***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Accurate children 's weight estimation is necessary and important for emergency pediatric care , particularly for drug dosages , electrical therapy , or equipment sizes . Children 's weight is difficult to measure in critically ill patients . Several methods were developed to estimate children 's accurate weight . Most methods were developed from western countries . The methods used currently might not work with Thai children . OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of the Broselow tape , family member estimation and the 50th percentile of national weight for height correlation graph for Thai children 's weight estimation . MATERIAL AND METHOD The authors carried out a prospect i ve study . Children from neonate to 12 years old who presented to the emergency department and general outpatient pediatric clinic were included . The patients were studied in both overall and subgroup analysis ( less than 10 kg , 10 to 25 kg , 25 to 40 kg , and over 40 kg ) . The primary outcome was the accuracy within 10 % error of the measured weight and the mean difference of the weight . RESULTS Five hundred ninety five patients were included in the present study . There were 333 ( 55.97 % ) boys and 262 ( 44.03 % ) girls . Family member estimation was the most accurate method with the accuracy within 10 % error 85.21 % and had the lowest mean difference ( -0.262 kg ) . Family members could estimate weight accurately for all weight subgroups . The Broselow tape was the second most accurate method with the accuracy within 10 % error 56.13 % and the low mean difference ( -0.485 kg ) . The accuracy within 10 % error of the 50th percentile of national weight for height correlation graph was 51.43 % and the mean difference was -0.648 kg . Every method had the best estimation in the weight subgroup 10 to 25 kg except the Broselow tape . CONCLUSION Family member estimation was the most accurate method in the present study . The family member could estimate the children 's weight within 10 % error of the measured weight about 85 % of cases . In case where family member estimation was not available , the Broselow tape was the next accurate alternative method Background The Broselow tape ( BT ) has been shown to estimate weight poorly primarily because of variations in body habitus . The manufacturers have suggested that a visual assessment of habitus may be used to increase its performance . This study evaluated the ability of habitus-modified models to improve the accuracy thereof . Methods A post hoc analysis of prospect ively collected data from four hospitals in Johannesburg , South Africa , on a population of 1,085 children . Sixteen a priori models generated a modified weight estimation or drug dose based on the BT weight and a gestalt assessment of habitus . Results The habitus-modified method suggested by the manufacturer did not improve the accuracy of the BT . Five dosing and four weight-estimation models were identified that markedly improved dosing and weight estimation accuracy , respectively . The best dosing model improved dosing accuracy ( doses within 10 % of correct dose ) from 52.0 to 69.6 % and reduced critical dosing errors from 16.5 to 4.3 % . The best weight-estimation model improved accuracy from 59.4 to 81.9 % and reduced critical errors from 11.8 to 1.9 % . Conclusion The accuracy of the BT as a drug-dosing and weight-estimation device can be substantially improved by including an appraisal of body habitus in the methodology Objective Obtaining an accurate weight is crucial during pediatric trauma/medical resuscitation . Currently , length-based weight estimations are used . Study objective was to assess feasibility of obtaining actual weights of children during trauma resuscitation  and study its concordance with length-based estimated weight using the Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape . Methods Pediatric trauma patients 0 to 14 years old presenting to a tertiary care pediatric trauma center between November 2008 and October 2009 were enrolled prospect ively .  Length-based weight estimation was done on patient arrival using the Broselow tape ; in addition , an actual patient weight was recorded using the trauma stretcher integrated weighing scale . Results Two hundred thirty-one patients were eligible and enrolled .  Weights were recorded in 145 children ( 63.2 % ) . In 27 patients ( 18.6 % ) whose body length exceeded Broselow tape range , weight was measured using stretcher scale only . The remaining 118 patients ( mean age , 5.0 [ SE ± 0.3 ] years ; 67 % male ) were used for correlation analysis . There was good correlation ( Pearson correlation coefficient , r = 0.86 ) between estimated weight and measured weight . However , Bl and -Altman analysis showed mean bias + 2.6 kg ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.6–3.6 kg ) ; lower/upper limits of agreement were −8.3 kg ( CI , −10.0 to −6.6 kg ) and 13.5 kg ( CI , 11.7–15.2 kg ) . Conclusions It is possible to obtain an actual patient weight during pediatric trauma resuscitation . Length-based estimated weight using Broselow tape  underestimated weight by 2.6 kg ; the mean error was greatest in the highest weight category Background In paediatric resuscitation , for a rapid and accurate estimate of children 's weight , the Broselow tape can be used in children who are 46–144 cm tall . The Broselow tape has previously been found to provide the most accurate estimate of children 's weight internationally , but it is not known how many fall outside the range of the tape , or whether such children can be assumed to be of adult weight , or how otherwise to estimate the weight of these children . Objectives To determine what proportion of children in different age groups falls outside the limits of the Broselow tape , how their weight compares with that of the adults and what correlates most strongly with weight in these children . Methods This was a population -based prospect i ve observational study of Chinese children up to 12 years old , from schools in Hong Kong .  Weight was measured to the nearest 0.2 kg , and the height , foot-length and mid-arm circumference ( MAC ) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm . Results 40 % of 10-year olds and 70 % of 11-year olds were too tall for the tape . Their median weight was 41.9 kg . This was significantly less than the median weight of 18-year olds ( 55 kg , p<0.0001 ) in Hong Kong . The strongest correlate with weight in these children was MAC . Conclusions The Broselow tape is inappropriate for use in most children over 10 years old . Children too tall for the tape can not be assumed to be of adult weight ; to do so would imply an average overestimate of 30 % . Weight estimates in older children could be based on MAC OBJECTIVES . The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of 3 methods ( Broselow tape , Leffler formula , and Theron formula ) for  pediatric weight estimation  to identify factors that can influence weight estimation , and to derive alternative models for such estimation if indicated . METHODS . This was a prospect i ve , nonblinded observational study . Every patient in the cohort was ≤10 years of age . The patients ’ age and height were used to estimate their weight by using the 3 previously mentioned methods . These estimated weights were compared with the patients ’ actual weight by using the modified Bl and -Altman method . RESULTS . One thous and eleven subjects were included . Percent differences between predicted and actual weight were significantly less using the Broselow tape compared with other methods for patients weighing < 10 or 10 to 25 kg and for the Theron formula compared with other methods for patients weighing > 40 kg . For patients weighing 25.1 to 40 kg , performance of the Broselow tape and Leffler method were similar , and both were superior to the Theron formula . Three weight predictors ( age , gender , and ethnicity ) were identified , and 2 new weight-estimation models were derived from the cohort . CONCLUSIONS . The Broselow tape is accurate for weight estimation in children ≤25 kg , but the Theron formula performs better with patients weighing > 40 kg . The Broselow tape was not statistically superior to the Leffler formula in subjects weighing 25.1 to 40 kg . A separate cohort is needed to evaluate the validity of the alternative predictive formulae Objective . Significant attention has been paid to weight estimation in setting s where scales are impractical or unavailable ; however , no studies have evaluated the performance of published weight estimation methods in children with Down syndrome . This study was design ed to evaluate the predictive performance of various methods in this population with well-established differences in height and weight for age . Methods . This was a prospect i ve study of children aged 0 to 18 years with Down syndrome . Anthropometric measurements including height , weight , humeral length , and mid-upper arm circumference were collected and applied to 4 distinct weight estimation strategies based on age ( APLS ) , length ( Broselow ) , habitus ( Cattermole ) , and length plus habitus ( Mercy ) . Predictive performance was evaluated by examining residual error ( RE ) , percentage error ( PE ) , root mean square error ( RMSE ) , limits of agreement , and intraclass correlation coefficients . Results . A total of 318 children distributed across age , gender , and body mass index percentile were enrolled . APLS and Mercy showed the smallest degree of bias ( PE = 7.8 ± 24.5 % and −3.9 ± 12.4 % , respectively ) . Broselow suffered the most extreme underestimation ( −63 % ) , whereas the APLS suffered the greatest degree of overestimation ( 107 % ) . Mercy demonstrated the highest intraclass correlation coefficient ( 0.987 vs 0.867 - 0.885 ) and predicted weight within 20 % of actual in the largest proportion of participants ( 88 % vs 40 % to 76 % ) . All methods were less robust in children with Down syndrome than reported for unaffected children . Conclusions . Mercy offered the best option for weight estimation in children with Down syndrome . Additional anthropometric data collected in this special population would allow investigators to refine existing weight estimation strategies specifically for these children Objectives The aims of the study were to examine the predictive accuracy of Broselow tape ( BT )  weight estimation and body mass index – based weight categorization in overweight and obese pediatric patients and to develop an adjustment factor that improves the BT weight estimate in overweight and obese pediatric patients . Methods A prospect i ve observational study was conducted . We enrolled noncritical pediatric patients presenting to a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with nonurgent complaints . Patients had their weights , heights , abdominal circumferences , and actual BT measurements documented by research staff . Results One hundred seventy-eight patients aged 2 to 18 years were enrolled . Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 's definition of body mass index classification , 71 patients ( 39.89 % ) had normal BMI , 43 patients ( 24.16 % ) were overweight , and 64 patients ( 35.96 % ) were obese . The accuracy of the BT-estimated weight range , compared with the actual weight , is 40.5 % in our study population . When stratified by BMI classification , the accuracy proportions were the following : 71.8 % for normal , 41.9 % for overweight , and 4.7 % for obese patients . The adjustment formula ( [ 0.014 × waistline in cm + 0.3 ] × BT weight ) improved overall weight estimation from 40.5 % to 65.2 % . The greatest improvement was noted in obese children , where the BT accuracy improved from 4.7 % to 59.4 % . Conclusions The growing pediatric obesity epidemic has challenged the BT 's ability to accurately estimate the weights in overweight and obese pediatric patients . Our study demonstrated inverse relationship between the accuracy of BT and body weight . An adjustment factor significantly improved BT accuracy in obese children OBJECTIVE The Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape ( Armstrong Medical Industries , Inc. , Lincolnshire , IL ) ( BT ) is a well-established length-based tool for estimation of body weight for children during resuscitation . In view of p and emic childhood obesity , the BT may no longer accurately estimate weight . We therefore studied the BT in children from Ontario in a large recent patient cohort . METHODS Actual height and weight were obtained from an urban and a rural setting . Children were prospect ively recruited between April 2007 and July 2008 from the emergency department and outpatient clinics at the London Health Science Centre . Rural children from junior kindergarten to grade 4 were also recruited in the spring of 2008 from the Avon Maitl and District School Board . Data for preschool children were obtained from three daycare centres and the electronic medical record from the Maitl and Valley Medical Centre . The predicted weight from the BT was compared to the actual weight using Spearman rank correlation ; agreement and percent error ( PE ) were also calculated . RESULTS A total of 6,361 children ( 46.2 % female ) were included in the study . The median age was 3.9 years ( interquartile range [ IQR ] 1.56 - 7.67 years ) , weight was 17.2 kg ( IQR 11.6 - 25.4 kg ) , and height was 103.5 cm ( IQR 82 - 124.4 cm ) . Although the BT weight estimate correlated with the actual weight ( r = 0.95577 , p < 0.0001 ) , the BT underestimated the actual weight by 1.62 kg ( 7.1 % ± 16.9 % SD , 95 % CI -26.0 - 40.2 ) . The BT had an ≥ 10 % PE 43.7 % of the time . CONCLUSIONS 
    Output:
    
MAIN RESULTS The tape has undergone substantial changes over the years , but there was no evidence to show that the changes have improved weight-estimation performance .
The overestimation of weight in low- and middle-income countries was often extreme .
This indicated a significant potential for potentially harmful medication errors .
The limited available evidence on the value of the tape as a drug-dosing guide indicated that the tape was frequently used incorrectly and contained insufficient information to function without additional re sources .
The Broselow tape lacked sufficient accuracy as a weight estimation and drug-dosing tool when compared to other available techniques .
In addition , the Broselow tape contains insufficient drug-dosing information to function as a complete resuscitation aid without additional material .