***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND The AdVance male sling ( American Medical Systems , Minnetonka , MN , USA ) has been shown to be an efficacious device in short-term studies for postprostatectomy incontinence ( PPI ) , but long-term studies are lacking . OBJECTIVE Examine the intermediate-term outcome with the AdVance sling for PPI management . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A multicentre prospect i ve evaluation was conducted on consecutive patients treated for PPI in three European tertiary reference centres . INTERVENTION Patients were implanted with the AdVance male sling with no associated surgery . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Measurements included daily pad usage , maximum flow rate ( Qmax ) , postvoid residual urine ( PVR ) , the International Consultation on Incontinence Question naire-Short Form , the Incontinence Quality of Life question naires , and complications of surgery . Paired Wilcoxon signed rank test univariable and multivariable analyses were used . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Follow-up was available for 156 patients for the majority of parameters . Pad usage was significantly decreased compared with baseline at 12 mo and 3 yr ( p<0.0001 ) . At 12 mo , 76.9 % of patients could be classified as cured or improved ; this percentage was maintained at 3 yr ( 76.8 % ) . Cure rates ( 58.6 % vs 42.3 % ) and improvement rates ( 23.2 % vs 25.0 % ) were higher in patients with mild or moderate incontinence compared with severe incontinence . Univariable analysis showed that pretreatment pad usage and severity of incontinence were both significant predictors of success ( p=0.0355 and p=0.0420 , respectively ) . However , in multivariable analysis , only pad usage was an independent predictor of success . There were no perioperative or severe postoperative complications . Most complications were Dindo grade I. Seven patients required a second treatment for stress urinary incontinence . There was no worsening over time . Limitations of this study included no comparator group , quality of life question naires in only two centres , and no 24-h pad test . CONCLUSIONS The transobturator retroluminal repositioning sling suspension is effective and safe in the longer term for treating PPI OBJECTIVE To prospect ively evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the I-STOP TOMS transobturator male sling in patients with post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence . Minimally invasive techniques , such as slings , are becoming the st and ard of care for mild to moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence . METHODS From March 2007 to June 2009 , 122 patients with post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence were treated with the I-STOP TOMS sling and followed up for 1 year in the Phase IV HOMme INContinence trial . The preoperative and postoperative evaluation included daily pad use , pad test , question naires evaluating urinary function and bother ( University of California , Los Angeles , Prostate Cancer Index -- urinary function short form , and International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Question naire -- urinary incontinence short form ) and uroflowmetry , including the post-void residual urine volume . Patient satisfaction and perineal pain were also assessed . RESULTS A total of 103 patients were followed up for 12 months . The surgical procedure was considered easy to perform . The mean daily pad use decreased significantly from 2.4 to 0.6 at 12 months of follow-up ; 87.0 % of the patients reported improved continence ( 59.4 % completely dry , 20.3 % 1 pad/d , 7.3%>1 pad/d ) , and 13.0 % reported no improvement . All quality -of-life scores ( University of California , Los Angeles , Prostate Cancer Index -- urinary function short form , and International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Question naire -- urinary incontinence short form ) improved significantly after sling implantation . Treatment satisfaction was > 90 % . The post-void residual urine volume did not increase substantially , and acute urinary retention did not occur . The perineal pain scores were very low at follow-up . Wound infection was seen in 2 patients at the 1-month follow-up visit . CONCLUSION The I-STOP TOMS is a good treatment option for patients with post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence . With follow-up≤12 months , most patients were continent or had improved continence . The intervention was well tolerated , with few infections OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a readjustable sling for the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Between October 2002 and August 2005 , 51 male patients with mild to severe SUI were prospect ively operated with the use of a readjustable sling ( MRS )  at seven different European hospitals : Spain ( 2 ) , Italy ( 2 ) , Greece ( 1 ) , Germany ( 1 ) , and Portugal ( 1 ) . The origin of incontinence was radical prostatectomy in 43 cases ,  TUR  in 4 , and  open prostatectomy  in another 4 . Duration of incontinence ranged from 1 to 10 yr with an average of 3.5 yr . RESULTS All patients but 5 were regulated during the early postoperative period ; 44 patients ( including all 5 not regulated during the early period ) required a second regulation under local anaesthesia between 1 to 4 mo after surgery , and 17 other patients required more than one delayed regulation . After that , 33 patients ( 64.7 % ) were considered cured ( 25 of them wore no pads at all , and 8 used small pads or sanitary napkins for security but normally remained dry ) ; another 10 cases showed important improvement ( 19.6 % ) ; and only 8 patients remain unchanged ( 15.7 % ) . The average follow-up time was 32 mo ( range : 16 - 50 ) . The mesh was removed in 1 case owing to urethral erosion and the varitensor in 2 cases owing to infection . There were five ( 9.8 % ) uneventful intraoperative bladder perforations at the postoperative period , and there were three mild perineal haematomas ( 5.9 % ) . Most patients felt perineal discomfort or pain , which was easily treated with oral medications . CONCLUSIONS The MRS((R ) ) allowed postoperative readjustment of the suburethral sling pressure at the immediate or midterm postoperative period , which allowed the achievement of good midterm results in almost 85 % of patients without significant postoperative complications OBJECTIVE To communicate long-term results of the multicentre phase III trial post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence ( PPI ) treated with an adjustable male sling . PATIENTS AND METHODS 48 PPI patients were included in this trial from April 2003 to September 2004 . 39 post radical prostatectomy and 9 post adenomectomy . 19 wore 5 pads per day ( 3 - 8 ) each weight 83 gr ( 17 - 198 ) . 29 wore condom catheter or penile clamp The Argus was implanted through perineal approach . Using needles , the sling was transferred to the abdominal wall where it was adjusted by washers . The adjustment was done with retro grade urethral pressure from 45 to 55 cm water . Clinical data were up date d till September 2007 . The mean follow-up was 45 months ( 36 - 54 ) and median age was 67 years ( 52 - 77 ) . The evaluation was : the ICIQ-SF score and qualification as Dry : no pads , Improved : 1 pad and Failed : 2 or more pads in 24 hr , including those with slings removed . RESULTS 47 were evaluated , result ing : 31 ( 66 % ) Dry , 6 ( 12.8 % ) Improved and 10 ( 21 % ) Failed . The ICIQ-SF score changed from 19.5 to 6 . Of the 31 dry pts , 5 required one adjustment . 10 pts failed , 9 after sling removal , 6 due to erosion and 3 for infection . One patient failed with the sling in place , 6 erosions were registered : 4 in the urethra , 1 into the bladder and 1 through the abdominal wall . Perineal pain persisted in 2 . One patient was excluded , died in September 2006 . CONCLUSIONS Argus has demonstrated its efficacy in long- term follow-up . The social continence rate was about 80 % . The important complication was erosion or infection PURPOSE We determined the outcome of the bone anchored male sling procedure for  stress urinary incontinence in men regarding the graft material used . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 39 men with post-radical prostatectomy incontinence received a perineal bone anchored male sling .  Patients with previous salvage external beam radiotherapy and high serum prostate specific antigen , incontinence due to neurogenic or posttraumatic etiology , or previous benign prostatectomy were excluded .  Urodynamic evaluation was performed preoperatively . The number of pads daily used by patients was recorded preoperatively and during postoperative visits . To compress the urethra 2 types of material s were used . Absorbable bio material s were used in the first 12 patients and nonabsorbable material was used in the following 27 . RESULTS Mean patient age + /- SD was 67.3 years ( range 50 to 79 ) . The mean duration between radical prostatectomy and male sling surgery was 57.9 + /- 40.4 months ( range 5 to 135 ) . The procedure was successful in 26 patients ( 96.2 % ) in the nonabsorbable group and in 1 ( 8.3 % ) in the absorbable group at a mean followup of 18.9 and 28.8 months , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The absorbable sling material s that were used for the bone anchored male sling demonstrated disintegration of the material . Autolysis of these absorbable material s removed active compression forces on the urethra after a short period . Nonabsorbable graft is associated with the best outcome following the perineal bone anchored male sling procedure OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of two surgical treatments for male urinary stress incontinence :  adjustable continence therapy ( ProACT ) and bone anchored male sling ( BAMS ) . METHODS Eighty-four consecutive post radical prostatectomy incontinent patients received ProACT ( n = 46 ) or BAMS ( n = 38 ) implantation by two different operators in two different centres . Eighty of them had a complete follow up . Both groups were prospect ively assessed by number of pads per day and a vali date d question naire ( UCLA/R AND ) . Complications rate and mean operating times were compared . All comparisons were analyzed using the t test , Fischer 's exact test and chi(2 ) analysis ( significance P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS At a mean follow up of 19 and 33 months respectively , 30/44 ( 68 % ) patients treated with ProACT were dry ( 0/1 safety pad ) in comparison with 23/36 ( 64 % ) patients treated with BAMS ( P > 0.05 ) . Stratifying the results , ProACT had 33/39 ( 85 % ) dry patients in severe ( more than three pads/day ) preoperative incontinence , in comparison with 21/26 ( 81 % ) for BAMS ( P > 0.05 ) . The UCLA/R AND question naire showed an average increase of 11.7 points ( from 10.2 to 21.9 ) for ProACT and of 10 points ( from 11.9 to 21.9 ) for BAMS ( P > 0.05 ) . Complications included removal of ProACT and BAMS in 6/44 ( 14 % ) and 2/36 ( 6 % ) , respectively . Mean operating time was 18 min and 45 min ( P < 0.05 ) for ProACT and BAMS , respectively . CONCLUSIONS ProACT and BAMS are both associated with a satisfactory rate of success .  ProACT results seem to be better for severe incontinence and BAMS for mild incontinence . The operation time of ProACT is shorter PURPOSE In a prospect i ve 2-center study we confirmed and extended published results of the positive effect on post-prostatectomy stress incontinence of transobturator sling suspension using an Advance male sling . MATERIAL S AND METHODS From September 2007 to June 2008 a male sling was placed and evaluated in 36 men according to the Rehder and Gozzi method . Diagnosis was based on 24-hour urine loss measured by a pad test , a 24-hour micturition frequency volume chart and cystoscopy . A visual analog scale for continence and bother , and a pad test were used preoperatively and postoperatively to objective ly evaluate operative results . RESULTS At 1-year followup cure was achieved in 9.0 % of patients and improvement was achieved in 45.5 % . No effect on incontinence was seen in 36.5 % of patients and 9.0 % experienced worsening incontinence by pad test . The mean + /- SD visual analogue scale score of 6.1 + /- 2.2 ( range 0 to 10 ) preoperatively improved significantly to 
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Authors ' Conclusions Due to the poor overall quality of available studies , it was impossible to identify or refute clinical ly important differences between the alternative surgical procedures .
Although our data seems to suggest that AUS has the highest efficacy in the treatment of SUI following RP it is also associated with the highest complication rate , but this may be due to the longest follow up .