***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Exercise can be beneficial for cardiopulmonary , musculoskeletal or neurological systems , and other factors including mood , and may be beneficial in reducing fall risks , dementia and variables associated with quality of life ( QOL ) . Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) produces progressive motor and cognitive deterioration that may leave those inflicted unable to participate in st and ard exercise programs . Alternative forms of exercise such as yoga may be successful in improving physical function , QOL and physiological variables for overall well-being . Aim : This r and omized controlled pilot study investigated the effectiveness of yoga intervention on physiological and health-related QOL measures in people with PD . Methods and Material s : Thirteen people with stage 1 - 2 PD were r and omized to either a yoga ( n = 8) or a control group ( n = 5 ) . The yoga group participated in twice-weekly yoga sessions for 12 weeks . Participants were tested at baseline , and at 6 and 12 weeks using the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) , clinical measures of health-related QOL and physiological measures . Results : Significant improvement in UPDRS scores ( P = .006 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.036 ) and average forced vital capacity ( P = 0.03 ) was noted in the yoga group over time . Changes between groups were also noted in two SF-36 subscales . Positive trends of improvement were noted in depression scores ( P = 0.056 ) , body weight ( P = 0.056 ) and forced expiratory volume ( P = 0.059 ) . Yoga participants reported more positive symptom changes including immediate tremor reduction . Conclusions : The results suggest that yoga may improve aspects of QOL and physiological functions in stages 1 - 2 PD . Future larger studies are needed to confirm and extend our findings of the effects of yoga in PD Background Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in many countries including India .  Yoga may be an effective type 2 diabetes prevention strategy in India , particularly given its cultural familiarity . Methods This was a parallel , r and omized controlled pilot study to collect feasibility and preliminary efficacy data on yoga for diabetes risk factors among people at high risk of diabetes . Primary outcomes included : changes in BMI , waist circumference , fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , blood pressure , and cholesterol . We also looked at measures of psychological well-being including changes in depression , anxiety , positive and negative affect and perceived stress . Forty-one participants with elevated fasting blood glucose in Bangalore , India were r and omized to either  yoga  ( n = 21 ) or a walking control ( n = 20 ) . Participants were asked to either attend yoga classes or complete monitored walking 3–6 days per week for eight weeks . R and omization and allocation was performed using computer-generated r and om numbers and group assignments delivered in sealed , opaque envelopes generated by off-site study staff . Data were analyzed based on intention to treat . Results This study was feasible in terms of recruitment , retention and adherence . In addition , yoga participants had significantly greater reductions in weight , waist circumference and BMI versus control ( weight −0.8 ± 2.1 vs. 1.4 ± 3.6 , p = 0.02 ; waist circumference −4.2 ± 4.8 vs. 0.7 ± 4.2 , p < 0.01 ; BMI −0.2 ± 0.8 vs. 0.6 ± 1.6 , p = 0.05 ) . There were no between group differences in fasting blood glucose , postpr and ial blood glucose , insulin resistance or any other factors related to diabetes risk or psychological well-being . There were significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , anxiety , depression , negative affect and perceived stress in both the yoga intervention and walking control over the course of the study . Conclusion Among Indians with elevated fasting blood glucose , we found that participation in an 8-week yoga intervention was feasible and result ed in greater weight loss and reduction in waist circumference when compared to a walking control . Yoga offers a promising lifestyle intervention for decreasing weight-related type 2 diabetes risk factors and potentially increasing psychological well-being . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identified NCT00090506 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : Most clinic-based weight control treatments for youth have been design ed for preadolescent children by using family-based care . However , as adolescents become more autonomous and less motivated by parental influence , this strategy may be less appropriate . This study evaluated a primary care – based , multicomponent lifestyle intervention specifically tailored for overweight adolescent females . METHODS : Adolescent girls ( N = 208 ) 12 to 17 years of age ( mean ± SD : 14.1 ± 1.4 years ) , with a mean ± SD BMI percentile of 97.09 ± 2.27 , were assigned r and omly to the intervention or usual care control group . The gender and developmentally tailored intervention included a focus on adoptable healthy lifestyle behaviors and was reinforced by ongoing feedback from the teen ’s primary care physician . Of those r and omized , 195 ( 94 % ) completed the 6-month posttreatment assessment , and 173 ( 83 % ) completed the 12-month follow-up . The primary outcome was reduction in BMI z score . RESULTS : The decrease in BMI z score over time was significantly greater for intervention participants compared with usual care participants ( −0.15 in BMI z score among intervention participants compared with −0.08 among usual care participants ; P = .012 ) . The 2 groups did not differ in secondary metabolic or psychosocial outcomes . Compared with usual care , intervention participants reported less reduction in frequency of family meals and less fast-food intake . CONCLUSIONS : A 5-month , medium-intensity , primary care – based , multicomponent behavioral intervention was associated with significant and sustained decreases in BMI z scores  among obese adolescent girls compared with those receiving usual care OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of a 12-week yoga program aim ed at reducing  binge eating severity . DESIGN A r and omised trial was undertaken assigning participants to yoga ( n=45 ) or wait-list control ( n=45 ) groups . Of these , 25 in each group were analysed . PARTICIPANTS A community-based sample of women between 25 and 63 years of age who identified with diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder ( BED ) and a BMI > 25 were recruited for the study . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes included the Binge Eating Scale ( BES ) and International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) . Secondary outcomes comprised measures for BMI , hips and waist . RESULTS For the yoga group , self-reported reductions in binge eating and increases in physical activity were statistically significant . Small yet statistically significant reductions for BMI , hips and waist measurement were obtained . The wait-list control group did not improve significantly on any measures . CONCLUSION In conjunction with formal weekly sessions , home-based yoga programs are potentially efficacious for the treatment of binge eating Objective . To examine the effects of yoga versus an educational film program on sleep , mood , perceived stress , and sympathetic activation in older women with RLS . Methods . Participants were drawn from a larger trial regarding the effects of yoga on cardiovascular disease risk profiles in overweight , sedentary postmenopausal women . Seventy-five women were r and omized to receive either an 8-week yoga ( n = 38 ) or educational film ( n = 37 ) program . All 75 participants completed an RLS screening question naire . The 20 women who met all four diagnostic criteria for RLS ( n = 10 yoga , 10 film group ) comprised the population for this nested study . Main outcomes assessed pre- and post-treatment included : sleep ( Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ) , stress ( Perceived Stress Scale ) , mood ( Profile of Mood States , State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ) , blood pressure , and heart rate . Results . The yoga group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than controls in multiple domains of sleep quality and mood , and significantly greater reductions in insomnia prevalence , anxiety , perceived stress , and blood pressure ( all P's≤0.05 ) . Adjusted intergroup effect sizes for psychosocial variables were large , ranging from 1.9 for state anxiety to 2.6 for sleep quality . Conclusions . These preliminary findings suggest yoga may offer an effective intervention for improving sleep , mood , perceived stress , and blood pressure in older women with RLS OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of yoga on anthropometry , blood pressure , glycemic control , and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients on st and ard care  in comparison with st and ard care alone . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study involved 123 patients stratified according to groups with microvascular complications , macrovascular complications , and peripheral neuropathy and without complications and assigned to receive either st and ard care or st and ard care along with additional yoga for 3 months . RESULTS In comparison with st and ard care alone , yoga result ed in significant reduction in BMI , glycemic control , and malondialdehyde and increase in glutathione and vitamin C. There were no differences in waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , vitamin E , or superoxide dismutase in the yoga group at follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes . Yoga in addition to st and ard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients AIM The primary aim was to study the effect of naturopathy and yoga interventions in treatment of mild to moderate hypertension . DESIGN The variables of interest were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention using a pre-post design . SETTING The study was conducted by INYS medical research society in Jindal Nature Cure Institute , Bangalore . SUBJECTS A total of 104 subjects , already diagnosed with mild to moderate hypertension and on treatment with antihypertensive medicines were included in study . INTERVENTIONS The intervention consisted of various inpatient administration of different naturopathy treatments , yoga therapies , low calorie and low sodium diet for 21 days . Antihypertensive medicines were withdrawn for some patients in one week based upon response to the treatment . OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measures were values of diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body weight . Subjects were followed for a period of one year after every 3 months . RESULTS After starting nonpharmacological approach of naturopathy and yoga , Systolic blood pressure came down from mean of 139.6 to 129.6 where as it came down from 91.2 to 86.1 for diastolic blood pressure . At the same time favorable effect was also seen in other variables like lipid profile and body weight . At the end of one year out of 57 patients who came for follow-up , 14 cases were found to have blood pressure within normal ranges without any medication over the previous 12 months . CONCLUSION Naturopathy and yoga therapy can be considered as a valuable nonpharmacological approach in treatment of hypertension PURPOSE We evaluated the value of resistance training on measures of physical performance in disabled older women with coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . METHODS The study intervention consisted of a 6-month program of resistance training in a r and omized controlled trial format . Training intensity was at 80 % of the single-repetition maximal lift . Control patients performed light yoga and breathing exercises . Study participants included 42 women with CHD , all > or= 65 yr of age and community dwelling . Subjects were screened by question naire to have low self-reported physical function . The primary study measurements related to the performance of 16 household activities of the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test ( CSPFP ) . These ranged from dressing , to kitchen and cleaning activities , to carrying groceries and walking onto a bus with luggage , and a 6-min walk . Activities were measured in time to complete a task , weight carried during a task , or distance walked . Other measures included body composition , measures of aerobic fitness and strength , and question naire-based measures of physical function and depression score . RESULTS Study groups were similar at baseline by age , aerobic capacity , strength , body composition , and in performing the CSPFP . After conditioning , 13 of 16 measured activities were performed more rapidly , or with increased weight carried , compared with the control group ( all P < 0.05 ) . Maximal power for activities that involved weight-bearing over a distance , increased by 40 % ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Disabled older women with CHD who participate in an intense resistance-training program improve physical capacity over a wide range of household physical activities . Benefits extend beyond strength-related activities , as endurance , balance , coordination , and flexibility all improved . Strength training should be considered an important component in the rehabilitation of older women with CHD AIM To evaluate the effects of a yoga-based exercise program on pain , fatigue , sleep disturbance , and biochemical markers in hemodialysis patients . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 2004 a r and omized controlled trial was carried out in the outpatient hemodialysis unit of the Nephrology Department , Uludag University Faculty of Medicine . Clinical ly stable hemodialysis patients ( n=37 ) were included and followed in two groups : the modified yoga-based exercise group ( n=19 ) and the control group ( n=18 ) 
    Output:
    
Despite method ological drawbacks , yoga can be preliminarily considered a safe and effective intervention to reduce body mass index in overweight or obese individuals