***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Inactive awake behavioral states have been associated with reduced heart rates and more successful feeding in preterm infants . The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of three different interventions to facilitate these optimal feeding states . Twenty preterm infants ( gestational ages 27–33 weeks , M = 31.6 , SD = 1.7 ; birth weights 931–2,140 grams , M = 34 , SD = 373 ) serving as their own controls were r and omly administered nonnutritive sucking , nonnutritive sucking plus rocking , and stroking interventions ; and a control condition . There were significantly more inactive awake states with the nonnutritive sucking and nonnutritive sucking plus rocking interventions than with the stroking intervention and the control conditions . The results suggest that there are interventions that can help preterm infants in the transition from gavage to oral feeding and potentially shorten their hospital stays Assigned r and omly 28 neonates born to HIV-positive mothers to a massage therapy  or control group . The treatment infants were given three 15-minute massages daily for 10 days . The massaged group showed superior performance on almost every Brazelton newborn cluster score and had a greater daily weight gain at the end of the treatment period unlike the control group who showed declining performance A study was design ed to explore further the hypothesis that a period of close contact between mother and infant immediately after birth facilitates the establishment of a close bond . The study investigated whether the effects of extra contact interact with other variables present in the labor and delivery situation and with the extent of social support available to the mother . Two sets of procedures for the immediate postpartum period were established and mothers were r and omly assigned to one of these conditions . Twenty-nine mothers experienced extracontact procedures in which the baby was placed on the mother 's abdomen for 1 hour . Thirty mothers received routine care procedures in which the baby was shown to the mother and then taken to the nursery . Observations of maternal behavior during a feeding were made two days after birth by an observer blind to the r and omization status of the mother . The mothers who received extra contact exhibited significantly more affectionate behavior toward their infants than did the mothers who received routine care . The extracontact treatment produced more affectionate behaviors in the mothers who had less social support than in those who had more social support . The extra contact was equally effective for multiparous and primiparous mothers . Mothers of female infants exhibited more affectionate behavior to their infants regardless of which postpartum procedures the mothers had experienced BACKGROUND The method of " massage therapy " has consistently shown increased weight gain in preterm infants . The weight gain was apparent during massages administered by professionals . AIMS To replicate the results of increased weight gain in the course of " massage therapy " in preterm infants , and utilize a new , cost-effective application of this method by comparing maternal to nonmaternal administration of the therapy . STUDY DESIGN R and om cluster design . SUBJECTS The study comprised 57 healthy , preterm infants assigned to three groups : two treatment groups -- one in which the mothers performed the massage , and the other in which a professional female figure unrelated to the infant administered the treatment . Both these groups were compared to a control group . RESULTS Over the 10-day study period , the two treatment groups gained significantly more weight compared to the control group ( 291.3 and 311.3 vs. 225.5 g , respectively ) . Calorie intake/kg did not differ between groups . CONCLUSIONS Mothers are able to achieve the same effect size as that of trained professionals , allowing cost-effective application of the treatment within the neonatal intensive care unit Preterm neonates ( mean 32 weeks ' gestation , 1,300 gm birth weight ) were provided a pacifier for nonnutritive sucking during tube feedings in the intensive care nursery . Their clinical course , subsequent bottle feeding behavior , and performance on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment scale were compared with those of control group infants . The infants provided with pacifiers averaged 27 fewer tube feedings , started bottle feeding three days earlier , averaged a greater weight gain per day , and were discharged eight days earlier for an average hospital cost savings of approximately $ 3,500 . Formula intake was similar for the two groups , although nurses appeared to provide more feeding stimulation for the control infants . On the Brazelton scale , the infants provided with pacifiers showed weak reflexes more frequently . Increased restfulness and diminished activity level in these infants may have contributed to the appearance of weak reflexes . The consistency between these findings and those of previous investigators suggests that the provision of a pacifier for nonnutritive sucking during tube feedings may be a cost-effective form of intervention The effects of unimodal and multimodal stimulation on mental , psychomotor , and behavioral development of healthy full-term infants were examined longitudinally . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a stroking procedure , placement on a multisensory hammock during sleep periods , or a combination of the two treatments . Interventions were conducted during the first 3 months of life . Data are presented on 49 infants who were available for 24-month follow up . The experimental conditions did not significantly affect scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development . Eyberg 's Child Behavior Inventory , the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scales , or the HOME . These findings suggest that supplementary stimulation provided no benefits beyond those associated with natural caregiving and raise questions about the value of the interventions with nonrisk infants in middle-class families . Additional studies need to be conducted with larger sample s of healthy infants to test sensory stimulation protocol s before they are advocated for widespread consumer use We compared the maternal behaviors of women who had extended and early contact ( rooming-in ) with their infants with those who had contact only during feedings . Thirty-one young , unmarried , predominantly black , lower-socioeconomic mothers and their infants were observed in the mother 's hospital room for 15 minutes after a morning feeding approximately 18 hours after delivery . A time sample unit checklist was used to record each mother 's behavior , looking , talking , and touching directed toward their infants and others , as well as watching  television  and talking on the telephone .  Analyses of variance revealed that the rooming-in mothers looked at , talked to , and touched their infants more , watched less television , and talked less on the telephone than mothers with minimal contact with their infants . These findings suggest that increased postpartum contact with infants leads not only to more interaction , but also to more touching as well as touching in more intimate places ( face and head ) , thus highlighting the value of rooming-in arrangements for mothers and infants Thirty preterm cocaine-exposed preterm neonates ( mean gestational age 30 wks , mean birth weight = 1212 g , mean intensive care unit duration = 18 days ) were r and omly assigned to a massage therapy or a control group as soon as they were considered medically stable . Group assignment was based on a r and om stratification of gestational age , birth weight , intensive care unit duration , and entry weight into the study . The treatment group ( N = 15 ) received massages for three 15-minute periods 3 consecutive hours for a 10-day period . Findings suggested that the massaged infants ( 1 ) averaged 28 % greater weight gain per day ( 33 vs 26 g ) although the groups did not differ in intake ( calories or volume ) , ( 2 ) showed significantly fewer postnatal complications and stress behaviors than did control infants , and ( 3 ) demonstrated more mature motor behaviors on the Brazelton examination at the end of the 10-day study period . J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:318–322 , 1993 . Index terms : massage , cocaine , preterm , intervention Abstract The relationship of multimodal stimulation to length of hospitalization and weight gain was studied in 33 premature infants . Subjects were r and omly assigned to treatment ( N = 17 ) and control groups ( N = 16 ) . Subjects in the treatment group received 5 to 10 days of tactile stimulation .  Weight gain and length of hospitalization were measured from the onset of entry into the study until discharge from the hospital . The results indicated no significant differences between groups , although trends for greater weight gain and shorter duration of hospitalization were noted . The results suggest that infants may experience some improvement in weight gain and a shorter hospitalization after receiving stimulation Eighty-one healthy , full-term infants were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions : daily administration of a cephalocaudal stroking procedure ; placement on a multisensory hammock that provided auditory , vestibular , and tactile stimulation during expected sleep cycles ; and a combination of the prior two treatments . All interventions were given during the first 3 months of life . Infants in the control group received the natural stimulation provided in their home environments without additional supplementation . Four- and 8-month assessment s were done using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Revised Infant Temperament Question naire . There were no significant treatment effects on weight or psychomotor development . Although infants receiving unimodal stimulation obtained lower 8-month cognitive development scores than infants in other experimental and control groups , their scores were within normal range . Control group infants achieved the most optimum mood and distractibility scores at both 4 and 8 months 34 very low birthweight babies ( mean 1143 g ) in incubators were r and omly assigned to be continuously nursed on lambswool ( n = 17 ) or ordinary cotton sheets ( n = 17 ) . The weight gain for the periods when babies were well was significantly larger for the wool group , 22.7 g/day vs 18.6 g/day for cotton control ( p less than 0.02 ) . The overall weight gain ( which included weight change during periods of illness ) revealed a similar picture in favour of the wool group , 21.5 g/day vs 18.2 g/day ( p less than 0.05 ) . Movement patterns for the two groups showed no differences , but for all babies a strong correlation was noted between moving and lying suspine ( p less than 0.001 ) , having eyes open ( p less than 0.001 ) , a cooler incubator ( p less than 0.01 ) , and faster weight gain ( p less than 0.01 ) . Lambswool seems to have advantages over cotton sheets as a bedding material for very low birth weight babies The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a gentle human touch ( GHT ) intervention provided to 42 preterm infants ( 27 - 33 weeks gestational age ) , for 10 min , three times daily for 10 days . There was no significant difference in mean HR levels or in percent of abnormal heart rate ( HR ) or O2 saturation comparing 10-min baseline ( B ) , GHT , and 10-min post-touch ( PT ) phases . There were significantly lower levels of active sleep , motor activity , and behavioral distress during GHT compared to B and P phases . There were no differences among the 42 infants in the GHT group and 42 infants in a r and omly assigned control group on any outcome variable including weight gain , morbidity status , or behavioral organization . The findings suggest that GHT generally is a safe and soothing type of touch to provide to young preterm infants , but that individual infant responses to touch need to be continuously monitored by NICU staff and parents To investigate cl aims that oscillating mattresses reduce  apnea of prematurity  and improve growth and neurobehavioural development , we performed a r and omized clinical trial using a predetermined sample size . Preterm infants weighing from 750 to 1750 gm at birth were r and omly assigned , by 250 gm strata , to either a conventional mattress ( n = 63 ) or to an air mattress ( n = 59 ) oscillating at 14 to 16 regular pulses per minute . Infants remained on the oscillating air mattress for at least 7 days or until 34 weeks postmenstrual age . Apneic episodes occurred and required treatment equally in the two groups ; this lack of an effect was seen for both sexes and all weight groups . Both weight and energy intake were similar . Neurobehavioral development as shown by sleep state , habituation testing , and behavioral assessment at term , 3 , 6 , and 12 months was similar in the two groups . There was no difference in the incidence of neurologic abnormalities . We conclude that an oscillating air mattress has no prophylactic value in reducing apnea and does not enhance growth and development Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation was given to 20 preterm neonates ( mean gestational age , 31 weeks ; mean birth weight , 1,280 g ; mean time in neonatal intensive care unit , 20 days ) during transitional ( " grower " ) nursery care , and their growth , sleep-wake behavior , and Brazelton scale performance was compared with a group of 20 control neonates . The tactile/kinesthetic stimulation consisted of body stroking and passive movements of the limbs for three , 15-minute periods per day for a 10 days . The stimulated neonates averaged a 47 % greater weight gain per day ( mean 25 g v 17 g ) , were more active and alert during sleep/wake behavior observations , and showed more mature habituation , orientation , motor , and range of state behavior on the Brazelton scale than control infants . Finally , their hospital stay was 6 days shorter , yielding a cost savings of approximately $ 3,000 per infant . These data suggest that tactile/kinesthetic stimulation may be a cost effective way of facilitating growth and behavioral organization even in very small preterm neonates BACKGROUND To determine the effects of tactile-kinesthetic stimulation to preterms on physiologic parameters , physical growth and behavioral development . DESIGN Controlled trial . SETTING The premature unit ( growing nursery ) of a large 
    Output:
    
REVIEW ER 'S CONCLUSIONS Evidence that massage for preterm infants is of benefit for developmental outcomes is weak and does not warrant wider use of preterm infant massage .