***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE We evaluate the 6-month efficacy of Keep Active Minnesota , a phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention design ed for use with adults age 50 to 70 years who have increased their physical activity within the past year . METHOD Participants ( N=1049 ) recruited in 2004 and 2005 from one large managed-care organization in Minnesota were r and omly assigned to either treatment ( N=523 ) or usual care ( N=526 ) with physical activity assessed using the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors question naire , and expressed as kcal/week expenditures . RESULTS Total physical activity at baseline was similar for treatment and usual care participants ( p<0.44 ) as was moderate/vigorous physical activity ( p<0.21 ) . Maintenance of physical activity was higher among treatment participants whose mean 6-month change in total kcal/week energy expenditure was -91 , compared to -683 for usual care participants ( p<0.002 ) . Mean 6-month change in kcal/week expenditure in moderate or vigorous activities was -49 for treatment participants , compared to -612 for usual care participants ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS This phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention is efficacious at maintaining physical activity at 6 months BACKGROUND Psychosocial risk factors affected the human health both by autonomic , neuroendocrine and immunological mechanisms and by the influence on human lifestyle . Lack of social support can reflect the person 's lifestyle to more unhealthy . AIM To assess if low , compared to high social support level ( SSL ) , contributes to the unhealthy lifestyle in Polish general population . METHODS The r and om sample of Polish population of 6164 men and 6915 women , aged 20 - 74 , filled-in the  Berkman and Syme question naire  in 2003 - 2005 in the frame of National Multicenter Health Survey ( WOBASZ ) . RESULTS 31 % of men and 39 % of women had low SSL and they more often had high cardiovascular risk , depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk factors , especially women . Men and women with low SSL more often smoked cigarettes than those with high SSL , rarely try to quit smoking , made regular physical activity , and rarely self-measured their blood pressure . Additionally men more often drank alcohol ≥ 30.0 g/day . They also more often did not take the prescribed medication , although they bought them . Out of unhealthy elements , lack of regular physical activity and blood pressure self-measuring were significantly and independently associated with SSL in both genders and additionally smoking habit and lack of quit smoking in the past in women . CONCLUSIONS Persons with low SSL had more unhealthy lifestyle than those without . In Polish population the low SSL played a greater role in creating the cardiovascular risk in women than in men Examines types of social support that best predicts adherence at different time points during a 1-year endurance exercise program in 269 women and men ages 50 to 65 years . Results indicate that social support had similar effects on exercise participation for women and men , and support specific to exercise was a better predictor of exercise adherence than general social support . A preference for receiving a lesser amount of initial support from exercise staff was the strongest social support-related predictor of exercise adherence during the initial 6 months of the program . Support currently received from family and friends and exercise staff at Month 6 was found to be the strongest predictor of adherence during Months 7 to 12 . Format of exercise  was also a strong predictor of exercise adherence with home-based programs related to greater adherence . Additionally , divorced nonsmokers appear to be at increased risk for poor early exercise adherence and should be targeted in interventions to promote exercise participation A 6-month r and omized controlled trial examined the effect of walking and stretching/toning activity on changes in self-efficacy to overcome barriers and engage in incremental periods of activity in older , formerly sedentary adults ( N = 174 , Mage = 65.5 years ) . Additionally , we were interested in the extent to which social , affective , and behavioral influences contributed to self-efficacy at the end of the 6-month program . Multiple sample latent growth curve analyses revealed a nonsignificant curvilinear growth pattern for barriers efficacy with increases in efficacy occurring from base-line to 2 months and then declining at 4 and 6 months . In the case of efficacy related to continued activity participation , there was a significant growth pattern demonstrating declines in efficacy over the 4 time points . Structural modeling analyses revealed significant direct effects of physical activity , affect experienced during activity , and exercise social support on both types of self-efficacy . These relationships were not significantly different between modes of activity . The findings are discussed in terms of the need to target sources of efficacy information prior to program end and the implication s that such an approach might have for long-term maintenance of physical activity in older adults Objectives : Both loneliness and insufficient physical activity are common in old age . This study investigated the association between loneliness and adherence to recommended guidelines of physical activity in a national sample of Israelis , and examined whether loneliness was a risk factor for insufficient physical activity independent of other variables . Methods : A r and om sample of 1663 ( 799 men ) older adults aged 65 + reported their physical activity routine  , and based on official guidelines were categorized as sufficiently active , insufficiently active , and inactive . In addition , they were divided into lonely or not lonely based on a single question from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale . Results : Chi-square analyses indicated that loneliness , but not living alone , were inversely related to level of physical activity in both genders . Based on multinomial stepwise logistic regressions body mass index , being religious versus secular , self-rated health , and education were associated with engaging in physical activity in men ( Cox & Snell R 2 = 0.202 ) . Loneliness contributed significantly to explaining the level of participation in physical activity beyond these variables in women , but not in men ( Cox & Snell R 2 = 0.197 ) . Conclusions : Loneliness is associated with an increasing risk of inactivity in advanced age in women . Further research inquiring into whether loneliness is the cause of reduced physical activity or whether physical activity acts as a protective factor against loneliness is needed . Developing and implementing tailored intervention programs that encourage social interaction in combination with a physical activity program are recommended Background : Evidence on the association between social support and  leisure time physical activity ( LTPA ) is scarce and mostly based on cross-sectional data with different types of social support collapsed into a single index . The aim of this study was to investigate whether social support from the closest person was associated with LTPA . Methods : Prospect i ve cohort study of 5395 adults ( mean age 55.7 years , 3864 men ) participating in the British Whitehall II study .  Confiding/emotional support and practical support  were assessed at baseline in 1997–99 using the Close Persons Question naire .  LTPA was assessed at baseline and follow-up in ( 2002–04 ) . Baseline covariates included socio-demographics , self-rated health , long-st and ing illnesses , physical functioning and common mental disorders . Results : Among participants who reported recommended levels of LTPA at baseline , those who experienced high confiding/emotional support were more likely to report recommended levels of LTPA at follow-up [ odds ratio ( OR ) : 1.39 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.12–1.70 in a model adjusted for baseline covariates ] . Among those participants who did not meet the recommended target of LTPA at baseline , high confiding/emotional support was not associated with improvement in activity levels . High practical support was associated with both maintaining ( OR : 1.34 , 95 % CI : 1.10–1.63 ) and improving ( OR : 1.25 , 95 % CI : 1.02–1.53 ) LTPA levels . Conclusion : These findings suggest that emotional and practical support from the closest person may help the individual to maintain the recommended level of LTPA . Practical support also predicted a change towards a more active lifestyle PURPOSE Aging , in conjunction with decreasing physical activity , is associated with a range of health problems . Simple , low-maintenance , population -based means of promoting activity to counteract the age-associated decline are required . We therefore assessed the effect of pedometry and buddy support to increase physical activity . METHODS We undertook a clustered r and omized trial ( HKCTR-346 ) of 24 community centers involving 399 older Chinese participants ( ≥ 60 yr ) . Centers were r and omly allocated to 1 ) pedometry and buddy , 2 ) pedometry and no buddy , 3 ) no pedometry and buddy , and 4 ) no pedometry and no buddy with a 2 × 2 factorial design . The trial simultaneously tested the individual and combined effects of the interventions . The intervention groups also received monthly organized group activities to provide encouragement and support . Outcome measures were assessed at 6 and 12 months , including physical fitness and activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors ( anthropometry and blood pressure ) . RESULTS From the 24 centers , 356 volunteers ( 89.2 % ) completed the study . Those receiving the interventions had higher mean physical activity levels at 12 months of 1820 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1360 - 2290 ) and 1260 ( 95 % CI = 780 - 1740 ) MET·min·wk(-1 ) , respectively relative to the decrease in the control groups . The buddy peer support intervention  significantly improved mean aerobic fitness ( 12 % [ 95 % CI = 4%-21 % ] ) and reduced both body fat ( -0.6 % [ 95 % CI = -1.1 % to 0.0 % ] ) and time to complete the 2.5-m get-up- and -go test ( -0.27 [ 95 % CI = -0.53 to -0.01 ] s ) . No other improvements in the cardiovascular disease risk factors were observed . The combination of motivational tools was no better than the individual interventions . CONCLUSIONS Both motivational interventions increased physical activity levels , and the buddy style improved fitness . These tools could be useful adjuncts in the prevention of obesity and age-related complications Background The purpose was to conduct systematic review s of the relationship between physical activity of healthy community-dwelling older ( > 65 years ) adults and outcomes of  functional limitations , disability , or loss of independence .  Methods Prospect i ve cohort studies with an outcome related to functional independence or to cognitive function  were search ed , as well as exercise training interventions that reported a functional outcome . Electronic data base search strategies were used to identify citations which were screened ( title and abstract ) for inclusion . Included articles were review ed to complete st and ardized data extraction tables , and assess study quality . An established system of assessing the level and grade of evidence for recommendations was employed . Results Sixty-six studies met inclusion criteria for the relationship between physical activity and functional independence , and 34 were included with a cognitive function outcome . Greater physical activity of an aerobic nature ( categorized by a variety of methods ) was associated with higher functional status ( expressed by a host of outcome measures ) in older age . For functional independence , moderate ( and high ) levels of physical activity appeared effective in conferring a reduced risk ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) of functional limitations or disability . Limitation in higher level performance outcomes was reduced ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) with vigorous ( or high ) activity with an apparent dose-response of moderate through to high activity . Exercise training interventions ( including aerobic and resistance ) of older adults showed improvement in physiological and functional measures , and suggestion of longer-term reduction in incidence of mobility disability . A relatively high level of physical activity was related to better cognitive function and reduced risk of developing dementia ; however , there were mixed results of the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive function indices . Conclusions There is a consistency of findings across studies and a range of outcome measures related to functional independence ; regular aerobic activity and short-term exercise programmes confer a reduced risk of functional limitations and disability in older age . Although a precise characterization of a minimal or effective physical activity dose to maintain functional independence is difficult , it appears moderate to higher levels of activity are effective and there may be a threshold of at least moderate activity for significant outcomes BACKGROUND Many American adults remain sedentary despite many known health benefits . Research on the determinants of physical activity have indicated that social support is one of the strongest correlates , but little is known about this relation in important subgroups of middle and older-aged women . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the association of physical activity-related social support on several measures of physical activity in a national sample of minority women . A unique aspect of these measures is the inclusion of vigorous household tasks and occupational physical activities . METHODS The US Women 's Determinants Study was conducted in 1996 - 1997 . The survey was a modified-r and om sample , telephone survey of 2912 Black , Hispanic , American Indian/Alaskan Native , and White women age 40 and older . A composite score of  physical activity social support ( PASS ) was analyzed as the independent variable in logistic regression analyses . Four measures of physical activity levels served as the dependent variables . A separate analysis was done to distinguish PASS from friends versus PASS from relatives . The potential confounding effect of race/ethnicity , marital status , age , income and education were evaluated and adjusted in the models . RESULTS Hispanic women were more likely to have high PASS scores than the other racial/ethnic groups . Odds ratios indicate that subjects with high levels of PASS were significantly less likely to be sedentary than those with low support , even after adjusting for race/ethnicity . While there were significant associations among levels of social support and physical activity , this was not true for the measure of " regular exercise .  
    Output:
    
The results suggest that there is a positive association between SSPA and PA levels in older adults , especially when it comes from family members .
No clear associations were identified between general SS , SSPA from friends , or loneliness and PA levels .
When measured separately , leisure time PA ( LTPA ) was associated with SS in a greater percentage of studies than when a number of PA domains were measured together .
Conclusions The evidence surrounding the relationship between SS , or loneliness , and  PA in older adults suggests that people with greater SS for PA are more likely to do LTPA , especially when the SS comes from family members .