***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To study the impact of maternal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV‐1 ) infection on pregnancy outcome . Methods : Between January 1989 and December 1991 , 406 HIV‐1‐seropositive and 407 HIV‐1‐seronegative age‐ and parity‐matched pregnant women from Nairobi , Kenya , all at less than 28 weeks ' gestation , were recruited into a prospect i ve study of HIV‐1 infection in pregnant women and their offspring . Both groups were followed until 6 weeks postpartum . Results : Three hundred fifteen HIV‐1‐seropositive women and 311 HIV‐1‐seronegative controls were followed until delivery . Seropositive women were younger at sexual debut and reported more lifetime partners and more sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) than the seronegative controls . The seropositive women had higher rates of genital ulcer disease ( 4.7 versus 2.0 % ; P = .08 ) , genital warts ( 4.9 versus 2.0 % ; P = .03 ) , and positive syphilis serology ( 7.9 versus 3.2 % ; P < .001 ) , but there were no differences between the groups in isolation rates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( 6.8 versus 7.1 % ) and Chlamydia trachomatis ( 11.5 versus 9.0 % ) . Maternal HIV‐1 infection was associated with significantly lower birth weight ( 2913 versus 3072 g ; P = .0003 ) and with prematurity ( 21.1 versus 9.4 % ; P < .0001 ) , but not with small for gestational age size ( 4.2 versus 3.2 % ; P = .7 ) . The stillbirth rate was higher in seropositive women , yet not statistically significant ( 3.8 versus 1.9 % ; P = .2 ) . Women with a CD4 count lower than 30 % had a higher risk of preterm delivery ( 26.3 versus 10.1 % ; P < .001 ) . Postpartum endometritis was more common in HIV‐1‐infected women than in seronegative controls ( 10.3 versus 4.2 % ; P = .01 ) and was inversely correlated with the CD4 percentage . No histopathologic placental abnormalities attributable to HIV‐1 were detected . Conclusion : Maternal HIV‐1 infection was significantly associated with prematurity and postpartum endometritis , but not with fetal growth retardation . There was a trend toward a higher stillbirth rate in HIV‐1‐seropositive mothers . ( Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:495‐501 OBJECTIVE : To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women have a higher rate of postcesarean morbidity and mortality compared with women without HIV infection . METHODS : A secondary analysis was performed of women with singleton gestations undergoing cesarean delivery with known HIV status . Data were collected as part of a prospect i ve 4-year ( 1999–2002 ) observational study and analyzed using logistic regression . Women were surveyed for a large number of intraoperative complications , common perioperative morbidities , and uncommon maternal complications . RESULTS : There were 378 HIV-infected and 54,281 uninfected women who met criteria . Patients infected with HIV were more likely to have postpartum endometritis ( 11.6 % compared with 5.8 % , P<.001 ) , require a postpartum blood transfusion ( 4.0 % compared with 2.0 % , P=.02 ) , develop maternal sepsis ( 1.1 % compared with 0.2 % , P<.001 ) , be treated for pneumonia ( 1.3 % compared with 0.3 % , P=.001 ) , and to have a maternal death ( 0.8 % compared with 0.1 % , P<.001 ) . After controlling for potential confounders , patients with HIV infection were more likely to have one or more postpartum morbidities ( odds ratio 1.6 , 95 % confidence interval 1.2–2.2 ) . CONCLUSION : Women with HIV infection undergoing cesarean delivery are at increased risk for perioperative morbidity and maternal mortality . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Purpose To compare the outcome of pregnancy between HIV positive pregnant women on highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) and HIV negative controls . Methods A prospect i ve matched case – control study . Results HIV positive women were significantly more likely to have anaemia in pregnancy [ p < 0.001 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 5.66 ( 3.0–10.5 ) ] , intrauterine growth restriction [ p = 0.002 , odds ratio ( 95%CI ) 13.82 ( 1.8–106.7 ) ] , preterm labour [ p = 0.03 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 2.89 ( 1.2–7.0 ) ] and birth weight less than 2,500 g [ p < 0.0001 , odds ratio ( 95 % CI ) 5.43 ( 2.4–12.0 ) ] . The 5-min apgar score less than 7 , admission into neonatal unit , stillbirth and perinatal mortality were comparable between the two groups . Conclusion Anaemia in pregnancy , intrauterine growth restriction , preterm labour and birth weight less than 2,500 g are important complications among  HIV positive pregnant women . This information is vital for strategic antenatal care planning to improve obstetric and perinatal outcome in these women Between June 26 , 1985 , and Feb. 24 , 1989 , 101 seropositive pregnant women and 129 seronegative pregnant women from the same prenatal clinics in Brooklyn and the Bronx were recruited into a prospect i ve study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women and their offspring . This report details the course of pregnancy and short-term neonatal outcomes of 91 seropositive women and 126 seronegative women who gave birth during the study period . Seropositive mothers were significantly more likely to have sexually transmitted diseases ( 17.6 % vs 7.1 % , p = 0.017 ) and medical complications ( 43.0 % vs 25 % , p = 0.006 ) during pregnancy . No other obstetric complications ( e. g. , chorioamnionitis , endometritis , toxemia , or placental problems ) were associated with serologic status . After controlling for confounding variables ( drug use , tobacco use , age of mother , and clinic ) , we found that the mother 's serologic status was not significantly associated with birth weight , gestational age , head circumference , or Apgar scores among live infants . For example , after adjustment on confounders we found that children born to seropositive mothers weighed about 7 gm more than children of seronegative mothers ( 95 % confidence interval , -180 to 194 gm ) . We conclude that in this population human immunodeficiency virus infection has little demonstrable impact on the status at birth of live neonates Prevalence and clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related thrombocytopenia have been investigated among a r and om population of 657 anti-HIV-positive individuals . A platelet count below 100 X 10(9)/liter was detected in 72 patients ( 10.9 % ) . Compared with anti-HIV-positive controls with normal platelets , a significantly higher prevalence of males ( p less than 0.02 ) and of intravenous drug abusers ( p less than 0.02 ) as well as a higher frequency of patients with advanced HIV-related disease ( p less than 0.001 ) were detected among thrombocytopenic patients . Those patients whose thrombocytopenia was associated with neutropenia and /or anemia ( 14 cases , 2.1 % ) clearly differed from patients with isolated thrombocytopenia ( IT ) ( 58 cases , 8.8 % ) since they belonged to the more advanced groups of the CDC classification of HIV-related disorders , had lower CD4-positive lymphocyte counts , a higher frequency of cutaneous anergy , and less persistent thrombocytopenia . In the cohort of patients with persistent IT ( 47 cases ) , no single epidemiological or clinical data proved to correlate with the severity of thrombocytopenia . They did not differ significantly from anti-HIV-positive controls in their distribution among CDC groups , but the total lymphocyte and the CD4-positive lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in IT patients belonging to CDC group II ( p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.02 , respectively ) and III ( p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.005 , respectively ) compared with CDC group-matched controls ; after a median followup of one year , the two cohorts showed similar rates of progression to CDC Group IV We present the baseline results of a prospect i ve cohort study on the perinatal transmission of HIV-1 in Kigali , Rw and a.  HIV-1-antibody testing was offered to all women of urban origin delivering a live newborn at the maternity ward of the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali from November 1988 to June 1989 ; 218 newborns of 215 HIV-positive mothers were matched to 218 newborns of 216 HIV-negative mothers . The matching criteria were maternal age and parity . No differences in socioeconomic characteristics were observed between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women . HIV-positive mothers more frequently reported a history of at least one death of a previously born child ( P less than 0.01 ) and a history of abortion ( P less than 0.001 ) . Most of the HIV-positive women were asymptomatic , but 72.4 % of them had a CD4 ; CD8 ratio less than 1 versus 10.1 % in the HIV-negative group ( P less than 0.001 ) . The frequency of signs and symptoms was not statistically different in the two groups , except for a history of herpes zoster or chronic cough , which was more frequent among HIV-positive women . The rates of prematurity , low birth weight , congenital malformations and neonatal mortality were comparable in the two groups . However , infants of HIV-positive mothers had a mean birth weight 130 g lower than the infants of HIV-negative mothers ( P less than 0.01 ) . The impact of maternal HIV-1 infection on the infant seems limited during the neonatal period OBJECTIVE To investigate the infective morbidity in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women whose babies were delivered by Caesarean section . DESIGN A hospital based , prospect i ve study : part of a larger operational research project . SETTING Harare Maternity Hospital , a tertiary referral teaching hospital in Harare , Zimbabwe . SUBJECT 164 HIV-positive and 382 HIV-negative women who were delivered of their babies by Caesarean sections .  MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Minor and major infective complications . RESULTS The results compare HIV-positive and HIV-negative women , 18/164 ( 10.9 % ) HIV-positive women developed anaemia requiring blood transfusion compared with 15/382 ( 3.9 % ) HIV-negative women . The difference was statistically significant ( RR 3.05 ) . HIV-positive women had a statistically significant increase in the incidence of post operative fever ( RR 1.3 ) and wound sepsis/sinus ( p = 0.002 ) . CONCLUSION Our study indicates that HIV-positive women who were given prophylactic pre-operative antibiotics were at an increased risk of minor infective complications and blood transfusion post Caesarean section . The risk of blood transfusion was higher in women who had a pre-operative haemoglobin of 10.5 grams/dl . Post operative fever , wound sepsis and wound sinus was commoner in HIV-positive when compared to HIV-negative women OBJECTIVE : In view of recent suggestions that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection may protect against preeclampsia , this study was done to evaluate whether untreated HIV-positive pregnant women have a lower rate of preeclampsia-eclampsia than HIV-negative women . METHODS : Subjects for this study were pregnant women from Soweto , South Africa , who gave birth from March to December 2002 at midwife-run clinics or at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and in whom the HIV status was known . A sample size calculation indicated that 2,588 subjects would be required to show statistical significance at P < .05 with a power of 80 % for a reduction in the rate of preeclampsia from 8 % to 5 % with HIV seropositivity , assuming an HIV seroprevalence rate of 30 % . Data collection was by record review from r and omly selected patient files and birth registers . RESULTS : In the total sample of 2,600 women , 1,797 gave birth at the hospital and 803 at the midwife-run clinics . The HIV seroprevalence rate was 27.1 % . Hypertension was found in 17.3 % of women , with 5.3 % having preeclampsia- 
    Output:
    
The higher risk of intrauterine infections in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women may require targeted strategies involving the prophylactic use of antibiotics during labour .