***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The issue of osteoporosis-induced fractures has attracted the world ’s attention . Postmenopausal women are particularly at risk for this type of fracture . The nonmedicinal intervention for postmenopausal women is mainly exercise . Whole body vibration ( WBV ) is a simple and convenient exercise . There have been some studies investigating the effect of WBV on osteoporosis ; however , the intervention models and results are different . This study mainly investigated the effect of high-frequency and high-magnitude WBV on the bone mineral density ( BMD ) of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women . Methods This study r and omized 28 postmenopausal women into either the WBV group or the control group for a 6-month trial . The WBV group received an intervention of high-frequency ( 30 Hz ) and high-magnitude ( 3.2 g ) WBV in a natural full-st and ing posture for 5 minutes , three times per week , at a sports center . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the lumbar BMD of the two groups before and after the intervention . Results Six months later , the BMD of the WBV group had significantly increased by 2.032 % ( P=0.047 ) , while that of the control group had decreased by 0.046 % ( P=0.188 ) . The comparison between the two groups showed that the BMD of the WBV group had increased significantly ( P=0.016 ) . Conclusion This study found that 6 months of high-frequency and high-magnitude WBV yielded significant benefits to the BMD of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women , and could therefore be provided as an alternative exercise BACKGROUND / AIM To determine whether plasma sclerostin levels are affected by applying whole-body vibration treatments . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Following a pilot study , the pretsent prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled single-blind study was performed on 16 healthy volunteer women ( ages 20 to 40 years ) . Subjects were r and omly divided into 2 groups , and whole-body vibration was applied to the treatment group but not to the controls . The plasma sclerostin levels were measured before the treatment and at the 10th minute after whole-body vibration on the 1st , 2nd , and 5th days of application . RESULTS The plasma sclerostin level measured at 10 min after the whole-body vibration treatment increased 91 % ( P = 0.024 ) on the 1st day and decreased 31.5 % ( P = 0.03 ) on the 5th day in the whole-body vibration group . In the control group , there was no change in the plasma sclerostin level at any time . A progressive increase in baseline plasma sclerostin levels during the 5 days of vibration sessions was also found . CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that whole-body vibration can change plasma sclerostin levels , and that this change is detectable 10 min after whole-body vibration treatments Purpose . To examine the effects of two doses of low-frequency ( 12 Hz ) , low-magnitude ( 0.3 g ) , whole body vibration on markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women . Methods . Women were recruited and r and omized into a sham vibration control group , one time per week vibration group ( 1 × /week ) , or three times per week vibration group ( 3 × /week ) . Vibration exposure consisted of 20 minutes of intermittent vibration for the 1 × /week and 3 × /week groups , and sham vibration ( < 0.1 g ) for the control group for eight weeks . Double-blinded primary outcome measures were urine markers of bone resorption : N-telopeptide X normalised to creatinine ( NTx/Cr ) and bone formation : bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) . Results . Forty-six women ( 59.8 ± 6.2 years , median 7.3 years since menopause ) were enrolled . NTx/Cr was significantly reduced ( 34.6 % ) in the 3 × /wk vibration group but not in the 1 × /wk vibration group compared with sham control ( P < .01 ) group . No effect of time or group allocation was observed on the bone formation marker ALP ( P = .27 ) . Conclusion . We have shown for the first time that low-frequency , low-magnitude vibration 3 × /week for eight weeks in postmenopausal women results in a significant reduction in NTx/Cr , a marker of bone resorption , when compared with sham vibration exposure Beck BR , Norling TL : The effect of 8 mos of twice-weekly low- or higher intensity whole body vibration on risk factors for postmenopausal hip fracture . Objective : Whole body vibration is a potential therapy for age-related loss of musculoskeletal competence . Vibration has improved bone in animal models , but evidence in humans is limited . Relative efficacy of low- vs. high-intensity whole body vibration is also unknown . Our goal was to observe the effect of brief low- and higher intensity whole body vibration on risk factors for hip fracture in postmenopausal women . Design : We used an 8-mo r and omized controlled trial design to examine the influence of twice-weekly low-intensity whole body vibration ( 15 mins , 30 Hz , 0.3 g ) or higher intensity whole body vibration ( 2 × 3 mins , 12.5 Hz , 1 g ) on anthropometrics , bone ( whole body , hip , spine , forearm , and heel ) , muscle ( wall squat and chair rise ) , and balance ( t and em walk and single leg stance ) . Physical activity , daily calcium , and compliance were recorded . Effects were examined by repeated- measures analysis of covariance , controlling for age , height , weight , calcium , physical activity , compliance , and baseline values . Results : Forty-seven women ( 71.5 ± 9.0 yrs ) completed the trial . There were no between-group differences in any measure at 8 mos , but within-group effects were evident . Controls lost bone at the trochanter ( −6 % , P = 0.03 ) and lumbar spine ( −6.6 % , P = 0.02 ) , whereas whole body vibration groups did not . Whole body vibration subjects improved wall squat ( up to 120 % , P = 0.004 ) and chair rise performance ( up to 10.5 % , P = 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Eight mos of twice-weekly whole body vibration may reduce bone loss at the hip and spine and improve lower limb muscle function . These changes may translate to a decreased risk of falls and hip fracture This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lower body positive pressure ( LBPP ) on cardiovascular responses during a 15-min walking trial in young ( 22.1+/-0.4 years ) and elderly women ( 67.8+/-1.1 years ) . The application of 20 mm Hg LBPP reduced ground reaction forces by 31.2+/-0.5 kgw in both groups . We hypothesized that cardiovascular responses to LBPP during walking were different between the young and elderly subjects . Applying 20 mm Hg of LBPP increased diastolic and mean blood pressure but not systolic blood pressure in both groups . LBPP-induced reduction in heart rate ( HR ) occurred more quickly in the young group compared to the elderly group ( p<0.05 ) . Applying LBPP also decreased double product ( systolic blood pressure x HR ) in both groups , suggesting that LBPP reduces myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise . These results suggest that heart rate responses to LBPP during exercise vary with increasing age The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of whole-body vibration ( WBV ) on calcaneal quantitative ultrasound ( QUS ) measurements ; which has rarely been examined . We conducted a single-centre , 12-month , r and omized controlled trial . 202 postmenopausal women with BMD T score between −1.0 and −2.5 , not receiving bone medications , were asked to st and on a 0.3 g WBV platform oscillating at either 90- or 30-Hz for 20 consecutive minutes daily , or to serve as controls . Calcium and vitamin D was provided to all participants . Calcaneal broadb and attenuation ( BUA ) , speed of sound , and QUS index were obtained as pre-specified secondary endpoints at baseline and 12 months by using a Hologic Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer . 12-months of WBV did not improve QUS parameters in any of our analyses . While most of our analyses showed no statistical differences between the WBV groups and the control group , mean calcaneal BUA decreased in the 90-Hz ( −0.4 [ 95 % CI −1.9 to 1.2 ] dB MHz−1 ) and 30-Hz ( −0.7 [ 95 % CI −2.3 to 0.8 ] dB MHz−1 ) WBV groups and increased in the control group ( 1.3 [ 95 % CI 0.0–2.6 ] dB MHz−1 ) . Decreases in BUA in the 90- , 30-Hz or combined WBV groups were statistically different from the control group in a few of the analyses including all r and omized participants , as well as in analyses excluding participants who had missing QUS measurement and those who initiated hormone therapy or were < 80 % adherent . Although there are consistent trends , not all analyses reached statistical significance . 0.3 g WBV at 90 or 30 Hz prescribed for 20 min daily for 12 months did not improve any QUS parameters , but instead result ed in a statistically significant , yet small , decrease in calcaneal BUA in postmenopausal women in several analyses . These unexpected findings require further investigation BACKGROUND / AIM To assess whether osteocytes have an effect on reflex myoelectrical activity during whole-body vibration ( WBV ) in postmenopausal women . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Participants were classified into 2 groups : the low bone mineral density ( BMD ) group ( n = 37 ) and normal BMD group ( n = 43 ) . Hip BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Surface electromyography data recorded from the adductor longus muscle were processed to obtain vibration-induced reflex myoelectrical activity . Changes in plasma sclerostin ( SOST ) levels with WBV were expressed as a st and ardized vibration-induced SOST index . RESULTS The st and ardized vibration-induced SOST index was 1.03 ± 0.24 in the low BMD group and 0.99 ± 0.33 in the normal BMD group . For plasma SOST levels , no group-by-time interaction was found . The resting myoelectrical activities of adductor muscles increased significantly during WBV in both groups . However , there was no significant difference in the main effects of WBV on resting myoelectrical activity between the groups . The st and ardized vibration-induced plasma SOST index was found to be a significant independent predictor of the st and ardized vibration-induced reflex myoelectrical activity of the adductor muscle in both groups . CONCLUSION This study suggests that osteocytes serve as mechanoreceptors of reflex electromyography during WBV UNLABELLED High-frequency mechanical strain seems to stimulate bone strength in animals . In this r and omized controlled trial , hip BMD was measured in postmenopausal women after a 24-week whole body vibration ( WBV ) training program . Vibration training significantly increased BMD of the hip . These findings suggest that WBV training might be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis . INTRODUCTION High-frequency mechanical strain has been shown to stimulate bone strength in different animal models . However , the effects of vibration exercise on the human skeleton have rarely been studied . Particularly in postmenopausal women-who are most at risk of developing osteoporosis-r and omized controlled data on the safety and efficacy of vibration loading are lacking . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to assess the musculoskeletal effects of high-frequency loading by means of whole body vibration ( WBV ) in postmenopausal women . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy volunteers ( age , 58 - 74 years ) were r and omly assigned to a whole body vibration training group ( WBV , n = 25 ) , a resistance training group ( RES , n = 22 ) , or a control group ( CON , n = 23 ) . The WBV group and the RES group trained three times weekly for 24 weeks . The WBV group performed static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform ( 35 - 40 Hz , 2.28 - 5.09 g ) , which mechanically loaded the bone and evoked reflexive muscle contractions . The RES group trained knee extensors by dynamic leg press and leg extension exercises , increasing from low ( 20 RM ) to high ( 8 RM ) resistance . The CON group did not participate in any training . Hip bone density was measured using DXA at baseline and after the 6-month intervention . Isometric and dynamic strength were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer . Data were analyzed by means of repeated measures ANOVA . RESULTS No vibration-related side effects were observed . Vibration training improved isometric and dynamic muscle strength ( + 15 % and + 16 % , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) and also significantly increased BMD of the hip ( + 0.93 % , p < 0.05 ) . No changes in hip BMD were observed in women particip 
    Output:
    
The concentration of some biomarkers was determined , as the sclerostin , the bone alkaline phosphatase , N-telopeptide X and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Among the twelve articles analyzed , seven of them have shown an improvement of the BMD of some bone of postmenopausal women exposed to whole body vibration exercises not associated to medications ; as well as modifications in biomarkers