***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Music is a method nurses can use to help relieve pain , however little is known about its effectiveness across cultures . In this study , Western music was tested for its effectiveness in reducing  postoperative pain in 38 Taiwanese patients , and its acceptability was explored . A pretest and post-test experimental design was used with visual analogue scales to measure sensation and distress of pain . Before surgery , subjects were r and omly assigned to receive tape recorded music or the usual care . Those who were assigned to the music group chose among 5 types of sedative music . On postoperative Day 1 and Day 2 , the effectiveness of the tape-recorded music was investigated during 15 minutes of rest in bed . Patients were interviewed on Day 3 to determine their liking for the music , its calming effects , and the helpfulness of the music . Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between time and group in the distress of pain on Day 1 , but not on Day 2 , and in pain sensation on Day 2 , but not Day 1 . Subjects from Taiwan were similar to subjects in a previous study in the United States in their liking for the music , and in reports of the helpfulness of the music for pain sensation and distress , but fewer Taiwanese found the music calming , and they had different choices : more chose harp music and fewer chose jazz than subjects in the U.S. study , and some would prefer Buddhist hymns or popular songs heard in Taiwan . Findings support the use of culturally acceptable music in addition to analgesic medication for the sensation and distress of postoperative pain BACKGROUND The conduct of r and omized , controlled trials of nonpharmacologic treatments presents specific challenges that are not adequately addressed in trial reports . OBJECTIVE To develop an extension of the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) Statement for trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . DESIGN A consensus meeting was organized to develop an extension of the CONSORT Statement that addresses r and omized trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . To prepare for the meeting , a survey was conducted to identify the specific issues for discussion . SETTING Consensus meeting in Paris , France . PARTICIPANTS A total of 33 experts attended the meeting . The experts were method ologists ( n = 17 ) ; surgeons ( n = 6 ) ; editors ( n = 5 ) ; and clinicians involved in rehabilitation ( n = 1 ) , psychotherapy ( n = 2 ) , education ( n = 1 ) , and implantable devices ( n = 1 ) . MEASUREMENTS Experts indicated which of the 22 items on the CONSORT checklist should be modified or which additional items should be added specifically for nonpharmacologic treatments . During a 3-day consensus meeting , all items were discussed and additional method ological issues related to nonpharmacologic research were identified . RESULTS The consensus was that 11 items on the CONSORT checklist needed some modifications for nonpharmacologic trials : item 1 ( title and abstract ) , item 3 ( participants ) , item 4 ( interventions ) , item 7 ( sample size ) , item 8 ( r and omization ) , item 11 ( blinding ) , item 12 ( statistical methods ) , item 13 ( participant flow ) , item 15 ( baseline data ) , item 20 ( discussion : interpretation ) , and item 21 ( generalizability ) . In addition , the meeting participants added 1 item related to implementation of the intervention . LIMITATION Evidence was not always available to support the inclusion of each checklist item . CONCLUSION The methods and processes used to develop this extension could be used for other reporting guidelines . The use of this extension to the CONSORT Statement should improve the quality of reporting r and omized , controlled trials assessing nonpharmacologic treatments BACKGROUND Postoperative pain and anxiety are common in cardiac surgery patients . Studies have suggested that music can decrease anxiety in hospitalized patients . Primary Study Objective This study focused on the efficacy and feasibility of special music , which included nature sounds , for pain and anxiety . METHODS / DESIGN In this r and omized controlled trial , postoperative cardiovascular surgery patients were r and omly assigned to a music group to receive 20 minutes of st and ard postoperative care and music twice daily on postoperative days 2 through 4 or to a control group to receive 20 minutes of st and ard care with a quiet resting period twice daily on postoperative days 2 through 4 . SETTING Cardiovascular surgical unit of Saint Marys Hospital , Rochester , Minnesota . PARTICIPANTS One hundred patients completed the study ( music group , n = 49 ; control group , n = 51 ) . Intervention The music was delivered through CD players in the patients ' rooms . PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Pain , anxiety , satisfaction , and relaxation were evaluated from visual analog scales . RESULTS Data showed a significant decrease in mean ( SD ) pain scores after the second session of day 2 for the music group ( change , ? 1.4 [ 1.4 ] ) compared with the control group ( change , ? 0.4 [ 1.4 ] ) ( P = .001 ) . Mean relaxation scores improved more at the first session of day 2 for the music group ( change , 1.9 [ 2.7 ] ) compared with the control group ( change , 0.3 [ 2.9 ] ) ( P = .03 ) . The music group also showed lower anxiety and increased satisfaction overall , but these differences were not statistically significant . No major barriers to using the therapy were identified . CONCLUSION Recorded music and nature sounds can be integrated into the postoperative care of cardiovascular surgery patients . The recordings may provide an additional means for addressing common symptoms of pain and anxiety while providing a means of relaxation for these patients Background : The instability of cardiovascular indices and anxiety disorders are common among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft ( CABG )  and could interfere with their recovery . Therefore , improving the cardiovascular indices and anxiety is essential . Objectives : This study aim ed to investigate the effect of music therapy on anxiety and cardiovascular indices in patients undergoing CABG .  Patients and Methods : In this r and omized controlled trial , 60 patients hospitalized in the cardiovascular surgical intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Qom city , Iran , in 2013 were selected using a consecutive sampling method and r and omly allocated into the experimental and control groups . In the experimental group , patients received 30 minutes of light music , whereas in the control group , patients had 30 minutes of rest in bed . The cardiovascular indices and anxiety were measured immediately before , immediately after and half an hour after the study . Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and repeated measures analysis of variance . Results : Compared to the immediately before intervention , the mean anxiety scores immediately after and 30 minutes after the intervention were significantly lower in the experimental group ( P < 0.037 ) while it did not significantly change in the control group . However , there were no significant differences regarding the cardiovascular indices in the three consecutive measurements ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Music therapy is effective in decreasing anxiety among patients undergoing CABG . However , the intervention was not effective on cardiovascular indices . Music can effectively be used as a non-pharmacological method to manage anxiety after CABG Pre‐operative anxiety is common and often significant . Ambulatory surgery challenges our pre‐operative goal of an anxiety‐free patient by requiring people to be ‘ street ready ’ within a brief period of time after surgery . Recently , it has been demonstrated that music can be used successfully to relieve patient anxiety before operations , and that audio embedded with tones that create binaural beats within the brain of the listener decreases subjective levels of anxiety in patients with chronic anxiety states . We measured anxiety with the  State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory question naire and compared binaural beat audio ( Binaural Group ) with an identical soundtrack but without these added tones ( Audio Group ) and with a third group who received no specific intervention ( No Intervention Group ) . Mean [ 95 % confidence intervals ] decreases in anxiety scores were 26.3%[19–33 % ] in the Binaural Group ( p = 0.001 vs. Audio Group , p < 0.0001 vs. No Intervention Group ) , 11.1%[6–16 % ] in the Audio Group ( p = 0.15 vs. No Intervention Group ) and 3.8%[0–7 % ] in the No Intervention Group . Binaural beat audio has the potential to decrease acute pre‐operative anxiety significantly Many patients in the Surgical Holding Area become stressed and anxious . In a hospital setting music reduces patients '  anxiety . This study determined that music can reduce the anxiety and stress of patients in the Surgical Holding Area . In this study , one group of subjects listed to music while a second group did not . Subjects who listened to music while in the Surgical Holding Area had significantly less stress and anxiety than did those who did not listen to music . Both groups spent similar lengths of time in the Surgical Holding Area . The results strongly suggest that if music were available to all patients in the Surgical Holding Area , most would select this option , and they would experience less anxiety Background Due to the strong reduction in the length of hospital stays in the last decade , the period of in-hospital postoperative care is limited . After discharge from the hospital , guidance and monitoring on recovery and resumption of ( work ) activities are usually not provided . As a consequence , return to normal activities and work after surgery is hampered , leading to a lower quality of life and higher costs due to productivity loss and increased health care consumption . Objective With this study we aim to evaluate whether an eHealth care program can improve perioperative health care in patients undergoing commonly applied abdominal surgical procedures , leading to accelerated recovery and to a reduction in costs in comparison to usual care . Methods This is a multicenter r and omized , single-blinded , controlled trial . At least 308 patients between 18 and 75 years old who are on the waiting list for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy , inguinal hernia surgery , or laparoscopic adnexal surgery for a benign indication will be included . Patients will be r and omized to an intervention or control group . The intervention group will have access to an innovative , perioperative eHealth care program . This intervention program consists of a website , mobile phone app , and activity tracker . It aims to improve patient self-management and empowerment by providing guidance to patients in the weeks before and after surgery . The control group will receive usual care and will have access to a nonintervention ( st and ard ) website consisting of the digital information brochure about the surgical procedure being performed . Patients are asked to complete question naires at 5 moments during the first 6 months after surgery . The primary outcome measure is time to return to normal activities based on a patient-specific set of 8 activities selected from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System ( PROMIS ) physical functioning item bank version 1.2 . Secondary outcomes include social participation , self-rated health , duration of return to work , physical activity , length of recovery , pain intensity , and patient satisfaction . In addition , an economic evaluation alongside this r and omized controlled trial will be performed from the societal and health care perspective . All statistical analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle . Results The enrollment of patients started in September 2015 . The follow-up period will be completed in February 2017 . Data cleaning and analyses have not begun as of the time this article was su bmi tted . Conclusions We hypothesize that patients receiving the intervention program will resume their normal activities sooner than patients in the control group and costs will be lower . Clinical Trial Netherl and s Trial Registry NTC4699 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=4699 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6mcCBZmwy Background : Music , as a non-pharmacological and inexpensive nursing intervention , can be used easily as a complementary technique in reducing pain along with other methods . While some studies have demonstrated pain to decrease after music , others found music to be ineffective on pain . Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music on postoperative pain in patients under open heart surgery . Patients and Methods : A quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 patients under open heart surgery referred to ICU of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kashan city . Patients were r and omly divided into two groups including experimental and control groups . Patients in music group listened to nonverbal music for 30 minutes after surgery by headphones . The control group did not receive any intervention other than routine care . Before and after intervention , pain intensity was measured and recorded by visual analog scale in two groups . Data was analyzed using Chi-Square and t-tests . Results : Before intervention , the mean of pain intensity was 6.32 ± 0.21 and 6.10 ± 0.21 for experimental and control groups , respectively ; and the difference was not significant ( P = 0.21 ) . After intervention , the mean of pain intensity was 3.11 ± 0.12 and 5.81 ± 0.38 for experimental and control groups , respectively ; and the difference was significant ( P = 0.04 ) . Conclusions : Listening to the relaxant music  can reduce postoperative pain . It is suggested that relaxant music be used as a complementary method in patients in order to reduce prospect i ve pain BACKGROUND High levels of anxiety during surgery are associated with poorer post-surgical outcomes . This prospect i ve , non-blinded r and omized controlled trial aim ed to compare the effectiveness of four intraoperative distraction interventions for anxiety and pain management during minimally invasive venous surgery under local anaesthetic . METHODS 407 patients presenting with varicose veins at a private clinic , were r and omized to one of four intraoperative distraction interventions or treatment as usual .  All participants received endovenous thermoablation and /or phlebectomies of varicose veins .  After losses to follow-up , 398 participants were entered into the analysis . Participants were r and om 
    Output:
    
Metaregression analysis found no significant association between the effect of music interventions and age , sex , choice and timing of music , and type of anaesthesia .
CONCLUSION Music interventions  significantly reduce anxiety and pain in adult surgical patients