***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The objective of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a general measure of patients ' satisfaction with medication , the Treatment Satisfaction Question naire for Medication ( TSQM ) . Methods The content and format of 55 initial questions were based on a formal conceptual framework , an extensive literature review , and the input from three patient focus groups . Patient interviews were used to select the most relevant questions for further evaluation ( n = 31 ) . The psychometric performance of items and result ing TSQM scales were examined using eight diverse patient groups ( arthritis , asthma , major depression , type I diabetes , high cholesterol , hypertension , migraine , and psoriasis ) recruited from a national longitudinal panel study of chronic illness ( n = 567 ) . Participants were then r and omized to complete the test items using one of two alternate scaling methods ( Visual Analogue vs. Likert-type ) . Results A factor analysis ( principal component extraction with varimax rotation ) of specific items revealed three factors ( Eigenvalues > 1.7 ) explaining 75.6 % of the total variance ; namely Side effects ( 4 items , 28.4 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .87 ) , Effectiveness ( 3 items , 24.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .85 ) , and Convenience ( 3 items , 23.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .87 ) . A second factor analysis of more generally worded items yielded a Global Satisfaction scale ( 3 items , Eigenvalue = 2.3 , 79.1 % , Cronbach 's Alpha = .85 ) . The final four scales possessed good psychometric properties , with the Likert-type scaling method performing better than the VAS approach . Significant differences were found on the TSQM by the route of medication administration ( oral , injectable , topical , inhalable ) , level of illness severity , and length of time on medication . Regression analyses using the TSQM scales accounted for 40–60 % of variation in patients ' ratings of their likelihood to persist with their current medication . Conclusion The TSQM is a psychometrically sound and valid measure of the major dimensions of patients ' satisfaction with medication . Preliminary evidence suggests that the TSQM may also be a good predictor of patients ' medication adherence across different types of medication and patient population BACKGROUND Medication therapy management ( MTM ) services position pharmacists to prevent , detect , and resolve medication-related problems ( MRPs . ) However , selecting patients for MTM who are most at risk for MRPs is a challenge . Using self-administered scales that are practical for use in clinical practice are one approach . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to estimate the psychometric properties of a brief self-administered scale as a screening tool for MRPs . METHODS This was a non-r and omized study utilizing question naires administered cross-sectionally . In Phase 1 , patients ( n = 394 ) at community pharmacies and outpatient clinics completed 78 items , provided to the study team by item authors , assessing perceived MRPs . These data were used to select items for further investigation as a brief , self-administered scale , and estimate the reliability and construct validity of the result ing instrument . In Phase 2 , a convenience sample of patients ( n = 200 ) at community pharmacies completed a nine-item , self-administered scale . After completion , they were engaged in a comprehensive medication review by their pharmacist who was blinded to question naire responses . The main outcome measure for estimating the criterion-related validity of the scale was the number of pharmacist-identified medication-related problems ( MRPs . ) Item statistics were computed as well as bivariate associations between scale scores and other variables with MRPs . A multivariate model was constructed to examine the influence of scale scores on MRPs after controlling for other significant variables . RESULTS Higher scores on the question naire were positively correlated with more pharmacist-identified MRPs ( r = 0.24 ; P = 0.001 ) and scores remained as a significant predictor ( P = 0.031 ) when controlling for other relevant variables in a multivariate regression model ( R(2 ) = 0.21 ; P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Patient responses on the scale may have a modest role in predicting MRPs . The use of self-administered question naires such as this may supplement other available patient data in developing patient eligibility criteria for MTM , however , additional research is warranted BACKGROUND Treatment of diabetes mellitus ( DM ) is complex , requiring multifaceted lifestyle change or regulation and , for many , self-regulation of insulin levels in the blood . Historically , daily insulin treatment has been viewed as burdensome to patients , prompting newer formulations and improved delivery methods . OBJECTIVE This multicenter , clinical study was design ed to develop a conceptually sound , clinical ly meaningful , and psychometrically valid measure of insulin treatment satisfaction , applicable to a wide range of insulin therapies . METHODS A 3-phase iterative process was employed to develop and vali date the Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Question naire ( ITSQ ) : ( 1 ) conceptual development of items , ( 2 ) preliminary validation among patients with DM , and ( 3 ) confirmatory validation among patients with DM . RESULTS The ITSQ was vali date d with 170 patients in phase 2 and 402 patients in phase 3 . Confirmatory factor analysis produced a 5-factor , 22-item instrument assessing regimen inconvenience , lifestyle flexibility , glycemic control , hypoglycemic control , and satisfaction with the insulin delivery device . Results for reliability and construct validity of the final version were consistent in both sample s of patients treated with insulin , with different data collection methods . Internal consistency ( using Cronbach alpha coefficient ) of the subscales ranged from 0.79 to 0.91 . Test-retest reliability ( using Spearman rank correlation coefficients ) ranged from 0.63 to 0.94 . ITSQ scores showed moderate to high correlation with related measures of treatment burden . The ITSQ differentiated among insulin delivery methods , glycosylated hemoglobin values , the number of times the patient required assistance administering insulin , and insulin adherence . CONCLUSION In our study sample s , the ITSQ appeared to be conceptually and psychometrically sound and applicable to a wide range of insulin therapies Objective : To review literature on instruments available for assessing the  physical and cognitive ability to take medications as prescribed , which serve as a way to rule out reasons for nonadherence . Data Sources : A PubMed search ( 1950–February 2008 ) was conducted to identity relevant articles . Additional references were obtained from cross-referencing the bibliographies of selected articles . Only journals containing English- language articles were selected for review . Study Selection and Data Extraction : Articles that described a simulated assessment of medication management were obtained , irrespective of whether the assessment also contained data about medication adherence or was focused on older adults . Data Synthesis : Fifteen instruments were identified . Six instruments required 5 minutes or less to administer . 5 required 6–30 minutes , and 4 had no administration time data reported . A possible advantage of 3 of the instruments is that they use a subject 's own medications and may therefore provide a more authentic assessment . Only 2 instruments have been tested by subjects other than the drug developers and only one has been used in 2 different population s , thereby affording soma insight into generalizability . These studies have used a variety of other vali date d surveys/ assessment s to provide an indication of construct validity , including neuropsychological batteries , caregiver reports , prospect i ve outcomes , instrumental activities of daily living , and levels of care . One instrument determined whether Individuals could tell if refills existed , whom to contact , and re sources to obtain medications . Three assessed numeracy literacy . Conclusions : Five instruments that measure medication management capacity should be compared for potential further use , including Beckman 's tasks , due to their brevity and assessment of numeracy literacy ; the Medication Management Ability Assessment , Drug Regimen Unassisted Grading Scale , and Hopkins Medication Schedule because of the evidence supporting their use ; and the Medication Management Instrument for Deficiencies In the Elderly because it includes an assessment of the patient 's knowledge of how to obtain more medications . No brief tool is available for the primary care setting to identify individuals with medication management problems or to guide the type and amount of support required to manage medications BACKGROUND Attention needs to be paid to comparing and st and ardizing methods for measuring patient satisfaction with consultations in primary care . OBJECTIVES To compare the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale ( MISS ) and the Consultation Satisfaction Question naire ( CSQ ) in terms of acceptability , distribution of responses , reliability and gather evidence of validity . In addition , to compare the scores of patients completing the question naires immediately after the consultation in the general practitioners ' surgeries with those completing the  question naires  later at home . METHODS The two question naires were bound as a single instrument with order determined at r and om . This was given to patients immediately after their consultations in eight practice s in South Glamorgan . RESULTS One hundred and ninety-eight of 316 ( 63 % ) patients completed and returned question naires . The distributions of patient satisfaction scores for the two question naires were very similar . For the MISS : mean 76.6 % ( SD 11.4 ) ; for the CSQ mean 7.2 % ( SD 12.6 ) . Correlations between sub-scales ranged from 0.58 - 0.84 for the MISS and from 0.40 - 0.79 for the CSQ . The correlation between the overall scales was 0.82 . Levels of reliability for the scales and sub-scales were fair to good ranging from 0.78 - 0.96 for the MISS and from 0.73 - 0.94 for the CSQ . CONCLUSIONS The study does not identify one scale as being superior in psychometric terms , however by demonstrating consistency of responses it provides support for the scales as measures of patient satisfaction for use in primary care . The level of inter-correlation suggests that the sub-scales may not be clearly independent of each other and suggests that total scores may be preferred . Lower levels of satisfaction are expressed if patients complete question naires at home rather than in general practitioners ' surgeries 
    Output:
    
There is a scarcity of psychometrically sound , comprehensive , and generic measures of experiences of using prescription medicines among adult patients living with chronic illnesses .