***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Early-phase and pre clinical studies suggest that moxifloxacin-containing regimens could allow for effective 4-month treatment of uncomplicated , smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , phase 3 trial to test the noninferiority of two moxifloxacin-containing regimens as compared with a control regimen . One group of patients received isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol for 8 weeks , followed by 18 weeks of isoniazid and rifampin ( control group ) . In the second group , we replaced ethambutol with moxifloxacin for 17 weeks , followed by 9 weeks of placebo ( isoniazid group ) , and in the third group , we replaced isoniazid with moxifloxacin for 17 weeks , followed by 9 weeks of placebo ( ethambutol group ) . The primary end point was treatment failure or relapse within 18 months after r and omization . RESULTS Of the 1931 patients who underwent r and omization , in the per- protocol analysis , a favorable outcome was reported in fewer patients in the isoniazid group ( 85 % ) and the ethambutol group ( 80 % ) than in the control group ( 92 % ) , for a difference favoring the control group of 6.1 percentage points ( 97.5 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.7 to 10.5 ) versus the isoniazid group and 11.4 percentage points ( 97.5 % CI , 6.7 to 16.1 ) versus the ethambutol group . Results were consistent in the modified intention-to-treat analysis and all sensitivity analyses . The hazard ratios for the time to culture negativity in both solid and liquid mediums for the isoniazid and ethambutol groups , as compared with the control group , ranged from 1.17 to 1.25 , indicating a shorter duration , with the lower bounds of the 95 % confidence intervals exceeding 1.00 in all cases . There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse events , with events reported in 127 patients ( 19 % ) in the isoniazid group , 111 ( 17 % ) in the ethambutol group , and 123 ( 19 % ) in the control group . CONCLUSIONS The two moxifloxacin-containing regimens produced a more rapid initial decline in bacterial load , as compared with the control group . However , noninferiority for these regimens was not shown , which indicates that shortening treatment to 4 months was not effective in this setting . ( Funded by the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development and others ; REMoxTB Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00864383 . ) Clinical trials aim ed at decreasing the terms of treatment and temporary disability in various categories of new cases of tuberculosis of the respiratory organs were conducted . It was shown to be possible at the account of decreasing the hospitalization period and increasing the role of controlled outpatient therapy This report from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre , Madras , summarizes the progress over a 5-year period of 193 patients with newly diagnosed , sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid plus PAS .  Previous reports have shown that , despite the traditional advantages of sanatorium treatment-rest , adequate diet , nursing and supervised drug-administration-the home patients responded nearly as well as the sanatorium patients in the first year ; further , the relapse rates over a 2-year period of follow-up were similar . The findings in the present report are based on a 4-year period of follow-up and extend these conclusions , the relapse rates over the period being 7 % for the home patients and 10 % for the sanatorium patients . Patients who failed to respond to treatment in the first year and those who had a bacteriological relapse in the second or subsequent years were usually re-treated with reserve regimens , first with streptomycin plus pyrazinamide and , if this was ineffective , with cycloserine plus ethionamide . Considering the findings over the entire 5-year period , five home patients and three sanatorium patients died from non-tuberculous causes . Of the remainder , 5 % of the home patients and 6 % of the sanatorium patients died of tuberculosis , 4 % in each series had bacteriologically active disease at five years and 90 % and 89 % , respectively , had bacteriologically quiescent disease at that time . These findings are very encouraging , particularly for developing countries such as India , where tuberculosis is a major problem and sanatorium beds are very few Of 1,033 Chinese patients with radiologically active pulmonary tuberculosis but with sputum negative for acid-fast bacilli on 5 initial microscopic examinations , 370 ( 36 % ) had 1 or more initial sputum cultures that yielded tubercle bacilli . All patients were r and omly allocated to ( 1 ) selective chemotherapy , antituberculosis chemotherapy not being started until active disease had been confirmed , or to ( 2 ) daily streptomycin , isoniazid , rifampin , and pyrazinamide for 2 months or ( 3 ) the same 4 drugs daily for 3 months , or toi ( 4 ) a 12-month control regimen . In patients with 1 or more of their initial sputum cultures positive , the short-course regimens were inadequate , being followed by bacteriologic relapse rates of 15 and 9 % , respectively , during 30 months , compared with 0 % in the control series . In patients with all their initial cultures negative , the corresponding relapse rates were 4 , 2 , and 0 % , and in the selective chemotherapy series , 53 % of the patients had treatment started during the 30 months because active disease was confirmed ( bacteriologically in 40 % ) . It is important to continue study ing short-course chemotherapy for smear-negative patients because in many countries they represent a high proportion of those treated Of 1072 Chinese patients with radiographically active pulmonary tuberculosis and no microscopic evidence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum examinations , only 691 ( 64 % ) were sputum-culture negative . All patients were r and omly allocated to selective chemotherapy ( antituberculosis chemotherapy not being started until the activity of the disease had been confirmed ) , to daily streptomycin , isoniazid , rifampicin , and pyrazinamide for 2 months or 3 months , or to a st and ard 12-month control regimen . During the subsequent 12 months , 64 % of the patients in the selective chemotherapy series started antituberculosis chemotherapy . Both 2-month and 3-month regimens were inadequate for patients whose pretreatment sputum cultures were positive ( relapse-rates 14 % and 7 % , respectively , in patients with drug-sensitive strains ) but in the patients whose first cultures were negative the relapse-rate was only 1 % after both short-term regimens A controlled study of three short-course regimens was undertaken in South Indian patients with newly diagnosed , sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis . The patients were allocated at r and om to one of three regimens : a ) Rifampicin , streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide daily for 3 months ( R3 ) ; b ) the same regimen as above but followed by streptomycin , isoniazid and pyrazinamide twice-weekly for a further period of 2 months ( R5 ) ; c ) the same as R5 but without rifampicin ( Z5 ) . A bacteriological relapse requiring treatment occurred by 5 years in 16.8 % of 113 R3 , 5.2 % of 97 R5 , and 20.0 % of 115 Z5 patients with organisms sensitive to streptomycin and isoniazid initially . The differences in the relapse rates between the R3 and R5 regimens and the R5 and Z5 regimens were statistically significant ( p less than 0.01 for both ) . Considering patients with organisms initially resistant to streptomycin or isoniazid or both , 7 of 52 patients ( 4 R3 , 2 R5 , 1 Z5 ) had a bacteriological relapse requiring retreatment BACKGROUND Tuberculosis regimens that are shorter and simpler than the current 6-month daily regimen are needed . METHODS We r and omly assigned patients with newly diagnosed , smear-positive , drug-sensitive tuberculosis to one of three regimens : a control regimen that included 2 months of ethambutol , isoniazid , rifampicin , and pyrazinamide administered daily followed by 4 months of daily isoniazid and rifampicin ; a 4-month regimen in which the isoniazid in the control regimen was replaced by moxifloxacin administered daily for 2 months followed by moxifloxacin and 900 mg of rifapentine administered twice weekly for 2 months ; or a 6-month regimen in which isoniazid was replaced by daily moxifloxacin for 2 months followed by one weekly dose of both moxifloxacin and 1200 mg of rifapentine for 4 months . Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy and after culture at regular intervals . The primary end point was a composite treatment failure and relapse , with noninferiority based on a margin of 6 percentage points and 90 % confidence intervals . RESULTS We enrolled a total of 827 patients from South Africa , Zimbabwe , Botswana , and Zambia ; 28 % of patients were coinfected with the human immunodefiency virus . In the per- protocol analysis , the proportion of patients with an unfavorable response was 4.9 % in the control group , 3.2 % in the 6-month group ( adjusted difference from control , -1.8 percentage points ; 90 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -6.1 to 2.4 ) , and 18.2 % in the 4-month group ( adjusted difference from control , 13.6 percentage points ; 90 % CI , 8.1 to 19.1 ) . In the modified intention-to-treat analysis these proportions were 14.4 % in the control group , 13.7 % in the 6-month group ( adjusted difference from control , 0.4 percentage points ; 90 % CI , -4.7 to 5.6 ) , and 26.9 % in the 4-month group ( adjusted difference from control , 13.1 percentage points ; 90 % CI , 6.8 to 19.4 ) . CONCLUSIONS The 6-month regimen that included weekly administration of high-dose rifapentine and moxifloxacin was as effective as the control regimen . The 4-month regimen was not noninferior to the control regimen . ( Funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and the Wellcome Trust ; RIFAQUIN Current Controlled Trials number , IS RCT N44153044 . ) A total of 577 Danish patients with tuberculosis were observed for a period of 5 years . A primary phase of treatment with 300 mg Isoniazid ( INH ) , 450 mg Rifampicin ( RMP ) and 1200 mg Ethambutol ( EMB ) daily for 3 months was followed by administration of either INH+RMP or INH+EMB for 12 or 18 months after conversion . During the initial period the number of bacteria decreased rapidly , even in patients with the most severe tuberculosis , and all patients became culture negative . There was no significant difference in efficacy of RMP and EMB  in the secondary phase . One of the 577 patients again became positive during the follow-up period , but there were no bona fide cases of relapse among patients who completed the treatment SETTING Health centres in the South Sulawesi Province , Republic of Indonesia . OBJECTIVES To compare complaints , side-effects and treatment outcome in new smear-positive patients treated with a single-drug short-course ( National TB Programme ( NTP ) ) regimen with those treated with a four-drug fixed-dose combination ( 4FDC ) regimen .  DESIGN A prospect i ve study in which patients are r and omly allocated to the NTP or the 4FDC regimen . RESULTS Preliminary results of the first 360 patients ( 162 treated with the NTP regimen and 198 with the 4FDC regimen ) show that two patients , treated with the NTP regimen , developed jaundice . During the intensive phase of treatment , gastro-intestinal and muscle-joint complaints of any duration and gastro-intestinal complaints lasting for 2 consecutive weeks or more were more frequent in patients treated with the NTP regimen . Sputum conversion was 89 % in patients treated with the NTP regimen and 94 % in those treated with the 4FDC regimen . Nine-five per cent of patients , both regimens , were cured . CONCLUSION The results so far show that complaints during the intensive phase of treatment are less frequent among patients treated with the 4FDC regimen . The lower dose of pyrazinamide might be the reason . Treatment results are excellent for both regimens Of 1,019 Chinese patients with radiologically active pulmonary tuberculosis but with sputum negative for acid-fast bacilli on 5 initial microscopic examinations who were studied for 5 yr , 364 ( 36 % ) had 1 or more initial sputum cultures positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis . All 1,019 
    Output:
    
Additional challenges were observed regarding the analysis approach taken ( per protocol versus intention to treat ) and the varying duration s of “ intensive ” and “ continuation ” phases of treatment .
Bacteriological outcomes were most frequently reported but radiological and clinical data were often included as an implicit or explicit component of the overall definition of outcome .