***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Hydration with topical emollients forms the backbone of treatment for mild atopic dermatitis ( AD ) , but few r and omized controlled trials have assessed their efficacy in young children . OBJECTIVES Assess the efficacy and tolerability of long-term emollient therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe xerosis in young children with AD . METHODS This was a phase III , multicentre , double-blind , r and omized , vehicle-controlled trial . Children ( n = 251 ) aged 2 - 6 years with AD-associated xerosis were r and omized 1 : 1 to a 28-day treatment with an emollient combining glycerol and paraffin or its vehicle . Non-responders at the end of the double-blind period were treated open label with emollient until day 84 . Responders stopped treatment until re assessment on day 56 . Those who relapsed after stopping treatment were treated open label with emollient until day 84 . RESULTS During the double-blind period , xerosis score ( XS ) of the scoring atopic dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index , objective SCORAD and visual analogue score decreased and skin hydration increased more in the emollient group than in the vehicle group ( P < 0.001 for all measures ) . More patients were responders with emollient than with vehicle ( 66.1 % vs. 45.6 % , P < 0.001 ) . During the open-label period , stopping emollient treatment led to relapse but improvement returned if treatment was restarted with emollient . Regular use of the emollient also yielded improvement in children who did not initially respond . Adverse events were similar in the two groups , and no treatment-related severe adverse events were reported . CONCLUSIONS Long-term therapy with emollient is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of xerosis in children with atopic dermatitis The use of topical antiseptics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis ( AD ) has previously been explored . However , no triclosan‐containing leave‐on emollient has been evaluated previously , to our knowledge . The aims of this study were to assess the safety and efficacy of an emollient containing triclosan compared with the emollient alone ( vehicle ) for the treatment of AD . Eligible patients with mild to moderate AD were r and omized to receive either the study cream or vehicle . All patients also received a low‐potency corticosteroid cream to use during the treatment phase of the study if necessary . Patients were assessed for severity according to the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis ( SCORAD ) Index , amount of corticosteroid used , patient assessment of cream , and adverse events ( AEs ) . In total , 60 patients received either the study cream or vehicle , and an intention‐to‐treat analysis was performed . At day 14 , there was a significant decrease in SCORAD from baseline for the study cream compared with vehicle ( P < 0.05 ) . At day 27 , although there was an improved mean reduction from baseline , this was no longer significant ( P > 0.05 ) . Only four patients had mild treatment‐related AEs . The mean total amount of topical steroid applied by the patients using the study was significantly lower than that used by controls ( P = 0.40 ) . Triclosan‐containing leave‐on emollient was safe and highly acceptable to patients . However , the overall benefit on day 27 was not significant . Nevertheless , the amount of topical steroid used by patients was significantly less with the study cream than with the vehicle , thus further studies are needed to confirm its steroid‐sparing effect Abstract Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate , cream and ointment , applied twice weekly in addition to maintenance treatment with emollients , in reducing the risk of relapse of  chronic recurrent atopic dermatitis .  Design R and omised , double blind , parallel group study of 20 weeks ' duration . Setting Dermatology outpatient clinics ( 6 countries , 39 centres ) . Participants Adult ( aged 12 - 65 ) patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis who were experiencing a flare . Methods Participants applied fluticasone propionate ( 0.05 % cream or 0.005 % ointment ; once or twice daily ) regularly for four weeks to stabilise their condition . The patients whose disease was brought under control then continued into a 16 week maintenance phase , applying emollient on a daily basis with a bath oil as needed and either the same formulation of fluticasone propionate or its placebo base ( emollient alone ) twice weekly to the areas that were usually affected . Main outcome measure Time to relapse of atopic dermatitis during maintenance phase . Results 376 patients entered the stabilisation phase , and 295 continued into the maintenance phase . After 16 weeks in the maintenance phase , the disease remained under control in 133 patients ( 87 using fluticasone propionate twice weekly , 46 using emollient alone ) , 135 ( 40 fluticasone propionate , 95 emollient ) had experienced a relapse , and 27 had discontinued . Median time to relapse was six weeks for emollient alone compared with more than 16 weeks for additional fluticasone propionate . Patients who applied fluticasone propionate cream twice weekly were 5.8 times less likely ( 95 % confidence interval 3.1 to 10.8 , P < 0.001 ) and patients using fluticasone propionate ointment 1.9 times less likely ( 1.2 to 3.2 , P=0.010 ) to have a relapse than patients applying emollient alone . The groups showed no differences in adverse events . Conclusion After atopic dermatitis had been stabilised the addition of fluticasone propionate twice weekly to maintenance treatment with emollients significantly reduced the risk of relapse BACKGROUND Although moisturizer usage has been considered a mainstay of treatment for atopic dermatitis ( AD ) patients , few clinical studies have been investigated . Recently , moisturizers containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents , such as licochalcone A ( LA ) and vitamin B(12 ) are of emerging interest . OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of moisturizer containing LA with hydrocortisone ( HC ) lotion in treatment of childhood AD . Methods The r and omized , controlled , investigator-blinded 6-week study was conducted . Patients were administered with twice-daily application of LA lotion on one side of the body and HC lotion on the opposite side . The clinical outcome was assessed by the scoring of atopic dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index . The relapse rate was comparatively analysed by survival analysis . RESULTS From 30 patients enrolled , 26 patients completed the protocol . The mean age of the children was 5.8 years . The average baseline SCORAD score is about 28 on both sides . The response rates of both agents were equal to 73.33 % . There is no statistical significant group difference in reduction of SCORAD score . Although we observed more rapid resolution of oedema and erythema in areas treated with HC lotion , both agents exhibited no significant difference . The relapse rate of HC group was higher than in LA group ; however , there was no significant difference . No side-effect was observed from both agents . CONCLUSION The effectiveness of LA lotion is equal to that of HC lotion . It was suggested that moisturizer containing LA could be used both for treatment of acute and maintenance phase in mild-to-moderate childhood AD Background : Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is characterized by barrier abnormalities , including insufficient ceramides in the stratum corneum ( SC ) . Objective : To measure the effects of a new moisturizer ( CRM ) containing a ceramide precursor in improving skin barrier function in patients with controlled atopic dermatitis . Methods : In this r and omized , intra-individual comparison , investigator-blinded study , CRM was applied to the test area of one lower leg for 27 days ( the other leg remained as untreated control ) . Evaluations at baseline and day 28 included transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) , skin hydration by corneometry , dryness severity , Raman spectroscopy , and collection of adverse events . Results : After 4 weeks of treatment , results showed a significantly greater reduction of TEWL and clinical dryness scores , and increased skin hydration ( all p < 01 ) in the CRM-treated than untreated area . A significantly higher level of ceramide ( p < 05 ) and a trend toward increased water content was observed with Raman in the SC for CRM than for the control . There were no related AEs . Conclusion : Skin barrier function and hydration were significantly improved after CRM treatment Abstract Background : Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) requires permanent skin care . Objective : A cream containing 2 % SO ( sunflower oleodistillate ) , with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha ( PPAR-α ) agonist properties , has been compared to a topical steroid ( hydrocortisone butyro-propionate 1 mg/g ) . Methods : An open , r and omized study included two groups of 40 children ( aged 3 months to 4 years ) . Group A applied the steroid and group B applied the 2 % SO cream , twice a day . SCORAD ( SCORing Atopic Dermatitis ) was determined at D0 , D7 and D21 and quality of life ( QoL ) at D0 and D21 . Results : SCORAD was similar at D0 ( 37.2 versus 36.9 ) , D7 ( 18.9 versus 19.2 ) ( –49 % and –48 % ) and D21 ( 11 versus 9.4 ) ( –70 % and –75 % ) ( p < 0.01 versus D0 ) . The Infant Dermatitis Quality of Life and Dermatitis Family Impact Question naire improved similarly by 65%/67 % in group A and 72%/75 % in group B at D21 ( p < 0.01 versus D0 ) . Conclusion : A 2 % SO cream has demonstrated therapeutic properties , using clinical scores and QoL , comparable to those of a topical steroid BACKGROUND Many patients depend on moisturisers issued by public health services in the management of atopic dermatitis ( AD ) . METHODS In a r and omised controlled trial of patients with mild to moderate AD , aged 1 - 12 years , study 1 compared aqueous cream v. liquid paraffin ( fragrance-free baby oil ) as a soap substitute , all patients using emulsifying ointment  as moisturiser , and study 2 compared four moisturisers , emulsifying ointment , cetomacrogol , white petroleum jelly and glycerine/petroleum ( proportion 1:2 ; ' the 1:2 moisturiser ' ) , all using fragrance-free baby oil as soap substitute . Assessment s were one quality of life and three AD severity scores , at baseline and weeks 4 , 8 and 12 . Differences were compared using repeated measures of analysis of variance . RESULTS In both studies ( 120 children r and omised , 20 in each group of the two trials )  disease severity scores declined with time . The only significant difference was in one AD severity score ( SCORing Atopic Dermatitis ) in study 1 , both at baseline and over time ( p=0.042 and p=0.022 ) . The groups did not differ with regard to topical steroid use or side-effects . Itching from baby oil applied as soap was reported by four patients in the two studies , the petroleum jelly group had more dropouts than the 1:2 moisturiser group , although this was not statistically significant , and 110 patients ( 91.7 % ) completed the trial . CONCLUSIONS The small sample limits generalisability , but the duration was longer than in most AD moisturiser studies . Fragrance-free baby oil is an effective soap substitute that may be better tolerated ( if irritation occurs ) as a bath additive . The home-made 1:2 moisturiser may be preferable to white petroleum jelly , but both are equivalent to cetomacrogol and emulsifying ointment . Use of accessible moisturisers could reduce the cost of managing mild to moderate AD BACKGROUND Reports on controlled trials on the efficacy and tolerability of sulfonated shale oils in atopic eczema are not available so far . The aim of this study was to investigate whether topically applied , specially prepared pale sulfonated shale oil ( PSSO ) cream is capable of improving symptoms/signs of mild to moderate atopic eczema in children more efficaciously than a corresponding vehicle cream . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 99 children suffering from mild to moderate atopic eczema were enrolled in this multicentre , r and omized , vehicle-controlled study . Verum or vehicle cream was applied to the affected skin area three times a day over 4 weeks . As the primary outcome parameter served the reduction of the total score after 4 weeks of treatment , compared with the initial examination . Secondary outcome parameters were addressed as well . Tolerability was judged by investigators and patients /parents , and adverse events were documented . RESULTS After 4 weeks of treatment , the total score declined from 13.4 ± 3.7 to 4.5 ± 7.4 score points in the verum group and from 13.0 ± 3.1 to 11.7 ± 8.6 score points in the vehicle group ( P < 0.0001 ) . The superiority of verum regarding total score was already apparent after a treatment period of 1 week ( reduction by 5.6 ± 4.3 vs. 1.3 ± 5.9 score points ; P < 0.0001 ) . Tolerability was found superior at the end of the treatment in the verum when compared with the control group -- 
    Output:
    
Glycyrrhetinic acid- , urea- and glycerol-containing creams worked better than their controls ( vehicle , placebo or no moisturizer ) according to both participants and physicians .
Adding moisturizers to topical anti-inflammatory treatment was more effective  than anti-inflammatory treatment alone and result ed in fewer flares