***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Despite its effectiveness , methadone maintenance is rarely provided in American correctional facilities . This study is the first r and omized clinical trial in the US to examine the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment provided to prisoners with pre-incarceration heroin addiction . METHODS A three-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted between September 2003 and June 2005 . Two hundred eleven Baltimore pre-release inmates who were heroin dependent during the year prior to incarceration were enrolled in this study . Participants were r and omly assigned to the following : counseling only : counseling in prison , with passive referral to treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; counseling+transfer : counseling in prison with transfer to methadone maintenance treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; and counseling+methadone : methadone maintenance and counseling in prison , continued in a community-based methadone maintenance program upon release ( n=71 ) . RESULTS Two hundred participants were located for follow-up interviews and included in the current analysis . The percentages of participants in each condition that entered community-based treatment were , respectively , counseling only 7.8 % , counseling+transfer 50.0 % , and counseling+methadone 68.6 % , p<.05 . All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant ( all ps<.05 ) . The percentage of participants in each condition that tested positive for opioids at 1-month post-release were , respectively , counseling only 62.9 % , counseling+transfer 41.0 % , and counseling+methadone 27.6 % , p<.05 , with the counseling only group significantly more likely to test positive than the counseling+methadone group . CONCLUSIONS Methadone maintenance initiated prior to or immediately after release from prison appears to have beneficial short-term impact on community treatment entry and heroin use . This intervention may be able to fill an urgent treatment need for prisoners with heroin addiction histories Aim To test the efficacy and safety of osmotic release oral system ( OROS ) methylpheni date ( MPH ) in doses up to 180 mg/day to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and prevent any drug relapse in individuals with a co-diagnosis of ADHD and amphetamine dependence . Design R and omized placebo-controlled 24-week double-blind trial with parallel groups design . Setting Participants were recruited from medium security prisons in Sweden . The medication started within 2 weeks before release from prison and continued in out-patient care with twice-weekly visits , including once-weekly cognitive behavioural therapy . Participants Fifty-four men with a mean age of 42 years , currently incarcerated , meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and amphetamine dependence . Measurements Change in self-reported ADHD symptoms , relapse to any drug use ( amphetamine and other drugs ) measured by urine toxicology , retention to treatment , craving and time to relapse . Findings The MPH-treated group reduced their ADHD symptoms during the trial ( P = 0.011 ) and had a significantly higher proportion of drug-negative urines compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.047 ) , including more amphetamine-negative urines ( P = 0.019 ) and better retention to treatment ( P = 0.032 ) . Conclusions Methylpheni date treatment reduces attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and the risk for relapse to substance use in criminal offenders with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance dependence BACKGROUND Screening , brief intervention , and referral to treatment ( SBIRT ) is an evidence -based practice that has been shown to reduce alcohol and drug use in healthcare , educational , and other setting s , but research on the effectiveness of SBIRT with population s involved in the criminal justice system is limited . These population s have high rates of substance use but have limited access to interventions . METHODS The study r and omized 732 jail inmates from a large urban jail to the SBIRT intervention or to the control group .  Using the Alcohol , Smoking , and Substance Involvement Screening Test ( ASSIST ) , the intervention assessed the risk level for drug and alcohol misuse by inmates and provided those who were at low or medium risk with a brief intervention in jail and referred those at high risk to community treatment following release , including the opportunity to participate in a brief treatment ( eight sessions ) protocol . Using interview and records data from a 12-month follow-up , analyses compared the two groups with respect to the primary study outcomes of reductions in drug and alcohol use and the secondary outcomes of participation in treatment , rearrest , reduction in HIV risk behaviors , and quality of life . In addition , the costs of delivering the SBIRT intervention were calculated . RESULTS When baseline differences were controlled , the groups did not differ at follow-up on any of the primary or secondary outcomes . CONCLUSIONS Future research should develop and evaluate SBIRT models that are specifically adapted to the characteristics and needs of the jail population . Until more favorable results emerge , attempts to use SBIRT with jail inmates should be implemented with caution , if at all . TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01683643 This r and omized controlled pilot study compared a cognitive-behavioral therapy ( Seeking Safety ; SS ) plus treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) to TAU-alone in 49 incarcerated women with substance use disorder ( SUD ) and posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ; full or subthreshold ) . Seeking Safety consisted of a voluntary group treatment during incarceration and individual treatment after prison release . TAU was required in the prison and comprised 180 to 240 hours of individual and group treatment over 6 to 8 weeks . Assessment s occurred at intake , 12 weeks after intake , and 3 and 6 months after release from prison . There were no significant differences between conditions on all key domains ( PTSD , SUD , psychopathology , and legal problems ) ; but both conditions showed significant improvements from intake to later time points on all of these outcomes across time . Secondary analyses at follow-up found trends for SS participants improving on clinician-rated PTSD symptoms and TAU participants worsening on self-reported PTSD symptoms . Also , SS demonstrated continued improvement on psychopathology at 3 and 6 months , whereas TAU did not . However , alcohol use improved more for TAU during follow-up . Satisfaction with SS was high , and a greater number of SS sessions was associated with greater improvement on PTSD and drug use . Six months after release from prison , 53 % of the women in both conditions reported a remission in PTSD . Study limitations include lack of assessment of SS outcomes at end of group treatment ; lack of blind assessment ; omission of the SS case management component ; and possible contamination between the two conditions . The complex needs of this population are discussed OBJECTIVES To describe and evaluate a pilot methadone maintenance program for heroin-dependent inmates of Las Malvinas men 's prison in San Juan , Puerto Rico . METHODS Data from self-report of inmates ' drug use before and during incarceration , attitudes about drug treatment in general and methadone maintenance in particular , and expectations about behaviors upon release from prison and from testing inmates ' urine were analyzed comparing program patients ( n=20 ) and inmates selected at r and om from the prison population ( n=40 ) . Qualitative data obtained by interviewing program staff , the correctional officers and superintendent , and commonwealth officials responsible for establishing and operating the program were analyzed to identify attitudes about methadone and program effectiveness . RESULTS Heroin use among prisoners not in treatment was common ; 58 % reported any use while incarcerated and 38 % reported use in past 30 days . All patients in the treatment program had used heroin in prison in the 30 days prior to enrolling in treatment . While in treatment , the percentage of patients not using heroin was reduced , according to both self-report and urine testing , to one in 18 ( 94 % reduction ) and one in 20 ( 95 % reduction ) , respectively . Participation in treatment was associated with an increased acceptance of methadone maintenance . Prison personnel and commonwealth officials were supportive of the program . CONCLUSIONS The program appears to be a success , and prison officials have begun an expansion from the current ceiling of 24 inmates to treat 300 or more inmates AIMS To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment ( MMT ) on mortality , re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users . DESIGN , SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study cohort comprised 382 imprisoned male heroin users who had participated in a r and omized controlled trial of prison-based MMT in 1997/98 . Subjects were followed-up between 1998 and 2002 either in the general community or in prison . MEASUREMENTS All-cause mortality , re-incarceration , hepatitis C and HIV serostatus and MMT retention . FINDINGS There were no deaths recorded while subjects were enrolled in MMT . Seventeen subjects died while out of MMT , representing an untreated mortality rate of 2.0 per 100 person-years ( 95 % CI , 1.2 - 3.2 ) . Re-incarceration risk was lowest during MMT episodes of 8 months or longer ( adjusted hazard ratio 0.3 ( 95 % CI , 0.2 - 0.5 ; P < 0.001 ) , although MMT periods 2 months or less were associated with greatest risk of re-incarceration ( P < 0.001 ) . Increased risk of hepatitis C seroconversion was significantly associated with prison sentences of less than 2 months [ adjusted hazard ratio 20 ( 95 % CI , 5 - 76 ; < P = 0.001 ) ] and MMT episodes less than 5 months [ adjusted hazard ratio 4.2 ( 95 % CI , 1.4 - 12.6 ; P = 0.01 ) ] . Subjects were at greatest risk of  MMT dropout during short prison sentences of 1 month or less ( adjusted hazard ratio 10.4 ( 95 % CI , 7.0 - 15.7 ; P < 0.001 ) . HIV incidence was 0.3 per 100 person-years ( 95 % CI , 0.03 - 0.99 ) . CONCLUSIONS Retention in MMT was associated with reduced mortality , re-incarceration rates and hepatitis C infection .  Prison-based MMT programmes are integral to the continuity of treatment needed to ensure optimal outcomes for individual and public health This study examined benefits of methadone maintenance among prerelease prison inmates . Incarcerated males with preincarceration heroin dependence ( n = 197 ) were r and omly assigned to ( a ) group educational counseling ( counseling only ) ; ( b ) counseling , with opportunity to begin methadone maintenance on release ( counseling + transfer ) ; or ( c ) counseling and methadone maintenance in prison , with opportunity to continue methadone maintenance on release ( counseling + methadone ) . At 90-day follow-up , counseling + methadone participants were significantly more likely than counseling-only and counseling + transfer participants to attend drug treatment ( p = .0001 ) and less likely to be reincarcerated ( p = .019 ) . Counseling + methadone and counseling + transfer participants were significantly less likely ( all ps < .05 ) to report heroin use , cocaine use , and criminal involvement than counseling-only participants . Follow-up is needed to determine whether these findings hold over a longer period AIMS Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of both methadone and buprenorphine when used with opioid dependent men transitioning from prison to the community , but no studies have been conducted with women in the criminal justice ( CJ ) system . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of buprenorphine for relapse prevention among opioid dependent women in the CJ system transitioning back to the community . METHODS 36 women under CJ supervision were recruited from an inpatient drug treatment facility that treats CJ individuals returning back to the community . Nine were enrolled in an open label buprenorphine arm then 27 were r and omized to buprenorphine ( n=15 ) or placebo ( n=12 ; double-blind ) . All women completed baseline measures and started study medication prior to release . Participants were followed weekly , provided urine drug screens ( UDS ) , received study medication for 12 weeks , and returned for a 3-month follow-up . Intent-to-treat analyses were performed for all time points through 3 month follow-up . RESULTS The majority of participants were Caucasian ( 88.9 % ) , young ( M±SD=31.8±8.4 years ) , divorced/separated ( 59.2 % ) women with at least a high school/GED education ( M±SD=12±1.7 years ) . GEE analyses showed that buprenorphine was efficacious in maintaining abstinence across time compared to placebo . At end of treatment , 92 % of placebo and 33 % of active medication participants were positive for opiates on urine drug screen ( Chi-Square=10.9 , df=1 ; p<0.001 ) . However , by the three month follow-up point , no differences were found between the two groups , with 83 % of participants at follow-up positive for opiates . CONCLUSIONS Women in the CJ system who received buprenorphine prior to release from a treatment facility had fewer opiate positive UDS through the 12 weeks of treatment compared to women receiving placebo . Initiating buprenorphine in a controlled environment prior to release appears to be a viable strategy to reduce opiate 
    Output:
    
Results suggest therapeutic communities are effective in reducing recidivism and , to a lesser extent substance use after release .
There is also evidence to suggest that opioid maintenance treatment is effective in reducing the risk of drug use after release from prison for opioid users .
Furthermore , care after release from prison appears to enhance treatment effects for both types of interventions .