***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of high-resolution ultrasonography for the detection of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) changes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) . METHODS We investigated prospect ively 20 children ( 17 female and 3 male ; mean age 11.06 years , st and ard deviation 3.43 years ) with TMJ disorders caused by JIA , over a period of 16 months . Using a 12 MHz array transducer , four images in each TMJ ( 160 images ) were acquired . Each image was analysed with regard to five different aspects ( condylar erosion , thickness of the condylar disc , synovial thickness , joint effusion and enlargement of the intra-articular space ) . RESULTS Diagnosis of JIA was ensured for every child and involvement of the TMJ was proven by MRI . Overall 287 changes ( 35.9 % ) were detected by using high-resolution ultrasonography . On 124 images ( 77.5 % ) condylar erosions were diagnosed ; on 55 images ( 34.4 % ) synovial thickness was abnormal ; on 48 images ( 30 % ) we could see higher thickness of the condylar disc ; on 40 images ( 25 % ) irregularities of the bony surface were detected ; and on 20 images ( 12.5 % ) we found joint effusion . CONCLUSION High-resolution ultrasonography could be a sufficient diagnostic method , especially for the detection of condylar involvement in children with JIA , even if not all parts of the TMJ are visible for ultrasonography . High-resolution ultrasonography is a valuable tool in particular situations : ( i ) when MRI examination is not available ; ( ii ) when children fear MRI examination ; ( iii ) in more advanced stages of JIA ; and ( iv ) for monitoring the progression of TMJ involvement and response of therapy OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) disease in a cohort of children with new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) , and to compare magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) with ultrasound ( US ) for the detection of acute and chronic changes of TMJ arthritis . METHODS Between January 2005 and April 2007 , children with newly diagnosed JIA were prospect ively evaluated for TMJ arthritis . Prior to imaging , jaw pain and disability were assessed with question naires and physical examination . The TMJs of all patients were imaged with MRI and US within 8 weeks of diagnosis . RESULTS Of the 32 patients enrolled , 78 % were female , and the median age was 8.6 years ( range 1.5 - 17.2 years ) .  Acute TMJ arthritis was diagnosed in 75 % of the children by MRI and in none by US ; chronic arthritis was diagnosed in 69 % by MRI and in 28 % by US . Findings of both acute and chronic TMJ disease were detected by MRI in 53 % of the patients . Of those with acute TMJ arthritis , 71 % were asymptomatic , and 63 % had normal findings on jaw examination . Fifty-six percent of patients with acute disease had an improved maximal incisal opening after corticosteroid injection . Among these responders , 56 % had been asymptomatic and had normal jaw examination findings . CONCLUSION TMJ arthritis was present in the majority of patients with new-onset JIA . Findings on MRI along with responses to treatment among asymptomatic patients with normal jaw examination findings suggest that a history review and physical examination are not sufficient to screen for TMJ disease . Our results also suggest that MRI and US findings are not well correlated , and that MRI is preferable for the detection of TMJ disease in new-onset JIA AIM To compare clinical feasibility of static two-dimensional ( 2D ) to three-dimensional ( 3D ) sonography of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) in assessment of disk dislocation and joint degeneration compared to magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . METHOD Thirty-three patients , 66 TMJ were prospect ively sonographed 2D and 3D ( 8 - 12.5MHz step motor scan ) , in occlusion and maximum opening with a probe position parallel inferior to the zygomatic arch . Axial 2D images were judged independent from the 3D scans ; 3D volumes were cut axial , sagittal , frontal and rotated in real-time . Disk position and joint degeneration were assessed and compared to a subsequent MRI examination . RESULTS The specific appearance of the disk was hypoechogenic overlying a hyperechogenic condyle in axial ( 2D ) or sagittal and frontal ( 3D ) viewing . Specificity of  2D sonography  for disk dislocation was 63 % , sensitivity 58 % , accuracy 64 % , positive predictive value 46 % , negative predictive value 73 % ; for joint degeneration synonymously 59/68/61/38/83 % .  3D sonography for disk displacement reached synonymously 68/60/69/51/76 % , for joint degeneration 75/65/73/48/86 % . 2D  sonographic diagnoses of disk dislocation in the closed mouth position and of joint degeneration showed significantly different results from the expected values ( MRI ) in chi(2 ) testing ; 3D diagnoses of disk dislocation in closed mouth position , of joint degeneration , 2D and 3D diagnoses in open mouth position were nonsignificant . CONCLUSIONS Acceptable was the overall negative predictive value , as specificity and accuracy for joint degeneration in 3D . 3D appears superior diagnosing disk dislocation in closed mouth position as for overall joint degeneration . Sensitivity , accuracy and positive predictive value will have to ameliorate with future equipment of higher resolution in real-time 2D and 3D , if sonographic screening shall be clinical ly applied prior to MRI OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to compare ultrasonography ( US ) with magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) with respect to the diagnosis of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) internal derangements . STUDY DESIGN The study group consisted of 23 patients with a chief complaint of TMJ discomfort who were tentatively diagnosed by means of head-neck examination as having TMJ internal derangements and a control group of 9 volunteers who had no sign of TMJ internal derangements . All the patients were then examined by means of MRI and US . RESULTS The results showed perfect agreement between MRI and US in the diagnosis of TMJ internal derangements ( kappa = 1.000 ; P = .0001 ) . CONCLUSION MRI and US can be used to define the disk and its position , as well as the presence of TMJ internal derangements This study determined the value of three-dimensional ( 3-D ) sonography for the assessment of  osteoarthrosis and disk degeneration of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) . Sixty-eight patients ( 136 TMJ ) with clinical dysfunction were examined by 272 sonographic 3-D scans . An 8- to 12.5-MHz motor-angulated transducer positioned inferior-parallel to the zygomatic arch scanned the region-of-interest . 3-D condylar morphology was compared with subsequent magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . Fifty-three data sets were complete , i.e. , 106 TMJ , 212 examinations . 3-D sonographic examination took 5 min and attained 70 % sensitivity/76 % specificity/75 % accuracy ; positive predictive value was 44%% ; negative predictive value was 90 % . Disk degeneration was diagnosed synonymously with 64%/73%/71%/42%/ 87 % . 3-D sonography proved to be reliable for exclusion of osteoarthrosis as disk degeneration compared with MRI , whereas the presence of osteoarthrosis and disk dislocation can not be reliably diagnosed . Prospect i ve use will include routine screening , using more sophisticated equipment with higher frequency in real-time 3-D viewing OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether there are any correlations between the clinical parameters of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) arthritis and pathologic ultrasound ( US ) findings of the TMJ in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) . METHODS We conducted prospect i ve clinical and US investigations of the TMJs of 48 patients with JIA . The US investigation was performed by a 12-MHz high-resolution transducer , which was positioned parallel to the ramus of the m and ible overlying the zygomatic arch in a closed-mouth position and maximum open-mouth position . RESULTS Patients with > or = 5 peripheral affected joints showed significantly more sonographically diagnosed destructive changes in the TMJ than did patients with < 5 affected joints . There was no significance between the number of affected peripheral joints and disc dislocation in the closed-mouth position . In the maximum open-mouth position , there was a significant correlation between the number of affected peripheral joints and disc dislocation .  Patients with a JIA duration > 23 months had a significantly higher rate of disc dislocation and destructive changes . Patients with a JIA duration > 60 months had a significantly higher rate of destructive changes of the TMJ than patients with a disease duration < 60 months , but no statistical significance was found concerning disc dislocation . CONCLUSION The significant correlation between pathologic sonographic findings , duration of JIA , and the number of affected peripheral joints make the technique interesting for use as a diagnostic screening method PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate patients with a clinical diagnosis of internal derangement to determine the diagnostic value of static high resolution ultrasonography ( HR-US ) when compared with magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . PATIENTS Sixty-six patients ( 132 temporom and ibular joints [ TMJs ] ) with a clinical diagnosis of internal derangement were investigated by HR-US and MRI . METHODS MRI and HR-US investigations were performed by experienced radiologists . The sonograms were done with a real-time 12-Mhz linear-array scanner . The HR-US interpretation errors were re-evaluated retrospectively by the same radiologist knowing the MRI results by comparing these with the ' prospect i ve ' and ' retrospective ' diagnoses . The prospect i ve and retrospective diagnoses were also compared with each other . RESULTS Eighty-seven of the 132 TMJs had a disc displacement proved by MRI in the closed-mouth position . At maximum mouth opening , 54 TMJs had a disc displacement . The prospect i ve interpretations showed a sensitivity and specificity of 78 % each , accounting for an accuracy of 78 % . At maximum mouth opening , HR-US result ed in a sensitivity of 61 % , a specificity of 88 % and an accuracy of 77 % . The retrospective interpretations yielded a sensitivity of 90 % , a specificity of 84 % and an accuracy of 88 % in the closed-mouth position . At maximum mouth opening , HR-US showed a sensitivity of 73 % , a specificity of 95 % and an accuracy of 86 % . CONCLUSION HR-US is suitable for the detection of disc displacements in the TMJ . However , further studies may be warranted to reduce the proportion of false-positive interpretations , thereby avoiding the application of unnecessary treatment 
    Output:
    
This systematic review found that dynamic imaging with high-resolution US improves sensitivity and specificity compared to static , low-resolution US .
Additionally , there is evidence to suggest that US imaging following a baseline MRI can increase US sensitivity and specificity and may have a future role in disease surveillance