***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive ( OC ) knowledge deficits may contribute to OC discontinuation . We examined the effect of an innovative educational intervention on young women 's OC knowledge . STUDY DESIGN As part of a r and omized trial evaluating the impact of text message reminders on OC continuation , we assessed  OC knowledge in 659 women ages 13 - 25 years . Women received routine care or routine care plus 6 months of daily educational text messages . We administered a comprehensive 41-item OC knowledge survey at baseline and 6 months . RESULTS Mean OC knowledge scores improved over time for all women ( baseline 22.8 , 56 % correct versus 24.7 , 60 % at 6 months ) , including knowledge of OC 's mechanisms of action ( p=.004 ) , effectiveness ( p<.001 ) , side effects ( p=.03 ) and benefits ( p<.001 ) . Mean 6-month scores were greater in the intervention ( 25.5 ) than the control group (23.7)(p<.001 ) . In multivariable linear regression models , the text message intervention most strongly predicted OC knowledge ( β=1.6 , 95 % confidence interval 0.9 - 2.2 ) . CONCLUSION Daily educational text messages can modestly improve knowledge of OCs , which may promote successful contraceptive outcomes Objectives To compare two post-abortion family planning ( FP ) service packages on contraceptive use and repeat abortion rate  among young women in three cities in China . Methods In this cluster-r and omized trial , one FP service package included provision of limited information and referral to existing FP services , and the other , more comprehensive , package consisted – in addition to the above simple package – of individual counselling , free provision of contraceptive material s , and involvement of the male partner . Eight matched pairs of hospitals were certified by central ized r and omization . Women undergoing abortion were followed up for six months , and data were collected in two rounds , before and after the intervention . Results We followed a total of 2336 women younger than 25 years ( 555 before and 555 after the simple intervention package ; 634 before and 592 after the comprehensive intervention package ) . Both packages increased use of any contraceptive method , but the comprehensive approach also increased use of more effective methods . Odds ratios for consistent and correct use of condoms were 2.32 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.55–3.46 ) and 2.78 ( 1.81–4.26 ) , respectively , compared with the simple package . The rates of unwanted pregnancies and repeat abortions were somewhat reduced for both packages , with no significant statistical difference between them . Conclusion Couples who received the comprehensive post-abortion FP service appear to use more effective contraceptive methods and show better compliance OBJECTIVE : To estimate whether women receiving daily text-message reminders have increased oral contraceptive pill adherence compared with women not receiving reminders . METHODS : This r and omized controlled trial estimated whether there was an effect of daily text-message reminders on oral contraceptive pill adherence of new oral contraceptive pill users . Pill-taking was tracked for 3 months by an electronic monitoring device with wireless data collection . During the study period , participants assigned the intervention received a daily reminder text message .  Eighty-two women were assigned r and omly to detect a 1.6±2.0 pill difference ( 90 % power , 5 % & agr ; , 15 % dropout ) . RESULTS : Participants were 79 % white , non-Hispanic , 99 % high school graduates , and 99 % nulliparous with a mean age of 22 years . Most reported condom use  with past coital activity , and more than half reported prior emergency contraception use . The mean number of missed pills per cycle did not differ significantly between the groups : 4.9±3.0 for the text-message group and 4.6±3.5 for the control group ( P=.60 ) . The number of missed pills per cycle increased over the course of the study , but this pattern did not increase differentially between the groups . Adherence recorded by the electronic monitoring device indicated much poorer adherence than that recorded by patient diaries . Despite poor pill-taking , there were no pregnancies . CONCLUSION : Daily text-message reminders did not improve oral contraceptive pill adherence . Although the lack of benefit may be attributed to the frequent use of alternative reminder systems in the control group , the rate of missed pills when measured objective ly was still very high in both groups . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION : Clinical trials.gov , www . clinical trials.gov , NCT00733707 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : OBJECTIVE : To estimate whether daily educational text messages affect oral contraceptive pill ( OCP ) continuation at 6 months . METHODS : We r and omized young women electing OCPs at an urban family planning health center to either routine care or routine care plus 180 days of daily educational text messages .  Investigators masked to treatment allocation r and omized participants who were not masked to treatment . The primary outcome measure was self-reported OCP continuation through a telephone call at 6 months ( contacts between 5 and 8 months ) . RESULTS : We enrolled 962 participants ( 480 intervention and 482 routine care ) and obtained continuation data on 683 ( 346 and 337 , respectively ) . At the follow-up , 64 % of participants r and omized to the intervention were still OCP users compared with 54 % of the routine care group ( P=.005 ) . Continuation was highest in the intervention group if the interview took place while the intervention was ongoing ( 75 % compared with 54 % , P=.003 ) ; the effect of the intervention on continuation was less after the intervention ended ( 60 % compared with 54 % , P=.16 ) . Participants receiving the intervention were more likely to continue oral contraception than control participants at 6 months ( odds ratio 1.44 , 95 % confidence interval 1.03–2.00 ) in analyses adjusted for age , race or ethnicity , age at coitarche , pregnancy history , and OCP experience . CONCLUSION : The use of daily educational text messages improves OCP continuation at 6 months over routine care alone . Ten women would need to receive this simple intervention to improve continuation in one . This effect is strongest in the women whose follow-up took place while the text intervention was ongoing . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION : Clinical Trials.gov , www . Clinical Trials.gov , NCT00677703 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : CONTEXT Adolescent females often have questions or concerns about their contraceptive methods , and they may discontinue use if these questions are not answered . Little evidence exists on whether follow-up phone calls to address young women 's concerns can help sustain contraceptive use . METHODS Between 2005 and 2007 , a total of 805 females aged 14 - 18 attending a reproductive health clinic in San Francisco were r and omly assigned to receive either regular clinic services or regular clinic services plus nine follow-up phone calls over 12 months . The young women were surveyed at baseline and roughly six , 12 and 18 months later to measure condom and contraceptive use , rates of pregnancy and STDs , and other outcomes and mediators . Multiple linear and logistic regression repeated measures analyses were used to assess the program 's effects . RESULTS Clinic counselors completed only 2.7 calls per patient , and made 7.8 attempts for every completed call . Although contraceptive use increased from baseline to follow-up at six months in both groups , levels of condom and contraceptive use , and rates of pregnancy and STDs , did not differ between the intervention and control groups at any of the follow-up assessment s. Moreover , the intervention did not improve clinic utilization or satisfaction or have consistent positive effects on participants ' attitudes . CONCLUSIONS Reaching young women by phone after a clinic visit for contraception is challenging and does not appear to provide significant benefits beyond those provided by basic clinic services . More intensive interventions may be needed to markedly change adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior Abstract Objective : To assess whether provision of educational leaflets or questions on contraception improves knowledge of contraception in women taking the combined contraceptive pill . Design : R and omisation of women into three groups according to type of  educational leaflet on contraceptive information . These groups were subdivided into two on the basis of questions on contraception asked by the doctor or practice nurse . The women were followed up by postal question naire 3 months later . Setting : 15 general practice s in South and West region . Subjects : 636 women attending check up appointment for repeat prescription of the combined contraceptive pill . Main outcome measures : Knowledge of : factors causing pill failure , subsequent action , emergency contraception , and all the rules ( pill rules ) that apply to the contraceptive pill . Results : 523 women returned completed question naires ( response rate 82 % ) . Knowledge of contraception with no intervention was low with only 10 ( 12 % ) women knowing all the pill rules . Educational intervention had a highly significant effect on knowledge of : factors causing pill failure ( likelihood ratio χ2=22 ) ; subsequent action ( 21 ) ; emergency contraception ( 24 ) ; and all the pill rules ( 22 ) ( P<0.01 in all cases ) . Improvement in knowledge of all the pill rules occurred with provision of the summary leaflet ( 28 % knew all the rules , adjusted odds ratio 4.04 , 95 % confidence interval 1.68 to 9.75 ) , the Family Planning Association 's leaflet ( 27 % , 3.43 , 1.45 to 8.09 ) , and asking questions ( 26 % , 3.03 , 1.30 to 7.00 ) . Asking questions in addition to provision of leaflets improved knowledge of contraception further for the summary leaflet ( 39 % , 6.81 , 2.85 to 16.27 ) but not for the Family Planning Association leaflet ( 21 % , 2.58 , 1.07 to 6.18 ) . Conclusion : Women attending check ups for repeat prescriptions of the contraceptive pill should be provided with educational leaflets on contraception or asked relevant questions to help improve their knowledge of contraception . Asking questions in addition to providing a summary leaflet is time consuming , but results in the most knowledge gained . Key messages It is very important to most women who take the contraceptive pill to avoid pregnancy Poor knowledge of contraception is common in women taking the contraceptive pill and associated with unwanted pregnancy No r and omised trials have been conducted of educational interventions to improve knowledge of contraception Providing leaflets or asking questions both improve knowledge of contraception The largest effect on knowledge of contraception is from asking questions and providing a summary Background Emergency contraception ( EC ) can prevent unintended pregnancy . However , many women continue to lack information needed to use EC effectively and clinician time to counsel women about EC is limited . Objective To evaluate whether computer-assisted provision of EC can increase knowledge and use of EC among women able to access EC without a prescription . Design We conducted a r and omized controlled trial in which the intervention group received a 15-minute computerized educational session and 1 pack of EC . The control group received education about periconception folate supplementation , but no information about EC . Participants were contacted 7 months after enrollment . Participants Four hundred forty-six women recruited from 2 urgent care clinics in San Francisco in 2005 . Measurements Knowledge of EC , use of EC , and self-reported pregnancy . Results At follow-up , women in the intervention group answered an average of 2 more questions about EC correctly than they had at baseline , whereas women in the control group answered only 1 more item correctly ( 2.0 vs 1.2 , p < .001 ) . There was a trend toward more use of EC  during the study period in the intervention group ( 10 % vs 4 % of women followed , p = .06 ; 6 % vs 3 % , p = .09 of women enrolled ) . Fewer women in the intervention group were pregnant at the time of follow-up ( 0.8 % vs 6.5 % , p = .01 of women followed ; 0.5 % vs 4.0 % , p = .01 of women enrolled ) . Conclusions Computer-assisted provision of EC in urgent care waiting areas increased knowledge of EC  in a state where EC had been available without a prescription for 3 years Abstract Objective To assess the effect of a mobile phone-based intervention ( mHealth ) on  post-abortion contraception use  by women in Cambodia . Methods The Mobile Technology for Improved Family Planning ( MOTIF ) study involved women who sought safe abortion services at four Marie Stopes International clinics in Cambodia . We r and omly allocated 249 women to a mobile phone-based intervention , which comprised six automated , interactive voice messages with counsellor phone support , as required , whereas 251 women were allocated to a  control group receiving st and ard care . The primary outcome was the self-reported use of an effective contraceptive method , 4 and 12 months after an abortion . Findings Data on effective contraceptive use were available for 431 ( 86 % ) participants at 4 months and 328 ( 66 % ) at 12 months . Significantly more women in the intervention than the control group reported effective contraception use at 4 months ( 64 % versus 46 % , respectively ; relative risk , RR : 1.39 ; 95 % confidence interval , CI : 1.17–1.66 ) but not at 12 months ( 50 % versus 43 % , respectively ; RR : 1.16 ; 95 % CI : 0.92–1.47 ) . However , significantly more women in the intervention group reported using a long-acting contraceptive method at both follow-up times . There was no significant difference between the 
    Output:
    
Intensive counseling and reminders ( with or without educational information ) may be associated with improved continuation of shorter-term hormonal contraceptive methods when compared with usual family planning care .