***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The safety and efficacy of oxybutynin transdermal delivery system ( oxybutynin-TDS ) versus placebo in adults with urge and mixed urinary incontinence was investigated using combined results from double-blind stages of 2 phase3 clinical trials . Study 1 : placebo-controlled , parallel-group comparison of 3 oxybutynin – TDS doses in 12-week double-blind and open-label periods , followed by a 28-week open-label extension . Study 2 was a 12-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled comparison of oxybutynin-TDS versus long-acting tolterodine and placebo , followed by a 52-week open-label extension . Efficacy analysis included 241 patients receiving oxybutynin-TDS , 244 receiving placebo . Most participants were Caucasian women ( 92 % ) . Approximately 60 % received prior anticholinergic therapy . Primary outcome was determined by changes from baseline to end of treatment in frequency of incontinence episodes , frequency of urination , and void volume . Oxybutynin-TDS was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing median daily incontinence episodes ( −3.0 vs placebo −2.0 ; P=.00004 ) and daily urinary frequency ( −2.0 vs −1.0 ; P=.0023 ) , and in increasing void volume ( 25 mL vs 5.5 mL ; P<.00001 ) . Overall rates of anticholinergic adverse events ( AEs ) were 12.8 % for oxybutynin-TDS and 11.0 % for placebo ( P=0.5421 ) . The most common systemic anticholinergic AEs were dry mouth ( 7.0 % for oxybutynin-TDS vs 5.3 % for  placebo ) and constipation ( 2.1 % vs 2.0 % ) . Application site erythema occurred in 7.0 % of participants who received oxybutynin-TDS ( 3.7 % discontinuation rate ) ; pruritus occurred in 16.1 % ( 3.3 % discontinuation rate ) . Transdermal oxybutynin was shown to be efficacious , with a proven safety profile . It may be utilized for patients with overactive bladder as a treatment option that could enhance compliance OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of an oxybutynin transdermal delivery system ( OXY-TDS ) and oral , long-acting tolterodine ( TOL-LA ) with placebo in previously treated patients with urge or mixed urinary incontinence . METHODS After withdrawal of their current antimuscarinic therapy , 361 adult patients were r and omized to 12 weeks of double-blind , double-dummy treatment with twice weekly OXY-TDS 3.9 mg/day , daily TOL-LA 4 mg , or placebo . Evaluations included change from baseline in patient urinary diary symptoms , incontinence-specific quality of life , and safety . RESULTS OXY-TDS 3.9 mg/day and TOL-LA 4 mg/day significantly reduced the number of daily incontinence episodes ( median change -3 OXY-TDS and -3 TOL-LA versus -2 placebo ; P < 0.05 ) , increased the average void volume ( median change 24 and 29 mL versus 5.5 mL , P < 0.01 ) , and improved quality of life ( incontinence impact question naire [ IIQ ] total score , P < 0.05 ; Urogenital Distress Inventory Irritative Symptom subscale , P < 0.05 ) compared with placebo . The most common adverse event for OXY-TDS was localized application site pruritus ( 14 % versus 4 % placebo ) accompanied by a low incidence of systemic side effects ( eg , dry mouth 4.1 % ) . Anticholinergic adverse events occurred with greatest frequency during TOL-LA treatment ( dry mouth 7.3 % versus 1.7 % placebo , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS OXY-TDS and TOL-LA are effective and comparable treatments for patients with urge and mixed incontinence . OXY-TDS improves systemic safety with regard to anticholinergic side effects . Local skin irritation occurs in some OXY-TDS patients OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the impact of overactive bladder on sexual function from a preliminary analysis of the Multicenter Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder with Oxybutynin study . STUDY DESIGN The Multicenter Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder with Oxybutynin study was an open-label , prospect i ve trial of 2878 subjects with overactive bladder , treated with transdermal oxybutynin for 6 months or less . The impact of overactive bladder on sexual function before and after treatment was assessed via item responses from the King 's Health Question naire and Beck Depression Inventory-II ( kappa-test ) . RESULTS At baseline , 586 ( 23.1 % ) reported that overactive bladder had an impact on their sex life . Coital incontinence in 569 ( 22.8 % ) decreased after treatment to 438 ( 19.3 % ) . Effects of overactive bladder on subjects ' sex lives improved in 19.1 % ( worsened in 11.2 % ) , and the effect on relationships with partners improved in 19.6 % ( worsened in 11.9 % ) . Reduced interest in sex , reported by 52.1 % at baseline , improved significantly . ( all P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSION Overactive bladder negatively affects sexual function . Treatment with transdermal oxybutynin improved sexual function and marital relationships PURPOSE We evaluated the efficacy and safety of an oxybutynin transdermal delivery system ( TDS ) in a general population of patients with overactive bladder and urge or mixed urinary incontinence . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following symptom stabilization or treatment withdrawal 520 adult patients were r and omized to 12 weeks of double-blind daily treatment with 1.3 , 2.6 or 3.9 mg . oxybutynin TDS or placebo administered twice weekly , followed by a 12-week open-label , dose titration period to assess efficacy and safety further . Evaluations included patient urinary diaries , incontinence specific quality of life and safety . RESULTS A dose of 3.9 mg . daily oxybutynin TDS significantly reduced the number of weekly incontinence episodes ( median change -19.0 versus -14.5 , p = 0.0165 ) , reduced average daily urinary frequency ( mean change -2.3 versus -1.7 , p = 0.0457 ) , increased average voided volume ( median change 24 versus 6 ml . , p = 0.0063 ) and significantly improved quality of life ( Incontinence Impact Question naire total score , p = 0.0327 ) compared with placebo . Average voided volume increased in the daily 2.6 mg . group ( 19 ml . , p = 0.0157 ) but there were no other significant differences between 1.3 and 2.6 mg . oxybutynin TDS and placebo . The most common adverse event was application site pruritus  ( oxybutynin TDS 10.8 % to 16.8 % , placebo 6.1 % ) . Dry mouth incidence was similar in both groups ( 7.0 % versus 8.3 % , p not significant ) . In the open-label period a sustained reduction of nearly 3 incontinence episodes per day was reported for all groups . CONCLUSIONS Doses of 2.6 and 3.9 mg . oxybutynin TDS daily improve overactive bladder symptoms and quality of life , and are well tolerated . Transdermal oxybutynin is an innovative new treatment for overactive bladder BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oxybutynin is a common antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder . Transdermally administered oxybutynin chloride topical gel 10 % ( OTG ) has a low propensity for anticholinergic adverse effects and possibly also a low risk of cognitive impairment . A r and omized , double-blind , placebo- and active-controlled study evaluated the effects of OTG on cognitive and psychomotor functions in older healthy adults . METHODS Healthy adults aged 60 - 79 years were assigned r and omly ( 1:1:1 ) to 1-week 's treatment with OTG ( 1 g [ 100 mg oxybutynin ] applied once daily on rotating sites of upper arms/shoulders , abdomen or thighs ) plus oral placebo , immediate-release oxybutynin ( OXB-IR ; 5 mg capsule three times/day ) plus placebo gel , or double placebo .  Delayed recall Name-Face Association Test ( NFAT ) score was the primary end point . Treatments were compared by analysis of covariance . RESULTS Of 152 participants ( mean age , 68 years ) , 49 received OTG , 52 OXB-IR and 51  placebo  . NFAT Delayed Recall tests revealed no significant treatment differences ( overall , p = 0.2733 ; OTG vs placebo , p = 0.1551 ; OXB-IR vs placebo , p = 0.1767 ) . However , a significant effect ( p = 0.0294 ) was noted for the Misplaced Objects Test , with scores declining only for OXB-IR . Approximately twice as many participants receiving OXB-IR ( n = 10 ) as those receiving OTG ( n = 5 ) or placebo ( n = 6 ) showed a significant decline ( ≥6 points ) in Total Recall score for the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised . No significant effects on psychomotor reaction time were observed . The most common adverse event , dry mouth , occurred in 6.1 % , 73.1 % and 7.8 % of participants receiving OTG , OXB-IR and placebo , respectively . CONCLUSIONS OTG applied for 1 week had no clinical ly meaningful effect on recent memory or other cognitive functions in healthy , older adults . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered as NCT00752141 at www . clinical trials.gov PURPOSE We compared the short-term efficacy , safety and tolerability of transdermal versus oral oxybutynin in adults with urge urinary incontinence . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Volunteers with detrusor instability currently responding to oral immediate release oxybutynin were enrolled in our study . Those patients presenting with recurrence of incontinent symptoms after a 2-week washout underwent confirmatory cystometrogram  with subsequent r and omization to  transdermal  or oral treatment . Matching active and placebo medications included matrix patches applied twice weekly and capsules taken 2 or 3 times daily . Dose titration was based on anticholinergic symptoms . Outcome measures included comparison of baseline to 6 week changes in incontinence episodes on a 3 day urinary diary , a visual analog scale for efficacy and anticholinergic symptoms reported on a question naire . Safety monitoring included adverse events and skin tolerability of the transdermal system . RESULTS A total of 76 patients were enrolled and 74 completed at least 4 weeks of treatment . Mean age in the transdermal and oral groups was 64 and 63 years , and 87 % and 97 % were female , respectively .  Daily incontinent episodes decreased in the transdermal and oral groups ( 7.3 to 2.4 [ 66 % ] and 7.4 to 2.6 [ 72 % ] , respectively , p = 0.39 ) . The visual analog scale reduction in urinary leakage improved from washout in both groups ( p < 0.0001 ) with no difference between them ( p = 0.9 ) . Dry mouth occurred in significantly fewer patients in the transdermal ( 38 % ) compared with those in the oral group ( 94 % , p < 0.001 ) . Of the patients in the transdermal group 67 % noticed a reduction in dry mouth severity compared with previous oral treatment , and 90 % had none or mild skin erythema . CONCLUSIONS Transdermal delivery of oxybutynin result ed in comparable efficacy and a significantly improved anticholinergic side effect profile compared with oral administration in adults with urge urinary incontinence 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The evaluated studies show that patients treated with OXY-TDS experience a significant reduction in urinary incontinence episodes compared with placebo , which is comparable to that observed in patients treated with oral oxybutynin or with tolterodine .
The clinical practice study also showed improved quality of life , achieving benefits in numerous patient profiles , with an efficacy independent of previous treatments .
The safety of the drug was demonstrated in the various patient profiles .
OXY-TDS represents an effective alternative for the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with OAB , which , thanks to its pharmacokinetic profile , better tolerability , different administration method and dosage , could represent an added value in treating special population