***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of an intervention design ed to promote resilience in young children living with their HIV-positive mothers . Design / methods : HIV-positive women attending clinics in Tshwane , South Africa , and their children , aged 6–10 years , were r and omized to the intervention ( I ) or st and ard care ( S ) . The intervention consisted of 24 weekly group sessions led by community care workers . Mothers and children were in separate groups for 14 sessions , followed by 10 interactive sessions . The primary focus was on parent – child communication and parenting . Assessment s were completed by mothers and children at baseline and 6 , 12 and 18 months . Repeated mixed linear analyses were used to assess change over time . Results : Of 390 mother – child pairs , 84.6 % ( I : 161 and S : 169 ) completed at least two interviews and were included in the analyses . Children 's mean age was 8.4 years and 42 % of mothers had been ill in the prior 3 months . Attendance in groups was variable : only 45.7 % attended more than 16 sessions . Intervention mothers reported significant improvements in children 's externalizing behaviours ( ß = –2.8 , P = 0.002 ) , communication ( ß = 4.3 , P = 0.025 ) and daily living skills ( ß = 5.9 , P = 0.024 ) , although improvement in internalizing behaviours and socialization was not significant ( P = 0.061 and 0.052 , respectively ) . Intervention children reported a temporary increase in anxiety but did not report differences in depression or emotional intelligence . Conclusion : This is the first study demonstrating benefits of an intervention design ed to promote resilience among young children of HIV-positive mothers . The intervention was specifically design ed for an African context and has the potential to benefit large numbers of children , if it can be widely implemented BACKGROUND Although cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) is established as a first line treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents , there is little evidence about the effectiveness of CBT protocol s in cases identified in the community in low and middle income countries ( LaMICs ) . AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of group CBT protocol for youths with anxiety disorders identified in a community sample in LaMICs . METHOD A total of 14 sessions of group CBT for youths and 2 concurrent sessions for parents based on Kendall 's Coping Cat program were offered . Participants were selected from a cross-sectional community study ; 45 subjects fulfilled inclusion criteria and 28 agreed to participate in the open clinical trial .  Treatment effectiveness was evaluated with st and ard clinical , self- and parent-rated measures of anxiety , depression , externalizing symptoms and quality of life ( QoL ) . RESULTS Twenty youths completed the protocol . All scales showed an improvement of anxiety and reduction in externalizing symptoms over time , with a moderate to large effect size ( d = 0.59 to 2.06 ; p < .05 ) , but not in depressive symptoms or QoL. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous evidence , group CBT is effective in treating anxiety disorders in youths . Results encourage further r and omized clinical trials using CBT protocol s adapted and developed to be used in LaMICs BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder affects more than 5 million children in south Asia . Although early interventions have been used for the treatment of children in high-income countries , no substantive trials have been done of the interventions adapted for use in low-income and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) . We therefore assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the parent-mediated intervention for autism spectrum disorder in south Asia ( PASS ) in India and Pakistan . METHODS A single-blind r and omised trial of the comparison of 12 sessions of PASS ( plus treatment as usual ) with treatment as usual alone delivered by non-specialist health workers was done at two centres in Goa , India , and Rawalpindi , Pakistan . Children aged 2 - 9 years with autism spectrum disorder were r and omly assigned ( 1:1 ) by use of probabilistic minimisation , controlling for treatment centre ( Goa or Rawalpindi ) , age ( < 6 years or ≥6 years ) , and functional impairment ( Vinel and Adaptive Behaviour Scale Composite score < 65 or ≥65 ) . The primary outcome was quality of parent-child interaction on the Dyadic Communication Measure for Autism at 8 months . Analysis was by intention to treat . The study is registered with IS RCT N , number IS RCT N79675498 . FINDINGS From Jan 1 to July 30 , 2013 , 65 children were r and omly allocated , 32 to the PASS group ( 15 in Goa and 17 in Rawalpindi ) and 33 to the treatment-as-usual group ( 15 in Goa and 18 in Rawalpindi ) . 26 ( 81 % ) of 32 participants completed the intervention . After adjustment for minimisation factors and baseline outcome , the primary outcome showed a treatment effect in favour of PASS in parental synchrony ( adjusted mean difference 0·25 [ 95 % CI 0·14 to 0·36 ] ; effect size 1·61 [ 95 % CI 0·90 to 2·32 ] ) and initiation of communication by the child with the parent ( 0·15 [ 0·04 to 0·26 ] ; effect size 0·99 [ 0·29 to 1·68 ] ) , but time in mutual shared attention was reduced ( -0·16 [ -0·26 to -0·05 ] ; effect size -0·70 [ -1·16 to -0·23 ] ) . INTERPRETATION Our results show the feasibility of adapting and task-shifting an intervention used in a high-income context to LMICs . The findings also replicate the positive primary outcome treatment effects of a parent-mediated communication-focused intervention in the original UK Preschool Autism Communication Trial , with one negative effect not reported previously . FUNDING Autism Speaks , USA OBJECTIVE To evaluate a family- and church-based intervention for adolescents and caregivers in rural Kenya to improve family relationships , reduce HIV risk , and promote mental health . METHOD The intervention was developed using community-based participatory methods and focused on strengthening family communication . Modules addressed economic , relationship , and HIV-related topics using evidence -based behavioral strategies alongside culturally grounded content . A stepped wedge cluster r and omized trial was conducted with 124 families ( 237 adolescents ages 10 to 16 ; 203 caregivers ) from 4 churches . Participants completed interviewer-administered surveys over 5 rounds . Primary outcomes included family communication , HIV risk knowledge , self-efficacy , and beliefs . Secondary outcomes included parenting , social support , mental health , and adolescent sexual behavior . We estimated intent-to-treat effects via ordinary least squares regression with clustered st and ard errors . RESULTS Relative to controls , the intervention group reported better family communication across domains at 1- and 3-months postintervention and higher self-efficacy for risk reduction skills and HIV-related knowledge at 1-month postintervention . Sexually active youth in the intervention reported fewer high-risk behaviors at 1-month postintervention , including unprotected sex or multiple partners . Male caregivers in the intervention reported higher parental involvement at both time points , and youth reported more social support from male caregivers at 3-months postintervention . No effects on secondary outcomes of parenting , social support , and mental health were detected . CONCLUSIONS This intervention holds promise for strengthening positive family processes to protect against negative future outcomes for adolescents . Implementation with religious congregations may be a promising strategy for improving sustainability and scalability of interventions in low-re source setting s. ( PsycINFO Data base OBJECTIVES To test the effectiveness of the CHAMP among black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . METHODS A r and omized control trial was conducted in KwaDedangendlale , South Africa , among youths ( ages 9 - 13 ) and their families ( 245 intervention families rearing 281 children and 233 control families rearing 298 children ) . The CHAMPSA intervention targeted HIV risk behaviors by strengthening family relationship processes as well as targeting peer influences through enhancing social problem solving and peer negotiation skills for youths . RESULTS Among caregivers in the control and experimental conditions , significant intervention group differences were revealed regarding HIV transmission knowledge , less stigma toward HIV-infected people , caregiver monitoring-family rules , caregiver communication comfort , caregiver communication frequency and social networks . Among youths , data revealed that control and experimental groups were significantly different for children in AIDS transmission knowledge and less stigma toward HIV-infected people . CONCLUSIONS CHAMPSA enhances a significant number individual , family and community protective factors that can help youths avoid risky behaviors leading to HIV-positive status The negative effects of displacement and poverty on child mental health are well-known , yet research on prevention interventions in low- and middle-income countries , especially fragile states , remains limited . We examined the effectiveness of a parenting skills intervention on mental health outcomes among Burmese migrant and displaced children living in 20 communities in Thail and . Participants were primary caregivers and children aged 7 to 15 years ( n = 479 families ) . Families were r and omly assigned to receive an adapted version of the Strengthening Families Program ( n = 240 ) or a wait-list control condition ( n = 239 ) . Assessment s were conducted at baseline and 1-month post-intervention for both conditions and at 6 months for treatment group only . One month after the program , children in the treatment condition showed significant reductions in externalizing problems ( caregiver effect size ( ES ) −0.22 , p = 0.02 ; child report ES −0.11 , p = 0.02 ) and child attention problems compared with controls ( caregiver report ES −0.23 , p = 0.03 ) . There was no significant treatment effect on children ’s internalizing problems ( ES −0.06 ; p = 0.31 ) . Children reported a significant increase in prosocial protective factors relative to controls ( ES 0.20 , p < 0.01 ) . Results suggest that an evidence -based parenting skills intervention adapted for a displaced and migrant Burmese population facing high levels of adversity can have positive effects on children ’s externalizing symptoms and protective psychosocial factors . Trial Registration . Clinical trials.gov : https:// clinical Rural communities in the Haut-Uele Province of northern Democratic Republic of Congo live in constant danger of attack and /or abduction by units of the Lord 's Resistance Army operating in the region . This pilot study sought to develop and evaluate a community-participative psychosocial intervention involving life skills and relaxation training and Mobile Cinema screenings with this war-affected population living under current threat . 159 war-affected children and young people ( aged 7 - 18 ) from the villages of Kiliwa and Li-May in north-eastern DR Congo took part in this study . In total , 22 % of participants had been abduction previously while 73 % had a family member abducted . Symptoms of post-traumatic stress reactions , internalising problems , conduct problems and pro-social behaviour were assessed by blinded interviewers at pre- and post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up . Participants were r and omised ( with an accompanying caregiver ) to 8 sessions of a group-based , community-participative , psychosocial intervention ( n=79 ) carried out by supervised local , lay facilitators or a wait-list control group ( n=80 ) . Average seminar attendance rates were high : 88 % for participants and 84 % for caregivers . Drop-out was low : 97 % of participants were assessed at post-intervention and 88 % at 3 month follow-up . At post-test , participants reported significantly fewer symptoms of post-traumatic stress reactions compared to controls ( Cohen 's d=0.40 ) . At 3 month follow up , large improvements in internalising symptoms and moderate improvements in pro-social scores were reported , with caregivers noting a moderate to large decline in conduct problems among the young people . Trial Registration clinical Trials.gov , Identifier : NCT01542398 An increasing number of adolescents born with HIV in South Africa are on antiretroviral treatment and have to confront complex issues related to coping with a chronic , stigmatizing and transmittable illness . Very few evidence -based mental health and health promotion programs for this population exist in South Africa . This study builds on a previous collaboratively design ed and developmentally timed family-based intervention for early adolescents ( CHAMP ) . The study uses community-based participatory approach as part of formative research to evaluate a pilot r and omized control trial at two hospitals . The paper reports on the development , feasibility , and acceptability of the VUKA family-based program and its short-term impact on a range of psychosocial variables for HIV + preadolescents and their caregivers . A 10-session intervention of approximately 3-month duration was delivered to 65 preadolescents aged 10–13 years and their families .  VUKA participants were noted to improve on all dimensions , including mental health , youth behavior , HIV treatment knowledge , stigma , communication , and adherence to medication .  VUKA shows promise as a family-based mental and HIV prevention program for HIV + preadolescents and which could be delivered by trained lay staff This article analyzes the efficacy of the Together for Empowerment Activities ( TEA ) intervention in decreasing depressive symptoms and improving social support for persons living with HIV ( PLH ) and their family members . A total of 79 families , consisting of 88 PLH and 79 
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Interventions noted widespread acceptance of program material and delivery by NSPs .
They also noted the need for ongoing supervision of NSPs to increase treatment fidelity .
Discussion : Usage of NSPs is quite consistently proving feasible , acceptable , and efficacious and is almost certainly a valuable component within approaches to scaling up mental health programs .