***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Subthreshold depression is a highly prevalent condition and a risk factor for developing a major depressive episode . Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy may be a promising approach for the treatment of subthreshold depression . The current study had two aims : ( 1 ) to determine whether an internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy intervention and a group cognitive behaviour therapy intervention are more effective than a waiting-list control group ; and ( 2 ) to determine whether the effect of the internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy differs from the group cognitive behaviour therapy intervention . METHOD A total of 191 women and 110 men with subthreshold depression were r and omized into internet-based treatment , group cognitive behaviour therapy ( Lewinsohn 's Coping With Depression course ) , or a waiting-list control condition . The main outcome measure was treatment response after 10 weeks , defined as the difference in pre- and post-treatment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) . Missing data , a major limitation of this study , were imputed using the Multiple Imputation ( MI ) procedure Data Augmentation . RESULTS In the waiting-list control group , we found a pre- to post-improvement effect size of 0.45 , which was 0.65 in the group cognitive behaviour therapy condition and 1.00 within the internet-based treatment condition . Helmert contrasts showed a significant difference between the waiting-list condition and the two treatment conditions ( p=0.04 ) and no significant difference between both treatment conditions ( p=0.62 ) . CONCLUSIONS An internet-based intervention may be at least as effective as a commonly used group cognitive behaviour therapy intervention for subthreshold depression in people over 50 years of age BACKGROUND Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)-based guided self-help is recommended as a first step in the treatment of bulimia nervosa . AIMS To evaluate in a r and omised controlled trial ( Clinical trials.gov registration number : NCT00461071 ) the long-term effectiveness of internet-based guided self-help ( INT-GSH ) compared with conventional guided bibliotherapy ( BIB-GSH ) in females with bulimia nervosa . METHOD A total of 155 participants were r and omly assigned to INT-GSH or BIB-GSH for 7 months . Outcomes were assessed at baseline , month 4 , month 7 and month 18 . RESULTS The greatest improvement was reported after 4 months with a continued reduction in eating disorder symptomatology reported at month 7 and 18 . After 18 months , 14.6 % ( n = 7/48 ) of the participants in the INT-GSH group and 25 % ( n = 7/28 ) in the BIB-GSH group were abstinent from binge eating and compensatory measures , 43.8 % ( n = 21/48 ) and 39.2 % ( n = 11/28 ) respectively were in remission . No differences regarding outcome between the two groups were found . CONCLUSIONS Internet-based guided self-help for bulimia nervosa was not superior compared with bibliotherapy , the gold st and ard of self-help . Improvements remain stable in the long term Background Internet-based guided self-help is efficacious for panic disorder , but it is not known whether such treatment is effective for milder panic symptoms as well . Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Do n’t Panic Online , an Internet-based self-help course for mild panic symptoms , which is based on cognitive behavioral principles and includes guidance by email . Methods A pragmatic r and omized controlled trial was conducted . Participants ( N=126 ) were recruited from the general population and r and omized to either the intervention group or to a waiting-list control group . Inclusion criteria were a Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self Report ( PDSS-SR ) score between 5 - 15 and no suicide risk .  Panic symptom severity was the primary outcome measure ; secondary outcome measures were anxiety and depressive symptom severity . Measurements were conducted online and took place at baseline and 12 weeks after baseline ( T1 ) . At baseline , diagnoses were obtained by telephone interviews . Results Analyses of covariance ( intention-to-treat ) showed no significant differences in panic symptom reduction between groups . Completers-only analyses revealed a moderate effect size in favor of the intervention group ( Cohen ’s d=0.73 , P=.01 ) . Only 27 % of the intervention group finished lesson 4 or more ( out of 6 ) . Nonresponse at T1 was high for the total sample ( 42.1 % ) . Diagnostic interviews showed that many participants suffered from comorbid depression and anxiety disorders . Conclusions The Internet-based guided self-help course appears to be ineffective for individuals with panic symptoms . However , intervention completers did derive clinical benefits from the intervention . Trial Registration Nederl and s Trial Register : NTR1639 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=1639 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6ITZPozs9 ) BACKGROUND Manualized cognitive-behavioural treatment ( CBT ) is underutilized in the treatment of bulimic symptoms . Internet-delivered treatment may reduce current barriers . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to assess the efficacy of a new online CBT of bulimic symptoms . METHOD Participants with bulimic symptoms ( n = 105 ) were r and omly allocated to online CBT , bibliotherapy or waiting list/delayed treatment condition . Data were gathered at pre-treatment , post-treatment and 1-year follow-up . OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measures were the Eating Disorder Examination Question naire ( EDE-Q ) and the frequency of binge eating and purging episodes . The secondary outcome measure was the Body Attitude Test . RESULTS Dropout from Internet treatment was 26 % . Intention-to-treat ANCOVAs of post-test data revealed that the EDE-Q scores and the frequency of binging and purging reduced more in the online CBT group compared with the bibliotherapy and waiting list groups ( pooled between-group effect size : d = 0.9 ) . At 1-year follow-up , improvements in the online CBT group had sustained . CONCLUSION This study identifies online CBT as a viable alternative in the treatment of bulimic symptoms Background Online self-help interventions for problem drinkers show promising results , but the effectiveness of online therapy with active involvement of a therapist via the Internet only has not been examined . Objective The objective of our study was to evaluate an e-therapy program with active therapeutic involvement for problem drinkers , with the hypotheses that e-therapy would ( 1 ) reduce weekly alcohol consumption , and ( 2 ) improve health status . Reasons for dropout were also systematic ally investigated . Method In an open r and omized controlled trial , Dutch-speaking problem drinkers in the general population were r and omly assigned ( in blocks of 8 , according to a computer-generated r and om list ) to the 3-month e-therapy program ( n = 78 ) or the waiting list control group ( n = 78 ) . The e-therapy program consisted of a structured 2-part online treatment program in which the participant and the therapist communicated asynchronously , via the Internet only . Participants in the waiting list control group received “ no-reply ” email messages once every 2 weeks . The primary outcome measures were ( 1 ) the difference in the score on weekly alcohol consumption , and ( 2 ) the proportion of participants drinking under the problem drinking limit . Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using multiple imputations to deal with loss to follow-up . A dropout question naire was sent to anyone who did not complete the 3-month assessment . Reasons for dropout were independently assessed by the first and third author . Results Of the 156 individuals who were r and omly assigned , 102 ( 65 % ) completed assessment at 3 months . In the intention-to-treat analyses , the e-therapy group ( n = 78 ) showed a significantly greater decrease in alcohol consumption than those in the control group ( n = 78 ) at 3 months . The e-therapy group decreased their mean weekly alcohol consumption by 28.8 units compared with 3.1 units in the control group , a difference in means of 25.6 units on a weekly basis ( 95 % confidence interval 15.69 - 35.80 , P < .001 ) . The between-group effect size ( pooled SD ) was large ( d = 1.21 ) . The results also showed that 68 % ( 53/78 ) of the e-therapy group was drinking less than 15 ( females ) or 22 ( males ) units a week , compared with 15 % ( 12/78 ) in the control group ( OR 12.0 , number needed to treat 1.9 , P < .001 ) . Dropout analysis showed that the main reasons for dropouts ( n = 54 ) were personal reasons unrelated to the e-therapy program , discomfort with the treatment protocol , and satisfaction with the positive results achieved . Conclusions E-therapy for problem drinking is an effective intervention that can be delivered to a large population who otherwise do not seek help for their drinking problem . Insight into reasons for dropout can help improve e-therapy programs to decrease the number of dropouts . Additional research is needed to directly compare the effectiveness of the e-therapy program with a face-to-face treatment program . Trial registration IS RCT N39104853 ; http://controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N39104853/IS RCT N39104853 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5uX1R5xfW Guided Internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help ( ICBT ) has been proven to be effective for  social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) by several independent research groups . However , as the proportion of clinical significant change has room for improvement , new treatments should be developed and investigated . A novel treatment is attention bias modification ( ABM ) . This study aim ed at evaluating the combination of ABM and ICBT . We compared two groups , one group receiving ICBT and ABM targeting attentional avoidance and the other group receiving ICBT and control training . ABM and control training tasks were both based on the dot-probe paradigm . A total of 133 participants , diagnosed with SAD , were r and omised to these two groups . The attention training group ( N = 66 ) received 2 weeks of daily attention training followed by 9 weeks of ICBT . The control group ( N = 67 ) received 2 weeks of daily control training , also followed by 9 weeks of ICBT .  Social anxiety measures as well as the attention bias were assessed at pre- assessment , at week 2 , and at post-treatment . Results showed no significant differences between the attention training group and the control group . Both groups improved substantially on social anxiety symptoms from pre- to post- assessment ( dwithin = 1.39–1.41 ) , but showed no change in attention processes ( dwithin = 0.10–0.17 ) . In this trial , the attention modification training failed to induce differential change in attention bias . Results demonstrate that the applied ABM procedure with its focus on the reduction of attentional avoidance was ineffective in the Internet-based setting . The results do not suggest that adding ABM targeting attentional avoidance to ICBT results in better outcomes than ICBT alone OBJECTIVE A group dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program , in which young women critique the thin ideal , reduces eating disorder risk factors and symptoms , but it can be difficult to identify school clinicians with the time and expertise to deliver the intervention . Thus , we developed a prototype Internet version of this program and evaluated it in a preliminary trial . METHOD Female college students with body dissatisfaction ( N = 107 ; M age = 21.6 years , SD = 6.6 ) were r and omized to the Internet intervention , group intervention , educational video condition , or educational brochure condition . RESULTS Internet and group participants showed greater pre-post reductions in eating disorder risk factors and symptoms than video controls ( M ds = 0.47 and 0.54 , respectively ) and brochure controls ( M ds = 0.75 and 0.72 , respectively ) , with many effects reaching significance . Effects did not differ significantly for Internet versus group participants ( M ds = -0.13 ) or for video versus brochure controls ( M d = 0.25 ) . Effect sizes for the Internet intervention were similar to those previously observed for group versions of this intervention . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that this prototype Internet intervention is as efficacious as the group intervention , implying that there would be merit in completing this intervention and evaluating it in a fully powered trial Objective : This study aim ed to compare the effectiveness of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy ( CCBT ) with a wait list control ( WLC ) for the treatment of patients with an anxiety disorder ( social phobia , panic disorder , generalised anxiety disorder ) referred to a specialist , publically funded , outpatient anxiety service . Method : Patients with social phobia ( n = 37 ) , panic disorder ( n = 32 ) or generalised anxiety disorder ( n = 14 ) were r and omised to treatment with either  CCBT  ( n = 40 ) or  WLC  ( n = 43 ) .  Self-report rating scale assessment s were conducted at baseline , 12 and 24 weeks . Results : Compared with WLC , the CCBT group improved significantly on approximately half of the self-report primary ( the Work and Social Adjustment Scale ) and approximately half of the secondary measures at both 12 and 24 weeks ( the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale , the Penn State Worry Question naire , the Generalised Anxiety inventory and the Fear Question naire ) . Effect sizes in this study were moderate . 
    Output:
    
Manuscripts published in specialized electronic health journals more frequently included information on the relation of adherence and outcomes .