***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study was performed to determine the frequency of inactivation and clinical correlates in non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) of three known tumor suppressor genes [ TSGs ; RB , MTS1/CDKN2 ( p16 ) , and p53 ] and various regions of 3p loss of heterozygosity ( LOH ) as other major potential TSG sites .  Paraffin sections from 103 resected NSCLCs were analyzed for expression of pRB , p16 , and p53 by immunohistochemistry , whereas DNA from tumor and normal tissue were tested for LOH at 3p25 - 26 , 3p21 , and 3p14 . Previously published LOH data for 5q , 11p , 17q , and 18q were also available . Loss of pRB or p16 expression and overexpression of p53 were considered abnormal . The immunohistochemical and LOH data were correlated with a variety of clinical parameters including stage , age , sex , smoking history , and survival . With respect to pRB , p16 , and p53 , the tumors could be grouped into four categories : normal for all three proteins ( 21 % ) ; abnormal for pRB or p16 and normal for p53 ( 30 % ) ; normal for pRB and p16 and abnormal for p53 ( 20 % ) ; and abnormal in both pathways ( 28 % ) . Aberrant expression of pRB , p16 , p53 , and 3p LOH , either individually or in combination , was not associated with survival differences or any other clinical parameters , with the exception that pRB/pl6 abnormalities were more common in older patients ( P = 0.0005 ) . pRB and p16 expression showed a strong inverse correlation ( P = 0.002 ) , whereas there was no correlation between expression of pRB , p16 , and p53 . Abnormal expression of any of the three genes inversely correlated with K-ras codon 12 mutations ( P = 0.004 ) , but not with 3p LOH or LOH at other TSG loci . We conclude that resectable NSCLCs show distinct patterns of TSG inactivation , but that no clear clinical correlates exist either alone or in combination for pRB , p16 , p53 , and 3p abnormalities The 5-year survival rate of non-small cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) has only marginally improved during the past two decades , despite advances in surgery and chemoradiotherapy . Major efforts are currently directed toward biological characterization of these tumors to define biomarkers able to add further prognostic information , thus improving new therapeutic protocol s. We analyzed the predictive relevance of the  microvessel count ( MC ) , bcl-2 and p53 proteins , proliferative activity , and usual postsurgical parameters on recurrence and overall survival in a series of 70 patients with NSCLC . The expression of biological parameters ( p53 , bcl-2 , proliferative activity , and MC ) was detected using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded and frozen sections from the tumors treated with surgical resection alone until relapse . In the univariate analysis , the histotype , tumor status , node status , p53 , bcl-2 , and MC have been shown to significantly affect progression and death . In the multiple logistic regression analysis , the MC ( P < 0.000001 ) , tumor status ( P < 0.005 ) , and node status ( P < 0.0002 ) influenced the overall survival while prediction of relapse was strongly revealed by tumor status ( P < 0.005 ) , nodal metastatic involvement ( P < 0.000001 ) , and the assessment of the vascular count ( P < 0.0004 ) . These data have allowed the creation of a multivariate model which may add more information on risk of recurrence and death in patients with NSCLC and can form the basis for future r and omized clinical trials This study was design ed prospect ively to evaluate the development of anti-p53 antibodies ( Abs ) in lung cancer patients in relation to their clinical outcome . Sera , derived from 125 lung cancer patients , consisting of 14 small cell lung cancers ( SCLC ) and 111 non-SCLCs ( NSCLC ) , were surveyed . The p53-null human NSCLC cell line , NCI-H1299 , transfected with a human mutant p53 gene was prepared as the source of p53 antigen for immunoblotting analyses to detect the presence of serum anti-p53 Abs . The control group included sera from 10 healthy adults and 14 patients with benign pulmonary diseases .  Clinical data including staging and survival were recorded for statistical analyses . The anti-p53 Abs were found in 8 % ( 10 of 125 ) of the lung cancer patients studied ( 8.1 % of NSCLC versus 7.1 % of SCLC patients ) , whereas none of the control sera had detectable anti-p53 Abs . The presence of anti-p53 Abs was closely associated with malignant pleural effusions ( P = 0.001 ) . The p53 Ab-positive patients had a worse prognosis than the p53 Ab-negative patients ( P < 0.02 ; median survival , 20 versus 41 weeks ) . In both univariate and multivariate analyses , the tumor extension and probably the presence of anti-p53 Abs were significant predictors for cancer death . The development of anti-p53 Abs ( n = 9 ) was also a predictor for poor survival in patients with malignant effusions ( n = 51 ) . In conclusion , the presence of serum anti-p53 Abs is closely associated with malignant pleural effusions in lung cancer patients . It may serve as a negative prognostic factor for survival independent of malignant pleural effusions and tumor staging PURPOSE This study attempted to determine the prognostic value for survival of various pretreatment characteristics in patients with nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer in the context of more than 10 years of experience of a European Cooperative Group . PATIENTS AND METHODS We included in the analysis all eligible patients ( N = 1,052 ) with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer registered onto one of seven trials conducted by the European Lung Cancer Working Party ( ELCWP ) during one decade . The patients were treated by chemotherapy regimens based on platinum derivatives . We prospect ively collected 23 variables and analyzed them by univariate and multivariate methods . RESULTS The global estimated median survival time was 29 weeks , with a 95 % confidence interval of 27 to 30 weeks . After univariate analysis , we applied two multivariate statistical techniques . In a Cox regression model , the selected explanatory variables were disease extent , Karnofsky performance status , WBC and neutrophil counts , metastatic involvement of skin , serum calcium level , age , and sex . These results were confirmed by application of recursive partitioning and amalgamation algorithms ( RECPAM ) , which led to classification of the patients into four homogeneous subgroups . CONCLUSION We confirmed by our analysis the role of well-known independent prognostic factors for survival , but also identified the effect of the neutrophil count , rarely studied , with the use of two methods : a classical Cox regression model and a RECPAM analysis . The classification of patients into the four subgroups we obtained needs to be vali date d in other series Although postoperative adjuvant therapy for non‐small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) had not been reported to be effective , it has been reported recently that oral administration of tegafur ( 1‐[2‐tetrahydrofuryl]‐5‐fluorouracil , FT ) may improve the postoperative prognosis . In the present paper , to examine whether p53 status affects the efficacy of FT as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC , a total of 236 consecutive patients with completely resected pathologic stage I – IIIa NSCLC were retrospectively review ed .  p53 status was determined by immunohistochemical staining . For all patients , the  5‐year survival rate of patients with FT administration ( FT group ) was 78.1 % , being significantly higher than that ( 69.1 % ) of patients without FT administration ( control group ) ( P=0.046 ) . For patients without immunohistochemical evidence of p53 overexpression , the 5‐year survival rate in the FT group was 87.1 % , being significantly higher than that ( 74.0 % ) in the control group ( P=0.036 ) . This demonstrates an improvement of postoperative prognosis by FT administration . On the other h and , for patients with p53 overexpression , there was no significant difference in the postoperative prognosis between the FT group and the control group ( 5‐year survival rate 63.2 % and 60.1 % , respectively ; P=0.514 ) , demonstrating that FT administration was not effective for these patients . In conclusion , p53 status may be useful for predicting the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using FT . A prospect i ve r and omized study stratified by p53 status is needed to clarify the effect of postoperative FT administration Historical information and pathological material from 150 consecutive patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the lung was collected to evaluate oncogene expression of erbB-2 and p53 , and erbB-2 gene amplification . Pathological material after resection was review ed to verify histological staging , and patient follow-up was complete in all cases for at least 68 months . Immunohistochemistry of erbB-2 ( HER-2/neu ) and p53 oncogene expression was performed on two separate paraffin tumor blocks for each patient with normal lung as control . Gene amplification of erbB-2 was measured after DNA extraction from 20-micrometer sections of erbB-2-positive and -negative tumors . All analyses were blinded and included Kaplan-Meier survival estimates with Cox proportional hazards regression modeling . Two adequate blocks of tumor and normal lung were available for 138 ( 92 % ) patients . Immunohistochemical identification of expression of p53 was observed in 49 ( 37 % ) patients and erbB-2 in 17 ( 13 % ) patients .  DNA dot blot analyses  were performed on 17 erbB-2-positive and 13 r and omly selected erbB-2-negative tumors . There was 1 ( 6 % ) of 17 erbB-2-positve tumors with 4-fold erbB-2 gene amplification . Actual 5-year survival was 63 % and actuarial 10-year survival was 59 % for the entire population of 150 patients . Significant univariate predictors ( P < 0.05 ) of cancer death were the presence of symptoms , tumor size > 3 cm , poor differentiation , visceral pleural invasion , and p53 expression . Multivariate analysis associated symptoms and p53 expression as independent factors with decreased survival . Thus , this project examined p53 and erbB-2 expression in patients with localized adenocarcinoma and associated p53 status with survival . Multicenter collection of data should allow the development of a model of cancer recurrence in this most common lung cancer BACKGROUND Pre clinical studies in animal models have demonstrated tumor regression following intratumoral administration of an adenovirus vector containing wild-type p53 complementary DNA ( Ad-p53 ) . Therefore , in a phase I clinical trial , we administered Ad-p53 to 28 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) whose cancers had progressed on conventional treatments . METHODS Patients received up to six , monthly intratumoral injections of Ad-p53 by use of computed tomography-guided percutaneous fine-needle injection ( 23 patients ) or bronchoscopy ( five patients ) . The doses ranged from 10(6 ) plaque-forming units ( PFU ) to 10(11 ) PFU . RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) analysis showed the presence of adenovirus vector DNA in 18 ( 86 % ) of 21 patients with evaluable posttreatment biopsy specimens ; vector-specific p53 messenger RNA was detected by means of reverse transcription-PCR analysis in 12 ( 46 % ) of 26 patients . Apoptosis ( programmed cell death ) was demonstrated by increased terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated biotin uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling ( TUNEL ) staining in posttreatment biopsy specimens from 11 patients . Vector-related toxicity was minimal ( National Cancer Institute 's Common Toxicity Criteria : grade 3 = one patient ; grade 4 = no patients ) in 84 courses of treatment , despite repeated injections ( up to six ) in 23 patients . Therapeutic activity in 25 evaluable patients included partial responses in two patients ( 8 % ) and disease stabilization ( range , 2 - 14 months ) in 16 patients ( 64 % ) ; the remaining seven patients ( 28 % ) exhibited disease progression . CONCLUSIONS Repeated intratumoral injections of Ad-p53 appear to be well tolerated , result in transgene expression of wild-type p53 , and seem to mediate antitumor activity in a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC Drug resistance is a major problem in patients with small cell lung cancer ; in fact , most die of resistant disease , despite an initial response . Several markers of drug resistance have been described in pre clinical models , but the mechanism of drug resistance in lung cancer patients remains unknown . The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the expression of a number of markers of drug resistance , proliferation , and apoptosis in relation to response to chemotherapy and survival in patients with small cell lung cancer . Tumor sample s were derived from 93 previously untreated patients who were r and om 
    Output:
    
In NSCLC , Bcl-2 expression was associated with a better prognosis .
The data on Bcl-2 expression in small cell lung cancer were insufficient to assess its prognostic value