***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a gut hormone that exerts incretin effects and suppresses food intake in humans , but its therapeutic use is limited due to its short half-life . This was a r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative liraglutide ( NN2211 ) on glycemic control , body weight , body composition , and 24-h energy expenditure in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-three patients ( mean + /- SD ) aged 60.0 + /- 9.5 years , with HbA(1c ) 7.5 + /- 1.2 % and BMI 36.6 + /- 4.1 kg/m(2 ) , were r and omized to treatment with a single daily subcutaneous dose of 0.6 mg liraglutide ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 12 ) for 8 weeks . In addition to weight and glycemic parameters , body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scanning and 24-h energy expenditure in a respiratory chamber . RESULTS After 8 weeks , liraglutide reduced fasting serum glucose ( liraglutide , -1.90 mmol/l , and placebo , 0.27 mmol/l ; P = 0.002 ) and HbA(1c ) ( liraglutide , -0.33 % , and placebo , 0.47 % ; P = 0.028 ) compared with placebo . No change in body weight was detected ( liraglutide , -0.7 kg , and placebo , -0.9 kg ; P = 0.756 ) . There was a nonsignificant trend toward a decrease in total fat mass ( liraglutide , -0.98 % , and placebo , -0.12 % ; P = 0.088 ) and toward an increase in lean body mass ( liraglutide , 1.02 % , and placebo , 0.23 % ; P = 0.118 ) in the liraglutide group compared with the placebo group . Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was unaffected by the treatment ( liraglutide , -12.6 kJ/h , and placebo , -13.7 kJ/h ; P = 0.799 ) . CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of 0.6-mg liraglutide treatment significantly improved glycemic control without increasing weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with those on placebo . No influence on 24-h energy expenditure was detected OBJECTIVE —The efficacy and safety of adding liraglutide ( a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist ) to metformin were compared with addition of placebo or glimepiride to metformin in subjects previously treated with oral antidiabetes ( OAD ) therapy . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In this 26-week , double-blind , double-dummy , placebo- and active-controlled , parallel-group trial , 1,091 subjects were r and omly assigned ( 2:2:2:1:2 ) to once-daily liraglutide ( either 0.6 , 1.2 , or 1.8 mg/day injected subcutaneously ) , to placebo , or to glimepiride ( 4 mg once daily ) . All treatments were in combination therapy with metformin ( 1 g twice daily ) . Enrolled subjects ( aged 25–79 years ) had type 2 diabetes , A1C of 7–11 % ( previous OAD monotherapy for ≥3 months ) or 7–10 % ( previous OAD combination therapy for ≥3 months ) , and BMI ≤40 kg/m2 .  RESULTS —A1C values were significantly reduced in all liraglutide groups versus the placebo group ( P < 0.0001 ) with mean decreases of 1.0 % for 1.8 mg liraglutide , 1.2 mg liraglutide , and glimepiride and 0.7 % for 0.6 mg liraglutide and an increase of 0.1 % for placebo . Body weight decreased in all liraglutide groups ( 1.8–2.8 kg ) compared with an increase in the glimepiride group ( 1.0 kg ; P < 0.0001 ) . The incidence of minor hypoglycemia  with liraglutide ( ∼3 % ) was comparable to that with placebo but less than that with glimepiride ( 17 % ; P < 0.001 ) . Nausea was reported by 11–19 % of the liraglutide-treated subjects versus 3–4 % in the placebo and glimepiride groups . The incidence of nausea declined over time . CONCLUSIONS —In subjects with type 2 diabetes , once-daily liraglutide induced similar glycemic control , reduced body weight , and lowered the occurrence of hypoglycemia compared with glimepiride , when both had background therapy of metformin BACKGROUND Agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) receptor provide pharmacological levels of GLP-1 activity , whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-4 ( DPP-4 ) inhibitors increase concentrations of endogenous GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide . We aim ed to assess the efficacy and safety of the human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide versus the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin , as adjunct treatments to metformin , in individuals with type 2 diabetes who did not achieve adequate glycaemic control with metformin alone . METHODS In this parallel-group , open-label trial , participants ( aged 18 - 80 years ) with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had inadequate glycaemic control ( glycosylated haemoglobin [ HbA(1c ) ] 7.5 - 10.0 % ) on metformin ( > or=1500 mg daily for > or=3 months ) were enrolled and treated at office-based sites in Europe , the USA , and Canada . Participants were r and omly allocated to receive 26 weeks ' treatment with 1.2 mg ( n=225 ) or 1.8 mg ( n=221 ) subcutaneous liraglutide once daily , or 100 mg oral sitagliptin once daily ( n=219 ) . The primary endpoint was change in HbA(1c ) from baseline to week 26 . The efficacy of liraglutide versus sitagliptin was assessed hierarchically by a non-inferiority comparison , with a margin of 0.4 % , followed by a superiority comparison . Analyses were done on the full analysis set with missing values imputed by last observation carried forward ; seven patients assigned to liraglutide did not receive treatment and thus did not meet criteria for inclusion in the full analysis set . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00700817 . FINDINGS Greater lowering of mean HbA(1c ) ( 8.5 % at baseline ) was achieved with 1.8 mg liraglutide ( -1.50 % , 95 % CI -1.63 to -1.37 , n=218 ) and 1.2 mg liraglutide ( -1.24 % , -1.37 to -1.11 , n=221 ) than with sitagliptin ( -0.90 % , -1.03 to -0.77 , n=219 ) . Estimated mean treatment differences for liraglutide versus sitagliptin were -0.60 % ( 95 % CI -0.77 to -0.43 , p<0.0001 ) for 1.8 mg and -0.34 % ( -0.51 to -0.16 , p<0.0001 ) for 1.2 mg liraglutide . Nausea was more common with liraglutide ( 59 [ 27 % ] patients on 1.8 mg ; 46 [ 21 % ] on 1.2 mg ) than with sitagliptin ( 10 [ 5 % ] ) . Minor hypoglycaemia was recorded in about 5 % of participants in each treatment group . INTERPRETATION Liraglutide was superior to sitagliptin for reduction of HbA(1c ) , and was well tolerated with minimum risk of hypoglycaemia . These findings support the use of liraglutide as an effective GLP-1 agent to add to metformin . FUNDING Novo Nordisk OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of taspoglutide ( R1583/BIM51077 ) , a human once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 analog , in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Type 2 diabetic ( n = 306 ) patients who failed to obtain glycemic control ( A1C 7–9.5 % ) despite 1,500 mg metformin daily were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind subcutaneous treatment with placebo or taspoglutide , either 5 , 10 , or 20 mg once weekly or 10 or 20 mg once every 2 weeks , and followed for 4 additional weeks . All patients received their previously established dose of metformin throughout the study . Glycemic control was assessed by change in A1C ( percent ) from baseline . RESULTS Significantly greater ( P < 0.0001 ) reductions in A1C from a mean ± SD baseline of 7.9 ± 0.7 % were observed in all taspoglutide groups compared with placebo after 8 weeks of treatment : –1.0 ± 0.1 % ( 5 mg once weekly ) , –1.2 ± 0.1 % ( 10 mg once weekly ) , –1.2 ± 0.1 % ( 20 mg once weekly ) , –0.9 ± 0.1 % ( 10 mg Q2W ) , and –1.0 ± 0.1 % ( 20 mg Q2W ) vs. –0.2 ± 0.1 % with placebo . After 8 weeks , body weight loss was significantly greater in the 10 mg ( –2.1 ± 0.3 kg , P = 0.0035 vs. placebo ) and 20 mg ( –2.8 ± 0.3 kg , P < 0.0001 ) once-weekly groups and the 20 mg once every 2 weeks ( –1.9 ± 0.3 kg , P = 0.0083 ) group than with placebo ( –0.8 ± 0.3 kg ) . The most common adverse event was dose-dependent , transient , mild-to-moderate nausea ; the incidence of hypoglycemia was very low . CONCLUSIONS Taspoglutide used in combination with metformin  significantly improves fasting and postpr and ial glucose control and induces weight loss , with a favorable tolerability profile OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy , safety , and tolerability of incremental doses of albiglutide , a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist , administered with three dosing schedules in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise or metformin monotherapy . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this r and omized multicenter double-blind parallel-group study , 356 type 2 diabetic subjects with similar mean baseline characteristics ( age 54 years , diabetes duration 4.9 years , BMI 32.1 kg/m2 , A1C 8.0 % ) received subcutaneous placebo or albiglutide ( weekly [ 4 , 15 , or 30 mg ] , biweekly [ 15 , 30 , or 50 mg ] , or monthly [ 50 or 100 mg ] ) or exenatide twice daily as an open-label active reference ( per labeling in metformin subjects only ) over 16 weeks followed by an 11-week washout period . The main outcome measure was change from baseline A1C of albiglutide groups versus placebo at week 16 . RESULTS Dose-dependent reductions in A1C were observed within all albiglutide schedules . Mean A1C was similarly reduced from baseline by albiglutide 30 mg weekly , 50 mg biweekly ( every 2 weeks ) , and 100 mg monthly ( −0.87 , −0.79 , and −0.87 % , respectively ) versus placebo ( −0.17 % , P < 0.004 ) and exenatide ( −0.54 % ) . Weight loss ( −1.1 to −1.7 kg ) was observed with these three albiglutide doses with no significant between-group effects . The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events in subjects receiving albiglutide 30 mg weekly was less than that observed for the highest biweekly and monthly doses of albiglutide or exenatide . CONCLUSIONS Weekly albiglutide administration significantly improved glycemic control and elicited weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients , with a favorable safety and tolerability profile OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy and safety of switching from twice-daily exenatide to once-daily liraglutide or 
    Output:
    
In comparison with placebo , all GLP-1 agonists reduced glycosylated haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) levels by about 1 % .
Exenatide 2 mg once weekly reduced HbA1c more than exenatide 10 μg twice daily , sitagliptin and pioglitazone .
Both exenatide and liraglutide led to greater weight loss than most active comparators , including in participants not experiencing nausea .
Hypoglycaemia occurred more frequently in participants taking concomitant sulphonylurea .
GLP-1 agonists caused gastrointestinal adverse effects , mainly nausea .
These adverse events were strongest at the beginning and then subsided .
Beta-cell function was improved with GLP-1 agonists but the effect did not persist after cessation of treatment .
GLP-1 agonists are effective in improving glycaemic control