***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Although various analgesics have been used , postoperative pain remains one of the most troublesome aspects of tonsillectomy for patients . OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of premedication using pregabalin compared with placebo ( diazepam ) on postoperative pain control in patients undergoing tonsillectomy . METHODS Forty-eight adult patients were r and omly divided into a control group and a pregabalin group . Preoperatively , patients in the control group received 4 mg diazepam orally as placebo , whereas those in the pregabalin group received 300 mg pregabalin orally . All participants were provided with patient-controlled analgesia using fentanyl for 24 hours after surgery . Postoperative pain treatment included acetaminophen 650 mg three times daily for 8 postoperative days . The primary outcome measure was the total amount of patient-controlled fentanyl consumption after tonsillectomy . Secondary outcome measures were the number of injections of ketorolac tromethamine  ( each 30 mg ) requested by patients , pain scores , overall satisfaction scores , drowsiness , nausea , dizziness , headache , and vomiting after the surgery . P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant . RESULTS The total amount of fentanyl dem and ed decreased significantly in the pregabalin group ( P < 0.001 ) . There were no significant differences in the number of ketorolac tromethamine injections , pain scores , overall satisfaction scores , drowsiness , nausea , dizziness , headache , and vomiting between the two groups . CONCLUSION Administration of 300 mg pregabalin prior to tonsillectomy decreases fentanyl consumption compared with that after 4 mg diazepam , without an increased incidence of adverse effects . TRIAL REGISTRATION KCT0001215 STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of pregabalin for the relief of postoperative shoulder pain after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial ( Canadian Task Force classification I ) . SETTING Tertiary referral center , university hospital . PATIENTS Fifty-six women undergoing elective laparoscopic gynecologic surgery between June 2012 and March 2013 . INTERVENTIONS Women in the study group received 75 mg pregabalin 2 hours before surgery and then every 12 hours for 2 doses , and women in the control group received an identical capsule and the same dosage of placebo . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Visual analog scale ( VAS ) scores for shoulder pain and surgical pain at 24 and 48 hours after surgery were evaluated as primary outcome . Postoperative analgesics used and drug-related adverse events were also monitored . Patients in the pregabalin group had significantly lower postoperative VAS scores for shoulder pain at 24 hours , compared with the placebo group ( median , 23.14 [ range , 13.67 - 32.61 ] vs. 37.22 [ 27.75 - 46.64 ] ; p = .04 ) , and required less analgesic ( p = .01 ) . There were no significant differences in VAS scores for surgical pain and adverse events between the 2 groups ( p = .56 ) . CONCLUSIONS Perioperative administration of 75 mg pregabalin significantly reduced postoperative laparoscopic shoulder pain and amount of analgesic used Abstract We aim ed to investigate the role of preoperative single dose of pregabalin for attenuating postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in patients undergoing septoplasty . One hundred forty-three patients with ASA physical status I who underwent elective septoplasty were included in this prospect i ve , r and omized , and controlled study . Subjects were r and omized to receive pregabalin 75 mg , pregabalin 150 mg , and control group . All the medications were administered orally 1 hour before surgery . A st and ard septoplasty technique was used for all patients . Postoperative pain intensity was evaluated by a 0- to 100-mm horizontal visual analog scale ( VAS ) ( 0 , no pain ; 100 , worst imaginable pain ) . Total analgesic consumption 1 to 24 h after operation was also recorded . Visual analog scale scores in the 1st , 2nd , 4th , 6th , 12th , and 24th hour were significantly decreased in 75 and 150 mg pregabalin group compared with the control group , and VAS scores in the 12th and 24th hour were significantly decreased in pregabalin 150 mg compared with 75 mg . The 24th total analgesic consumption was significantly decreased in pregabalin 75 mg and 150 mg groups compared with the control group . In conclusion , a single preoperative oral dose pregabalin 75 or 150 mg is an effective method for reducing postoperative pain and total analgesic consumption in patients undergoing septoplasty BACKGROUND Preoperative administration of pregabalin is proposed as a promising way of enhancing postoperative pain control . Whereas a few studies have investigated the effect of pregabalin on postoperative opioid consumption , no study has focused on the influence on postoperative hyperalgesia . In this r and omized , triple-blinded , placebo-controlled study , we aim ed to demonstrate that a single , preoperative dose of pregabalin reduces postoperative opioid consumption , mechanical hyperalgesia , and pain sensitivity . METHODS Patients undergoing elective transperitoneal nephrectomy received 300 mg pregabalin or placebo 1 h before anaesthesia . After operation , patients received piritramide via a patient-controlled analgesia device . Pain levels and side-effects were documented . The area of hyperalgesia for punctuate mechanical stimuli around the incision was measured 48 h after the operation with a h and -held von Frey filament . Mechanical pain threshold was tested before and 48 h after surgery with von Frey filaments with increasing diameters . RESULTS In each group , 13 patients were recruited .  Total piritramide consumption [ 77 ( 16 ) vs 52 ( 16 ) mg , P=0.0004 ] and the normalized area of hyperalgesia [ 143 ( 87 ) vs 84 ( 54 ) cm(2 ) , P=0.0497 ] were significantly decreased in the pregabalin group . There were no significant differences in mechanical pain threshold levels [ 1.20 ( 0.56 ) log(g ) vs 1.05 ( 0.58 ) log(g ) , P=0.6738 ] . No case of severe sedation was reported in both groups . No other side-effects were observed . CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that preoperative administration of 300 mg pregabalin in patients undergoing transperitoneal nephrectomy reduces postoperative opioid consumption and decreases the area of mechanical hyperalgesia Prevention and treatment of postoperative pain continues to be a major challenge in postoperative care . Opioid analgesics , with their well-known side effects , continue to represent a cornerstone in postoperative pain control . Anticonvulsant medications are established treatments for neuropathic pain . Pregabalin ( S-[+]-3-isobutylgaba ) , a structural analog of gamma-Aminobutyric acid , has been used for the treatment of various neuropathic pain and also as an adjunctive therapy for adults with partial onset seizures . This study was thus taken up to primarily assess and compare the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of administering pregabalin and tramadol preoperatively for patients undergoing elective decompressive lumbar laminectomy . The study group included 75 patients between the ages of 20–60 years belonging to American Society of Anesthesiology-1 ( ASA ) and ASA-2 patients . The patients were r and omly allocated into three groups of 25 patients each . The placebo group received a placebo capsule , the tramadol group received a 100 mg capsule , while the pregabalin group received a 150 mg capsule orally 1 hour before anesthetic induction . Pregabalin  showed statistically significant analgesic effects compared to placebo , but the effect was found to be less prevalent compared to tramadol .  The need for rescue analgesia was the least prevalent in tramadol patients followed by pregabalin patients , and reached a maximum in the control group . Pregabalin  showed statistically significant anxiolytic effects compared to placebo , and this was associated with less sedation in comparison to tramadol . Pregabalin had fewer numbers of postoperative complications of nausea , vomiting , and drowsiness in comparison to tramadol . The results of this study support the clinical use of pregabalin in the postsurgical setting for pain relief , as it is well tolerated , and usually presents with transient adverse effects BACKGROUND This was a r and omized , double-blinded clinical trial to study the effects of a single oral dose of pregabalin 150 mg in postoperative pain management after mastectomy . METHODS DESIGN forty nine patients ASA I or II , aged between 20 - 60 years , scheduled for mastectomy with or without axillary lymph nodes dissection ( ALND ) were recruited into this study . They were r and omized into two groups , placebo ( n = 24 ) or pregabalin ( n = 25 ) receiving either oral pregabalin 150 mg or placebo when called to operation theatre ( OT ) . The assessment of pain score were performed at recovery , 2 , 4 , 6 and 24 hours postoperatively at rest and on movement , using the verbal numeral rating score ( VNRS ) . RESULTS VNRS scores for pain at rest were lower in the pregabalin group at 2 ( p = 0.024 ) , 4 ( p = 0.006 ) and 6 ( p = 0.003 ) hours postoperatively , and also at 4 ( p = 0.005 ) and 6 ( p = 0.016 ) hours postoperatively on movement compared to the placebo group . Incidences . of dizziness were common , however , side effects such as nausea and vomiting , headache , somnolence and visual disturbance were low and comparable in both groups . CONCLUSION A single dose of 150 mg pregabalin given preoperatively compared to placebo significantly reduced postoperative pain scores after mastectomy BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adding novel adjunctive drugs like gabapentinoids to multimodal analgesic regimen might be reasonable for lessening postoperative pain scores , total opioid consumption and side effects after percutaneous nephrolithotomy . We aim ed to evaluate the effect of pregabalin on postoperative pain scores , analgesic consumption and renal functions expressed by creatinine clearance ( CrCl ) and blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin ( NGAL ) and cystatin C ( Cys C ) levels in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( PCNL ) . METHODS 60 patients undergoing elective PCNL were enrolled in the study . Patients were r and omized to oral single dose 75 mg pregabalin group and a control group .  Visual Analog Scale pain scores ( VAS ) , postoperative intravenous morphine consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours , serum NGAL , Cys C levels and creatinine clearance ( CrCl ) was measured preoperatively and post-operatively at 2nd and 24th hour . RESULTS Postoperative VAS scores were significantly decreased in the pregabalin group at the postoperative 30th min , 1st , and 2nd hour ( p = 0.002 , p = 0.001 and p = 0.027 , respectively ) . Postoperative mean morphine consumption was statistically significantly decreased for all time intervals in the pregabalin group ( p = 0.002 , p = 0.001 , p = 0.001 , p = 0.001 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to CrCl , or Cys C at preoperative and postoperative 2nd and 24th hour . Postoperative 24th hour NGAL levels were significantly decreased in the pregabalin group ( p = 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS Oral single-dose preemptive 75 mg pregabalin was effective in reducing early postoperative pain scores and total analgesic consumption in patients undergoing PCNL without leading to hemodynamic instability and side effects INTRODUCTION Gabapentin and pregabalin have been compared in studies conducted on management of neuropathic and postoperative pain . In neuropathic pain studies , the analgesic effects of the two drugs were compared , and pregabalin has been found to be more potent . However , in postoperative pain studies , the effects of each drug were examined separately . This study compared the analgesic effects of pregabalin ( 300 mg day-1 ) , gabapentin ( 1,200 mg day-1 ) and a placebo in managing postoperative pain following laminectomy and discectomy . METHODS 90 patients were r and omly assigned to three groups ( pregabalin , gabapentin and placebo ) of 30 patients each . Pregabalin 150 mg , gabapentin 600 mg and a placebo were administered every 12 hours , two times pre- and post surgery . Study data collected included morphine consumption , Visual Analogue Scale records , preoperative anxiety , patient satisfaction , adverse effects and observation notes . RESULTS In the gabapentin and pregabalin groups , overall morphine consumption , preoperative anxiety , pruritus , postoperative shivering were significantly lower 
    Output:
    
The primary outcomes were 24 h morphine i.v .
Based on trials with low risk of bias , pregabalin may have a minimal opioid-sparing effect , but the risk of SAEs seems increased .