***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation . Little is known , however , about whether emotion regulation also has cognitive consequences . A process model of emotion suggests that expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that re appraisal should not . Three studies tested this hypothesis . Study 1 experimentally manipulated  expressive suppression during film viewing  , showing that suppression led to poorer memory for the details of the film . Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression and re appraisal during slide viewing . Only suppression led to poorer slide memory . Study 3 examined individual differences in typical  expressive suppression and re appraisal  and found that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory but that re appraisal was not . Together , these studies suggest that the cognitive costs of keeping one 's cool may vary according to how this is done BACKGROUND The amygdala is believed to play a key role in processing emotionally salient , threat-relevant , events that require further online processing by cortical regions . Emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety have been associated with hyperactivity of the amygdala , but it is unknown whether antidepressant treatment directly affects amygdala responses to emotionally significant information . METHODS The current study assessed the effects of 7 days administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) , citalopram , on amygdala responses to masked presentations of fearful and happy facial expressions in never-depressed volunteers using blood oxygenation level-dependent ( BOLD ) functional magnetic resonance imaging . A double-blind , between-groups design was used with volunteers r and omized to 20 mg/day citalopram versus placebo . RESULTS Volunteers receiving citalopram showed decreased amygdala responses to masked presentations of threat compared with those receiving placebo . Citalopram also reduced responses within the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ) specifically during the fear-relevant stimuli . These neural differences were accompanied by decreased recognition of fearful facial expressions assessed after the scan . By contrast , there was no effect of citalopram on the neural or behavioral response to the happy facial expressions . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a direct effect of serotonin potentiation on amygdala response to threat-relevant stimuli in humans . Such effects may be important in the therapeutic actions of antidepressants in depression and anxiety A new cognitive therapy ( CT ) program was compared with an established behavioral treatment .  Sixty-two patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed . ; American Psychiatric Association , 1994 ) criteria for social phobia were r and omly assigned to CT , exposure plus applied relaxation ( EXP = AR ) , or wait-list ( WAIT ) . CT and EXP = AR were superior to WAIT on all measures . On measures of social phobia , CT led to greater improvement than did EXP = AR . Percentages of patients who no longer met diagnostic criteria for social phobia at posttreatment-wait were as follows : 84 % in CT , 42 % in EXP = AR , and 0 % in WAIT . At the 1-year follow-up , differences in outcome persisted . In addition , patients in EXP = AR were more likely to have sought additional treatment . Therapist effects were small and nonsignificant . CT appears to be superior to EXP = AR in the treatment of social phobia Eyelid conditional discrimination learning ( ECDL ) is a test of discriminative aversive conditioning . It places minimal dem and s on motivation and was shown to selectively test temporal lobe function . Twenty-five unmedicated social phobia ( SP ) patients ( mean age 29.5 ± 7.0 years ) , diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria , and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls ( HC , mean age 34.0 ± 8.6 years ) were examined with an ECDL paradigm . In the experiment two differently colored stimuli are r and omly presented . Only one of the stimuli ( reinforced trial ) is followed by an aversive airpuff to the cornea , as opposed to unreinforced trials not followed by an airpuff . Conditioned responses ( CRs ) consist of reflex eyelid closures already upon light presentation . HC as well as SP patients showed a significant difference between reinforced and unreinforced trials . In SP patients , CR frequency did not increase during the ECDL task , while HCs showed appropriate conditional discrimination ability . Thus the results indicate an impairment of adequate behavior modification in an aversive conditioning task in SP We have previously shown that a single dose of intravenous citalopram in healthy volunteers enhances the detection of fearful facial expressions , suggesting an effect of acute selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) treatment on the processing of anxiety-related stimuli . The aim of the present study was to confirm and extend this finding by study ing the effects of a single dose of oral citalopram on a range of tasks design ed to assess different aspects of emotional processing . A total of 32 healthy volunteers were r and omly allocated to double-blind treatment with either citalopram 20 mg orally or placebo . Participants then completed a series of tasks assessing emotional aspects of attention ( visual-probe task ) , perception ( categorization of facial affect ) , memory ( emotional memory task ) and reactivity to threat ( emotion potentiated startle ) . Relative to placebo-treated subjects , participants treated with citalopram demonstrated improved recognition of fearful faces and increased baseline startle response . However , the citalopram group also showed an attentional bias towards positive words . Our data suggest that acute oral citalopram increases the processing of anxiety-related stimuli in healthy volunteers . This mechanism could underlie the known tendency of SSRIs to increase anxiety in patients early in treatment . Our data also suggests that some of the positive biases in emotional processing produced by SSRI treatment might be detectable at the beginning of treatment Information processing was examined in a sample of social phobic individuals using a revised version of the Stroop color-naming task . In the first of two experiments , the response latencies of  social phobics  and matched community controls were compared when color-naming socially threatening words , physically threatening words and color words . Social phobics demonstrated greater response latencies regardless of type of stimulus word and additional interference in color-naming social threat words compared to the control group . The second experiment examined the cognitive structural change that has been hypothesized to accompany successful treatment of individuals with an anxiety disorder . Social phobics  who were treated with cognitive-behavioral group therapy , phenelzine or pill placebo were classified as treatment responders or nonresponders , and their latencies to color-naming on the Stroop task were compared . Treatment responders showed a significant reduction in latencies to color-name social threat words ( vs matched control words ) while nonresponders did not . This effect was not demonstrated with color words or physically threatening words . Clinical implication s and future research directions are discussed BACKGROUND This article presents results of the acute treatment phase of a 2-site study comparing cognitive behavioral group therapy ( CBGT ) and treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine sulfate for social phobia . METHODS One hundred thirty-three patients from 2 sites received 12 weeks of CBGT , phenelzine therapy , pill placebo administration , or educational-supportive group therapy ( an attention-placebo treatment of equal credibility to CBGT ) . The " allegiance effect , " ie , the tendency for treatments to seem most efficacious in setting s of similar theoretical orientation and less efficacious in theoretically divergent setting s , was also examined by comparing responses to the treatment conditions at both sites : 1 known for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders and the other for cognitive behavioral treatment . RESULTS After 12 weeks , phenelzine therapy and CBGT led to superior response rates and greater change on dimensional measures than did either control condition . However , response to phenelzine therapy was more evident after 6 weeks , and phenelzine therapy was also superior to CBGT after 12 weeks on some measures . There were few differences between sites , suggesting that these treatments can be efficacious at facilities with differing theoretical allegiances . CONCLUSIONS After 12 weeks , both phenelzine therapy and CBGT were associated with marked positive response . Although phenelzine therapy was superior to CBGT on some measures , both were more efficacious than the control conditions . More extended cognitive behavioral treatment and the combination of modalities may enhance treatment effect OBJECTIVES The present study examined whether  social phobia  is an anxiety disorder associated with a memory bias toward threat . DESIGN  Social phobic ( N = 16 ) and non-anxious ( N = 17 ) individuals were compared on their recall of evaluative threat and neutral prose passage content . METHOD Participants were presented with two evaluative threat and two neutral prose passages and completed an immediate free recall task after each trial . RESULTS Contrary to expectation , individuals with social phobia  recalled a smaller percentage of units from the evaluative threat passages than non-anxious individuals . CONCLUSION Consistent with the vigilance-avoidance theory , it is suggested that social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by the avoidance of elaborate processing of threatening material Specificity of neuropsychological dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) was assessed by comparing neuropsychological performance in 65 OCD patients , 17 social phobic patients , and 32 normal control subjects .  Although both patient groups showed visual constructional impairment relative to normal subjects , only patients with social phobia showed executive dysfunction . Nonconcurrent state anxiety did not correlate with neuropsychological performance . Among anxiety disorders , neuropsychological dysfunction may not be specific to OCD , but the functions implicated may differ across patient groups 
    Output:
    
The review revealed indication for decreased performance regarding visual scanning and visuoconstructional ability as well as some indication for verbal memory difficulties .
It is suggested that the decreased performance should be attributed to an increased level of situational anxiety , and an engagement in disorder-related , cognitively costly activities rather than trait-like cognitive dysfunctions .