***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 16 wk of resistance training ( RT ) , endurance training ( ET ) , and concurrent training ( CT ) on inflammatory markers , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and functional capacity in sedentary middle-age men . METHODS Healthy subjects were r and omized into  RT ( n = 11 ) , ET ( n = 12 ) , CT ( n = 11 ) , and  a control group ( n = 13 ) . The subjects performed three weekly sessions lasting about 60 min for 16 wk . Maximal strength was tested in bench press and leg press . The peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) was measured in an incremental exercise test . Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and CRP levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . RESULTS Maximal strength was increased after 16 wk , with no differences between RT and CT . VO2peak increased in ET and CT  comparing before and after training . There were no significant differences in TNF-α , IL-6 , and CRP comparing before and after training . CONCLUSIONS Sixteen weeks of RT , ET , or CT in middle-age healthy men has not affected low and moderate IL-6 , TNF-α , and CRP levels . CT performed in the same weekly frequency and session duration of ET and RT was effective in increasing both maximal strength and VO2peak , in addition to improvements in lipid profile BACKGROUND Authorities advocate that resistance and aerobic exercise are essential for reducing risk factors for chronic disease and disability  in older adults . However , the incremental effects of combined resistance and aerobic exercise compared with either modality alone on risk factors for disease and disability is generally unknown . METHODS Participants were 136 sedentary , abdominally obese older men and women recruited from September 30 , 2002 , through November 15 , 2006 , at Queen 's University . Participants were r and omized to 1 of the following 4 groups for 6 months : resistance exercise , aerobic exercise , resistance and aerobic exercise ( combined exercise ) , or nonexercise control . Primary outcomes were analyzed by an intent-to-treat model and included changes in insulin resistance by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and functional limitation using the average change in 4 tests combined ( average z score ) . RESULTS After controlling for age , sex , and baseline value , insulin resistance improved compared with controls in the aerobic exercise and the combined exercise groups but not in the resistance exercise group . Improvement ( mean [ SE ] ) in the combined exercise group was greater than in the resistance exercise group ( 9.2 [ 1.3 ] vs 1.8 [ 1.3 ] mg/mL/microIU per kilogram of skeletal muscle per minute x100 [ P < .001 ] ) but not in the aerobic exercise group ( 9.2 [ 1.3 ] vs 6.5 [ 1.3 ] mg/mL/microIU per kilogram of skeletal muscle per minute x100 [ P = .46 ] ) . Functional limitation improved significantly in all groups compared with the control group . Improvement in the combined exercise group was greater than in the aerobic exercise group ( 0.5 [ 0.1 ] vs -0.0 [ 0.1 ] ; st and ard units , z score [ P = .003 ] ) but not in the resistance exercise group . Improvement in the resistance exercise group was not different from the aerobic exercise group . CONCLUSION The combination of resistance and aerobic exercise was the optimal exercise strategy for simultaneous reduction in insulin resistance and functional limitation in previously sedentary , abdominally obese older adults . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00520858 Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory protein that reduced in obesity . Exercise training may reduce the adipose tissue ( AT ) , although it is not well known whether exercise-induced change in AT , increases the adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations or not ; therefore , the purpose of this study was to investigate the adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations in middle-aged men after 12 weeks high-intensity exercise training and after a week detraining .  Sixteen sedentary overweight and obese middle-aged men ( age 41.18 ± 6.1 years ; ± SD ) volunteered to participate in this study . The subjects were r and omly assigned to training group ( n = 8) or control group ( n = 8) . The training group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75–80 % individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min . After 12 weeks of training , subjects underwent a week of detraining . The results showed that the BMI as well as central and peripheral AT volume were decreased in the training group compared to the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . After 12 weeks , the training group result ed in a significant increase ( P < 0.05 ) in the adiponectin gene expression in abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous AT when compared with the control group . The results showed that plasma adiponectin concentrations increased and insulin resistance decreased after training compared to the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . After a week of detraining , the variables were not changed significantly in the training group . In conclusion , high-intensity endurance training caused an increase adiponectin mRNA in obese middle-aged men Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function . To find the relation between exercise and cytokines , we examined the possible effects of an 8-week endurance training program on the serum levels of cytokines , including tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) and interferon-gamma ( IFN-γ ) in sedentary men . A total of 30 healthy young male volunteers were r and omly divided into an endurance training group and a control group . The training group followed a specific exercise protocol ( running on a treadmill for 15~30 min at 50~70 % maximal heart rate ) for 8 weeks and the control group did not participate in any exercise program . Venous blood sample s were collected from both the groups 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after the exercise . Repeated ANOVA was used for statistical purpose s. The serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were determined by ELISA . Significant ( p<0.05 ) and non-significant ( p>0.05 ) decreases were observed in the serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α , respectively , after the 8-week endurance training program . Our findings indicated that an 8-week endurance exercise may affect the serum levels of some inflammatory cytokines , suggesting the beneficial role of this training protocol in elderly population and people with certain conditions ( inflammation of the vertebrae or other inflammatory diseases ) We used a moderate aerobic exercise program for 24 weeks to measure the positive impact of physical activity on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and its association with cognitive performance in healthy older adults . A total of 100 healthy subjects ( 65–95 Yrs ) were r and omly classified into two groups : control group ( n = 50 ) and exercise group ( n = 50 ) . Cognitive functioning , physical activity score , MDA , 8-OHdG , TAC , and hs-CRP were assessed using LOTCA battery , prevali date d PA question naire , and immunoassay techniques . LOTCA 7-set scores of cognitive performance showed a significant correlation with physical activity status and the regulation of both oxidative stress free radicals and inflammatory markers in all older subjects following 24 weeks of moderate exercise . Physically active persons showed a higher cognitive performance along with reduction in the levels of MDA , 8-OHdG , and hs-CRP and increase in TAC activity compared with sedentary participants . Cognitive performance correlated positively with the increase in TAC activity and physical fitness scores and negatively with MDA , 8-OHdG , and hs-CRP , respectively . There was a significant improvement in motor praxis , vasomotor organization , thinking operations , and attention and concentration among older adults . In conclusion , moderate aerobic training for 24 weeks has a positive significant effect in improving cognitive functions via modulating redox and inflammatory status of older adults This study assessed the effects of a resistance exercise training program on the inflammatory response associated with Toll-like receptor ( TLR ) 2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in senior participants . Twenty-six healthy subjects ( age , 69.5 ± 1.3 ) were r and omized to a training ( TG ; n = 16 ) or a control ( CG ; n = 10 ) group . TG performed an 8-week resistance training program , while CG followed their daily routines  . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from blood sample s obtained before and after the intervention , and levels of proteins involved in the TLR2 , TLR4 , and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways were analyzed . The inflammatory status was evaluated through messenger RNA ( mRNA ) and protein content of interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) and plasma levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) . After the 8-week resistance training , TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was reduced in TG . MyD88 , p65 , phospho-p38 , TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon ( TRIF ) , IKKi/IKKε , phospho-interferon regulatory factor ( IRF ) 3 , and phosho-IRF7 were also downregulated in TG after the intervention . The training program induced an increase of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 ( ERK1/2 ) and Hsp70 and a reduction of Hsp60 . While TNF-α mRNA and protein values remained unchanged in both TG and CG , IL-10 mRNA and protein content were upregulated in TG after the intervention . CRP values decreased in TG only . The increase in Hsp70 negatively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4 downregulation . These data suggest that resistance exercise may represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status of old participants through an attenuation of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways Purpose Long-term physical activity is reported to improve chronic systemic inflammation , which provides protection against the ensuing development of chronic disease . Accordingly , the present study assessed changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines , aerobic capacity and body composition following 8 weeks of either small-sided games ( SSG ) or cycling ( CYC ) training compared to a sedentary control ( CON ) condition . Methods Thirty-three middle-aged , sedentary men were r and omized into  CYC  ( n = 11 ) , SSG ( n = 11 ) , or CON ( n = 11 ) conditions . The CYC and SSG conditions trained 3 days/week for 8 weeks , whilst CON maintained habitual activity and dietary patterns . Pre- and post-intervention testing included a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan , sub-maximal ( 80 % maximal heart rate ) aerobic capacity ( VO2 ) and fasting venous blood . Venous blood measures for pro-inflammatory markers included C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-1β , tumor necrosis factor-α , and leptin ; anti-inflammatory markers included IL-10 , IL-1 receptor agonist , and adiponectin . Results Both CYC and SSG  increased submaximal power output and VO2 ( P < 0.05 ) , decreased total body fat-mass ( TB-FM ; P < 0.05 ) , and CRP ( SSG , −0.45 ± 0.42 mg L−1 ; P = 0.008 ; CYC , −0.44 ± 0.59 mg L−1 ; P = 0.02 ) . Only SSG  increased total body fat-free mass ( TB-FFM ; + 1.1 ± 1.2 kg ; P = 0.001 ) and decreased concentration of plasma IL-6 ( −0.69 ± 0.62 pg mL−1 ; P = 0.002 ) and leptin ( −2,212 ± 2,531 ng mL−1 ; P = 0.014 ) . Conclusion Cycling and SSG training were both effective at improving CRP , VO2 and TB-FM . Furthermore , SSG training has also shown to be an effective training approach in reducing IL-6 and leptin and increasing muscle mass within sedentary , middle-aged men Exercise is linked with the type/intensity-dependent adaptive immune responses , whereas hypoxic stress facilitates the programmed death of CD4 lymphocytes . This study investigated how high intensity-interval ( HIT ) and moderate intensity-continuous ( MCT ) exercise training influence hypoxia-induced apoptosis and autophagy of CD4 lymphocytes in sedentary men . Thirty healthy sedentary males were r and omized to engage either HIT ( 3-minute intervals at 40 % and 80%VO2max , n=10 ) or MCT ( sustained 60%VO2max , n=10 ) for 30 minutes/day , 5 days/week for 5 weeks , or to a control group that did not received exercise intervention ( CTL , n=10 ) . CD4 lymphocyte apoptotic and autophagic responses to hypoxic exercise ( HE ,  
    Output:
    
The review revealed inconsistent findings relating to the effect of aerobic training and RT on CRP and IL-6 .
Studies of older-aged adults ( > 65 years old ) demonstrated the greatest and most consistent reduction in inflammatory biomarkers post-training intervention .
Conclusions A paucity of evidence exists relating to the effect of exercise training  on inflammatory markers in non-disease , physically inactive adults .
The available evidence suggests potential for the greatest benefit to be seen in older population s and with higher intensity aerobic exercise