***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of 1 ) training at 90 and 100 % sprint velocity and 2 ) supervised versus unsupervised sprint training on soccer-specific physical performance in junior soccer players . Young , male soccer players ( 17 ±1 yr , 71 ±10 kg , 180 ±6 cm ) were r and omly assigned to four different treatment conditions over a 7-week intervention period . A control group ( CON , n=9 )  completed regular soccer training according to their teams ’ original training plans . Three training groups performed a weekly repeated-sprint training session in addition to their regular soccer training sessions performed at A ) 100 % intensity without supervision ( 100UNSUP , n=13 ) , B ) 90 % of maximal sprint velocity with supervision ( 90SUP , n=10 ) or C ) 90 % of maximal sprint velocity without supervision ( 90UNSUP , n=13 ) . Repetitions x distance for the sprint-training sessions were 15x20 m for 100UNSUP and 30x20 m for 90SUP and 90UNSUP . Single-sprint performance ( best time from 15x20 m sprints ) , repeated-sprint performance ( mean time over 15x20 m sprints ) , countermovement jump and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 ( Yo-Yo IR1 ) were assessed during pre-training and post-training tests . No significant differences in performance outcomes were observed across groups . 90SUP improved Yo-Yo IR1 by a moderate margin compared to controls , while all other effect magnitudes were trivial or small . In conclusion , neither weekly sprint training at 90 or 100 % velocity , nor supervised sprint training enhanced soccer-specific physical performance in junior soccer players The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity aerobic interval and repeated-sprint ability ( RSA ) training on aerobic and anaerobic physiological variables in male football players . Forty-two participants were r and omly assigned to either the interval training group ( ITG , 4 x 4 min running at 90 - 95 % of HRmax ; n = 21 ) or repeated-sprint training group ( RSG , 3 x 6 maximal shuttle sprints of 40 m ; n = 21 ) . The following outcomes were measured at baseline and after 7 weeks of training : maximum oxygen uptake , respiratory compensation point , football-specific endurance ( Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test , YYIRT ) , 10-m sprint time , jump height and power , and RSA . Significant group x time interaction was found for YYIRT ( p = 0.003 ) with RSG showing greater improvement ( from 1917 + /- 439 to 2455 + /- 488 m ) than ITG ( from 1846 + /- 329 to 2077 + /- 300 m ) . Similarly , a significant interaction was found in RSA mean time ( p = 0.006 ) with only the RSG group showing an improvement after training ( from 7.53 + /- 0.21 to 7.37 + /- 0.17 s ) . No other group x time interactions were found . Significant pre-post changes were found for absolute and relative maximum oxygen uptake and respiratory compensation point ( p < 0.05 ) . These findings suggest that the RSA training protocol used in this study can be an effective training strategy for inducing aerobic and football-specific training adaptations The purpose of this study was to compare the physiologic effects of a program of combined running and weight training ( RUN-CWT ) with a program of circuit weight training ( CWT ) .  Thirty-six females ( X age = 35.7 yr ) and 41 males ( X age = 36.1 yr ) were r and omly assigned to RUN-CWT , CWT , and control groups . The training groups participated in 12-wk programs , 3 d . wk-1 . Three circuits of 10 weight-training exercises were completed with 12 - 15 repetitions performed in 30 s at 40 % of one-repetition maximum at each station . The 30-min RUN-CWT program included 30 s of running on an indoor track following each CWT station , whereas the 22.5 min CWT program included a 15-s rest period between stations . The RUN-CWT groups had a significant ( + 17 % ) increase in VO2max ( females 30.5 - 35.7 ml . kg-1 . min-1 and males 39.7 - 46.3 ml . kg-1 . min-1 ) and strength ( females + 24 % and males + 21 % ) , and a significant decrease in body fat percentage ( females -3.2 % and males -4.1 % ) . The CWT groups also increased significantly in VO2max ( + 12 % ) and strength ( + 17 % ) and decreased in body fat ( -3.0 % ) . The controls did not change significantly in any variable . Statistically , one training program was not shown to be superior to the other ; thus , both programs of RUN-CWT and CWT were effective in improving measures of physical fitness The effects of a 12-week low resistance circuit weight training ( CWT ) on cardiovascular and muscular fitness were studied in 90 healthy sedentary adults . The subjects were r and omized into three equally fit groups : CWT , Endurance ( END ) and Control ( CON ) according to their maximal aerobic power ( VO2max ) . Both training groups exercised for 12 weeks , 3 days a week in sessions of 40 min , with a heart rate ( HR ) level of 70 - 80 % HRmax . The CWT group trained with air resistance machines . Heart rate was controlled by setting the speed of movement . The END group walked , jogged , cross-country skied or cycled . The net differences ( between pre- and posttraining changes ) between the CWT and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max ( 2.45 ml x min(-1 ) x kg(-1 ) , 95 % CI 1.1 ; 3.8 ) , for abdominal muscles ( 3.7 reps , CI 0.3 ; 7.1 ) , for push-ups ( 1.1 reps , CI 0.2 ; 2.1 ) , and for kneeling ( 2.25 reps , CI 0.01 ; 4.5 ) . The net difference ( between pre- and posttraining changes ) in the END and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max ( 2.75 ml(-1 ) x min(-1 ) x kg(-1 ) , 95 % CI 0.9 ; 4.6 ) , and kneeling ( 3.0 reps , CI 0.7 ; 5.3 ) . Low resistance CWT with moderately hard HR level has effects comparable to an equal amount of endurance training on the cardiovascular fitness of sedentary adults . The CWT model was benefical also on muscular fitness . Based on the results , this type of exercise can be recommended for beginners because of its multilevel effects Objectives . The aim was to investigate the effects of three different types of resistance training implementation . Design . R and omized controlled trial . Methods . Inactive , overweight women ( n = 143 ) , mean BMI 31.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2 , mean age 39.9 ± 10.5 years , were r and omized to one of the following groups : A ( BodyPump group training ) , B ( individual follow-up by a personal trainer ) , C ( nonsupervised exercise ) , or D ( controls ) . The intervention included 12 weeks of 45–60 minutes ' full-body resistance training three sessions per week . The outcomes in this paper are all secondary outcome measures : exercise motivation , self-perceived health , and quality of life . Results . Adherence averaged 26.1 ± 10.3 of 36 prescribed sessions . After the intervention period , all three training groups ( A – C ) had better scores on exercise motivation ( A = 43.9 ± 19.8 , B = 47.6 ± 15.4 , C = 48.4 ± 17.8 ) compared to the control group ( D ) ( 26.5 ± 18.2 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . Groups B and C scored better on self-perceived health ( B = 1.9 ± 0.8 , C = 2.3 ± 0.8 ) , compared to group D ( 3.0 ± 0.6 ) ( p < 0.001 ) . For quality of life measurement , there was no statistically significant difference between either intervention groups or the control . Conclusions . Resistance training contributed to higher scores in important variables related to exercise motivation and self-perceived health . Low adherence showed that it was difficult to motivate previously inactive , overweight women to participate in regular strength training Thirty-five healthy men were matched and r and omly assigned to one of four training groups that performed high-intensity strength and endurance training ( C ; n = 9 ) , upper body only high-intensity strength and endurance training ( UC ; n = 9 ) , high-intensity endurance training ( E ; n = 8) , or high-intensity strength training ( ST ; n = 9 ) . The C and ST groups significantly increased one-repetition maximum strength for all exercises ( P < 0.05 ) . Only the C , UC , and E groups demonstrated significant increases in treadmill maximal oxygen consumption . The ST group showed significant increases in power output . Hormonal responses to treadmill exercise demonstrated a differential response to the different training programs , indicating that the underlying physiological milieu differed with the training program . Significant changes in muscle fiber areas were as follows : types I , IIa , and IIc increased in the ST group ; types I and IIc decreased in the E group ; type IIa increased in the C group ; and there were no changes in the UC group . Significant shifts in percentage from type IIb to type IIa were observed in all training groups , with the greatest shift in the groups in which resistance trained the thigh musculature . This investigation indicates that the combination of strength and endurance training results in an attenuation of the performance improvements and physiological adaptations typical of single-mode training The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of circuit training ( CT ) and treadmill exercise performed at matched rates of oxygen consumption and exercise duration on elevated post-exercise oxygen consumption ( EPOC ) in untrained women , while controlling for the menstrual cycle . Eight , untrained females ( 31.3±9.1 years ; 2.04±0.26 l min−1 estimated VO2max ; BMI = 24.6±3.9 kg/m2 ) volunteered to participate in the study . Testing was performed during the early follicular phase for each subject to minimize hormonal variability between tests . Subjects performed two exercise sessions approximately 28 days apart . Resting , supine energy expenditure was measured for 30 min preceding exercise and for 1 h after completion of exercise . Respiratory gas exchange data were collected continuously during rest and exercise periods via indirect calorimetry . CT consisted of three sets of eight common resistance exercises  . Pre-exercise and exercise oxygen consumption was not different between testing days ( P>0.05 ) . Thus , exercise conditions were appropriately matched . Analysis of EPOC data revealed that CT result ed in a significantly higher ( p<0.05 ) oxygen uptake during the first 30 min of recovery ( 0.27±0.01 l min−1 vs 0.23±0.01 l min−1 ) ; though , at 60 min , treatment differences were not present . Mean VO2 remained significantly higher ( 0.231±0.01 l min−1 ) than pre-exercise measures ( 0.193±0.01 l min−1 ) throughout the 60-min EPOC period ( p<0.05 ) . Heart rate , RPE , VE and RER were all significantly greater during CT ( p<0.05 ) . When exercise VO2 and exercise duration were matched , CT was associated with a greater metabolic disturbance and cost during the early phases of EPOC Background : Aerobic training ( AT ) and circuit weight training ( CWT ) improve peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) . During CWT the circulatory system is exposed to higher pressure , which could induce left ventricle morphological adaptations , possibly distinct from those derived from aerobic training . Objective : To compare the effects of aerobic training and CWT upon morphological and functional cardiac adaptations detected by magnetic resonance imaging . Methods : Twenty healthy sedentary individuals were r and omly assigned to participate in a 12-week programme of aerobic training ( n = 6 ) , CWR ( n = 7 ) or no intervention ( n = 7 , controls ) . Training programmes consisted of 36 sessions , 35 min each , 3 times per week , at 70 % of maximal heart rate , and CWT included series of resistance exercises performed at 60 % of 1 maximal repetition . Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after the intervention . Results : There was a similar improvement in VO2peak following aerobic training ( mean ( SD ) increment : 12 (4)% ) and CWT ( 12 (4)% ) , while there was no change in the control group . Aerobic training ( 12 (6)% ) and CWT ( 16 (5)% ) improved strength in the lower limbs , and only CWT result ed in improvement of 13 (4)% in the strength of the upper limbs . However , there were no detectable changes in left ventricular mass , end-diastolic volume , stroke volume or ejection fraction . Conclusion : In previously sedentary individuals , short-term CWT and aerobic training induce similar improvement in functional capacity without any adaptation in cardiac morphology detectable by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging Alcaraz , PE , Perez-Gomez , J , Chav 
    Output:
    
Significant increases in maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press were observed following resistance circuit-based training .
Conclusions The meta- analysis showed that resistance circuit-based training , independent of the protocol used in the studies , is effective in increasing maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press in healthy adults .
However , its effect appears to be larger depending on the population and training characteristics .
However , the lower participant ’s baseline fitness level may explain the lighter optimal loads used in the circuit training studies where greater strength gains were reported