***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Smoking is one of the top preventable causes of mortality in people with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia .  Cessation treatment improves abstinence outcomes , but access is a barrier . Mobile phone apps are one way to increase access to cessation treatment ; however , whether they are usable by people with psychotic disorders , who often have special learning needs , is not known . Objective Research ers review ed 100 r and omly selected apps for smoking cessation to rate them based on US guidelines for nicotine addiction treatment and to categorize them based on app functions . We aim ed to test the usability and usefulness of the top-rated apps in 21 smokers with psychotic disorders . Methods We identified 766 smoking cessation apps and r and omly selected 100 for review . Two independent review ers rated each app with the Adherence Index to US Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence . Then , smokers with psychotic disorders evaluated the top 9 apps within a usability testing protocol . We analyzed quantitative results using descriptive statistics and t tests . Qualitative data were open-coded and analyzed for themes . Results Regarding adherence to practice guidelines , most of the r and omly sample d smoking cessation apps scored poorly—66 % rated lower than 10 out of 100 on the Adherence Index ( Mean 11.47 , SD 11.8 ) . Regarding usability , three common usability problems emerged : text-dense content , abstract symbols on the homepage , and subtle directions to edit features . Conclusions In order for apps to be effective and usable for this population , developers should utilize a balance of text and simple design that facilitate ease of navigation and content comprehension that will help people learn quit smoking skills Background The use of mobile apps  for health and well being promotion has grown exponentially in recent years . Yet , there is currently no app- quality assessment tool beyond “ star”-ratings . Objective The objective of this study was to develop a reliable , multidimensional measure for trialling , classifying , and rating the quality of mobile health apps . Methods A literature search was conducted to identify articles containing explicit Web or app quality rating criteria published between January 2000 and January 2013 . Existing criteria for the assessment of app quality were categorized by an expert panel to develop the new Mobile App Rating Scale ( MARS ) subscales , items , descriptors , and anchors . There were sixty well being apps that were r and omly selected using an iTunes search for MARS rating . There were ten that were used to pilot the rating procedure , and the remaining 50 provided data on interrater reliability . Results There were 372 explicit criteria for assessing Web or app quality that were extracted from 25 published papers , conference proceedings , and Internet re sources . There were five broad categories of criteria that were identified including four objective quality scales : engagement , functionality , aesthetics , and information quality ; and one subjective quality scale ; which were refined into the 23-item MARS . The MARS demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( alpha = .90 ) and interrater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC = .79 ) . Conclusions The MARS is a simple , objective , and reliable tool for classifying and assessing the quality of mobile health apps . It can also be used to provide a checklist for the design and development of new high quality health apps Background Smartphones are increasingly receiving attention from public health scholars and practitioners as a means to assist individuals ’ health management . A number of smartphone apps for smoking cessation are also available ; however , little effort has been made to evaluate the content and functions of these apps employing a theoretical framework . Objective The present study aims to analyze and evaluate the contents of smoking cessation apps available in South Korea employing the self-determination theory ( SDT ) as a theoretical framework for analysis . This study analyzes the extent to which smoking cessation apps have features that satisfy the basic needs identified in the SDT , which stimulate autonomous motivation . The type of motivational goal content manifested in the apps and how the goal content was framed are also explored . By assessing the features of smoking cessation apps based on the SDT , this study aims to offer direction for improvement for these apps . Methods Out of 309 apps identified from the iTunes store and Google Play ( excluding 27 duplications ) , 175 apps were r and omly drawn and analyzed . The coding scheme was drafted by the authors based on the SDT and gain/loss framing theory and was further finely tuned through the process of coder training and by establishing intercoder reliability . Once the intercoder reliability was established , the coders divided up the rest of the sample and coded them independently . Results The analysis revealed that most apps ( 94.3 % , 165/175 ) had at least one feature that tapped at least 1 of the 3 basic needs . Only 18 of 175 apps ( 10.3 % ) addressed all 3 basic needs . For goal content , money ( 53.7 % , 94/175 ) showed the highest frequency , followed by health ( 32.0 % , 56/175 ) , time ( 7.4 % , 13/175 ) , and appearance ( 1.1 % , 2/175 ) , suggesting that extrinsic goals are more dominantly presented in smoking cessation apps . For the framing of goal content , gain framing appeared more frequently ( 41.7 % , 73/175 ) . Conclusions The results suggest that these smoking cessation apps may not sufficiently stimulate autonomous motivation ; a small number of apps addressed all 3 basic needs suggested by the SDT ( ie , autonomy , competence , and relatedness ) . The apps also tended to present extrinsic goal content ( primarily in terms of money ) over intrinsic ones ( ie , health ) by primarily adopting gain framing . Implication s of these findings for public health practitioners and consumers are discussed Mobile health ( m-health ) apps can bring health prevention and promotion to the general population . The main purpose of this article is to analyze different m-health apps for a broad spectrum of consumers by means of three different experiences . This goal was defined following the strategic documents generated by the main prospect i ve observatories of Information and Communications Technology for health . After a general exploration of the app markets , we analyze the entries of three specific themes focused in this article : type 2 diabetes , obesity , and breast-feeding . The user experiences reported in this study mostly cover the segments of ( 1 ) chronically monitored consumers through a Web mobile app for predicting  type 2 diabetes  ( Diab_Alert app ) , ( 2 ) information seekers through a mobile app for maternity ( Lactation app ) and partially ( 3 ) the motivated healthy consumers through a mobile app for a dietetic monitoring and assessment ( SapoFit app ) . These apps were developed by the authors of this work Background Regular physical activity is known to help prevent and treat numerous non-communicable diseases . Smartphone applications ( apps ) have been shown to increase physical activity in primary care but little is known regarding the views of patients using such technology or how such technology may change behaviour . Aim To explore patients ’ views and experiences of using smartphones to promote physical activity in primary care . Design and setting This qualitative study was embedded within the SMART MOVE r and omised controlled trial , which used an app ( Accupedo-Pro Pedometer ) to promote physical activity in three primary care centres in the west of Irel and . Method Taped and transcribed semi-structured interviews with a purpose ful sample of 12 participants formed the basis of the investigation . Framework analysis was used to analyse the data . Results Four themes emerged from the analysis : transforming relationships with exercise ; persuasive technology tools ; usability ; and the cascade effect . The app appeared to facilitate a sequential and synergistic process of positive change , which occurred in the relationship between the participants and their exercise behaviour ; the study has termed this the ‘ Know-Check-Move ’ effect . Usability challenges included increased battery consumption and adjusting to carrying the smartphone on their person . There was also evidence of a cascade effect involving the families and communities of participants . Conclusion Notwithst and ing technological challenges , an app has the potential to positively transform , in a unique way , participants ’ relationships with exercise . Such interventions can also have an associated cascade effect within their wider families and communities Objective To carry out a r and omised controlled trial on the effect of a new method of health promotion — email and mobile phone text messages ( short messaging service (SMS))—on  young people 's sexual health . Methods 994 people aged 16–29 were recruited at a music festival to a non-blinded r and omised controlled trial . Participants were r and omised to either receive sexual health promotion messages ( n=507 ) or the control group ( n=487 ) . The 12-month intervention included SMS ( catchy sexually transmissible infections prevention slogans ) and emails . Participants completed question naires at the festival at baseline and online after 3 , 6 and 12 months . Outcomes were differences between the control and intervention groups in health-seeking behaviour , condom use with risky partners ( new or casual partners or two or more partners within 12 months ) and STI knowledge . Results 337 ( 34 % ) completed all three follow-up question naires and 387 ( 39 % ) completed the final question naire . At 12 months , STI knowledge was higher in the intervention group for both male ( OR=3.19 95 % CI 1.52 to 6.69 ) and female subjects ( OR=2.36 95 % CI 1.27 to 4.37 ) . Women ( but not men ) in the intervention group were more likely to have had an STI test ( OR=2.51 , 95 % CI 1.11 to 5.69 ) , or discuss sexual health with a clinician ( OR=2.92 , 95 % CI 1.66 to 5.15 ) than their control counterparts . There was no significant impact on condom use . Opinions of the messages were favourable . Conclusion This simple intervention improved STI knowledge in both sexes and STI testing in women , but had no impact on condom use . SMS and email are low cost , popular and convenient , and have considerable potential for health promotion . Clinical trial registration number Australian Clinical Trials Registry - ACTRN12605000760673 OBJECTIVE To evaluate smartphone apps intended for self-management of pain using quality assessment criteria and usability testing with prospect i ve users . DESIGN 1 ) Survey and content analysis of available apps ; and 2 ) individual usability study of two apps . SETTING University of Leeds , United Kingdom . PARTICIPANTS Forty-one participants ( aged 19 - 59 years ) with experience of chronic or recurrent pain episodes . METHODS We undertook a survey , content analysis , and quality appraisal of all currently available mobile phone apps for self-management of pain . Two apps were then selected and assessed with usability testing . RESULTS Twelve apps met the inclusion criteria . The quality assessment revealed wide variation in their clinical content , interface design , and usability to support self-management of pain . Very little user or clinician involvement was identified in the development of the apps . From the usability testing , participants stated a preference for an interface design employing a lighter color scheme and particular text font . Although very few participants were aware of pain-reporting apps prior to participation , many would consider use in the future . CONCLUSIONS Variation in app quality and a lack of user and clinician engagement in development were found across the pain apps in this research . Usability testing identified a range of user preferences . Although useful information was obtained , it would be beneficial to involve users earlier in the process of development , as well as establishing ways to merge end user requirements with evidence -based content , to provide high- quality and usable apps for self-management of pain Many smartphone applications ( apps ) for mental health ( MHapps ) are available to the public . However , few have been the subject of a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) , and the change processes that are hypothesized to mediate cl aim ed effects have not been previously studied . This RCT compared the efficacy of three publicly available MHapps to a waitlist control condition in a community sample , in which no MHapp was provided . The three MHapps included cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) toolkit app MoodKit , mood tracking app MoodPrism , and CBT strategy app MoodMission .  Participants were r and omly allocated to each condition , completed a baseline assessment , downloaded their allocated MHapp , and completed a second assessment 30 days later , with n = 226 included in final analyses ( 81 % female ; M age = 34 years ) . Compared to the control condition , all MHapp groups experienced increases in mental wellbeing , MoodKit and MoodMission groups experienced decreases in depression , and no groups experienced effects on anxiety . Mediated regressions revealed that increasing coping self-efficacy , rather than emotional self-awareness or mental health literacy , was the underlying process contributing to effects on mental health for all three MHapps . MHapps appear to be an effective solution for improving public mental health , notably by improving users ' confidence in their ability to cope 
    Output:
    
The ABACUS is a reliable tool that can be used to determine the behavior change potential of apps .
This instrument fills a gap by allowing the evaluation of a large number of apps to be st and ardized across a range of health categories