***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This article describes a second treatment- outcome study of cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ; CTT-BW ) . CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration : PTSD education ; stress management ; exposure to abuse and abuser reminders ; self-monitoring of negative self-talk ; cognitive therapy for guilt ; and modules on self-advocacy , assertiveness , and how to identify perpetrators . One hundred twenty-five ethnically diverse women were r and omly assigned to immediate or delayed CTT-BW .  PTSD remitted in 87 % of women who completed CTT-BW , with large reductions in depression and guilt and substantial increases in self-esteem .  White and ethnic minority women benefited equally from CTT-BW . Similar treatment outcomes were obtained by male and female therapists and by therapists with different levels of education and training . Gains were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-ups Using a nationally representative sample of American married or cohabiting women , this prospect i ve study examined women who reported or denied intimate partner violence ( IPV ) at wave 1 and compared them on a range of psychosocial outcomes at a 5-year follow-up . This study also examined the rate of divorce or separation during the 5-year interval among women who reported IPV at wave 1 and explored whether certain predictors were related to ending an abusive relationship with an intimate partner during the period . Women with IPV at wave 1 , compared to women without IPV , were significantly more likely to experience a greater degree of depressive symptoms and functional impairment and less self-esteem and life satisfaction at the 5-year follow-up . Also , nearly half of the women in an abusive relationship left the relationship within the period . Leaving the abusive relationship was associated with lower individual income and more social support at wave 1 CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration , PTSD psychoeducation , stress management , psychoeducation about dysfunctional self-talk and self-monitoring of self-talk , exposure to abuse reminders , Cognitive Therapy for Trauma-Related Guilt ( E. S. Kubany & F. P. Manke , 1995 ) , and modules on assertiveness , managing contacts with former partners , self-advocacy strategies , and avoiding revictimization . Thirty-seven ethnically diverse women were assigned to Immediate or Delayed CTT-BW .  PTSD remitted in 30 of 32 women who completed CTT-BW . Gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up . CTT-BW was efficacious across ethnic background s. Issues related to disseminability of CTT-BW are discussed BACKGROUND Evidence for a benefit of interventions to help women who screen positive for intimate partner violence ( IPV ) in health-care setting s is limited . We assessed whether brief counselling from family doctors trained to respond to women identified through IPV screening would increase women 's quality of life , safety planning and behaviour , and mental health . METHODS In this cluster r and omised controlled trial , we enrolled family doctors from clinics in Victoria , Australia , and their female patients ( aged 16 - 50 years ) who screened positive for fear of a partner in past 12 months in a health and lifestyle survey . The study intervention consisted of the following : training of doctors , notification to doctors of women screening positive for fear of a partner , and invitation to women for one-to-six sessions of counselling for relationship and emotional issues . We used a computer-generated r and omisation sequence to allocate doctors to control ( st and ard care ) or intervention , stratified by location of each doctor 's practice ( urban vs rural ) , with r and om permuted block sizes of two and four within each stratum . Data were collected by postal survey at baseline and at 6 months and 12 months post-invitation ( 2008 - 11 ) . Research ers were masked to treatment allocation , but women and doctors enrolled into the trial were not . Primary outcomes were quality of life ( WHO Quality of Life-BREF ) , safety planning and behaviour , mental health ( SF-12 ) at 12 months . Secondary outcomes included depression and anxiety ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ; cut-off ≥8 ) ; women 's report of an inquiry from their doctor about the safety of them and their children ; and comfort to discuss fear with their doctor ( five-point Likert scale ) . Analyses were by intention to treat , accounting for missing data , and estimates reported were adjusted for doctor location and outcome scores at baseline . This trial is registered with the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry , number ACTRN12608000032358 . FINDINGS We r and omly allocated 52 doctors ( and 272 women who were eligible for inclusion and returned their baseline survey ) to either  intervention ( 25 doctors , 137 women ) or control  ( 27 doctors , 135 women ) . 96 ( 70 % ) of 137 women in the intervention group ( seeing 23 doctors ) and 100 ( 74 % ) of 135 women in the control group ( seeing 26 doctors ) completed 12 month follow-up . We detected no difference in quality of life , safety planning and behaviour , or mental health SF-12 at 12 months . For secondary outcomes , we detected no between-group difference in anxiety at 12 months or comfort to discuss fear at 6 months , but depressiveness caseness at 12 months was improved in the intervention group compared with the control group ( odds ratio 0·3 , 0·1 - 0·7 ; p=0·005 ) , as was doctor enquiry at 6 months about women 's safety ( 5·1 , 1·9 - 14·0 ; p=0·002 ) and children 's safety ( 5·5 , 1·6 - 19·0 ; p=0·008 ) . We recorded no adverse events . INTERPRETATION Our findings can inform further research on brief counselling for women disclosing intimate partner violence in primary care setting s , but do not lend support to the use of postal screening in the identification of those patients . However , we suggest that family doctors should be trained to ask about the safety of women and children , and to provide supportive counselling for women experiencing abuse , because our findings suggest that , although we detected no improvement in quality of life , counselling can reduce depressive symptoms . FUNDING Australian National Health and Medical Research Council This study evaluates the long-term efficacy of a brief psychotherapeutic cognitive-behavioral program in group format for female victims of violence by their intimate partner . 53 battered women were r and omized into one of two intervention programs : one including among others exposure technique  ( n = 28 ) and another one in which exposure procedures were substituted by communication skills training ( n = 25 ) . Additionally , both programs included : psycho-education , breath control , training to improve self-esteem , cognitive restructuring , problem-solving , planning pleasant activities , and relapse prevention . The treatment was carried out in 8 weekly sessions . Measures of posttraumatic symptoms , anxiety , depression , self-esteem and anger expression were analyzed at pre- and post-treatment , and at 1- , 3- , 6- and 12-months follow-ups . Results show a pronounced decrease of posttraumatic , depressive and anxiety symptoms , which maintained in the different measure moments , with scarce difference between the two programs . The results and their clinical implication s are discussed This study developed a group intervention model appropriate for battered women in Korea and tested its effectiveness . The sessions in the group intervention were formatted to stress the following topics : assess trauma , identify major problems , deal with feelings , underst and self , identify batterer 's characteristics , improve stress management strategies , develop action plans , and promote empowerment . The major finding was that the trait anxiety scores of the 16 battered women in the experimental group significantly decreased after the intervention . The change in levels of state anxiety , self-esteem , and depression in the experimental group were not significantly different from those of the 17 the subjects in the control group OBJECTIVE This study examined ( a ) the efficacy of a manualized , culturally informed , empowerment-focused psychoeducational group intervention ( Nia ) design ed in accord with the theory of triadic influence or treatment as usual ( TAU ) for reducing psychological symptomatology ( suicidal ideation , depressive symptoms , posttraumatic stress symptoms , general psychological distress ) , and ( b ) the effect of Nia versus TAU on the relation between exposure to intimate partner violence ( IPV ) and psychological symptomatology in these women . METHOD Two hundred eight low-socioeconomic-status African American women with a recent history of IPV and a suicide attempt were r and omized to Nia or TAU and assessed at baseline , postintervention , and 6- and 12-month follow-up . They were assessed on their levels of IPV ( Index of Spouse Abuse ) , suicidal ideation ( Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation ) , depressive symptoms ( Beck Depression Inventory-II ) , posttraumatic stress symptoms , and general psychological distress ( Brief Symptom Inventory ) . RESULTS Hierarchical linear modeling found that women receiving the culturally informed Nia intervention showed more rapid reductions in depressive symptoms and general distress initially , and the between-group difference in depressive symptoms persisted at follow-up . Following intervention , compared with women r and omized to TAU , women in Nia exhibited less severe suicidal ideation when exposed to physical and nonphysical IPV . CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the value of incorporating Nia as an adjunctive intervention for abused , suicidal , low-income women . They underscore the ways the intervention needs to be bolstered to address more directly more mediating and moderating constructs , as well as the need to target more effectively the key outcomes This study assessed the initial feasibility , acceptability , and efficacy of an intervention aim ed at reducing depression and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) in a sample of low-income pregnant women with recent intimate partner violence ( IPV ) . Fifty-four women were r and omly assigned to the intervention or control group . The intervention consisted of four sessions during pregnancy and one “ booster ” session within 2 weeks of delivery . Based on principles of Interpersonal Psychotherapy , the intervention was design ed to help participants improve their interpersonal relationships , including their social support networks , and master their role transition to motherhood . Assessment s were administered at four time points ( intake , 5–6 weeks post-intake , 2 weeks postpartum , 3 months postpartum ) to assess for depression , PTSD , and IPV . The intervention did not significantly reduce the likelihood of a major depressive episode , PTSD , or IPV during pregnancy or up to 3-month postpartum . However , we found moderate effects for the intervention in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression during pregnancy and a large effect for PTSD symptoms from pregnancy up to 3 months postpartum . This study suggests some initial support for our intervention . Larger r and omized trials are needed to further examine the intervention both during and after pregnancy This study tests the feasibility , safety , and short-term preliminary effects of a relapse prevention and relationship safety ( RPRS ) intervention in reducing drug use and the experience of intimate partner violence ( IPV ) among women on methadone . For this r and omized controlled trial , 34 women who met IPV and drug use criteria were r and omly assigned to either the RPRS condition ( n = 16 ) or a one-session informational control ( IC ) condition ( n = 18 ) . RPRS participants were more likely than IC participants to report a decrease in minor physical or sexual IPV ( OR = 7.1 , p = .05 ) , minor psychological IPV ( OR = 5.3 , p = .03 ) and severe psychological IPV ( OR = 6.07 , p = .03 ) at the 3month follow-up . Data suggest that RPRS participants were also more likely than IC participants to report a decrease in any drug use at 3 months ( OR = 3.3 , p = .08 ) . This study provides preliminary evidence that the RPRS intervention is effective in reducing IPV and drug use among women on methadone PROBLEM/CONDITION Sexual violence , stalking , and intimate partner violence are public health problems known to have a negative impact on millions of persons in the United States each year , not only by way of immediate harm but also through negative long-term health impacts . Before implementation of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey ( NISVS ) in 2010 , the most recent detailed national data on the public health burden from these forms of violence were obtained from the National Violence against Women Survey conducted during 1995 - 1996 . This report examines sexual violence , stalking , and intimate partner violence victimization using data from 2011 . The report describes the overall prevalence of sexual violence , stalking , and intimate partner violence victimization ; racial/ethnic variation in prevalence ; how types of perpetrators vary by violence type ; and the age at which victimization typically begins . For intimate partner violence , the report also examines a range of negative impacts experienced as a result of victimization , including the need for services . REPORTING PERIOD January-December , 2011 . DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM NISVS is a national r and om-digit-dial telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized English- and Spanish-speaking U.S. population aged ≥18 years . NISVS gathers data on experiences of sexual violence , stalking , and intimate partner violence among adult women and men in the United States by using a dual-frame sampling strategy that includes both l and line and cellular telephones . The survey was conducted in 50 states and the District of Columbia ; in 2011 , the second year of NISVS data collection , 12,727 interviews were completed , and 1,428 interviews were partially completed . RESULTS In the United States , an estimated 19.3 % of women and 
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On average , effects sizes were large ( g = 1.02 ) suggesting that most sort-term interventions are effective , however CBT-based interventions that were tailored to IPV survivors achieved the largest effect sizes .