***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives We tested a dental health program in remote Aboriginal communities of Australia 's Northern Territory , hypothesizing that it would reduce dental caries in preschool children . Methods In this 2-year , prospect i ve , cluster-r and omized , concurrent controlled , open trial of the dental health program compared to no such program , 30 communities were allocated at r and om to intervention and control groups . All residents aged 18–47 months were invited to participate . Twice per year for 2 years in the 15 intervention communities , fluoride varnish was applied to children 's teeth , water consumption and daily tooth cleaning with toothpaste were advocated , dental health was promoted in community setting s , and primary health care workers were trained in preventive dental care . Data from dental examinations at baseline and after 2 years were used to compute net dental caries increment per child ( d3mfs ) . A multi-level statistical model compared d3mfs between intervention and control groups with adjustment for the clustered r and omization design ; four other models used additional variables for adjustment . Results At baseline , 666 children were examined ; 543 of them ( 82 % ) were re-examined 2 years later . The adjusted d3mfs increment was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group by an average of 3.0 surfaces per child ( 95 % CI = 1.2 , 4.9 ) , a prevented fraction of 31 % . Adjustment for additional variables yielded caries reductions ranging from 2.3 to 3.5 surfaces per child and prevented fractions of 24–36 % . Conclusions These results corroborate findings from other studies where fluoride varnish was efficacious in preventing dental caries in young children OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of 5 % sodium fluoride ( NaF ) varnish application in reducing caries increments in the permanent dentition of rural Brazilian school children over the course of 12 months . METHODS A double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 379 children aged 7 - 14 years who attended three schools in Brazil between January 2006 and December 2007 . During this period , each school was visited four times at 6-month interval for recruitment , dental examinations , and fluoride varnish applications . Recruited children were r and omly assigned to either a treatment ( 5 % NaF varnish , n = 198 ) or a control group ( placebo , n = 181 ) . Trained interviewers collected data on oral health habits and sociodemographic characteristics from the children . Information on the child 's diet was collected through a 7-day food frequency diary . Caries examinations were conducted using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System ( ICDAS ) . The efficacy of fluoride varnish application on caries prevention was reported as a preventive fraction ( PF ) . Crude caries increments of decayed and filled surfaces ( DFS ) were compared between fluoride varnish and placebo groups . A generalized linear model ( GLM ) was constructed to test the differences in DFS increments between the groups after accounting for confounding factors . RESULTS Of the total sample ( N = 379 ) , 210 ( 55.4 % ) children had completed 12 months of follow-up including one or two applications of fluoride varnish or placebo . At the baseline examination , the children in the treatment and control groups presented on average 6.2 and 5.6 DFS , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . After 12 months of follow-up , the children in the varnish group showed significantly lower DFS increments than did children in the control group ( 10.8 versus 13.3 ; P < 0.007 ) , with PF of 40 % ( 95 % CI : 34.3 - 45.7 % ; P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that applications of 5 % NaF varnish can be recommended as a public health measure for reducing caries incidence in this high-caries-risk population The present study compares visible-light Delton with Duraphat fluoride varnish for the prevention of occlusal caries in permanent first molars . A clinical trial was carried out in three groups of 6 - 8-yr-old schoolchildren : a sealant group ( 100 children ) , in which Delton light-polymerized fissure sealant was applied to permanent first molars ; a varnish group ( 98 children ) , in which Duraphat was applied to permanent first molars ; and a control group ( 116 children ) .  Replacement ( sealant ) and reapplication ( varnish ) was carried out every 6 months . Percent effectiveness at 24 months ( percentage of saving from caries taking molars as analysis unit ) for those molars initially healthy and with complete occlusal eruption was analyzed . 272 , 252 and 238 molars met the inclusion criteria in the control , varnish and sealant groups , respectively . Of these , 45.2 % , 28.2 % and 10.5 % developed caries after 24 months . The effectiveness was greater in the sealed molars than in the varnished molars ( 62.7 % ) BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intensive application of sodium fluoride varnish in prevention of caries in molars in children between 6 and 7 years and to evaluate the caries status in molars before and after application of fluoride varnish ( Cavity Shield ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two hundred fifty children ( 6 - 7 years ) r and omized into varnish and control groups . Children in varnish group received fluoride varnish ( Cavity Shield ) three times during one week ( once every 2 days ) . Clinical and radiographical examinations of all children were performed prior to the first application of varnish and 1 year later . For evaluation and comparison , all the collected data were subjected to statistical analysis . RESULTS At the end of 1 year period , varnish group had 27.7 % caries reversal in deciduous dentition which was statistically significant . Though there was a decrease in the caries increment in the permanent dentition , it was not statistically significant . CONCLUSION Application of fluoride varnish Cavity Shield three times once a week , once a year either in permanent or in deciduous dentition , is associated with substantial reduction in caries increment . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Fluoride varnish can prove to be an effective tool in prevention of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentitions The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of two fluoride varnishes ( Duraphat and Fluor Protector ) in the prevention of  dental caries in children residing in a non-fluori date d community . At baseline , 787 grade one children ( 6 - 7-yr old ) were examined and r and omly allocated into a control and two treatment groups . At 20 months , 703 children remained in the study . The mean baseline caries experience and the mean number of permanent teeth present at 20 months were not significantly different among the treatment and control groups . The mean DMFS increments after 20 months were 1.70 , 1.73 and 2.02 for Fluor-Protector , Duraphat and control groups respectively ( % reductions of 15.8 and 14.4 for Fluor-Protector and Duraphat groups ) . The mean dfs increments for primary molars after 20 months were 1.56 , 1.62 and 1.74 for Fluor-Protector , Duraphat and control groups respectively ( % reductions of 10 for Fluor-Protector and 7 for Duraphat ) The study was conducted on 1251 6 - 12-year-old children , to evaluate the effect of topical application of NaF , APF and Duraphat given at six monthly interval assessed after 2.1/2 years revealed the percentage caries reduction with sodium fluoride to be in the range of 20 - 24 percent on base line teeth and 30 - 33 percent on teeth erupted during study , showing more effect on newly erupted teeth . In APF group , the caries reduction was 32 - 37 percent , in the DMFT and DMFS-slightly more on teeth erupted during study than on baseline teeth . The dental caries reduction with Duraphat ( NaF varnish ) was in the range of 70 - 75 percent-slightly more on newly erupted teeth . Equally high degree of efficacy was also noted on occlusal surfaces . Duraphat showed the greatest public health potential The aim was to evaluate , in a 3-year RCT study , school-based fluoride varnish programme on approximal caries incidence and approximal caries progression in 13- to 16-year-olds in high , medium and low caries risk areas on the Swedish west coast . Seven hundred and fifty-eight ( 89 % ) fulfilled the trial . Using a simple mobile unit , 2 dental nurses treated the adolescents with F varnish : ( 1 ) twice a year at 6-month intervals , ( 2 ) 3 times a year within 1 week , ( 3 ) 8 times per year during the semesters with 1-month intervals , and ( 4 ) no treatment ( control ) . Radiographic caries recording was performed blindly by one of the authors . Concerning total approximal caries incidence , control groups in all areas developed more caries than F varnish groups , with the largest difference in the high risk area : 3.05 ± 3.37 new approximal caries lesions ( mean ± SD ) compared to 0.54 ± 1.26 for group 3 , 0.95 ± 1.67 for group 1 and 1.40 ± 1.89 for group 2 ( p < 0.001 ) . More than 90 % of the new approximal lesions in all the groups and in all areas consisted of new enamel lesions . Regarding progression of enamel lesions , there were only significant differences between groups 1–3 and group 4 in the high caries risk area . Prevented fraction  for fluoride varnish treatment twice a year at 6-month intervals was 69 % in high , 66 % in medium and 20 % in low risk areas . To conclude , school-based F varnish treatment every 6 months in 13- to 16-year-olds is excellent to prevent approximal caries in medium and high caries risk areas The recording of multiple interval-censored failure times is common in dental research . Modeling multilevel data has been a difficult task . This paper aims to use the Bayesian approach to analyze a set of multilevel clustered interval-censored data from a clinical study to investigate the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting active dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children . The time to arrest dentin caries on a surface was measured . A three-level r and om-effects Weibull regression model was used . Analysis was performed with WinBUGS . Results revealed a strong positive correlation ( 0.596 ) among the caries lesions ’ arrest times on different surfaces from the same child . The software WinBUGS made the above complicated estimation simple . In conclusion , the annual application of silver diamine fluoride on caries lesions , and caries removal before the application , were found to shorten the arrest time OBJECTIVE To measure the effectiveness of fluoride varnish ( FV ) ( Duraflor ) , 5 % sodium fluoride , Pharmascience Inc. , Montréal , QC , Canada ) and caregiver counseling in preventing early childhood caries ( ECC ) in Aboriginal children in a 2-year community-r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Twenty First Nations communities in the Sioux Lookout Zone ( SLZ ) , Northwest Ontario , Canada were r and omized to two study groups . All caregivers received oral health counseling , while children in one group received FV twice per year and the controls received no varnish . A total of 1275 , 6 months to 5-year-old children from the SLZ communities were enrolled . In addition , a convenience sample of 150 primarily non-Aboriginal children of the same age were recruited from the neighboring community of Thunder Bay and used as comparisons . Longitudinal examinations for the dmft/s indices were conducted by calibrated hygienists in 2003 , 2004 and 2005 . RESULTS Aboriginal children living in the SLZ or in Thunder Bay had significantly higher caries prevalence and severity than non-Aboriginal children in Thunder Bay .  FV treatment conferred an 18 % reduction in the 2-year mean ' net ' dmfs increment for Aboriginal children and a 25 % reduction for all children , using cluster analysis to adjust for the intra-cluster correlation among children in the same community . Adjusted odds ratio for caries incidence was 1.96 times higher in the controls than in the FV group ( 95 % CI = 1.08 - 3.56 ; P = 0.027 ) . For those caries-free at baseline , the number ( of children ) needed to treat ( NNT ) equaled 7.4 . CONCLUSIONS Findings support the use of FV at least twice per year , in conjunction with caregiver counseling , to prevent ECC , reduce caries increment and oral health inequalities between young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children To investigate the effectiveness of topical fluorides in preventing fissure caries , we conducted a r and omized controlled trial with parallel groups . In total , 501 children ( 1,539 molars , 3,078 sites ) , mean age 9.1 years , who had at least one sound permanent first molar with deep fissures or fissures with signs of early caries were recruited . They were r and omly allocated among four groups : ( 1 ) resin sealant , single placement ; ( 2 ) 5 % NaF varnish , semi-annual application ; ( 3 ) 38 % silver diamine flu 
    Output:
    
A funnel plot of the trials in the main meta-analyses indicated no clear relationship between prevented fraction and study precision .
There was little information concerning possible adverse effects or acceptability of treatment .