social inclusion /cohesion and sport and social inclusion /cohesion program research BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies almost always have some individuals with missing outcomes . Inappropriate h and ling of the missing data in the analysis can result in misleading conclusions . Here we review a wide range of methods to h and le missing outcomes in single and repeated measures data and discuss which methods are most appropriate . METHODS Using data from a r and omized controlled trial to compare two interventions for increasing physical activity , we compare complete-case analysis ; ad hoc imputation techniques such as last observation carried forward and worst-case ; model-based imputation ; longitudinal models with r and om effects ; and recently proposed joint models for repeated measures data and non-ignorable dropout . RESULTS Estimated intervention effects from ad hoc imputation methods vary widely . St and ard multiple imputation and longitudinal modelling agree closely , as they should . Modifying the modelling method to allow for non-ignorable dropout had little effect on estimated intervention effects , but imputing using a common imputation model in both groups gave more conservative results . CONCLUSIONS Results from ad hoc imputation methods should be avoided in favour of methods with more plausible assumptions although they may be computationally more complex . Although st and ard multiple imputation methods and longitudinal modelling methods are equivalent for estimating the treatment effect , the two approaches suggest different ways of relaxing the assumptions , and the choice between them depends on context ual knowledge To examine the effects of regular participation in recreational soccer on health profile , 36 healthy untrained Danish men aged 20–43 years were r and omised into a soccer group ( SO ; n = 13 ) , a running group ( RU ; n = 12 ) and a control group ( CO ; n = 11 ) . Training was performed for 1 h two or three times per week for 12 weeks ; at an average heart rate of 82 % ( SEM 2 % ) and 82 % ( 1 % ) of HRmax for SO and RU , respectively . During the 12 week period , maximal oxygen uptake increased ( p<0.05 ) by 13 % ( 3 % ) and 8 % ( 3 % ) in SO and RU , respectively . In SO , systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced ( p<0.05 ) from 130 ( 2 ) to 122 ( 2 ) mm Hg and from 77 ( 2 ) to 72 ( 2 ) mm Hg , respectively , after 12 weeks , with similar decreases observed for RU . After the 12 weeks of training , fat mass was 3.0 % ( 2.7 ( 0.6 ) kg ) and 1.8 % ( 1.8 ( 0.4 ) kg ) lower ( p<0.05 ) for SO and RU , respectively . Only SO had an increase in lean body mass ( 1.7 ( 0.4 ) kg , p<0.05 ) , an increase in lower extremity bone mass ( 41 ( 8) g , p<0.05 ) , a decrease in LDL-cholesterol ( 2.7 ( 0.2 ) to 2.3 ( 0.2 ) mmol/l ; p<0.05 ) and an increase ( p<0.05 ) in fat oxidation during running at 9.5 km/h . The number of capillaries per muscle fibre was 23 % ( 4 % ) and 16 % ( 7 % ) higher ( p<0.05 ) in SO and RU , respectively , after 12 weeks . No changes in any of the measured variables were observed for CO . In conclusion , participation in regular recreational soccer training , organised as small-sided drills , has significant beneficial effects on health profile and physical capacity for untrained men , and in some aspects it is superior to frequent moderate-intensity running The present study investigated the cardiac effects of a 10-week football training intervention for school children aged 9 - 10 years using comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography as a part of a larger ongoing study . A total of 97 pupils from four school classes were cluster-r and omized into a control group that maintained their usual activities ( CON ; two classes , n = 51 , 21 boys and 30 girls ) and a football training group that performed an additional 3 × 40 min of small-sided football training per week ( FT ; two classes , n = 46 , 23 boys and 23 girls ) . No baseline differences were observed in age , body composition , or echocardiographic variables between FT and CON . After the 10-week intervention , left ventricular posterior wall diameter was increased in FT compared with CON [ 0.4 ± 0.7 vs -0.1 ± 0.6 ( ± SD ) mm ; P < 0.01 ] as was the interventricular septum thickness ( 0.2 ± 0.7 vs -0.2 ± 0.8 mm ; P < 0.001 ) . Global isovolumetric relaxation time increased more in FT than in CON ( 3.8 ± 10.4 vs -0.9 ± 6.6 ms , P < 0.05 ) while the change in ventricular systolic ejection fraction tended to be higher ( 1.4 ± 8.0 vs -1.1 ± 5.5 % ; P = 0.08 ) . No changes were observed in resting heart rate or blood pressure . In conclusion , a short-term , school-based intervention comprising small-sided football sessions result ed in significant structural and functional cardiac adaptations in pre-adolescent children INTRODUCTION The present study investigated the fitness and health effects of medium-term soccer training for untrained hypertensive middle-age men . METHODS Thirty-three untrained males ( 31 - 54 yr ) with mild-to-moderate hypertension were r and omized 2:1 to a soccer training group ( STG , two 1-h sessions per week , n = 22 , 68 % on medication ) and a doctor advice group receiving traditional physician-guided recommendations on cardiovascular risk factor modification ( DAG , n = 11 , 73 % on medication ) . Two-way repeated- measures ANOVA time-group statistics was applied . RESULTS During soccer training , average HR was 155 ± 9 bpm or 85 % ± 7 % HRmax . In STG , systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased ( P < 0.01 ) over 6 months from 151 ± 10 to 139 ± 10 mm Hg and from 92 ± 7 to 84 ± 6 mm Hg , respectively , with smaller ( P < 0.05 ) decreases in DAG ( from 153 ± 8 to 145 ± 8 mm Hg and from 96 ± 6 to 93 ± 6 mm Hg , respectively ) . In STG , V˙O2max increased ( P < 0.01 ) from 32.6 ± 4.9 to 35.4 ± 6.6 mL·min-1·kg-1 and relative V˙O2 during cycling at 100 W was lowered ( P < 0.05 ) from 55 % ± 7 % to 50 % ± 8 % V˙O2max over 6 months , with no changes in DAG . In STG , resting HR was lowered by 8 ± 11 bpm ( P < 0.05 ) , and the augmentation index ( a measure of arterial stiffness ) was lowered ( P < 0.05 ) by 7.3 ± 14.0 over 6 months , with no change in DAG . CONCLUSIONS Six months of soccer training improved aerobic fitness , reduced blood pressure , and result ed in an array of other favorable effects on cardiovascular risk profile for untrained middle-age hypertensive men . Soccer training , therefore , may be a better nonpharmacological treatment for hypertensive men than traditional physician-guided advice Research ers investigated the effectiveness of patient controlled analgesia for patients presenting to emergency departments with pain from traumatic injuries . A r and omised controlled trial with a parallel groups study design was used . The control treatment was usual care , with analgesia titrated by nurses according to hospital guidelines . The participants were patients aged 18 - 75 years presenting to the emergency department who required intravenous opioid analgesia for the treatment of moderate to severe pain result ing from traumatic injuries , and who were expected to be admitted to hospital for at least 12 hours . In total , 200 adults were recruited and r and omised to the intervention ( patient controlled analgesia ; n=99 ) and control ( routine care ; n=101 ) treatment groups.1 The primary outcome was total pain experienced over the 12 hour study period , recorded using a visual analogue scale . Secondary outcomes included total amount of morphine used . The mean total pain experienced by the intervention group was lower than that experienced by the control group , although the difference was not significant . Participants in the intervention group used significantly more morphine than was admin 
    Output:
    
The majority of studies were qualitative and had positive findings in which the participants reported increased well-being and connectedness , elevation of symptoms and improved physical well-being .
The outcomes of the quantitative studies , however , were mixed with some results suggesting that not all intended goals were achieved .
This paper is likely to make a contribution to the advancement of alternative exercise interventions that aim at improving mental , physical and social health in people with mental health problems .