***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND Blockade of programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) , an inhibitory receptor expressed by T cells , can overcome immune resistance . We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of BMS-936558 , an antibody that specifically blocks PD-1 . METHODS We enrolled patients with advanced melanoma , non-small-cell lung cancer , castration-resistant prostate cancer , or renal-cell or colorectal cancer to receive anti-PD-1 antibody at a dose of 0.1 to 10.0 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks . Response was assessed after each 8-week treatment cycle . Patients received up to 12 cycles until disease progression or a complete response occurred . RESULTS A total of 296 patients received treatment through February 24 , 2012 .  Grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events occurred in 14 % of patients ; there were three deaths from pulmonary toxicity . No maximum tolerated dose was defined . Adverse events consistent with immune-related causes were observed . Among 236 patients in whom response could be evaluated , objective responses ( complete or partial responses ) were observed in those with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer .  Cumulative response rates ( all doses ) were 18 % among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer ( 14 of 76 patients ) , 28 % among patients with melanoma ( 26 of 94 patients ) , and 27 % among patients with renal-cell cancer ( 9 of 33 patients ) . Responses were durable ; 20 of 31 responses lasted 1 year or more in patients with 1 year or more of follow-up . To assess the role of intratumoral PD-1 lig and ( PD-L1 ) expression in the modulation of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway , immunohistochemical analysis was performed on pretreatment tumor specimens obtained from 42 patients . Of 17 patients with PD-L1-negative tumors , none had an objective response ; 9 of 25 patients ( 36 % ) with PD-L1-positive tumors had an objective response ( P=0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1 antibody produced objective responses in approximately one in four to one in five patients with non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , or renal-cell cancer ; the adverse-event profile does not appear to preclude its use . Preliminary data suggest a relationship between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00730639 . ) PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibition has been demonstrated to be an effective anticancer strategy . Several lines of evidence support the study of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer ( TNBC ) . We assessed the safety and antitumor activity of the programmed cell death protein 1 ( PD-1 ) inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with advanced TNBC . METHODS KEYNOTE-012 ( Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT01848834 ) was a multicenter , nonr and omized phase Ib trial of single-agent pembrolizumab given intravenously at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks to patients with advanced PD-L1-positive ( expression in stroma or ≥ 1 % of tumor cells by immunohistochemistry ) TNBC , gastric cancer , urothelial cancer , and head and neck cancer . This report focuses on the TNBC cohort . RESULTS Among 111 patients with TNBC whose tumor sample s were screened for PD-L1 expression , 58.6 % had PD-L1-positive tumors . Thirty-two women ( median age , 50.5 years ; range , 29 to 72 years ) were enrolled and assessed for safety and antitumor activity . The median number of doses administered was five ( range , 1 to 36 doses ) . Common toxicities were mild and similar to those observed in other tumor cohorts ( eg , arthralgia , fatigue , myalgia , and nausea ) , and included five ( 15.6 % ) patients with grade ≥ 3 toxicity and one treatment-related death . Among the 27 patients who were evaluable for antitumor activity , the overall response rate was 18.5 % , the median time to response was 17.9 weeks ( range , 7.3 to 32.4 weeks ) , and the median duration of response was not yet reached ( range , 15.0 to ≥ 47.3 weeks ) . CONCLUSION This phase Ib study describes preliminary evidence of clinical activity and a potentially acceptable safety profile of pembrolizumab given every 2 weeks to patients with heavily pretreated , advanced TNBC . A single-agent phase II study examining a 200-mg dose given once every 3 weeks ( Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT02447003 ) is ongoing BACKGROUND Nivolumab , a fully human IgG4 programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody , disrupts PD-1-mediated signaling and may restore antitumor immunity . METHODS In this r and omized , open-label , international phase 3 study , we assigned patients with nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) that had progressed during or after platinum-based doublet chemotherapy  to receive nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks or docetaxel at a dose of 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks . The primary end point was overall survival . RESULTS Overall survival was longer with nivolumab than with docetaxel .  The median overall survival was 12.2 months ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 9.7 to 15.0 ) among 292 patients in the  nivolumab group and 9.4 months ( 95 % CI , 8.1 to 10.7 ) among 290 patients in the docetaxel group ( hazard ratio for death , 0.73 ; 96 % CI , 0.59 to 0.89 ; P=0.002 ) . At 1 year , the overall survival rate was 51 % ( 95 % CI , 45 to 56 ) with nivolumab versus 39 % ( 95 % CI , 33 to 45 ) with docetaxel . With additional follow-up , the overall survival rate at 18 months was 39 % ( 95 % CI , 34 to 45 ) with nivolumab versus 23 % ( 95 % CI , 19 to 28 ) with docetaxel . The response rate was 19 % with nivolumab versus 12 % with docetaxel ( P=0.02 ) . Although progression-free survival did not favor nivolumab over docetaxel ( median , 2.3 months and 4.2 months , respectively ) , the rate of progression-free survival at 1 year was higher with nivolumab than with docetaxel ( 19 % and 8 % , respectively ) . Nivolumab was associated with even greater efficacy  than docetaxel across all end points in subgroups defined according to prespecified levels of tumor-membrane expression ( ≥1 % , ≥5 % , and ≥10 % ) of the PD-1 lig and . Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 were reported in 10 % of the patients in the nivolumab group , as compared with 54 % of those in the docetaxel group . CONCLUSIONS Among patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC that had progressed during or after platinum-based chemotherapy  , overall survival was longer with nivolumab than with docetaxel . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb ; CheckMate 057 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT01673867 . ) BACKGROUND Nivolumab , a fully human IgG4 PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody , can result in durable responses in patients with melanoma who have progressed after ipilimumab and BRAF inhibitors . We assessed the efficacy and safety of nivolumab compared with investigator 's choice of chemotherapy ( ICC ) as a second-line or later-line treatment in patients with advanced melanoma . METHODS In this r and omised , controlled , open-label , phase 3 trial , we recruited patients at 90 sites in 14 countries . Eligible patients were 18 years or older , had unresectable or metastatic melanoma , and progressed after ipilimumab , or ipilimumab and a BRAF inhibitor if they were BRAF(V 600 ) mutation-positive . Participating investigators r and omly assigned ( with an interactive voice response system ) patients 2:1 to receive an intravenous infusion of nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks or ICC ( dacarbazine 1000 mg/m(2 ) every 3 weeks or paclitaxel 175 mg/m(2 ) combined with carboplatin area under the curve 6 every 3 weeks ) until progression or unacceptable toxic effects . We stratified r and omisation by BRAF mutation status , tumour expression of PD-L1 , and previous best overall response to ipilimumab . We used permuted blocks ( block size of six ) within each stratum . Primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who had an objective response and overall survival . Treatment was given open-label , but those doing tumour assessment s were masked to treatment assignment . We assessed objective responses per- protocol after 120 patients had been treated with nivolumab and had a minimum follow-up of 24 weeks , and safety in all patients who had had at least one dose of treatment . The trial is closed and this is the first interim analysis , reporting the objective response primary endpoint . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT01721746 . FINDINGS Between Dec 21 , 2012 , and Jan 10 , 2014 , we screened 631 patients , r and omly allocating 272 patients to nivolumab and 133 to ICC . Confirmed objective responses were reported in 38 ( 31·7 % , 95 % CI 23·5 - 40·8 ) of the first 120 patients in the nivolumab group versus five ( 10·6 % , 3·5 - 23·1 ) of 47 patients in the ICC group . Grade 3 - 4 adverse events related to nivolumab included increased lipase ( three [ 1 % ] of 268 patients ) , increased alanine aminotransferase , anaemia , and fatigue ( two [ 1 % ] each ) ; for ICC , these included neutropenia ( 14 [ 14 % ] of 102 ) , thrombocytopenia ( six [ 6 % ] ) , and anaemia ( five [ 5 % ] ) . We noted grade 3 - 4 drug-related serious adverse events in 12 ( 5 % ) nivolumab-treated patients and nine ( 9 % ) patients in the ICC group . No treatment-related deaths occurred . INTERPRETATION Nivolumab led to a greater proportion of patients achieving an objective response and fewer toxic effects than with alternative available chemotherapy regimens for patients with advanced melanoma that has progressed after ipilimumab or ipilimumab and a BRAF inhibitor . Nivolumab represents a new treatment option with clinical ly meaningful durable objective responses in a population of high unmet need . FUNDING Bristol-Myers Squibb BACKGROUND Patients with advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) who have disease progression during or after first-line chemotherapy have limited treatment options . This r and omized , open-label , international , phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab , a fully human IgG4 programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody , as compared with docetaxel in this patient population . METHODS We r and omly assigned 272 patients to receive nivolumab , at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks , or docetaxel , at a dose of 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks . The primary end point was overall survival . RESULTS The median overall survival was 9.2 months ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 7.3 to 13.3 ) with nivolumab versus 6.0 months ( 95 % CI , 5.1 to 7.3 ) with docetaxel . The risk of death was 41 % lower with nivolumab than with docetaxel ( hazard ratio , 0.59 ; 95 % CI , 0.44 to 0.79 ; P<0.001 ) . At 1 year , the overall survival rate was 42 % ( 95 % CI , 34 to 50 ) with nivolumab versus 24 % ( 95 % CI , 17 to 31 ) with docetaxel . The response rate was 20 % with nivolumab versus 9 % with docetaxel ( P=0.008 ) . The median progression-free survival was 3.5 months with nivolumab versus 2.8 months with docetaxel ( hazard ratio for death or disease progression , 0.62 ; 95 % CI , 0.47 
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This meta- analysis indicated that anti-PD-1 treatment might provide a significant survival benefit in patients with melanoma .
In addition , we found that patients treated with nivolumab reported significantly fewer treatment-related adverse events ( OR 0.74 , 95 % CI 0.57 - 0.97 , P = 0.03 ) than those treated with other agents , but there was a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of adverse events in patients treated with pembrolizumab