***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) may influence the biological , social and behavioral determinants of pregnancy in HIV-infected women . However , there are limited longitudinal data on the reproductive intentions and outcomes among women on ART in Africa . Methodology /Principal Findings Using a prospect i ve cohort design , we analyzed trends in desire for children and predictors of pregnancy among a cohort of 733 HIV-infected women in rural Ug and a who initiated ART between May 2003 and May 2004 and were followed up in their homes until June 2006 . Women answered in-depth social and behavioral question naires administered every quarter in year 1 after initiating ART , and every 6 to 12 months thereafter . Use of family planning methods  was assessed at 18 and 24 months after starting ART . We tested for non-constant pregnancy incidence by using a shape parameter test from the Weibull distribution . We modeled repeated measurements of all variables related to the women 's desire for children over time using a generalized estimating equation ( GEE ) extension to the logistic regression model . Risk factors for pregnancy were examined using Cox proportional hazards model . 711 women eligible for the study were followed-up for a median time of 2.4 years after starting ART . During this time , less than 7 % of women reported wanting more children at any time point yet 120 ( 16.9 % ) women experienced 140 pregnancies and pregnancy incidence increased from 3.46 per 100 women-years ( WY ) in the first quarter to 9.5 per 100 WY at 24 months ( p<0.0001 ) . This was paralleled by an increase in the proportion of women reporting sexual activity in the past 3 months , from 24.4 % at baseline to 32.5 % over 24 months of follow-up ( p = 0.001 ) . Only 14 % of women used permanent or semi-permanent family planning methods by their second year on ART . In the multivariate model , younger age ( HR = 2.71 per 10-year decrease , 95 % CI : 2.95–3.78 ) , having a BMI > 18.5 ( HR = 1.09 , CI : 1.01–1.18 ) and not having used condoms consistently in the last 3 months ( HR = 1.79 , CI : 1.02–3.13 ) were independently associated with pregnancy . Conclusion / Significance Women on ART and their partners should be consistently counseled on the effects of ART in restoring fertility , and offered regularly free and comprehensive family planning services as part of their st and ard package of care This study aim ed to determine changes in fertility intentions of HIV-1 infected and uninfected reproductive age women in Blantyre , Malawi . Participants were asked about their fertility intentions at baseline and at 3-month visits for 1 year . Time-to-event statistical models were used to determine factors associated with changes in fertility intentions . Overall , 842 HIV uninfected and 844 HIV infected women were enrolled . The hazard of changing from wanting no more children at baseline to wanting more children at follow-up was 61 % lower among HIV infected women compared to HIV uninfected women ( P < 0.01 ) after adjusting for other factors , while HIV infected women were ~3 times more likely to change to wanting no more children . The overall pregnancy rate after 12 months was 14.9 per 100 person-years and did not differ among 102 HIV uninfected and 100 infected women who became pregnant . HIV infection is a significant predictor of fertility intentions over time Objective : To evaluate a multipronged approach to promote dual  contraceptive  use by women within heterosexual HIV-1-serodiscordant partnerships . Methods : For 213 HIV-1-serodiscordant couples in Thika , Kenya , participating in an HIV-1 prevention clinical trial , contraceptive promotion was initiated through a multipronged intervention that included staff training , couples family planning sessions , and free provision of hormonal contraception on-site .  Contraceptive use and pregnancy incidence were compared between two time periods ( before versus after June 2007 , when the intervention was initiated ) and between Thika and other Kenyan trial sites ( Eldoret , Kisumu , and Nairobi ) . Generalized estimating equations and And ersen – Gill proportional hazards modeling were used . Results : Nonbarrier contraceptive use increased after implementation of the intervention : from 31.5 to 64.7 % of visits among HIV-1-seropositive women [ odds ratio 4.0 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 3.0–5.3 ] and from 28.6 to 46.7 % of visits among HIV-1-seronegative women ( odds ratio 2.2 , 95 % CI 1.4–3.5 ) . In comparison , at the other Kenyan sites , where the intervention was not implemented , contraceptive use changed minimally , from 15.6 to 22.3 % of visits for HIV-1-seropositive women and from 13.6 to 12.7 % among HIV-1-seronegative women . Self-reported condom use remained high during follow-up . Pregnancy incidence at the Thika was significantly lower after compared with before June 2007 ( hazard ratio 0.2 , 95 % CI 0.1–0.6 ) and was approximately half that at other Kenyan sites during the intervention period ( hazard ratio 0.5 , 95 % CI 0.3–0.8 ) . Conclusion : A multipronged family planning intervention can lead to high nonbarrier contraceptive uptake and reduced pregnancy incidence among women in HIV-1-serodiscordant partnerships 
    Output:
    
Providing concerted information and support for family planning use , coupled with ready access to a wide range of contraceptive methods , seemed most effective in increasing use .