***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Increased fat mass , particularly abdominal fat mass , is associated with poor metabolic profiles and an increase in cardiovascular risk factors . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year combined aerobic and strength training regimen , compared to aerobic training only , on body composition in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Thirty-six males with CAD were assigned to 3 groups : 13 to weight training plus aerobic training ( combined training group [ CT ] ) , 13 to aerobic training only ( aerobic training group [ AT ] ) , and 10 to a control group ( no exercise [ CG ] ) . Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) . Differences were observed between groups at the end of the study , controlling for prevalues . The total and trunk percent fat mass ( % FM ) were lower in CT compared with AT and CG ( P<.05 ) . The total % FM in AT was significantly ( P<.05 ) lower than in CG , but the % FM of the trunk did not differ between the 2 groups . Fat-free mass ( FFM ) was significantly higher in CT than in AT and CG ( P<.05 ) . The results suggest that a long-term CT program is more effective than an AT program alone in producing changes in body composition . The percentage changes in total and trunk fat mass were higher in CT ( -11 % and -12 % , respectively ) than in AT ( -2.4 % and -0.7 % , respectively ) . Future studies need to investigate the specific health effects of trunkal fat mass loss in patients with CAD A prospect i ve , r and omized study evaluated the feasibility , safety , and efficacy of upper body circuit weight training ( CWT ) in 25 stable male cardiac patients entering the initial out-of-hospital phase of cardiac rehabilitation . Both groups performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise only for 6 weeks . The aerobic exercise group ( N = 13 ) continued this regimen for 6 more weeks , during which time the CWT group ( N = 12 ) performed 15 minutes of aerobic exercise followed by CWT ( two loops , eight upper body exercises ) . The only adverse response was in one CWT patient in whom restenosis developed . Peak heart rate during aerobic exercise and CWT was similar , but peak systolic blood pressure during aerobic exercise was significantly greater than during CWT .  Peak rate pressure product during aerobic exercise and CWT was similar . Treadmill time increased significantly in both groups . Upper body strength ( cumulative pounds lifted ) increased significantly only in the CWT group . A coordinated program of CWT and aerobic exercise can be performed safely in stable cardiac patients during phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation , result ing in improved upper body strength and aerobic capacity PURPOSE We evaluated the value of resistance training on measures of physical performance in disabled older women with coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . METHODS The study intervention consisted of a 6-month program of resistance training in a r and omized controlled trial format . Training intensity was at 80 % of the single-repetition maximal lift . Control patients performed light yoga and breathing exercises . Study participants included 42 women with CHD , all > or= 65 yr of age and community dwelling . Subjects were screened by question naire to have low self-reported physical function . The primary study measurements related to the performance of 16 household activities of the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test ( CSPFP ) . These ranged from dressing , to kitchen and cleaning activities , to carrying groceries and walking onto a bus with luggage , and a 6-min walk . Activities were measured in time to complete a task , weight carried during a task , or distance walked . Other measures included body composition , measures of aerobic fitness and strength , and question naire-based measures of physical function and depression score . RESULTS Study groups were similar at baseline by age , aerobic capacity , strength , body composition , and in performing the CSPFP . After conditioning , 13 of 16 measured activities were performed more rapidly , or with increased weight carried , compared with the control group ( all P < 0.05 ) . Maximal power for activities that involved weight-bearing over a distance , increased by 40 % ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Disabled older women with CHD who participate in an intense resistance-training program improve physical capacity over a wide range of household physical activities . Benefits extend beyond strength-related activities , as endurance , balance , coordination , and flexibility all improved . Strength training should be considered an important component in the rehabilitation of older women with CHD In the context of sedentary middle-aged adults , the present study examined the relationships among domain-specific and global levels of self-esteem over the course of a 20-week exercise program . Additionally , the roles played by physical fitness , body composition , self-efficacy , and exercise participation as possible contributors to changes in physical self-worth were examined . Significant improvements in self-esteem at all levels were discovered with global esteem , physical self-worth , and perceptions of physical condition and attractive body increasing . Tests of the hierarchical structure of self-esteem showed greater improvements in physical condition and physical self-worth than global esteem and the relationships between global esteem and subdomain levels were shown to be mediated by physical self-worth . Hierarchical regression analyses showed changes in ratings of importance to have little impact on changes in physical self-worth . Both changes in efficacy and aerobic capacity were demonstrated to account for modest but significant variation in physical self-esteem . Results are discussed in terms of contemporary models of self-esteem , potential mediators of exercise effects on esteem , and the need to measure the constructs of interest appropriately BACKGROUND Many activities of daily living require significant amounts of muscular strength . Time lines for current strength training guidelines preclude many myocardial infa rct ion patients from receiving strength training as part of their cardiac rehabilitation program . This study was design ed to examine the effectiveness and safety of low-to-moderate level strength training in patients early after myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS Fifty-seven low-risk men ( < 61 years of age , 6 - 16 weeks post-infa rct ion ) were r and omly assigned to a control group or one of three treatment groups . All groups trained aerobically , three times per week for 12 weeks . The three treatment groups performed additional strength exercises on each training day of the last 10 weeks . These groups differed in their strength training stimulus with Group 20 performing 20 reps of 20 % of 1 repetition maximum ( 1 RM ) , Group 40 performing 10 repetitions of 40 % of 1 RM , and Group 60 performing 7 repetitions of 60 % of 1 RM . RESULTS Maximal strength remained unchanged in the control group ( + 0.5 % ) , but increased in Groups 20 , 40 , and 60 by + 10.5 % , + 11.9 % , and + 13.5 % , respectively . The increases in strength in the treatment groups were all significantly different ( P < .001 ) from the results of the control group , but were not significantly different from each other . For the three treatment groups , 30 of 42 subjects had one or more cardiovascular complication ( arrhythmias , angina , ischemia , hypertension , hypotension ) during the aerobic exercises as compared to only 1 subject with complications during the resistive exercises ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS In selected patients , low-to-moderate intensity strength training performed early after infa rct ion is effective and may have lower rates of cardiovascular problems than aerobic exercise BACKGROUND Muscle power ( force x velocity ) recedes at a faster rate than strength with age and may also be a stronger predictor of fall risk and functional decline . The optimal training paradigm for improving muscle power in older adults is not known , although some literature suggests high velocity , low load training is optimal in young adults . METHODS One hundred twelve healthy older adults ( 69 + /- 6 years ) were r and omly assigned to either explosive resistance training at 20 % ( G20 ) , 50 % ( G50 ) , or 80 % ( G80 ) one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) for 8 - 12 weeks or to a nontraining control group ( CON ) . Participants trained twice per week ( five exercises ; three sets of eight rapidly concentric and slow eccentric repetitions ) using pneumatic resistance machines . Repeated- measures analysis of variance and covariance ( ANOVA and ANCOVA ) were used to determine the effects of training . RESULTS Average peak power increased significantly and similarly in G80 ( 14 + /- 8 % ) , G50 ( 15 + /- 9 % ) , and G20 ( 14 + /- 6 % ) compared to CON ( 3 + /- 6 % ) ( p < .0001 ) . By contrast , a positive dose-response relationship with training intensity was observed for relative changes in average strength ( r = .40 , p = .0009 ) and endurance ( r = .43 , p = .0005 ) . Average strength increased in G80 ( 20 + /- 7 % ) , G50 ( 16 + /- 7 % ) , and G20 ( 13 + /- 7 % ) compared to CON ( 4 + /- 4 % ) ( p < .0001 ) . Average muscle endurance increased in G80 ( 185 + /- 126 % , p < .0001 ) , G50 ( 103 + /- 75 % , p = .0004 ) , and G20 ( 82 + /- 57 % , p = .0078 ) compared to CON ( 28 + /- 29 % ) . CONCLUSION Peak muscle power may be improved similarly using light , moderate , or heavy resistances , whereas there is a dose-response relationship between training intensity and muscle strength and endurance changes . Therefore , using heavy loads during explosive resistance training may be the most effective strategy to achieve simultaneous improvements in muscle strength , power , and endurance in older adults PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of moderate-intensity , progressive , upper-body resistance training ( RT ) on muscle strength and perceived performance of household physical activities ( HPA ) among women in cardiac rehabilitation . METHODS The 10-week , pretest-posttest , experiment r and omized women to either  usual care ( UC ) aerobic exercise or RT . Muscle strength for 5 upper-body RT exercises ( chest press , shoulder press , biceps curl , lateral row , and triceps extension ) was measured using the 1-Repetition Maximum Assessment . The RT group progressively increased weight lifted using 40 % , 50 % , and 60 % of obtained 1-Repetition Maximum Assessment at 3-week intervals . Perceived performance of HPA was measured with the Kimble Household Activities Scale . RESULTS The RT group ( n = 16 , mean age 64 ± 11 ) significantly increased muscle strength in all 5 exercises in comparison with the UC group ( n = 14 , mean age 65 ± 10 ) ( chest press , 18 % vs 11 % ; shoulder press , 24 % vs 14 % ; biceps curl , 21 % vs 12 % ; lateral row , 32 % vs 9 % ; and triceps extension , 28 % vs 20 % , respectively ) . By study end , Household Activities Scale scores significantly increased ( F = 13.878 , P = .001 ) in the RT group ( 8.75 ± 3.19 vs 11.25 ± 2.14 ) , whereas scores in the UC group decreased ( 8.60 ± 3.11 vs 6.86 ± 4.13 ) . CONCLUSION Progressive upper-body RT in women shows promise as an effective tool to increase muscle strength and improve the ability to perform HPA after a cardiac event . Beginning RT early after a cardiac event in a monitored cardiac rehabilitation environment can maximize the strengthening benefit PURPOSE This study examined the effects of performing combined resistance and aerobic training , versus aerobic training alone , in patients with coronary artery disease . METHODS Thirty-six patients with coronary artery disease were r and omized to either an aerobic-only training group ( AE ) or a combined aerobic and resistance training group ( AE + R ) . Both groups performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise 3 days/week for 6 months . In addition , AE + R group performed two sets of resistance exercise on seven different Nautilus machines after completion of aerobic training each day . Twenty patients ( AE : n = 10 ; AE + R : n = 10 ) completed the training protocol with > 70 % attendance . RESULTS Strength gains for AE + R group were greater than for AE group on six of seven resistance machines ( P < 0.05 ) . VO2peak increased after training for both AE and AE + R ( P < 0.01 ) with no difference in improvement between the groups . Resting and submaximal exercise heart rates and rate-pressure product were lower after training in the AE + R group ( P < 0.01 ) , but not in the AE group . AE + R increased lean mass in arm , trunk , and total body regions ( P < 0.01 ) , while AE increased lean mass in trunk region only ( P < 0.01 ) . Percent body fat was reduced for AE + R after training ( P < 0.05 ) with a between group trend toward reduced body fat ( P = 0.09 ) . Lean mass gain significantly correlated with strength increase in five of seven resistance exercises for AE + R. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training adds to the effects of aerobic training in cardiac rehabilitation patients by improving muscular strength , increasing lean body mass , and reducing body fat Background Resistance training ( RT ) is safe and practicable in low-risk population s with coronary artery disease . In patients with left ventricular ( LV ) dysfunction after 
    Output:
    
There was no evidence of a difference in effect when comparing RT and AT .
Shorter duration CT was superior to shorter duration AT for improving peak oxygen uptake and muscular strength ( low quality evidence ) while longer duration CT was only superior to longer duration AT in improving muscular strength ( moderate quality evidence ) .
CT is more beneficial than AT alone for improving physical function .
Shorter duration interventions that include resistance training might allow patients to return to their normal activities of daily living earlier