***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in the United States is a significant public health problem . Many obesity-related risk factors are more prevalent in minority population s. Given the recalcitrant nature of weight loss interventions for adults , prevention of overweight and obesity has become a high priority . The present study reports baseline data from an obesity prevention intervention developed for minority preschool children . METHODS Hip-Hop to Health Jr. is a 5-year r and omized controlled intervention that targets 3- to 5-year-old minority children enrolled in 24 Head Start programs . Our primary aim is to test the effect of the intervention on change in body mass index . Data were collected on sociodemographic , anthropometric , behavioral , and cognitive variables for the children and parents at baseline . RESULTS Participants included 416 black children , 337 black parents , 362 Latino children , and 309 Latino parents . Using body mass index for age and sex > or = the 95th percentile as the definition of overweight , 15 % of the black children and 28 % of the Latino children were overweight . More than 75 % of the parents were either overweight or obese . DISCUSSION The development of interventions to effectively prevent or control obesity early in life is crucial . These data highlight the escalating problem of weight control in minority population Context : Recent data indicate a marked increase in the prevalence of  obesity among school-aged children . Thus , efficacious programmes that prevent overweight development in children are urgently needed . Objective : To evaluate the impact of repeatedly given , individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling on the prevalence of overweight during the first 10 years of life . Design and participants : This study was a part of the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children ( STRIP ) , which is a prospect i ve , r and omised trial aim ed at reducing the exposure of the intervention children to the known risk factors of atherosclerosis . At the child 's age of 7 months , 1062 children were assigned to an intervention group ( n=540 ) or to a control group ( n=522 ) . The intervention children received individualised counselling focused on healthy diet and physical activity biannually . Height and weight of the children were measured at least once a year . Main outcome measure : Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the intervention and control children by sex and age . Children were classified as  overweight or  obese if their weight for height was > 20 % or ⩾40 % above the mean weight for height of healthy Finnish children , respectively . Results : After the age of 2 years , there were continuously fewer overweight girls in the intervention group than in the control group . At the age of 10 years , 10.2 % of the intervention girls and 18.8 % of the control girls were overweight ( P=0.0439 ) , whereas 11.6 % of the intervention boys and 12.1 % of the control boys were overweight ( P≈1.00 ) . Only three children in the intervention group were obese at some age point , whereas 14 control children were classified as obese at some age point . Conclusion : Individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling given twice a year since infancy decreases prevalence of overweight in school-aged girls even without any primary energy restrictions BACKGROUND The evidence that breastfeeding protects against obesity and a variety of chronic diseases comes almost entirely from observational studies , which have a potential for bias due to confounding , selection bias , and selective publication . OBJECTIVE We assessed whether an intervention design ed to promote exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding affects children 's height , weight , adiposity , and blood pressure at age 6.5 y. DESIGN The Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial ( PROBIT ) is a cluster-r and omized trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention based on the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative . A total of 17,046 healthy breastfed infants were enrolled from 31 Belarussian maternity hospitals and their affiliated clinics ; of those infants , 13,889 ( 81.5 % ) were followed up at 6.5 y with duplicate measurements of anthropometric variables and blood pressure . Analysis was based on intention to treat , with statistical adjustment for clustering within hospitals or clinics to permit inferences at the individual level . RESULTS The experimental intervention led to a much greater prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 mo in the experimental than in the control group ( 43.3 % and 6.4 % , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) and a higher prevalence of any breastfeeding throughout infancy . No significant intervention effects were observed on height , body mass index , waist or hip circumference , triceps or subscapular skinfold thickness , or systolic or diastolic blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS The breastfeeding promotion intervention result ed in substantial increases in the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding , yet it did not reduce the measures of adiposity , increase stature , or reduce blood pressure at age 6.5 y in the experimental group . Previously reported beneficial effects on these outcomes may be the result of uncontrolled confounding and selection bias Exercise has been found to be effective for prevention of weight gain and maintenance of a stable weight in adults . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a school-based aerobic exercise program on the obesity indexes of preschool children . Subjects were 292 second-year elementary school pupils from 2 kindergartens in Hat Yai municipality , Songkhla province , southern Thail and . A specially design ed exercise program , including a 15-min walk before beginning the morning class and a 20-min aerobic dance session after the afternoon nap , 3 times a week , was conducted for 29.6 wk . Weight , height , and triceps skinfold thickness were measured 4 times . At the end of the study , the prevalence of obesity , using 95th percentile National Center for Health Statistics triceps-skinfold-thickness cutoffs , of both the exercise and control groups decreased . That of the exercise group decreased from 12.2 % at baseline to 8.8 % ( Wilcoxon signed-rank test , P = 0.058 ) , whereas that of the control group decreased from 11.7 % to 9.7 % ( Wilcoxon signed-rank test , P = 0.179 ) . A sex difference in the response of body mass index ( BMI ) to exercise was observed . Girls in the exercise group had a lower likelihood of having an increasing BMI slope than the control girls did ( odds ratio : 0.32 ; 95 % CI : 0.18 , 0.56 ) . In conclusion , our study suggests that a 29.6-wk school-based exercise program can prevent BMI gain in girls and may induce a remission of obesity in preschool-age children The evidence that breast-feeding protects against obesity is based on observational studies , with potential for confounding and selection bias . This article summarizes a previously published study in which we assessed whether an intervention design ed to promote exclusive and prolonged breast-feeding affects children 's height , weight , adiposity , and blood pressure ( BP ) at age 6.5 y. The Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial ( PROBIT ) is a cluster-r and omized trial of a breast-feeding promotion intervention based on the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative . A total of 17,046 healthy breast-fed infants were enrolled from 31 Belarussian maternity hospitals and affiliated clinics , of whom 13,889 ( 81.5 % ) were followed up at 6.5 y with duplicate measurements of height , weight , waist circumference , triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses , systolic and diastolic BP . Analysis was based on intention to treat , with statistical adjustment for clustering within hospitals/clinics to permit inferences at the individual level . The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breast-feeding at 3 mo ( 43.3 % vs. 6.4 % , P < 0.001 ) and a significantly higher prevalence of any breast-feeding throughout infancy . No significant intervention effects were observed on height , BMI , adiposity measures , or BP . The breast-feeding promotion intervention result ed in substantial increases in the duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding yet did not reduce measures of adiposity at age 6.5 y. Previous reports of protective effects against obesity may reflect uncontrolled bias caused by confounding and selection Objective To assess whether a physical activity intervention reduces body mass index in young children . Design Cluster r and omised controlled single blinded trial over 12 months . Setting Thirty six nurseries in Glasgow , Scotl and . Participants 545 children in their preschool year , mean age 4.2 years ( SD 0.2 ) at baseline . Intervention Enhanced physical activity programme in nursery ( three 30 minute sessions a week over 24 weeks ) plus home based health education aim ed at increasing physical activity through play and reducing sedentary behaviour . Main outcome measure Body mass index , expressed as a st and ard deviation score relative to UK 1990 reference data . Secondary measures were objective ly measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour ; fundamental movement skills ; and evaluation of the process . Results Group allocation had no significant effect on the primary outcome measure at six and 12 months or on measures of physical activity and sedentary behaviour by accelerometry . Children in the intervention group had significantly higher performance in movement skills tests than control children at six month follow-up ( P=0.0027 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.3 to 1.3 ) after adjustment for sex and baseline performance . Conclusions Physical activity can significantly improve motor skills but did not reduce body mass index in young children in this trial . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N36363490 OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dietary counseling design ed for primary prevention of atherosclerosis and given repeatedly since infancy had an effect on prepubertal children 's  body satisfaction . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS At the age of 7 months , 1062 infants were r and omized to an intervention group ( n = 540 ) or a control group ( n = 522 ) . At the age of 8 years , body satisfaction of 217 children in the intervention group and 218 in the control group was evaluated . Intervention Since the children were 8 months old , families in the intervention group had regularly received individualized health education and dietary advice aim ed at decreasing the children 's intake of saturated fat and cholesterol . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A pictorial instrument was used in measuring estimated current and desired body sizes ; a difference between the 2 indicated body dissatisfaction . Weight and height were measured . RESULTS When adjusted for relative weight , there were no differences in the mean values of estimated current size , desired size , or body dissatisfaction between the girls in the intervention and control groups ( P = .62 , P = .72 , and P = .39 , respectively ) , or between the boys in the intervention and control groups ( P = .21 , P = .64 , and P = .53 , respectively ) . The proportions of children who were satisfied with their size , who wished to be thinner , or who wished to look heavier did not differ between the intervention and control groups in either girls ( P = .65 ) or boys ( P = .85 ) . CONCLUSION Long-term , individualized dietary counseling since infancy with the focus on dietary fat did not enhance body dissatisfaction or desire to be  thinner  in 8-year-old children OBJECTIVE To determine whether maternal participation in an obesity prevention plus parenting support ( OPPS ) intervention would reduce the prevalence of obesity in high-risk Native-American children when compared with a parenting support (PS)-only intervention . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-three mother/child pairs were recruited to participate . Mothers were 26.5 + /- 5 years old with a mean BMI of 29.9 + /- 3 kg/m(2 ) . Children ( 23 males ) were 22 + /- 8 months old with mean weight-for-height z ( WHZ ) scores of 0.73 + /- 1.4 . Mothers were r and omly assigned to a 16-week OPPS intervention or PS alone . The intervention was delivered one-on-one in homes by an indigenous peer educator . Baseline and week 16 assessment s included weight and height ( WHZ score and weight-for-height percentile for children ) , dietary intake ( 3-day food records ) , physical activity ( measured by accelerometers ) , parental feeding style ( Child Feeding Question naire ) , and maternal outcome expectations , self-efficacy , and intention to change diet and exercise behaviors . RESULTS Changes in WHZ scores showed a trend toward significance , with WHZ scores decreasing in the PS condition and increasing among the OPPS group ( -0.27 + /- 1.1 vs. 0.31 + /- 1.1 , p = 0.06 ) . Children in the OPPS condition also significantly decreased energy intake ( -316 + /- 835 kcal/d vs. 197 + /- 608 kcal/d , p < 0.05 ) . Scores on the restriction subscale of the Child Feeding Question naire decreased significantly in the OPPS condition ( -0.22+/- 0.42 vs. 0.08+/- 0.63 , p < 0.05 ) , indicating that mothers in the OPPS group were engaging in less restrictive child feeding practice s over time . DISCUSSION A home-visiting program focused on changing lifestyle behaviors and improving parenting skills showed promise for obesity prevention in high-risk Native-American children OBJECTIVE . Our goal was to study childhood growth patterns and development of overweight in children who were 
    Output:
    
None of the interventions had an effect in preventing overweight and obesity .