***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A classical treatment for chronic adult periodontitis consists of four to six consecutive sessions of scaling and root planing at a 1- to 2-week interval . Such a so-called " quadrant or sextant therapy " might result in a reinfection of a previously disinfected area by bacteria from an untreated region . The purpose of this study was to investigate , over an 8-month period , the clinical benefits of full-mouth disinfection within a 24-hour period in the control of chronic periodontitis . Ten adult patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned to a test and a control group . The control group received the st and ard scheme of initial periodontal therapy , consisting of scaling and root planing of the four quadrants was performed within 24 hours and immediately followed by a thorough supra- and subgingival chlorhexidine application to limit any transfer of bacteria . The latter involved tongue brushing with a 1 % chlorhexidine gel for 60 seconds , mouthrinsing with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution twice for 60 seconds , repeated subgingival irrigation of all pockets with a 1 % chlorhexidine gel ( 3 times within 10 minutes ) , and mouthrinsing twice daily with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution during 2 weeks . In addition , both groups received thorough oral hygiene instructions . The plaque index , gingival index , probing depth , gingival recession , and bleeding on probing were recorded prior to professional cleaning and at 1 , 2 , 4 , and 8 months afterwards . Although the test group scored higher plaque indices than the control group , especially at months 2 and 4 , the gingival index and bleeding tendency showed similar improvements with time . However , when the gingival/plaque ratio was considered , the latter was lower in the test group at all follow-up visits . For pockets > or = 7 mm , full-mouth disinfection showed a significantly ( P = 0.01 ) higher reduction in probing depth at each follow-up visit with , at month 8 , a reduction of 4 mm ( from 8 mm to 4 mm ) , in comparison to 3 mm ( from 8 mm to 5 mm ) for the classical therapy . The increase in gingival recession in the full-mouth disinfection group remained below 0.7 mm , while in the control group it reached 1.9 mm after 8 months . This result ed in a gain of clinical attachment level of 3.7 mm for the test group versus 1.9 mm for the control group . A radiographical examination also indicated a superior improvement for the test group when compared to the control group . This pilot study suggests that a full-mouth disinfection in one day results in an improved clinical outcome in chronic periodontitis as compared to scalings per quadrant at 2-week intervals over several weeks To clarify the source of re-emerging periodontal pathogens after treatment , we compared the ribotypes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens group and Campylobacter rectus before and after treatment in 7 periodontitis patients and in 6 of the spouses . The patients harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans , P. gingivalis , P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group or C. rectus in their subgingival or salivary sample s before treatment . The respective bacterial species were not detected 1 month after treatment , but reappeared by 6 months later . When available , 4 r and om colonies of each of the 4 species were isolated from both subgingival and salivary sample s at each sampling occasion , the isolates were subcultured , identified and typed applying pheno- and genotypic intraspecies characterization methods . Altogether 90 strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans , P. gingivalis , P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group and C. rectus were available from 2 , 3 , 2 and 4 patients , respectively . The pre- and post-treatment ribotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans- , P. gingivalis- and P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group-isolates were identical in all respective patients . The pre- and post-treatment ribotypes of C. rectus were identical in 1 of 4 patients , whereas 2 patients harbored a previously not detected post-treatment ribotype and 1 patient harbored the initial and a previously not detected post-treatment ribotype . To study the possibility that periodontitis patients may acquire strains from the spouse after treatment , isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans , P. gingivalis , P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group and C. rectus ( n = 95 ) from the patients ' spouses were ribotyped and compared with those of the patients . The patient exhibited his own post-treatment ribotypes , different from those of the spouse , of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in 1 couple and of P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group and C. rectus in 1 couple . In the 2 patients who harbored a previously not detected post-treatment ribotype of C. rectus , one patient shared the new ribotype with the spouse , whereas the other one did not . Although an exogenous source can not be fully ruled out , the patient 's own oral flora seems to be the main source of re-emerging periodontal pathogens after treatment A treatment for periodontal infections often consists of consecutive rootplanings ( per quadrant , at a 1- to 2-week interval ) , without a proper disinfection of the remaining intra-oral niches ( untreated pockets , tongue , saliva , mucosa and tonsils ) . Such an approach , could theoretically lead to a reinfection of previously-treated pockets . The present study aims to examine the effect of a full-mouth disinfection on the microbiota in the above-mentioned niches . Moreover , the clinical benefit of such an approach was investigated . 16 patients with severe periodontitis were r and omly allocated to a test and a control group . The patients from the control group were scaled and rootplaned , per quadrant , at 2-week intervals and obtained oral hygiene instructions . The patients from the test group received a full-mouth disinfection consisting of : scaling and rootplaning of all pockets in 2 visits within 24 h , in combination with tongue brushing with 1 % chlorhexidine gel for 1 min , mouth rinsing with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine solution for 2 min and subgingival irrigation of all pockets ( 3x in 10 min ) with 1 % chlorhexidine gel . Besides oral hygiene , the test group rinsed 2x daily with 0.2 % chlorhexidine and sprayed the tonsils with a 0.2 % chlorhexidine for 2 months . Plaque sample s ( pockets , tongue , mucosa and saliva ) were taken at baseline and after 2 and 4 months , and changes in probing depth , attachment level and bleeding on probing were reported . The full-mouth disinfection result ed in a statistically significant additional reduction/elimination of periodontopathogens , especially in the subgingival pockets , but also in the other niches . These microbiological improvements were reflected in a statistically-significant higher probing depth reduction and attachment gain in the test patients . These findings suggest that a disinfection of all intra-oral niches within a short time span leads to significant clinical and microbiological improvements for up to 4 months AIM To test recolonization of periodontal lesions after full-mouth scaling and root planing ( FM-SRP ) or multiple session-SRP ( MS-SRP ) in a r and omized clinical trial and whether FM-SRP and MS-SRP result in different clinical outcomes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-nine subjects were r and omly assigned to FM-SRP or MS-SRP groups . At baseline and after 3 months , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , plaque index ( PlI ) and bleeding on probing ( BoP ) were recorded . At baseline , immediately after treatment , after 1 , 2 , 7 , 14 and 90 days , paper point sample s from a single site from the maxillary right quadrant were collected for microbiological analysis of five putative pathogens by polymerase chain reaction . RESULTS FM-SRP and MS-SRP result ed in significant reductions in PPD , BoP and PlI and the overall detection frequencies of the five species after 3 months without significant differences between treatments . Compared with MS-SRP , FM-SRP result ed in less recolonization of the five species , significantly for Treponema denticola , in the tested sites . CONCLUSION FM-SRP and MS-SRP result in overall clinical ly and microbiologically comparable outcomes where recolonization of periodontal lesions may be better prevented by FM-SRP OBJECTIVES The beneficial effects of the one-stage , full-mouth disinfection remain controversial in the scientific literature . This might be due to the fact that an entire mouth disinfection with the use of antiseptics has been confused with a full-mouth scaling and root planing . This parallel , single blind RCT study aim ed to compare several full-mouth treatment strategies with each other . MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-one patients with moderate periodontitis were r and omly allocated to one of the following treatment strategies : scaling and root planing , quadrant by quadrant , at two-week intervals ( negative control , NC ) , full-mouth scaling and root planing within 2 consecutive days ( FRP ) , or three one-stage , full-mouth disinfection ( FM ) protocol s within 2 consecutive days applying antiseptics to all intra-oral niches for periopathogens using as antiseptics : chlorhexidine ( FMCHX ) for 2 months , amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for 2 months ( FMF ) , or chlorhexidine for 2 months followed by amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for another 6 months ( FMCHX+F ) . At baseline and after 2 , 4 , and 8 a series of periodontal parameters were recorded . RESULTS All treatment strategies result ed in significant ( p<0.05 ) improvements of all clinical parameters over the entire duration of the study . Inter-treatment differences were often encountered . The NC group nearly always showed significant smaller improvements than the two CHX groups . The differences between the FRP or FM groups , and the two CHX groups only sporadically reached a statistical significance . CONCLUSION These observations indicate that the benefits of the " OSFMD " protocol are partially due to the use of the antiseptics and partially to the completion of the therapy in a short time BACKGROUND One-stage full-mouth scaling and root planing ( FM-SRP ) in combination with systemically administered azithromycin was shown to be clinical ly and bacteriologically effective in the treatment of chronic periodontitis . However , FM-SRP requires 2 hours for completion . Azithromycin has a long half-life . Therefore , if SRP of the full mouth is performed within 7 days while an effective concentration of azithromycin remains in the gingiva , the effects may be the same as FM-SRP . The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and bacteriologic effects of FM-SRP and partial-mouth scaling and root planing ( PM-SRP ) in patients with chronic periodontitis , which was performed in three sessions within 7 days , during the effective half-life of systemically administrated azithromycin . METHODS Thirty adult subjects with chronic periodontitis were r and omly divided into three groups ( FM-SRP , PM-SRP , and control ) . A clinical examination was conducted to record the probing depth , clinical attachment level gain , bleeding on probing , gingival index , and volume of gingival crevicular fluid ; bacterial sample s were obtained before treatment and 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months thereafter . Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using the polymerase chain reaction-Invader method . RESULTS All clinical parameters showed better improvement in FM-SRP and PM-SRP groups compared to the control group , with no significant differences between the two test groups . Periodontal bacteria were well controlled in the two test groups , but they tended to increase gradually 3 months after treatment in the control group . CONCLUSION PM- and FM-SRP demonstrated comparable clinical and bacteriologic results BACKGROUND / AIMS Recent studies reported significant additional clinical and microbiological improvements when severe adult periodontitis was treated by means of a " one-stage full-mouth " disinfection instead of a st and ard treatment strategy with consecutive root planings quadrant per quadrant . The one stage full-mouth disinfection procedure involves scaling and root planing of all pockets within 24 h in combination with an extensive application of chlorhexidine to all intra-oral niches such as periodontal pockets , tongue dorsum , tonsils ( chairside , and at home for 2 months ) . This study aims to examine the relative importance of the use of chlorhexidine in the one stage full-mouth disinfection protocol . METHODS Therefore , 3 groups of 12 patients each with advanced periodontitis were followed , both from a clinical and microbiological point of view , over a period of 8 months . The patients from the control group were scaled and root planed , quadrant per quadrant . at two-week intervals . The 2 other groups underwent a one stage full-mouth scaling and root planing ( all pockets within 24 h ) with ( Fdis ) or without ( FRp = full-mouth root planing ) the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine . At baseline and after 1 , 2 , 4 and 8 months , the following clinical parameters were recorded : plaque and gingivitis indices , probing depth , bleeding on probing and clinical attachment level . Microbiological sample s were taken from different intra-oral niches ( tongue , mucosa , saliva and pooled sample s from single- and multi-rooted teeth ) . The sample s were cultured on selective and non-selective media in order to evaluate the number of CFU/ml for the key-periodontopathogens . At baseline , an anonymous question naire was given to the patients to record the perception of 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , on the basis of the best available data , the strength of evidence is grade B ( consistent , low- quality evidence ) for full-mouth ( with or without antiseptics ) and quadrant scaling and root planing for treatment of chronic periodontitis