***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background — Accumulating evidence indicates that abdominal adiposity is positively related to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk and some other diseases independently of overall adiposity . However , the association of premature death result ing from these diseases with abdominal adiposity has not been widely studied , and findings are inconsistent . Methods and Results — In a prospect i ve cohort study of 44 636 women in the Nurses ’ Health Study , associations of abdominal adiposity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality were examined . During 16 years of follow-up , 3507 deaths were identified , including 751 cardiovascular deaths and 1748 cancer deaths . After adjustment for body mass index and potential confounders , the relative risks across the lowest to the highest waist circumference quintiles were 1.00 , 1.11 , 1.17 , 1.31 , and 1.79 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.47 to 1.98 ) for all-cause mortality ; 1.00 , 1.04 , 1.04 , 1.28 , and 1.99 ( 95 % CI , 1.44 to 2.73 ) for CVD mortality ; and 1.00 , 1.18 , 1.20 , 1.34 , and 1.63 ( 95 % CI , 1.32 to 2.01 ) for cancer mortality ( all P<0.001 for trend ) . Among normal-weight women ( body mass index , 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2 ) , abdominal obesity was significantly associated with elevated CVD mortality : Relative risk associated with waist circumference ≥88 cm was 3.02 ( 95 % CI , 1.31 to 6.99 ) and for waist-to-hip ratio > 0.88 was 3.45 ( 95 % CI , 2.02 to 6.92 ) . After adjustment for waist circumference , hip circumference was significantly and inversely associated with CVD mortality . Conclusions — Anthropometric measures of abdominal adiposity were strongly and positively associated with all-cause , CVD , and cancer mortality independently of body mass index . Elevated waist circumference was associated with significantly increased CVD mortality even among normal-weight women Obesity , a major risk factor for endometrial cancer , is a low- grade inflammatory state characterized by elevated concentrations of cytokines and acute phase reactants . The current study had two aims : first to investigate the associations of  C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin 6 ( IL6 ) , and IL1 receptor antagonist ( IL1Ra ) with endometrial cancer risk and second to examine to which extent these markers can influence the association between obesity and endometrial cancer . We conducted a case – control study , nested within the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition , which comprised 305 incident cases of endometrial cancer and 574 matched controls .  CRP , IL6 , and IL1Ra  were measured in prospect ively collected blood specimens by immunoassays . Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression . All statistical tests were two-sided , and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant . We observed a significant increase in risk of endometrial cancer with elevated levels of CRP ( odds ratio ( OR ) for top versus bottom quartile : 1.58 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.03–2.41 , Ptrend=0.02 ) , IL6 ( OR for top versus bottom quartile : 1.66 , 95 % CI : 1.08–2.54 , Ptrend=0.008 ) , and IL1Ra ( OR for top versus bottom quartile : 1.82 , 95 % CI : 1.22–2.73 , Ptrend=0.004 ) . After adjustment for body mass index ( BMI ) , the estimates were strongly reduced and became non-significant . The association between BMI and endometrial cancer was also substantially attenuated ( ∼10–20 % ) after adjustment for inflammatory markers , even when the effects of C-peptide or estrone had already been taken into account . We provided epidemiological evidence that chronic inflammation might mediate the association between obesity and endometrial cancer and that endometrial carcinogenesis could be promoted by an inflammatory milieu Obesity has been reported to increase the risk of colon cancer , especially in men . The authors examined this relation in the American Cancer Society 's Cancer Prevention Study II , a nationwide mortality study of US adults . After 12 years of follow-up , 1,616 deaths from colon cancer in women and 1,792 in men were observed among 496,239 women and 379,167 men who were cancer free at enrollment in 1982 . The authors used Cox proportional hazards analyses to control for effects of age , race , education , smoking , exercise , alcohol , parental history of colon cancer , fat intake , vegetable and grain intake , aspirin use and , in women , estrogen replacement therapy . In men , death rates from colon cancer increased across the entire range of body mass index ( BMI ) . The rate ratio was highest for men with BMI > or = 32.5 ( rate ratio ( RR ) = 1.90 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.46 , 2.47 ) compared with men with BMI between 22.00 and 23.49 . In women , a weaker association was seen in the three BMI categories of 27.5 - 29.9 ( RR = 1.26 , 95 % CI : 1.03 , 1.53 ) , 30.0 - 32.4 ( RR = 1.37 , 95 % CI : 1.09 , 1.72 ) , and > or = 32.5 ( RR = 1.23 , 95 % CI : 0.96 , 1.59 ) . These prospect i ve data support the hypothesis that obesity increases the risk of colon cancer death and that the relation is stronger and more linear in men than in women AIM To investigate the effects of adipose-derived stem cells ( ADSCs ) transplantation on neuronal apoptosis in the brain after focal cerebral ischemia in rats . METHODS 72 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly divided into 4 groups : Sham-operated group , Middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) group , Vehicle group and ADSC-treated group  ( n=18 ) . MCAO model was established with the modified Longa 's method . One day after right MCAO , 30 μL of cell suspension containing 1 × 10(6 ) ; cells were injected into the lateral ventricle of ADSC-treated group and the same dose of PBS was given to the vehicle group . At 4 d , 7 d and 14 d after MCAO , the apoptosis of neuron was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labeling ( TUNEL ) method and the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-12 in ischemic region was detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR . RESULTS TUNEL-positive cells in ischemic region of ADSC-treated group were less than that in MCAO group and Vehicle group at 4 d , 7 d and 14 d post MCAO ( P<0.05 ) . Compared with MCAO group and Vehicle group , the expression of Bcl-2 significantly up-regulated while caspase-12 expression significantly decreased in ADSC-treated group at any time point post MCAO ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The transplantation of ADSCs can reduce neuronal apoptosis of rats with cerebral ischemic injury partly by promoting the expression of Bcl-2 which participates in apoptotic signals after mitochondrial damage and inhibiting the expression of caspase-12 which mediates endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress-induced apoptosis Background : Several large studies of obesity and  colorectal cancer risk have found no association among women but a reasonably consistent positive association among men . In women , a positive association that is stronger among , or limited to , those who are premenopausal has been suggested by studies that stratified analyses by age , although no previous study has examined the association by menopausal status . Methods : We used proportional hazards analyses to estimate hazard ratios relating obesity to colorectal cancer risk among 89 835 women aged 40–59 years at recruitment into the Canadian National Breast Screening Study , a multicentre r and omised controlled trial of mammography screening for breast cancer . During an average 10.6 years of follow up ( 936 433 person years ) , a total of 527 women were diagnosed with incident colorectal cancer ( 363 colon and 164 rectal ) . Results : We found that obesity ( body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 ) was associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of colorectal cancer among women who were premenopausal at baseline ( hazard ratio 1.88 , 95 % confidence interval 1.24–2.86 ) . There was no association among postmenopausal women ( p for interaction=0.01 ) , and there was only a weak positive association in the entire cohort . Conclusions : Our data suggest that obesity is associated with a twofold increased risk of colorectal cancer  in premenopausal women but is not associated with altered risk in postmenopausal women . Effect modification by menopausal status may better explain the inconsistent or weak findings in previous studies than the presumed lack of an association among women AIM To explore the effects of adipose-derived stem cell ( ADSC ) transplantation on the expression of IL-10 amd TNF-alpha after cerebral ischaemia in Middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) rats . METHODS 72 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly divided into 4 groups : sham group , MCAO group , Vehicle group and ADSC group ( n=18 ) . Rat 's cerebral ischemia model was established by MCAO with Longa 's method . ADSC were labeled by DAPI before transplantation . One day after MCAO , 30 microL of cell suspension containing 1 x 10(6 ) ; ADSCs were injected into the lateral ventricle of ADSC group and the same dose of PBS was given to the Vehicle group . At day 4 , day 7 and day 14 after MCAO , the rats were decapitated to detect the expression of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in ischaemic rat 's brain by ELISA , immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR . RESULTS Compared with sham group , the expression of IL-10 and TNF-alpha significantly up-regulated at 4 d , 7 d of MCAO group(P<0.05 ) . There was no statistical difference of IL-10 and TNF-alpha expression between MCAO and vehicle group ant any time point(P>0.05 ) . Compared with Vehicle group , the expression of IL-10 significantly up-regulated while TNF-alpha expression significantly decreased of ADSC-treated group at any timepoint post MCAO(P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The transplantation of ADSC could up-regulate the expression of IL-10 and down-regulate the expression of TNF-alpha in MCAO rat 's brain , which might contribute to its protective role upon cerebral ischaemia 
    Output:
    
Literature suggests that ASCs exhibit cancer-promoting properties , influence/are influenced by the tumor microenvironment , promote angiogenesis , and may be associated with pathogenic processes through a variety of mechanisms , such as playing a role in hypoxic tumor microenvironment .
ASCs appear to be important contributors to tumor behavior , but research in areas specific to women 's cancers , specifically endometrial cancer , is scarce .