***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective . To examine the effects of yoga versus an educational film program on sleep , mood , perceived stress , and sympathetic activation in older women with RLS . Methods . Participants were drawn from a larger trial regarding the effects of yoga on cardiovascular disease risk profiles in overweight , sedentary postmenopausal women . Seventy-five women were r and omized to receive either an 8-week yoga ( n = 38 ) or educational film ( n = 37 ) program . All 75 participants completed an RLS screening question naire . The 20 women who met all four diagnostic criteria for RLS ( n = 10 yoga , 10 film group ) comprised the population for this nested study . Main outcomes assessed pre- and post-treatment included : sleep ( Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ) , stress ( Perceived Stress Scale ) , mood ( Profile of Mood States , State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ) , blood pressure , and heart rate . Results . The yoga group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than controls in multiple domains of sleep quality and mood , and significantly greater reductions in insomnia prevalence , anxiety , perceived stress , and blood pressure ( all P's≤0.05 ) . Adjusted intergroup effect sizes for psychosocial variables were large , ranging from 1.9 for state anxiety to 2.6 for sleep quality . Conclusions . These preliminary findings suggest yoga may offer an effective intervention for improving sleep , mood , perceived stress , and blood pressure in older women with RLS Objectives : Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is a syndrome characterized by severe pain , fatigue and sleep disturbance . There is evidence of central hyper-responsiveness to sensory stimulation and impaired cardiovascular autonomic control . Laboratory investigations suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) may improve autonomic functioning in FM . However , these findings may not reflect what occurs during naturalistic conditions , and MBSR studies during real-life functioning are lacking . We conducted a r and omized controlled , 3-armed study with 168 female FM patients . This report describes cardiac , respiratory , and physical activity findings . Methods : Eight-week MBSR was compared with wait-list and active control intervention .  Ambulatory accelerometry and cardiorespiratory function were monitored over 24-h periods at 3 time points : preintervention , postintervention , and at the 8-week follow-up . Also , baseline levels were compared with an age-matched group of 33 healthy women . Findings : Activity heart rate , respiratory sinus arrhythmia , and ventilation were measured . Comparison with controls confirmed differences in cardiac autonomic tone and activity pattern among patients . Most measures also showed effects of time of day and point of measurement . Regarding the intervention study , there were no effects of treatment . In addition , there were no relations between patient-reported clinical improvement and objective physiological or accelerometry parameters . Intervention-related benefits in wellbeing were not associated with changes in daytime cardiorespiratory measures or pattern of physical activity . Conclusions : MBSR did not produce cardiac autonomic benefits or changes in daily activity in FM . Furthermore , the lack of an association between patient-experienced clinical improvement and objective physiological measures suggests that subjective changes in the wellbeing of FM patients over time are not related to alterations in the cardiorespiratory autonomic function or activity levels OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to develop and test a novel mindfulness-based intervention ( MBI ) design ed to control weight after bariatric surgery . DESIGN R and omized , controlled pilot trial . SETTING Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA . INTERVENTIONS Bariatric patients 1 - 5 years post-surgery ( n=18 ) were r and omized to receive a 10-week MBI or a st and ard intervention . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of the MBI . Secondary outcomes included changes in weight , eating behaviors , psychosocial outcomes , and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers . Qualitative exit interviews were conducted post-intervention . Major themes were coded and extracted . RESULTS Attendance was excellent ( 6 of 9 patients attended ≥7 of 10 classes ) . Patients reported high satisfaction and overall benefit of the MBI . The intervention was effective in reducing emotional eating at 6 months ( -4.9±13.7 in mindfulness vs. 6.2±28.4 in st and ard , p for between-group difference=0.03 ) but not weight . We also observed a significant increase in HbA1C ( 0.34±0.38 vs. -0.06±0.31 , p=0.03 ) . Objective measures suggested trends of an increase in perceived stress and symptoms of depression , although patients reported reduced stress reactivity , improved eating behaviors , and a desire for continued mindfulness-based support in qualitative interviews . CONCLUSIONS This novel mindfulness-based approach is highly acceptable to bariatric patients post-surgery and may be effective for reducing emotional eating , although it did not improve weight or glycemic control in the short term . Longer-term studies of mindfulness-based approaches may be warranted in this population . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02603601 We have developed a low dose Mindfulness-Based Intervention ( MBI-ld ) that reduces the time committed to meetings and formal mindfulness practice , while conducting the sessions during the workday . This reduced the barriers commonly mentioned for non-participation in mindfulness programs . In a controlled r and omized trial we studied university faculty and staff ( n=186 ) who were found to have an elevated CRP level,>3.0 mg/ml , and who either had , or were at risk for cardiovascular disease . This study was design ed to evaluate if MBI-ld could produce a greater decrease in CRP , IL-6 and cortisol than an active control group receiving a lifestyle education program when measured at the end of the 2 month interventions . We found that MBI-ld significantly enhanced mindfulness by 2-months and it was maintained for up to a year when compared to the education control . No significant changes were noted between interventions in cortisol , IL-6 levels or self-reported measures of perceived stress , depression and sleep quality at 2-months . Although not statistically significant ( p=.08 ) , the CRP level at 2-months was one mg/ml lower in the MBI-ld group than in the education control group , a change which may have clinical significance ( Ridker et al. , 2000 ; Wassel et al. , 2010 ) . A larger MBI-ld  effect on CRP ( as compared to control ) occurred among participants who had a baseline BMI < 30 ( -2.67 mg/ml ) than for those with BMI > 30 ( -0.18 mg/ml ) . We conclude that MBI-ld should be more fully investigated as a low-cost self-directed complementary strategy for decreasing inflammation , and it seems most promising for non-obese subjects BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in pharmacologic and device therapy , morbidity and mortality from heart failure ( HF ) remain high . Yoga combines physical and breathing exercises that may benefit patients with HF . We hypothesized that an 8-week regimen of yoga in addition to st and ard medical therapy would improve exercise capacity , inflammatory markers , and quality of life ( QoL ) in patients with HF . METHODS AND RESULTS New York Heart Association Class I-III HF patients were r and omized to yoga treatment ( YT ) or st and ard medical therapy ( MT ) .  Measurements included a grade d exercise test ( GXT ) to V O(2Peak ) and the following serum biomarkers : interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLHFQ ) was administered to assess changes in QoL. A total of 19 patients were enrolled after the initial screening . Of the 19 patients , 9 were r and omized to YT and 10 to MT . Patients had a mean EF of 25 % .  GXT time and V O(2Peak ) were significantly improved in the YT versus MT groups ( + 18 % in the YT and -7.5 % in MT ; P = .03 vs. control and + 17 in YT and -7.1 in MT ; P = .02 , respectively ) . There were statistically significant reductions in serum levels of IL-6 and hsCRP and an increase in EC-SOD in the YT group ( all P < .005 vs. MT ) . MLHFQ scores improved by 25.7 % in the YT group and by 2.9 % in the MT group . CONCLUSIONS Yoga improved exercise tolerance and positively affected levels of inflammatory markers in patients with HF , and there was also a trend toward improvements in This study reports the physiologic effects of up to 14 months of aerobic exercise in 101 older ( greater than 60 years ) men and women . After an extensive baseline physiologic assessment ( Time 1 ) , in which aerobic capacity and blood lipids were measured , subjects were r and omized to an aerobic exercise condition ( cycle ergometry , 3 times per week for 1 hour ) , nonaerobic yoga ( 2 times per week for 1 hour ) , or a waiting list nonexercise control group for 4 months , and then underwent a second ( Time 2 ) assessment . At the completion of the second assessment , all remaining subjects completed 4 months of aerobic exercise and were reevaluated ( Time 3 ) . Subjects were given the option of participating in 6 additional months of supervised aerobic exercise , and all available subjects completed a fourth assessment ( Time 4 ) 14 months after their initial baseline evaluation . Results indicated that subjects generally exhibited a 10 to 15 % improvement in peak oxygen consumption after 4 months of aerobic exercise training , and a 1 to 6 % improvement in aerobic power with additional aerobic exercise training . On the other h and , subjects , especially men , continued to have improvements in submaximal exercise performance ( i.e. , anaerobic threshold ) . In addition , aerobic exercise was associated with an improved lipid profile ; subjects participating in aerobic exercise for up to 14 months exhibited increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol . Maintenance of regular aerobic exercise for an extended time interval is associated with greater cardiovascular benefits among older adults than has been reported previously PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of the following two empirically supported group interventions to help distressed survivors of breast cancer cope : mindfulness-based cancer recovery ( MBCR ) and supportive-expressive group therapy ( SET ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS This multisite , r and omized controlled trial assigned 271 distressed survivors of stage I to III breast cancer to MBCR , SET , or a 1-day stress management control condition . MBCR focused on training in mindfulness meditation and gentle yoga , whereas SET focused on emotional expression and group support . Both intervention groups included 18 hours of professional contact . Measures were collected at baseline and after intervention by assessors blind to study condition . Primary outcome measures were mood and diurnal salivary cortisol slopes . Secondary outcomes were stress symptoms , quality of life , and social support . RESULTS Using linear mixed-effects models , in intent-to-treat analyses , cortisol slopes were maintained over time in both SET ( P = .002 ) and MBCR ( P = .011 ) groups relative to the control group , whose cortisol slopes became flatter . Women in MBCR improved more over time on stress symptoms compared with women in both the SET ( P = .009 ) and control ( P = .024 ) groups . Per- protocol analyses showed greater improvements in the MBCR group in quality of life compared with the control group ( P = .005 ) and in social support compared with the SET group ( P = .012 ) . CONCLUSION In the largest trial to date , MBCR was superior for improving stress levels , quality of life and social support [ CORRECTED ] for distressed survivors of breast cancer . Both SET and MBCR also result ed in more normative diurnal cortisol profiles than the control condition . The clinical implication s of this finding require further investigation Complementary medicine advocates the use of a multifactorial approach to address the varied aspects of hypertension . The aim of this study was to compare the blood pressure ( BP ) effect and medication use of a novel Comprehensive Approach to Lowering Measured Blood Pressure ( CALM-BP ) , based on complementary medicine principles , with the st and ard recommended Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension ( DASH ) . A total of 113 patients treated with antihypertensive drugs were r and omly assigned to either CALM-BP treatment ( consisting of rice diet , walks , yoga , relaxation and stress management ) or to a DASH+exercise control group ( consisting of DASH and walks ) . Ambulatory 24-h and home BP were monitored over a 16-week programme , followed by 6 months of maintenance period . Medications were reduced if systolic BP dropped below 110 mm Hg accompanied by symptoms . In addition to BP reduction , medications were reduced because of symptomatic hypotension in 70.7 % of the CALM-BP group compared with 32.7 % in the DASH group , P<0.0001 . After 6 months , medication status was not altered in the majority of individuals . Significant reductions in body mass index , cholesterol and improved quality -of-life scores were observed only in the CALM-BP group . Lifestyle and diet modifications based on complementary medicine principles are highly effective with respect to BP control , medication use and cardiovascular risk factors In this study , a stress management program based on cognitive behavioural therapy principles was compared 
    Output:
    
Interventions that included yoga asanas were associated with reduced evening cortisol , waking cortisol , ambulatory systolic blood pressure , resting heart rate , high frequency heart rate variability , fasting blood glucose , cholesterol and low density lipoprotein , compared to active control .
Practice s that include yoga asanas appear to be associated with improved regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in various population