***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To establish the first baseline of dairy and related nutrient intake in African Americans , an at-risk population of public health concern in the United States . To document dairy consumption in African Americans by age and sex during 1994 - 1998 and 1999 - 2000 and compare it with concomitant dairy , calcium , and related nutrient intakes in non-African-American adults and children . DESIGN Duplicate and single 24-hour recalls were analyzed to determine dietary intake during the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994 - 1996 , 1998 ( CSFII ) , and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 - 2000 ( NHANES ) , respectively . SUBJECTS African Americans and non-African Americans of all ages who participated in CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and in NHANES 1999 - 2000 ; both surveys are a stratified r and om sample of the total civilian , noninstitutionalized US population . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Dairy food and nutrient intake per day were quantified according to age , sex , and ethnicity/race from CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and NHANES 1999 - 2000 . For NHANES , mean intakes from 1-day food records were sample -weighted , and st and ard errors estimated by the Taylor linearization method of SUDAAN ( version 9.0 , 2004 , RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC ) . Usual daily intakes of calcium , magnesium , and phosphorus were based on 2-day intake data from CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and calculated using Software for Intake Distribution from Iowa State University . The percentage of individuals categorized as not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for magnesium and phosphorus were calculated in the same way . RESULTS CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and NHANES 1999 - 2000 data both show that African Americans in all age groups consume fewer mean servings per day of total dairy , milk , cheese , and yogurt than non-African Americans , and have lower mean intakes of calcium , magnesium , and phosphorus . Significant differences were seen for men and women . CONCLUSIONS In this analysis , young African-American women did not meet Dietary Reference Intakes for phosphorus , and all African Americans did not meet Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and magnesium . African Americans in all age groups did not meet dairy recommendations from the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines and the 2004 National Medical Association Consensus Report on the role of dairy and dairy nutrients in the diet of African Americans BACKGROUND Increased intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice has been associated with overweight in children . OBJECTIVE This study prospect ively assessed beverage consumption patterns and their relationship with weight status in a cohort of children born at different risk for obesity . METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were children born at low risk ( n = 27 ) or high risk ( n = 22 ) for obesity based on maternal prepregnancy BMI ( kg/m(2 ) ) . Daily beverage consumption was generated from 3-day food records from children aged 3 - 6 years and coded into seven beverage categories ( milk , fruit juice , fruit drinks , caloric and non-caloric soda , soft drinks including and excluding fruit juice ) . Child anthropometric measures were assessed yearly . RESULTS High-risk children consumed a greater percentage of daily calories from beverages at age 3 , more fruit juice at ages 3 and 4 , more soft drinks ( including fruit juice ) at ages 3 - 5 , and more soda at age 6 compared to low-risk children . Longitudinal analyses showed that a greater 3-year increase in soda intake was associated with an increased change in waist circumference , whereas a greater increase in milk intake was associated with a reduced change in waist circumference . There was no significant association between change in intake from any of the beverage categories and change in BMI z-score across analyses . DISCUSSION Children 's familial predisposition to obesity may differentially affect their beverage consumption patterns . Future research should examine the extent to which dietary factors may play a role in pediatric body fat deposition over time BACKGROUND During the nutrition transition in Chile , dietary changes were marked by increased consumption of high-energy , nutrient-poor products , including sugar-sweetened beverages ( SSBs ) . Obesity is now the primary nutritional problem in posttransitional Chile . OBJECTIVE We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to examine the effects on body composition of delivering milk beverages to the homes of overweight and obese children to displace SSBs . DESIGN We r and omly assigned 98 children aged 8 - 10 y who regularly consumed SSBs  to intervention and control groups . During a 16-wk intervention , children were instructed to drink 3 servings/d ( approximately 200 g per serving ) of the milk delivered to their homes and to not consume SSBs .  Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle . RESULTS For the intervention group , milk consumption increased by a mean ( + /- SEM ) of 452.5 + /- 37.7 g/d ( P < 0.0001 ) , and consumption of SSBs  decreased by -711.0 + /- 33.7 g/d ( P < 0.0001 ) . For the control group , milk consumption did not change , and consumption of SSBs  increased by 71.9 + /- 33.6 g/d ( P = 0.04 ) . Changes in percentage body fat , the primary endpoint , did not differ between groups . Nevertheless , the mean ( + /- SE ) accretion of lean body mass was greater ( P = 0.04 ) in the intervention ( 0.92 + /- 0.10 kg ) than in the control ( 0.62 + /- 0.11 kg ) group . The increase in height was also greater ( P = 0.01 ) in the intervention group ( 2.50 + /- 0.21 cm ) than in the control group ( 1.77 + /- 0.20 cm ) for boys but not for girls . CONCLUSION Replacing habitual consumption of SSBs with milk may have beneficial effects on lean body mass and growth in children , despite no changes in percentage body fat . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00149695 BACKGROUND Little is known about the relative effectiveness of calcium supplementation from food or pills with or without vitamin D supplementation for bone mass accrual during the rapid growth period . OBJECTIVE The purpose was to examine the effects of both food-based and pill supplements of calcium and vitamin D on bone mass and body composition  in girls aged 10 - 12 y. DESIGN This placebo-controlled intervention trial r and omly assigned 195 healthy girls at Tanner stage I-II , aged 10 - 12 y , with dietary calcium intakes < 900 mg/d to 1 of 4 groups : calcium ( 1000 mg ) + vitamin D3 ( 200 IU ) , calcium ( 1000 mg ) , cheese ( 1000 mg calcium ) , and placebo . Primary outcomes were bone indexes of the hip , spine , and whole body by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and of the radius and tibia by peripheral quantitative computed tomography . RESULTS With the use of intention-to-treat or efficacy analysis , calcium supplementation with cheese result ed in a higher percentage change in cortical thickness of the tibia than did placebo , calcium , or calcium + vitamin D treatment ( P = 0.01 , 0.038 , and 0.004 , respectively ) and in higher whole-body bone mineral density than did placebo treatment ( P = 0.044 ) when compliance was > 50 % . With the use of a hierarchical linear model with r and om effects to control for growth velocity , these differences disappeared . CONCLUSIONS Increasing calcium intake by consuming cheese appears to be more beneficial for cortical bone mass accrual than the consumption of tablets containing a similar amount of calcium . Diverse patterns of growth velocity may mask the efficacy of supplementation in a short-term trial of children transiting through puberty Evidence of an association between milk intake and  childhood adiposity  remains inconsistent , with few data available regarding the effects of the amount of dairy fat consumed . This study examined the relation between dairy consumption ( total , full , and reduced fat ) at age 10 y on risk of excess adiposity at age 13 y in participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ( ALSPAC ; n = 2455 ) . Intakes were assessed by 3-d dietary records .  Total body fat mass ( TBFM ) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was examined at 13 y. Outcomes included excess TBFM ( top quintile of TBFM ) , overweight , and change in body mass index ( BMI ) . The highest vs. lowest quartile of total dairy consumers ( g/d ) at age 10 y did not have an increased risk of excess TBFM ( OR : 0.73 ; 95 % CI : 0.46 , 1.16 ; P-trend = 0.28 ) or overweight ( OR : 0.69 ; 95 % CI : 0.41 , 1.15 ; P = 0.24 ) at age 13 y. Children in the highest quartile of full-fat dairy intakes vs. those in the lowest quartile had a reduced risk of excess TBFM ( OR : 0.64 ; 95 % CI : 0.41 , 1.00 ; P = 0.04 ) and a suggestion of a reduction in overweight ( OR : 0.65 ; 95 % CI : 0.40 , 1.06 ; P = 0.19 ) at age 13 y. Furthermore , the highest vs. lowest consumers of full-fat products had smaller gains in BMI during follow-up [ 2.5 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI : 2.2 , 2.7 ) vs. 2.8 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI : 2.5 , 3.0 ) ; P < 0.01 ] . Associations with reduced-fat dairy consumption did not attain statistical significance . In this study , dairy consumption was not related to excess fat accumulation during late childhood . Estimates had wide confidence limits but generally showed inverse relations between dairy intakes and risk of excess adiposity . Additional prospect i ve research is warranted to confirm the effects of dairy intake on obesity in children OBJECTIVE To determine whether the quantity and type of milk ( whole , reduced fat , or 1%/nonfat ) consumed at age 2 years is associated with  adiposity at age 3 years . DESIGN We assessed milk and dairy intake at age 2 years with food frequency question naires completed by mothers . Our primary outcomes were body mass index ( BMI ; calculated as kg/m(2 ) ) , z score and overweight at age 3 years , defined as BMI for age and sex > or=85th percentile . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Eight-hundred and fifty-two preschool-aged children in the prospect i ve US cohort Project Viva . STATISTICAL ANALYSES Linear and logistic regression models , adjusting for maternal BMI and education , paternal BMI , and child age , sex , race/ethnicity , intake of energy , nondairy beverages , television viewing , and BMI z score at age 2 years were used . RESULTS At age 2 years , mean milk intake was 2.6 ( st and ard deviation 1.2 ) servings per day . Higher intake of whole milk at age 2 , but not reduced-fat milk , was associated with a slightly lower BMI z score ( -0.09 unit per daily serving [ 95 % confidence interval : -0.16 to -0.01 ] ) at age 3 years ; when restricted to children with a normal BMI ( 5th to < 85th percentile ) at age 2 years , the association was null ( -0.05 unit per daily serving [ 95 % confidence interval : -0.13 to 0.02 ] ) . Intake of milk at age 2 years , whether full- or reduced-fat , was not associated with risk of incident overweight at age 3 years . Neither total milk nor total dairy intake at age 2 years was associated with BMI z score or incident overweight at age 3 years . CONCLUSION Neither consuming more dairy products , nor switching from whole milk to reduced-fat milk at age 2 years , appears likely to prevent overweight in early childhood Observational studies of dietary patterns and growth and studies with milk supplementation have shown that children consuming diets containing animal source foods grow better . This study evaluates the growth of 544 Kenyan schoolchildren ( median age 7.1 y ) after 23 mo of food supplementation with a meat , milk or energy supplement ( approximately 1255 kJ ) compared to a control group without a supplement . Multivariate analyses controlled for covariates compared gain in weight , height , weight-for-height Z-score ( WHZ ) , height-for-age Z-score ( HAZ ) , mid-upper-arm circumference , triceps and subscapular skinfolds , mid-upper-arm muscle and mid-upper-arm fat area . Children in each of the supplementation groups gained approximately 0.4 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Accumulated evidence from prospect i ve cohort studies suggests that dairy consumption is inversely and longitudinally associated with the risk of childhood overweight/obesity .