***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess the efficacy of an innovative smoking cessation intervention targeted to a multiethnic , economically disadvantaged HIV-positive population . Design : A two-group r and omized clinical trial compared a smoking cessation intervention delivered by cellular telephone with usual care approach . Methods : Current smokers from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS care center were recruited and r and omized to receive either  usual care or  a  cellular telephone intervention . The usual care group received brief physician advice to quit smoking , targeted self-help written material s and nicotine replacement therapy . The cellular telephone intervention received eight counseling sessions delivered via cellular telephone in addition to the usual care components .  Smoking-related outcomes were assessed at a 3-month follow-up . Results : The trial had 95 participants and 77 ( 81.0 % ) completed the 3-month follow-up assessment . Analyses indicated biochemically verified point prevalence smoking abstinence rates of 10.3 % for the usual care group and 36.8 % for the cellular telephone group ; participants who received the cellular telephone intervention were 3.6 times ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.3 - 9.9 ) more likely to quit smoking compared with participants who received usual care ( P = 0.0059 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that individuals living with HIV/AIDS are receptive to , and can be helped by , smoking cessation treatment . In addition , smoking cessation treatment tailored to the special needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS , such as counseling delivered by cellular telephone , can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates over that achieved by usual care INTRODUCTION Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) represents a significant public health concern . However , few efforts to assess smoking cessation interventions targeting this population have been reported . In this brief report , 3-month outcomes from an ongoing treatment trial for PLWHA who smoke are described . METHODS Study participants were recruited from a large HIV care center serving a diverse population of PLWHA . A two-group r and omized design was used to compare the efficacy of usual-care ( UC ) smoking cessation treatment versus a cell phone intervention ( CPI ) . Follow-ups were conducted at the HIV clinic 3 months postenrollment . Using an intent-to-treat approach , a series of multiple regression models were used to compare smoking outcomes in the 2 groups . RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-four participants were enrolled and r and omized , UC ( n = 238 ) and CPI ( n = 236 ) . Mean age in the sample was 44.8 ( SD = 8.1 ) years , and the majority were male ( 70.0 % ) , Black ( 76.6 % ) , and had an education level of high school or less ( 77.5 % ) . At follow-up , participants in the CPI group were 4.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.9 , 9.8 ) times more likely to be abstinent ( 7 day ) compared with those in the UC group . Similarly , significant point estimates were observed for the other smoking outcomes of interest . CONCLUSIONS Findings from this preliminary report indicate that a smoking cessation intervention for PLWHA consisting of cell phone-delivered proactive counseling results in significantly higher abstinence rates compared with a st and ard care approach . Evaluation of the long-term ( 6-month and 12-month ) efficacy of the CPI approach is ongoing INTRODUCTION Identifying successful smoking treatment interventions and methods of delivery is critical given the smoking rates among HIV-positive population s and the medical implication s of smoking in this population . This study compared the efficacy of 3 smoking cessation interventions provided in HIV clinical treatment setting s. METHODS Following a baseline assessment , 209 HIV-positive smokers were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions in a parallel group design . Treatment conditions were individual counseling plus nicotine replacement treatment ( NRT ) , a computer-based Internet smoking treatment plus NRT , and self-help plus NRT .  Smoking status was determined at follow-up assessment s completed at 12 , 24 , 36 , and 52 weeks following treatment initiation . RESULTS Cessation rates ranged from 15 % to 29 % ; however , no statistically significant differences in abstinence were found among the treatment conditions over time . Those employed , those who reported a greater desire to quit , or those with lower mood disturbance scores were more likely to achieve abstinence ( p < .01 ) . The number of cigarettes participants reported smoking in the 24hr prior to each assessment significantly declined over time ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although we found no differences in abstinence rates across groups , the results indicate that integration of smoking cessation interventions is feasible in HIV clinical treatment setting s , and cessation results are promising . The overall abstinence rates we report are comparable to those found in similar treatment studies across multiple population s. Further research is warranted Objective : To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a Web-based tobacco treatment for persons living with HIV ( PLWH ) . Design : Prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial . Setting : HIV-care center in the Bronx , New York . Subjects : Eligibility criteria included HIV infection , current tobacco usage , interest in quitting , and access to a computer with internet . One hundred thirty-eight subjects enrolled , and 134 completed the study . Intervention : Positively Smoke Free on the Web ( PSFW ) , an 8-session , 7-week targeted tobacco treatment program for PLWH  , was compared with st and ard care ( brief advice to quit and self-help brochure ) . All subjects were offered nicotine patches . Main Outcome Measures : The main feasibility outcomes were number of sessions logged into , number of Web pages visited , number of interactive clicks , and total time logged in . The main efficacy outcome was biochemically verified , 7-day point prevalence abstinence 3 months after intervention . Results : PSFW subjects logged into a mean of 5.5 of 8 sessions and 26.2 of 41 pages . They executed a mean of 10 interactive clicks during a mean total of 59.8 minutes logged in . Most required reminder phone calls to complete the sessions . Educational level , anxiety score , and home access of the Web site were associated with Web site usage . Ten percent of the PSFW group vs. 4.3 % of controls achieved the abstinence end point . Among those who completed all 8 sessions , 17.9 % were abstinent , and among women completers , 30.8 % were abstinent . Conclusions : Web-based treatment is a feasible strategy for PLWH smokers , and preliminary findings suggest therapeutic efficacy Background : More than half of the persons living with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ; PLWH ) in the US smoke cigarettes , and tobacco use is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in this group . Little is known about the efficacy of tobacco treatment strategies in PLWH . Design : R and omized controlled trial comparing Positively Smoke Free ( PSF ) , an intensive group-therapy intervention targeting HIV-infected smokers , to st and ard care . Methods : A cohort of 145 PLWH smokers , recruited from an HIV-care center in the Bronx , New York , were r and omized 1:1 into the PSF program or st and ard care . All were offered a 3-month supply of nicotine replacement therapy . PSF is an 8-session program tailored to address the needs and concerns of HIV-infected smokers . The sessions were cofacilitated by a graduate student and an HIV-infected peer . The primary outcome was biochemically confirmed , 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 3 months . Results : In the intention-to-treat analysis , PSF condition subjects had nearly double the quit rate of controls ( 19.2 % vs. 9.7 % , P = 0.11 ) . In the complete case , as-treated analysis , assignment to PSF was associated with increased odds of quitting ( odds ratioadj 3.55 , 95 % confidence interval 1.04 to 12.0 ) . Latino ethnicity and lower loneliness score were predictive of abstinence . The subjects in the PSF condition exhibited significant decreases in daily cigarette consumption and significant increases in self-efficacy and in motivation to quit . Attendance of ≥7 sessions was associated with higher quit rates . Conclusions : These findings suggest a positive effect of PSF on cessation rates in PLWH smokers .  Loneliness and self-efficacy are influential factors in the smoking behaviors of PLWH Nicotine replacement therapy is an effective intervention for smoking cessation , but adherence tends to be low . This article presents results from a pilot evaluation of a brief smoking cessation treatment to improve adherence to the nicotine patch among Latino smokers living with HIV/AIDS . Forty smokers were r and omized to receive either a st and ard 5 As counseling session and 8-week treatment of nicotine patch , or a similar intervention that added a 10-min module to the 5 As counseling that focused on improving adherence to the nicotine patch .  Smoking outcomes ( breath carbon monoxide monitoring verified 7-day point prevalence and continuous abstinence ) were evaluated through a 3-month follow-up . Patch usage during the follow-up period was also assessed . Intention to treat analyses indicated that abstinence rates were 2 to 3 times higher in the adherence condition compared with the st and ard condition ( 7-day point prevalence abstinence : 35.0 % vs. 15.0 % ; continuous abstinence : 30.0 % vs. 10.0 % ) .  Nicotine patch compliance over an 8-week period was also higher in the adherence condition than in the st and ard condition ( 44 % vs. 25 % ) . Although this small pilot was conducted to estimate effect sizes and was not powered to detect group differences , results are promising and suggest that adding a 10-min module focused on nicotine patch adherence to a st and ard 5 As protocol can increase abstinence rates . Given that this smoking cessation treatment was not specifically tailored to either HIV-positive smokers or Latino smokers , future research should examine whether it may be a promising approach for improving nicotine patch adherence in the general population of smokers Algorithm-based treatments ( AT ) may be an effective clinical tool to aid HIV clinicians in prescribing pharmacotherapy to increase smoking cessation among people living with HIV ( PLWH ) . Initial results from AT indicated significant increases in abstinence self-efficacy and medication utilization and declines in cigarettes smoked per day across time . Given historical racial disparities , it is unclear if both African Americans and White smokers would benefit equally from this type of intervention . Thus , the aim of this study was to examine racial differences in response to AT guided smoking cessation for African American and White smokers living with HIV . One hundred PLWH smokers ( n = 100 ) were r and omized to receive either AT guided smoking cessation or Treatment as Usual ( TAU ) which consisted of instructing participants to talk to a provider about smoking cessation assistance when ready to make a quit attempt . Participants were African American ( 75 % ) and White ( 25 % ) and majority men ( 71 % ) who had never been married ( 56 % ) . African Americans smoked fewer cigarettes and were more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared to White smokers at baseline . African Americans increased their use of other tobacco products ( cigars/cigarillos ) over time relative to White smokers . A significant interaction between race and quit goal was observed , with White smokers who reported complete abstinence as their goal having higher quit rates , while African Americans who reported a goal other than complete abstinence demonstrating higher quit rates . The increased use of cigars/cigarillos during quit attempts as well as having a goal other than complete abstinence should be considered when applying algorithm based interventions for PLWH African American smokers Smoking represents an important health risk for people living with HIV ( PLHIV ) . Low adherence to smoking cessation pharmacotherapy may limit treatment effectiveness . In this study , 158 participants recruited from three HIV care centers in New York City were r and omized to receive 12-weeks of varenicline ( Chantix ) either alone as st and ard care ( SC ) or in combination with text message ( TM ) support or TM plus cell phone-delivered adherence-focused motivational and behavioral therapy ( ABT ) . Generalized linear mixed-effect models found a significant decline in varenicline adherence from week 1–12 across treatment groups . At 12-weeks , the probability of smoking abstinence was significantly higher in SC+TM+ABT than in SC . The study demonstrates the feasibility of delivering adherence-focused interventions to PLHIV who smoke . Findings suggest intensive behavioral support is an important component of an effective smoking cessation intervention for this population , and a focus on improving adherence self-efficacy may lead to more consistent adherence and higher smoking abstinence Systematic Review Series Series Editors : Cynthia Mulrow , MD , MSc Deborah Cook , MD , MSc The last article in this series outlined methods with which to search the literature for studies on the clinical question that generates a systematic review [ 1 ] . Herein , we discuss the subsequent steps of selecting and appraising  studies  for a review . Both of these steps involve important judgments that can influence the results of a review . In selecting studies , review ers judge the relevance of the studies to the review question . In appraising studies , review ers judge numerous features of design and analysis . Some 
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Thirteen interventions result ed in significant improvements in cessation-related outcomes .
Information and communications technology and clinic-level interventions had the greatest potential for increasing smoking cessation among PLWH .