***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To study the influence of leisure activity participation on risk of development of  amnestic mild cognitive impairment ( aMCI ) .  Methods : The authors examined the relationship between baseline level of participation in leisure activities and risk of aMCI in a prospect i ve cohort of 437 community-residing subjects older than 75 years , initially free of dementia or aMCI , using Cox analysis adjusted for age , sex , education , and chronic illnesses . The authors derived  Cognitive and Physical Activity Scales based on frequency of participation in individual activities . Results : Over a median follow-up of 5.6 years , 58 subjects had development of aMCI . A one-point increase on the Cognitive ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0.95 , 95 % CI 0.91 to 0.99 ) but not Physical Activities Scale ( HR 0.97 , 95 % CI 0.93 to 1.01 ) was associated with lower risk of aMCI . Subjects with Cognitive Activity scores in the highest ( HR 0.46 , 95 % CI 0.24 to 0.91 ) and middle thirds ( HR 0.52 , 95 % CI 0.29 to 0.96 ) had a lower risk of aMCI compared with subjects in the lowest third . The association persisted even after excluding subjects who converted to dementia within 2 years of meeting criteria for aMCI . Conclusions : Cognitive activity participation is associated with lower risk of development of amnestic mild cognitive impairment  , even after excluding individuals at early stages of dementia Background Quality of life has become an important aspect in the measurement of the health of an individual as the population ages . Rhythm-centred music making ( RMM ) has been shown to improve physical , psychological and social health . The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of RMM on quality of life , depressive mood , sleep quality and social isolation in the elderly . Methods A r and omised controlled trial with cross over was conducted . 54 participants were recruited with 27 participants in each arm . In phase 1 , group A underwent the intervention with group B as the control . In phase 2 , group B underwent the intervention with group A as the control . The intervention involved 10 weekly RMM sessions . Patient related outcome data which included European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions ( EQ5D ) , Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) and Lubben Social Network Scale ( LSNS ) scores were collected before the intervention , at 11th and at the 22nd week . Results A total of 31 participants were analyzed at the end of the study . The mean age was 74.65 ± 6.40 years . In analysing the change in patient related outcome variables as a continuous measure , participation in RMM result ed in a non-significant reduction in EQ5D by 0.004 ( 95 % CI : -0.097,0.105 ) , GDS score by 0.479 ( 95 % CI:-0.329,1.287 ) , PSQI score by 0.929 ( 95 % CI:- 0.523,2.381 ) and an improvement in LSNS by 1.125 ( 95 % CI:-2.381,0.523 ) . In binary analysis , participation in RMM result ed in a 37 % ( OR = 1.370 , 95 % CI : 0.355,5.290 ) , 55.3 % ( OR = 1.553 , 95 % CI : 0.438,5.501 ) , 124.1 % ( OR = 2.241 , 95 % CI = 0.677,7.419 ) and 14.5 % ( OR = 1.145 , 95 % CI = 0.331,3.963 ) non-significant increase in odds of improvement in EQ5D , GDS , PSQI and LSNS scores respectively . Conclusion Participation in RMM did not show any statistically significant difference in the quality of life of the participants . It is however , an interesting alternative tool to use in the field of integrative medicine . Moving forward , a larger study could be performed to investigate the effects of RMM on the elderly with an inclusion of a qualitative component to evaluate effects of RMM that were not captured by quantitative indicators . Trial registration This trial was retrospectively registered . This trial was registered in the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry under trial number ACTRN12616001281482 on 12 September 2016 This study evaluates transfer from domain-specific , sensorimotor training to cognitive abilities associated with executive function . We examined Individualized Piano Instruction ( IPI ) as a potential cognitive intervention to mitigate normal age-related cognitive decline in older adults . Thirty-one musically naïve community-dwelling older adults ( ages 60–85 ) were r and omly assigned to either the experimental group ( n = 16 ) or control group ( n = 15 ) . Neuropsychological assessment  s were administered at three time points : pre-training , following six months of intervention , and following a three-month delay . The experimental group significantly improved performance on the Trail Making Test and Digit Symbol measures as compared to healthy controls . Results of this study suggest that IPI may serve as an effective cognitive intervention for age-related cognitive decline Partnered tango dance can improve balance and gait in individuals with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) .  Partnered dance may allow these individuals to challenge balance more than nonpartnered dance . Alternatively , partnered practice could reduce balance gains because the participant may rely on the partner as a balance aid when challenged . The authors compared the effects of partnered and nonpartnered dance on balance and mobility in 39 people ( 11 women ) with mild-moderate PD ( Hoehn and Yahr stages I-III ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to  partnered or nonpartnered tango and attended 1-hour classes twice per week , completing 20 lessons within 10 weeks . Balance and gait were evaluated in the weeks immediately before , immediately after , and 1 month after the intervention . Both groups significantly improved on the Berg Balance Scale , comfortable and fast-as-possible walking velocity , and cadence . Improvements were maintained at the 1-month follow-up . The nonpartnered class improved as much as the partnered class ; however , partnered participants expressed more enjoyment and interest in continuing Adolescent girls today suffer from internalizing problems such as somatic symptoms and mental health problems at higher rates compared to those of previous decades , and effective interventions are warranted . The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of participating in an 8-month dance intervention . This qualitative study was embedded in a r and omized controlled trial of a dance intervention for adolescent girls with internalizing problems . A total of 112 girls aged 13–18 were included in the study . The dance intervention  group comprised 59 girls , 24 of whom were strategically chosen to be interviewed . Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach . The experiences of the dance intervention result ed in five generic categories : ( 1 ) An Oasis from Stress , which represents the fundamental basis of the intervention ; ( 2 ) Supportive Togetherness , the setting ; ( 3 ) Enjoyment and Empowerment , the immediate effect ; ( 4 ) Finding Acceptance and Trust in Own Ability , the outcome ; and ( 5 ) Dance as Emotional Expression , the use of the intervention . One main category emerged , Finding Embodied Self-Trust That Opens New Doors , which emphasizes the increased trust in the self and the ability to approach life with a sense of freedom and openness . The central underst and ing of the adolescent girls ’ experiences was that the dance intervention enriched and gave access to personal re sources . With the non-judgmental atmosphere and supportive togetherness as a safe platform , the enjoyment and empowerment in dancing gave rise to acceptance , trust in ability , and emotional expression . Taken together , this increased self-trust and they discovered a new ability to “ cl aim space . ” Findings from this study may provide practical information on design ing future interventions for adolescent girls with internalizing problems OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of dance on motor functions , cognitive functions , and mental symptoms of Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . DESIGN This study employed a quasi-r and omised , between-group design . SETTING Dance , PD exercise , and all assessment s were performed in community halls in different regions of Japan . PARTICIPANTS Forty-six mild-moderate PD patients participated . INTERVENTION Six PD patient associations that agreed to participate in the study were r and omly assigned to a dance group , PD exercise group , or non-intervention group . The dance and PD exercise groups performed one 60-min session per week for 12 weeks . Control group patients continued with their normal lives . All groups were assessed before and after the intervention . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We used the Timed Up- and -Go Test ( TUG ) and Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) to assess motor function , the Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside ( FAB ) and Mental Rotation Task ( MRT ) to assess cognitive function , and the Apathy Scale ( AS ) and Self-rating Depression Scale ( SDS ) to assess mental symptoms of PD . The Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) was used for general assessment of PD . RESULTS When comparing results before and after intervention , the dance group showed a large effect in TUG time ( ES=0.65 , p=0.006 ) , TUG step number ( ES=0.66 , p=0.005 ) , BBS ( ES=0.75 , p=0.001 ) , FAB ( ES=0.77 , p=0.001 ) , MRT response time ( ES=0.79 , p<0.001 ) , AS ( ES=0.78 , p<0.001 ) , SDS ( ES=0.66 , p=0.006 ) and UPDRS ( ES=0.88 , p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Dance was effective in improving motor function , cognitive function , and mental symptoms in PD patients . General symptoms in PD also improved . Dance is an effective method for rehabilitation in PD patients Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of creative dance on physical fitness and life satisfaction in older women . Methods : A total of 57 women ( 65–80 years old ) were r and omized to either an experimental group or a control group . The experimental group participated in a supervised creative dance program for 24 weeks .  Physical fitness ( strength , aerobic endurance , flexibility , motor ability/dynamic balance , and body composition ) and life satisfaction were assessed pre- and posttreatment ( at 12 and 24 weeks ) by the Senior Fitness Test and the Life Satisfaction scale , respectively . Results : After the intervention , the experimental group had better physical fitness and life satisfaction when compared with the control group . Conclusion : Creative dance has a positive effect in different dimensions of functioning and has the potential to contribute to healthy aging . This could be related to the integrated mobilization of physical , cognitive , and social skills promoted by creative dance Background The prevention of falls among older people is a major public health challenge . Exercises that challenge balance are recognized as an efficacious fall prevention strategy . Given that small-scale trials have indicated that diverse dance styles can improve balance and gait of older adults , two of the strongest risk factors for falls in older people , this study aim ed to determine whether social dance is effective in i ) reducing the number of falls and ii ) improving physical and cognitive fall-related risk factors . Methods and Findings A parallel two-arm cluster r and omized controlled trial was undertaken in 23 self-care retirement villages ( clusters ) around Sydney , Australia . Eligible villages had to have an appropriate hall for dancing , house at least 60 residents , and not be currently offering dance as a village activity . Retirement villages were r and omised using a computer generated r and omisation method , constrained using minimisation . Eligible participants had to be a resident of the village , be able to walk at least 50 m , and agree to undergo physical and cognitive testing without cognitive impairment . Residents of intervention villages ( 12 clusters ) were offered twice weekly one-hour social dancing classes ( folk or ballroom dancing ) over 12 mo ( 80 h in total ) . Programs were st and ardized across villages and were delivered by eight dance teachers . Participants in the control villages ( 11 clusters ) were advised to continue with their regular activities . Main outcomes : falls during the 12 mo trial and Trail Making Tests . Secondary outcomes : The Physiological Performance Assessment ( i.e. , postural sway , proprioception , reaction time , leg strength ) and the Short Physical Performance Battery ; health-related physical and mental quality of life from the Short-Form 12 ( SF-12 ) Survey . Data on falls were obtained from 522 of 530 ( 98 % ) r and omised participants ( mean age 78 y , 85 % women ) and 424 ( 80 % ) attended the 12-mo re assessment , which was lower among folk dance participants ( 71 % ) than ballroom dancing ( 82 % ) or control participants ( 82 % , p = 0.04 ) . Mean attendance at  dance classes was 51 % . During the period , 444 falls were recorded ; there was no significant difference in fall rates between the control group ( 0.80 per person-year ) and the dance group ( 1.03 per person-year ) . Using negative binomial regression with robust st and ard errors the adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio ( IRR ) was 1.19 ( 95 % CI : 95 % CI = 0.83 , 1.71 ) . In exploratory post hoc subgroup analysis , the 
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Results : Music and dance relate to key social determinants of health , from social and cultural , and physical and mental health perspectives .
Conclusions : A significant opportunity exists for cross-disciplinary collaboration to advance healthcare and arts policy , generate cost-effective approaches to preventive healthcare practice , and enhance the wellbeing and health of large and diverse population