***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion ( COLD ) and contrast water therapy ( CWT ) on posttraining recovery in Australian football ( AF ) . METHOD Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of st and ardized training . After week 1 training , all players completed a passive recovery ( PAS ) . During week 2 , COLD or CWT was r and omly assigned . Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3 . Repeat-sprint ability ( 6 × 20 m ) , countermovement and squat jumps , perceived muscle soreness , and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining . RESULTS Immediately posttraining , groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines . At 24 h , repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1 % for PAS and 1.0 % for CWT but was fully restored by COLD ( 0.0 % ) . At 24 and 48 h , both COLD and CWT  attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4 ) more effective than CWT ( 1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7 ) and PAS having minimal effect ( 5.5 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.5 ) . Similarly , after 24 and 48 h , COLD and CWT both effectively reduced changes in perceived fatigue , with COLD ( 0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.6 ) being more successful than CWT ( 0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6 ) and PAS having the smallest effect ( 2.2 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.6 ) . CONCLUSIONS AF training can result in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits persisting for up to 48 h. For restoring physical-performance and psychometric measures , COLD was more effective than CWT , with PAS being the least effective . Based on these results the authors recommend that 14 min of COLD be used after AF training In the last years , phototherapy has becoming a promising tool to improve skeletal muscle recovery after exercise , however , it was not compared with other modalities commonly used with this aim . In the present study we compared the short-term effects of cold water immersion therapy ( CWIT ) and light emitting diode therapy ( LEDT ) with placebo LEDT on biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise . A r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with six male young futsal athletes . They were treated with CWIT ( 5 ° C of temperature [ SD ±1 ° ] ) , active LEDT ( 69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm , 10/30 mW of output power , 30 s of irradiation time per point , and 41.7 J of total energy irradiated per point , total of ten points irradiated ) or an identical placebo LEDT 5 min after each of three Wingate cycle tests . Pre-exercise , post-exercise , and post-treatment measurements were taken of blood lactate levels , creatine kinase ( CK ) activity , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels . There were no significant differences in the work performed during the three Wingate tests ( p > 0.05 ) . All biochemical parameters increased from baseline values ( p < 0.05 ) after the three exercise tests , but only active LEDT decreased blood lactate levels ( p = 0.0065 ) and CK activity ( p = 0.0044 ) significantly after treatment . There were no significant differences in CRP values after treatments . We concluded that treating the leg muscles with LEDT 5 min after the Wingate cycle test seemed to inhibit the expected post-exercise increase in blood lactate levels and CK activity . This suggests that LEDT has better potential than 5 min of CWIT for improving short-term post-exercise recovery Abstract This study investigated the effects of two different hydrostatic pressures ( seated or st and ing ) during cold water immersion at attenuating the deleterious effects of strenuous exercise on indices of damage and recovery . Twenty four male well-trained games players ( age 23 ± 3 years ; body mass 81.4 ± 8.7 kg : O2max 57.5 ± 4.9 ml∙kg−1∙min−1 ) completed the  Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test ( LIST ) and were r and omly assigned to either a control , seated cold water immersion or a st and ing cold water immersion ( 14 min at 14 ° C ) . Maximal isometric voluntary contraction , counter-movement jump , creatine kinase , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 and delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) were measured before and up to 72 h following the LIST . All dependent variables showed main effects for time ( P < 0.05 ) following the LIST , indicating physiological stress and muscle damage following the exercise . There were no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions . Seated cold water immersion was associated with lower DOMS than st and ing cold water immersion ( effect size = 1.86 ; P = 0.001 ) . These data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by st and ing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit over seated cold water immersion , and that both seated and st and ing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery following intermittent sprint exercise The aim of this investigation was to eluci date the reductions in muscle , skin and core temperature following exposure to −110 ° C whole body cryotherapy ( WBC ) , and compare these to 8 ° C cold water immersion ( CWI ) .  Twenty active male subjects were r and omly assigned to a 4-min exposure of WBC or CWI . A minimum of 7 days later subjects were exposed to the other treatment . Muscle temperature in the right vastus lateralis ( n = 10 ) ; thigh skin ( average , maximum and minimum ) and rectal temperature ( n = 10 ) were recorded before and 60 min after treatment . The greatest reduction ( P<0.05 ) in muscle ( mean ± SD ; 1 cm : WBC , 1.6±1.2 ° C ; CWI , 2.0±1.0 ° C ; 2 cm : WBC , 1.2±0.7 ° C ; CWI , 1.7±0.9 ° C ; 3 cm : WBC , 1.6±0.6 ° C ; CWI , 1.7±0.5 ° C ) and rectal temperature ( WBC , 0.3±0.2 ° C ; CWI , 0.4±0.2 ° C ) were observed 60 min after treatment . The largest reductions in average ( WBC , 12.1±1.0 ° C ; CWI , 8.4±0.7 ° C ) , minimum ( WBC , 13.2±1.4 ° C ; CWI , 8.7±0.7 ° C ) and maximum ( WBC , 8.8±2.0 ° C ; CWI , 7.2±1.9 ° C ) skin temperature occurred immediately after both CWI and WBC ( P<0.05 ) . Skin temperature was significantly lower ( P<0.05 ) immediately after WBC compared to CWI . The present study demonstrates that a  single WBC  exposure decreases muscle and core temperature to a similar level of those experienced after CWI . Although both treatments significantly reduced skin temperature , WBC elicited a greater decrease compared to CWI . These data may provide information to clinicians and research ers attempting to optimise WBC and CWI protocol s in a clinical or sporting setting The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cryotherapy on the inflammatory response to muscle-damaging exercise using a r and omized trial . Twenty recreationally active males completed a 40-min run at a −10 % grade to induce muscle damage . Ten of the subjects were immersed in a 5 ° C ice bath for 20 min and the other ten served as controls  . Knee extensor peak torque , soreness rating , and thigh circumference were obtained pre- and post-run , and 1 , 6 , 24 , 48 , and 72 h post-run . Blood sample s were obtained pre- and post-run , and 1 , 6 and 24 h post-run for assay of plasma chemokine lig and 2 ( CCL2 ) . Peak torque decreased from 270 ± 57 Nm at baseline to 253 ± 65 Nm post-run and increased to 295 ± 68 Nm by 72 h post-run with no differences between groups ( p = 0.491 ) . Soreness rating increased from 3.6 ± 6.0 mm out of 100 mm at baseline to 47.4 ± 28.2 mm post-run and remained elevated at all time points with no differences between groups ( p = 0.696 ) . CCL2 concentrations increased from 116 ± 31 pg mL−1 at baseline to 293 ± 109 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run ( control ) and from 100 ± 27 pg mL−1 at baseline to 208 ± 71 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run ( cryotherapy ) . The difference between groups was not significant ( p = 0.116 ) , but there was a trend for lower CCL2 in the cryotherapy group at 6 h ( p = 0.102 ) , though this measure was highly variable . In conclusion , 20 min of cryotherapy was ineffective in attenuating the strength decrement and soreness seen after muscle-damaging exercise , but may have mitigated the rise in plasma CCL2 concentration . These results do not support the use of cryotherapy during recovery OBJECTIVES To compare the localized skin-cooling effects of 2 cryotherapy modalities and to review the clinical relevance of the results . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with repeated measures . SETTING Laboratory experiment . PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 20 volunteers ( 13 women , 7 men ) , ages 21.3 to 44 years ( mean , 31.3 + /- 6.8 y ) . INTERVENTIONS A flexible frozen gel pack , a 454 g packet of frozen peas , or a control applied to the anterior thigh . No blinding was undertaken . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Surface skin temperature under the modality at baseline and 10 and 20 minutes after application . RESULTS Significant effects were recorded for modality ( F(2 ) = 290.56 , P < .0001 ) , time ( F(1.27 ) = 1868.07 , P < .0001 ) , and their interaction ( F(2.09 ) = 305.47 , P < .0001 ) . After 20 minutes , frozen peas produced the lowest mean skin temperature + /- st and ard deviation of 10.8 degrees C + /- 2.28 degrees C compared with 14.4 degrees C + /- 2.53 degrees C from the gel pack and 26.1 degrees C + /- 1.75 degrees C from the control . Skin temperature fell between both time periods with the application of frozen peas but stabilized after 10 minutes of gel pack and control application . CONCLUSIONS Application of frozen peas produced mean skin temperatures adequate to induce localized skin analgesia , to reduce nerve conduction velocity , and to reduce metabolic enzyme activity to clinical ly relevant levels . Flexible frozen gel packs did not cool skin sufficiently to achieve these levels Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a single session of cold or thermoneutral water immersion after a one-off match on muscular dysfunction and damage in soccer players . Twenty-male soccer players completed one match and were r and omly divided into cryotherapy ( 10 min cold water immersion , 10 ° C , n = 10 ) and thermoneutral ( 10 min thermoneutral water immersion , 35 ° C , n = 10 ) groups . Muscle damage ( creatine kinase , myoglobin ) , inflammation ( C-reactive protein ) , neuromuscular function ( jump and sprint abilities and maximal isometric quadriceps strength ) , and delayed-onset muscle soreness were evaluated before , within 30 min of the end , and 24 and 48 h after the match . After the match , the players in both groups showed increased plasma creatine kinase activity ( 30 min , 24 h , 48 h ) , myoglobin ( 30 min ) and C-reactive protein ( 30 min , 24 h ) concentrations . Peak jump ability and maximal strength were decreased and delayed-onset muscle soreness increased in both groups . However , differential alterations were observed between thermoneutral water and cold water immersion groups in creatine kinase ( 30 min , 24 h , 48 h ) , myoglobin ( 30 min ) , C-reactive protein ( 30 min , 24 h , 48 h ) , quadriceps strength ( 24 h ) , and quadriceps ( 24 h ) , calf ( 24 h ) and adductor ( 30 min ) delayed-onset muscle soreness . The results suggest that cold water immersion immediately after a one-off soccer match reduces muscle damage and discomfort , possibly contributing to a faster recovery of neuromuscular function BACKGROUND Cold Water Immersion ( CWI ) is commonly used to manage  delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS )  result ing from exercise . Scientific evidence for an optimal dose of CWI is lacking and athletes continue to use a range of a treatment protocol s and water temperatures . OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of four different water immersion protocol s and a pass 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The available evidence suggests that CWI can be slightly better than passive recovery in the management of muscle soreness .
The results also demonstrated the presence of a dose – response relationship , indicating that CWI with a water temperature of between 11 and 15 ° C and an immersion time of 11–15 min can provide the best results