***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a continuous daily regimen of levonorgestrel ( LNG ) 90 microg/ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) 20 microg ( continuous LNG/EE ) . METHODS Healthy women aged 18 - 49 years with regular menstrual cycles for 3 months enrolled in this single-treatment open-label study and took one pill of LNG 90 microg/EE 20 microg daily for 12 months . RESULTS For the 2134 subjects enrolled , the Pearl Index method failure was 1.26 , and user failure was 0.34 . While on Pill Pack 13 , 58.7 % of subjects reported amenorrhea and 79.0 % reported absence of bleeding . Overall , the number of bleeding and spotting days per pill pack declined progressively . Adverse events and discontinuations were comparable to those reported for cyclic oral contraceptive ( OC ) regimens , except for higher rates in those related to uterine bleeding . CONCLUSIONS Continuous LNG/EE demonstrated a good safety profile and efficacy similar to cyclic OCs . The regimen continuously inhibited menses , increased the incidence of amenorrhea over time and , except for a subset of women , decreased the number of bleeding and spotting days AIMS To investigate the association between method of contraception and time to conception in a normal community-based population . DESIGN Prospect i ve , cross-sectional , survey . SETTING Large comprehensive ambulatory women 's health center . PATIENTS AND METHODS One thous and pregnant women at their first prenatal obstetrics visit were asked to complete a self-report question naire . The return to fertility was analyzed by type of contraceptive method , duration of use , and other sociodemographic variables . RESULTS Response rate was 80 % ( n=798 ) . Mean age of the patients was 29.9+/-5 years . Seventy-five percent had used a contraceptive before trying to conceive : 80 % oral contraceptives , 8 % intrauterine device , and 7 % barrier methods . Eighty-six percent conceived spontaneously .  Contraceptive users had a significantly higher conception rate than nonusers in the first 3 months from their first attempt at pregnancy . Type of contraception was significantly correlated with time to conception . Pregnancy rates within 6 months of the first attempt was 60 % for oral contraceptive users compared to 70 and 81 % for the intrauterine device and barrier method groups , respectively . There was no correlation between time to conception and parity or duration of contraceptive use . Other factors found to be significantly related to time to conception were older age of both partners and higher body mass index . CONCLUSIONS Contraception use before a planned pregnancy does not appear to affect ease of conception . Type of method used , although not duration of use , may influence the time required to conceive OBJECTIVES The objectives were to measure rates of planned pregnancy  and factors affecting these rates after use of very-long-acting contraceptive methods ( Norplant or Norplant II implants , a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device , or the copper T ( model TCu 380Ag ) intrauterine contraceptive device . STUDY DESIGN The design was a concurrent , multicenter prospect i ve study of 372 women who stopped contraception for planned pregnancy . Analysis was by life-table , log-rank , and st and ard chi 2 methods . RESULTS Pregnancy rates 12 and 24 months after cessation of contraceptive use were 82 and 89 per 100 , respectively . Age at removal and family planning intentions at initiation of contraception were both significantly correlated with pregnancy rates ( p less than 0.05 ) , but former contraceptive regimen and duration of contraceptive use were not . Pregnancy outcomes did not deviate from normal limits and did not differ by contraceptive formerly used . CONCLUSION Contraceptive implants releasing 30 micrograms/day of levonorgestrel or intrauterine contraceptive devices releasing 20 micrograms/day of levonorgestrel or having copper surface areas of 380 mm2 are associated with normal fertility after use for women seeking pregnancy at termination . Duration s of use do not affect pregnancy rates In a r and omized prospect i ve study of three copper-containing IUDs , those women who terminated contraception in order to become pregnant were studied for return of fertility . The gross cumulative pregnancy rate was 79.3 after 11 months and 90.4 after 23 months of observation . There were no significant differences in the return of fertility related to the type of IUD , duration of use , parity or maternal age . However , parous women showed a tendency to initiate pregnancy more easily than nulliparous women (p<0.10).The seven women who did not conceive within 18 months of IUD removal had a fertility work-up . Five of these women later became pregnant after clomiphene stimulation . In no case could tubal pathology be identified as the sole explanation for infertility . After 35 months of observation , 95 out of 97 past users of IUDs have conceived . The use of copper-containing IUDs does not seem to affect subsequent fertility among women living in stable relationships . ResuméLors d'une étude prospect i ve r and omisée sur trois DIU contenant du cuivre , on a étudié la fécondité ultérieure des femmes qui avaient ab and onné la contraception pour avoir un enfant . Le taux cumulatif brut de grossesses a atteint 79,3 pour cent après 11 mois et 90,4 pour cent après 23 mois d'observation . Aucune différence significative de fécondité ultérieure n'a été constatée , qui pouvait être liée au type de DIU , à la durée de son utilisation , au nombre d'enfants précédents ou à l'âge de la mère . Toutefois , les femmes ayant déjà eu des enfants ont eu tendance à tomber enceintes plus facilement que les nullipares . (p<0,10).Les sept femmes qui n'avaient pas conçu dans les 18 mois suivant le retrait du DIU ont suivi un traitement de fertilisation . Cinq d'entre elles sont tombées enceintes après stimulation au clomiphène . Dans aucun des cas il n'a été possible d'invoquer une pathologie des trompes en tant que seule explication de la stérilité . Après 35 moid d'observation , l'état de grossesse a été enregistré chez 95 des 97 des femmes qui avaient fait appel à des DIU . L'utilisation de DIU contenant du cuivre ne semble pas compromettre la fécondité des femmes do nt la situation familiale est stable . ResumenEl retorno de la fertilidad en mujeres que ab and onaron la anticoncepción con el propósito de embarazo fue registrado en un estudio al azar de tres DIU con cobre . La tasa bruta cumulativa de embarazo fue 79,3 después de 11 meses y de 90,4 después de 23 meses de observación . No hubo diferencias significativas en el retorno de la fertilidad relacionadas con el tipo de DIU , duración de su uso , paridad o edad materna . Sin embargo , mujeres para mostraron tendencia a embarazarse mas fácilmente que las nulíparas (p<0,10).A las siete mujeres que no concibieron dentro de los 18 meses después de la remoción del DIU , se les hizo una evaluación de su fertilidad . Más adelante , cinco de estas mujeres se embarazaron luego de ser tratadas con clomifeno . En ningún caso se pudo identificar patología tubaria como única explicación de la infertilidad . Después de 35 meses en observación , 95 de las 97 usuarias previas de DIU , han concebido . El uso de DIU con cobre no parece afectar la fertilidad subsiguiente en mujeres que poseen relaciones estables BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the association of total duration of oral contraceptive usage with time to conception . METHODS This was a prospect i ve study of 8497 planned pregnancies drawn from a population that recruited 85 % of eligible couples in South-West Engl and who were expecting a baby in a 21 month period .  Self-completion question naires were administered at 18 weeks gestation to ascertain parity , paternity , co-habitation , use of the contraceptive pill , smoking and alcohol status , educational achievement , height , weight and time taken to conceive . Logistic regression was used to identify factors independently related to conception in < or = 12 months . RESULTS Of the participants , 74 % conceived in < or = 6 months , 14 % in 6 - 12 months and 12 % after 1 year . Previous prolonged oral contraceptive usage was statistically significantly associated with a decreased risk of delayed conception . Prolonged use of oral contraception was also associated with improved fecundity independent of other factors . Selection bias due to particularly fertile women using oral contraceptives is unlikely because similar odds ratios were calculated for nulligravid women . CONCLUSIONS Women who have prolonged use of oral contraceptives  might be reassured that they will not be disadvantaged in terms of time taken to achieve conception Following use of either the Levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day or the TCu 380 Ag IUD in a r and omized comparative study , 110 women stopped contracepting to have planned pregnancies .  Pregnancy rates and recovery of fertility have been assessed . Age at acceptance , duration of use , parity and intervals between last pregnancy and IUD insertion or removal were similar for both groups . Life table pregnancy rates at one year were higher than 90 per cent for both device groups ; but because some women quickly changed their minds or had been at risk of pregnancy only a short time before the analysis date , only 60.9 percent had actually become pregnant . Median time to planned pregnancy was 3 months for the TCu 380 Ag group and 4 months for the Levonorgestrel 20 group . Neither duration of use nor age at insertion or age at termination affected the pregnancy rates significantly OBJECTIVES : To determine whether prior oral-contraceptive use has a negative effect on the ability of  women  to conceive in both the short-term and long-term . METHODS : The European Active Surveillance Study on  Oral Contraceptives ( EURAS-OC ) was a controlled , prospect i ve , noninterventional cohort study of 59,510 users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or other progestins in clinical practice in seven European countries . In a planned secondary analysis , pregnancy outcomes were investigated in 2,064 participants in EURAS-OC who stopped oral-contraceptive use after study entry because of planned pregnancy . The influence of age , parity , progestin type , ethinylestradiol dose , duration of oral-contraceptive use , and smoking status on the rate of pregnancy was assessed . RESULTS : Overall , 21.1 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 19.4–23.0 % ) of the past oral-contraceptive users were pregnant one cycle after oral-contraceptive cessation . This rate increased to 79.4 % ( 95 % CI 77.6–81.1 % ) at 1 year ( 13 cycles ) . Progestin type , ethinylestradiol dose , duration of oral-contraceptive use , and parity had no major influence on the rate of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation . Up to age 35 years , age had only a minor influence on the rate of pregnancy . Rates of pregnancy were reduced in women older than 35 years and in current smokers . CONCLUSION : Previous oral-contraceptive use does not negatively affect initial and 1-year rates of pregnancy after oral-contraceptive cessation . A comparison of these data with data external to this study indicates that the negative effect of aging on fecundity is not amplified by oral-contraceptive use . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : In a European r and omized multicenter study , the efficacy and safety of an intrauterine contraceptive device releasing 20 microgram levonorgestrel/24 hours ( LNG-IUD ) have been evaluated and compared to the Nova-T. Because the LNG-IUD has a strongly suppressive effect on the endometrium and in some women affects ovarian function , the return to fertility after removal of the IUD was studied . Two-hundred-nine women ( 71 in the Nova-T and 138 in the LNG-IUD group ) , who had their IUDs removed because of planning pregnancy , were followed at least 24 months or until termination of pregnancy . For the Nova-T , the cumulative conception gross rate was 71.2/100 women after 12 months ( 79.7 after 24 months ) and for the LNG-IUD 79.1 ( 86.6 after 24 months ) . The difference between the devices is not statistically significant , and in spite of the endometrial suppression during use of LNG-IUD , there is no delay of return to fertility and in both groups 96 % of the pregnancies occurred during the first year after removal of the device . Eighty-four % of the pregnancies in the Nova-T group and eighty-six % in the LNG-IUD group ended in live births . The results suggest that the endometrium recovers quickly , normal ovulations are established and the fertility seems to be unaffected after use of an LNG-IUD OBJECTIVE To examine the conception rate after cessation of a combination of 30 microg ethinyl E2 and 2 mg dienogest ( EE/DNG ) . DESIGN Pro 
    Output:
    
Similarly the  type of progesterone in specific contraception option and duration of oral-contraceptive use do not significantly influence the return of fertility following cessation of contraception .
However the effect of parity in the resumption of pregnancy following cessation of contraception was inconclusive .
Conclusion and recommendation Contraceptive use regardless of its duration and type does not have a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive following termination of use and it does n’t significantly delay fertility .