***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Purpose The aim was to assess the effects of a Tai Chi – based program on health-related quality of life ( HR-QOL ) in people with elevated blood glucose or diabetes who were not on medication for glucose control . Method 41 participants were r and omly allocated to either a Tai Chi intervention group ( N = 20 ) or a usual medical-care control group ( N = 21 ) . The Tai Chi group involved 3 × 1.5 h supervised and group-based training sessions per week for 12 weeks . Indicators of HR-QOL were assessed by self-report survey immediately prior to and after the intervention . Results There were significant improvements in favor of the Tai Chi group for the SF36 subscales of physical functioning ( mean difference = 5.46 , 95 % CI = 1.35–9.57 , P < 0.05 ) , role physical ( mean difference = 18.60 , 95 % CI = 2.16–35.05 , P < 0.05 ) , bodily pain ( mean difference = 9.88 , 95 % CI = 2.06–17.69 , P < 0.05 ) and vitality ( mean difference = 9.96 , 95 % CI = 0.77–19.15 , P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions The findings show that this Tai Chi program improved indicators of HR-QOL including physical functioning , role physical , bodily pain and vitality in people with elevated blood glucose or diabetes who were not on diabetes medication OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to vali date the effects of a simplified , gentle form of t'ai chi chuan in patients with type 2 diabetes and who are also obese . DESIGN The study was design ed to be a r and omized controlled trial . SETTING This study was conducted in the department of metabolism and endocrinology at Cheng Ching Hospital , in Taichung , Taiwan . SUBJECTS The study subjects were hospital-based patients with type 2 diabetes and who were also obese ( ages 40 - 70 , with a body-mass index [ BMI ] range of 30 - 35 ) . The patients were r and omly selected and grouped into t'ai chi exercise ( TCE ) and conventional exercise ( CE ) groups . INTERVENTIONS After receiving instruction in t'ai chi , the TCE group and the CE group practice d three times per week , including one practice session lasting up to 1 hour , for 12 weeks . OUTCOME MEASURES Hemoglobin A1C , serum lipid profile , serum malondialdehyde , and C-reactive protein were measured . Physical parameters of body weight and BMI were also measured . Diet and medications of participants were monitored carefully while biochemical and physical conditions were analyzed . RESULTS After 12 weeks , hemoglobin A1C values of the TCE group did not decrease ( 8.9 ± 2.7 % : 8.3 ± 2.2 % ; p = 0.064 ) . BMI ( 33.5 ± 4.8 : 31.3 ± 4.2 ; p = 0.038 ) and serum lipids , including triglyceride ( 214 ± 47 mg/dL : 171 ± 34 mg/dL ; p = 0.012 ) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 38 ± 16 mg/dL : 45 ± 18 mg/dL ; p = 0.023 ) had significant improvements . Serum malondialdehyde tended to decrease from baseline ( 2.66 ± 0.78 μmol/L : 2.31 ± 0.55 μmol/L ; p = 0.035 ) , and C-reactive protein also decreased ( 0.39 ± 0.19 mg/dL : 0.22 ± 0.15 mg/dL ; p = 0.014 ) . No improvements occurred in BMI , lipids , and oxidative stress profiles in the CE group . CONCLUSIONS T'ai chi exercise practice d by patients who are obese and have type 2 diabetes is efficient and safe when supervised by professionals and helps improve parameters , such as BMI , lipid profile , C-reactive protein , and malondialdehyde . Periodic monitoring of blood glucose , blood pressure , heart rate , breathing , physical fitness , and symptoms of discomfort of patients who exercise helps prevent injury . Simple , gentle TCE can be applied as regular daily exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes even when such patients are obese Older adults with type 2 diabetes have  mobility impairment and reduced fitness . This study aim ed to test the efficacy of the “ Tai Chi for Diabetes ” form , developed to address health-related problems in diabetes , including mobility and physical function .  Thirty-eight older adults with stable type 2 diabetes were r and omized to Tai Chi or sham exercise , twice a week for 16 weeks . Outcomes included gait , balance , musculoskeletal and cardiovascular fitness , self-reported activity and quality of life . Static and dynamic balance index ( −5.8 ± 14.2 ; p = 0.03 ) and maximal gait speed ( 6.2 ± 11.6 % ; p = 0.005 ) improved over time , with no significant group effects . There were no changes in other measures . Non-specific effects of exercise testing and /or study participation such as outcome expectation , socialization , the Hawthorne effect , or unmeasured changes in health status or compliance with medical treatment may underlie the modest improvements in gait and balance observed in this sham-exercise-controlled trial . This Tai Chi form , although developed specifically for diabetes , may not have been of sufficient intensity , frequency , or duration to effect positive changes in many aspects of physiology or health status relevant to older people with diabetes BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that tai chi offers a therapeutic benefit in patients with fibromyalgia . METHODS We conducted a single-blind , r and omized trial of classic Yang-style tai chi as compared with a control intervention consisting of wellness education and stretching for the treatment of fibromyalgia ( defined by American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria ) . Sessions lasted 60 minutes each and took place twice a week for 12 weeks for each of the study groups . The primary end point was a change in the Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) score ( ranging from 0 to 100 , with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms ) at the end of 12 weeks . Secondary end points included summary scores on the physical and mental components of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) . All assessment s were repeated at 24 weeks to test the durability of the response . RESULTS Of the 66 r and omly assigned patients , the 33 in the tai chi group had clinical ly important improvements in the FIQ total score and quality of life . Mean ( + /-SD ) baseline and 12-week FIQ scores for the tai chi group were 62.9+/-15.5 and 35.1+/-18.8 , respectively , versus 68.0+/-11 and 58.6+/-17.6 , respectively , for the control group ( change from baseline in the tai chi group vs. change from baseline in the control group , -18.4 points ; P<0.001 ) . The corresponding SF-36 physical-component scores were 28.5+/-8.4 and 37.0+/-10.5 for the tai chi group versus 28.0+/-7.8 and 29.4+/-7.4 for the control group ( between-group difference , 7.1 points ; P=0.001 ) , and the mental-component scores were 42.6+/-12.2 and 50.3+/-10.2 for the tai chi group versus 37.8+/-10.5 and 39.4+/-11.9 for the control group ( between-group difference , 6.1 points ; P=0.03 ) . Improvements were maintained at 24 weeks ( between-group difference in the FIQ score , -18.3 points ; P<0.001 ) . No adverse events were observed . CONCLUSIONS Tai chi may be a useful treatment for  fibromyalgia  and merits long-term study in larger study population s. ( Funded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00515008 . This study examined the effects of a 24-week Tai Chi intervention on physical function in individuals with peripheral neuropathy . Twenty-five women and men with peripheral neuropathy were recruited . Plantar pressure detection threshold was assessed with a 5.07 gauge monofilament . Functional gait was assessed by the 6-min walk and timed up- and -go tests . Isokinetic leg strength and st and ing balance was also assessed . Twenty-four consecutive weeks of modified , group-based Tai Chi practice was completed , with testing repeated every six weeks throughout . No adverse events were observed and attendance was 17 + /- 4 sessions per 6 weeks . After 6 weeks of Tai Chi , participants increased 6-min walk ( P < 0.0001 ) , timed up- and -go ( P < 0.0001 ) , and leg strength ( P < 0.01 ) performance . Continued improvement was observed in the timed up- and -go . Plantar sensation improved ( P = 0.003 ) following the Tai Chi intervention . Group-based Tai Chi is a safe , plausible , and effective intervention for those with PN BACKGROUND a large proportion of adults with type 2 diabetes remain sedentary despite evidence of benefits from exercise for type 2 diabetes . Simplified Yang Tai Chi has been shown in one study to have no effect on insulin sensitivity in older adults . However , a modified Tai Chi form , Tai Chi for Diabetes ( TCD ) has recently been composed , cl aim ing to improve diabetes control . METHODS subjects were r and omised to Tai Chi or sham exercise , twice a week for 16 weeks . Primary outcomes were insulin resistance 72 h post-exercise ( HOMA2-IR ) , and long-term glucose control ( HbA(1c ) ) . RESULTS thirty-eight subjects ( 65 + /- 7.8 years , 79 % women ) were enrolled . Baseline BMI was 32.2 + /- 6.3 kg/m(2 ) , 84 % had osteoarthritis , 76 % hypertension , and 34 % cardiac disease . There was one dropout , no adverse events , and median compliance was 100 (0 - 100)% . There were no effects of time or group assignment on insulin resistance or HbA(1c ) ( -0.07 + /- 0.4 % Tai Chi versus 0.12 + /- 0.3 % Sham ; P = 0.13 ) at 16 weeks . Improvement in HbA(1c ) was related to decreased body fat ( r = 0.484 , P = 0.004 ) and improvement in insulin resistance was related to decreased body fat ( r = 0.37 , P = 0.03 ) and central adiposity ( r = 0.38 , P = 0.02 ) , as well as increased fat-free mass ( r = -0.46 , P = 0.005 ) . CONCLUSIONS TCD did not improve glucose homeostasis or insulin sensitivity measured 72 h after the last bout of exercise . More intense forms of Tai Chi may be required to produce the body composition changes associated with metabolic benefits in type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training combined with moderate weight loss on glycemic control and body composition in older patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary , overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes , aged 60 - 80 years ( n = 36 ) , were r and omized to high-intensity progressive resistance training plus moderate weight loss ( RT & WL group ) or moderate weight loss plus a control program ( WL group ) . Clinical and laboratory measurements were assessed at 0 , 3 , and 6 months . RESULTS HbA(1c ) fell significantly more in RT & WL than WL at 3 months ( 0.6 + /- 0.7 vs. 0.07 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.05 ) and 6 months ( 1.2 + /- 1.0 vs. 0.4 + /- 0.8 % , P < 0.05 ) . Similar reductions in body weight ( RT & WL 2.5 + /- 2.9 vs. WL 3.1 + /- 2.1 kg ) and fat mass ( RT & WL 2.4 + /- 2.7 vs. WL 2.7 + /- 2.5 kg ) were observed after 6 months . In contrast , lean body mass ( LBM ) increased in the RT & WL group ( 0.5 + /- 1.1 kg ) and decreased in the WL group ( 0.4 + /- 1.0 ) after 6 months ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no between-group differences for fasting glucose , insulin , serum lipids and lipoproteins , or resting blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS High-intensity progressive resistance training , in combination with moderate weight loss , was effective in improving glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes . Additional benefits of improved muscular strength and LBM identify high-intensity resistance training as a feasible and effective component in the management program for older patients with type 2 diabetes OBJECT 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Tai Chi seems to be effective in treating type 2 diabetes .
Different training duration s and styles result in variable effectiveness .
The evidence was insufficient to support whether long-term Tai Chi training was more effective