***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effect of talocrural joint position on muscle activity and gross mechanical efficiency ( GE ) . Eleven trained cyclists participated in three r and omized 6-min cycling bouts at ∼80 % of maximal aerobic capacity on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer  while oxygen consumption and muscle activity ( EMG )  were monitored during the subject ’s self-selected pedaling technique ( control ) and while using a dorsi- and plantarflexed pedaling technique . The mean differences in range of motion of the dorsi- and plantarflexed technique from the control position were 7.1 ± 4.4 and 6.9 ± 5.4 ° , respectively . Gastrocnemius EMG activity was higher with the dorsiflexion technique than when using the self-selected control position ( 33.2 ± 13.0 and 24.2 ± 8.4 μV s , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Moreover , GE was 2.6 % lower while riding with the dorsiflexion technique than the control position ( 19.0 ± 1.2 and 19.5 ± 1.3 % , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . The data suggested that introducing more dorsiflexion into the pedal stroke of a trained cyclist  increases muscle activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis and decreased GE when compared to the self-selected pedal stroke PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine the effect of varying push frequency on pushing economy ( oxygen uptake at a given speed ) . METHODS Eight male wheelchair racers completed a series of exercise bouts on a wheelchair ergometer ( Bromking Turbo Trainer , Bromakin , UK ) at 6.58 m x s(-1 ) . Initially , subjects self-selected their freely chosen push frequency ( FCF ) ; this was followed by 4 r and om trials pushing at 60 , 80 , 120 , and 140 % of this FCF . Steady state VO2 was determined using Douglas bags , and heart rate was recorded by telemetry . After each condition , a small capillary blood sample was obtained and analyzed for blood lactate concentration ( BLa ) and a rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) was recorded . RESULTS At 6.58 m x s(-1 ) oxygen uptake , RPE , and gross mechanical efficiency were nonlinearly related to push frequency . Analysis of variance showed a significant effect ( P < 0.05 ) of cycle frequency on VO2 . VO2 was 11 % higher at the 140 % FCF compared with the 100 % FCF condition . Changes in push frequency had little effect on HR although BLa increased linearly and was higher at the 140 % FCF condition compared with 60 % FCF ( P < 0.05 ) . A two-dimensional sagittal plane video analysis showed large interindividual differences in propulsion style . Both cycle time and the propulsion phase ( % ) decreased as the push frequency increased . The start angle and end angle of h and contact were similar for conditions , whereas the range of trunk motion decreased with push frequency ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that the push frequency had an effect on pushing economy , and that the athletes ' FCF was the most economical The aim of this study was to investigate the loading dem and s placed on the intact limb in terms of joint moments and power for active transfemoral and transtibial amputees in comparison to a group of ablebodied subjects . Four ( 4 ) transtibial , 4 transfemoral amputees and 10 ablebodied subjects walked at 1.2m.s1 along a walkway whilst kinematic data from both the intact and prosthetic limbs , and kinetic data from the intact limb only were collected . A Panasonic VHS video camera was used to film subjects walking in the sagittal plane with simultaneous force data collected from a Kistler force platform . The amputees were found to compensate for the functional loss of one or more joints by increasing net joint moments and power output on their intact limb compared to ablebodied subjects . At the intact limb ankle , the range of motion , peak dorsiflexor moment and power generation at toeoff increased . At the intact limb knee , power generation during stance and extensor moments and power absorption at toeoff increased . At the intact limb hip , extensor moment and power absorption during stance , and hip flexor moment and power generation at toeoff increased . These findings were partly attributed to the prostheses used but mainly to adaptation mechanisms displayed by transfemoral and transtibial amputees . They have implication s for the mobility of amputees and the long term health of their joints . It was recommended that prosthesis design , prosthesis fitting and training in the use of the prosthesis were all factors which could be investigated with a view to minimising intact limb loading 
    Output:
    
RESULTS St and ard assistive devices can inhibit the Paralympians ' abilities to perform the strenuous activities of their sports .
Technology is essential for the Paralympic athlete , and the potential technological advantage for a Paralympian , when competing against an Olympian , is unclear .