***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To investigate the effect of ice slurry ingestion on thermoregulatory responses and submaximal running time in the heat . METHODS On two separate occasions , in a counterbalanced order , 10 males ingested 7.5 g·kg(-1 ) of either ice slurry ( -1 ° C ) or cold water ( 4 ° C ) before running to exhaustion at their first ventilatory threshold in a hot environment ( 34.0 ° C ± 0.2 ° C , 54.9 % ± 5.9 % relative humidity ) . Rectal and skin temperatures , HR , sweating rate , and ratings of thermal sensation and perceived exertion were measured . RESULTS Running time was longer ( P = 0.001 ) after ice slurry ( 50.2 ± 8.5 min ) versus cold water ( 40.7 ± 7.2 min ) ingestion . Before running , rectal temperature dropped 0.66 ° C ± 0.14 ° C after ice slurry ingestion compared with 0.25 ° C ± 0.09 ° C ( P = 0.001 ) with cold water and remained lower for the first 30 min of exercise . At exhaustion , however , rectal temperature was higher ( P = 0.001 ) with ice slurry ( 39.36 ° C ± 0.41 ° C ) versus cold water ingestion ( 39.05 ° C ± 0.37 ° C ) . During exercise , mean skin temperature was similar between conditions ( P = 0.992 ) , as was HR ( P = 0.122 ) and sweat rate ( P = 0.242 ) . After ice slurry ingestion , subjects stored more heat during exercise ( 100.10 ± 25.00 vs 78.93 ± 20.52 W·m(-2 ) , P = 0.005 ) , and mean ratings of thermal sensation ( P = 0.001 ) and perceived exertion ( P = 0.022 ) were lower . CONCLUSIONS Compared with cold water , ice slurry ingestion  lowered preexercise rectal temperature , increased submaximal endurance running time in the heat ( + 19 % ± 6 % ) , and allowed rectal temperature to become higher at exhaustion . As such , ice slurry ingestion may be an effective and practical precooling maneuver for athletes competing in hot environments We used three techniques of precooling to test the hypothesis that heat strain would be alleviated , muscle temperature ( Tmu ) would be reduced , and as a result there would be delayed decrements in peak power output ( PPO ) during exercise in hot , humid conditions . Twelve male team-sport players completed four cycling intermittent sprint protocol s ( CISP ) .  Each CISP consisted of twenty 2-min periods , each including 10 s of passive rest , 5 s of maximal sprint against a resistance of 7.5 % body mass , and 105 s of active recovery . The CISP , preceded by 20 min of no cooling ( Control ) , precooling via an ice vest ( Vest ) , cold water immersion ( Water ) , and ice packs covering the upper legs ( Packs ) , was performed in hot , humid conditions ( mean + /- SE ; 33.7 + /- 0.3 degrees C , 51.6 + /- 2.2 % relative humidity ) in a r and omized order . The rate of heat strain increase during the CISP was faster in Control than Water and Packs ( P < 0.01 ) , but it was similar to Vest . Packs and Water blunted the rise of Tmu until minute 16 and for the duration of the CISP ( 40 min ) , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) . Reductions in PPO occurred from minute 32 onward in Control , and an increase in PPO by approximately 4 % due to Packs was observed ( main effect ; P < 0.05 ) . The method of precooling determined the extent to which heat strain was reduced during intermittent sprint cycling , with leg precooling offering the greater ergogenic effect on PPO than either upper body or whole body cooling This study examined the effects of pre-exercise cooling and heating on neuromuscular function , pacing and intermittent-sprint performance in the heat . Ten male , team sport athletes completed three r and omized , counterbalanced conditions including a thermo-neutral environment ( CONT ) , whole body submersion in an ice bath ( ICE ) and passive heating in a hot environment ( HEAT ) before 50 min of intermittent-sprint exercise ( ISE ) in the heat ( 31 + 1 ° C ) . Exercise involved repeated 15 m maximal sprints and self-paced exercise of varying intensities . Performance was measured by sprint times and distance covered during self-paced exercise . Maximal isometric contractions were performed to determine the maximal voluntary torque ( MVT ) , activation ( VA ) and contractile properties . Physiological measures included heart rate ( HR ) , core ( Tcore ) and skin ( Tskin ) temperatures , capillary blood and perceptual ratings . Mean sprint times were slower during ICE compared to HEAT ( P < 0.05 ) . Total distance covered was not different between conditions , but less distance was covered during HEAT in 31–40 min compared to CONT , and 41–50 min compared to ICE ( P < 0.05 ) . MVT was reduced post-exercise compared to post-intervention in CONT and HEAT . VA was reduced post-intervention in HEAT compared to CONT and ICE , and post-exercise compared to ICE ( P < 0.05 ) . HR , Tcore and Tskin during exercise were lower in ICE compared to CONT and HEAT ( P < 0.05 ) . Sprint times and distance covered were not affected by ICE and HEAT conditions compared to CONT . However , initial sprint performance was slowed by pre-cooling , with improvements following passive heating possibly due to altered contractile properties . Conversely , pre-cooling improved exercise intensities , whilst HEAT result ed in greater declines in muscle recruitment and ensuing distance covered PURPOSE To develop and investigate the efficacy of a new precooling strategy combining external and internal techniques on the performance of a cycling time trial ( TT ) in a hot and humid environment . METHODS Eleven well-trained male cyclists undertook three trials of a laboratory-based cycling TT simulating the course characteristics of the Beijing Olympic Games event in a controlled hot and humid environment ( 32 ° C-35 ° C at 50%-60 % relative humidity ) . The trials , separated by 3 - 7 d , were undertaken in a r and omized crossover design and consisted of the following : 1 ) CON-no treatment apart from the ad libitum consumption of cold water ( 4 ° C ) , 2 ) STD COOL-whole-body immersion in cold ( 10 ° C ) water for 10 min followed by wearing a cooling jacket , or 3 ) NEW COOL-combination of consumption of 14 g of ice slurry ( " slushie " ) per kilogram body mass made from a commercial sports drink while applying iced towels . RESULTS There was an observable effect on rectal temperature ( T(rec ) ) before the commencement of the TT after both precooling techniques ( STD COOL < NEW COOL < CON , P < 0.05 ) , but pacing of the TT result ed in similar T(rec ) , HR , and RPE throughout the cycling protocol in all trials . NEW COOL was associated with a 3.0 % increase in power ( approximately 8 W ) and a 1.3 % improvement in performance time ( approximately 1:06 min ) compared with the CON trial , with the true likely effects ranging from a trivial to a large benefit . The effect of the STD COOL trial compared with the CON trial was " unclear . " CONCLUSIONS This new precooling strategy represents a practical and effective technique that could be used by athletes in preparation for endurance events undertaken in hot and humid conditions Abstract This study examined physiological and performance effects of pre-cooling on medium-fast bowling in the heat . Ten , medium-fast bowlers completed two r and omised trials involving either cooling ( mixed- methods ) or control ( no cooling ) interventions before a 6-over bowling spell in 31.9±2.1 ° C and 63.5±9.3 % relative humidity . Measures included bowling performance ( ball speed , accuracy and run-up speeds ) , physical characteristics ( global positioning system monitoring and counter-movement jump height ) , physiological ( heart rate , core temperature , skin temperature and sweat loss ) , biochemical ( serum concentrations of damage , stress and inflammation ) and perceptual variables ( perceived exertion and thermal sensation ) . Mean ball speed ( 114.5±7.1 vs. 114.1±7.2 km · h−1 ; P = 0.63 ; d = 0.09 ) , accuracy ( 43.1±10.6 vs. 44.2±12.5 AU ; P = 0.76 ; d = 0.14 ) and total run-up speed ( 19.1±4.1 vs. 19.3±3.8 km · h−1 ; P = 0.66 ; d = 0.06 ) did not differ between pre-cooling and control respectively ; however 20-m sprint speed between overs was 5.9±7.3 % greater at Over 4 after pre-cooling ( P = 0.03 ; d = 0.75 ) .  Pre-cooling  reduced skin temperature after the intervention period ( P = 0.006 ; d = 2.28 ) , core temperature and pre-over heart rates throughout ( P = 0.01−0.04 ; d = 0.96−1.74 ) and sweat loss by 0.4±0.3 kg ( P = 0.01 ; d = 0.34 ) . Mean rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were lower during pre-cooling trials ( P = 0.004−0.03 ; d = 0.77−3.13 ) . Despite no observed improvement in bowling performance , pre-cooling maintained between-over sprint speeds and blunted physiological and perceptual dem and s to ease the thermoregulatory dem and s of medium-fast bowling in hot conditions This investigation determined the effect of different rates of dehydration , induced by ingesting different volumes of fluid during prolonged exercise , on hyperthermia , heart rate ( HR ) , and stroke volume ( SV ) . On four different occasions , eight endurance-trained cyclists [ age 23 + /- 3 ( SD ) yr , body wt 71.9 + /- 11.6 kg , maximal O2 consumption 4.72 + /- 0.33 l/min ] cycled at a power output equal to 62 - 67 % maximal O2 consumption for 2 h in a warm environment ( 33 degrees C dry bulb , 50 % relative humidity , wind speed 2.5 m/s ) . During exercise , they r and omly received no fluid ( NF ) or ingested a small ( SF ) , moderate ( MF ) , or large ( LF ) volume of fluid that replaced 20 + /- 1 , 48 + /- 1 , and 81 + /- 2 % , respectively , of the fluid lost in sweat during exercise . The protocol result ed in grade d magnitudes of dehydration as body weight declined 4.2 + /- 0.1 , 3.4 + /- 0.1 , 2.3 + /- 0.1 , and 1.1 + /- 0.1 % , respectively , during NF , SF , MF , and LF . After 2 h of exercise , esophageal temperature ( Tes ) , HR , and SV were significantly different among the four trials ( P < 0.05 ) , with the exception of NF and SF . The magnitude of dehydration accrued after 2 h of exercise in the four trials was linearly related with the increase in Tes ( r = 0.98 , P < 0.02 ) , the increase in HR ( r = 0.99 , P < 0.01 ) , and the decline in SV ( r = 0.99 , P < 0.01 ) . LF attenuated hyperthermia , apparently because of higher skin blood flow , inasmuch as forearm blood flow was 20 - 22 % higher than during SF and NF at 105 min ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no differences in sweat rate among the four trials . In each subject , the increase in Tes from 20 to 120 min of exercise was highly correlated to the increase in serum osmolality ( r = 0.81 - 0.98 , P < 0.02 - 0.19 ) and the increase in serum sodium concentration ( r = 0.87 - 0.99 , P < 0.01 - 0.13 ) from 5 to 120 min of exercise . In summary , the magnitude of increase in core temperature and HR and the decline in SV are grade d in proportion to the amount of dehydration accrued during exercise UNLABELLED The present study investigated the effects of pre-cooling for on- court , tennis-specific conditioning training in the heat . Eight highly-trained tennis players performed two on-court conditioning sessions  in 35 ° C , 55 % Relative Humidity . Sessions were r and omised , involved either a pre-cooling or control session , and consisted of 30-min of court- based , tennis movement drills . Pre-cooling involved 20-min of an ice-vest and cold towels to the head/neck and legs , followed by warm-up in a cold compression garment . On-court movement distance was recorded by 1Hz Global Positioning Satellite ( GPS ) devices , while core temperature , heart rate and per 
    Output:
    
Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques , being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocol s. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods  are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments .
This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility , as well as the time of application , obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocol