***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine the effect of 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 % dehydration ( DEH ) versus euhydration ( EUH ) on basketball performance in adult male players . METHODS Seventeen 17- to 28-yr-old male basketball players completed 3 h of interval treadmill walking ( 40 degrees C and 20 % relative humidity ) with or without fluid replacement . Subjects completed six trials in r and om order : 1 ) EUH with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution ( CES ) , 2 ) EUH control ( flavored water with 0 % carbohydrate and 18 mM sodium ) , 3 ) 1 % DEH , 4 ) 2 % DEH , 5 ) 3 % DEH , and 6 ) 4 % DEH . After a 70-min recovery period , subjects performed a sequence of continuous basketball drills design ed to simulate a fast-paced game . Measures of overall skill performance during the 80-min game included 1 ) total time to complete basketball-specific movement drills ( sprinting , defensive slides , sprinting-defensive slides combination , and repetitive jumping drills ) and 2 ) total number of shots ( foul-line and baseline jump shots , layups , three-point , 15-ft , free throws ) made per game . RESULTS Performance during all timed and shooting drills declined progressively as % DEH increased . Total time to complete basketball-specific movement drills was slower ( 1 % : + 7 + /- 6 ; 2 % : + 20 + /- 5 ( P < 0.05 ) ; 3 % : + 26 + /- 7 ( P < 0.005 ) ; 4 % : + 57 + /- 9 ( P < 0.0001 ) s ) , and fewer shots were made during DEH versus EUH control ( 1 % : -5 + /- 1 ; 2 % : -6 + /- 2 ( P < 0.05 ) ; 3 % : -8 + /- 2 ( P < 0.005 ) ; 4 % : -10 + /- 1 ( P < 0.0001 ) shots made ) . There were no significant differences in performance between CES and EUH control . CONCLUSION Basketball players experienced a progressive deterioration in performance as DEH progressed from 1 to 4 % . The threshold , or % DEH at which the performance decrement reached statistical significance , was 2 % for combined timed and shooting drills The present study assessed the effects of mild dehydration on cognitive performance and mood of young males . A total of twenty-six men ( age 20·0 ( sd 0·3 ) years ) participated in three r and omised , single-blind , repeated- measures trials : exercise-induced dehydration plus a diuretic ( DD ; 40 mg furosemide ) ; exercise-induced dehydration plus placebo containing no diuretic ( DN ) ; exercise while maintaining euhydration plus placebo ( EU ; control condition ) . Each trial included three 40 min treadmill walks at 5·6 km/h , 5 % grade in a 27·7 ° C environment . A comprehensive computerised six-task cognitive test battery , the profile of mood states question naire and the symptom question naire ( headache , concentration and task difficulty ) were administered during each trial . Paired t tests compared the DD and DN trials result ing in > 1 % body mass loss ( mean 1·59 ( sd 0·42 ) % ) with the volunteer 's EU trial ( 0·01 ( sd 0·03 ) % ) . Dehydration de grade d specific aspects of cognitive performance : errors increased on visual vigilance ( P = 0·048 ) and visual working memory response latency slowed ( P = 0·021 ) . Fatigue and tension/anxiety increased due to dehydration at rest ( P = 0·040 and 0·029 ) and fatigue during exercise ( P = 0·026 ) . Plasma osmolality increased due to dehydration ( P < 0·001 ) but resting gastrointestinal temperature was not altered ( P = 0·238 ) . In conclusion , mild dehydration without hyperthermia in men  induced adverse changes in vigilance and working memory , and increased tension/anxiety and fatigue PURPOSE It is generally recommended that fluid be ingested during exercise at a rate that prevents body mass loss and prevents dehydration . It is , however , not known whether these recommendations are valid during intense endurance exercise in a mild environment . The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fluid ingestion volume on heart rate ( HR ) , rectal temperature , plasma electrolytes , and performance during intense endurance exercise at 21 degrees C. METHODS Eight well-trained men ( 26+/-1 yr ; 79.6+/-3.5 kg ; VO2peak = 5.05+/-0.17 L.min(-1 ) ; mean+/-SEM ) cycled for 45 min at 80+/-1 % VO2peak while receiving either no fluid replacement ( NF ) , a volume of water that prevented body mass loss ( FR-100 = 1.47+/-0.05 L ) , or 50 % of this volume ( FR-50 = 0.72+/-0.03 L ) . The 45-min exercise bout was followed immediately by a 15-min " all-out " performance ride . RESULTS NF was associated with a 1.9+/-0.0 % body mass loss , while FR-50 and FR-100 result ed in losses of 1.0 = 0.1 % and 0.0+/-0.1 % , respectively . Although values tended to be higher in NF , fluid ingestion had no significant effect on HR or rectal temperature during exercise . Reductions in plasma volume and increases in plasma sodium and potassium concentrations during exercise were largely unaffected by fluid ingestion . RPE increased to a similar extent during exercise in the three trials while a mild increase in the degree of stomach bloating/fullness was evident in FR-100 . Work completed during the 15-min performance ride was similar in the three trials ( NF : 273+/-8 , FR-50 : 267+/-8 , FR-100 : 269+/-9 kJ ) . CONCLUSIONS There appears to be little benefit from ingesting water during intense 1-h cycling exercise in mild environmental conditions since such ingestion has no significant effect on HR , body temperature , plasma volume , plasma electrolytes , or performance Abstract Smith , MF , Newell , AJ , and Baker , MA . Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf . J Strength Cond Res 26(11 ) : 3075–3080 , 2012—Whether mild dehydration ( −1 to 3 % body mass change [ & Dgr;BM ] ) impairs neurophysiological function during sport-specific cognitive-motor performance has yet to be fully eluci date d. To investigate this within a golfing context , 7 low-h and icap players ( age : 21 ± 1.1 years ; mass : 76.1 ± 11.8 kg ; stature : 1.77 ± 0.07 m ; h and icap : 3.0 ± 1.2 ) completed a golf-specific motor and cognitive performance task in a euhydrated condition ( EC ) and dehydrated condition ( DC ) ( r and omized counterbalanced design ; 7-day interval ) . Dehydration was controlled using a previously effective 12-hour fluid restriction , monitored through & Dgr;BM and urine color assessment ( UCOL ) . Mild dehydration reduced the mean BM by 1.5 ± 0.5 % ( p = 0.01 ) , with UCOL increasing from 2 ( EC ) to 4 ( DC ) ( p = 0.02 ) . Mild dehydration significantly impaired motor performance , expressed as shot distance ( 114.6 vs. 128.6 m ; p < 0.001 ) and off-target accuracy ( 7.9 vs. 4.1 m ; p = 0.001 ) . Cognitive performance , expressed as the mean error in distance judgment to target increased from 4.1 ± 3.0 m ( EC ) to 8.8 ± 4.7 m ( DC ) ( p < 0.001 ) . The findings support those of previous research that indicates mild dehydration ( −1 to 2 % & Dgr;BM ) significantly impairs cognitive-motor task performance . This study is the first to show that mild dehydration can impair distance , accuracy , and distance judgment during golf performance Dehydration , a common practice among competitive athletes in sports including weight classes , has uncertain effects on strength . This study examined the effects of passive dehydration ( D , ∼2 hours in a sauna ) followed by rehydration ( R , ∼2 hours of rest with water ad libitum ) on bench press one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) . Ten weight-trained males ( x ± SE ; age = 25 ± 1 years ; mass = 85.5 ± 5.2 kg ; height = 173.5 ± 1.7 cm ; body fat = 17.8 ± 2.2 % ; 1RM = 118 ± 8 kg ) completed 2 testing sessions ( E1/E2 and D/R ) consisting of , respectively , 2 euhydration 1RM measurements separated by 2 hours of rest ; and D 1RM followed by R 1RM . Testing sessions were administered in counterbalanced order and separated by 1 week . D result ed in increases ( p < 0.005 ) in body temperature , urine specific gravity , hematocrit , and hemoglobin ( calculated 8 % decrease in plasma volume ) as well as decreased body mass ( p < 0.005 ) . 1RM was decreased following D ( 111.4 ± 7.2 kg ) compared to both E1 ( 118 ± 7.6 kg , p = 0.0015 ) and R ( 117.3 ± 7.8 kg , p = 0.0023 ) , with no significant difference between E1 and R. A significant association ( r = −0.67 , p < 0.05 ) was observed between percent lean body mass ( % LBM ) and the change in 1RM following D. In conclusion , passive dehydration result ing in—1.5 % loss of body mass adversely affects bench press 1RM performance . The adverse affects of dehydration seem to be overcome by a 2-hour rest period and water consumption PURPOSE This study sought to determine the effect of rapid intravenous ( IV ) versus oral ( ORAL ) rehydration immediately after dehydration , on cardiovascular , thermoregulatory , and perceptual responses during subsequent exercise in the heat . METHODS Eight males ( 21.4 + /- 0.7 yr ; 176.2 + /- 1.6 cm ; 75.2 + /- 3.7 kg ; 63.7 + /- 3.6 mL.kg.min VO2max , 9.0 + /- 1.7 % fat ) participated in three r and omized trials . Each trial consisted of a 75-min dehydration phase ( 36 degrees C ; 42.5 % rh , 47 + /- 0.9 % VO2max ) where subjects lost 1.7 L ( IV and no-fluid ( NF ) trials ) to 1.8 L of fluid ( ORAL trial ) . In the heat , fluid lost was matched with 0.45 % saline in 20 min by either IV or ORAL rehydration ; no fluid was given in the NF trial . Subjects then performed a heat-tolerance test ( HTT ; 37.0 degrees C , 45 % rh , treadmill speed of 2.4 m.s , 2.3 % grade ) for 75 min or until exhaustion ( Tre of 39.5 degrees C ) . During the HTT , thermal and thirst sensations , RPE , rectal temperature ( Tre ) , heart rate ( HR ) , and mean weighted skin temperature ( Tsk ) were measured . RESULTS Plasma volume in the IV treatment was greater ( P < 0.05 ) after rehydration compared with ORAL and NF . However , during the HTT there were no overall differences ( P > 0.05 ) in HR , Tre , Tsk , RPE , thermal sensations , or HTT time ( ORAL , 71 + /- 8 min ; IV , 73 + /- 5 min ; NF , 39 + /- 29 min ) between the ORAL and IV treatments . Sensations of thirst were lower ( P < 0.05 ) in ORAL compared with IV and NF , likely because of oropharyngeal stimuli . CONCLUSIONS Despite a more rapid restoration of plasma volume , IV rehydration was not advantageous over ORAL rehydration in regards to physiological strain , heat tolerance , RPE , or thermal sensations PURPOSE To determine the effects of exercise heat-induced two percent dehydration ( DEH ) and euhydration ( EUH ) with a six percent carbohydrate-electrolyte solution ( CES ) compared with placebo EUH ( P EUH ) on basketball skills in skilled young players . METHODS Fifteen 12- to 15-yr-old boys underwent three separate 2-h exercise heat exposures ( double blind , r and om order ) : 2 % DEH by limiting fluid intake during exercise in the heat and basketball skill drills , EUH ( no net 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Fluid consumption following dehydration may improve continuous exercise performance under heat stress conditions , even when the body water deficit is modest and fluid intake is inadequate for complete rehydration