***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract ( GSE ) on the in vitro demineralization of root dentine . Root fragments were obtained from sound human teeth . The fragments were r and omly assigned to different treatments solutions : GSE , fluoride ( F ) , GSE+F and distilled water ( control ) . Sample s were treated daily for 30 min and subjected to a pH cycling artificial caries protocol using demineralization cycles ( 2.2 mM CaCl2 × H2O , 2.2 mM KH2PO4 , 50 mM acetic acid , pH 4.3 ) for 6 h and remineralization cycles ( 20 mM HEPES , 2.25 mM CaCl2 × H2O , 1.35 mM KH2PO4 , 130 mM KCl , pH 7.0 ) for 17.5 h. Mineral loss ( ΔZ ) and lesion depth ( LD ) were determined after 18 days of treatment/pH cycling , by transverse microradiography . GSE was able to minimize ΔZ and LD compared with the control group ( p < 0.0001 ) . The GSE+F and F groups showed the lowest values of ΔZ and LD ( p < 0.05 ) , with no statistically significant differences between them ( p = 0.554 and p = 0.726 , respectively ) . A biomimetic approach to strengthen root dentine using GSE results in decreased rates of root demineralization and may be used in conjunction with F to prevent root caries Dental caries is considered a disease of high prevalence and a constant problem in public health . Proanthocyanidins ( PAs ) are substances that have been the target of recent studies aim ing to control or treat caries . Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment with grape seed extract , under cariogenic challenge , to minimize or even prevent the onset of caries in the enamel and dentin . Material and Methods Blocks of enamel and dentin ( 6.0x6.0 mm ) were obtained from bovine central incisors , polished , and selected by analysis of surface microhardness ( SH ) . The blocks were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n=15 ) , according to the following treatments : GC ( control ) , GSE ( grape seed extract ) , GF ( fluoride – 1,000 ppm ) . The blocks were subjected to 6 daily pH cycles for 8 days . Within the daily cycling , the specimens were stored in buffered solution . The blocks were then analyzed for perpendicular and surface hardness and polarized light microscopy . Results The means were subjected to statistical analysis using the ANOVA and Fisher ’s PLSD tests ( p<0.05 ) . For enamel SH , GF showed the highest hardness values . In the dentin , GF was also the one that showed higher hardness values , followed by GSE . Regarding the cross-sectional hardness values , all groups behaved similarly in both the enamel and dentin . The sample s that were treated with GSE and fluoride ( GF ) showed statistically higher values than the control . Conclusion Based on the data obtained in this in vitro study , it is suggested that grape seed extract  inhibits demineralization of artificial carious lesions in both the enamel and dentin , but in a different scale in each structure and in a smaller scale when compared to fluoride The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe . The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids ( chlorogenic acid in coffee ) , monomeric flavonoids ( herb teas , camomile ( Matricaria recutita L. ) , vervain ( Verbena officinalis L. ) , lime flower ( Tilia cor data Mill . ) , pennyroyal ( Mentha pulegium L. ) and peppermint ( Mentha piperita L. ) , or complex polyphenol polymerization products ( black tea and cocoa ) . All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols . Compared with a water control meal , beverages containing 20 - 50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50 - 70 % , whereas beverages containing 100 - 400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60 - 90 % . Inhibition by black tea was 79 - 94 % , peppermint tea 84 % , pennyroyal 73 % , cocoa 71 % , vervain 59 % , lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 % . At an identical concentration of total polyphenols , black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa , and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile , vervain , lime flower and pennyroyal , but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea . Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature . Our findings demonstrate that herb teas , as well as black tea , coffee and coca can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption . This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition BACKGROUND Pomegranate , Grape seed and Guava extracts have much been review ed in Ayurveda and has been proven to have antibacterial action Aim : The objective of the study is to investigate and compare the mouthwash prepared from pomegranate , grape seed and guava extracts on salivary streptococci levels at the end of 48 hr and 7 days , of twice a day usage . STUDY DESIGN 40 school going children aged 8 - 10 yrs , r and omly allocated into 4 groups ( n=10 for experimental group ) were asked to rinse with a ) Mouthwash prepared from Pomegranate extract , 15 ml twice a day b ) Mouthwash prepared from Grape seed extract , 15 ml twice a day , c ) Mouthwash prepared from guava extract , 15 ml twice a day , d ) Control- Distil water , twice a day . The oral streptococci colony forming units/ml ( CFU/ml ) was assessed by inoculating the salivary sample s on blood agar media at the end of 48 hrs , and 7 days . RESULTS AND CONCLUSION the aqueous extracts of the chosen herbal plants showed an acceptable antibacterial efficacy against oral streptococci Abstract Background : Repeated phytic acid consumption leads to iron absorption adaptation but , to the best of our knowledge , the impact of repeated tannin consumption has not yet been established . Salivary proline-rich proteins ( PRPs ) may improve iron absorption by precipitating tannins . Objectives : This study aim ed to determine the effect of long-term , dose-response condensed tannin supplementation on iron bioavailability and status and to assess the effect of salivary proteins on iron bioavailability during prolonged condensed tannin consumption . A secondary objective was to assess astringency as a potential marker for adaptation to tannins and iron bioavailability . Methods : Eleven nonanemic women were enrolled in a double-blind 3-dose crossover trial . Three ( 1.5 , 0.25 , or 0.03 g ) condensed tannin supplements were consumed 3 times/d for 4 wk in r and om order , with 2-wk washouts in between . Meal challenges were employed before and after supplementation to assess iron bioavailability , iron status , salivary PRP changes , and astringency . Results : Tannin supplementation in any dose did not change iron bioavailability at any dose ( P > 0.82 ) from weeks 0 to 4 . Hemoglobin ( P = 0.126 ) and serum ferritin ( P = 0.83 ) were unchanged by tannin dose from weeks 0 to 4 . There were significant correlations among tannin supplementation and iron bioavailability , basic proline-rich proteins ( bPRPs ) ( r = 0.366 , P = 0.003 ) , and cystatin production ( r = 0.27 , P = 0.03 ) . Astringency ratings did not change significantly within or between tannin doses ( P > 0.126 ) , but there were negative relations among bPRP ( r < −0.32 , P < 0.21 ) , cystatin production ( r < −0.2 , P < 0.28 ) , and astringency ratings . Conclusions : Condensed tannin consumption did not affect iron bioavailability or status regardless of the supplementation period in premenopausal nonanemic women . Correlation analyses suggest that bPRPs and cystatins are associated with improved iron bioavailability and that lower ratings of astringency may predict improved iron absorption with repeated tannin consumption OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cranberry and Grape seed-enriched extract gels in inhibiting wear and degradation of demineralized organic matrix ( DOM ) . DESIGN 225 dentin specimens obtained from bovine incisors were r and omly allocated into 5 groups ( n=45 ) : 10 % Grape seed extract gel ( GSE ) , 10 % Cranberry extract gel ( CE ) , 0.012 % Chlorhexidine gel ( CX ) , 1.23 % NaF gel ( F ) , and no active compound gel ( P , placebo ) . Before the treatments , sample s were demineralized by immersion in 0.87 M citric acid , pH 2.3 ( 36h ) . Then , the studied gels were applied once over dentin for 1min . Next , the sample s were immersed in artificial saliva containing collagenase obtained from Clostridium histolyticum for 5days . The response variable for dentin wear was depth of dentin loss measured by profilometry and for collagen degradation was hydroxyproline determination . Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey 's test and Pearson Correlation Test ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Grape seed extract significantly reduced dentin wear compared to the other groups ( p<0.05 ) . Cranberry extract and Chlorhexidine did not differ statistically and were able to reduce wear when compared to NaF and placebo treatments . The hydroxyproline analysis showed that there was no significant difference among groups for all treatments ( p<0.05 ) . Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the amount of de grade d DOM evaluated by profilometry and the determination of hydroxyproline . CONCLUSION Cranberry extract was able to reduce the dentin wear and collagen degradation , likely due to the proanthocyanidin content and its action . Therefore , Cranberry could be suggested as an interesting natural-based agent to prevent dentin erosion The effect of the phenolic compounds in wine was examined in this study by performing radioiron-absorption measurements from extrinsically labeled test meals in 33 human subjects . In four separate studies we observed that absorption was 2- to 3-fold higher from white wine containing a low concentration of polyphenols than from two red wines containing a 10-fold higher concentration of polyphenols . The interaction between the polyphenols and alcohol in wine was evaluated by reducing the alcohol content of the wines by approximately 90 % . When the alcohol concentration was reduced , there was a significant 28 % decrease in nonheme-iron absorption with red wine but no effect with white wine . The inhibitory effect of red wines with reduced alcohol content was about twofold greater when they were consumed with a small bread roll than when taken without food . Our findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in red wine is unlikely to affect iron balance significantly Background and aims . Promoting remineralization is the ultimate goal of clinical prevention of caries lesion . The present in vitro study aim ed to investigate the effect of grape seed extract ( GSE ) on artificial enamel caries in primary human teeth . Material s and methods . Seventeen human sound primary incisors were sectioned mesiodistally . The tooth slices were placed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours at 37ºC and 50 % relative humidity to create lesions . The demineralized fragments of each tooth were r and omly divided into two case ( immersed in GSE solution in phosphate buffer for 8 days ) and control ( immersed in distilled water ) groups . The sample s were subsequently evaluated using a scanning electron microscope and a micro-hardness tester . Data were analyzed using independent t-test . Results . The mean ± SD micro-hardness values for the case and control groups were 358.6±83.42 and 296.51± 69.41 , respectively . Grape seed extract significantly increased the micro-hardness of the lesions ( P=0.03 ) . The morphology  of GSE treated enamel was clearly different from that in the control group , and there were deposits of scaffolding insoluble complexes on the enamel surface . Conclusion . GSE enhanced the remineralization process of artificial enamel lesions of primary teeth , and thus , might be considered an effective natural agent in non-invasive dentistry PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of grape seed extract ( GSE ) on remineralization of artificial dentin caries . METHODS Sixty human dentine fragments were stored in a demineralization solution for 24 h at 37 degrees centi grade to induce artificial dentin caries lesions . The fragments were then r and omly divided into 4 groups : 10 % GSE , 1 mg/L NaF , 10 % GSE+1 mg/L NaF and distilled water ( DDW , as control ) . The demineralized sample s were pH-cycled for 8 days and surface dentine microhardness was assessed before and after pH-cycling regimen . The 
    Output:
    
In the first articles review ed , grape seed extract inhibited proliferation of bacterial biofilms on tooth surfaces .
In addition , studies review ed indicated that grape seed extract promoted dental remineralization .
Conclusions : Caries prevention by grape seed extract may be unique compared with fluoride , and is linked to grape seed extract ’s bacteriostatic and collagen crosslinking properties .