***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent guidelines on exercise for weight loss and weight maintenance include resistance training as part of the exercise prescription . Yet few studies have compared the effects of similar amounts of aerobic and resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight adults . STRRIDE AT/RT , a r and omized trial , compared aerobic training , resistance training , and a combination of the two to determine the optimal mode of exercise for obesity reduction . Participants were 119 sedentary , overweight or obese adults who were r and omized to one of three 8-mo exercise protocol s : 1 ) RT : resistance training , 2 ) AT : aerobic training , and 3 ) AT/RT : aerobic and resistance training ( combination of AT and RT ) . Primary outcomes included total body mass , fat mass , and lean body mass . The AT and AT/RT groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more than RT ( P < 0.05 ) , but they were not different from each other . RT and AT/RT increased lean body mass more than AT ( P < 0.05 ) . While requiring double the time commitment , a program of combined AT and RT did not result in significantly more fat mass or body mass reductions over AT alone . Balancing time commitments against health benefits , it appears that AT is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass , while a program including RT is needed for increasing lean mass in middle-aged , overweight/obese individuals Developing an evidence base for making public health decisions will require using data from evaluation studies with r and omized and nonr and omized design s. Assessing individual studies and using studies in quantitative research syntheses require transparent reporting of the study , with sufficient detail and clarity to readily see differences and similarities among studies in the same area . The Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement provides guidelines for transparent reporting of r and omized clinical trials . We present the initial version of the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonr and omized Design s ( TREND ) statement . These guidelines emphasize the reporting of theories used and descriptions of intervention and comparison conditions , research design , and methods of adjusting for possible biases in evaluation studies that use nonr and omized design OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of 24 weeks of whole-body-vibration ( WBV ) training on knee-extension strength and speed of movement and on counter-movement jump performance in older women . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory , Leuven , Belgium . PARTICIPANTS Eighty-nine postmenopausal women , off hormone replacement therapy , aged 58 to 74 , were r and omly assigned to a WBV group ( n=30 ) , a resistance-training group ( RES , n=30 ) , or a control group ( n=29 ) . INTERVENTION The WBV group and the RES group trained three times a week for 24 weeks . The WBV group performed unloaded static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform , which provokes reflexive muscle activity . The RES group trained knee-extensors by performing dynamic leg-press and leg-extension exercises increasing from low ( 20 repetitions maximum ( RM ) ) to high ( 8RM ) resistance . The control group did not participate in any training . MEASUREMENTS Pre- , mid- ( 12 weeks ) , and post- ( 24 weeks ) isometric strength and dynamic strength of knee extensors were measured using a motor-driven dynamometer . Speed of movement of knee extension was assessed using an external resistance equivalent to 1 % , 20 % , 40 % , and 60 % of isometric maximum . Counter-movement jump performance was determined using a contact mat . RESULTS Isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength increased significantly ( P<.001 ) in the WBV group ( mean+/-st and ard error 15.0+/-2.1 % and 16.1+/-3.1 % , respectively ) and the RES group ( 18.4+/-2.8 % and 13.9+/-2.7 % , respectively ) after 24 weeks of training , with the training effects not significantly different between the groups ( P=.558 ) . Speed of movement of knee extension significantly increased at low resistance ( 1 % or 20 % of isometric maximum ) in the WBV group only ( 7.4+/-1.8 % and 6.3+/-2.0 % , respectively ) after 24 weeks of training , with no significant differences in training effect between the WBV and the RES groups ( P=.391 ; P=.142 ) . Counter-movement jump height enhanced significantly ( P<.001 ) in the WBV group ( 19.4+/-2.8 % ) and the RES group ( 12.9+/-2.9 % ) after 24 weeks of training . Most of the gain in knee-extension strength and speed of movement and in counter-movement jump performance had been realized after 12 weeks of training . CONCLUSION WBV is a suitable training method and is as efficient as conventional RES training to improve knee-extension strength and speed of movement and counter-movement jump performance in older women . As previously shown in young women , it is suggested that the strength gain in older women is mainly due to the vibration stimulus and not only to the unloaded exercises performed on the WBV platform What is the central question of this study ? In obesity , the exaggerated blood pressure response to voluntary exercise is linked to hypertension , yet the mechanisms are not fully eluci date d. We examined whether involuntary contractions elicit greater haemodynamic responses and altered neural control of blood pressure in normotensive obese versus lean women . What is the main finding and its importance ? During involuntary contractions induced by whole-body vibration , there were augmented blood pressure and spontaneous baroreflex responses in obese compared with lean women . This finding is suggestive of an overactive mechanoreflex in the exercise-induced hypertensive response in obesity . Passive contractions did not elicit differential heart rate responses in obese compared with lean women , implying other mechanisms for the blunted heart rate response reported during voluntary exercise in obesity . In obesity , the exaggerated blood pressure ( BP ) response to exercise is linked to hypertension , yet the mechanisms are not fully eluci date d. In this study , we examined whether involuntary mechanical oscillations , induced by whole-body vibration ( WBV ) , elicit greater haemodynamic responses and altered neural control of BP in obese versus lean women . Twenty-two normotensive , premenopausal women ( 12 lean and 10 obese ) r and omly underwent a passive WBV ( 25 Hz ) and a control protocol ( similar posture without WVB ) . Beat-by-beat BP , heart rate , stroke volume , systemic vascular resistance , cardiac output , parasympathetic output ( evaluated by heart rate variability ) and spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity ( sBRS ) were assessed . We found that during WBV , obese women exhibited an augmented systolic BP response compared with lean women that was correlated with body fat percentage ( r = 0.77 ; P < 0.05 ) . The exaggerated BP rise was driven mainly by the greater increase in cardiac output index in obese versus lean women , associated with a greater stroke volume index in obese women . Involuntary contractions did not elicit a differential magnitude of responses in heart rate , heart rate variability indices and systemic vascular resistance in obese versus lean women ; however , they did result in greater sBRS responses ( P < 0.05 ) in obese women . In conclusion , involuntary contractions elicited an augmented BP and sBRS response in normotensive obese versus lean women . The greater elevations in circulatory haemodynamics in obese women are suggestive of an overactive mechanoreflex in the exercise-induced hypertensive response in obesity Obesity is associated with early cardiovascular dysfunction and reduced muscle strength . Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) training may improve arterial function and muscle strength . The effects of WBV training  on arterial stiffness ( brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity , baPWV ) , wave reflection ( augmentation index , AIx ) , brachial systolic blood pressure ( bSBP ) , aortic systolic blood pressure ( aSBP ) , heart rate variability , and muscle strength ( one-repetition maximum , 1RM ) were examined in 10 young ( 21±2 year ) overweight/obese women ( body mass index , BMI = 29.9±0.8 kg m–2 ) . Participants were r and omized to a 6-week WBV training or non-exercising control ( CON ) period in a crossover design . WBV training ( 3 days × week ) consisted of static and dynamic squats and calf raises with vibration intensity at 25–30 Hz and 1–2 mm amplitude ( 2.83–4.86 G ) . There were significant ( P<0.05 ) decreases in baPWV ( −0.9±0.3 m s–1 ) , AIx ( −8.0±2.2 % ) , bSBP ( −5.3±1.5 mm Hg ) , aSBP ( −5.2±2.1 mm Hg ) , low-frequency power ( −0.13±0.05 nu ) and sympathovagal balance ( LF/HF , −0.42±0.16 ) after WBV training compared with CON . Significant ( P<0.05 ) increases in high-frequency power ( HF , 0.19±0.04 nu ) and leg extension 1RM ( 8.2±2.3 kg ) occurred after WBV training compared with CON . Six weeks of WBV training  decreased systemic arterial stiffness and aSBP via improvements in wave reflection and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese normotensive women . WBV training may benefit arterial function and muscle strength in deconditioned individuals who can not perform conventional exercise The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women . 29 untrained , non-hypertensive elderly women were r and omly assigned to 2 groups : an intervention group  ( n=15 , 65.5±5.0 years , 57.3±6.5 kg , 156.7±5.1 cm ) that underwent a supervised resistance training program ( 8 exercises , 2 sets , 10 - 15 repetitions , 3 times/week ) or a control group  ( n=14 , 66.2±4.1 years , 61.1±11.7 kg , 157.5±7.1 cm ) that participated in a supervised stretching program ( 25 - 30 min/session , 2 times/week ) . Resting auscultatory blood pressure , heart rate variability , evaluated from short recordings in a seated position , and maximal dynamic strength ( 1-RM test ) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks . A group x time ANOVA revealed that muscular strength increased significantly in the resistance training group ( + 10.2 % for bench press and + 12.7 % for leg extension , P<0.05 ) . Systolic blood pressure was reduced significantly in the resistance training group from pre- to post-intervention period ( - 5 mmHg ; P<0.05 ) , while no significant effect was noted for diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability indexes ( P>0.05 ) . None of these variables changed in the control group throughout the study . In conclusion , a supervised resistance training program  improved muscular strength and reduced systolic blood pressure without affecting diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women This study aim ed at examined the effect of a 12-week whole body vibration ( WBV ) training program on leg blood flow and body composition in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Forty participants were r and omly assigned to either a WBV training group ( WBV ; n = 20 ) or usual-care control group ( CON ; n = 20 ) . Body composition [ waist circumference , waist to hip ratio ( WHR ) , weight , height , percentage of body fat and fat-free mass ] , heart rate , and blood flow [ femoral artery diameter , maximum systolic velocity , maximum diastolic velocity ( DV ) , time averaged mean , pulsatility index and resistance index ( RI ) , mean velocity ( Vmed ) , and peak blood velocities ( PBV ) ] were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . There were significant increases in the blood flow ( p = 0.046 ) , Vmed ( p = 0.050 ) , and DV ( p = 0.037 ) after WBV compared with CON . Within-group analysis showed significant differences in Vmed , PBV , and DV in the WBV group . Significant decreases after the intervention in weight ( p < 0.001 ) , waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , WHR ( p < 0.05 ) , and body fat ( p < 0.05 ) were also found , with significant between-groups decreases in all these outcomes in the WBV group . Significant correlations existed between changes in percent body fat and blood flow [ blood flow ( −0.761 ) , Vmed ( −0.607 ) , PBV ( −0.677 ) , and RI ( 0.0510 ) ] . WBV training can be considered an effective means to increase leg blood flow and to reduce adiposity in patients with T2DM To determine whether 10 weeks of whole-body vibration ( WBV ) training has a significant effect on strength , muscle mass , muscle power , and mobility in older women , 26 subjects were r and omly assigned to a  WBV training group ( n=13 ; mean age 79 years ) and a control ( CON ) group ( n=13 ; mean age 76 years ) . Maximal voluntary isometric contraction ( MVIC ) increased 38.8 % in the WBV group , without 
    Output:
    
Interventions lasting ≥6 weeks improved cardiac autonomic function and reduced central /peripheral arterial stiffness in obese women ; 10 weeks of WBVT produced significant weight/fat mass reduction , leg strength improvements as resistance training , and enhanced glucose regulation when added to hypocaloric diet .