***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE In this study , we aim ed to evaluate the role of azithromycin in the treatment of acute infraorbital space infection . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty patients ( 39 men and 21 women ; age range , 18 to 47 years ) who had acute infraorbital space infection with pain , swelling , and general malaise were included in the study . After initial surgical therapy , patients were r and omly allocated to receive either 500 mg azithromycin once daily for 3 days , 250 mg erythromycin stearate every 6 hours for 3 days , or no antibiotic . Patients were assessed at the time of admission and after 1 , 2 , 3 , and 7 days . Pain , swelling , cervical lymphadenopathy , and sublingual temperature were assessed at each visit . Data were collected , and all groups were compared for differences in pain and swelling using the Mann-Whitney U test and for differences in lymphadenopathy and sublingual temperature using Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS At the time of admission , no 2 groups were statistically different at the.05 level in relation to age , gender , and presenting clinical signs or symptoms . At days 2 and 3 , patients who received azithromycin had a significant reduction in pain ( P = .002 and P = .02 , respectively ) and swelling ( P = .001 and P = .013 , respectively ) compared with those who received no antibiotic . At day 3 , patients who received erythromycin had a significant reduction in pain ( P = .03 ) and swelling ( P = .046 ) compared with those who received no antibiotic . In a comparison of the patients who received azithromycin with those who received erythromycin , there was no significant difference ( P > .05 ) in the reduction of pain at any time of the study . However , at day 2 , patients who received azithromycin had a significantly greater reduction in swelling ( P = .002 ) than those who received erythromycin . In relation to the percentage of the patients with cervical lymphadenopathy and raised sublingual temperature ( > 37.2 degrees C ) , no 2 groups were statistically different at any time of the study . After 3 days of treatment , patients who received the antibiotics were clinical ly improved , and all patients ( n = 60 patients ) review ed after 7 days had resolution of their clinical signs and symptoms . CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of surgical drainage and proves that both azithromycin and erythromycin are effective adjunctive treatments in the therapy of relatively mild odontogenic orofacial infections Abstract Objective : To assess the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics for sore throat . Setting : 11 general practice s in Engl and . Design : R and omised trial of three approaches to sore throat : a 10 day prescription of antibiotics , no antibiotics , or a delayed prescription if the sore throat had not started to settle after three days . Patients : 716 patients aged 4 and over with sore throat and an abnormal physical sign : 84 % had tonsillitis or pharyngitis . Outcome measures : Number and rate of patients making a first return with sore throat , pharyngitis , or tonsillitis . Early returns ( within two weeks ) and complications ( otitis media , sinusitis , quinsy ) . Outcomes were documented in 675 subjects ( 94 % ) . Results : Mean follow up time was similar ( antibiotic group 1.07 years , other two groups 1.03 years ) . More of those initially prescribed antibiotics initially returned to the surgery with sore throat ( 38 % v 27 % , adjusted hazard ratio for return 1.39 , 95 % confidence interval 1.03 to 1.89 ) . Antibiotics prescribed for sore throat during the previous year had an additional effect ( hazard ratio 1.69 , 1.20 to 2.37 ) . Longer duration of illness ( > 5 days ) was associated with increased return within six weeks ( hazard ratio 2.90 , 1.70 to 4.92 ) . Prior attendance with upper respiratory conditions was also associated with increased reattendance . There was no difference between groups in early return ( 13/238 ( 5.5 % ) v 27/437 ( 6 % ) ) , or complications ( 2/236 ( 0.8 % ) v3/434 ( 0.7 % ) ) . Conclusions : Complications and early return result ing from no or delayed prescribing of antibiotics for sore throat are rare . Both current and previous prescribing for sore throat increase reattendance . To avoid medicalising a self limiting illness doctors should avoid antibiotics or offer a delayed prescription for most patients with sore throat . Key messages Sore throat is one of the commonest presentations of upper respiratory illness in primary care and attendence is increasing Complications are rare with no , or delayed , antibiotic prescription Prescribing antibiotics increases reattendance for future episodes Unless patients are very ill general practitioners should consider exploring concerns , explain the natural history , and avoid or delay prescribing PROBLEM Antibiotics are often prescribed indiscriminately to treat endodontic emergencies . OBJECTIVES This study examined ( 1 ) the effect of penicillin supplementation on reduction of symptoms and ( 2 ) the course of recovery of localized acute apical abscess after emergency treatment . STUDY DESIGN Patients with pulp necrosis and periapical pain and /or localized swelling were considered . Those eligible did not have any signs of spreading infections . Patients received appropriate local treatment , and a double-blind protocol was used to r and omly assign them to one of three groups : penicillin VK group , placebo group , or neither medication group . All received ibuprofen 600 mg four times daily for 24 hours . Patients entered their pre- and postoperative pain and swelling experience on a visual analog scale for up to 72 hours . RESULTS Resolution was fairly rapid in most patients . Statistical analysis of the scores of 32 respondents revealed no significant differences ( at p < 0.05 ) between the three groups in course of recovery or symptoms at any time period . CONCLUSIONS Patients with localized periapical pain or swelling generally recovered quickly with local treatment . The data did not show a demonstrable benefit from penicillin supplementation The incidence of black-pigmented ( BP ) Bacteroides spp . in 62 human dental root canal infections ( 35 acute and 27 clinical ly asymptomatic cases of apical periodontitis ) in 57 adults was studied . Altogether 37 strains of BP Bacteroides were found in 31 infections , always in mixed anaerobic infections . Two different BP Bacteroides species were present in six infections . B. intermedius was most frequently isolated ( 15 of 62 canals ; 24 % ) followed by B. denticola which was present in 12 cases . Asaccharolytic BP Bacteroides species , B. gingivalis and B. endodontalis , were found in eight cases . BP Bacteroides species were found both from symptomatic and asymptomatic infections , but there were also several symptomatic cases from which BP Bacteroides species were not isolated . B. gingivalis and B. endodontalis were present only in acute infections , B. intermedius was found both in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections , and B. denticola occurred mostly in asymptomatic infections . BP Bacteroides species were isolated initially from 9 of the 11 teeth with symptoms at 1 week , but only from 22 of the 51 teeth that were symptomless at 1 week . Two strains of B. denticola were resistant to  penicillin G  at a concentration of 2.4 micrograms/ml , but the MIC of penicillin  G for all other strains was 0.6 micrograms/ml or lower . Forty-two r and omly selected patients received penicillin V ( oral administration , 650 mg , three times daily ) during the first week of endodontic therapy . Penicillin had no effect on the occurrence of symptoms after 1 week compared with the control group ( 20 patients ) OBJECTIVE The purpose of this prospect i ve study was to analyze the effect of etodolac versus dexamethasone in reducing postoperative pain in patients who had surgical endodontic treatment using a strict protocol . STUDY DESIGN The study consisted of 90 patients ( 38 males and 52 females ) referred for surgical endodontic treatment . All procedures were performed using a microsurgical technique with a strict protocol . Patients were r and omly premedicated with placebo or with one of both protocol s : either a single dose of oral dexamethasone , 8 mg , preoperatively and 2 single doses , 4 mg , 1 and 2 days postoperatively , or a single dose of etodolac , 600 mg , and 2 single doses , 600 mg , 1 and 2 days postoperatively . Pain was recorded at 8 , 24 , and 48 hours , as well as 7 days postoperatively , on a 1 - 10 scale . The influence of different variables on postoperative sequelae was analyzed . RESULTS On a 1 - 10 scale , the mean values of pain report recorded were 3.8 + /- 2.9 ( 8 hours postoperatively ) , 2.93 + /- 2.4 ( 24 hours ) , 2.31 + /- 2.2 ( 48 hours ) , and 1.4 + /- 0.9 ( 7 days postoperatively ) . One day postoperatively , 41.8 % of the patients reported no or very mild pain ( score 1 or 2 ) , whereas after 7 days , 87.9 % reported no or very mild pain ( score 1 or 2 ) . Both etodolac and dexamethasone had a significant effect of reducing postoperative pain in patients who had surgical endodontic procedure compared with placebo ( P < or = .001 ) . CONCLUSION Postoperative pain following endodontic surgical treatment is not uncommon . Etodolac as well as dexamethasone might serve as a pain relief measure for postoperative pain in these patients Aim To investigate the therapeutic prescribing of antibiotics to patients presenting for emergency dental treatment . Design A prospect i ve clinical study . Method Information was collected via a question naire concerning the patient 's reason for attendance and treatment undertaken at emergency dental clinics in North and South Cheshire . Results Over an 11-week period 1,069 patients attended the five clinics , 1,011 question naires were analyzed . The majority of the attendees had pain ( 879/1011 ) . 35 % ( 311/879 ) of these patient had pulpitis and 74 % ( 230/311 ) had been issued a prescription for antibiotics , without any active surgical intervention . The principal antibiotic prescribed for both adult and child patients was amoxicillin . Conclusion The majority of patients attending the emergency dental clinics had pain , with a large proportion having localised infections either as pulpitis or localised dental abscess . Three quarters of these patients had no surgical intervention and were inappropriately prescribed antibiotics The microbiology and treatment of apical periodontitis was studied in 62 patients , followed-up for 1 year . The clinical treatment and the radiological technique were st and ardized . One third of the patients received no systemic antibiotics , one third received phenoxymethylpenicillin for 1 week , and one third for 3 months . On the average , 0 - 2 facultatively anaerobic and 4 - 6 anaerobic bacteria were isolated from periapical infections . The genera Bacteroides and Fusobacterium in addition to anaerobic gram-positive cocci were found most frequently . Minimum inhibitory concentrations of benzylpenicillin against 269 strains were tested . 12 strains were resistant at the concentration 2.4 micrograms/ml , including 4 strains of Fusobacterium sp. All patients were free of symptoms 1 month after the admission . Only 1 patient failed to show any progress in radiological healing . No differences between the groups in relation to penicillin therapy were found Abstract Dental pain , estimated to affect 12–40 % of community‐dwelling adults , is a symptom of a wide range of clinical conditions . A population screening instrument is needed to study their prevalence . This project aim ed to develop a question naire for classifying a sample of dental pain patients into three groups of common dental pain conditions , i.e. Group 1 ( Acute periapical periodontitis and Irreversible pulpitis ) , Group 2 ( Reversible pulpitis and Dentine hypersensitivity ) and Group 3 ( Pericoronitis ) . Initial items were generated through a literature review , individual unstructured patient interviews and consultation with experts . Items generated were administered to a sample of dental pain patients for self‐completion . Responses were subjected to a series of factor and discriminant analyses to identify questions capable of differentiating the sample into three groups , originally categorized by clinical diagnosis , with high classification rates . The selected items were administered to a further sample of dental pain patients to test for its sensitivity and specificity in classifying the sample into three groups against the gold st and ard of clinical diagnosis . The final 16‐item Dental Pain Question naire ( DePaQ ) was capable of correctly classifying 89.7 % of dental pain cases initially categorized by clinical diagnoses . The sensitivity of the question naire was 0. 
    Output:
    
There is very low- quality evidence that is insufficient to determine the effects of systemic antibiotics on adults with symptomatic apical periodontitis or acute apical abscess