***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Non-pharmacologic approaches to prevent bone loss are well suited for elderly patients to avoid polypharmacy and medication side effects . One potential treatment is a vibrating platform that delivers low-level mechanical loading stimulating bone remodeling . However , compliance is a major concern with any daily treatment , and is unknown for an elderly group using this device . Thus we assessed compliance with st and ing 10 min/day on a vibrating platform device in elderly women , the target population for osteoporosis therapy . We also assessed satisfaction with daily use of the device . We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded 6-month study for daily use of a 10-min vibrating platform treatment in elderly women who were residents of a Continuing Care Retirement community .  Compliance for each subject was calculated as the number of days attended divided by the 182 days in the 6-month trial . The 24 elderly women ( mean age 86 , range 79–92 years ) had 83 % compliance ( 95 % CI : 70.5 , 94.5 ) for daily treatment over 6 months . Excluding three study drop-outs , the 21 women had 93 % compliance ( 95 % CI : 89.8 , 95.6 ) , with no difference in compliance between active and placebo treatment . Main reasons for missing treatment days over the 6 months were vacation ( 54 % of missed days ) and illness ( 29 % ) . Three adverse events occurred ; one ( syncope ) was possibly related to device use , whereas the other two were not related to device use . Among participants , 95 % reported overall satisfaction with daily use of the vibrating platform , and 57 % preferred the platform versus daily oral medications for prevention of bone loss . Elderly women showed high compliance , high satisfaction and few adverse experiences with a daily non-pharmacological treatment design ed to inhibit bone loss . Larger r and omized controlled trials should evaluate the long-term efficacy of vibrating platform devices for treatment of low bone mass and osteoporosis in elderly individuals OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of high-frequency whole-body vibration ( WBV ) on balancing ability in elderly women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . Subjects were r and omized to either the WBV intervention or the no-treatment control group . SETTING Community-living elderly women . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-nine elderly women aged 60 or above without habitual exercise . INTERVENTION Side alternating WBV at 20Hz with 3 minutes a day and 3 days a week for 3 months in the WBV intervention group . Those in control group remained sedentary with normal daily life for the whole study period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Limits of stability in terms of reaction time , movement velocity , directional control , endpoint excursion , maximum excursion , and the functional reach test were performed at baseline and endpoint . RESULTS Significant enhancement of stability was detected in movement velocity ( P<.01 ) , maximum point excursion ( P<.01 ) , in directional control ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS WBV was effective in improving the balancing ability in elderly women . This also provides evidence to support our user-friendly WBV treatment protocol of 3 minutes a day for the elderly to maintain their balancing ability and reduce risks of fall OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of 24 weeks of whole-body-vibration ( WBV ) training on knee-extension strength and speed of movement and on counter-movement jump performance in older women . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory , Leuven , Belgium . PARTICIPANTS Eighty-nine postmenopausal women , off hormone replacement therapy , aged 58 to 74 , were r and omly assigned to a WBV group ( n=30 ) , a resistance-training group ( RES , n=30 ) , or a control group ( n=29 ) . INTERVENTION The WBV group and the RES group trained three times a week for 24 weeks . The WBV group performed unloaded static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform , which provokes reflexive muscle activity . The RES group trained knee-extensors by performing dynamic leg-press and leg-extension exercises increasing from low ( 20 repetitions maximum ( RM ) ) to high ( 8RM ) resistance . The control group did not participate in any training . MEASUREMENTS Pre- , mid- ( 12 weeks ) , and post- ( 24 weeks ) isometric strength and dynamic strength of knee extensors were measured using a motor-driven dynamometer . Speed of movement of knee extension was assessed using an external resistance equivalent to 1 % , 20 % , 40 % , and 60 % of isometric maximum . Counter-movement jump performance was determined using a contact mat . RESULTS Isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength increased significantly ( P<.001 ) in the WBV group ( mean+/-st and ard error 15.0+/-2.1 % and 16.1+/-3.1 % , respectively ) and the RES group ( 18.4+/-2.8 % and 13.9+/-2.7 % , respectively ) after 24 weeks of training , with the training effects not significantly different between the groups ( P=.558 ) . Speed of movement of knee extension significantly increased at low resistance ( 1 % or 20 % of isometric maximum ) in the WBV group only ( 7.4+/-1.8 % and 6.3+/-2.0 % , respectively ) after 24 weeks of training , with no significant differences in training effect between the WBV and the RES groups ( P=.391 ; P=.142 ) . Counter-movement jump height enhanced significantly ( P<.001 ) in the WBV group ( 19.4+/-2.8 % ) and the RES group ( 12.9+/-2.9 % ) after 24 weeks of training . Most of the gain in knee-extension strength and speed of movement and in counter-movement jump performance had been realized after 12 weeks of training . CONCLUSION WBV is a suitable training method and is as efficient as conventional RES training to improve knee-extension strength and speed of movement and counter-movement jump performance in older women . As previously shown in young women , it is suggested that the strength gain in older women is mainly due to the vibration stimulus and not only to the unloaded exercises performed on the WBV platform OBJECTIVE To test whether training on a high-frequency ( 28Hz ) vibrating platform improves muscle power and bone characteristics in postmenopausal women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up . SETTING Outpatient clinic in a general hospital in Italy . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine postmenopausal women ( intervention group , n=14 ; matched controls , n=15 ) . INTERVENTION Participants stood on a ground-based oscillating platform for three 2-minute sessions for a total of 6 minutes per training session , twice weekly for 6 months . The controls did not receive any training . Both groups were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle power , calculated from ground reaction forces produced by l and ing after jumping as high as possible on a forceplate , cortical bone density , and biomarkers of bone turnover . RESULTS Over 6 months , muscle power improved by about 5 % in women who received the intervention , and it remained unchanged in controls ( P=.004 ) . Muscle force remained stable in both the intervention and control groups . No significant changes were observed in bone characteristics . CONCLUSION Reflex muscular contractions induced by vibration training improve muscle power in postmenopausal women Background Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) is a new type of exercise that has been increasingly tested for the ability to prevent  bone fractures and osteoporosis in frail people . There are two currently marketed vibrating plates : a ) the whole plate oscillates up and down ; b ) reciprocating vertical displacements on the left and right side of a fulcrum , increasing the lateral accelerations . A few studies have shown recently the effectiveness of the up- and -down plate for increasing Bone Mineral Density ( BMD ) and balance ; but the effectiveness of the reciprocating plate technique remains mainly unknown . The aim was to compare the effects of WBV using a reciprocating platform at frequencies lower than 20 Hz and a walking-based exercise programme on BMD and balance in post-menopausal women .  Methods Twenty-eight physically untrained post-menopausal women were assigned at r and om to a WBV group or a Walking group . Both experimental programmes consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 months . Each vibratory session included 6 bouts of 1 min ( 12.6 Hz in frequency and 3 cm in amplitude with 60 ° of knee flexion ) with 1 min rest between bouts . Each walking session was 55 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of stretching . Hip and lumbar BMD ( g·cm-2 ) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and balance was assessed by the blind flamingo test . ANOVA for repeated measurements was adjusted by baseline data , weight and age . Results After 8 months , BMD at the femoral neck in the WBV group was increased by 4.3 % ( P = 0.011 ) compared to the Walking group . In contrast , the BMD at the lumbar spine was unaltered in both groups . Balance was improved in the WBV group ( 29 % ) but not in the Walking group . Conclusion The 8-month course of vibratory exercise using a reciprocating plate is feasible and is more effective than walking to improve two major determinants of bone fractures : hip BMD and balance PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different whole-body vibration ( WBV ) frequencies on oxygenation of vastus lateralis ( VL ) and gastrocnemius medialis ( GM ) muscles during static squatting in sedentary and physically active healthy males . METHODS Twenty volunteers ( age : 24.6 + /- 2.9 yr ; body mass : 80.6 + /- 11.8 kg ; height : 178.1 + /- 7.6 cm ) participated in this study . Ten subjects were sedentary individuals and 10 were athletes practicing different sports . All subjects completed four trials ( control , and 30- , 40- , and 50-Hz WBV ) in a r and omized controlled crossover design . The trials consisted of static squatting on a vibrating platform for a total duration of 110 s. Muscle-oxygenation status was recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The data analysis revealed no significant treatment-by-time interactions in tissue-oxygenation index ( TOI ) or Delta total hemoglobin volume ( tHb ) in VL and GM muscles . A significant main effect of time in TOI of both VL and GM muscles was identified ( P<0.001 ) . VL TOI significantly decreased by 2.8 % at 90 s in the control condition and by 3.3 % at 110 s in the 30-Hz condition ; VL TOI significantly increased by 2.1 and 3.0 % at 30 s in the 40- and 50-Hz conditions , respectively . GM TOI significantly decreased by 3.2 % at 60 s , by 4.1 % at 90 s , and by 4.3 % at 110 s in the control condition , and by 5.5 % at 110 s in the 30-Hz condition . CONCLUSION This study showed that WBV exercise with frequencies of 30 , 40 , and 50 Hz and small amplitudes does not affect muscle oxygenation of VL and GM muscles to a higher degree than a nonvibration condition Background and aims : Exercise may enhance the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and reduce chronic back pain in elderly women with osteoporosis . The aim of this study was to determine whether whole-body vibration exercise would enhance the effect of alendronate on lumbar BMD and bone turnover , and reduce chronic back pain in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis . Methods : Fifty post-menopausal women with osteoporosis , 55–88 years of age , were r and omly divided into two groups of 25 patients each : one taking alendronate ( 5 mg daily , ALN ) and one taking alendronate plus exercise ( ALN+EX ) . Exercise consisted of whole-body vibration using a Galileo machine ( Novotec , Pforzheim , Germany ) , at an intensity of 20 Hz , frequency once a week , and duration of exercise 4 minutes . The study lasted 12 months . Lumbar BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( Hologic QDR 1500W ) . Urinary cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen ( NTX ) and serum alkaline phos-phatase ( ALP ) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and st and ard laboratory techniques , respectively . Chronic back pain was evaluated by face scale score at baseline and every 6 months . Results : There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , including age , body mass index , years since menopause , lumbar BMD , urinary NTX and serum ALP levels , or face scale score between the two groups . The increase in lumbar BMD and the reduction in urinary NTX and serum ALP levels were similar in the ALN and ALN+EX groups . However , the reduction in chronic back pain was greater in the ALN+EX group than in the ALN group . Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that whole-body vibration exercise using a Galileo machine appears to be useful in reducing chronic back pain , probably by relaxing the back muscles in post-menopausal o 
    Output:
    
Some but not all of the studies in this review reported similar improvements in muscle performance , balance , and functional mobility with WBV as compared to traditional exercise programs .
Bone studies consistently showed that WBV  improved bone density in the hip and tibia but not in the lumbar spine .