***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The authors examined several restorative material s to evaluate their ability to inhibit demineralization and enhance remineralization of incipient carious lesions on the interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the material s. METHODS Twenty-one subjects in need of a crown on a m and ibular molar and a Class II inlay on an adjacent tooth took part in this six-phase study . Artificial enamel lesions were created and positioned within the interproximal portion of a crown . Lesions were photographed with polarized light microscopy and characterized before and after 30-day intraoral exposures . Each phase included the placement of a new section in the crown model and a new Class II inlay restorative material in the adjacent tooth . RESULTS Results demonstrated that nonfluori date d resin composite , fluori date d resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative material s , when placed in subjects who brushed with a fluori date d dentifrice , demonstrated significantly ( P < .05 ) less enamel demineralization than the nonfluori date d resin composite control placed in subjects who brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice . The resin-modified glass ionomer cement , however , even when brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice , exhibited significantly ( P < .05 ) less demineralization than the nonfluori date d resin composite control brushed with a nonfluori date d dentifrice . CONCLUSIONS Resin-modified glass ionomer cement appears to significantly inhibit demineralization of interproximal enamel of teeth adjacent to those restored with the material . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations can enhance prevention of enamel demineralization on adjacent teeth AIM The purpose of the study was to determine the retention of  glassionomer sealants in primary teeth of preschool children . METHODS Fissure sealants ( Fuji II LC ) were placed on primary molars , without conditioner , by two experienced dentists under good clinical conditions in well equipped clinics and with the assistance of a chair side dental assistant . Sealants were scored as " fully retained " , " partly retained " , or " completely lost " after two years . RESULTS There were 65 children included , out of which 29 had all primary molars . Mean age at the time of sealing was slightly less than 41/2 years . Mean follow-up time was two years . About 75 % of the sealants placed in second primary molars were fully or partly retained after 12 months , compared with less that 50 % of the sealants placed in first primary molars . New carious lesions were too few to allow for an assessment of whether the sealants were effective in preventing caries . CONCLUSION Retention rates for glass ionomer fissure sealants were satisfactory . However , high quality r and omised clinical trials to estimate the caries preventive effect are still needed AIM This was to evaluate the efficacy of pit and fissure sealant ( FS ) using two different application techniques for caries prevention assessed at five and ten years . METHODS The study was conducted using Delton(R ) pit and fissures sealant applied with either rubber dam ( RD )  ( Group A : 50 children , 200 first permanent molars , 120 second permanent molars ) or cotton wool rolls ( CR )  ( Group B : 50 children , 200 first permanent molars , 112 second permanent molars ) . At five and ten years FS were evaluated for retention , loss and incidence of occlusal and proximal carious lesions recorded . STATISTICS The data were analysed with the Chi- square test comparing the results obtained for first permanent molars and second permanent molars at five and ten years . RESULTS There was no statistical difference between results in the two groups ( p < or = 0.05 ) . The highest retention rate , 81.7 % , was found for second permanent molars sealed under RD at the five year assessment . The lowest , 64.3 % also for second molars sealed under CR humidity control at ten years . CONCLUSIONS Pit and fissure sealants are a valid preventive approach that can be applied with similar results with rubber dam or cotton rolls This study compared two techniques for placing sealant in an elementary school setting . Eighty-five children in grade s 1 to 4 in two schools were assigned r and omly to two sealant treatment groups : 1 ) acid etch technique ( AE ) , and 2 ) air abrasion with no acid etch ( KCP-1000 ) . Noncarious , nonfilled occlusal , distolingual and buccal pit surfaces of first permanent molars were sealed . A total of 300 teeth received sealants  , and 230 were evaluated at 6 months . Rates of complete sealant retention at 6 months were : occlusal surfaces , 97 % for AE and 96 % for KCP-1000 ; distolingual surfaces , 82 % for AE and 49 % for KCP-1000 ; and buccal surfaces , 77 % for AE and 7 % for KCP-1000 . Differences in complete retention at 6 months between AE and KCP-1000 were not significant for occlusal surfaces ( P = 0.14 ) but were significant for buccal and distolingual surfaces ( P < 0.0001 ) . Results suggest that sealants placed with air abrasion have retention rates for occlusal surfaces similar to AE . More research is needed to identify factors contributing to low retention rates on other surfaces for KCP-1000 The aim of the present trial was to ( 1 ) compare the caries-preventive effect of glass ionomer sealants , placed according to the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) procedure , with composite resin sealants over time and ( 2 ) investigate the caries-preventive effect after complete disappearance of sealant material . Forty-six boys and 57 girls , mean age 7.8 years , were r and omly divided into two treatment groups in a parallel-group study design . A light-polymerized composite resin sealant material and a high-viscosity glass ionomer were each placed in 180 fully erupted first molars in their respective treatment groups . Evaluation took place annually for 5 years by calibrated examiners . After 5 years , 86 % composite resin and 88 % glass ionomer sealants did not survive . Three categories of re-exposure periods for caries development in pits and fissures after complete loss of sealants were distinguished : 0–1 , 1–2 and 2–3 years . In the 2- to 3-year group , 13 and 3 % of pits and fissures previously sealed with composite resin and glass ionomer , respectively , were diagnosed as having developed a dentine lesion . The relative risks ( 95 % CI ) of dentine lesion development in surfaces sealed with glass ionomer compared to those sealed with composite resin after 3 , 4 and 5 years were 0.22 ( 0.06–0.82 ) , 0.32 ( 0.14–0.73 ) and 0.28 ( 0.13–0.61 ) , respectively . The relative risks of dentine lesion development in pits and fissures previously sealed with glass ionomer compared with composite resin over re-exposure periods of 1–2 and 2–3 years were 0.26 ( 0.14–0.48 ) and 0.25 ( 0.09–0.68 ) , respectively . We conclude that the caries-preventive effect of high-viscosity glass ionomer sealants , placed using the ART procedure , was between 3.1 and 4.5 times higher than that of composite resin sealants after 3–5 years . Furthermore , high-viscosity ( ART ) glass ionomer sealants appear to have a four times higher chance of preventing caries development in re-exposed pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces in first molars than light-cured composite resin sealant material over a 1- to 3-year period . A well- design ed clinical trial using different types of oral health personnel should be implemented to confirm these initial results Retention of sealant material is the main determinant for the caries preventive eect of sealants . This may partly explain the low interest in using ® ssure sealants in young children , where sucient moisture control may be dicult to obtain . Consequently , almost no data are available in the literature on the eect of ® ssure sealants in young pre-school children . The purpose of the present communication is to report the retention of a light polymerized ® ssure sealant ( Prisma -Shield ) and an autopolymerized sealant ( Delton ) in primary molars of young children . The study included 52 children ( 25 boys and 27 girls ) with a median age of 3 years 7 months ( range 2 years 11 months to 4 years 11 months ) who were attending municipal dental clinics for regular dental care in and around the municipality of AÊ rhus and in the paediatric dentistry section of the department . All children were examined by the same dentist ( E.H. ) , who also placed all the sealants . Caries was diagnosed at the cavitation level and only children with pairs of sound primary molars were included . The teeth within each tooth pair were r and omly assigned to sealing with Delton or Prisma -Shield . The manufacturer 's instructions were carefully followed for both material s. Mean follow-up period was 2.8 years ( range 2.0±3.3 years ) , at which time 20 pairs of upper second molars , two pairs of upper ® rst molars , 28 pairs of lower second molars , and one pair of lower ® rst molars were re-examined . Complete retention was found in 70.6 % of the teeth sealed with Delton and in 76.5 % of the teeth sealed with Prisma -Shield ( Table 1 ) . The slightly better retention of the light polymerized ® ssure sealant could be due to the shorter period of moisture control needed for placing a light polymerized sealant . However , McNemar 's test showed that the dierence was not statistically signi ® cant in this group ( P = 0.49 ) . Table 2 shows that caries development after sealing was low with both types of material s ( 5.9 % for Delton and 9.8 % for Prisma -Shield ) . 67 % ( four out of six ) of the pairs with dierent caries development in the two teeth developed caries in the tooth sealed with Prisma -Shield , but not in the tooth sealed with Prisma -Shield . The 95 % con ® dence limits for this parameter calculated according to the method described by Armitage & Berry [ 1 ] were 0.045 and 3.49 and included the value 0.5 , indicating no dierence in caries development after the two sealants PURPOSE To evaluate the 2-year clinical sealant success when using Prompt L-Pop ( 3M-ESPE ) , the first self-etching adhesive , as the sole etching and adhesive step prior to sealant placement . METHODS Patients ages 7 - 13 years with matched pairs of permanent molars needing sealants were enrolled into an ongoing clinical study of sealant success . First and /or second permanent molars were r and omly assigned to control ( sealant only after phosphoric acid etch ) or Prompt plus sealant groups in a split-mouth , matched pair study design . St and ard methods were used for sealant ( Delton , Dentsply ) placement , except for the Prompt group in which the self-etching adhesive was brushed on the surface , air thinned , followed by immediate placement of the sealant and polymerization . All sealants were placed using appropriate cotton-roll isolation and a dental assistant . Sealant scoring was done at 24 months using strict clinical criteria for failure , previously published , and photos of the sealed surfaces were archived on video . RESULTS Percentages of sealants scored as successful ( no significant loss of material or need for repair ) through 24 months were : ( a ) Occlusal sealants : Control = 61 % , versus Prompt = 61 % ; ( b ) Bu/Lingual sealants : Control = 54 % , versus Prompt = 62 % ; McNemar 's Chi Square tests indicate no difference in success between the Prompt sealants and their matched controls ( P > 0.80 ) . Time of placement for sealants , timed from start of the etch step through polymerization , averaged 3.1 minutes for Control and 1.8 minutes for Prompt . We conclude that Prompt L-Pop self-etching adhesive is effective in bonding sealant to enamel and that the simplified method dramatically shortens treatment time and treatment complexity OBJECTIVE To compare the retention and the caries preventive effect of a glass-ionomer developed for fissure sealing ( Fuji III ) and a chemically polymerized resin-based fissure sealant ( Delton ) . DESIGN A split mouth r and omized design using contralateral teeth . SETTING WHO Regional Demonstration , Training and Research Center for Oral Health , Damascus , Syrian Arab Republic . SAMPLE AND METHODS 179 children , 7 years old at the start of the study , were recruited from schools close to the Center . Only children with at least one pair of permanent first molars that were caries free or only had incipient lesions were included in the study . Follow-up examinations for sealant retention were done after 6 months , 1 year , 2 years and 3 years . The number of children available for reexamination was 129 ( after 6 months ) ; 121 ( after 1 year ) ; 115 ( after 2 years ) and 116 ( after 3 years ) . Four dental hygienists were trained in the sealant procedures and did approximately one fourth of the sealants each . R 
    Output:
    
The panel concluded that sealants are effective in caries prevention and that sealants can prevent the progression of early noncavitated carious lesions .
The evidence indicates that sealants can be used effectively to prevent the initiation and progression of dental caries