***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The study examines an intervention design ed to influence mothers ' sensitive responsiveness toward their infant by presenting information about the newborn 's competence to interact and promoting affectionate h and ling and interaction with the infant . Thirty-six primiparous mothers and their newborn infants participated in the study . On day 2/3 after delivery , mother-infant dyads were assigned to either : ( 1 ) an experimental group that received an intervention program design ed to enhance mother-infant interaction ; or ( 2 ) a control group that was presented with an intervention that emphasized basic caregiving skills . One month later an observation was undertaken in the home to assess mother-infant synchronous and asynchronous co-occurrences during free-play and infant bathing . The enhancement group showed a reliably greater frequency of co-occurrences involving vocal exchanges , looking to the partner , and physical contact . There also were differences in mothers ' responsiveness to infant crying and involuntary responses . The findings show that even a modest videotaped early intervention can enhance  mothers ' sensitive responsiveness to the infant Patterns in mother-child interaction from infancy to age 12 were investigated in a prospect i ve , longitudinal study of 44 English-speaking mothers and their preterm children . Maternal responsiveness was assessed by home observations during infancy and the  Family Interaction Q-Sort  at age 12 , derived from 2 structured laboratory situations requiring cooperation of mother and child . A cluster of maternal behaviors of critical control toward the toddler was assessed at age 2 years . Children of mothers who were consistently more responsive during both infancy and early adolescence , as well as children whose mothers became more responsive by age 12 , achieved higher IQ and arithmetic scores , had more positive self-esteem , and their teachers reported fewer behavioral and emotional problems than children of mothers who were consistently less responsive both during infancy and at age 12 . Continuity in parenting behaviors was related to control and criticism beginning in the toddler period and not to degree of responsiveness to the infant This study evaluated the enduring effectiveness of a skill-based training program to enhance  maternal sensitivity between 6 and 9 months of age . 82 mothers and their toddlers were evaluated at 18 and 24 months , and 79 at 31/2 years on the bases of observations of free play , everyday interaction , problem solving , and peer interaction . Most of the significant behavioral changes noted in the second year pertain to attachment security , indices of maternal sensitivity across situations , and child cooperation . Some enduring effects on indices of sensitivity appear to be attachment-mediated . In the third year , results revealed direct enduring intervention effects on parental responsiveness and child cooperation . Attachment-mediated effects were evident for maternal assistance , child security , and positive peer contact . Attachment pattern also predicted differences in attractiveness of the focal child as an interactive partner OBJECTIVES To determine whether early psychosocial intervention with low birth weight term ( LBW-T ) infants improved cognition and behavior and to compare LBW-T with normal birth weight ( NBW ) infants . STUDY DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial was carried out in Kingston , Jamaica , with 140 LBW-T infants ( weight<2500 g ) . The intervention comprised weekly home visits by paraprofessionals for the first 8 weeks of life aim ed at improving maternal-child interaction . LBW-T and 94 matched NBW ( weight 2500 to 4000 g ) infants were recruited from the main maternity hospital . Main outcome measures were problem solving ( 2 means-end tests : cover and support ) and 4 behavior ratings at 7 months . Analyses used were the t test for intervention effects and multiple regression to compare LBW and NBW infants . RESULTS LBW-T intervened infants had higher scores than LBW-T control infants on the cover test ( P<.05 ) and were more cooperative ( P<.01 ) and happy ( P<.05 ) . LBW-T control infants had poorer scores on both the cover ( P<.001 ) and support tests ( P<.01 ) , vocalized less ( P<.02 ) , and were less cooperative ( P<.001 ) , happy ( P<.02 ) , and active ( P<.02 ) than NBW infants . LBW-T intervened infants had lower scores than NBW infants only on the support test ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Early low-cost intervention can improve cognition and behavior of LBW-T infants in developing countries There is little unequivocal evidence that nutritional supplementation of undernourished children has a beneficial effect on their mental development . The effects of nutritional supplementation , with or without psychosocial stimulation , of growth-retarded ( stunted ) children aged 9 - 24 months were assessed in a study in Kingston , Jamaica . 129 children from poor neighbourhoods were r and omly assigned to four groups -- control , supplemented only , stimulated only , and supplemented plus stimulated . A group of matched non-stunted children ( n = 32 ) was also included . The supplement comprised 1 kg milk-based formula per week for 2 years , and the stimulation weekly play sessions at home with a community health aide . The children 's development ( DQ ) was assessed on the Griffiths mental development scales . Initially the stunted groups ' DQs were lower than those of the non-stunted group , and those of the control group declined during the study , increasing their deficit . Stimulation and supplementation had significant independent beneficial effects on the children 's development . Estimates of the supplementation effect ranged from 2.2 ( 95 % confidence limits-1.4 , 5.7 ) for the h and and eye subscale to 12.4 ( 5.4 , 19.5 ) for the locomotor subscale and those for the stimulation effect from 6.4 ( 2.8 , 10.0 ) for h and and eye to 10.3 ( 3.3 , 17.3 ) for locomotor . The treatment effects were additive , and combined interventions were significantly more effective than either alone . These findings suggest that poor mental development in stunted children is at least partly attributable to undernutrition OBJECTIVES ( 1 ) To determine whether benefits to growth and cognition remain after intervention in growth-restricted children who received psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation in early childhood . ( 2 ) To investigate the extent of the differences in IQ and cognition at age 11 to 12 years between growth-restricted and non-growth-restricted children . STUDY DESIGN Growth-restricted and non-growth-restricted children were identified at age 9 to 24 months , at which time the growth-restricted children participated in a 2-year r and omized trial of nutritional supplementation and psychosocial stimulation . Eight years after the interventions ended , the children 's growth , IQ , and cognitive functions were measured . RESULTS There were no significant benefits from supplementation to growth or cognition . Children who had received stimulation had higher scores on the Weschler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised full-scale ( IQ ) and verbal scale and tests of vocabulary and reasoning ( all P < .05 ) . The growth-restricted children had significantly lower scores than the non-growth-restricted children on 10 of 11 cognitive tests . CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial stimulation had small but significant long-term benefits on cognition in growth-restricted children . Growth-restricted children had significantly poorer performance than non-growth-restricted children on a wide range of cognitive tests , supporting the conclusion that growth restriction has long-term functional consequences 280 Colombian infants at risk of malnutrition were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups formed by the presence/absence of 2 interventions : ( 1 ) food supplementation for the entire family , from mid-pregnancy until the target child was 3 years old , and ( 2 ) a twice-weekly home-visiting program to promote cognitive development , from birth until age 3 . All families received free medical care and were studied prospect ively . At 3 years of age , children who had received food supplementation averaged 2.6 cm and 642 grams larger than controls . Home visiting and supplementation together reduced the number of children with severe growth retardation . 3 years after intervention ( age 6 ) ,  supplementation effects remained . Children in the home visit condition had become larger than controls , by 1.7 cm and 448 grams . The interactive effect to reduce stunting was marginally significant at this age , and the overall distribution of scores was improved . Other results suggest that changes in family functioning as well as biological mechanisms account for the observed pattern of results Infants born to families at risk of malnutrition were studied prospect ively from the beginning of the 3rd trimester of the mother 's pregnancy until the child reached 3 yr of age to ascertain the effects of nutritional supplementation and /or a maternal education program on their cognitive development . Four hundred thirty-three families were assigned r and omly to six groups : group A served as a control ; group B received the supplement from the age of 6 months to 3 yr ; group C received the supplement during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and the first 6 months of the child 's life ; and group D received the supplement throughout the entire study period . In addition , group A1 was enrolled in a maternal education program but received no nutritional supplement and group B1 received both treatments . The Griffiths test of infant development was administered at 4 , 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 , and 36 months of age , and the Corman-Escalona Einstein scale was administered at each age up to 18 months . Children who received food supplementation performed better than those who did not , especially on subtests that were primarily motoric . The effect of food supplementation on behavior appeared to be contemporaneous . In addition , the treatment effects were more pronounced for girls than for boys in this sample . Although these interventions reduced the gap in cognitive performance between lower and upper socioeconomic classes , a disparity nevertheless remained by the end of the study OBJECTIVE To examine , during the 3rd and 4th years of life , the health , development , rates of child maltreatment , and living conditions of children who had been enrolled in a r and omized trial of nurse home visitation during pregnancy and first 2 years of their lives . DESIGN Prospect i ve follow-up of families who had been r and omly assigned to nurse-visited and comparison conditions .  SETTING Study conducted in semirural community in upstate New York . Families dispersed among 14 other states during 2-year period after children 's second birthdays . PARTICIPANTS Four hundred women were recruited through a health department antepartum clinic and offices of private obstetricians and were registered before 30th week of pregnancy . All women had no previous live births and 85 % were either teenaged ( < 18 years at registration ) , unmarried , or from Hollingshead social classes IV or V. Analysis focused on whites , who comprised 89 % of sample . INTERVENTION Nurse home visitation from pregnancy through second year of the child 's life . MAIN RESULTS There were no treatment differences in the rates of child abuse and neglect or children 's intellectual functioning from 25 to 48 months of age . Nurse-visited children , nevertheless , lived in homes with fewer hazards for children ; they had 40 % fewer injuries and ingestions and 45 % fewer behavioral and parental coping problems noted in the physician record ; and they made 35 % fewer visits to the emergency department than did children in the comparison group . Nurse-visited mothers were observed to be more involved with and to punish their children to a greater extent than were mothers in the comparison group . The functional meaning of punishment differed between the nurse-visited and comparison families . CONCLUSIONS The program does have enduring effects on certain aspects of parental caregiving , safety of the home , and children 's use of the health care system , but it may be necessary to extend the length of the program for families at highest risk to produce lasting reductions in child abuse and neglect CONTEXT A program of home visitation by nurses has been shown to affect the rates of maternal welfare dependence , criminality , problems due to use of substances , and child abuse and neglect . However , the long-term effects of this program on children 's antisocial behavior have not been examined . OBJECTIVE To examine the long-term effects of a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses on children 's antisocial behavior . DESIGN Fifteen-year follow-up of a r and omized trial . Interviews were conducted with the adolescents and their biological mothers or custodial parents . SETTING Semirural community in New York . PARTICIPANTS Between April 1978 and September 1980 , 500 consecutive pregnant women with no previous live births were recruited , and 400 were enrolled . A total of 315 adolescent offspring participated in a follow-up study when they were 15 years old ; 280 ( 89 % ) were born to white mothers , 195 ( 62 % ) to unmarried mothers , 151 ( 48 % ) to mothers younger than 19 years , and 186 ( 59 % ) to mothers from households of low socioeconomic status at the time of registration during pregnancy . INTERVENTION Families in the groups that received home visits had an average of 9 ( range , 0 - 16 ) home visits during pregnancy and 23 ( range , 0 - 59 ) home visits from birth through the child 's second birthday . The control groups received st and ard prenatal and well-child care in a clinic . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Children 's self-reports of running away , arrests , convictions , being sentenced to youth corrections , initiation of sexual intercourse , number of sex partners , and use of illegal substances ; school records of suspensions ; teachers ' reports of children 's disruptive behavior in school ; and parents ' reports of the children ' 
    Output:
    
Our results revealed that interventions are effective in enhancing maternal responsiveness , result ing in better child health and development , especially for the neediest population s. Since these interventions were feasible even in poor setting s , they have great potential in helping us achieve the Millennium Development Goals .