***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Twelve crossbred calves ( Holstein cross ) in their pre-ruminant stage were used to study the effect of garlic extract feeding on their performance and they were r and omly allotted into treatment and control groups in equal number . Performance was evaluated by measuring average body weight ( BW ) gain , feed intake [ dry matter ( DM ) ; total digestible nutrient ( TDN ) and crude protein ( CP ) ] , feed conversion efficiency ( DM , TDN and CP ) , fecal score and fecal coliform count . Diets were same for both groups . In addition , treatment group received garlic extract supplementation at 250 mg/kg BW/day/calf . BW measured weekly , feed intake measured twice daily , proximate analysis of feeds and fodders analysed weekly , fecal scores monitored daily and fecal coliform count done weekly . There was a significant ( p < 0.01 ) increase in mean BW gain and feed intake and a significant ( p < 0.01 ) decrease in severity of scours as measured by fecal score in the treatment group compared to the control group . The results suggest that garlic extract can be supplemented to the calves for better performance We evaluated the effects of a plant extracts mixture ( XT ) st and ardized in 5 % ( wt/wt ) carvacrol , 3 % cinnamaldehyde , and 2 % capsicum oleoresin ( oregano , cinnamon and Mexican pepper ) , alone or in combination with formic acid ( FA ) , on the productive performance and the intestinal ecosystem of the early-weaned pig . Pigs weaned at 20 + /- 1 d of age ( n = 216 ) were allocated in 24 pens and fed a st and ard medicated prestarter diet for 12 d. Twelve days after weaning , a stress management system based on social and dietary stress factors was applied to the animals , after which , each group was allocated to one of six dietary treatments , which followed a factorial arrangement , with three levels ( as-fed basis ) of the XT ( 0 , 150 , and 300 mg/kg ) and two levels of FA ( 0 and 0.5 % ) . On d 24 and 25 after the stress episode , eight pigs per treatment were killed to examine variables describing some aspects of the gastrointestinal ecology . Two days after the stress episode , an Escherichia coli K88 diarrhea episode occurred , and five casualties were registered . Four of the five deaths occurred in pens of pigs not fed the XT . The FA result ed in better G : F ( P = 0.040 ) in coincidence with shorter villous height ( P = 0.073 ) and lower rectal total microbial mass ( P = 0.078 ) . Both XT and FA addition increased stomach content ( P = 0.006 and 0.003 , respectively ) and percentage of DM ( P = 0.089 and 0.010 , respectively ) , suggesting an increased gastric retention time ; consequently , pH was also increased ( P = 0.005 and 0.060 , respectively ) . The XT decreased ileum total microbial mass ( P = 0.025 ) and increased the lactobacilli : enterobacteria ratio ( P = 0.002 ) . The VFA profile in the cecum and colon was modified by XT inclusion , increasing the proportion of acetate ( P = 0.018 and 0.025 , respectively ) and diminishing the proportion of butyrate ( P = 0.096 and 0.040 , respectively ) and valerate ( P = 0.001 and 0.039 , respectively ) . Both XT and FA were shown to be effective in modifying the gastrointestinal ecosystem , stomach contents , and stomach emptying rate , which are proposed as important aspects in the mechanisms of action for these additives The increasing use of medicinal herbs among the general public has piqued the need for scientific-based research to determine the mechanism of action of herbs administered orally in human subjects . The ability of three herbs , Echinacea purpurea , Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra , to activate immune cells in human subjects was assessed in this pilot study . The effect of these herbs when ingested for 7 days was measured both when administered singly , and in combination , using flow cytometry . The primary cell activation marker measured was CD69 . The results demonstrate that Echinacea , Astragalus and Glycyrrhiza herbal tinctures stimulated immune cells as quantified by CD69 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells . This activation took place within 24 h of ingestion , and continued for at least 7 days . In addition , these three herbs had an additive effect on CD69 expression when used in combination This study evaluated the effects of supplementing sow diets with oregano essential oils ( OEO ) during gestation and lactation on sow colostrum and milk composition and on the growth pattern and immune status of suckling pigs . A total of 70 second-parity sows were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 gestation dietary treatments within 24 h after service : control ( CON ) or CON + 250 mg/kg of OEO ( OREG ) . In lactation , sows were again assigned to either the CON or OREG dietary treatment . Thus , the lactation treatments were CON-CON , CON-OREG , OREG-CON , and OREG-OREG . Colostrum and blood sample s were collected from 6 sows per lactation dietary treatment . Thymus lymphocyte ( T lymphocyte ) sub population s ( γδ , cluster of differentiation 8 , and 32 cluster of differentiation 4 ) were enumerated in blood and mammary secretions along with IGF-1 , IgG , and IgA concentrations .  Piglet growth rate were determined from 18 , 17 , 17 , and 18 litters from the CON-CON , CON-OREG , OREG-CON , and OREG-OREG lactation dietary treatments , respectively . Growth rates were determined in 630 piglets , and piglets were individually identified and weighed on 1 , 5 , 9 , 12 , 16 , and 19 d of age . Oregano essential oil supplementation during gestation or lactation had no effect ( P > 0.05 ) on GE , CP , GE : CP , GE : fat , and IGF-1 in sow milk . Reductions of the fat percentage in milk on d 7 ( P < 0.05 ) and d 14 ( P = 0.07 ) were found in sows supplemented with OEO during lactation compared with those in the CON treatment . Milk from sows supplemented with OEO during lactation had the greatest number of T lymphocytes compared with those in the lactation CON treatment on d 14 of lactation ( P < 0.01 ) . The number of T lymphocytes in milk was greater for sows in the CON-OREG treatment compared with those other treatments on d 14 of lactation ( P < 0.05 ) . Energy intake was greater on d 1 to 5 in piglets from sows fed OEO during gestation than those from sows in the CON treatment ( P < 0.05 ) . A trend ( P = 0.10 ) for greater milk intake was observed in piglets from sows supplemented with OEO during gestation compared with those from sows in the CON treatment . Similarly , a tendency for an increase in ADG on d 1 to 5 was found in piglets from sows supplemented with OEO during gestation compared with those from sows in the CON treatment ( P = 0.10 ) . Insulin-like growth factor-1 at birth and on d 7 and 14 of lactation did not differ among piglets from sows assigned to the different dietary treatments . Oregano essential oil supplementation of sow diets did not affect ( P > 0.05 ) immunoglobulin concentrations in piglets after suckling . Supplementing sow diets with OEO during gestation or lactation did not affect ( P > 0.05 ) the T lymphocytes , percentage of T-lymphocyte sub population s , and natural killer cell activity of piglets during lactation . Supplementing sow diets with 250 mg/kg of OEO during gestation and lactation did not affect the growth potential of and immune responses in suckling piglets The effect of a locally applied peppermint oil preparation on  tension-type headache  was examined in the design of a r and omized , placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study for the first time . The preparation was tested against both the reference substance acetaminophen and to the corresponding placebo . The liquid test preparation contained 10 g of peppermint oil and ethanol ( 90 % ) ad 100 ( test preparation LI 170 , Lichtwer Pharma , Berlin ) ; the placebo was a 90 % ethanol solution to which traces of peppermint oil were added for blinding purpose s. The reference preparation contained 500 mg acetaminophen ; the placebo tablet was identical to the verum in size and appearance . The study included the analysis of 164 headache attacks of 41 patients of both sexes ranging between 18 and 65 years of age , suffering from tension-type headache in accordance with the IHS classification . Four headache episodes per patient were treated in a double-blind , r and omized crossover design . Each headache attack was treated by the application of 2 capsules of the oral medication ( 1,000 mg of acetaminophen or placebo ) and the cutaneous application of the oil preparation ( peppermint oil or placebo solution ) . The oil was spread largely across forehead and temples which was repeated after 15 and 30 minutes . Using a headache diary , the headache parameters were assessed after 15 , 30 , 45 and 60 minutes . Compared to the application of placebo , a 10 % peppermint oil in ethanol solution significantly reduced the clinical headache intensity already after 15 minutes ( p < 0.01 ) . This significant clinical reduction of the pain intensity continued over the one hour observation period . Acetaminophen , too , proved to be efficient compared to placebo ( p < 0.01 ) . There was no significant difference between the efficacy of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10 % peppermint oil in ethanol solution . Simultaneous application of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10 % peppermint oil in ethanol solution leads to an additive effect which remains below the significance threshold , however . The patients reported no adverse events . This controlled study showed for the first time that a 10 % peppermint oil in ethanol solution efficiently alleviates tension-type headache .  Peppermint oil thus proves to be a well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative to usual therapies Abstract A prospect i ve cohort study was undertaken to determine calf-level factors that affected calf health status between birth and 6 months of age . A convenience sample of approximately 3300 female Holstein calves born in 1991 on two large Florida dairy farms was used for the study . Data collected on each calf at birth included farm of origin , weight , height at the pelvis , birth date , and serum total protein ( a measure of colostral immunoglobulin absorption ) . Birth season was dichotomized into summer and winter using meteorological data collected by University of Florida Agricultural Research Stations . Health data including date of initial treatment and number of treatments were collected for the diseases diarrhea , omphalitis , septicemia and pneumonia . All calves were followed for 6 months . Cumulative incidences of mortality and occurrence of diarrhea , omphalitis , septicemia and pneumonia were 0.12 , 0.35 , 0.11 , 0.24 and 0.21 , respectively . Serum total protein ( TP ) was a significant risk factor for mortality . The association of TP and mortality was quadratic and showed a dramatic decrease in mortality as TP increased from 4.0 to 5.0 g/dl , a small improvement from 5.0 to 6.0 g/dl and virtually no improvement in mortality rates as TP increased over 6.0 g/dl . The hazard mortality ratio was constant from birth to six months , indicating that the increased risk of mortality associated with low levels of TP was evident through six months of age . No interactions between TP , farm , season , or birth weight were found in these analyses . Serum total protein concentration was a significant risk factor for the occurrences , age of onset and severity of septicemia and pneumonia . The association between TP and septicemia was linear and an interaction with birth season was found . The association between TP and pneumonia was quadratic , and in contrast to the TP- and -septicemia relationship , the morbidity hazard ratio for pneumonia was not constant over the time measured ; that is , colostral immunity protected the calf from developing pneumonia early in life , but this effect disappeared as the calf got older . Total protein was not a significant risk factor for diarrhea or omphalitis In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , multicenter , prospect i ve study , the clinical efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of thyme fluid extract and primose root tincture ( Bronchicum Tropfen ) was investigated at a dosage of 30 drops ( 1 ml ) , taken orally five times daily . 150 out patients ( 97 women , 53 men ) suffering from acute , not previously treated bronchitis , lasting for less than 48 h , were r and omized and treated with either verum ( 75 patients : 45 women , 30 men ) or placebo ( 75 patients : 52 women , 23 men ) over a time period of 7 - 9 days . 17 patients 
    Output:
    
The findings indicate that the most promising c and i date s for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L. , Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. ; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea ( L. ) MOENCH , Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising , and Echinacea purpurea ( L. ) MOENCH , Camellia sinensis ( L. ) KUNTZE , Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best c and i date s for modulation of the immune system and inflammation .