***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Background : Dengue is highly endemic in Chennai city , South India , in spite of continuous vector control efforts . This intervention study was aim ed at establishing the efficacy as well as the favouring and limiting factors relating to a community-based environmental intervention package to control the dengue vector Aedes aegypti . Methods : A cluster r and omized controlled trial was design ed to measure the outcome of a new vector control package and process analysis ; different data collection tools were used to determine the performance . Ten r and omly selected intervention clusters ( neighbourhoods with 100 houses each ) were paired with ten control clusters  on the basis of ecological/entomological indices and sociological parameters collected during baseline studies . In the intervention clusters , Aedes control was carried out using a community-based environmental management approach like provision of water container covers through community actors , clean-up campaigns , and dissemination of dengue information through schoolchildren . The main outcome measure was reduction in pupal indices ( pupae per person index ) , used as a proxy measure of adult vectors , in the intervention clusters compared to the control clusters . Results : At baseline , almost half the respondents did not know that dengue is serious but preventable , or that it is transmitted by mosquitoes . The stakeholder analysis showed that dengue vector control is carried out by vertically structured programmes of national , state , and local administrative bodies through fogging and larval control with temephos , without any involvement of community-based organizations , and that vector control efforts were conducted in an isolated and irregular way . The most productive container types for Aedes pupae were cement tanks , drums , and discarded containers . All ten intervention clusters with a total of 1000 houses and 4639 inhabitants received the intervention while the ten control clusters with a total of 1000 houses and 4439 inhabitants received only the routine government services and some of the information education and communication project material s. The follow-up studies showed that there was a substantial increase in dengue underst and ing in the intervention group with only minor knowledge changes in the control group . Community involvement and the partnership among stakeholders ( particularly women ’s self-help groups ) worked well . After 10 months of intervention , the pupae per person index was significantly reduced to 0·004 pupae per person from 1·075 ( P = 0·020 ) in the intervention clusters compared to control clusters . There were also significant reductions in the Stegomyia indices : the house index was reduced to 4·2 % , the container index to 1·05 % , and the Breteau index to 4·3 from the baseline values of 19·6 , 8·91 , and 30·8 in the intervention arm . Conclusion : A community-based approach together with other stakeholders that promoted interventions to prevent dengue vector breeding led to a substantial reduction in dengue vector density Background Sh and ong Province experienced a declining malaria trend of local-acquired transmission , but the increasing imported malaria remains a challenge . Therefore , underst and ing the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and the control and elimination strategy and interventions is needed for better planning to achieve the overall elimination goal in Sh and ong Province . Methods A retrospective study was conducted and all individual cases from a web-based reporting system  were review ed and analysed to explore malaria-endemic characteristics in Sh and ong from 2005 to 2015 . Annual malaria incidence reported in 2005–2015 were geo-coded and matched to the county-level . Spatial cluster analysis was performed to evaluate any identified spatial disease clusters for statistical significance . The space – time cluster was detected with high rates through the retrospective space – time analysis scanning using the discrete Poisson model . Results The overall malaria incidence decreased to a low level during 2005–2015 . In total , 1564 confirmed malaria cases were reported , 27.1 % of which ( n = 424 ) were indigenous cases . Most of the indigenous case ( n = 339 , 80.0 % ) occurred from June to October . However , the number and scale of imported cases have been increased but no significant difference was observed during months . Sh and ong is endemic for both Plasmodium vivax ( n = 730 ) and Plasmodium falciparum ( n = 674 ) . The disease is mainly distributed in Southern ( n = 710 ) and Eastern region ( n = 424 ) of Sh and ong , such as Jinning ( n = 214 [ 13.7 % ] ) , Weihai ( n = 151 [ 9.7 % ] ) , and Yantai ( n = 107 [ 6.8 % ] ) . Furthermore , the spatial cluster analysis of malaria cases from 2005 to 2015 indicated that the diseased was not r and omly distributed . For indigenous cases , a total of 15 and 2 high-risk counties were determined from 2005 to 2009 ( control phase ) and from 2010 to 2015 ( elimination phase ) , respectively . For imported cases , a total of 26 and 29 high-risk counties were determined from 2005 to 2009 ( control phase ) and from 2010 to 2015 ( elimination phase ) , respectively . The method of spatial scan statistics identified different 13 significant spatial clusters between 2005 and 2015 . The space – time clustering analysis determined that the most likely cluster included 14 and 19 counties for indigenous and imported , respectively . Conclusions In order to cope with the requirements of malaria elimination phase , the surveillance system should be strengthened particularity on the frequent migration regions as well as the effective multisectoral cooperation and coordination mechanisms . Specific response packages should be tailored among different types of cities and capacity building should also be improved mainly focus on the emergence response and case management . Fund guarantees for scientific research should be maintained both during the elimination and post-elimination phase to consoli date the achievements of malaria elimination Background Integrated vector management strategies depend on local eco-bio-social conditions , community participation , political will and inter-sectorial partnership . Previously identified risk factors for persistent Triatoma dimidiata infestation include the presence of rodents and chickens , tiled roofs , dirt floors , partial wall plastering and dog density . Methods A community-based intervention was developed and implemented based on cyclical stakeholder and situational analyses . Intervention implementation and evaluation combined participatory action research and cluster r and omized pre-test post-test experimental design s. The intervention included modified insecticide application , education regarding Chagas disease and risk factors , and participatory rodent control . Results At final evaluation there was no significant difference in post-test triatomine infestation between intervention and control , keeping pre-test rodent and triatomine infestations constant . Knowledge levels regarding Chagas disease and prevention practice s including rodent control , chicken management and health service access increased significantly only in intervention communities . The odds of nymph infection and rat infestation were 8.3 and 1.9-fold higher in control compared to intervention communities , respectively . Conclusion Vector control measures without reservoir control are insufficient to reduce transmission risk in areas with persistent triatomine infestation . This integrated vector management program can complement house improvement initiatives by prioritizing households with risk factors such as tiled roofs . Requirement for active participation and multi-sectorial coordination poses implementation challenges Objective To assess the effectiveness of an integrated community based environmental management strategy to control Aedes aegypti , the vector of dengue , compared with a routine strategy . Design Cluster r and omised trial . Setting Guantanamo , Cuba . Participants 32 circumscriptions ( around 2000 inhabitants each ) . Interventions The circumscriptions were r and omly allocated to control clusters ( n=16 ) comprising routine Aedes control programme ( entomological surveillance , source reduction , selective adulticiding , and health education ) and to intervention clusters ( n=16 ) comprising the routine Aedes control programme combined with a community based environmental management approach . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was levels of Aedes infestation : house index ( number of houses positive for at least one container with immature stages of Ae aegypti per 100 inspected houses ) , Breteau index ( number of containers positive for immature stages of Ae aegypti per 100 inspected houses ) , and the pupae per inhabitant statistic ( number of Ae aegypti pupae per inhabitant ) . Results All clusters were subjected to the intended intervention ; all completed the study protocol up to February 2006 and all were included in the analysis . At baseline the Aedes infestation levels were comparable between intervention and control clusters : house index 0.25 % v 0.20 % , pupae per inhabitant 0.44 × 10−3 v 0.29 × 10−3 . At the end of the intervention these indices were significantly lower in the intervention clusters : rate ratio for house indices 0.49 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.27 to 0.88 ) and rate ratio for pupae per inhabitant 0.27 ( 0.09 to 0.76 ) . Conclusion A community based environmental management embedded in a routine control programme was effective at reducing levels of Aedes infestation . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N88405796 Abstract Background and Objectives : Dengue is an important public health problem in Yogyakarta city , Indonesia . The aim of this study was to build an innovative community-centered dengue-ecosystem management intervention in the city and to assess the process and results . Methods : For describing the baseline situation , entomological surveys and household surveys were carried out in six r and omly selected neighborhoods in Yogyakarta city , documents were analyzed and different stakeholders involved in dengue control and environmental management were interviewed . Then a community-centered dengue-ecosystem management intervention was built up in two of the neighborhoods ( Demangan and Giwangan ) whereas two neighborhoods served as controls with no intervention ( Tahunan and Bener ) . Six months after the intervention follow up surveys ( household interviews and entomological ) were conducted as well as focus group discussion s and key informant interviews . FIindings : The intervention results included : better community knowledge , attitude and practice s in dengue prevention ; increased household and community participation ; improved partnership including a variety of stakeholders with prospect s for sustainability ; vector control efforts refocused on environmental and health issues ; increased community ownership of dengue vector management including broader community development activities such as solid waste management and recycling . Conclusion : The community-centred approach needs a lot of effort at the beginning but has better prospect s for sustainability than the vertical “ top-down ” approach Background Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets ( LLITN ) have demonstrated a significant effect in reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality . However , barriers on the utilization of LLITN have hampered the desired outcomes . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of community empowerment on the burden of malaria and anaemia in under-five children in Ethiopia . Methods A cluster r and omized trial was done in 22 ( 11 intervention and 11 control ) villages in south-west Ethiopia . The intervention consisted of tailored training of household heads about the proper use of LLITN and community network system . The burden of malaria and anaemia in under-five children was determined through mass blood investigation at baseline , six and 12 months of the project period . Cases of malaria and anaemia were treated based on the national protocol . The burden of malaria and anaemia between the intervention and control villages was compared using the complex logistic regression model by taking into account the clustering effect . Eight Focus group discussion s were conducted to complement the quantitative findings . Results A total of 2,105 household heads received the intervention and the prevalence of malaria and anaemia was assessed among 2410 , 2037 and 2612 under-five children at baseline , six and 12 months of the project period respectively . During the high transmission/epidemic season , children in the intervention arm were less likely to have malaria as compared to children in the control arm ( OR = 0.42 ; 95%CI : 0.32 , 0.57 ) . Symptomatic malaria also steadily declined in the intervention villages compared to the control villages in the follow up periods . Children in the intervention arm were less likely to be anaemic compared to those in the control arm both at the high ( OR = 0.84 ; 95%CI : 0.71 , 0.99 ) ) and low ( OR = 0.73 ; 95%CI : 0.60 , 0.89 ) transmission seasons . Conclusion Training of household heads on the utilization of LLITN significantly reduces the burden of malaria in under-five children . The Ministry of Health of Ethiopia in collaboration with other partners should design similar strategies in high-risk areas to control malaria in Ethiopia . Trial registration Australia and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Register ( ANZCTR ) : Abstract Introduction : Waste management through community mobilization to reduce breeding places at household level could be an effective and sustainable dengue vector control strategy in areas where vector breeding takes place in small discarded water containers . The objective of this study was to assess the validity of this assumption . Methods : An intervention study was conducted from February 2009 to February 2010 in the populous Gampaha District of Sri Lanka . Eight neighborhoods ( clusters ) with roughly 200 houses each were selected r and omly from high and low dengue endemic areas ; 4 of them were allocated to the intervention arm ( 2 in the high and 2 in the low endemicity areas ) and in the same way 4 clusters to the control arm . A baseline household survey was conducted and entomological and sociological surveys were carried out simultaneously at baseline , at 3 months , at 9 months and at 15 months after the start of the intervention . The intervention programme in the treatment clusters consisted of building partnerships of local stakeholders , waste management at household level , the promotion of composting biodegradable household waste , raising awareness on the importance of solid waste management in dengue control and improving garbage collection with the assistance of local government authorities . Results : The intervention and control clusters were very similar and there were no significant differences in pupal and larval indices of Aedes mosquitoes . The establishment of partnerships 
    Output:
    
This review shows the importance of inter-sectoral collaboration to reduce VBDs or vector densities .
However , very few studies measured how much inter-sectoral collaboration contributes to the impact .