***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Approximately 10 million Americans enter jails annually . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends routine opt-out HIV testing in these setting s. The logistics for performing routine opt-out HIV testing within jails , however , remain controversial . The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to routinely HIV test newly incarcerated jail detainees using an opt-out strategy . Methods This prospect i ve , controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 298 newly incarcerated male inmates in an urban men 's jail in New Haven , Connecticut . 298 sequential entrants to the men 's jail over a three week period in March and April 2008 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration : immediate ( same day , n = 103 ) , early ( next day , n = 98 ) , or delayed ( 7 days , n = 97 ) . The primary outcome was the proportion of men in each group consenting to testing . Results  Routine opt-out HIV testing  was significantly higher for the early ( 53 % : AOR = 2.6 ; 95 % CI = 1.5 to 4.7 ) and immediate ( 45 % : AOR = 2.3 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 to 4.0 ) testing groups compared to the delayed ( 33 % ) testing group . The immediate and early testing groups , however , did not significantly differ ( p = 0.67 ) . In multivariate analyses , factors significantly associated with routine opt-out  HIV testing were assignment to the ‘ early ’ testing group ( p = 0.0003 ) and low ( bond ≥$5,000 , immigration or federal charges or pre-sentencing > 30 days ) likelihood of early release ( p = 0.04 ) . Two subjects received preliminary positive results and one of them was subsequently confirmed HIV seropositive . Conclusions In this men 's jail where attrition was high , routine opt-out HIV testing was not only feasible , but result ed in the highest rates of HIV testing when performed within 24 hours of incarceration . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov The prevalence of AIDS is five times higher among prison inmates than in the general population . Because recidivism is common and many inmates are serving short sentences for parole violation , HIV-seropositive inmates move frequently between prison and their home communities . We design ed an eight-session prerelease intervention for HIV seropositive inmates to decrease sexual and drug-related risk behavior and to increase use of community re sources after release . The intervention sessions were delivered at the prison by community service providers . We found that a prerelease  risk reduction intervention for HIV seropositive inmates was feasible . Descriptive results support the effectiveness of the program in reducing sexual and drug-related behaviors and in increasing use of community re sources after release . Compared with men who signed up for the intervention but were unable to attend , men who received the intervention reported more use of community re sources and less sexual and drug-related risk behavior in the months following release . We recommend dissemination and continued evaluation of this risk-reduction intervention HIV+ inmates reentering their communities are at increased risk for poor health outcomes and for transmitting HIV . This article reports on a r and omized trial comparing an ecosystem-based intervention and an individually focused intervention for reducing HIV transmission risk and improving medication adherence . Reincarceration was considered as a secondary variable . Both groups decreased sexual risk behavior over the 12-month follow-up period . Unexpectedly , the ecosystem intervention group was less likely to be taking medication or to be adherent and more likely to have been reincarcerated . Failure to demonstrate a significant advantage of the ecosystem intervention may have result ed from the difficulty of engaging family and other ecosystem members in the intervention . Implication s for developing and applying interventions for this population are discussed Observational studies have found mixed results on the impact of jail-based chlamydia screen- and -treat programs on community prevalence . In the absence of controlled trials or prospect ively design ed studies , dynamic mathematical models that incorporate movements in and out of jail and sexual contacts ( including disease transmission ) can provide useful information . We explored the impact of  jail-based chlamydia screening  on a hypothetical community 's prevalence with a deterministic compartmental model focusing on heterosexual transmission . Parameter values were obtained from the published literature . Two analyses were conducted . One used national values ( large community ) ; the other used values reported among African Americans -- the population with the highest incarceration rates and chlamydia burden ( small community ) . A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out . For the large-community analysis , chlamydia prevalence decreased by 13 % ( from 2.3 % to 2.0 % ) , and based on the ranges of parameter values ( including screening coverage of 10%-100 % and a postscreening treatment rate of 50%-100 % ) used in the sensitivity analysis , this decrease ranged from 0.1 % to 58 % . For the small-community analysis , chlamydia prevalence decreased by 54 % ( from 4.6 % to 2.1 % ) . Jail-based chlamydia screen- and -treat programs have the potential to reduce chlamydia prevalence in communities with high incarceration rates . However , the magnitude of this potential decrease is subject to considerable uncertainty Circular migrations are the periodic movement of individuals between multiple locations , observed in parts of sub-Saharan Africa . Relationships between circular migrations and HIV are complex , entailing interactions between migration frequency , partnership structure , and exposure to acute HIV infection . Mathematical modeling is a useful tool for underst and ing these interactions . Two modeling classes have dominated the HIV epidemiology and policy literature for the last decade : one a form of compartmental models , the other network models . We construct models from each class , using ordinary differential equations and exponential r and om graph models , respectively . Our analysis suggests that projected HIV prevalence is highly sensitive to the choice of modeling framework . Assuming initial equal HIV prevalence across locations , compartmental models show no association between migration frequency and HIV prevalence or incidence , while network models show that migrations at frequencies shorter than the acute HIV period predict greater HIV incidence and prevalence compared to longer migration periods . These differences are statistically significant when network models are extended to incorporate a requirement for migrant men 's multiple partnerships to occur in different locations . In setting s with circular migrations , commonly-used forms of compartmental models appear to miss key components of HIV epidemiology stemming from interactions of relational and viral dynamics Imprisonment provides opportunities for the diagnosis and successful treatment of HIV , however , the benefits of antiretroviral therapy are frequently lost following release due to suboptimal access and utilization of health care and services . In response , some have advocated for development of intensive case-management interventions spanning incarceration and release to support treatment adherence and community re-entry for HIV-infected releasees . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of a motivational Strengths Model bridging case management intervention ( BCM ) beginning approximately 3 months prior to and continuing 6 months after release versus a st and ard of care prison-administered discharge planning program ( SOC ) for HIV-infected state prison inmates . The primary outcome variable was self-reported access to post-release medical care . Of the 104 inmates enrolled , 89 had at least 1 post-release study visit . Of these , 65.1 % of BCM and 54.4 % of SOC assigned participants attended a routine medical appointment within 4 weeks of release ( P > 0.3 ) . By week 12 post-release , 88.4 % of the BCM arm and 78.3 % of the SOC arm had at attended at least one medical appointment ( P = 0.2 ) , increasing in both arms at week 24–90.7 % with BCM and 89.1 % with SOC ( P > 0.5 ) . No participant without a routine medical visit by week 24 attended an appointment from weeks 24 to 48 . The mean number of clinic visits during the 48 weeks post release was 5.23 ( SD = 3.14 ) for BCM and 4.07 ( SD = 3.20 ) for SOC ( P > 0.5 ) . There were no significant differences between arms in social service utilization and re-incarceration rates were also similar . We found that a case management intervention bridging incarceration and release was no more effective than a less intensive pre-release discharge planning program in supporting health and social service utilization for HIV-infected individuals released from prison Introduction HIV-infected prisoners lose viral suppression within the 12 weeks after release to the community . This prospect i ve study evaluates the use of buprenorphine/naloxone ( BPN/NLX ) as a method to reduce relapse to opioid use and sustain viral suppression among released HIV-infected prisoners meeting criteria for opioid dependence ( OD ) . Methods From 2005–2010 , 94 subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for OD were recruited from a 24-week prospect i ve trial of  directly administered antiretroviral therapy ( DAART ) for released HIV-infected prisoners ; 50 ( 53 % ) selected BPN/NLX  and were eligible to receive it for 6 months ; the remaining 44 ( 47 % ) selected no BPN/NLX therapy .  Maximum viral suppression ( MVS ) , defined as HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/mL , was compared for the BPN/NLX and non-BPN/NLX ( N = 44 ) groups . Results The two groups were similar , except the BPN/NLX group was significantly more likely to be Hispanic ( 56.0 % v 20.4 % ) , from Hartford ( 74.4 % v 47.7 % ) and have higher mean global health quality of life indicator scores ( 54.18 v 51.40 ) . MVS after 24 weeks of being released was statistically correlated with 24-week retention on BPN/NLX [ AOR = 5.37 ( 1.15 , 25.1 ) ] , having MVS at the time of prison-release [ AOR = 10.5 ( 3.21 , 34.1 ) ] and negatively with being Black [ AOR = 0.13 ( 0.03 , 0.68 ) ] . Receiving DAART or methadone did not correlate with MVS . Conclusions In recognition that OD is a chronic relapsing disease , strategies that initiate and retain HIV-infected prisoners with OD on BPN/NLX is an important strategy for improving HIV treatment outcomes as a community transition strategy People with HIV who are released from custody frequently do not maintain the viral suppression and other health benefits achieved while incarcerated . This study was conducted to provide preliminary evidence of efficacy of an intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors and increase use of HIV medical services following release from custody . People with HIV were recruited from San Francisco County jails , San Quentin State Prison and the California Medical Facility ( Vacaville , CA ) , and r and omly assigned to the “  st and ard of care ” or  POST intervention . POST consisted of 4 sessions pre-release and 2 sessions post-release , focusing on HIV prevention and access to care . Behavioral data were obtained for the 3 months before incarceration and 3 months after release . Although POST participants reported a statistically significant increase in receiving health care at HIV clinics ( 62.5–84.4 % ) , there were no significant differences between the POST and control participants with respect to any primary outcomes .ResumenCon frecuencia las personas infectadas con el VIH que son liberadas después de un periodo de encarcelamiento , no logran mantener la supresión viral y otros beneficios de salud logrados durante el encarcelamiento . Este estudio se realizó para proporcionar evidencia preliminar sobre la eficacia de una intervención cuyo objetivo es reducir las conductas de riesgo de transmisión del VIH y aumentar usar los servicios médicos para tratar la infección del VIH después de ser liberados del encarcelamiento . Participantes infectados con el VIH fueron reclutados de las cárceles del condado de San Francisco , la Prisión Estatal de San Quintín y el Servicio Médico de California ( Vacaville , CA ) , y aleatoriamente asignados a la intervención POST o al cuidado estándar . POST consistió en 4 sesiones antes de ser liberados y 2 sesiones después de la liberación , centrándose en la prevención de la transmission del VIH y el acceso a servicios médicos . Datos sobre conductas de riesgo fueron obtenidos para los 3 meses antes de la encarcelación y 3 meses después de la liberación . Aunque los participantes POST reportaron un aumento estadísticamente significativo en recibir atención médica en las clínicas de VIH ( 62.5–84.4 % ) , no hubo diferencias significativas entre los participantes POST y los participantes control con respecto a cualquier result ado primario BACKGROUND This secondary analysis examined the impact of methadone initiated in prison on  postrelease HIV risk behaviors . The parent study was a three-group r and omized clinical trial in which participants received drug abuse counseling in prison and were r and omly assigned to : ( 1 ) passive referral to substance abuse treatment upon release ; ( 2 ) guaranteed methadone treatment admission upon release ; and ( 3 ) methadone in prison and guaranteed continuation of methadone upon release . METHODS Participants were 211 adult males with preincarceration histories of opiate dependence . The AIDS Risk Assessment  was administered at baseline ( in prison ) and at 1- , 3- , 6- , and 12-month postrelease . Data were analyzed for the entire sample ( N = 211 ) as well as the sub sample s who reported injecting drugs in the 30 days prior to incar 
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Screening programs consistently indicated cost-effectiveness , including with BMSM .
Authors ’ Conclusions Screening CJI population s for HIV and other STIs is effective and cost-efficient and holds promise for reducing HIV in BMSM .