***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND There is evidence that vulnerability to depression and anxiety disorders is markedly increased by traumatic life events . While childhood abuse has been reported to be associated with poorer outcomes in bipolar disorder , little is known about the neurobiological basis underlying this association . The aim of this study was to ascertain whether bipolar patients who were exposed to a traumatic event or events ( TE )  have lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) levels and more severe psychopathology as indicated by increased comorbidity and other clinical features when compared to those who were not exposed to TE . METHODS One-hundred and sixty-three consecutively recruited bipolar out patients were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ) and st and ard protocol in order to evaluation psychopathology and clinical features . The reported TE was assessed using DSM-IV stem criteria for trauma ( as defined by A1 and A2 criteria for trauma for post-traumatic stress disorder ) . Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to presence or absence of lifetime TE . The levels of BDNF , comorbidity and other clinical features were compared between groups . RESULTS After adjusting for confounders , results indicated that bipolar patients with a history of TE have alcohol abuse/dependence ( p < 0.001 ) , anxiety comorbidity , and lower levels of serum BDNF ( p < 0.01 ) compared to those without a history of TE . There was no difference between the 2 groups in age of onset , presence of psychosis , other substance abuse and dependence , rapid cycling or suicide attempts . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TE are associated with significantly increased prevalence of alcohol and anxiety comorbidity as well as lower BDNF levels in bipolar patients . It is possible that a decrease in BDNF levels may account for increased comorbidity , but further prospect i ve studies are required to confirm this Some neuropsychological abilities , particularly those affecting memory , attention and executive function , are impaired amongst both schizophrenic patients and their unaffected relatives , implying that these deficits are at least partly genetic in origin . However neuropsychological performance can be altered by medication , and has rarely been examined in first onset , drug naive patients . The objective of this study was to determine whether selected neurocognitive abilities are impaired in first‐onset schizophrenic patients and their relatives compared to controls . We examined attention and speed of information processing , memory and learning , verbal function , visuoconstructive abilities and executive function in 207 first‐episode schizophrenic patients ( 163 of whom were drug naïve ) , 322 of their first‐degree relatives and 133 unrelated normal controls . The data were subjected to multilevel modeling to compare neurocognitive performance between schizophrenic prob and s , relatives and controls while taking into account potential correlations among members of the same family ; age , gender , and years of education were included as covariates . Of the three groups , schizophrenic patients performed poorest at all neuropsychological tests , suggestive of a broad range of neurocognitive deficits . Their first‐degree relatives showed a narrower pattern of poor performance at Digit Symbol , Digit Span , Trail Making , Verbal Fluency test , Tower of Hanoi , and WCST‐M tests . Our findings show that selected neurocognitive deficits especially attention and executive function are impaired in the families of schizophrenic patients . These patterns of neurocognitive deficits may represent “ endophenotypes ” denoting varying degrees of vulnerability to schizophrenia and may be of value in future molecular genetic studies . © 2007 Wiley‐Liss , Long-term intellectual and academic outcomes associated with early childhood victimization were studied using a sample of previously abused and neglected individuals ( n = 413 ) and a matched control group ( n = 286 ) .  IQ ( Quick Test ) and reading ability ( WRAT-R ) were assessed at approximately age 28 and differences between the groups were compared via multivariate analyses . Abused and neglected and control group individuals differed significantly in IQ and reading ability , even when controlling for age , sex , race , and social class . Types of maltreatment were associated with differences in IQ and reading ability in young adulthood . The limitations of this study are discussed as well as the role of IQ and /or reading ability as potential mediating variables for other outcomes Cognitive impairments can be observed in the majority of diseases with disturbed dopamine transmission . They are considered as core symptoms of schizophrenia , a disorder in which they appear to be particularly pronounced . Their neurobiological background is not yet sufficiently investigated , but dopaminergic systems are believed to play a crucial role . The aim of this single-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled study was to examine the effects of subchronic antidopaminergic treatment on cognitive functions in healthy subjects . In total , 72 healthy volunteers , r and omised into four groups , received one antidopaminergic substance ( aripiprazole , haloperidol or reserpine ) or placebo , respectively , for 7 days . A comprehensive neurocognitive assessment was conducted at baseline , 24 h after the last medication intake and 7 days later . In the Digit Symbol Substitution Test a distinct , statistically significant improvement was measured in the second session in the placebo but not in the medication group . A significant group*time interaction for reaction times in three subtests of the Test battery for Attentional Performance ( TAP ) was also found . Our findings indicate that modulation of dopaminergic systems affects primarily speed of information processing , attention and learning . Absence of effects on other functions , differing from previous reports , may be an expression of a sufficient counter-regulation 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Patients with FEP present global cognitive impairment compared to healthy controls .
Cognitive impairment across domains , up to severe level based on Cohen 's effect size , is present already in FEP studies .
However , differences in levels of impairment are observed between studies , as well as within domains , indicating that further consolidation of cognitive impairment over the course of illness may be present .