***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that low vitamin D is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia . We also studied whether body composition , sex hormones , serum sex hormone-binding globulin , albumin corrected serum calcium , adiponectin and lipid status are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We investigated 184 representative , r and omly selected men 72 to 76 years old enrolled in the Gothenburg arm of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study ( MrOS ) . Men with a history of prostate cancer , prostate operation or medication for benign prostatic hyperplasia were excluded from study , leaving 155 available for analysis . A cross-sectional study was performed in which benign prostatic hyperplasia measured by total prostate volume was related to clinical , anthropometric , endocrine and metabolic factors on univariate and multivariate analyses with regression models . RESULTS Median prostate volume was 40 ml . In multivariate models only 25-OH vitamin D , albumin corrected serum calcium , serum sex hormone-binding globulin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly and inversely associated with large prostate gl and s. CONCLUSIONS The current report adds 4 independent factors associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia , including low 25-OH vitamin D , serum calcium , sex hormone-binding globulin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol PURPOSE Urinary storage symptoms are the most common and most bothersome urinary symptoms . Many studies on the relation between body weight and urinary symptoms have focused on urinary incontinence in women . We evaluated the association of obesity with urinary storage symptoms in a population based study of men and women age 18 to 79 years old . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Question naires  were mailed to 6,000 adults r and omly identified from the Finnish Population Register . Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index . Urinary frequency , nocturia , urgency , stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence were assessed using vali date d instruments . Multivariate logistic regression analyses ( adjusted for age , comorbidity and medications , and sociodemographic , lifestyle and reproductive factors ) were performed to evaluate associations between body mass index and each symptom . RESULTS Of the 6,000 individuals approached 3,727 participated ( 62.4 % response , 53.7 % women ) . In men and women obesity was associated with nocturia ( adjusted OR 2.0 , 95 % CI 1.2 - 3.3 for men ; OR 2.4 , 95 % CI 1.5 - 3.8 for women ) but not with urgency ( adjusted OR 1.2 , 95 % CI 0.7 - 2.3 for men ; OR 1.2 , 95 % CI 0.7 - 2.1 for women ) . In men obesity was also associated with urinary frequency ( OR 2.0 , 95 % CI 1.0 - 3.9 ) , and in women it was associated with stress urinary incontinence ( OR 1.9 , 95 % CI 1.2 - 3.0 ) and urgency urinary incontinence ( OR 3.0 , 95 % CI 1.2 - 7.4 ) . However , the number of men with stress urinary incontinence or urgency urinary incontinence was insufficient for precise analyses . CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous research by providing symptom specific associations between obesity and urinary storage symptoms in a population based sample of men and women . Obesity impacts individual urinary storage symptoms differently and these associations may be influenced by gender BACKGROUND Two potential targets for preventing chronic lower urinary tract symptoms ( LUTS )  in older men are obesity and physical activity . OBJECTIVE To examine associations of adiposity and physical activity with incident LUTS in community-dwelling older men . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study ( MrOS ) is a prospect i ve cohort of men ≥65 yr of age . MrOS participants without LUTS and a history of LUTS treatment at baseline were included in this analysis . MEASUREMENTS Adiposity was measured with body mass index ( BMI ) , physical activity with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) and self-report of daily walking , and LUTS with the American Urological Association Symptom Index . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The mean age ( st and ard deviation [ SD ] ) of the 1695 participants was 72 ( 5 ) yr at baseline . At a mean ( SD ) follow-up of 4.6 ( 0.5 ) yr , 524 ( 31 % ) of men  reported incident LUTS . In multivariate analyses , compared with men of normal weight at baseline ( BMI < 25 kg/m² ) , overweight ( BMI : 25.0 - 29.9 kg/m² ) and obese ( ≥30 kg/m² ) men were 29 % ( adjusted odds ratio [ OR(adj ) ] : 1.29 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.00 - 1.68 ) and 41 % ( OR(adj ) : 1.41 ; 95 % CI , 1.03 - 1.93 ) more likely to develop LUTS , respectively . Men in the highest quartile of physical activity were 29 % ( OR(adj ) : 0.71 ; 95 % CI , 0.53 - 0.97 ) and those who walked daily 20 % ( OR(adj ) : 0.80 ; 95 % CI , 0.65 - 0.98 ) less likely than their sedentary peers to develop LUTS , adjusting for BMI . The homogeneous composition of MrOS potentially diminishes the external validity of these results . CONCLUSIONS In older men , obesity and higher physical activity are associated with increased and decreased risks of incident LUTS , respectively . Prevention of chronic urinary symptoms represents another potential health benefit of exercise in elderly men OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of BXL628 , a vitamin D3 analog , on prostate volume in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) . METHODS We conducted a phase II , double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled , clinical study . Patients eligible were aged > or=50 years , had a diagnosis of BPH and a prostate volume > or=40 ml . Eligible patients were r and omized and given either BXL628 150 mcg daily or placebo for 12 weeks . All r and omized patients underwent at baseline and at the end of study pelvic MRI to measure prostatic volume , uroflowmetry ( Qmax ) , American Urological Association Symptom Index ( AUASI ) , serum PSA , testosterone , dihydrotestosterone and luteizing hormone . RESULTS A total of 119 patients were r and omized : 57 patients to BXL628 and 62 to placebo . The percentage change of prostate volume at 12 week was -2.90 in the BXL628 group vs. + 4.32 in the placebo group ( p-value<0.0001 ) . The estimated difference between treatments ( BXL628 minus placebo ) was -7.22 % ( 95 % confidence limit -9.27 to -5.18 ) . Considering Qmax , mean change vs. baseline was -0.30 in BXL628 vs. + 1.50 in the placebo group : this finding was not statistically significant . The mean change of the AUASI total score at final visit vs. baseline was -1.77 in the BXL628 group vs. -3.45 in the placebo group ( p = not significant ) . CONCLUSION BXL628 was able to arrest prostate growth within 12 weeks in men aged > or=50 years with prostatic volume > or=40 ml . Its unprecedented mechanism of action may offer a new opportunity for the treatment of BPH Baseline measurements for a population -based prospect i ve cohort study were used to assess the association between family history of enlarged prostate and urinary symptoms .  Between December 1989 and March 1991 , a group of r and omly selected men aged 40 - 79 years from Olmsted County , Minnesota , was administered a previously vali date d question naire that included questions with wording close to that of the American Urological Association 's Symptom Index . A detailed family history of an enlarged prostate was obtained by personal interview , and peak urinary flow rates were measured for each participant . Of the 2,119 men , 440 ( 21 percent ) reported a family history of an enlarged prostate . The age-adjusted odds of having moderate or severe urinary symptoms were elevated among those with a family history relative to those without ( odds ratio = 1.3 , 95 percent confidence interval 1.1 - 1.7 ) . With simultaneous control for effects of age and worry about urologic function , the odds ratio remained at 1.3 ( 95 percent confidence interval 1.0 - 1.6 ) . Furthermore , this risk was greater for men with relatives diagnosed at a younger age ( odds ratio = 2.5 , 95 percent confidence interval 1.5 - 4.3 ) . Men with a family history were also 1.3 times as likely to have an impaired peak urinary flow rate . These findings suggest that men with a family history of an enlarged prostate may be at increased risk for development of symptoms and signs suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia and that this risk is greater in men with relatives diagnosed at a younger age . Recognition of this association may help to target early interventions and may lead to further clues about the causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia BACKGROUND Lower urinary tract symptoms ( LUTS ) are common and have been associated with the subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer ( PCa ) in population cohorts . OBJECTIVE To determine whether the association between LUTS and PCa is due to the intensity of PCa testing after LUTS diagnosis . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS We prospect ively followed a representative , population -based cohort of 1922 men , aged 40 - 79 yr , from 1990 until 2010 with interviews , question naires , and abstract ing of medical records for prostate outcomes . Men were excluded if they had a previous prostate biopsy or PCa diagnosis .  Self-reported LUTS was defined as an American Urological Association symptom index score > 7 ( n=621 ) . Men treated for LUTS ( n=168 ) were identified from review of medical records and /or self report . Median follow-up was 11.8 yr ( interquartile range : 10.7 - 12.3 ) . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Associations between self-reported LUTS , or treatment for LUTS , and risk of subsequent prostate biopsy and PCa were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Fifty-five percent of eligible men enrolled in the study . Men treated for LUTS were more likely to undergo a prostate biopsy ( hazard ratio [ HR ] : 2.4 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.7 - 3.3 ) . Men younger than 65 yr who were treated for LUTS were more likely to be diagnosed with PCa ( HR : 2.3 , 95 % CI , 1.5 - 3.5 ) , while men aged > 65 yr were not ( HR : 0.89 , 95 % CI , 0.35 - 1.9 ) . Men with self-reported LUTS were not more likely to be biopsied or diagnosed with PCa . Neither definition of LUTS was associated with subsequent intermediate- to high-risk cancer . The study is limited by lack of histologic or prostate-specific antigen level data for the cohort . CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a possible cause of the association between LUTS and PCa is increased diagnostic intensity among men whose LUTS come to the attention of physicians . Increased symptoms themselves were not associated with intensity of testing or diagnosis PURPOSE While a clear heritable component underlies lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia , few studies have identified specific genetic factors . In contrast , recent genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms that increase prostate cancer risk . Some of these single nucleotide polymorphisms may also predispose to surgical intervention for benign prostatic hyperplasia . We determined whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms are also associated with lower urinary tract symptom severity and benign prostatic hyperplasia medication use . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The genotypes of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with prostate cancer risk were determined for 1,168 healthy white male volunteers . American Urological Association symptom index score and medication for benign prostatic hyperplasia were documented prospect ively . Statistical analyses were done to compare the frequency of the single nucleotide polymorphisms with American Urological Association symptom index and benign prostatic hyperplasia medication use . RESULTS Several single nucleotide polymorphisms , including rs2736098 on chromosome 5p15 , showed a significant relationship with benign prostatic hyperplasia medication . After adjusting for the other genetic variants , patient age and medication use , rs1571801 on chromosome 9q33.2 ( OR 1.31 , 95 % CI 1.0 - 1.74 ) and rs5945572 on chromosome Xp11 ( OR 1.28 , 95 % CI 1.04 - 1.59 
    Output:
    
Few putative genetic risk variants have been reliably replicated across population s. We found consistent evidence of a reduced risk of LUTS associated with the common rs731236 variant of the vitamin D receptor gene in our meta-analyses .
Only one , a variant of the vitamin D receptor , was consistently protective across different population