***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To determine the effect of yoga and of aerobic exercise on cognitive function , fatigue , mood , and quality of life in multiple sclerosis ( MS ) . Methods : Subjects with clinical ly definite MS and Exp and ed Disability Status Score less than or equal to 6.0 were r and omly assigned to one of three groups lasting 6 months : weekly Iyengar yoga class along with home practice , weekly exercise class using a stationary bicycle along with home exercise , or a waiting-list control group . Outcome assessment s performed at baseline and at the end of the 6-month period included a battery of cognitive measures focused on attention , physiologic measures of alertness , Profile of Mood States , State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory ( MFI ) , and Short Form (SF)-36 health-related quality of life . Results : Sixty-nine subjects were recruited and r and omized . Twelve subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention . There were no adverse events related to the intervention . There were no effects from either of the active interventions on either of the primary outcome measures of attention or alertness . Both active interventions produced improvement in secondary measures of fatigue compared to the control group : Energy and Fatigue ( Vitality ) on the SF-36 and general fatigue on the MFI . There were no clear changes in mood related to yoga or exercise . Conclusion : Subjects with MS participating in either a 6-month yoga class or exercise class showed significant improvement in measures of fatigue compared to a waiting-list control group . There was no relative improvement of cognitive function in either of the intervention groups OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment , and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response . DESIGN Six-month , r and omized , controlled , clinical trial . SETTING Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three adults ( 17 women ) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years ( mean age , 70 years ) . Intervention Participants were r and omized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group . The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75 % to 85 % of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d , 4 d/wk for 6 months . The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50 % of their heart rate reserve . Before and after the study , glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . At baseline , month 3 , and month 6 , blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities , Verbal Fluency , Stroop , Trails B , Task Switching , Story Recall , and List Learning . Fasting plasma levels of insulin , cortisol , brain-derived neurotrophic factor , insulinlike growth factor-I , and beta-amyloids 40 and 42 . RESULTS Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition , glucose metabolism , and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction . For women , aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function , increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp , and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin , cortisol , and brain-derived neurotrophic factor . For men , aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance . CONCLUSIONS This study provides support , using rigorous controlled methodology , for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline . Moreover , our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a home-based exercise intervention program to improve the functional performance of patients with Alzheimer 's Disease ( AD ) . METHODS Twenty-seven home-dwelling patients with AD were r and omized to either an exercise intervention program delivered by their caregivers or a home safety assessment control .  Measures of functional performance ( primary ) , cognition , neuropsychiatric symptoms , quality of life and caregiver burden ( secondary ) were obtained at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks following r and omization . For each outcome measure , intent-to-treat analyses using linear r and om effects models were performed . Feasibility and adverse events were also assessed . RESULTS Adherence to the exercise program was good . On the primary outcomes ( functional performance ) patients in the exercise group demonstrated a trend for improved performance on measures of h and function and lower extremity strength . On secondary outcome measures , trends toward worse depression and lower quality of life ratings were noted . CONCLUSIONS The physical exercise intervention developed for the study , delivered by caregivers to home-dwelling patients with AD , was feasible and was associated with a trend for improved functional performance in this group of frail patients . Given the limited efficacy to date of pharmacotherapies for AD , further study of exercise intervention , in a variety of care setting , is warranted OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of exercise and virtual reality ( VR ) on the cognitive rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) . DESIGN Before-after trial assessed cognitive function after a 4-week intervention program . A r and om allocation crossover assessed changes in reaction and movement times after a single bout of VR exercise and a no-exercise control condition . SETTING Brain injury rehabilitation unit in Edinburgh , Scotl and . PATIENTS ( 1 ) Four-week intervention : a consecutive sample of 13 suitable TBI adults were compared to control population s ( n > 25 ) of previous TBI patients of similar age , severity , and time postinjury . ( 2 ) Single-bout intervention : a consecutive sample of 13 suitable adults with moderate TBI , 6.29 to 202.86 weeks postinjury . INTERVENTION Nonimmersive VR exercise . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ( 1 ) Tests of attention , information processing , learning , and memory . ( 2 ) Reaction and movement times . RESULTS After the 4-week intervention patients performed significantly better than controls on the digit symbol ( p < .01 ) . verbal ( p < .01 ) , and visual learning tasks ( p < .05 ) . Significant improvements in reaction times ( p < .01 ) and movement times ( p < .05 ) were gained following a single bout of VR exercise . CONCLUSION Exercising in a virtual environment offers the potential for significant gains in cognitive function OBJECTIVES Spasticity , cognitive impairment , depression and fatigue significantly reduce the quality of life in multiple sclerosis ( MS ) patients . To find out whether nonpharmalogical treatment approaches can reduce these symptoms we investigated effects of sports climbing ( SC ) and yoga on spasticity , cognitive impairment , mood change and fatigue in MS patients .  Sports climbing ( SC ) and yoga are aerobic physical activities comprised a series of stretching techniques , implementation of which dem and s body control and planning of complex movements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 20 subjects with relapsing-remitting or progressive MS , 26 - 50 years of age , with EDSS < or=6 and EDSS pyramidal functions score (EDSSpyr)>2 were enrolled in a r and omized prospect i ve study . The participants were r and omly divided into SC and yoga group . We evaluated spasticity , cognitive function , mood and fatigue before and after both programs , that lasted 10 weeks , with st and ardized assessment methods . RESULTS There were no significant improvements in spasticity after SC and yoga . In the SC group we found a 25 % reduction ( p=0.046 ) in EDSSpyr . There were no differences in executive function after the completion of both programs . There was a 17 % increase in selective attention performance after yoga ( p=0.005 ) . SC reduced fatigue for 32.5 % ( p=0.015 ) , while yoga had no effect . We found no significant impact of SC and yoga on mood . CONCLUSIONS Yoga and SC might improve some of the MS symptoms and should be considered in the future as possible complementary treatments Dementia population worldwide is considerable in elderly people .  Exercise regulates the brain function , but the mechanism by which it does so is unknown . The effect of regular exercise on cognitive function and exercise capacity in senile dementia patients was investigated . Thirty female patients with senile dementia who participated in the study were divided into two groups : the exercise group ( EG , n = 15 ) and the control group ( CG , n = 15 ) . The exercise group completed a regular exercise program , and their cognitive function , activities of daily living and exercise capacity levels were evaluated at baseline , 6 months and after 12 months . Subjects exercised 30 - 60 minutes per day , 2 - 3 times per week for 12 months . Mini-mental state examination ( MMSE ) ( pre : 14.53 + /- 5.34 , post : 17.47 + /- 6.90 ) and ADL ( pre : 14.40 + /- 5.32 , post : 17.53 + /- 5.46 ) scores were significantly enhanced in the exercise group with senile dementia , compared to those in the control group . Exercise capacities such as cardiopulmonary function ( pre : 128.47 + /- 55.43 , post : 184.40 + /- 41.16 ) , muscle strength ( pre : 10.07 + /- 3.61 , post : 13.7 + /- 3.90 ) , muscular endurance ( pre : 8.13 + /- 4.45 , post : 12.13 + /- 5.14 ) , flexibility ( - 1.53 + /- .30 , post : 2.20 + /- .70 , balance ( pre : 1.73 + /- .28 , post : 1.20 + /- .77 ) , and agility ( pre : 21.80 + /- 3.24 , post : 10.87 + /- 2.99 ) also increased in the exercise group . Our findings showed that regular exercise can enhance cognitive and functional activity scores in dementia patients , suggesting that senile dementia may improve by participating in a regular exercise program Background . Cognitive deficits impede stroke recovery . Aerobic exercise ( AEX ) improves cognitive executive function ( EF ) processes in healthy individuals , although the learning benefits after stroke are unknown . Objective . To underst and AEX-induced improvements in EF , motor learning , and mobility poststroke . Methods . Following cardiorespiratory testing , 38 chronic stroke survivors were r and omized to 2 different groups that exercised 3 times a week ( 45-minute sessions ) for 8 weeks . The AEX group ( n = 19 ; 9 women ; 10 men ; 64.10 ± 12.30 years ) performed progressive resistive stationary bicycle training at 70 % maximal heart rate , whereas the Stretching Exercise ( SE ) group ( n = 19 ; 12 women ; 7 men ; 58.96 ± 14.68 years ) performed stretches at home . Between-group comparisons were performed on the change in performance at “ Post ” and “ Retention ” ( 8 weeks later ) for neuropsychological and motor function measures . Results . VO2max significantly improved at Post with AEX ( P = .04 ) . AEX also improved motor learning in the less-affected h and , with large effect sizes ( Cohen ’s d calculation ) . Specifically , AEX significantly improved information processing speed on the serial reaction time task ( SRTT ; ie , “ procedural motor learning ” ) compared with the SE group at Post ( P = .024 ) , but not at Retention . Also , at Post ( P = .038 ) , AEX significantly improved predictive force accuracy for a precision grip task requiring attention and conditional motor learning of visual cues . Ambulation and sit-to-st and transfers were significantly faster in the AEX group at Post ( P = .038 ) , with balance control significantly improved at Retention ( P = .041 ) . EF measurements were not significantly different for the AEX group . Conclusion . AEX  improved mobility and selected cognitive domains related to motor learning , which enhances sensorimotor control after stroke 
    Output:
    
There is limited evidence to support the use of aerobic exercise to improve cognition in adults with neurologic disorders .