***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Computer-administered cognitive training ( CT ) tasks are a common component of cognitive remediation treatments . There is growing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) , when given during cognitive tasks , improves performance . This r and omized , controlled trial explored the potential synergistic effects of CT combined with tDCS in healthy participants . Altogether , 60 healthy participants were r and omized to receive either active or sham tDCS administered during training on an adaptive CT task ( dual n-back task ) , or tDCS alone , over 10 daily sessions . Cognitive testing ( working memory , processing speed , executive function , reaction time ) was conducted at baseline , end of the 10 sessions , and at 4-wk follow-up to examine potential transfer effects to non-trained tasks . Altogether , 54 participants completed the study . Over the 10 ' online ' sessions , participants in the active tDCS+CT condition performed more accurately on the CT task than participants who received sham tDCS+CT . The performance enhancing effect , however , was present only during tDCS and did not result in greater learning ( i.e. improvement over sessions ) on the CT task . These results confirm prior reports of enhancement of cognitive function during tDCS stimulation . At follow-up , the active tDCS+CT group , but not the sham tDCS+CT group , showed greater gains on a non-trained test of attention and working memory than the tDCS-only group ( p < 0.01 ) . Although this gain can mainly be attributable to training , this result suggests that active tDCS may have a role in further enhancing outcomes BACKGROUND Subjects with a mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) have a memory impairment beyond that expected for age and education yet are not demented . These subjects are becoming the focus of many prediction studies and early intervention trials . OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical ly subjects with MCI  cross-sectionally and longitudinally . DESIGN A prospect i ve , longitudinal inception cohort . SETTING General community clinic . PARTICIPANTS A sample of 76 consecutively evaluated subjects with MCI were compared with 234 healthy control subjects and 106 patients with mild Alzheimer disease ( AD ) , all from a community setting as part of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer 's Disease Center/Alzheimer 's Disease Patient Registry , Rochester , Minn. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 3 groups of individuals were compared on demographic factors and measures of cognitive function including the  Mini-Mental State Examination , Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised , Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised , Dementia Rating Scale , Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test , and Auditory Verbal Learning Test .  Clinical classifications of dementia and AD were determined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Revised Third Edition and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer 's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria , respectively . RESULTS The primary distinction between control subjects and subjects with MCI was in the area of memory , while other cognitive functions were comparable . However , when the subjects with MCI were compared with the patients with very mild AD , memory performance was similar , but patients with AD were more impaired in other cognitive domains as well . Longitudinal performance demonstrated that the subjects with MCI declined at a rate greater than that of the controls but less rapidly than the patients with mild AD . CONCLUSIONS Patients who meet the criteria for MCI can be differentiated from healthy control subjects and those with very mild AD . They appear to constitute a clinical entity that can be characterized for treatment interventions Objective : Given the limited effectiveness of pharmacological treatments , non-pharmacological interventions to treat Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) have gained attention in recent years . The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of anodal tDCS ( AtDCS ) combined with memory training on face-name associations in an AD patient sample . Methods : Thirty six AD patients were r and omly assigned to one of three study groups : Group 1 , AtDCS plus individualized computerized memory training ; Group 2 , placebo tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training ; Group 3 , AtDCS plus motor training . Results : A general improvement in performance was observed after 2 weeks of memory training . Both the anodal tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training and the placebo tDCS plus individualized computerized memory training groups had significantly improved performances at 2 weeks compared with the AtDCS plus motor training group . Conclusion : Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of individualized memory rehabilitation in AD patients The capacity for transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) to increase learning and cognition shows promise for the development of enhanced therapeutic interventions . One potential application is the combination of tDCS with cognitive training ( CT ) , a psychological intervention which aims to improve targeted cognitive abilities . We have previously shown that tDCS enhanced performance accuracy , but not skill acquisition , on a dual n-back working memory ( WM ) CT task over repeated sessions . In the current study , we investigated the optimal timing for combining tDCS with the same CT task to enhance within and between session performance outcomes across two daily CT sessions . Twenty healthy participants received in a r and omised order 30 min of anodal tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex immediately before ( ‘ offline ’ tDCS ) and during performance ( ‘ online ’ tDCS ) on a dual n-back WM CT task , in an intra-individual crossover design . Analyses examined within and between session consolidation effects of tDCS on CT performance outcomes . Results showed that ‘ online ’ tDCS was associated with better within session skill acquisition on the CT task , with a significant difference found between conditions the following day . These results suggest that ‘ online ’ tDCS is superior to ‘ offline ’ tDCS for enhancing skill acquisition when combining anodal tDCS with CT . This finding may assist with the development of enhanced protocol s involving the combination of tDCS with CT and other rehabilitation protocol Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) in the neurorehabilitation of Alzheimer ’s disease ( AD ) . Methods : Thirty-four AD patients were r and omly assigned to three groups : anodal , cathodal , and sham tDCS . Stimulation was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 25 min at 2 mA , daily for 10 days . Each patient was su bmi tted to the following psychometric assessment s : mini-mental state examination ( MMSE ) and Wechsler adult intelligence scale-third edition at base line , at the end of the 10th sessions and then at 1 and 2 months after the end of the sessions . Motor cortical excitability and the P300 event-related potential were assessed at baseline and after the last tDCS session . Results : Significant treatment group × time interactions were observed for the MMSE and performance IQ of the WAIS . Post hoc comparisons showed that both anodal and cathodal tDCS ( ctDCS )  improved MMSE in contrast to sham tDCS . Whereas , this was only true for ctDCS in the performance IQ .  Remarkably , tDCS also reduced the P300 latency , but had no effect on motor cortex excitability . Conclusion : Our findings reveal that repeated sessions of tDCS could not only improve cognitive function but also reduce the P300 latency , which is known to be pathologically increased in AD Background There has been longst and ing interesting in cognitive training for older adults with cognitive impairment . In this study , we will investigate the effects of working memory training , and explore augmentation strategies that could possibly consoli date the effects in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorder .  Transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) has been demonstrated to affect the neuronal excitability and reported to enhance memory performance . As tDCS may also modulate cognitive function through changes in neuroplastic response , it would be adopted as an augmentation strategy for working memory training in the present study . Methods / Design This is a 4-week intervention double-blind r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) of tDCS .  Chinese older adults ( aged 60 to 90 years ) with mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer ’s disease ( DSM-5 criteria ) would be r and omized into a 4-week intervention of either tDCS-working memory ( DCS-WM ) , tDCS-control cognitive training ( DCS-CC ) , and sham tDCS-working memory ( WM-CD ) groups . The primary outcome would be working memory test – the n-back task performance and the Chinese version of the Alzheimer ’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive Subscale ( ADAS-Cog ) . Secondary outcomes would be test performance of specific cognitive domains and mood . Intention-to-treat analysis would be carried out . Changes of efficacy indicators with time and intervention would be tested with mixed effect models . Discussion This study adopts the theory of neuroplasticity to evaluate the potential cognitive benefits of non-invasive electrical brain stimulation , working memory training and dual stimulation in older adults at risk of cognitive decline . It would also examine the tolerability , program adherence and adverse effects of this novel intervention . Information would be helpful for further research of dementia prevention studies .Trial registration ChiCTR-TRC-14005036 Date of registration : 31 July 2014 Background The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) on verbal memory function in patients with Alzheimer ’s disease . Methods We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial in which tDCS was applied in six 30-minute sessions for 10 days . tDCS was delivered to the left temporal cortex with 2-mA intensity . A total of 25 patients with Alzheimer ’s disease were enrolled in the study . All of the patients were diagnosed according to National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer ’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria . Twelve patients received active stimulation , and thirteen patients received placebo stimulation . The primary outcome measure was the change in two parallel versions of the California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition , a st and ardized neuropsychological memory test normalized by age and gender . The secondary outcome measures were the Mini Mental State Examination , clock-drawing test , and Trail Making Test A and B. Results Changes in the California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition scores were not significantly different between the active and placebo stimulation groups for immediate recall ( p = 0.270 ) , delayed recall ( p = 0.052 ) , or recognition ( p = 0.089 ) . There were nonsignificant differences in score changes on the Mini Mental State Examination ( p = 0.799 ) , clock-drawing test ( p = 0.378 ) , and Trail Making Test A ( p = 0.288 ) and B ( p = 0.093 ) . Adverse effects were not observed . Conclusions Compared with placebo stimulation , active tDCS stimulation in this clinical trial did not significantly improve verbal memory function in Alzheimer ’s disease . This study differs from previous studies in terms of the stimulation protocol , trial design , and application of st and ardized neuropsychological memory assessment .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02518412 . Registered on 10 August 2015 Background and Purpose To investigate whether transcranial direct-current stimulation ( tDCS ) can improve cognition in stroke patients . Methods Forty-five stroke patients ( 20 males and 25 females , average age : 62.7 years ) with cognitive dysfunction were included in this prospect i ve , double-blinded , r and omized case – control study . All patients were right-h and ed and the mean elapsed time after stroke was 39.3 days . Three different treatments groups were used : ( 1 ) anodal stimulation of the left anterior temporal lobe , ( 2 ) anodal stimulation of the right anterior temporal lobe , and ( 3 ) sham stimulation . tDCS was delivered for 30 minutes at 2 mA with 25 cm2 electrodes , five times/week , for a total of 3 weeks , using a Phoresor II Auto Model PM 850 ( IOMED ® ) . The evaluation of cognitive impairment was based on a Computerized Neuropsychological Test ( CNT ) , Korean Mini-Mental State Examination ( K-MMSE ) . The Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index ( K-MBI ) was used to assess activities of daily living functionality . These evaluations were conducted in all patients before and after treatment . Results Each group included 15 patients . Pre-treatment evaluation showed no significant differences between the three groups for any of the parameters . There was significant improvement in the verbal learning test on the CNT in the left anodal stimulation group ( P < 0.05 ) . There were , however , no significant differences in the K-MMSE or K-MBI scores among the three groups . Conclusions These results demonstrated the beneficial effects of anodal tDCS on memory function . Thus , tDCS can successfully be used as a treatment modality for patients with cognitive dysfunction after stroke Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Background In spite of treatment advances , HIV infection is associated with cognitive deficits . This is even more important as many persons with HIV infection age and experience age-related cognitive impairments . Both computer-based cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation ( tDCS ) have shown promise as interventions to improve cognitive function . In this study , we investigate the acceptability and efficacy of  cognitive training  with and without tDCS in older persons with HIV . Patients and methods In this single-blind r and omized study , participants were 14 individuals of whom 11 completed study procedures 
    Output:
    
At present , there is a lack of clear evidence concerning the efficacy of multisession anodal tDCS due to the small number of studies and different measures used .