***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment ( MBAT ) to a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ( CBT ) that matched MBAT on treatment contact time , and a Usual Care ( UC ) condition that comprised brief individual counseling . METHOD Participants ( N = 412 ) were 48.2 % African American , 41.5 % non-Latino White , 5.4 % Latino , and 4.9 % other , and 57.6 % reported a total annual household income < $ 30,000 . The majority of participants were female ( 54.9 % ) .  Mean cigarettes per day was 19.9 ( SD = 10.1 ) . Following the baseline visit , participants were r and omized to UC ( n = 103 ) , CBT ( n = 155 ) , or MBAT ( n = 154 ) . All participants were given self-help material s and nicotine patch therapy . CBT and MBAT groups received 8 2-hr in-person group counseling sessions . UC participants received 4 brief individual counseling sessions . Biochemically verified smoking abstinence was assessed 4 and 26 weeks after the quit date . RESULTS Logistic r and om effects model analyses over time indicated no overall significant treatment effects ( completers only : F(2 , 236 ) = 0.29 , p = .749 ; intent-to-treat : F(2 , 401 ) = 0.9 , p = .407 ) . Among participants classified as smoking at the last treatment session , analyses examining the recovery of abstinence revealed a significant overall treatment effect , F(2 , 103 ) = 4.41 , p = .015 ( MBAT vs. CBT : OR = 4.94 , 95 % CI : 1.47 to 16.59 , p = .010 , Effect Size = .88 ; MBAT vs. UC : OR = 4.18 , 95 % CI : 1.04 to 16.75 , p = .043 , Effect Size = .79 ) . CONCLUSION Although there were no overall significant effects of treatment on abstinence , MBAT may be more effective than CBT or UC in promoting recovery from lapses . ( PsycINFO Data base BACKGROUND Research suggests that an 8-week mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) course may be effective for generalised anxiety disorder ( GAD ) . AIMS To compare changes in anxiety levels among participants with GAD r and omly assigned to MBCT , cognitive-behavioural therapy-based psychoeducation and usual care . METHOD In total , 182 participants with GAD were recruited ( trial registration number : CUHK_CCT00267 ) and assigned to the three groups and followed for 5 months after baseline assessment with the two intervention groups followed for an additional 6 months . Primary outcomes were anxiety and worry levels . RESULTS Linear mixed models demonstrated significant group × time interaction ( F(4,148 ) = 5.10 , P = 0.001 ) effects for decreased anxiety for both the intervention groups relative to usual care . Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for worry and depressive symptoms and mental health-related quality of life for the psychoeducation group only . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that both of the interventions appear to be superior to usual care for the reduction of anxiety symptoms Objective : We compared mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) with both cognitive psychological education ( CPE ) and treatment as usual ( TAU ) in preventing relapse to major depressive disorder ( MDD ) in people currently in remission following at least 3 previous episodes . Method : A r and omized controlled trial in which 274 participants were allocated in the ratio 2:2:1 to MBCT plus TAU , CPE plus TAU , and TAU alone , and data were analyzed for the 255 ( 93 % ; MBCT = 99 , CPE = 103 , TAU = 53 ) retained to follow-up . MBCT was delivered in accordance with its published manual , modified to address suicidal cognitions ; CPE was modeled on MBCT , but without training in meditation . Both treatments were delivered through 8 weekly classes . Results : Allocated treatment had no significant effect on risk of relapse to MDD over 12 months follow-up , hazard ratio for MBCT vs. CPE = 0.88 , 95 % CI [ 0.58 , 1.35 ] ; for MBCT vs. TAU = 0.69 , 95 % CI [ 0.42 , 1.12 ] . However , severity of childhood trauma affected relapse , hazard ratio for increase of 1 st and ard deviation = 1.26 ( 95 % CI [ 1.05 , 1.50 ] ) , and significantly interacted with allocated treatment . Among participants above median severity , the hazard ratio was 0.61 , 95 % CI [ 0.34 , 1.09 ] , for MBCT vs. CPE , and 0.43 , 95 % CI [ 0.22 , 0.87 ] , for MBCT vs. TAU . For those below median severity , there were no such differences between treatment groups . Conclusion : MBCT provided significant protection against relapse for participants with increased vulnerability due to history of childhood trauma , but showed no significant advantage in comparison to an active control treatment and usual care over the whole group of patients with recurrent depression Background : Social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) is characterized by distorted self-views . The goal of this study was to examine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) alters behavioral and brain measures of negative and positive self-views . Methods : Fifty-six adult patients with generalized SAD were r and omly assigned to MBSR or a comparison aerobic exercise ( AE ) program . A self-referential encoding task was administered at baseline and post-intervention to examine changes in behavioral and neural responses in the self-referential brain network during functional magnetic resonance imaging . Patients were cued to decide whether positive and negative social trait adjectives were self-descriptive or in upper case font . Results : Behaviorally , compared to AE , MBSR produced greater decreases in negative self-views , and equivalent increases in positive self-views . Neurally , during negative self versus case , compared to AE , MBSR led to increased brain responses in the posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC ) . There were no differential changes for positive self versus case . Secondary analyses showed that changes in endorsement of negative and positive self-views were associated with decreased social anxiety symptom severity for MBSR , but not AE . Additionally , MBSR-related increases in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex ( DMPFC ) activity during negative self-view versus case were associated with decreased social anxiety related disability and increased mindfulness . Analysis of neural temporal dynamics revealed MBSR-related changes in the timing of neural responses in the DMPFC and PCC for negative self-view versus case . Conclusion : These findings suggest that MBSR attenuates maladaptive habitual self-views by facilitating automatic ( i.e. , uninstructed ) recruitment of cognitive and attention regulation neural networks . This highlights potentially important links between self-referential and cognitive-attention regulation systems and suggests that MBSR may enhance more adaptive social self-referential processes in patients with SAD Background : Tinnitus is experienced by up to 15 % of the population and can lead to significant disability and distress . There is rarely a medical or surgical target and psychological therapies are recommended . We investigated whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) could offer an effective new therapy for tinnitus . Methods : This single-site r and omized controlled trial compared MBCT to intensive relaxation training ( RT ) for chronic , distressing tinnitus in adults . Both treatments involved 8 weekly , 120-min sessions focused on either relaxation ( RT ) or mindfulness meditation ( MBCT ) . Assessment s were completed at baseline and at treatment commencement 8 weeks later . The primary outcomes were tinnitus severity ( Tinnitus Question naire ) and psychological distress ( Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation - Non-Risk , CORE-NR ) , 16 weeks after baseline . The analysis utilized a modified intention-to-treat approach . Results : A total of 75 patients were r and omly allocated to MBCT ( n = 39 ) or RT ( n = 36 ) . Both groups showed significant reductions in tinnitus severity and loudness , psychological distress , anxiety , depression , and disability .  MBCT led to a significantly greater reduction in tinnitus severity than RT , with a mean difference of 6.3 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 11.4 , p = 0.016 ) . Effects persisted 6 months later , with a mean difference of 7.2 ( 95 % CI 2.1 - 2.3 , p = 0.006 ) and a st and ardized effect size of 0.56 ( 95 % CI 0.16 - 0.96 ) . Treatment was effective regardless of initial tinnitus severity , duration , or hearing loss . Conclusions : MBCT is effective in reducing tinnitus severity in chronic tinnitus patients compared to intensive RT . It also reduces psychological distress and disability . Future studies should explore the generalizability of this approach and how outcome relates to different aspects of the intervention BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of recurrent depression have a high risk of repeated depressive relapse or recurrence .  Maintenance antidepressants for at least 2 years is the current recommended treatment , but many individuals are interested in alternatives to medication . Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) has been shown to reduce risk of relapse or recurrence compared with usual care , but has not yet been compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in a definitive trial . We aim ed to see whether MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressant treatment ( MBCT-TS ) was superior to maintenance antidepressants for prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence over 24 months . METHODS In this single-blind , parallel , group r and omised controlled trial ( PREVENT ) , we recruited adult patients with three or more previous major depressive episodes and on a therapeutic dose of maintenance antidepressants , from primary care general practice s in urban and rural setting s in the UK . Participants were r and omly assigned to either MBCT-TS or maintenance antidepressants ( in a 1:1 ratio ) with a computer-generated r and om number sequence with stratification by centre and symptomatic status . Participants were aware of treatment allocation and research assessors were masked to treatment allocation . The primary outcome was time to relapse or recurrence of depression , with patients followed up at five separate intervals during the 24-month study period . The primary analysis was based on the principle of intention to treat . The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials , IS RCT N26666654 . FINDINGS Between March 23 , 2010 , and Oct 21 , 2011 , we assessed 2188 participants for eligibility and recruited 424 patients from 95 general practice s. 212 patients were r and omly assigned to MBCT-TS and 212 to maintenance antidepressants . The time to relapse or recurrence of depression did not differ between MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants over 24 months ( hazard ratio 0·89 , 95 % CI 0·67 - 1·18 ; p=0·43 ) , nor did the number of serious adverse events . Five adverse events were reported , including two deaths , in each of the MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants groups . No adverse events were attributable to the interventions or the trial . INTERPRETATION We found no evidence that MBCT-TS is superior to maintenance antidepressant treatment for the prevention of depressive relapse in individuals at risk for depressive relapse or recurrence . Both treatments were associated with enduring positive outcomes in terms of relapse or recurrence , residual depressive symptoms , and quality of life . FUNDING National Institute for Health Research ( NIHR ) Health Technology Assessment ( HTA ) programme , and NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula Background : Caregivers of people with chronic conditions are more likely than non-caregivers to have depression and emotional problems .  Few studies have examined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) in improving their mental well-being . Methods : Caregivers of persons with chronic conditions who scored 7 or above in the Caregiver Strain Index were r and omly assigned to the 8-week MBSR group ( n = 70 ) or the self-help control group ( n = 71 ) . Vali date d instruments were used to assess the changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms , quality of life , self-efficacy , self-compassion and mindfulness . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , post-intervention and at the 3-month follow-up . Results : Compared to the participants in the control group , participants in the MBSR group had a significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and at 3 months post-intervention ( p < 0.01 ) . The improvement in state anxiety symptoms was significantly greater among participants in the MBSR group than those of the control group at post-intervention ( p = 0.007 ) , although this difference was not statistically significant at 3 months post-intervention ( p = 0.084 ) . There was also a statistically significant larger increase in self-efficacy ( controlling negative thoughts ; p = 0.041 ) and mindfulness ( p = 0.001 ) among participants in the MBSR group at the 3-month follow-up compared to the participants in the control group . No statistically significant group effects ( MBSR vs. control ) were found in perce 
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This effect was moderated by which mindfulness question naire was used , by the type of active control condition , and by whether the MBI and control were matched for amount of session time .
When mindfulness facet scores were analyzed separately , MBIs showed significantly greater pre – post increases than active controls in observing , nonjudging , and nonreactivity but not in describing or acting with awareness .
Although findings provide partial support for the differential sensitivity of mindfulness question naires to change with treatment , the nonsignificant difference in pre – post change when the MBI and control were matched for session time highlights the need to clarify how mindfulness skills are acquired in MBIs and in other interventions and whether revisions to mindfulness question naires would increase their specificity to changes in mindfulness skills