***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To investigate the effects of simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training on physical performance characteristics , 10 experimental ( E ) and 8 control ( C ) endurance athletes trained for 9 wk . The total training volume was kept the same in both groups , but 32 % of training in E and 3 % in C was replaced by explosive-type strength training . A 5-km time trial ( 5 K ) , running economy ( RE ) , maximal 20-m speed ( V20 m ) , and 5-jump ( 5J ) tests were measured on a track . Maximal anaerobic ( MART ) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART ( VMART ) and maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 max ) . The 5 K time , RE , and VMART improved ( P < 0.05 ) in E , but no changes were observed in C. V20 m and 5J increased in E ( P < 0.01 ) and decreased in C ( P < 0.05 ) . VO2 max increased in C ( P < 0.05 ) , but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data , the changes in the 5 K velocity during 9 wk of training correlated ( P < 0.05 ) with the changes in RE [ O2 uptake ( r = -0.54 ) ] and VMART ( r = 0.55 ) . In conclusion , the present simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training improved the 5 K time in well-trained endurance athletes without changes in their VO2 max . This improvement was due to improved neuromuscular characteristics that were transferred into improved VMART and running economy The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent strength and endurance training ( SE ) ( 2 plus 2 days a week ) versus strength training only ( S ) ( 2 days a week ) in men [ SE : n=11 ; 38 ( 5 ) years , S : n=16 ; 37 ( 5 ) years ] over a training period of 21 weeks . The resistance training program addressed both maximal and explosive strength components . EMG , maximal isometric force , 1 RM strength , and rate of force development ( RFD ) of the leg extensors , muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) of the quadriceps femoris ( QF ) throughout the lengths of 4/15–12/15 ( Lf ) of the femur , muscle fibre proportion and areas of types I , IIa , and IIb of the vastus lateralis ( VL ) , and maximal oxygen uptake ( V̇O2max ) were evaluated . No changes occurred in strength during the 1-week control period , while after the 21-week training period increases of 21 % ( p<0.001 ) and 22 % ( p<0.001 ) , and of 22 % ( p<0.001 ) and 21 % ( p<0.001 ) took place in the 1RM load and maximal isometric force in S and SE , respectively . Increases of 26 % ( p<0.05 ) and 29 % ( p<0.001 ) occurred in the maximum iEMG of the VL in S and SE , respectively . The CSA of the QF increased throughout the length of the QF ( from 4/15 to 12/15 Lf ) both in S ( p<0.05–0.001 ) and SE ( p<0.01–0.001 ) . The mean fibre areas of types I , IIa and IIb increased after the training both in S ( p<0.05 and 0.01 ) and SE ( p<0.05 and p<0.01 ) . S showed an increase in RFD ( p<0.01 ) , while no change occurred in SE . The average iEMG of the VL during the first 500 ms of the rapid isometric action increased ( p<0.05–0.001 ) only in S. V̇O2max increased by 18.5 % ( p<0.001 ) in SE . The present data do not support the concept of the universal nature of the interference effect in strength development and muscle hypertrophy when strength training is performed concurrently with endurance training , and the training volume is diluted by a longer period of time with a low frequency of training . However , the present results suggest that even the low-frequency concurrent strength and endurance training leads to interference in explosive strength development mediated in part by the limitations of rapid voluntary neural activation of the trained muscles We examined acute molecular responses in skeletal muscle to repeated sprint and resistance exercise bouts .  Six men [ age , 24.7 + /- 6.3 yr ; body mass , 81.6 + /- 7.3 kg ; peak oxygen uptake , 47 + /- 9.9 mlxkg(-1)xmin(-1 ) ; one repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) leg extension 92.2 + /- 12.5 kg ; means + /- SD ] were r and omly assigned to trials consisting of either resistance exercise ( 8 x 5 leg extension , 80 % 1-RM ) followed by repeated sprints ( 10 x 6 s , 0.75 Nxm torquexkg(-1 ) ) or vice-versa . Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were obtained at rest , 15 min after each exercise bout , and following 3-h recovery to determine early signaling and mRNA responses . There was divergent exercise order-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 K ( S6 K ) . Specifically , initial resistance exercise increased S6 K phosphorylation ( approximately 75 % P < 0.05 ) , but there was no effect when resistance exercise was undertaken after sprints . Exercise decreased IGF-I mRNA following 3-h recovery ( approximately 50 % , P = 0.06 ) independent of order , while muscle RING finger mRNA was elevated with a moderate exercise order effect ( P < 0.01 ) . When resistance exercise was followed by repeated sprints  PGC-1alpha mRNA was increased ( REX1-SPR2 ; P = 0.02 ) with a modest distinction between exercise orders . Repeated sprints may promote acute interference on resistance exercise responses by attenuating translation initiation signaling and exacerbating ubiquitin ligase expression . Indeed , repeated sprints appear to generate the overriding acute exercise-induced response when undertaking concurrent repeated sprint and resistance exercise . Accordingly , we suggest that sprint-activities are isolated from resistance training and that adequate recovery time is considered within periodized training plans that incorporate these divergent exercise modes The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 2 training programs differing in the relative contribution of training volume , clearly below vs. within the lactate threshold/maximal lactate steady state region on performance in endurance runners . Twelve subelite endurance runners ( who are specialists in track events , mostly the 5,000-m race usually held during spring-summer months and who also participate in cross-country races [ 9–12 km ] during fall and winter months ) were r and omly assigned to a training program emphasizing low-intensity ( subthreshold ) ( Z1 ) or moderately high-intensity ( between thresholds ) ( Z2 ) training intensities . At the start of the study , the subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine ventilatory ( VT ) and respiratory compensation thresholds ( RCT ) , which allowed training to be controlled based on heart rate during each training session over a 5-month training period . Subjects performed a simulated 10.4-km cross-country race before and after the training period . Training was quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones : zone 1 ( low intensity ; VT ) , zone 2 ( moderate intensity ; between VT and RCT ) , and zone 3 ( high intensity ; RCT ) . The contribution of total training time spent in zones 1 and 2 was controlled to have relatively more low-intensity training in Z1 ( 80.5 ± 1.8 % and 11.8 ± 2.0 % , respectively ) than in Z2 ( 66.8 ± 1.1 % and 24.7 ± 1.5 % , respectively ) , whereas the contribution of high-intensity ( zone 3 ) training was similar ( 8.3 ± 0.7 % [ Z1 ] and 8.5 ± 1.0 % [ Z2 ] ) . The magnitude of the improvement in running performance was significantly greater ( p = 0.03 ) in Z1 ( −157 ± 13 seconds ) than in Z2 ( −121.5 ± 7.1 seconds ) . These results provide experimental evidence supporting the value of a relatively large percentage of low-intensity training over a long period ( −5 months ) , provided that the contribution of high-intensity training remains sufficient PURPOSE It has been suggested that endurance training influences the running economy ( CR ) and the oxygen uptake ( .VO(2 ) ) kinetics in heavy exercise by accelerating the primary phase and attenuating the .VO(2 ) slow component . However , the effects of heavy weight training ( HWT ) in combination with endurance training remain unclear . The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a concurrent HWT+endurance training on CR and the .VO(2 ) kinetics in endurance athletes . METHODS Fifteen triathletes were assigned to endurance+strength ( ES ) or endurance-only ( E ) training for 14 wk . The training program was similar , except ES performed two HWT sessions a week . Before and after the training period , the subjects performed 1 ) an incremental field running test for determination of .VO(2max ) and the velocity associated ( V(.VO2max ) ) , the second ventilatory threshold ( VT(2 ) ) ; 2 ) a 3000-m run at constant velocity , calculated to require 25 % of the difference between .VO(2max ) and VT(2 ) , to determine CR and the characteristics of the VO(2 ) kinetics ; 3 ) maximal hopping tests to determine maximal mechanical power and lower-limb stiffness ; 4 ) maximal concentric lower-limb strength measurements . RESULTS After the training period , maximal strength were increased ( P < 0.01 ) in ES but remained unchanged in E. Hopping power decreased in E ( P < 0.05 ) . After training , economy ( P < 0.05 ) and hopping power ( P < 0.001 ) were greater in ES than in E. .VO(2max ) , leg hopping stiffness and the .VO(2 ) kinetics were not significantly affected by training either in ES or E. CONCLUSION Additional HWT led to improved maximal strength and running economy with no significant effects on the .VO(2 ) kinetics pattern in heavy exercise PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine muscle morphological and neural activation adaptations result ing from the interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training . METHODS Thirty sedentary healthy male subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three training groups that performed 10 wk of 3-d x wk(-1 ) high-intensity strength training ( S ) , cycle endurance training ( E ) , or concurrent strength and endurance training ( CC ) .  Strength , quadriceps-muscle biopsies , computed tomography scans at mid-thigh , and surface electromyogram ( EMG ) assessment s were made before and after training . RESULTS S and CC groups demonstrated similar increases ( P < 0.0001 ) in both thigh extensor ( 12 and 14 % ) and flexor/adductor ( 7 and 6 % ) muscle areas . Type II myofiber areas similarly increased ( P < 0.002 ) in both S ( 24 % ) and CC ( 28 % ) groups , whereas the increase ( P < 0.004 ) in Type I area with S training ( 19 % ) was also similar to the nonsignificant ( P = 0.041 ) increase with CC training ( 13 % ) . Significant increases ( P < 0.005 ) in maximal isometric knee-extension torque were accompanied by nonsignificant ( P < or= 0.07 ) increases in root mean squared EMG amplitude of the quadriceps musculature for both S and C groups . No changes ( P > 0.38 ) in the EMG/torque relation across 20 to 100 % maximal voluntary contractions occurred in any group . A small 3 % increase ( P < 0.01 ) in thigh extensor area was the only change in any of the above variables with E training . CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate 3-d x wk(-1 ) concurrent performance of both strength and endurance training does not impair adaptations in strength , muscle hypertrophy , and neural activation induced by strength training alone . Results provide a physiological basis to support several performance studies that consistently indicate 3-d x wk(-1 ) concurrent training does not impair strength development over the short term Abstract Vilaça Alves , J , Saavedra , F , Simão , R , Novaes , J , Rhea , MR , Green , D , and Machado Reis , V. Does aerobic and strength exercise sequence in the same session affect the oxygen uptake during and postexercise ? J Strength Cond Res 26(7 ) : 1872–1878 , 2012—Concurrent training is a strategy employed in both general fitness and sports conditioning . The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of V[Combining Dot Above]O2 in different combinations of strength exercise with aerobic interval exercise .  Eight men ( 23.6 ± 4.2 years , 178 ± 6.3 cm , 77 ± 7.9 kg , 7.67 ± 1.95 % body fat ) completed 3 combinations of strength training ( ST ) and aerobic training ( AT ) in a r and omized order with a 7-day recovery period : AT before ST exercises , AT between 2 blocks of ST exercises , and AT after ST exercises . The ST comprised 4 exercises performed in 3 sets of 10 reps and 2 exercises , abdominal crunch and lumbar extension , performed in 3 sets of 30 and 20 reps , respectively . The AT consisted of a 2 
    Output:
    
Although further research is needed , it seems that higher intensities of aerobic or resistance training induce greater aerobic or neuromuscular gains , respectively .
Nevertheless , it seems that higher resistance training loads should be combined with lower aerobic training intensities for increased strength gains and minimal losses after detraining