***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of 3-day vs 10-day treatment with a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium for children with uncomplicated urinary tract infections and to determine the role of host factors , including vesicoureteral reflux , and of bacterial virulence factors , including adhesins , in treatment outcome . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , controlled trial . SETTING A pediatric infectious diseases clinic at an urban medical center . PATIENTS Thirty-seven children with uncomplicated urinary tract infections . INTERVENTIONS Treatment with 3 days or 10 days of antibiotics at a dosage of 20 mg/kg per day of amoxicillin and 5 mg/kg per day of clavulanate potassium in three divided doses . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The success rate for 10-day treatment was 82 % ( 14/17 ) compared with 55 % ( 11/20 ) for 3-day treatment ( P = .09 ) . Among the 35 patients infected with Escherichia coli , all 10 patients infected with adhesin-negative isolates were treated successfully regardless of the duration of treatment , whereas only 14 ( 56 % ) of the 25 infections involving adhesin-positive isolates were clinical ly cured ( P = .015 ) . Two of the three failures in the 10-day treatment group were in patients with reflux . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 3-day treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanate is insufficient for afebrile childhood urinary tract infections and that both bacterial and host factors affect treatment outcome In a prospect i ve study of children with an acute infection of the lower urinary tract , the effectiveness of a 3-day course of cephalexin , 25 - 50 mg/kg body weight and day was compared with that of a 10-day course of nitrofurantoin , 3 - 4 mg/kg/day . 19 children were allotted to treatment with cephalexin and 24 were treated with nitrofurantoin .  The immediate cure rates were 90 % and 96 % , respectively . Two relapses were noted in the cephalexin group and 1 in the nitrofurantoin group . During a mean follow-up period of 7 - 8 months 2 of the cephalexin treated patients and 4 patients treated with nitrofurantoin had a reinfection . No side effects were noted in either of the treatment groups . The results suggest that treatment with cephalexin for 3 days is a reasonable alternative in children with an acute lower urinary tract infection when commonly used medications for one reason or another are less well tolerated Forty-nine girls between the ages of 2 and 18 years with a symptomatic urinary tract infection documented by two clean-catch urine cultures completed a double-blind study comparing the effectiveness of three days versus ten days of nitrofurantoin macrocrystal therapy . Localization of the infection to the lower urinary tract was presumed on the basis of clinical presentation . All patients had sterile urine on day two or three of therapy . In the ten-day group , two of 23 patients ( 8.7 % ) experienced a single relapse , and seven patients ( 30 % ) had 12 episodes of reinfection during a six-month follow-up . In the three-day group , two of 26 patients ( 7.7 % ) had a single relapse , and six patients ( 23 % ) had 12 episodes of reinfection . The rates of relapse and reinfection in the compared groups were not statistically significantly different ( P greater than 0.05 ) . Three days of treatment with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals is an effective regimen for symptomatic girls presumed to have uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections This study was design ed to determine whether serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentrations could be used to identify children with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection who would respond favorably to short-term antibiotic therapy .  A one-day or ten-day regimen of cefadroxil ( 30 mg/kg/day in two divided doses ) was assigned r and omly to 80 children who had acute urinary tract infection and CRP concentrations less than 28 microgram/ml ( CRP-negative group ) . Ten days of cefadroxil therapy was used to treat 44 children with urinary tract infection and CRP values greater than or equal to 28 microgram/ml ( CRP-positive group ) . The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the children in the two CRP-negative therapy groups were similar to , but different from those of children with CRP-positive infections .  Recurrent infections occurred significantly more often at four to five days after completion of therapy in CRP-negative children who received one day ( 44.4 % ) compared to ten days ( 20 % ) of cefadroxil therapy ( P less than .05 ) . When data from this study were combined with those from our previously published investigation of short-term antibiotic therapy in CRP-negative children , a significantly larger percentage of recurrences was documented immediately after one or four days of antibiotics ( 79 % ) compared to recurrences after the st and ard ten-day regimen ( 41 % ) . Additionally , the total rate of recurrent infections for all children in both studies was significantly larger in those who received short-term therapy ( 48 % ) as opposed to conventional therapy ( 34 % ) . These data indicate that short-term antibiotic therapy is less effective than the conventional ten-day regimen in children with CRP-negative urinary tract infection PURPOSE To estimate the annual incidence , cumulative probability of presumed  urinary tract infection ( UTI ) by age , and the social costs . METHODS Analysis of a  r and om digit dialing survey of 2000 women in the United States . RESULTS 10.8 percent ( 95 % CI : 9.4 , 12.1 % ) of women aged 18 and older reported at least one presumed UTI during the past 12 months , with the majority of the cases occurring among women with a history of two or more UTI episodes in their life . We estimate that by age 24 , one-third of women will have at least one physician-diagnosed UTI that was treated with prescription medication . Overall , an estimated 11.3 million women in the United States had at least one presumed UTI treated with antibiotics in 1995 . We estimate the annual cost of UTI cases with prescriptions to be $ 1.6 billion in 1995 . If the costs occurring after 1995 are discounted at 5 % annually , the total cost over 20 years has a present value of $ 25.5 billion . CONCLUSION If a vaccine were developed that would prevent either initial or recurrent UTI the net benefits to society would be substantial , even at a developmental cost of one billion dollars Summary In a prospect i ve study , 43 children between three months and 16 years of age and suffering from an acute infection of the lower urinary tract , were treated for either three or ten days with 4/16 mg trimethoprim/sulphadiazine/kgBW/day in two doses . Twenty-three were allotted to treatment for three days , whereas 20 were treated for ten days . Irrespective of the duration of therapy , the urine of all patients was sterile when urinary cultures were made three to seven days after the cessation of therapy . An early recurrence within the two months following the completion of treatment occurred in two children in each treatment group . In no case of recurrence was the organism resistant to trimethoprim/sulphadiazine . During a mean follow-up period of 11 months , 21.7 % of the children treated for three days and 35 % of those treated for ten days experienced a recurrence . The results suggest that children with an uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection can be successfully treated with a three-day course of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine in a conventional dosage . ZusammenfassungIn einer prospektiven Studie erhielten 43 Kinder mit Infektionen der unteren Harnwege , i m Alter zwischen 3 Monaten und 16 Jahren ,  4/16 mg Trimethoprim/Sulphadiazin/kgKG/Tag in zwei Dosen . Die Therapiedauer betrug entweder drei oder zehn Tage . 23 Kindern wurde eine dreitägige , 20 eine zehntägige Therapie verordnet . Unabhängig von der Therapiedauer waren bei allen Patienten die Urinkulturen drei bis sieben Tage nach Therapieende steril . In beiden Gruppen trat bei je zwei Kindern ein Frührezidiv innerhalb der ersten beiden Monate nach Therapieende auf . In keinem dieser Fälle war der pathogene Erreger resistent gegenüber Trimethoprim/Sulphadiazin . Während einer mittleren Beobachtungszeit von elf Monaten trat bei 21,7 % der über drei Tage beh and elten Kinder ein Rezidiv auf . Aus den Ergebnissen läßt sich schließen , daß Kinder mit unkomplizierter Harnwegsinfektion mit einer dreitägigen Therapie mit Trimethoprim/Sulphadiazin in der üblichen Dosierung erfolgreich beh and elt werden können The efficacy of 3-day therapy with nalidixic acid in 16 children , and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole in 19 children , was studied prospect ively in children with an acute infection of the lower urinary tract and compared with that of a conventional 10-day course with the same drugs . The immediate cure rate was 97 % in the 3-day group and 90 % in the 10-day group . During 3 months of follow-up there were altogether six re-infections in children given short-term treatment and six in the conventionally treated group . The results give further support for the suggestion that 3-day therapy is equivalent to 10-day treatment in uncomplicated urinary  infections in children and that both nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole are good alternatives in such an approach The patients were 117 children ( aged 4 months to 14 years ) with uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by co-trimoxazole-sensitive Escherichia coli . The patients were r and omly assigned to receive treatment with co-trimoxazole for 3 days ( n = 58 ) or 7 days ( n = 59 ) . Urine was analyzed for bacteria before and immediately after treatment and again at 1 and 2 months . After 3 days ' treatment , infection persisted in 14 of 31 patients with P-fimbriated strains of E coli and in 1 of 27 patients with non-P-fimbriated strains . After 7 days ' treatment , infection persisted in 2 of 40 patients with fimbriated strains and in none of the 19 patients with nonfimbriated strains . One or 2 months after treatment , 3 days ' treatment was rated successful in 26 of 27 patients with nonfimbriated strains and in none of the patients with fimbriated strains . Seven days ' treatment was rated successful in all patients with nonfimbriated strains and in 32 of 40 patients with fimbriated strains . The results indicate that the length of treatment of urinary tract infections in children should be adjusted according to the presence of bacterial P-fimbriae in addition to the patients ' clinical condition We conducted a prospect i ve r and omized study to evaluate the efficacy of a single daily dose of 4 mg/kg of trimethoprim coupled with 17.5 mg/kg of sulphadiazine for three ( group 1 ) or 10 days ( group 2 ) in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in children . Forty patients ( nine boys and 31 girls ) aged 2.5‐18 years , presenting with a urinary tract infection were allocated to one of the two groups . Patients were seen three , 10 , and 38 days after the initiation of treatment . Control urine cultures were negative in all patients at days 3 and 10 . Two patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2 suffered a relapse within a month . Single doses of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine for three or 10 days are effective in the treatment of uncomplicated  urinary  tract infections in children One hundred thirty-two children with acute urinary tract infection were r and omly assigned to receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in one dose , two doses daily for 3 days or two doses daily for 7 days . The patient characteristics , etiologic agents and frequency of roentgenologic abnormalities were similar for the three treatment groups . There was no significant difference in bacteriologic cure rates for the single dose regimen ( 93 % ) and multidose regimens ( 96 % ) . The difference in rates of recurrent urinary tract infection between the single dose ( 20.5 % ) and 3-day ( 5.6 % ) and 7-day ( 8 % ) regimens was statistically significant ( P = 0.033 ) . A single dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is inadequate treatment for infants and children with acute urinary tract infection Short-course therapy for pediatric urinary tract infection ( UTI ) remains controversial . The present study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of cefuroxime axetil ( Ceftin ) as short-course ( 2-day ) versus conventional ( 10-day ) therapy for uncomplicated pediatric UTIs . In a r and omized , controlled , prospect i ve study , we enrolled 50 children , 2 - 11 years of age , to receive oral cefuroxime axetil , 125 mg twice a day , for either 2 or 10 days . UTI was defined as at least 10(5 ) colonies/ml of a single pathogen isolated on clean catch , 
    Output:
    
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS A 2 - 4 day course of oral antibiotics appears to be as effective as 7 - 14 days in eradicating lower tract UTI in children