***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Little research has evaluated maternal experience with fetal pulse oximetry for fetal surveillance . The purpose of this study was to compare maternal perceptions of labor with intrapartal cardiotocography with or without fetal pulse oximetry in a research setting . METHODS One hundred women with vaginal , vertex deliveries and uncomplicated fetal outcomes were enrolled . The study group was a subset of 50 mothers who had participated in a pulse oximetry trial . The control group of 50 mothers was monitored by cardiotocography only . Both groups were matched for age , parity , weeks of gestation , epidural anesthesia use , and duration of labor . A global measure of maternal perception of labor was established by experience with labor , general attitude toward monitoring devices , satisfaction with monitoring , nursing and medical care , and anxiety , each of which was evaluated separately . The mothers in the study group were also interviewed about aspects related to the fetal pulse oximetry research setting , such as information , movement restriction , discomfort , care , privacy , and safety . The question naires were based on a st and ardized rating scale model , and the interviews were conducted two to four days after delivery . The results were analyzed by chi-squared , paired t test , and ANOVA . RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the study and control participants in any parameter concerning the maternal perception of labor . Mothers ' experiences with pulse oximetry  as assessed by interview was overwhelmingly positive . CONCLUSIONS Fetal monitoring by pulse oximetry in a research setting did not affect maternal perceptions of labor .  Mothers ' experiences with pulse oximetry were highly positive , suggesting that research in fetal pulse oximetry need not compromise maternal perceptions of labor OBJECTIVE We tested if fetal pulse oximetry in addition to electronic fetal monitoring ( CTG ) and scalp blood sampling improves the accuracy of fetal assessment and allows safe reduction of operative deliveries ( -50 % ) and scalp blood sampling ( -50 % ) performed because of nonreassuring fetal status . Study design A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in 146 patients with term pregnancies in active labor and abnormal fetal heart rate patterns : 73 had electronic fetal heart rate monitoring ( CTG ) and fetal scalp blood sampling ( control group ) , 73 had CTG , fetal scalp blood sampling , and continuous fetal pulse oximetry ( study group ) . RESULTS There was a reduction of -50 % in operative deliveries and fetal scalp blood sampling performed because of nonreassuring fetal status in the study group : operative deliveries , study versus control 25/49 ( P < /= .001 ) ; fetal scalp sampling , study versus control 32/64 ( P < /= .001 ) . An increase in cesarean sections because of dystocia in the study group did not change the net number of operative deliveries . There was no difference between the 2 groups in adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes , as well as for the end points of metabolic acidosis and need for resuscitation . CONCLUSION There was a safe reduction in operative deliveries ( -50 % ) and scalp blood sampling ( -50 % ) performed because of nonreassuring fetal status . The increase in cesarean sections because of dystocia in the study group was a well-documented arrest of labor , but it did not change the total number of operative deliveries in this group Objective . To integrate intermittent fetal pulse oximetry ( FPO ) to intrapartum fetal assessment and reduce the rate of caesarean sections . Methods . A r and omised controlled trial using 37 weeks as a restriction point was conducted in 230 women induced with misoprostol . One hundred-fourteen were assessed with intermittent FPO plus fetal heart rate ( FHR ) monitoring ( study group ) and 116 were assessed with FHR monitoring alone ( control group ) . The primary outcome measure was caesarean delivery rates . Secondary outcome measures included induction to delivery interval , number of emergency caesarean deliveries performed for fetal non-reassuring FHR patterns and neonatal outcomes . Results . There was a reduction both in the overall caesarean deliveries ( study n = 18 , ( 15.7 % ) ; vs. control n = 31 ( 26.7 % ) ; p = 0.04 ) , and the rate of caesarean deliveries performed for non-reassuring fetal status in the study group ( study n = 11 , ( 9.6 % ) ; vs. control n = 23 ( 19.8 % ) ; p = 0.03 ) . Induction to delivery interval was similar in between the groups ( 759 ± 481 min in group 1 ; vs. 735 ± 453 min in group 2 respectively ; p = 0.69 ) . Conclusion . Intermittent FPO in misoprostol induced deliveries decreases both total caesarean rate and the caesarean rate due to non-reassuring FHR patterns OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the threshold of fetal arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation that predicts neonatal acidosis and adverse outcomes . STUDY DESIGN Fetal oxygen saturation data from a published r and omized controlled trial of fetal pulse oximetry were evaluated in relation to the number and duration of low fetal oxygen saturation episodes and neonatal outcomes . Fetal oxygen saturation episodes ( epochs ) of at least 10-second duration were categorized into the following groups : ( 1 ) . < 30 % and > or=25 % , ( 2 ) . < 25 % and > or=20 % , ( 3 ) . < 20 % , and ( control ) r and omly selected control subjects > 30 % . RESULTS One hundred seventy-four fetal heart rate tracings were identified . An analysis of mean umbilical artery pH revealed a significant difference between groups 1 and 3 compared with the control subjects . The incidence of adverse neonatal outcome was significantly greater when the number of epochs exceeded 10 . An analysis of the duration of fetal oxygen saturation of < 30 % , as correlated with neonatal compromise , was not significant . CONCLUSION This study confirms previous findings that fetal oxygen saturation of < 30 % is associated with declining fetal arterial pH. There appears to be an association between adverse neonatal outcomes and > 10 epochs of < 30 % OBJECTIVE Recent developments permit the use of pulse oximetry to evaluate fetal oxygenation in labor . We tested the hypothesis that the addition of fetal pulse oximetry in the evaluation of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in labor improves the accuracy of fetal assessment and allows safe reduction of cesarean deliveries performed because of nonreassuring fetal status . STUDY DESIGN A r and omized , controlled trial was conducted concurrently in 9 centers . The patients had term pregnancies and were in active labor when abnormal fetal heart rate patterns developed . The patients were r and omized to electronic fetal heart rate monitoring alone  ( control group ) or to the combination of electronic fetal monitoring and continuous fetal pulse oximetry  ( study group ) . The primary outcome was a reduction in cesarean deliveries for nonreassuring fetal status as a measure of improved accuracy of assessment of fetal oxygenation . RESULTS A total of 1010 patients were r and omized , 502 to the control group and 508 to the study group . There was a reduction of > 50 % in the number of cesarean deliveries performed because of nonreassuring fetal status in the study group ( study , 4 . 5 % ; vs. control , 10.2 % ; P = .007 ) . However , there was no net difference in overall cesarean delivery rates ( study , n = 147 [ 29 % ] ; vs. control , 130 [ 26 % ] ; P = .49 ) because of an increase in cesarean deliveries performed because of dystocia in the study group . In a blinded partogram analysis 89 % of the study patients and 91 % of the control patients who had a cesarean delivery because of dystocia met defined criteria for actual dystocia . There was no difference between the 2 groups in adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes . In terms of the operative intervention for nonreassuring fetal status , there was an improvement in both the sensitivity and the specificity for the study group compared with the control group for the end points of metabolic acidosis and need for resuscitation . CONCLUSION The study confirmed its primary hypothesis of a safe reduction in cesarean deliveries performed because of nonreassuring fetal status . However , the addition of fetal pulse oximetry did not result in an overall reduction in cesarean deliveries . The increase in cesarean deliveries because of dystocia in the study group did appear to result from a well-documented arrest of labor . Fetal pulse oximetry improved the obstetrician 's ability to more appropriately intervene by cesarean or operative vaginal delivery for fetuses who were actually depressed and acidotic . The unexpected increase in operative delivery for dystocia in the study group is of concern and remains to be explained Objective To report an economic analysis of the Australian intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry ( FPO ) multicentre r and omised controlled trial ( the FOREMOST trial ) , which examined whether adding FPO to conventional cardiotocographic ( CTG ) monitoring ( intervention group ) was cost‐effective in reducing operative delivery rates for non‐reassuring fetal status compared with the use of CTG alone ( control group ) Objective . The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the maternal and neonatal immigrant population and to compare it with the Italian population in the Agostino Gemelli Hospital ( Rome ) . Methods . This study was a prospect i ve population -based study . We compared 595 newborns from immigrant mothers with 2413 newborns from Italian mothers . Neonatal characteristics included in this study were sex , gestational age , birth weight , Apgar score , transfer to pathology units , minor pathologies , and type of breastfeeding at discharge . Maternal characteristics included nationality , age , parity , type of delivery , twin birth , and pathology during the pregnancy . Results . Immigrant newborns comprised 20 % of the total births included in the study . No statistically significant differences were found between immigrant and Italian newborns in gestational age , birth weight , or Apgar score .  Immigrant newborns were transferred to the Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit more frequently than Italian newborns , had a significantly higher incidence of hyperbilirubinemia and a higher rate of exclusive and prevalent breastfeeding at discharge . Immigrant mothers came predominantly from Eastern Europe , were younger and had caesarean sections less frequently than Italian mothers . Conclusion . No significant differences in biological and clinical characteristics or in medical practice were found between groups , except for a higher frequency of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and an inclination among immigrant mothers toward breastfeeding Abstract Aims : To determine the predictive value of fetal pulse oximetry ( FPO ) for the development of fetal acidosis in cases of non-reassuring fetal heart rate ( FHR ) . Methods : In a prospect i ve observational study , pulse oximetry monitoring was examined in cases of non-reassuring FHR during singleton cephalic delivery at 36–42 weeks ' gestation . The study examined whether fetal arterial oxygen saturation ( FSpO2 ) values < 30 % for at least 10 min during the last 60 min before delivery increase the risk of fetal acidosis . The predictive reliability of this algorithm and the correlation to fetal acidosis [ umbilical artery pH ( UApH ) < 7.15 ] were analyzed . Results : We included 101 patients with non-reassuring FHR during delivery . The incidence of fetal acidosis was significantly higher when FSpO2 values < 30 % were recorded for at least 10 min ( P=0.0 ) . An UApH < 7.15 was reliably excluded with a negative predictive value of 98.7 % and detected with a sensitivity of 92.9 % . Conclusions : A low pulse oximetry oxygen saturation < 30 % for at least 10 min correlates highly with fetal acidosis in cases of non-reassuring FHR . FPO reliably excludes moderate to advanced acidosis and can reduce the frequency of fetal blood analysis ( FBA ) in cases of non-reassuring cardiotocography ( CTG ) BACKGROUND Fetal pulse oximetry improves the assessment of  fetal well-being during labor . The objective of this study was to evaluate women 's satisfaction with their experience with this additional technology . METHODS We surveyed women participating in the FOREMOST trial , a r and omized controlled trial comparing the addition of fetal pulse oximetry ( FPO ) to conventional cardiotocograph ( CTG ) monitoring ( intervention group ) , versus CTG-only ( control group ) , in the presence of nonreassuring fetal status during labor . Our survey evaluated 3 aspects of women 's experience : labor , fetal monitoring , and participation in the research . The survey was administered within a few days of giving birth and repeated 3 months later . RESULTS No differences were found between the intervention and control groups for women 's evaluations of their labor , fetal monitoring , research , or overall experiences when surveyed on both occasions . Within each study group , a small but statistically significant decline occurred in women 's scores for their experience of labor and overall experience from the initial survey close to the time of giving birth , to 3 months later . The magnitude of differences in responses over time was similar for the both groups . Women were more satisfied after a spontaneous or assisted vaginal birth than after cesarean section . Length of time the research midwife was present had a significant positive effect on women 's ratings of their experience several days after giving birth ( p = 0.006 ) , but no effect at 3 months . CONCLUSIONS The addition of fetal pulse oximetry for the assessment of fetal well-being during labor did not affect childbearing women 's perceptions of fetal monitoring or their labor . Women evaluated their experience in the research process positively overall 
    Output:
    
Neonatal seizures and neonatal encephalopathy were rare in both groups .
The addition of fetal pulse oximetry does not reduce overall caesarean section rates .
The data provide limited support for the use of fetal pulse oximetry when used in the presence of a nonreassuring CTG , to reduce caesarean section for nonreassuring fetal status .