***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To determine whether MBSR groups would help gay men living with HIV improve psychosocial functioning and increase mindfulness compared to treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) . Methods : 117 participants were r and omized 2:1 to MBSR or TAU . No new psychosocial or psychopharmacological interventions were initiated within 2 months of baseline . St and ardized question naires were administered pre- , postintervention and at 6 months . An intent-to-treat analysis found significant benefits of MBSR : at post-intervention and 6 months follow up , MBSR participants had significantly lower avoidance in IES and higher positive affect compared to controls . MBSR participants developed more mindfulness as measured by the Toronto Mindfulness Scale ( TMS ) including both TMS subscales , curiosity and decentering , at 8-week and 6 months . For the sample as a whole , increase in mindfulness was significantly correlated with reduction in avoidance , higher positive affect and improvement in depression at 6 months . MBSR has specific and clinical ly meaningful effects in this population Objective : The underlying changes in biological processes that are associated with reported changes in mental and physical health in response to meditation have not been systematic ally explored . We performed a r and omized , controlled study on the effects on brain and immune function of a well‐known and widely used 8‐week clinical training program in mindfulness meditation applied in a work environment with healthy employees . Methods : We measured brain electrical activity before and immediately after , and then 4 months after an 8‐week training program in mindfulness meditation .  Twenty‐five subjects were tested in the meditation group . A wait‐list control group ( N = 16 ) was tested at the same points in time as the meditators . At the end of the 8‐week period , subjects in both groups were vaccinated with influenza vaccine . Results : We report for the first time significant increases in left‐sided anterior activation , a pattern previously associated with positive affect , in the meditators compared with the nonmeditators . We also found significant increases in antibody titers to influenza vaccine among subjects in the meditation compared with those in the wait‐list control group . Finally , the magnitude of increase in left‐sided activation predicted the magnitude of antibody titer rise to the vaccine . Conclusions : These findings demonstrate that a short program in mindfulness meditation produces demonstrable effects on brain and immune function . These findings suggest that meditation may change brain and immune function in positive ways and underscore the need for additional research The present study is a waitlist-controlled investigation of the impact of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program on mindful attentiveness , rumination and blood pressure ( BP ) in women with cancer . Female post-treatment cancer patients were recruited from the MBSR program waitlist . Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness and rumination and measured casual BP at home before and after the 8-week MBSR program or waiting period . MBSR group participants demonstrated higher levels of mindful attentiveness and decreased ruminative thinking following the intervention but no difference in BP , when compared to controls . In the MBSR group , decreases in rumination correlated with decreases in SBP and increases in mindful attention . When participants were assigned to “ Higher BP ” and “ Lower BP ” conditions based on mean BP values at week 1 , “ Higher BP ” participants in the MBSR group ( n = 19 ) had lower SBP at week 8 relative to the control group ( n = 16 ) . A MBSR program may be efficacious in increasing mindful attention and decreasing rumination in women with cancer . R and omized controlled trials are needed to evaluate an impact on clinical ly elevated BP OBJECTIVE We tested the effects of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management/expressive-supportive therapy intervention ( CBSM+ ) and a time-matched individual psychoeducational condition for 330 women with AIDS reporting moderate to poor baseline quality of life ( QOL ) .  The goal of this study was to examine treatment effects on total QOL and 11 QOL domains from baseline to post-intervention follow-up . METHODS Participants were assessed at baseline , r and omized to a treatment condition ( individual psychoeducation condition n=180 , group-based CBSM+ condition n=150 ) , participated in the intervention for 10 weeks and assessed again within 4 weeks following the intervention .  QOL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study -HIV-30 . RESULTS QOL scores increased over the course of both interventions for the total QOL score and three QOL domains : cognitive functioning , health distress and overall health perceptions . While women in the CBSM+ group condition showed a significant improvement in mental health QOL from pre- to post-intervention , women in the individual condition did not change . No changes were observed for energy/fatigue , health transition , single-item overall QOL , pain , physical well-being , role functioning or social functioning in either condition . CONCLUSION Results suggest that group-based CBSM+ and individual psychoeducational interventions are effective at improving certain aspects of QOL and that group-based CBSM+ may be particularly effective at increasing QOL related to mental health in this population of women with AIDS Background : Stress management interventions for HIV-positive persons have been design ed to enhance coping skills and encourage health-promoting behaviors with the hope of decreasing distress and slowing disease progression . Purpose : We examined the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention in combination with medication adherence training ( MAT ) in 130 gay and bisexual men living with HIV infection . Methods : Participants were r and omized to either a 10-week CBSM+MAT intervention ( n = 76 ) or a MAT-only condition ( n = 54 ) . Measures of self-reported adherence , active cognitive coping ( i.e. , acceptance and positive reinterpretation ) , avoidant coping ( i.e. , denial and behavioral disengagement ) , and depressed mood were examined over the 10-week intervention period . Results : Men in CBSM+MAT reported reductions in depressed mood and denial coping during the 10-week intervention period , but no changes in active cognitive coping or self-reported adherence were observed . Using path analysis , greater reliance on denial coping at baseline was associated with decreased depressed mood at 10 weeks . We also determined that CBSM+MAT may decrease depressed mood by reducing reliance on denial coping over the 10-week intervention period . Conclusions : Although denial may be an effective means of distress reduction in the short term , reliance on this coping strategy may result in a decreased capacity to effectively manage a variety of disease-related stressors in the long term . CBSM+MAT addresses this potentially detrimental pattern by teaching stress reduction skills that may decrease depressed mood via reduced reliance on denial coping Background Stress management interventions can reduce symptoms of distress as well as modulate certain immune system components in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . These effects may occur in parallel with reductions in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis hormones such as cortisol , which has been related in other work to a down-regulation of immune system components relevant to HIV infection . The present study tested the effects of a multimodal cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention on 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels and distressed mood in symptomatic HIV+ gay men . Methods Symptomatic HIV-infected gay men who were r and omized to either a 10-week group-based CBSM intervention or a 10-week wait-list period provided psychological responses and urine sample s pre-post intervention . Results Of the 59 participants providing matched question naire data , men assigned to CBSM ( n=40 ) showed significantly lower posttreatment levels of self-reported depressed affect , anxiety , anger , and confusion than those in the wait-list control group ( n=19 ) . Among the 47 men providing urine sample s ( 34 CBSM , 13 controls ) , those assigned to CBSM revealed significantly less cortisol output as compared to controls . At the individual level , depressed mood decreases paralleled cortisol reductions over this period across the entire sample . Conclusion A time-limited CBSM intervention reduced distress symptoms and urinary free cortisol output in symptomatic HIV+ gay men and greater reductions in some aspects of distress , especially depressed mood , paralleled greater decreases in cortisol over the intervention period . If persisting stressors and depressed mood contribute to chronic HPA axis activation in HIV-infected persons , then interventions such as CBSM , which teaches them to relax , alter cognitive appraisal s , use new coping strategies , and access social support re sources , may decrease distress and depressed mood and normalize HPA axis functioning Sleep disturbance is a very common problem for cancer patients that has largely not been addressed in the clinical intervention literature . Mindfulness meditation has demonstrated clinical benefits for a variety of patient population s in other areas of functioning . This study examined the effects of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program on the sleep quality of a heterogeneous sample of 63 cancer patients . Overall sleep disturbance was significantly reduced ( p < .001 ) and participants reported that their sleep quality had improved ( p < .001 ) . There was also a significant reduction in stress ( p < .001 ) , mood disturbance ( p = .001 ) , and fatigue ( p < .001 ) . The associations among these changes and implication s for improving quality of life of cancer patients are discussed OBJECTIVES Considerable morbidity persists among survivors of breast cancer ( BC ) including high levels of psychological stress , anxiety , depression , fear of recurrence , and physical symptoms including pain , fatigue , and sleep disturbances , and impaired quality of life . Effective interventions are needed during this difficult transitional period . METHODS We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of 84 female BC survivors ( Stages 0-III ) recruited from the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute . All subjects were within 18 months of treatment completion with surgery and adjuvant radiation and /or chemotherapy .  Subjects were r and omly assigned to a 6-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) program design ed to self-regulate arousal to stressful circumstances or symptoms ( n=41 ) or to usual care ( n=43 ) . Outcome measures compared at 6 weeks by r and om assignment included vali date d measures of psychological status ( depression , anxiety , perceived stress , fear of recurrence , optimism , social support ) and psychological and physical subscales of quality of life ( SF-36 ) . RESULTS Compared with usual care , subjects assigned to MBSR(BC ) had significantly lower ( two-sided p<0.05 ) adjusted mean levels of depression ( 6.3 vs 9.6 ) , anxiety ( 28.3 vs 33.0 ) , and fear of recurrence ( 9.3 vs 11.6 ) at 6 weeks , along with higher energy ( 53.5 vs 49.2 ) , physical functioning ( 50.1 vs 47.0 ) , and physical role functioning ( 49.1 vs 42.8 ) . In stratified analyses , subjects more compliant with MBSR tended to experience greater improvements in measures of energy and physical functioning . CONCLUSIONS Among BC survivors within 18 months of treatment completion , a 6-week MBSR(BC ) program result ed in significant improvements in psychological status and quality of life compared with usual care Background Bipolar disorder is highly recurrent and rates of comorbidity are high . Studies have pointed to anxiety comorbidity as one factor associated with risk of suicide attempts and poor overall outcome . This study aim ed to explore the feasibility and potential benefits of a new psychological treatment ( Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy : MBCT ) for people with bipolar disorder focusing on between-episode anxiety and depressive symptoms . Methods The study used data from a pilot r and omized trial of MBCT for people with bipolar disorder in remission , focusing on between-episode anxiety and depressive symptoms . Immediate effects of MBCT versus waitlist on levels of anxiety and depression were compared between unipolar and bipolar participants . Results The results suggest that MBCT led to improved immediate outcomes in terms of anxiety which were specific to the bipolar group . Both bipolar and unipolar participants allocated to MBCT showed reductions in residual depressive symptoms relative to those allocated to the waitlist condition . Limitations Analyses were based on a small sample , limiting power . Additionally the study recruited participants with suicidal ideation or behaviour so the findings can not immediately be generalized to individuals without these symptoms . Conclusions The study , although preliminary , suggests an immediate effect of MBCT on anxiety and depressive symptoms among bipolar participants with suicidal ideation or behaviour , and indicates that further research into the use of MBCT with bipolar patients may be warranted BACKGROUND The current study examined whether yoga would increase levels of mindfulness in a healthy population . METHOD Forty-six participants were r and omly assigned to an 8-week yoga intervention group or a wait-list control group .  Mindfulness was assessed pre and post yoga , using the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory ( FMI ) . RESULTS Results indicate that the yoga group experienced a significant increase in Overall mindfulness , and in three mindfulness subscales ; Attention to the present moment , Accepting and open attitudes toward experience , and Insightful underst and ing ( p < .01 ) . The control group experienced a significant increase in overall mindfulness ( p < .02 ) and insightful underst and ing ( p < .01 ) . Findings suggest that a yoga intervention may be a viable method for increasing levels of trait mindfulness in a healthy population , potentially implicating yoga as a preventive method for the later development of negative emotional mood states ( i.e. anxiety 
    Output:
    
In this systematic review , we identified 11 studies that have examined MBSR as an intervention for HIV-positive population s. Of the studies , six were r and omised design s , one was a quasi-experimental design , and the remaining four were pre- and post-test design s. The preliminary outcomes support MBSR to decrease emotional distress with mixed evidence for impact on disease progression .