***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Experimental and control groups of 10 hemiparetic stroke patients each underwent a 6 week , twice daily gait training program . The control group participated in a conventional physical therapy gait program . The experimental group trained in the same basic program with the addition of rhythmic auditory stimulation ( RAS ) .  Patients entered the study as soon as they could complete 5 strides with h and -held assistance . The training program had to be completed within 3 months of the patients ' stroke . In the experimental group RAS was used as a timekeeper to synchronize step patterns and gradually entrain higher stride frequencies . Study groups were equated by gender , lesion site , and age . Motor function was assessed at pretest using Barthel , Fugl-Meyer , and Berg Scales . Walking patterns were assessed during pre- and post-test without RAS present . Pre- vs post-test measures revealed a statistically significant ( P<0.05 ) increase in velocity ( 164 % vs 107 % ) , stride length ( 88 % vs 34 % ) , and reduction in EMG amplitude variability of the gastrocnemius muscle ( 69 % vs 33 % ) for the RAS-training group compared to the control group . The difference in stride symmetry improvement ( 32 % in the RAS-group vs 16 % in the control group ) was statistically not significant . The data offer evidence that RAS is an efficient tool to enhance efforts in gait rehabilitation with acute stroke patients In previous studies , it was shown that there is a need for efficient motor rehabilitation approaches . For this purpose , we evaluated a music-supported training program design ed to induce an auditory – sensorimotor co-representation of movements in 20 stroke patients ( 10 affected in the left and 10 in the right upper extremity ) . Patients without any previous musical experience participated in an intensive step by step training , first of the paretic extremity , followed by training of both extremities . Training was applied 15 times over 3 weeks in addition to conventional treatment . Fine as well as gross motor skills were addressed by using either a MIDI-piano or electronic drum pads . As a control , 20 stroke patients ( 10 affected left and 10 right ) undergoing exclusively conventional therapies were recruited . Assignment to the training and control groups was done pseudo-r and omly to achieve an equal number of left- and right-affected patients in each group . Pre- and post-treatment motor functions were monitored using a computerized movement analysis system ( Zebris ) and an established array of motor tests ( e. g. , Action Research Arm Test , Box & Block Test ) . Patients showed significant improvement after treatment with respect to speed , precision and smoothness of movements as shown by 3D movement analysis and clinical motor tests . Furthermore , compared to the control subjects , motor control in everyday activities improved significantly . In conclusion , this innovative therapeutic strategy is an effective approach for the motor skill neurorehabilitation of stroke patients Purpose . The aim of the study was to identify factors that are significantly related to depression in chronic stroke patients . Methods . Prospect i ve cohort study of stroke patients admitted for rehabilitation . A total of 165 first ever stroke patients over 18 years of age were assessed at one and three years post stroke . Depression was determined by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) . Patients with scores ≥16 were classified as depressed . Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for depression . Results . At three years post stroke , 19 % of the patients were depressed . Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between post-stroke depression and type of stroke , fatigue , motor function of the leg and arm , activities of daily living ( ADL ) independency and instrumental ADL . Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that depression was predicted by one-year instrumental ADL and fatigue . Sensitivity of the model was 63 % , while specificity was 85 % . Conclusions . The present prospect i ve cohort study showed that depression three years after stroke can be predicted by instrumental ADL and fatigue one year post stroke . Recognition of prognostic factors in patients at risk may help clinicians to apply interventions aim ed at preventing depression in chronic stroke We know from animal studies that a stimulating and enriched environment can enhance recovery after stroke , but little is known about the effects of an enriched sound environment on recovery from neural damage in humans . In humans , music listening activates a wide-spread bilateral network of brain regions related to attention , semantic processing , memory , motor functions , and emotional processing .  Music exposure also enhances emotional and cognitive functioning in healthy subjects and in various clinical patient groups . The potential role of music in neurological rehabilitation , however , has not been systematic ally investigated . This single-blind , r and omized , and controlled trial was design ed to determine whether everyday music listening can facilitate the recovery of cognitive functions and mood after stroke . In the acute recovery phase , 60 patients with a left or right hemisphere middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) stroke were r and omly assigned to a music group , a language group , or a control group . During the following two months , the music and language groups listened daily to self-selected music or audio books , respectively , while the control group received no listening material . In addition , all patients received st and ard medical care and rehabilitation . All patients underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment , which included a wide range of cognitive tests as well as mood and quality of life question naires , one week ( baseline ) , 3 months , and 6 months after the stroke . Fifty-four patients completed the study . Results showed that recovery in the domains of verbal memory and focused attention improved significantly more in the music group than in the language and control groups . The music group also experienced less depressed and confused mood than the control group . These findings demonstrate for the first time that music listening during the early post-stroke stage can enhance cognitive recovery and prevent negative mood . The neural mechanisms potentially underlying these effects are discussed Abstract Purpose : Recovery of skilled upper limb movement remains a critical focus of rehabilitation in individuals post stroke . Conventional treatments , however , have demonstrated limited capability to produce substantial improvements in poststroke quality of movement . Recently , rhythmic auditory stimulation ( RAS ) has emerged as efficacious in improving and normalizing limb movements in neurologically impaired population s. This pilot study examined changes in pre- to post-RAS reach kinematics and functional outcomes in survivors of stroke . Method : Five individuals in the chronic poststroke phase participated in a 2-week program of RAS training . Kinematic reaching variables were trunk , shoulder , and elbow segment contribution ; movement time ; and reach velocity . Functional outcomes were the Wolf Motor Function Test , Motor Activity Log , and Fugl-Meyer Assessment . Results : Post-RAS assessment of reaching kinematics revealed a significant ( p < .05 ) decrease in compensatory trunk movement , increase in shoulder flexion , and a slight increase in elbow extension . Movement time and velocity significantly improved post RAS . Significant gains were observed on all functional assessment s. Conclusions : Post RAS , participants demonstrated substantial decreases in compensatory reaching movements . These changes in motor control strategy were paralleled by gains in functional abilities , suggesting that reduced reliance on compensatory movements may translate to improved performance of daily activities The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on pain perception of stroke patients during upper extremity joint exercises . Ten stroke patients ( 1 male and 9 females ) ranging in age from 61 to 73 participated in the study . Music conditions used in the study consisted of : ( a ) song , ( b ) karaoke accompaniment ( same music to condition A except singers ' voices ) , and ( c ) no music . Exercise movements in this study included h and , wrist , and shoulder joints . During the 8-week period music therapy sessions , subjects repeated 3 conditions according to the r and omized orders and subjects rated their perceived pain on a scale immediately after each condition . The General Linear Model ( GLM ) Repeated Measures ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences in pain rating across the three music conditions . However , positive affects and verbal responses , while performing upper extremity exercises with both music and karaoke accompaniment music , were observed using video observations 
    Output:
    
The results suggest that rhythmic auditory stimulation ( RAS ) may be beneficial for improving gait parameters in stroke patients , including gait velocity , cadence , stride length and gait symmetry .
RAS may be beneficial for gait improvement in people with stroke .