***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of intradermal rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis with purified chick embryo cell vaccine ( PCECV ) in schoolchildren age 5 to 8 years in Thail and . STUDY DESIGN In a r and omized , open-label , phase II clinical trial , 2 or 3 intradermal doses of 0.1 mL PCECV ( Rabipur ) were administered to 703 schoolchildren on days 0 and 28 or on days 0 , 7 , and 28 . In 206 children , 2 simulated post-exposure booster doses were given 1 year after the primary vaccination series . Rabies virus- neutralizing antibody ( RVNA ) titers were determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test . RESULTS In school-age children in Thail and , a pre-exposure immunization regimen of 3 intradermal doses of PCECV produced adequate immune responses . After primary vaccination , all subjects developed RVNA titers > or = 0.5 IU/mL and demonstrated a rapid increase in RVNA titer after 2 simulated post-exposure booster immunizations 1 year after the primary vaccination series . No serious adverse drug reactions occurred . CONCLUSIONS Rabies pre-exposure immunization with PCECV is safe and immunogenic , and its implementation could save the lives of many children in rabies-endemic areas Objectives . To assess the immunogenicity of intradermal ( ID ) booster doses of Purified Chick Embryo Cell rabies vaccine ( PCECV , Rabipur ) administered to Thai schoolchildren one , three and five years after a primary ID pre-exposure ( PrEP ) vaccination series . Methods . In this follow-up study of a r and omized , open-label , phase II clinical trial , two simulated post-exposure booster doses of PCECV were administered on days 0 and 3 intradermally to 703 healthy schoolchildren , one , three or five years after primary vaccination with either two or three ID doses of 0.1 mL PCECV .  Blood was drawn immediately before and 7 , 14 and 365 days after the first booster dose to determine rabies virus neutralizing antibody ( RVNA ) concentrations . Results . An anamnestic response of approximately 30-fold increase in RVNA concentrations was demonstrated within 14 days after booster . All children ( 100 % ) developed adequate RVNA concentrations above 0.5 IU/mL. No vaccine related serious adverse events were seen in any of the vaccinees . Conclusion . ID rabies PrEP with PCECV is safe and immunogenic in schoolchildren and the anamnestic response to a two booster dose vaccination series was found to be adequate one , three , and five years after a two- or three-dose primary PrEP vaccination series BACKGROUND Chikungunya is an emerging arthropod-borne disease that has spread from tropical endemic areas to more temperate climates of the USA and Europe . However , no specific treatment or preventive measure is yet available . We aim ed to investigate the immunogenicity and safety of a live recombinant measles-virus-based chikungunya vaccine . METHODS We did a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled , active-comparator , phase 1 , dose-escalation study at one centre in Vienna , Austria . Healthy men and women aged 18 - 45 years with no comorbidities were r and omly assigned , by computer-generated block r and omisation ( block size of 14 ) , to receive either one of three escalating doses of the measles-virus-based c and i date vaccine ( low dose [ 1·5 × 10(4 ) median tissue culture infection doses ( TCID50 ) per 0·05 mL ] , medium dose [ 7·5 × 10(4 ) TCID50 per 0·25 mL ] , or high dose [ 3·0 × 10(5 ) TCID50 per 1·0 mL ] ) , or the active comparator-Priorix . Participants were additionally block-r and omised to receive a booster injection on either day 28 or day 90 after the first vaccination . Participants and study investigators were masked to group allocation . The primary endpoint was the presence of neutralising anti-chikungunya antibodies on day 28 , as assessed by 50 % plaque reduction neutralisation test . Analysis was by intention to treat and per protocol . This trial is registered with EudraCT , number 2013 - 001084 - 23 . FINDINGS Between Nov 22 , 2013 , and Feb 25 , 2014 , we r and omly assigned 42 participants to receive the low dose ( n=12 ) , the medium dose ( n=12 ) , or the high dose ( n=12 ) of the measles-virus-based c and i date vaccine , or Priorix  ( n=6 ) , of whom 36 participants ( 86 % ; n=9 , n=12 , n=10 , n=5 , respectively ) were included in the per- protocol population . The c and i date vaccine raised neutralising antibodies in all dose cohorts after one immunisation , with seroconversion rates of 44 % ( n=4 ) in the low-dose group , 92 % ( n=11 ) in the medium-dose group , and 90 % ( n=10 ) in the high-dose group . The immunogenicity of the c and i date vaccine was not affected by pre-existing anti-measles immunity . The second vaccination result ed in a 100 % seroconversion for all participants in the c and i date vaccine groups . The c and i date vaccine had an overall good safety profile , and the rate of adverse events increased with vaccine dose and volume . No vaccination-related serious adverse events were recorded . INTERPRETATION The live recombinant measles-virus-based chikungunya vaccine had good immunogenicity , even in the presence of anti-vector immunity , was safe , and had a generally acceptable tolerability profile . This vaccine is the first promising measles-virus-based c and i date vaccine for use in human beings . FUNDING Themis Bioscience GmBH A multivariate analysis was used to identify factors influencing the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine and to assess the efficacy of booster injections in a cohort of 407 people monitored prospect ively for 10 years after primary vaccination .  Rabies vaccine ( HDCV or PVRV ) was injected by intramuscular route either on days 0 and 28 or on days 0 , 7 and 28 . All the participants received a booster injection on day 365 . At the end of follow-up ( year 10 ) , 163 subjects had titers > 0.5IU/ml ( group A ) and 59 subjects had titers < 0.5IU/ml ( group B : poor responders ) . The number of injections had a significant influence ( P<0.001 ) on the magnitude of the serological response to rabies vaccine , but the type of vaccine and the potency of the batches did not ( P=0.07 and P=0.06 , respectively ) . The difference between GMTs on day 365 and day 379 was significantly lower in group B than in group A ( 13 and 50.70IU/ml , respectively ; P<0.001 ) . In conclusion , our study confirms that the rabies pre-exposure vaccination protocol of three intramuscular injections significantly decreases the proportion of poor responders at 10 years . Moreover , our findings indicate that a routine booster injection at 1 year could significantly increase the levels and duration of antibody titers BACKGROUND For individuals traveling at short notice to rabies and Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) endemic countries , concomitant administration of travel vaccines within a short period is often required . METHODS The aim of this study was to determine whether an accelerated ( one-week : Days 1 - 8 ) pre-exposure rabies ( Rabipur ( ® ) , Novartis Vaccines ) vaccination regimen administered concomitantly with a Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) vaccination ( Ixiaro ( ® ) , Valneva ) regimen , is non-inferior to the st and ard ( four-week : Days 1 , 8 , 29 ) rabies regimen administered alone or concomitantly with the JE vaccine . Healthy adults ( 18 to ≤ 65 years ) were r and omized into Rabies + JE-St and ard , Rabies + JE-Accelerated , Rabies-St and ard and JE-St and ard groups . Relative immunogenicity for rabies in each regimen was assessed using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test . Safety was evaluated up to and including Day 57 . RESULTS Non-inferior immunogenicity for rabies was established between the Rabies + JE-Accelerated group compared to both the Rabies-St and ard and Rabies + JE-St and ard groups ; as well as between the Rabies + JE-St and ard regimen and the Rabies-St and ard regimen . By Day 57 , adequate neutralizing levels were achieved by 97 - 100 % of subjects across all groups . Adverse events ( AEs ) were comparable for all groups . CONCLUSIONS An accelerated pre-exposure rabies and JE vaccination regimen is non-inferior to the st and ard four-week rabies regimen and may thus provide a more convenient regimen for individuals traveling to endemic countries at short notice . NCT01662440 Children have a high risk of exposure to rabies in countries where the disease is endemic . This prospect i ve , 5-year study followed two groups of children who had received diphtheria , tetanus , whole-cell pertussis and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine ( DTP-IPV ) at 2 , 3 , 4 months and 1 year ( Group B ) or concomitant with three doses of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine ( PVRV ) , given at 2 , 4 months and 1 year ( Group A ) .  Antibody determinations were made annually for 5 years . Data were available from a total of 72 subjects ; 30 in Group A and 32 in Group B. In Group A , the percentage of patients immunized against rabies ( anti-rabies > or = 0.5 IU/ml ) decreased from 100 % after the third vaccination to 63 % , 5 years later . After 5 years , 93.8 % in Group A and 96.7 % in Group B had seroprotective diphtheria antibody titers > or = 0.01 IU/ml , and all subjects had anti-polio ( type 1 , 2 and 3 ) seroprotective titers > or = 5 1:dil . We conclude that co-administration of PVRV with DTP-IPV elicited protective antibody concentrations to all antigens that persist for at least 5 years , with continued protection against rabies in over 60 % of subjects . These results are consistent with integration of pre-exposure rabies vaccination into the Exp and ed Program on Immunization ( EPI ) in countries where rabies is endemic OBJECTIVE To evaluate abbreviated preexposure rabies vaccination schedules that would reduce cost and shorten time required for completion . METHOD A r and om prospect i ve immunogenicity study , using a group of 96 volunteer pre clinical veterinary students , primary school children , and hospital-based health care workers . They were divided into six groups and administered abbreviated schedules of preexposure tissue culture rabies vaccines .  Neutralizing antibodies were determined on days 0 and 360 , and following boosters on days 367 and 374 . RESULTS All subjects , including one group that received only 0.1 mL intradermally at two sites on one day , had detectable neutralizing antibody titers 1 year later and responded with an accelerated antibody response when given booster injections . CONCLUSION It might be possible to develop a 1-week and even one clinic visit preexposure vaccine schedule that would provide at least 1 year of immune memory OBJECTIVE To evaluate the humoral immune response to the pre-exposure schedule of  human rabies vaccination through intradermal and intramuscular routes , as well as the need for serological monitoring . METHODS A r and omized and controlled intervention study was carried out in São Paulo , Southeastern Brazil , from 2004 - 2005 . There were 149 volunteers , of which 127 completed the vaccination schedule ( 65 intradermal and 62 intramuscular ) and underwent humoral immune response evaluation at ten , 90 and 180 days post-vaccination . Two outcomes were considered for comparing the two routes of administration : the geometric average of neutralizing antibody titers and the proportion of individuals with satisfactory titers ( > 0.5 IU/mL ) at each evaluation point . The association of the humoral immune response with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed through a normal distribution test and a chi-square test with a Yates correction . After completion of the vaccination schedule , the proportion of seropositive results was compared by the Kruskall Wallis test , and the average titers were compared by variance analysis . RESULTS the average antibody titers were higher in patients who were vaccinated intramuscularly . The percentage of volunteers with satisfactory titers ( > 0.5 % IU/mL ) decre 
    Output:
    
The evidence available indicates that shorter regimens and regimens involving fewer doses are safe and immunogenic and that booster intervals could be extended up to 10 years .
The few studies on cost suggest that , at current vaccine and delivery costs , pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns would not be cost-effective in most situations .