***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : Emergency department ( ED ) patients show high smoking rates . The effects of ED-initiated tobacco control ( ETC ) on 7-day abstinence at 12 months were investigated . Methods : A r and omised controlled intention-to-treat trial ( trials registry no. : IS RCT N41527831 ) was conducted with 1044 patients in an urban ED .  ETC consisted of on-site counselling plus up to four telephone booster sessions . Controls received usual care . Analysis was by logistic regression . Results : In all , 630 ( 60.7 % ) participants were males , the median age was 30 years ( range 18–81 ) and the median smoking intensity was 15 ( range 1–60 ) cigarettes per day . Overall , 580 study participants ( 55.6 % ) were unmotivated , 331 ( 31.7 % ) were ambivalent and 133 ( 12.7 % ) were motivated smokers .  ETC ( median time 30 ( range 1–99 ) min ) was administered to 472 ( 91.7 % out of 515 ) r and omised study participants . At follow-up , 685 study participants ( 65.6 % of 1044 ) could be contacted . In the ETC group , 73 out of 515 ( 14.2 % ) in the ETC group were abstinent , whereas 60 out of 529 ( 11.3 % ) controls were abstinent ( OR adjusted for age and gender = 1.31 ( 95 % CI 0.91 to 1.89 , p = 0.15 ) . Stratified for motivation to change behaviour , the adjusted ORs for ETC versus usual care were OR = 1.00 ( 95 % CI 0.57 to 1.76 ) in unmotivated smokers , respectively OR = 1.37 ( 95 % CI 0.73 to 2.58 ) in ambivalent smokers and OR = 2.19 ( 95 % CI 0.98 to 4.89 ) in motivated smokers , p for trend = 0.29 . Conclusions : ETC , in the form of on-site counselling with up to four telephone booster sessions , showed no overall effect on tobacco abstinence after 12 months . A non-significant trend for a better performance of ETC  in more motivated smokers was observed INTRODUCTION The focus on acute care , time pressure , and lack of re sources hamper the implementation of smoking cessation guidelines in the emergency department ( ED ) . The purpose of this study was to determine whether an emergency nurse- initiated intervention based on the 5A 's ( Ask-Advise-Assess-Assist-Arrange ) framework improves quit rates . METHODS We conducted a pre-post implementation trial in 789 adult smokers who presented to two EDs in Iowa between August 13 , 2008 and August 4 , 2010 . The intervention focused on improving delivery of the 5A 's by ED nurses and physicians using academic detailing , charting/reminder tools , and group feedback . Performance of ED cessation counseling was measured using a 5A 's composite score ( ranging from 0 to 5 ) . Smoking status was assessed by telephone interview at 3- and 6-month follow-up ( with biochemical confirmation in those participants who reported abstinence at 6-month follow-up ) . RESULTS Based on data from 650 smokers who completed the post-ED interview , there was a significant improvement in the mean 5A 's composite score for emergency nurses during the intervention period at both hospitals combined ( 1.51 vs. 0.88 , difference = 0.63 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ 0.41 , 0.85 ] ) . At 6-month follow-up , 7-day point prevalence abstinence ( PPA ) was 6.8 and 5.1 % in intervention and preintervention periods , respectively ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.7 , 95 % CI [ 0.99 , 2.9 ] ) . CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to improve the delivery of brief smoking cessation counseling by ED staff . The observed improvements in performance of cessation counseling , however , did not translate into statistically significant improvements in cessation rates . Further improvements in the effectiveness of ED cessation interventions are needed Introduction Emergency department ( ED ) studies often require follow-up with subjects to assess outcomes and adverse events . Our objective was to identify baseline subject characteristics associated with successful contact at 3 time points after the index ED visit within a sample of cigarette smokers . Methods This study is a secondary analysis of a prospect i ve cohort . We recruited current adult smokers at 10 U.S. EDs and collected baseline demographics , smoking profile , substance abuse , health conditions , and contact information . Site investigators attempted contact at 2 weeks , 3 months , and 6 months to assess smoking prevalence and quit attempts . Subjects were paid $ 20 for successful follow-up at each time point . We analyzed data using logistic and Poisson regressions . Results Of 375 recruited subjects , 270 ( 72 % ) were contacted at 2 weeks , 245 ( 65 % ) at 3 months , and 217 ( 58 % ) at 6 months . Overall , 175 ( 47 % ) were contacted at 3 of 3 , 71 ( 19 % ) at 2 of 3 , 62 ( 17 % ) at 1 of 3 , and 66 ( 18 % ) at 0 of 3 time points . At 6 months , predictors of successful contact were : older age ( adjusted odds ratio [ AOR ] 1.2 [ 95%CI , 0.99–1.5 ] per ↑10 years ) ; female sex ( AOR 1.7 [ 95%CI , 1.04–2.8 ] ) ; non-Hispanic black ( AOR 2.3 [ 95%CI , 1.2–4.5 ] ) vs Hispanic ; private insurance ( AOR 2.0 [ 95%CI , 1.03–3.8 ] ) and Medicare ( AOR 5.7 [ 95%CI , 1.5–22 ] ) vs no insurance ; and no recreational drug use ( AOR 3.2 [ 95%CI ; 1.6–6.3 ] ) . The characteristics independently predictive of the total number of successful contacts were : age ( incidence rate ratio [ IRR ] 1.06 [ 95%CI , 1.00–1.13 ] per ↑10 years ) ; female sex ( IRR 1.18 [ 95%CI , 1.01–1.40 ] ) ; and no recreational drug use ( IRR 1.37 [ 95%CI , 1.07–1.74 ] ) . Variables related to smoking cessation ( e.g. , cigarette packs-years , readiness to quit smoking ) and amount of contact information provided were not associated with successful contact . Conclusion Successful contact 2 weeks after the ED visit was 72 % but decreased to 58 % by 6 months , despite modest financial incentives . Older , female , and non-drug abusing participants were the most likely to be contacted . Strategies to optimize longitudinal follow-up rates , with limited sacrifice of generalizability , remain an important challenge for ED-based research . This is particularly true for studies on substance abusers and other difficult-to-reach population Background These studies sought to investigate the relation between social desirability and self-reported health risk behaviors ( e.g. , alcohol use , drug use , smoking ) in web-based research . Methods Three longitudinal studies ( Study 1 : N = 5612 , 51 % women ; Study 2 : N = 619 , 60 % ; Study 3 : N = 846 , 59 % ) among r and omly selected members of two online panels ( Dutch ; German ) using several social desirability measures ( Marlowe-Crowne Scale ; Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding ; The Social Desirability Scale-17 ) were conducted . Results Social desirability was not associated with self-reported current behavior or behavior frequency . Socio-demographics ( age ; sex ; education ) did not moderate the effect of social desirability on self-reported measures regarding health risk behaviors . Conclusions The studies at h and provided no convincing evidence to throw doubt on the usefulness of the Internet as a medium to collect self-reports on health risk behaviors Background Emergency departments ( EDs ) have strong potential to initiate tobacco interventions with economically disadvantaged population s. Purpose We piloted three ED-initiated tobacco interventions and derived parameter estimates for future trials . Methods The study enrolled adult patients being treated in an urban ED who were daily smokers . Exclusion criteria included severe illness or pain , isolation ( for contagion ) , altered mental status , an insurmountable language barrier , temporary residence , and lack of telephone access . Subjects in the Bedside + Booster group received motivational counseling by a trained counselor at the bedside , up to three telephone sessions post-visit , and a self-help guide . Subjects in the Faxed Referral group had their personal contact information faxed to the hospital ’s tobacco dependence clinic , whereupon they received identical treatment as the Bedside + Booster group , but all sessions occurred over the telephone ( i.e. , no bedside counseling ) . The St and ard Referral group received the self-help guide and a referral to the hospital ’s tobacco dependence clinic . We used a 2:2:1 r and omization schedule to maximize our experience with the motivational interventions . Outcomes were assessed at 1 and 3 months . Results We enrolled 90 subjects . Of the 36 subjects assigned to the Bedside + Booster condition , 31 ( 87 % ) completed bedside counseling and at least one booster session , while 22 ( 61 % ) completed the maximum four sessions . Of the 37 subjects assigned to the Faxed Referral group , 28 ( 76 % ) completed at least one telephone session , while 19 ( 51 % ) completed the maximum four sessions . Quit attempts over the 3 months ranged from 18 % ( St and ard Referral ) to 57 % ( Faxed Referral ) . Seven-day abstinence was attained by 8 % ( Bedside + Booster ) , 14 % ( Faxed Referral ) , and 6 % ( St and ard Referral ) at 3 months . Conclusions Motivational cessation counseling can be feasibly initiated during the ED encounter with minimal medical staff involvement . Adequately powered trials are needed to study ED-initiated interventions that include post-visit follow-up Introduction : Visits to setting s such as emergency departments ( EDs ) may present a “ teachable moment ” in that a patient may be more open to feedback and suggestions regarding their risky alcohol and illicit drug-use behaviors . Screening , Brief Intervention , and Referral to Treatment ( SBIRT ) is an ' opportunistic ' public health approach that targets low-risk users , in addition to those already dependent on alcohol and /or drugs . SBIRT programs provide patients with comprehensive screening and assessment s , and deliver interventions of appropriate intensity to reduce risks related to alcohol and drug use . Methods : This study used a single group pre-post test design to assess the effect of the California  SBIRT service program ( i.e. , CASBIRT ) on 6 substance-use outcomes ( past-month prevalence and number of days of binge drinking , illegal drug use , and marijuana use ) . Trained bilingual/bicultural Health Educators attempted to screen all adult patients in 12 EDs/trauma centers ( regardless of the reason for the patient 's visit ) using a short instrument , and then delivered a brief motivational intervention matched to the patient 's risk level . A total of 2,436 r and omly selected patients who screened positive for alcohol and /or drug use consented to be in a 6-month telephone follow-up interview . Because of the high loss to follow-up rate , we used an intention-to-treat approach for the data analysis . Results : Results of generalized linear mixed models showed modest reductions in all 6 drug- and alcohol-use outcomes . Men ( versus women ) , those at relatively higher risk status ( versus lower risk ) , and those with only one substance of misuse ( versus both alcohol and illicit drug misuse ) tended to show more positive change . Conclusion : These results suggest that SBIRT services provided in acute care setting s are associated with modest changes in self-reported recent alcohol and illicit drug use Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an un 
    Output:
    
ETC is effective in promoting continual tobacco-use abstinence up to 12 months after intervention .
ETC may be a critically important public health strategy for engaging hard-to-reach smokers in tobacco-use cessation