***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sensitivity or pain of the mucoperiosteum covering the m and ibular edentulous ridge is often thought to limit bite forces in complete-denture wearers . Therefore , bite forces with m and ibular implant-retained overdentures may depend on the degree of implant support . This study analyzed the effects of different degrees of support for the m and ibular denture on bite forces measured four years after denture treatment as part of a r and omized controlled clinical trial . All subjects had received new maxillary dentures and ( 1 ) mainly implant-borne overdentures on a transm and ibular implant ( TMI ) , ( 2 ) mucosa-borne overdentures on two cylindric permucosal IMZ implants , or ( 3 ) new conventional dentures in the m and ible .  Fifty-three women and 15 men ( mean age , 59.1 yrs ; range , 41 to 77 ) participated in this trial . Both unilateral and bilateral bite forces were recorded at different positions with a miniature strain gauge transducer and a mechanical bite fork , respectively . The subjects were asked to bite at three force levels . Results indicated that women had significantly lower maximum bite forces than men . Persons with m and ibular implant-retained overdentures had significantly higher unilateral and bilateral maximum bite forces than complete-denture wearers . However , bite forces did not differ between the mainly implant-borne ( TMI ) and mucosa-implant-borne ( IMZ ) implant systems . Therefore , it appears that differences in support for the m and ibular overdenture by dental implants are not reflected in bite force capabilities Although it has been shown that patients are more satisfied with prostheses supported by implants than with conventional dentures , there have been few direct comparisons of the various design s of implant-supported prostheses . This within-subject crossover clinical trial was design ed to compare two forms of removable prostheses which are frequently prescribed for the edentulous m and ible : a long-bar overdenture supported by 4 implants and a two-implant hybrid overdenture .  Sixteen completely edentulous subjects were given a new maxillary conventional denture : Ten of them received the m and ibular long-bar prosthesis first and six the hybrid . After a two-month adaptation period , psychometric measures of various aspects of the prostheses and physiological tests of masticatory efficiency were carried out over three weeks . The m and ibular prostheses were then changed and the procedures repeated . At the end of the study , subjects were asked to choose the m and ibular prosthesis that they wished to keep , and final psychometric measures were taken . In this paper , the results of the psychometric assessment and patient preference are presented . Subjects assessed factors such as general satisfaction , quality of life , stability , retention , comfort , esthetics , ease of cleaning , speaking , and chewing , and how well-chewed foods were before being swallowed . Most of the factors except ease of cleaning and speaking were rated significantly better with long-bar overdentures than with hybrid ones . These results are consistent with the fact that all subjects chose long-bar overdentures , reporting stability , ease of chewing , and comfort as the most important factors influencing their choice . These results suggest that , although subjects assign high ratings for most factors to hybrid overdentures , they find long-bar overdentures to be significantly more stable , comfortable , and easier for chewing OBJECTIVES Oral rehabilitation by means of implant-retained m and ibular overdentures  is known to improve oral function . The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of m and ibular implant treatment on oral function . We quantified maximum bite force and masticatory performance 10 years after implant treatment . It was hypothesized that these outcome measures would not change in this period . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighteen edentulous patients were scheduled for re-evaluation of their oral function 10 years after they had participated in a r and omized cross-over clinical trial . In that trial , they had received two m and ibular implants and a new denture with successively magnet- , ball-socket , and bar-clip attachments . RESULTS At the 10-year follow-up , 14 of the initial 18 patients participated in the evaluation . As a result of the implant treatment , the average maximum bite force more than doubled , from 162 to 341 N , whereas the average number of chewing cycles to halve the initial particle size decreased from 55 to 27 cycles . No significant changes in maximum bite force and masticatory performance were observed after 10 years . However , the average maximum bite force obtained with implant-retained overdentures is still significantly lower than that of dentate subjects ( 569 N ) . CONCLUSION Maximum bite force and masticatory performance significantly increased after implant treatment and remained unaltered during the following 10-year period . Thus , implant treatment greatly improves oral function for a long period of time Prosthetic outcome and patient satisfaction were evaluated in order to investigate whether there is a need or advantage to splint two implants in the m and ible retaining a hinging overdenture . This study included 36 fully edentulous patients r and omly divided into three groups according to the attachment system they received : magnets , ball attachments or straight bars ( reference group ) . None of the implants failed during the whole observation period in any of the groups . After 5 years of observation , the Bar group presented the highest retention capacity and the least prosthetic complications but revealed more mucositis and gingival hyperplasia . Patient satisfaction rated similar for all groups although the Magnet group showed lower retention forces . All patients would repeat the same treatment even though the majority of the Magnet group would prefer a more retentive solution because of limited denture stability The objective of this work was to study the influence of age on the ability of subjects to adapt mastication to changes in the hardness of foods . The study was carried out on 67 volunteers aged from 25 to 75 yr ( 29 males , 38 females ) who had complete healthy dentitions .  Surface electromyograms of the left and right masseter and temporalis muscles were recorded simultaneously with jaw movements using an electromagnetic transducer . Each volunteer was asked to chew and swallow four visco-elastic model foods of different hardness , each presented three times in r and om order . The number of masticatory cycles , their frequency , and the sum of all electromyographic ( EMG ) activity in all four muscles were calculated for each masticatory sequence . Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the effects of hardness , age , and gender . Hardness was associated to an increase in the mean number of cycles and mean summed EMG activity per sequence . It also increased mean vertical amplitude . Mean vertical amplitude and mean summed EMG activity per sequence were higher in males . These adaptations were present at all ages . Age was associated with an increase of 0.3 cycles per sequence per year of life and with a progressive increase in mean summed EMG activity per sequence . Cycle and opening duration early in the sequence also fell with age . We concluded that although the number of cycles needed to chew a st and ard piece of food increases progressively with age , the capacity to adapt to changes in the hardness of food is maintained UNLABELLED Implant overdentures and conventional prostheses have been compared in several trials using a variety of functional and oral health-related quality of life ( OHQOL ) outcomes . In this paper , we describe the impact of implant overdentures on general and OHQOL in seniors . OBJECTIVES To compare the oral health-related and general quality of life of seniors ( aged 65 - 75 years ) who received either m and ibular implant overdentures or conventional dentures .  METHODS Sixty edentulous patients were recruited . Thirty received m and ibular overdentures retained by two implants ( IOD ) and a conventional maxillary denture , the other 30 subjects received new maxillary and m and ibular conventional complete dentures ( CD ) . All completed the 20-item version of the Oral Health Impact Profile ( OHIP-20 ) before treatment , then at two and 6 months after delivery of the dentures . The SF-36 general health question naire was completed at baseline and 6 months only . RESULTS Pretreatment and 6-month data from 55 subjects were analyzed . Those who received the IODs had significantly better OHIP-20 total scores at 6 months . Results for IOD subjects were also superior in the functional limitation , physical pain , physical disability and psychological disability subscales . While no significant between group difference was found on the SF-36 health survey , significant pre-post-treatment differences within the IOD group were detected for the role emotional , vitality and the social function scales . CONCLUSIONS M and ibular overdentures retained by two implants provide elderly patients with better OHQOL . General health-related quality of life improved in the implant group STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Documentation of long-term changes in food intake is lacking for those treated with a maxillary complete denture opposed by a m and ibular , screw-retained , implant-supported fixed prosthesis . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the selection patterns of dietary foods over 5 years for edentulous participants treated in a multicenter prospect i ve clinical trial that compared cast alloy versus laser-welded titanium frameworks of an implant-supported prostheses opposed by maxillary complete dentures to rehabilitate edentulous participants . MATERIAL AND METHODS The study assessed data from a multicenter prospect i ve clinical trial that followed edentulous participants from an initial baseline of wearing existing complete dentures to implant placement , restoration with a m and ibular implant-supported prosthesis opposed by a maxillary complete denture , to follow-up assessment of these treatments over 5 years . The 32 participants in the cohort were treated at 5 of 9 participating centers . The data collected included 2 dietary forms , a st and ardized 4-day food diary form , and a dietary habits question naire . Each participant completed forms before entering into treatment ( control ) and at the 1- and 5-year follow-up assessment after being treated with a maxillary complete denture opposing a m and ibular complete-arch fixed implant-supported prosthesis . Descriptive statistics were calculated for each measure at each assessment point . Regression analysis and the Sign test were used to calculate change in the participants ' nutritional status ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS Among the findings , it was noted that difficulty in masticating hard , raw , and fibrous foods decreased and intake of vegetable portions increased significantly from 2.5 to 3.3 servings . Participant comfort in eating in public places and their enjoyment of eating were significantly improved from 50 % of participants being uncomfortable with their prior complete denture treatment to only 4 % after 5 years . CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study , it was concluded that vegetable intake and ability to masticate raw , hard , and fibrous food for these participants improved when they received a m and ibular implant-supported prosthesis opposed by a maxillary complete denture . According to the analysis and findings , the overall eating experience was more pleasurable , and eating in public was more comfortable after replacement of complete dentures with a m and ibular implant-supported prosthesis PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three design s for implant-supported m and ibular overdenture on the chewing efficiency and electromyographic ( EMG ) activity of masseter muscles . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen edentulous patients received new maxillary and m and ibular dentures ( control , CD ) before implant placement . After using the dentures for 3 months , patients were r and omly divided into six blocks ( three patients /block ) and received four implants in canine and first molar areas of the m and ible . Following osseointegration period , new duplicate m and ibular overdentures were successively connected to the implants with : ( i ) ball attachment on two implants ( 2BOD ) , ( ii ) bar attachment on two implants ( 2ROD ) , and ( iii ) bar attachments on four implants ( 4ROD ) in a r and om order . Chewing efficiency was measured using chewing gum , and EMG was recorded during clenching ( with or without food ) . Evaluations were made 3 months after using each of the following prostheses : CD , 2BOD , 2ROD , and 4ROD . RESULTS All implant-supported overdentures showed a significant increase in chewing efficiency and EMG values when compared to CD . These values increased significantly with 4ROD when compared to 2BOD or 2ROD prostheses . There was no significant difference in chewing efficiency and EMG between 2BOD and 2ROD prostheses . CONCLUSION Four-implant-supported overdentures seem to present a functional advantage vs. two-implant-supported overdentures , independent of the chosen attachment system The impact of bite force on the marginal bone response around implants is a subject of debate . This study focused on the effect of maximum bite force on marginal bone levels in m and ibular implant overdenture treatment . In addition , the effect of the sequence of 3 different loading conditions on marginal bone loss was evaluated in vivo . The patient population consisted of a group of 18 patients . They received 2 implants in the m and ible and a new denture without attachments during the period of submerged implant healing . After second stage surgery , the denture was provided with a ball , magnet or bar-clip attachment . There was a transition of attachment type after 3 and 6 months of function . The sequence in which the attachments were used was r and omised . Radiographic marginal bone loss was measured after the period of submerged implant healing and after 3 , 6 and 9 months of functional implant loading . Maximum bite force measurements were obtained just prior to second stage surgery with the new denture without attachment . Bite force measurements were also obtained after 3 , 6 and 9 months of loading with the implant-retained overdenture . The latter 3 values were averaged . The mean bone loss during the period of submerged healing and during functional loading was 1.7 mm ( 0.7 mm ) and 1.3 mm ( 0.6 mm ) , respectively 
    Output:
    
In contrast , the IFDP-wearers showed higher values than dentates during chewing .
In general , edentulous patients with CDs can achieve a greater degree of muscular activity after rehabilitation with IOs during clenching and chewing .
During clenching , patients with IFDPs achieved higher values than those with dentates .
The muscular activity increases with the hardness of the food