***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Although negative affect is a common precipitant of alcohol relapse , there are few interventions for alcohol dependence that specifically target negative affect . In this stage 1a/1b treatment development study , several affect regulation strategies ( e.g. , mindfulness , prolonged exposure , distress tolerance ) were combined to create a new treatment supplement called affect regulation training ( ART ) , which could be added to enhance cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for alcohol dependence . A draft therapy manual was given to therapists and treatment experts before being administered to several patients who also provided input . After two rounds of manual development ( stage 1a ) , a pilot r and omized clinical trial ( N=77 ) of alcohol-dependent out patients who reported drinking often in negative affect situations was conducted ( stage 1b ) . Participants received 12-weekly , 90-minute sessions of either CBT for alcohol dependence plus ART ( CBT+ART ) or CBT plus a healthy lifestyles control condition ( CBT+HLS ) . Baseline , end-of-treatment , and 3- and 6-month posttreatment interviews were conducted . For both treatment conditions , participant ratings of treatment satisfaction were high , with CBT+ART rated significantly higher . Drinking outcome results indicated greater reductions in alcohol use for CBT+ART when compared to CBT+HLS , with moderate effect sizes for percent days abstinent , drinks per day , drinks per drinking day , and percent heavy drinking days . Overall , findings support further research on affect regulation interventions for negative affect drinkers OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment ( MBAT ) to a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ( CBT ) that matched MBAT on treatment contact time , and a Usual Care ( UC ) condition that comprised brief individual counseling . METHOD Participants ( N = 412 ) were 48.2 % African American , 41.5 % non-Latino White , 5.4 % Latino , and 4.9 % other , and 57.6 % reported a total annual household income < $ 30,000 . The majority of participants were female ( 54.9 % ) .  Mean cigarettes per day was 19.9 ( SD = 10.1 ) . Following the baseline visit , participants were r and omized to UC ( n = 103 ) , CBT ( n = 155 ) , or MBAT ( n = 154 ) . All participants were given self-help material s and nicotine patch therapy . CBT and MBAT groups received 8 2-hr in-person group counseling sessions . UC participants received 4 brief individual counseling sessions . Biochemically verified smoking abstinence was assessed 4 and 26 weeks after the quit date . RESULTS Logistic r and om effects model analyses over time indicated no overall significant treatment effects ( completers only : F(2 , 236 ) = 0.29 , p = .749 ; intent-to-treat : F(2 , 401 ) = 0.9 , p = .407 ) . Among participants classified as smoking at the last treatment session , analyses examining the recovery of abstinence revealed a significant overall treatment effect , F(2 , 103 ) = 4.41 , p = .015 ( MBAT vs. CBT : OR = 4.94 , 95 % CI : 1.47 to 16.59 , p = .010 , Effect Size = .88 ; MBAT vs. UC : OR = 4.18 , 95 % CI : 1.04 to 16.75 , p = .043 , Effect Size = .79 ) . CONCLUSION Although there were no overall significant effects of treatment on abstinence , MBAT may be more effective than CBT or UC in promoting recovery from lapses . ( PsycINFO Data base OBJECTIVE Shame has long been seen as relevant to substance use disorders , but interventions have not been tested in r and omized trials . This study examined a group-based intervention for shame based on the principles of acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ) in patients ( N = 133 ; 61 % female ; M = 34 years old ; 86 % Caucasian ) in a 28-day residential addictions treatment program . METHOD Consecutive cohort pairs were assigned in a pairwise r and om fashion to receive treatment as usual ( TAU ) or the ACT intervention in place of 6 hr of treatment that would have occurred at that same time . The ACT intervention consisted of three 2-hr group sessions scheduled during a single week . RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated that the ACT intervention result ed in smaller immediate gains in shame , but larger reductions at 4-month follow-up . Those attending the ACT group also evidence d fewer days of substance use and higher treatment attendance at follow-up . Effects of the ACT intervention on treatment utilization at follow-up were statistically mediated by posttreatment levels of shame , in that those evidencing higher levels of shame at posttreatment were more likely to be attending treatment at follow-up . Intervention effects on substance use at follow-up were mediated by treatment utilization at follow-up , suggesting that the intervention may have had its effects , at least in part , through improving treatment attendance . CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that an approach to shame based on mindfulness and acceptance appears to produce better treatment attendance and reduced substance use BACKGROUND We have previously shown that Goal Management Training+Mindfulness Meditation ( GMT+MM ) improves executive functions in polysubstance users enrolled in outpatient treatment . The aim of this study was to establish if GMT+MM has similar positive effects on executive functions in polysubstance users in residential treatment , and if executive functions ' gains transfer to more ecologically valid goal -oriented tasks . METHODS Thirty-two polysbustance users were r and omly allocated to eight weeks of GMT+MM  ( n=16 ) or  control  , i.e. , no-intervention ( n=16 ) ; both groups received treatment as usual . Outcome measures included performance in laboratory tasks of basic and complex executive functions ( i.e. , basic : working memory and inhibition ; complex : planning and self-regulation ) and in an ecological task of goal -directed behavior ( the Multiple Err and s Test - context ualized version , MET-CV ) measured post- interventions . RESULTS Results showed that GMT+MM was superior to control in improving basic measures of working memory ( Letter-number sequencing ; F=4.516 , p=0.049 ) and reflection impulsivity ( Information Sampling Test ; F=6.217 , p=0.018 ) , along with initial thinking times during planning ( Zoo Map Test ; F=8.143 , p=0.008 ) . In addition , GMT+MM was superior to control in improving performance in the MET-CV ( task failures ; F=8.485 , p=0.007 ) . CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that GMT+MM increases reflective processes and the achievement of goals in daily activities , furthermore ecological test can detects changes easily than laboratory tasks The current study investigates effects of a brief mindfulness-based instruction set , based on Marlatt 's " urge surfing " technique ( Marlatt & Gordon , 1985 ) , on smoking-related urges and behavior .  Undergraduate smokers ( N = 123 ) who were interested in changing their smoking , but not currently involved in a cessation program , participated in a cue exposure paradigm design ed to elicit urges to smoke . They were r and omly assigned either to a group receiving brief mindfulness-based instructions or to a no-instruction control group . Results suggest that groups did not differ significantly on measures of urges . However , those in the mindfulness group smoked significantly fewer cigarettes over a 7-day follow-up period as compared to those in the control group . These findings suggest that the mindfulness techniques may not initially reduce urges to smoke but may change the response to urges . The study provides preliminary data for future studies examining both mechanisms and effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for cigarette smoking This pilot aims to better underst and the market for childcare in Saudi Arabia – both the supply and dem and sides – and to design a r and omized controlled experiment to test whether access to affordable day care ( in the form of subsidies , for example ) would incentivize Saudi mothers to search actively for employment and to remain employed once they are hired . In addition , the study seeks to underst and the degree to which employment early on in one ’s life impacts employment in later stages . The pilot will provide information on the groups of women the experiment should target , appropriate levels for the childcare subsidy , and the quality and current geographic locations of daycare sites . Expected Impact Determine the effects of facilitating childcare access on Saudi women ’s employment . PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS  Boston University Patricia Cortes  Harvard University Claudia Goldin  Swarthmore College Jennifer Abstract Objective : Previous trials of catheter-based renal-artery denervation ( RDN ) as treatment modality in resistant hypertension ( rHT ) generated unconvincing results . In the Investigator-Steered Project on Intravascular Denervation for Management of Treatment-Resistant Hypertension ( INSPiRED ; NCT01505010 ) , we optimized selection and management of rHT patients . Methods : With ethical clearance to r and omize 18 patients , three Belgian hypertension centers screened 29 rHT patients on treatment with ≥3 drugs , of whom 17 after optimization of treatment ( age < 70 years ; systolic/diastolic office blood pressure ( BP ) ≥ 140/90 mm Hg ; 24-h BP ≥130/80 mm Hg ; glomerular filtration rate [ eGFR ] ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 ; body mass index < 40kg/m2 ) were r and omized and 15 were analyzed 6 months later , while medical treatment was continued ( n = 9 ) or combined with RDN by the EnligHTN ™ multi-electrode system ( n = 6 ) . Results : The baseline-adjusted between-group differences amounted to 19.5/10.4 mm Hg ( change in control vs. intervention group , + 7.6/+2.2 vs. −11.9/−8.2 mm Hg ; P = .088 ) for office BP , 22.4/13.1 mm Hg ( + 0.7/+0.3 vs. −21.7/−12.8 ; mm Hg ; P ≤ .049 ) for 24-h BP , the primary efficacy endpoint , and 2.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 ( + 1.5 vs. −1.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 ; P = .86 ) for eGFR , the primary safety endpoint . At 6 month , ECG voltages and the number of prescribed drugs ( P ≤ .036 ) were lower in RDN patients , but quality of life and adherence , captured by question naire and urine analysis were similar in both groups . Changes in BP and adherence were unrelated . No major complications occurred . Conclusions : The INSPiRED pilot suggests that RDN with the EnligHTN ™ system is effective and safe and generated insights useful for the design of future RDN trials Adolescence is a key developmental period for preventing substance use initiation , however prevention programs solely providing educational information about the dangers of substance use rarely change adolescent substance use behaviors . Recent research suggests that mind – body practice s such as yoga may have beneficial effects on several substance use risk factors , and that these practice s may serve as promising interventions for preventing adolescent substance use . The primary aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of yoga for reducing substance use risk factors during early adolescence . Seventh- grade students in a public school were r and omly assigned by classroom to receive either a 32-session yoga intervention  ( n = 117 ) in place of their regular physical education classes or to continue with physical-education-as-usual ( n = 94 ) . Participants ( 63.2 % female ; 53.6 % White ) completed pre- and post-intervention question naires assessing emotional self-regulation , perceived stress , mood impairment , impulsivity , substance use willingness , and actual substance use . Participants also completed question naires at 6-months and 1-year post-intervention . Results revealed that participants in the control condition were significantly more willing to try smoking cigarettes immediately post-intervention than participants in the yoga condition . Immediate pre- to post-intervention differences did not emerge for the remaining outcomes . However , long-term follow-up analyses revealed a pattern of delayed effects in which females in the yoga condition , and males in the control condition , demonstrated improvements in emotional self-control . The findings suggest that school-based yoga may have beneficial effects with regard to preventing males ’ and females ’ willingness to smoke cigarettes , as well as improving emotional self-control in females . However additional research is required , particularly with regard to the potential long-term effects of mind – body interventions in school setting s. The present study contributes to the literature on adolescence by examining school-based yoga as a novel prevention program for substance use risk factors Craving , defined as the subjective experience of an urge or desire to use substances , has been identified in clinical , laboratory , and pre clinical studies as a significant predictor of substance use , substance use disorder , and relapse following treatment for a substance use disorder . Various models of craving have been proposed from biological , cognitive , and /or affective perspectives , and , collectively , these models of craving have informed the research and treatment of addictive behaviors . In this article we discuss cra 
    Output:
    
These treatments were successful for reducing dependence , craving , and other addiction-related symptoms by also improving mood state and emotion dysregulation .
The most effective approach was the combination of MBIs with TAU or other active treatments .
However , there is a lack of studies showing the maintenance of the effect over time .
Conclusion The revised literature shows support for the effectiveness of the MBIs .