***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The objective was to carry out a pilot study exploring memory outcome in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) and low- grade tumour . A prospect i ve study using a competence-related memory assessment was carried out in the Laboratory of Neuropsychology , Epilepsy Center and Neurosurgical Department of the “ C. Besta ” National Neurological Institute in 24 TLE patients undergoing surgical resection for left ( n=12 ) or right ( n=12 ) low- grade tumours and 36 healthy subjects . Patients underwent mesial or lateral temporal lobe lesionectomy .  Neuropsychological tests exploring verbal and visual short-term memory , learning , delayed recall and ability to control interference in memory were applied . Before and after surgery , significant verbal impairment was present in left TLE patients compared to controls and right TLE patients , and visual deficits were present in both groups compared to controls . After surgery , there was no significant decrease in mean verbal or visual memory scores related to the operated side . Some memory abilities subserved by the contralateral temporal lobe improved . Postoperative memory scores were related to preoperative scores , side of operation , age and education . In patients with TLE and low- grade tumour , temporal lobe surgery does not necessarily induce memory deficits . Improvement of memory abilities subserved by the unoperated temporal lobe may be expected BACKGROUND Although manic episodes reportedly contribute to cognitive deficits in bipolar I disorder , the contribution of depressive episodes is poorly research ed . AIMS We investigated the impact of depressive episodes on cognitive function early in the course of bipolar I disorder . METHOD A total of 68 patients and 38 controls from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Programme for Early Mania ( STOP-EM ) first-episode mania programme were examined . We conducted ( a ) a cross-sectional analysis of the impact of prior depressive episodes on baseline cognitive function and ( b ) a prospect i ve analysis assessing the contribution of depression recurrence within 1 year following a first episode of mania on cognitive functioning . RESULTS The cross-sectional analysis showed no significant differences between patients with past depressive episodes compared with those without , on overall or individual domains of cognitive function ( all P>0.09 ) . The prospect i ve analysis failed to reveal a significant group × time interaction for cognitive decline from baseline to 1 year ( P = 0.99 ) in patients with a recurrence of depressive episodes compared with those with no recurrence . However , impaired verbal memory at baseline was associated with a depression recurrence within 1 year . CONCLUSIONS Although deficits in all domains of cognitive function are seen in patients early in the course of bipolar disorder , depressive episodes do not confer additional burden on cognitive function . However , poorer verbal memory may serve as a marker for increased susceptibility to depression recurrence early in the course of illness Volumetric MRI studies based on manual labeling of selected anatomical structures have provided in vivo evidence that brain abnormalities associated with temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) extend beyond the hippocampus . Voxel-based morphometry ( VBM ) is a fully automated image analysis technique allowing identification of regional differences in gray matter ( GM ) and white matter ( WM ) between groups of subjects without a prior region of interest . The purpose of this study was to determine whole-brain GM and WM changes in TLE and to investigate the relationship between these abnormalities and clinical parameters . We studied 85 patients with pharmacologically intractable TLE and unilateral hippocampal atrophy and 47 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects . The seizure focus was right sided in 40 patients and left sided in 45 .  Student 's t test statistical maps of differences between patients ' and controls ' GM and WM concentrations were obtained using a general linear model . A further regression against duration of epilepsy , age of onset , presence of febrile convulsions , and secondary generalized seizures was performed with the TLE population . Voxel-based morphometry revealed that GM pathology in TLE extends beyond the hippocampus involving other limbic areas such as the cingulum and the thalamus , as well as extralimbic areas , particularly the frontal lobe . White matter reduction was found only ipsilateral to the seizure focus , including the temporopolar , entorhinal , and perirhinal areas . This pattern of structural changes is suggestive of disconnection involving preferentially frontolimbic pathways in patients with pharmacologically intractable TLE PURPOSE We previously showed a reduction in the volume of the entorhinal cortex ( EC ) ipsilateral to the seizure focus in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) . The purpose of this study was to examine the specificity of EC atrophy in epilepsy . METHODS We performed volumetric measurement of the EC on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) in patients with TLE ( n = 70 ) , extratemporal lobe epilepsy ( ETE ; n = 18 ) , and idiopathic generalized epilepsy ( IGE ; n = 20 ) . EC volumes of epilepsy patients were compared with those of 48 age- and sex-matched normal controls . Within the TLE group , 63 patients were selected prospect ively with hippocampal atrophy ipsilateral to the seizure focus . The remaining seven patients were chosen retrospectively based on normal volumetric MRI of the hippocampus and amygdale , as well as normal histopathologic examination of the resected tissue . RESULTS Compared with normal controls , EC volume was smaller ipsilateral but not contralateral to the seizure focus in patients with TLE ( p < 0.001 ) . No difference in the EC volumes ipsilateral and contralateral to the seizure focus was seen in patients with ETE and IGE compared with normal controls . The individual analysis showed that the EC was atrophic in 73 % of TLE patients with hippocampal atrophy . Three of the seven TLE patients with normal volumetric MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala and normal histopathologic examination had EC atrophy ipsilateral to the seizure focus . In no patient with ETE or IGE was the EC found to be atrophic . CONCLUSIONS EC atrophy ipsilateral to the seizure focus appears to be specific to mesial temporal lobe structural damage associated with TLE OBJECTIVE The goal of the work described here was to evaluate relationships among resection volume , seizure outcome , and cognitive morbidity after  temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy . METHODS Thirty patients with mesial temporal sclerosis were evaluated pre- and postoperatively with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III , Wechsler Memory Scale III , and three-dimensional coronal spoiled gradient recall acquisition MRI . Preoperative whole-brain volumes were calculated with Statistical Parametric Mapping . Resection volume was calculated by manual tracing . Systat was used for statistical analysis . RESULTS All resections included the temporal tip , at least 1 cm of the superior temporal gyrus , and 3 to 5 cm of the middle and inferior temporal gyri . Left were significantly smaller than right temporal resections . Seizure-free patients had significantly larger resections . Immediate verbal memory was significantly worse after left temporal lobectomy . Surgical outcome and resection volume did not affect postoperative neuropsychological results . CONCLUSIONS Dominant temporal lobe resections are associated with immediate verbal memory deficits . Larger resection volume was associated with improved seizure control but not worse cognitive outcome Objective : To assess naming and recognition of faces of familiar famous people in patients with epilepsy before and after anterior temporal lobectomy ( ATL ) .  Methods : Color photographs of famous people were presented for naming and description to 63 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) either before or after ATL and to 10 healthy age- and education-matched controls . Results : Spontaneous naming of photographed famous people was impaired in all patient groups , but was most abnormal in patients who had undergone left ATL . When allowed to demonstrate knowledge of the famous faces through verbal descriptions , rather than naming , patients with left TLE , left ATL , and right TLE improved to normal levels , but patients with right ATL were still impaired , suggesting a new deficit in identifying famous faces . Naming of famous people was related to naming of other common objects , verbal memory , and perceptual discrimination of faces . Recognition of the identity of pictured famous people was more related to visuospatial perception and memory . Conclusions : Lesions in anterior regions of the right temporal lobe impair recognition of the identities of familiar faces , as well as the learning of new faces . Lesions in the left temporal lobe , especially in anterior regions , disrupt access to the names of known people , but do not affect recognition of the identities of famous faces . Results are consistent with the hypothesized role of lateralized anterior temporal lobe structures in facial recognition and naming of unique entities Two hundred and ninety epilepsy surgery patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and were assessed on a list learning task preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively . Deterioration and improvement in verbal memory were determined using reliable change indices ( RCIs ) at 80 and 90 % confidence limits . Almost one third of patients ( 27 % ) experienced a deterioration in verbal learning . The number of left temporal lobectomy patients who had deteriorated outnumbered the right temporal lobectomy patients by 2:1 . Significant improvements in verbal learning were seen in 21 % of the right temporal lobectomy group and 10 % of the left temporal lobectomy group . Patients who were seizure-free postoperatively were not more likely to experience a postoperative deterioration or improvement in memory than those who continued to experience seizures . No significant relationships were found between subjective ratings of postoperative memory function and objective indices of change . Reliable , objective indices of postoperative deterioration in memory function may bear little relation to the patient 's subjective experience . This should be considered when statistical predictions are used as the basis of preoperative counseling We studied the effects on verbal and nonverbal memory of  anterior temporal lobe ( ATL ) surgery for epilepsy in 91 patients ( 46 men , 45 women ) , all of whom had left-hemisphere dominance for speech . Patients were divided into four groups according to sex and laterality of the excision . The memory tasks were administered shortly before surgery , 6 months postoperatively , and at a 2-year follow-up . Test scores were su bmi tted to repeated- measures analyses of variance . We found that men treated with left temporal resection declined significantly in long-delay verbal memory after surgery , whereas no clear pre- to postoperative sex differences were found with respect to other verbal memory scores . Only the results on long-delay verbal memory confirm previous findings , showing a greater vulnerability of verbal memory to left ATL surgery in men than in women . Women with left temporal excisions obtained particularly poor scores on a long-delay nonverbal memory test preoperatively , but improved their performance on this test significantly after surgery . The seemingly gradual improvement during the 2-year follow-up suggests a plastic process A number of studies have shown visuospatial memory deficits following  anterior temporal lobectomy ( ATL )  in the right , nondominant temporal lobe ( RATL ) . The current study examines 26 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent ATL in either the right ( RATL , n = 16 ) or left temporal lobe ( LATL , n = 10 ) on two tests of facial memory abilities , the Wechsler Memory Scale-III ( WMS-III ) Faces subtest and the  Graduate Hospital Facial Memory Test ( FMT ) . Repeated measures ANOVA on the FMT indicated a significant main effect of side of surgery . The RATL group performed significantly below the LATL group overall . Both groups showed a slight , but non-significant , improvement in performance from pre- to postsurgery on the FMT immediate memory , likely due to practice effects . Repeated measures ANOVA on the WMS-III Faces subtest revealed a significant interaction of group ( RATL vs. LATL ) by delay ( immediate vs. delayed ) . Overall , the LATL group showed an improvement in recognition scores from immediate to delayed memory , whereas the RATL group performed similarly at both immediate and delayed testing . No effects of surgery were noted on the WMS-III . Following initial data analysis the WMS-III Faces I and II data were re-scored using the scoring suggested by Holdnack and Delis ( 2003 ) , earlier in this issue . Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a trend toward significance in the three-way interaction of group ( RATL vs. LATL ) × time of testing ( pre- versus postop ) × delay ( immediate vs. delayed memory ) . On the Faces I subtest , both the RATL and LATL groups showed a decline from preoperative to postoperative testing . However , on Faces II the LATL group showed an increase in performance from preoperative to postoperative testing , while the RALT group showed a decline in performance from preoperative to postoperative testing . While the FMT appears to be superior to the WMS-III Faces subtest in identifying deficits in facial memory prior to and following RATL , the application of the scoring methodology presented by Holdnack and Delis earlier in this issue does serve to increase the clinical utility of the WMS-III Faces subtest in this population The relationship between preoperative ability levels and postoperative changes in cognitive function was examined among 23 left ( LTL ) and 19 right ( RTL ) temporal lobectomy patients using a battery of  memory , language , and visuospatial tasks administered approximately 3 months before surgery and at 6 months follow-up . Higher preoperative performances on the memory and language measures were associated with larger decrements in postsurgical scores among the LTL patients . The RTL group showed no consistent relationship between preoperative ability levels and subsequent postsurgical cognitive changes . Based on the present data , we constructed baserate tables for the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised indicating the likelihood of measurable gains or 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Deficits in BD-I compared to healthy controls ( HC ) were in executive function , attention span and verbal memory .
Deficits in TLE compared to HC were in executive function and memory .
In the pre- to post-surgical comparisons , verbal memory in left temporal lobe ( LTL ) and , less consistently , visuospatial memory in right temporal lobe ( RTL ) epilepsy declined following surgery .
TLE studies typically examined a narrow range of known temporal lobe-mediated neuropsychological functions , particularly verbal and visuospatial memory .
CONCLUSION Both disorders exhibit deficits in executive function and verbal memory suggestive of both frontal and temporal lobe involvement .
However , deficits in TLE are measured pre- to post-surgery and not controlled at baseline pre-surgery .