***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The efficacy of Broncho-Vaxom/Imocur ( OM-85 BV ) , an orally administered lyophilized bacterial extract , for recurrent respiratory and ear , nose and throat ( ENT ) infections was evaluated in 116 children aged 6 months to 19 years by comparing its activity in 61 children with that of a placebo in 55 children . The study was r and omized , double-blind , and comprised a 90-day treatment period followed by a 90-day follow-up period without test drugs . Over the 180 days , 39.5 % of patients taking OM-85 BV  remained free from infection compared with 16.5 % on placebo ( p less than 0.01 ) . 44 % on OM-85 BV did not need antibiotics  compared with 23.5 % on placebo ( p less than 0.05 ) . These differences were even greater in the subgroup of children aged 6 years and less ( 34 vs. 3.5 % for the absence of infections , p less than 0.01 and 37 vs. 10 % for the need of antibiotics , p less than 0.05 ) . Tolerance to OM-85 BV was excellent , and laboratory investigations showed no abnormalities attributable to this product . This work confirms that the immunomodulator OM-85 BV is an effective immunotherapy for recurrent respiratory and ENT infections in children Purpose To evaluate whether yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain could protect middle-aged and elderly people from acute upper respiratory tract infections ( URTI ) using a r and omized , blank-controlled , parallel-group design . Patients and methods Two hundred and five volunteers aged ≥45 years were r and omly divided into two groups . The subjects in the intervention group were orally administered 300 mL/d of yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain , Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 ( N1115 ) , 3.6 × 107 CFU/mL for 12 weeks , while those in the control group retained their normal diet without any probiotic supplementation . The primary outcome was the incidence of URTI , and changes in serum protein , immunoglobulins , and the profiles of the T-lymphocyte subsets ( total T-cells [ CD3 + ] , T-helper cells [ CD4 + ] , and T-cytotoxic-suppressor cells [ CD8 + ] ) during the intervention were the secondary outcomes . Results Compared to the control group , the number of persons diagnosed with an acute URTI and the number of URTI events significantly decreased in the intervention group ( P=0.038 , P=0.030 , respectively ) . The risk of URTI in the intervention group was evaluated as 55 % of that in the control group ( relative risk = 0.55 , 95 % CI : 0.307–0.969 ) . The change in the percentage of CD3 + cells in the intervention group was significantly higher than in the control group ( P=0.038 ) . However , no significant differences were observed in the total protein , albumin , globulin , and prealbumin levels in both groups ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusion The study suggested that yogurt with selected probiotic strains such as N1115 may reduce the risk of acute upper tract infections in the elderly . The enhancement of the T-cell-mediated natural immune defense might be one of the important underlying mechanisms for probiotics to express their anti-infective effects BACKGROUND No reagents have been shown to be effective in preventing wheezing attacks provoked by acute respiratory tract illnesses ( ARTIs ) in preschool children . New therapeutic agents and preventive strategies are needed . OBJECTIVES We assessed the effect of OM-85 BV ( Broncho-Vaxom ; OM Pharma , Geneva , Switzerl and ) in preventing ARTI-provoked wheezing attacks in preschool children with recurrent wheezing . METHODS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group study was carried out between August 2007 and September 2008 . The study included 75 children with recurrent wheezing who were 1 to 6 years old . Participants were r and omly assigned to groups given either OM-85 BV or a placebo ( 1 capsule per day for 10 days each month for 3 consecutive months ) at the start of the trial . Participants were followed for 12 months , which included the administration period of the test article . RESULTS Subjects given OM-85 BV had a lower rate of wheezing attacks . The cumulative difference in wheezing attacks between the 2 groups was 2.18 wheezing attacks per patient in 12 months ; there was a 37.9 % reduction in the group given OM-85 BV compared with the group given placebo ( P < .001 ) . Stepwise multiple ( linear ) regression analysis showed that the main difference between the OM-85 BV and placebo groups was a reduction the number of ARTIs ( R = -0.805 , P < .001 ) . The duration of each wheezing attack was 2 days shorter in the group given OM-85 BV than in the group given placebo ( P = .001 ) . CONCLUSION Administration of OM-85 BV significantly reduced the rate and duration of wheezing attacks in preschool children with ARTIs BACKGROUND Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections ( RARTIs ) in children are related to IgG subclass deficiencies . The aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of OM-85 BV in the number of RARTIs as well as in the IgG subclass levels . METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial . Patients of ages three to six years , having three or more documented ARTIs during the last six months with subnormal IgG subclass levels were included . Patients took either one capsule of OM-85 BV ( 3.5 mg ) or placebo orally every day for ten consecutive days per month during three consecutive months . Patients were followed three further months without drug intake . IgG subclass levels were determined before and after treatment . RESULTS IgG4 levels diminished after the OM-85 BV treatment ( -3 [ -8.0 , -1.0 ] median difference [ 95 % CI ] p < 0.05 by Wilcoxon test ) . No other significant changes in IgG subclasses were observed . After six months the patients in the OM-85 BV group ( n = 20 ) experienced 2.8 1.4 ( mean SD ) ARTIs , while the patients in the placebo group ( n = 20 ) suffered 5.2 1.5 ARTIs ( -2.4 [ 3.3 , -1.5 ] mean difference [ 95 % CI ] p < 0.001 by Student 's t test ) . Three patients with OM-85 BV had gastrointestinal events related to drug administration , as well as three placebo patients . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the clinical benefit of OM-85 BV in patients suffering from RARTIs and subnormal levels of IgG subclasses . This trial opens new perspectives in the research of the mechanism of action of OM-85 BV BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections ( ARTIs ) are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children . The bacterial extract OM-85 BV has shown some protective effect for ARTIs in preschool children and a reduction in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults . OBJECTIVES This trial reports results of a double-masked , placebo-controlled , parallel-group clinical study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of OM-85 BV in the prevention of ARTIs in school girls living in an orphanage . METHODS Two hundred girls ( age range , 6 to 13 years ) living in an orphanage entered the trial . Participants were r and omly allocated to receive either OM-85 BV or placebo for 10 consecutive days a month for 3 consecutive months . Patients were followed up for 6 months , including the administration period . The trial began in September 1996 and finished in March 1997 . Primary end points were the type and number of infections . Secondary end points included when an infection occurred , time to clinical cure , severity of infection , absenteeism from school due to an ARTI , number of antibiotics or other drugs prescribed , and duration of concomitant drug treatment . RESULTS During the trial , patients in the OM-85 BV group experienced 143 ARTIs ( 135 upper ARTIs and 8 otitis episodes ) and patients in the placebo group experienced 299 ARTIs ( 273 upper ARTIs , 1 lower ARTI , and 25 otitis episodes ) . The median number of ARTIs was 1.0 ( 0.0 , 3.0 ; 5th percentile , 95th percentile ) in the OM-85 BV group compared with 3.0 ( 2.0 , 4.0 ; 5th percentile , 95th percentile ) in the placebo group . This difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001 ) . Participants who received OM-85 BV also showed significantly better results ( P < 0.001 ) than participants who received placebo in terms of median duration of illness , median number of missed school days due to an ARTI , median number of antibiotic and drug courses , and median duration of concomitant treatment . There were significant differences ( P < 0.05 ) in severity of ARTIs during month 4 of the trial , with patients receiving OM-85 BV showing less severe ARTIs than patients receiving placebo and shorter mean time to clinical cure from the second month to the fourth month . No adverse events related to the trial medications were reported . CONCLUSIONS OM-85 BV had a preventive effect on ARTIs in the school girls , with a reduction in the antibiotic requirements and the duration of ARTIs . Future studies are needed to further explore the role of OM-85 BV in the prevention of ARTIs Children and elderly individuals are often infected easily and repeatedly with human respiratory syncytial virus ( HRSV ) ; however , the features of recurrent infection in the same individual are defined poorly . To clarify the clinical significance of repeated HRSV infections in relation to subgroup epidemiology , this study performed prospect i ve and longitudinal analyses in children with lower respiratory tract infections over 20 consecutive epidemics between 1985 and 2005 at a pediatric outpatient clinic in Kawasaki , Japan . HRSV infections were confirmed by 2 types of reverse-transcription PCR . Sample s obtained from patients with repeated infections were subjected to sequence analysis and cloning analysis . A total of 1,312 lower respiratory tract infections observed in 1,010 patients were diagnosed as HRSV infections .  Repeated HRSV infections occurred in 208 of the 1,010 patients . Analysis of the patients with repeated infections revealed that children were often infected multiple times even within a single short epidemic . Some patients were re-infected with strains having the same or virtually identical N gene sequences . In patients infected more than 4 times , cloning analysis revealed more frequent dual infections with both subgroups ( 23.8 % ) . The HRSV-A subgroup caused subsequent homologous infections more frequently than did HRSV-B ; furthermore , HRSV-A infections provided no protection from a second homologous infection . In contrast , HRSV-B infections offered significant protection against a second homologous infection . Statistical analysis revealed alleviation of symptoms with a reduced rate of dyspnoeic attacks only in the group re-infected with homologous HRSV-A strains . Thus , this study eluci date s new clinical features of recurrent HRSV infection . J. Med . Virol 86 : 1629–1638 , 2014 The effect of a bacterial extract orally administered to 20 children with recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract , was investigated in a double-blind study . The composition of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( T and B-lymphocytes , monocytes ) and some of their biochemical properties ( 5'-nucleotidase , beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and non-specific esterase ) were unaffected . In contrast , the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was significantly increased in patients treated with the bacterial extract . In the treated group the number of infectious episodes decreased significantly and the clinical response correlated positively with the mixed lymphocyte reaction . These findings suggest that the bacterial extract has the capacity of restoring depressed immune functions by acting through the gut-associated lymphoid tissue BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections ( ARTIs ) are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children . The bacterial extract OM-85 BV ( bronchovaxom ) has shown protective effect for ARTIs on children . We report a double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , prospect i ve clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of two courses of OM-85 BV in the prevention of ARTIs in susceptible children during 12 months . METHODS Fifty-four susceptible children from 1 to 12 years of age living in the metropolitan area of Chihuahua City were selected . They were r and omized to receive either OM-85 BV or placebo ( one capsule a day for 10 days a month for 3 consecutive months ) at the beginning of the trial and 6 months later with the same schedule . Patients were followed up for 12 months , including the administration period . The trial began in July 1997 and ended in April 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Broncho‐Vaxom shows a good efficacy for pediatric RRTIs on the basis of routine therapy ( e.g. anti‐infection and antiviral therapy ) .
HighlightsBroncho‐Vaxom is significantly associated with reduction in frequency of respiratory infection in children .
Broncho‐Vaxom decrease duration of antibiotics course , infections , fever , cough , and wheezing .
Broncho‐Vaxom increase serum immunoglobulin levels ( IgG , IgA or IgM ) and T‐lymphocytes subtype ( CD3 + , CD4 + or CD8 + )