***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Residual renal function ( RRF ) in end-stage renal disease is clinical ly important as it contributes to adequacy of dialysis , quality of life , and mortality . This study was conducted to determine the predictors of RRF loss in a national r and om sample of patients initiating hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis .  The study controlled for baseline variables and included major predictors . The end point was loss of RRF , defined as a urine volume < 200 ml/24 h at approximately 1 yr of follow-up . The adjusted odds ratios ( AOR ) and P values associated with each of the demographic , clinical , laboratory , and treatment parameters were estimated using an " adjusted " univariate analysis . Significant variables ( P < 0.05 ) were included in a multivariate logistic regression model . Predictors of RRF loss were female gender ( AOR = 1.45 ; P < 0.001 ) , non-white race ( AOR = 1.57 ; P = < 0.001 ) , prior history of diabetes ( AOR = 1.82 ; P = 0.006 ) , prior history of congestive heart failure ( AOR = 1.32 ; P = 0.03 ) , and time to follow-up ( AOR = 1.06 per month ; P = 0.03 ) . Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis  had a 65 % lower risk of RRF loss than those on hemodialysis ( AOR = 0.35 ; P < 0.001 ) . Higher serum calcium ( AOR = 0.81 per mg/dl ; P = 0.05 ) , use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ( AOR = 0.68 ; P < 0.001 ) . and use of a calcium channel blocker ( AOR = 0.77 ; P = 0.01 ) were independently associated with decreased risk of RRF loss . The observations of demographic groups at risk and potentially modifiable factors and therapies have generated testable hypotheses regarding therapies that may preserve RRF among end-stage renal disease patients Objective The goals for maintenance dialysis treatment are to improve patient survival , reduce patient morbidity , and improve patient quality of life . This is the first r and omized prospect i ve study comparing automated peritoneal dialysis ( APD ) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) treatment with respect to quality of life and clinical outcomes in relation to therapy costs . Design A prospect i ve , r and omized multicenter study . Setting Three Danish CAPD units . Patients Thirty-four adequately dialyzed patients with high or high-average peritoneal transport characteristics were included in the study . Twenty-five patients completed the study . Interventions After r and omization , 17 patients were allocated to APD treatment  and 17 patients to CAPD treatment for a period of 6 months . Medical and biochemical parameters were evaluated at monthly controls in the CAPD units . Quality -of-life parameters were assessed at baseline and after 6 months by the self-administered short-form SF-36 generic health survey question naire supplemented with disease- and treatment-specific questions . Therapy costs were compared by evaluating dialysis-related expenses . Main Outcome Measures Quality -of-life parameters , dialysis-related complications , dialysis-related expenses . Results The quality -of-life studies showed that significantly more time for work , family , and social activities was available to patients on APD compared to those on CAPD ( p < 0.001 ) . Although the difference was not significant , there was a tendency for less physical and emotional discomfort caused by dialysis fluid in the APD group . Sleep problems , on the other h and , tended to be more marked in the APD group . Any positive effect of APD compared to CAPD on dialysis-related hospital days or complication rates could not be confirmed . With larger patient sample s , it is possible , however , that a significant difference might have been achieved . The running costs for APD treatment were US $ 75 per day and for CAPD treatment US $ 61 per day . Conclusion If APD treatment can help to keep selected patients vocationally or socially active , paying the extra cost seems reasonable An increasing number of patients are prescribed a continuous-cycling regimen because st and ard manual peritoneal-dialysis exchanges alone are not sufficient in achieving adequate dialysis as defined by the Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative . Consequently , the number of patients on continuous-cycler therapy  is increasing . There is controversy as to whether there are differences in the development of peritonitis between patients maintained on manual therapy  and those on  continuous cycling therapy . As a result , we retrospectively review ed the charts of all cycler peritoneal dialysis ( CPD ) patients maintained on either manual peritoneal dialysis ( Baxter UltraBag ; Group I ) or continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis ( Baxter HomeChoice Cycler ; Group II ) between 1 June 1994 and 31 December 1996 . A total of 239 patients were in Group I and 106 in Group II . Both groups were similar in age , race , gender , and presence of diabetes mellitus , coronary artery disease , peripheral vascular disease , and gastrointestinal disease . There was no difference in the overall rate of peritonitis between the two groups of patients [ 1 episode in 10.4 patient-months ( Group I ) vs. 1 in 10.0 patient-months ( Group II ) ; -0.01843 to 0.02619 ] . The rates of Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis [ 1 episode in 48.5 patient-months ( Group I ) vs. 1 in 141.8 patient months ( Group II ) ; -0.06152 to -1.1689 ] ; polymicrobial peritonitis [ 1 episode in 278.8 patient-months ( Group I ) vs. 1 in 1134 patient months ( Group II ) : -0.0079 to -0.0478 ] , and fungal peritonitis ( 1 episode in 202.7 patient-months ( Group I ) vs. no episodes ( Group II ) ; 0.00202 to 0.00785 ] were significantly lower among patients maintained on the Baxter HomeChoice Cycler . The rate of gram-negative peritonitis was higher among patients maintained on the Baxter HomeChoice Cycler , but this difference was not statistically significant [ 1 episode in 82.6 patient-months ( Group I ) vs. 1 episode in 45.4 patient months ( Group II ) ; 0.4723 to -0.0248 ] . We conclude that individual rates of peritonitis were different for patients maintained on either manual or continuous CPD therapy , while the overall rate of peritonitis was found to be similar for both groups of patients . The finding that there may be a difference with the gram-negative peritonitis rate is important since gram-negative peritonitis has been shown to have a more severe outcome in terms of morbidity , mortality , and patient dropout from CPD therapy . A larger , r and omized , multicenter study comparing the rates of gram-positive , gram-negative , fungal , and polymicrobial peritonitis is warranted The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of peritoneal membrane transport with technique and patient survival . In the Canada-USA prospect i ve cohort study of adequacy of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) , a peritoneal equilibrium test ( PET ) was performed approximately 1 mo after initiation of dialysis ;  patients were defined as high ( H ) , high average ( HA ) , low average ( LA ) , and low ( L ) transporters . The Cox proportional hazards method evaluated the association of technique and patient survival with independent variables ( demographic and clinical variables , nutrition , adequacy , and transport status ) . Among 606 patients evaluated by PET  , there were 41 L , 192 LA , 280 HA , and 93 H. The 2-yr technique survival probabilities were 94 , 76 , 72 , and 68 % for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P = 0.04 ) . The 2-yr patient survival probabilities were 91 , 80 , 72 , and 71 % for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P = 0.11 ) . The 2-yr probabilities of both patient and technique survival were 86 , 61 , 52 , and 48 % for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P = 0.006 ) . The relative risk of either technique failure or death , compared to L , was 2.54 for LA , 3.39 for HA , and 4.00 for H. The mean drain volumes ( liters ) in the PET were 2.53 , 2.45 , 2.33 , and 2.16 for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . After 1 mo CAPD treatment , the mean 24-h drain volumes ( liters ) were 9.38 , 8.93 , 8.59 , and 8.22 for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) ; the mean 24-h peritoneal albumin losses ( g ) were 3.1 , 3.9 , 4.3 , and 5.6 for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . The mean serum albumin values ( g/L ) were 37.8 , 36.2 , 33.8 , and 32.8 for L , LA , HA , and H , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . Among CAPD patients , higher peritoneal transport is associated with increased risk of either technique failure or death . The decreased drain volume , increased albumin loss , and decreased serum albumin concentration suggest volume overload and malnutrition as mechanisms . Use of nocturnal cycling peritoneal dialysis should be considered in H and HA transporters BACKGROUND A prospect i ve sequential study on  continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) and three techniques of automated peritoneal dialysis ( APD ) was conducted to assess peritoneal clearances , the influence of peritoneal permeability on nocturnal APD clearances and the suitability of the peritoneal equilibration test ( PET ) for predicting clearances on APD . METHODS After performing a PET , a series of clinical , biochemical and dialysis adequacy markers were evaluated after 2 months on CAPD , continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis ( CCPD ) and tidal volume peritoneal dialysis ( TPD ) with 50 % and 25 % tidal volumes . Forty five patients participated and 33 completed the study . RESULTS Serum urea and creatinine decreased significantly whereas haemoglobin and glucose increased . Mean peritoneal urea clearance ( 1/week ) was 55.40+/-8.76 on CAPD , 74.82+/-12.62 on CCPD , 69.20+/-14.63 on TPD ( tidal 50 % ) and 66.89+/-13.23 on TPD ( tidal 25 % ) ; mean creatinine clearance ( 1/week/1.73 m2 ) was 42.80 + /- 9.95 , 52.19 + /- 11.11 , 51.31 + /- 13.3 and 49.17 + /- 11.83 , respectively . Both clearances were significantly lower on CAPD than on APD ( P<0.001 ) . CCPD was the automated technique that provided the best nocturnal urea clearance ( P<0.01 ) . Nocturnal creatinine clearance did not show significant differences between CCPD and TPD ( tidal 50 % ) , being better with both techniques than with TPD ( tidal 25 % ) . There were statistically significant differences between nocturnal dialysate to plasma ( D/P ) ratios and those corresponding to the nearest times in the PET . The urea D/P ratio at 180 min and the creatinine D/P ratio at 240 min of the PET were the parameters that better estimated nocturnal clearances on APD . CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that TPD does not improve the results of CCPD . Significant differences between D/P ratios during actual nocturnal cycles and PETs were observed Objective To compare the incidence of peritonitis and exit-site infection in an ample group of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) and automated peritoneal dialysis in a single center during a 10-year period . Design Nonr and omized , prospect i ve study . Setting Public , tertiary care hospital providing peritoneal dialysis care to a population of ( approximately ) 750 000 people . Patients We studied 213 patients on CAPD and 115 on automated peritoneal dialysis ( APD ) starting therapy between January 1989 and August 1998 , with a minimum follow-up of 3 months . Main Outcome Measures Using a multivariate approach , we compared the incidence , clinical course , and outcome of peritonitis and exit-site infections in both groups , controlling for other risk factors for the complications studied . Results The incidence of peritonitis was higher in CAPD than in APD ( adjusted difference 0.20 episodes/ patient/year , 95 % confidence interval 0.08 – 0.32 ) . There was a trend for CAPD patients to present earlier with peritonitis than 
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CONCLUSIONS APD appears to be more beneficial than CAPD , in terms of reducing peritonitis rates and with respect to certain social issues that impact on patients ' quality of life .