***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Fruit and vegetable consumption is traditionally low in Icel and . The results of the Pro Children cross-Europe survey showed that the consumption was lowest among children in Icel and . The aim of this study was to identify determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 11-year-old schoolchildren in Icel and . Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed in Icel and in the autumn of 2003 as a part of the Pro Children cross-Europe survey . The survey was design ed to provide information on actual consumption levels of vegetables and fruits by 11-year-old school children and to assess potential determinants of consumption patterns . A total of 1235 Icel and ic children ( 89 % ) from 32 r and omly chosen schools participated . Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to determine the explained variance of the children 's fruit and vegetable intake . In these analyses socio-demographic background variables were entered as a first block , perceived physical-environmental variables as a second block , perceived socio-environmental variables as a third block and personal variables as a fourth block . Results 64 % of the children ate fruit less than once a day , and 61 % ate vegetables less than once a day . Respectively , 31 % and 39 % of the variance in children 's fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the determinants studied . About 7 % and 13 % of the variance in fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the perceived physical-environmental determinants , mainly by availability at home . About 18 % and 16 % of the variance in fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the personal determinants . For both fruit and vegetable intake , the significant personal determinants were preferences , liking , knowledge of recommendations and self-efficacy . Conclusion Interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake among children should aim at both environmental factors such as greater availability of fruit and vegetables , and personal factors as self-efficacy and knowledge levels concerning nutrition Study objective : To examine associations between  food and nutrient intake , measured in childhood , and adult cancer in a cohort with over 60 years follow up . Design and setting : The study is based on the Boyd Orr cohort . Intake of fruit and vegetables , energy , vitamins C and E , carotene , and retinol was assessed from seven day household food inventories carried out during a study of family diet and health in 16 rural and urban areas of Engl and and Scotl and in 1937–39 . Participants : 4999 men and women , from largely working class background s , who had been children in the households participating in the pre-war survey . Analyses are based on 3878 traced subjects with full data on diet and social circumstances . Main results : Over the follow up period there were 483 incident malignant neoplasms . Increased childhood fruit intake was associated with reduced risk of incident cancer . In fully adjusted logistic regression models , odds ratios ( 95 % confidence intervals ) with increasing quartiles of fruit consumption were 1.0 ( reference ) , 0.66 ( 0.48 to 0.90 ) , 0.70 ( 0.51 to 0.97 ) , 0.62 ( 0.43 to 0.90 ) ; p value for linear trend=0.02 . The association was weaker for cancer mortality . There was no clear pattern of association between the other dietary factors and total cancer risk . Conclusions : Childhood fruit consumption may have a long term protective effect on cancer risk in adults . Further prospect i ve studies , with individual measures of diet are required to further eluci date these relations OBJECTIVE Guided by theory , this study explored cross-sectional differences in factors influencing adolescent eating behaviour including gender and socio-economic status ( SES ) , and subsequently tested the longitudinal predictive power of the models . DESIGN / SETTING /SUBJECTS Data were collected by question naires in a longitudinal study of adolescents ( age 13 years at baseline ) and their parents from Hordal and County , Norway . Association of personal and environmental variables ( family , friends , school/society ) with the consumption of fruit and vegetables ( FV ) and selected sources of fat and of sugar were assessed at age 15 The final cross-sectional models were subsequently employed in groups stratified by gender/SES and to predict consumption at age 21 RESULTS The model explained more of the variation in the sugar score ( 21 % ) and the FV score ( 13.5 % ) than in the fat score ( 5 % ) . SES was associated with both the sugar and FV scores . The strongest associations with the sugar score and FV were for antisocial behaviour and evaluation of own diet , respectively . The former association was significant in all gender/SES groups , whereas the latter association was only significant in the low SES groups . For all three types of food , the strongest significant predictors in the longitudinal models were frequency of consumption at age 15 . CONCLUSION The model 's ability to explain variation in eating behaviours differed by food type , and possibly by gender/SES , but previous eating behaviour was an important predictor for all three foods . Prospect i ve studies should carefully operationalize theoretical constructs when further investigating the influences of and interrelationships between these factors and gender/SES on the development of eating behaviours Objective : The present study aim ed at investigating the influence of food availability , rules and television viewing habits on eating behaviours  in adolescents . Design : Cross-sectional study . Setting : Four r and omly selected middle schools . Subjects : A sample of 534 seventh and eighth grade rs . Interventions : Vali date d question naires were used to measure the family environment and fat , soft drink and fruit consumption . Hierarchical regression analyses on fat , soft drink and fruit consumption , with demographic and psychosocial variables entered as the first and environmental factors as the second block were conducted in boys and girls . Results : Boys with more unhealthy products available at home consumed more fat ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : 8.2–29.4 ) and more soft drinks ( P⩽0.01 , 95 % CI : 0.2–1.4 ) . Boys who reported better television viewing habits ate more fruit ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : −1.7 to −0.5 ) . Girls who reported better television viewing habits consumed less fat ( P⩽0.01 , 95 % CI : 1.4–9.0 ) and more fruit ( P⩽0.05 , 95 % CI : −1.0 to −0.1 ) . Girls who reported higher availability of healthy products at home ( P⩽0.05 , 95 % CI : 0.3–3.1 ) and more food rules ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : −1.8 to −0.5 ) , consumed more fruit . Environmental factors were poor predictors of soft drink consumption among girls . Conclusion : Availability of (un)healthy food products , family food rules and TV viewing habits were related to one or more eating behaviours in boys or girls . Although home environmental factors can play an important role in influencing adolescents  ’ eating behaviours , these factors were generally less predictive than demographic and psychosocial variables . Sponsorship : Ghent University and Policy Research Centre Sport , Physical Activity and Health funded by the Flemish Government Background The first aim of the present study was to investigate differences in correlates of  vegetable intake  between the normal weight and the overweight boys in the Pro Children Cross Sectional Study . The second aim was to explore whether the association between vegetable intake and potential correlates is different in overweight boys compared with normal weight boys . Methods R and om sample s of mainly 11-year old children were recruited in 9 European countries . The total sample size consisted of 3960 boys ( 16.5 % overweight ) . A vali date d self-report question naire was used to measure vegetable intake , and personal , social and environmental factors related to vegetable intake in the classroom . Weight and height were reported by the parents of the children in parents ' question naires . Results Regression analyses explained 23 % to 28 % of the variance in vegetable intake by potential correlates . Liking , self-efficacy and bringing vegetables to school were related to intake in both normal weight and overweight boys ( β's>0.10 ) . Active parental encouragement and availability at home was only related to intake in overweight boys ( β's>0.10 ) , whereas knowledge about recommendations was only related to vegetable consumption in normal weight boys ( β>0.10 ) Conclusion Intervention strategies to increase vegetable intake should focus on increase in liking and preferences , increase in self-efficacy , and increase in bringing vegetables to school in both normal weight and overweight boys . Further research should investigate whether advising parents of overweight boys to encourage their child to eat vegetables every day , to insist as far as possible that their child eats vegetables regularly and to make vegetables easily available at home is effective in changing vegetable intake OBJECTIVE This paper identifies the anthropometric , parental , and psychosocial characteristics and meal practice s ( e.g. , breakfast skipping and number of meals and snacks consumed ) associated with consumption of total energy , percent energy from fat , fruit , 100 % fruit juice , vegetables , sweetened beverages , and water among 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES This study included 114 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls and a parent or primary caregiver . Girls and a parent or primary caregiver completed several dietary question naires . Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted with each girl . Height and weight were measured . Separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each dependent dietary variable ; potential field center differences were examined . RESULTS The number of meals and snacks consumed was correlated with energy intake . Lower BMI was related to higher vegetable consumption , and the number of snacks consumed was positively related to sweetened beverage consumption . Greater  low-fat food preparation practice  s reported by parents were related to lower consumption of fat as a percentage of total energy . DISCUSSION Dietary behavior differed across geographic areas . Low-fat food preparation practice s in the home seemed to be an important influence on the percentage of energy consumed from fat . Greater vegetable consumption was associated with lower BMI . Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain in African-American girls should encourage low-fat food preparation in the home and greater consumption of vegetables OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with the consumption of fruit and vegetables among 11-year-old schoolchildren in Belgium-Fl and ers and the Netherl and s. DESIGN In total , 2468 school children from 98 r and omly selected schools participated in a cross-sectional survey . VARIABLES MEASURED Frequency of fruit and vegetable intake  and potential personal , social and environmental correlates were measured by means of self-administered , school-based , written question naires . ANALYSIS Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess potential correlates of schoolchildren 's fruit and vegetable consumption . Separate analyses were conducted for boys and girls . RESULTS Bringing fruit to school , modeling behavior of parents and friends , parents dem and ing that their child eat fruit , knowledge about recommended intake levels , liking fruit , and self-efficacy to eat fruit were the strongest correlates of fruit intake . For vegetables , gender , parental dem and , parents facilitating the consumption of vegetables by cutting them for their child , modeling behavior of parents and friends , and preferences for vegetables emerged as strongest correlates . No substantial differences in significant correlates were found according to gender . The percentage of explained variance was 33.7 % for fruit and 28.4 % for vegetable intake . CONCLUSIONS Interventions need to be focused on personal ( taste preferences ) , social ( parental influences ) , and environmental factors ( availability ) OBJECTIVE To examine socio-demographic correlates of  dietary habits at 15 and 18 years . DESIGN First and second sweeps of a longitudinal survey , based on a two-stage stratified clustered r and om sample . SETTING Central Clydeside Conurbation , in the West of Scotl and . SUBJECTS A r and om sample of 1682 households containing 15-year-olds was approached by Strathclyde Regional Council , 70 % of whom agreed to have their names passed on to the MRC . 1009 ( 86 % ) of this target sample were interviewed at baseline . 908 ( 90 % ) were re-interviewed at age 18 . Analyses are restricted to respondents who took part in both data collection sweeps . MEASURES Questions on meal patterns and food choices were included in the interviews : self-complete question naires included a dietary inventory . Social class was measured by reference to the head of household at baseline : information on own labour market position and place of residence was obtained at 18 . RESULTS At 18 there was clear differentiation in food choices and meal patterns according to sex and both parental social class and own current labour market position . Controlling for class , dietary habits at 15 were independently related to future labour market position . Overall changes in eating habits between 15 and 18 were slight , though females were more likely to have increased consumption of foods consistent with current recommendations , while the un/non-employed reduced their consumption of a midday meal . CONCLUSIONS Dietary habits are established in mid-teens and closely associated with lifestyle , facts which need to be taken into consideration in design ing effective nutrition education programmes OBJECTIVES To examine the food patterns and diet quality of elementary schoolchildren in New York State ( outside of New York City ) and to determine sociodemographic characteristics correlated with diet quality . DESIGN A nonquantitative 24-hour recall administered to students and a brief question naire completed by parents . SAMPLE 1,797 second and fifth grade rs ( 51 % of those asked ) in 51 r and omly selected schools ( 46 % of those asked ) in New York State outside of New York City . STATISTICAL ANALYSES Multiple regression analyses , chi 2 , and t tests 
    Output:
    
RESULTS  Parental modelling and parental intake  were consistently and positively associated with children 's fruit and fruit , juice and vegetable ( FJV ) consumption .
There were also positive associations between home availability , family rules and parental encouragement and children 's fruit and vegetable consumption .
Parental intake was positively associated with adolescents ' fruit and vegetable consumption .
There were also positive associations between parental occupational status and adolescent fruit consumption and between parental education and adolescents ' FJV consumption .