***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Smoking cessation was examined among high-risk participants in the UK Lung Cancer Screening ( UKLS ) Pilot Trial of  low-dose CT screening . Methods High-risk individuals aged 50–75 years who completed baseline question naires were r and omised to CT screening ( intervention ) or usual care ( no screening control ) . Smoking habit was determined at baseline using self-report . Smokers were asked whether they had quit smoking since joining UKLS at T1 ( 2 weeks after baseline scan results or control assignment ) and T2 ( up to 2 years after recruitment ) . Intention-to-treat ( ITT ) regression analyses were undertaken , adjusting for baseline lung cancer distress , trial site and sociodemographic variables . Results Of a total 4055 individuals r and omised to CT screening or control , 1546 were baseline smokers ( 759 intervention , 787 control ) . Smoking cessation rates were 8 % ( control n=36/479 ) versus 14 % ( intervention n=75/527 ) at T1 and 21 % ( control n=79/377 ) versus 24 % ( intervention n=115/488 ) at T2 . ITT analyses indicated that the odds of quitting among screened participants were significantly higher at T1 ( adjusted OR ( aOR ) 2.38 , 95 % CI 1.56 to 3.64 , p<0.001 ) and T2 ( aOR 1.60 , 95 % CI 1.17 to 2.18 , p=0.003 ) compared with control . Intervention participants who needed additional clinical investigation were more likely to quit in the longer term compared with the control group ( aOR 2.29 , 95 % CI 1.62 to 3.22 , p=0.007 ) and those receiving a negative result ( aOR 2.43 , 95 % CI 1.54 to 3.84 , p<0.001 ) . Conclusions CT lung cancer screening for high-risk participants presents a teachable moment for smoking cessation , especially among those who receive a positive scan result . Further behavioural research is needed to evaluate optimal strategies for integrating smoking cessation intervention with stratified lung cancer screening . Trial registration number Results , IS RCT N Background : The effect of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer on smoking habits has not been reported in large r and omised controlled trials . Methods : This study evaluated the effect on smoking habits of screening with low-dose CT at 1-year follow up in the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial ( DLCST ) , a 5-year r and omised controlled trial comprising 4104 subjects ; 2052 subjects received annual low-dose CT scan ( CT group ) and 2052 received no intervention ( control group ) . Participants were healthy current and former smokers ( > 4 weeks since smoking cessation ) with a tobacco consumption of > 20 pack years .  Smoking habits were determined at baseline and at annual screening . Smoking status was verified using exhaled carbon monoxide levels . Lung function tests , nicotine dependency and motivation to quit smoking were assessed . Quit rates and relapse rates were determined at 1-year follow-up for all subjects . Results : At 1 year the quit rates among smokers were 11.9 % in the CT group and 11.8 % in the control group ( p = 0.95 ) . Relapse rates for former smokers were 10.0 % and 10.5 % in the CT and control groups , respectively ( p = 0.81 ) . Significant predictors ( p<0.05 ) for smoking cessation were : high motivation to quit , low dependency , low ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity , low pack years , higher age , longer period of abstinence and CT findings necessitating 3-month repeat CT scans . Conclusions : Overall , quit rates were similar in the CT and control group at 1-year follow-up , with a net quit rate of 6.0 % . Quit rates were higher and relapse rate lower among subjects with initial CT findings that necessitated a repeat scan 3 months later Background Lung cancer screening may provide a new opportunity for attempts to quit among smokers or might delay smoking cessation , but studies to date failed to provide evidence for this . This study investigated the effect of lung cancer screening on smoking abstinence in male smokers participating in the Dutch – Belgian r and omised controlled lung cancer screening trial ( NELSON trial ) . Methods In the NELSON trial , 50- to 75-year-old participants at high risk for developing lung cancer were r and omised to either lung cancer screening or no screening .  Smoking behaviour was evaluated in two r and om sample s of male smokers in the screen ( n=641 ) and  control arm ( n=643 ) before ( T0 ) and 2 years after r and omisation ( T1 ) . In addition , the data were also analysed by intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis , as recommended in smoking cessation intervention trials , although non-response in screening trials can also be due to reasons other than continued smoking . Results Almost 17 % ( 16.6 % ) of the trial participants quit smoking , which is higher than the 3–7 % found in the general adult population . However , screening was associated with a lower prolonged abstinence rate ( 14.5 % ) compared with no screening ( 19.1 % ) ( OR 1.40 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.92 ; p<0.05 ) . No stastistically significant difference was found after performing an ITT analysis . Conclusions This study showed that all trial participants were inclined to stop smoking more than average , which suggests that screening is a teachable moment to improve smoking behaviour . In those who underwent screening  the smoking abstinence rate was significantly lower than for the control group , although the difference was modest . After ITT analysis this difference was no longer observed . Clinical trial number IS RCT N63545820 Abstract Introduction In the German lung cancer screening trial LUSI , smoking cessation counseling ( SCC )  was offered to all participants at time of r and omization , and smoking habits were asked for within annual question naire inquiries . We analyzed the smoking habits of the participants within the first 2 years of follow-up and especially the potential effect of the SCC on these habits . Material s and methods We used the smoking data of the initial inquiry on which the decision on invitation to the study was based , the socio-economic data of the question naire filled-in at time of r and omization , the  psycho-social data  obtained during the SCC , and the annual question naire data of the first two annual follow-up screening rounds . Results Smoking prevalence decreased in the entire cohort significantly by 4 % , whereby the decrease was with 4.5 % statistically not significantly higher in the control arm than in the screening arm with 3.4 % . The decline was much stronger in the subgroup of attendees to stop-smoking counseling and mounted up therein to 10 % . In some participants , an increase of readiness to quit smoking was observed during the counseling hour , but did not show effects on smoking status 2 years later . Discussion We did not see a tendency to increased smoking among participants of the intervention arm or the entire study . The decline of smoking prevalence among the attendees of the counseling might be due to self- selection . Since the issue of effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling is important , further research with r and omization into offering counseling or no intervention should be taken into consideration Objectives To evaluate the real-life effect of an evidence -based Gold St and ard Programme ( GSP ) for smoking cessation interventions in disadvantaged patients and to identify modifiable factors that consistently produce the highest abstinence rates . Design Observational prospect i ve cohort study . Setting GSPs in pharmacies , hospitals and communities in Denmark , reporting to the national Smoking Cessation Data base . Participants Disadvantaged patients , defined as patients with a lower level of education and those receiving unemployment benefits . Interventions 6-week manualised GSP smoking cessation interventions performed by certified staff . Main outcome measures 6 months of continuous abstinence , response rate : 80 % . Results Continuous abstinence of the 16 377 responders was 34 % ( of all 20 588 smokers : 27 % ) . Continuous abstinence was lower in 5738 smokers with a lower educational level ( 30 % of responders and 23 % of all ) and in 840 unemployed ( 27 % of responders and 19 % of all ) . In respect to modifiable factors , continuous abstinence was found more often after programmes in one-on-one formats ( vs group formats ) among patients with a lower educational level , 34 % ( vs 25 % , p=0.037 ) , or among unemployed , 35 % ( vs 24 % , p=0.099 ) . The variable ‘ format ’ stayed in the final model of multivariable analyses in patients with a lower educational level , OR=1.31 ( 95 % CI 1.05 to 1.63 ) . Conclusions Although continuous abstinence was lower among disadvantaged smokers , the absolute difference was small . If the programme had been as effective in disadvantaged as in non-disadvantaged groups , there would have been an extra 46 or 8 quitters annually , respectively . Promoting individual interventions among those with a low education may increase the effectiveness of GSP Deux etudes longitudinales , prospect ives , examinent le role du soutien social dans le maintien de la decision de ne plus fumer : soutien d'un partenaire ; existence d'un climat social encourageant le sevrage ; participation a un reseau social . Part de chacun des facteurs dans le maintien de la decision et l'absence de rechute . Etudes Importance While the proportion of adults who smoke cigarettes has declined substantially in the past decade , socioeconomic disparities in cigarette smoking remain . Few interventions have targeted low socioeconomic status ( SES ) and minority smokers in primary care setting s. Objective To evaluate a multicomponent intervention to promote smoking cessation among low-SES and minority smokers . Design , Setting , and Participants For this prospect i ve , unblinded , r and omized clinical trial conducted between May 1 , 2015 , and September 4 , 2017 , adults 18 years and older who spoke English , smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day in the past week , were contemplating or preparing to quit smoking , and had a primary care clinician were recruited from general internal medicine and family medicine practice s at 1 large safety-net hospital in Boston , Massachusetts . Interventions Patients were r and omized to a control group that received an enhancement of usual care ( n = 175 participants )  or to an intervention group that received up to 4 hours of patient navigation delivered over 6 months in addition to usual care , as well as financial incentives for biochemically confirmed smoking cessation at 6 and 12 months following enrollment ( n = 177 participants ) . Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome determined a priori was biochemically confirmed smoking cessation at 12 months . Results Among 352 patients who were r and omized ( mean [ SD ] age , 50.0 [ 11.0 ] years ; 191 women [ 54.3 % ] ; 197 participants who identified as non – Hispanic black [ 56.0 % ] ; 40 participants who identified as Hispanic of any race [ 11.4 % ] ) , all were included in the intention-to-treat analysis . At 12 months following enrollment , 21 participants [ 11.9 % ] in the navigation and incentives group , compared with 4 participants [ 2.3 % ] in the control group , had quit smoking ( odds ratio , 5.8 ; 95 % CI , 1.9 - 17.1 ; number needed to treat , 10.4 ; P < .001 ) . In prespecified subgroup analyses , the intervention was particularly beneficial for older participants ( 19 [ 19.8 % ] vs 1 [ 1.0 % ] ; P < .001 ) , women ( 17 [ 16.8 % ] vs 2 [ 2.2 % ] ; P < .001 ) , participants with household yearly income of $ 20 000 or less ( 15 [ 15.5 % ] vs 3 [ 3.1 % ] ; P = .003 ) , and nonwhite participants ( 21 [ 15.2 % ] vs 4 [ 3.0 % ] ; P < .001 ) . Conclusions and Relevance In this study of adult daily smokers at 1 large urban safety-net hospital , patient navigation and financial incentives for smoking cessation significantly increased the rates of smoking cessation . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov Identifier : 
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There were limited data to identify the optimal form of behavioural SCI for the target population .
Intense multimodal behavioural counselling that uses incentives and peer facilitators , delivered in a community setting and tailored to individual needs indicated a positive impact on smoking outcomes .
CONCLUSION Tailored , multimodal behavioural interventions embedded in local communities could potentially support cessation among older , deprived smokers .