***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Patients with esophageal cancer who receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy  are restaged with computed tomography ( CT ) , endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration ( EUS-FNA ) , and integrated positron emission computed tomography ( FDG-PET/CT ) , and the results affect treatment . METHODS This is a prospect i ve trial on a consecutive series of patients who had initial chest , abdomen , and pelvis CT scan ; EUS-FNA ; and fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG)-integrated PET/CT ; neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ; repeat staging tests ; pathologic staging ; and , if appropriate ,  resection with lymphadenectomy .  The primary objective was to assess the accuracy of these 3 tests in restaging patients after  neoadjuvant therapy .  RESULTS There were 48 patients ( 41 men ) , and 41 underwent Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy with lymphadenectomy .  The accuracy of each test for distinguishing pathologic T4 from T1 to T3 disease is 76 % , 80 % , and 80 % for CT scan , EUS-FNA and FDG-PET/CT , respectively . The accuracy for nodal disease was 78 % , 78 % , and 93 % for CT scan , EUS-FNA and FDG-PET/CT , respectively ( P = .04 ) . FDG-PET/CT correctly identified M1b disease in 4 patients , falsely suggested it in 4 patients , and missed it in 2 patients , whereas for CT , it was 3 , 3 , and 3 patients . Fifteen ( 31 % ) patients were complete responders , and FDG-PET/CT accurately predicted complete response in 89 % compared with 67 % for EUS-FNA ( P = .045 ) and 71 % for CT ( P = .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS FDG-PET/CT is more accurate than EUS-FNA and CT scan for predicting nodal status and complete responders after neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal cancer .  FDG-PET/CT and CT alone provide targets for biopsy , but results are often falsely positive Objective : To evaluate the utility of 18F-FDG-PET in predicting response to concomitant chemoradiation in locally-advanced esophageal cancer . Summary Background Data : Approximately 25 % of esophageal cancer patients experience a  pathologic complete response ( pCR ) to preoperative chemoradiation therapy .  Computed tomography , endoscopy , and endoscopic ultrasound are unable to identify patients experiencing a pCR . Growing evidence supports the use of 18F-FDG-PET in the staging of esophageal cancer in its ability to detect occult metastatic and lymph nodal disease . The identification of patients with a pCR to chemoradiation could potentially spare those patients the morbidity associated with a resection . Methods : Eligibility criteria included T3-T4N0M0 or T1-T4N1M0 esophageal cancer . Patients underwent an initial 18F-FDG-PET before treatment and then repeated 4 to 6 weeks after chemoradiation , prior to the esophagectomy . Chemoradiation consisted of : cisplatinum , 5-fluorouracil , and radiation to a median dose of 50.4 Gy . Pathologic response was determined from a systematic review of the esophagectomy specimens . Results : Sixty-four patients have completed therapy to date . Response was as follows : pCR 27 % , pathologic residual microscopic ( pCRmicro ) 14.5 % , partial response 19 % , and stable or progressive disease 39.5 % . A pretreatment st and ardized uptake value ( SUVmax1hour ) ≥15 was associated with an observed 77.8 % significant response ( pCR + pCRmicro ) compared with 24.2 % for patients with a pretreatment SUVmax1hour < 15 ( P = 0.005 ) . Significant response was observed in 71.4 % of patients with a decrease in SUVmax1hour ≥10 compared with 33.3 % when the SUVmax1hour decreased < 10 ( P = 0.004 ) . Conclusions : Pretreatment and posttreatment 18F-FDG-PET can be useful for predicting significant response to chemoradiation in esophageal cancer . These data should be considered in evaluation of patients for esophagectomy after chemoradiation PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of 18Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ( FDG-PET ) for predicting a pathologic response in locally advanced esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy . METHODS AND MATERIAL S All enrolled patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy and underwent two FDG-PET scans , before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy . We compared the results of the preoperative FDG-PET scans with the pathologic results . RESULTS From July 2001 to July 2004 , 32 patients ( 29 men and 3 women ) were enrolled in this study .  Pathologic complete response ( pCR ) in the esophagus was achieved in 21 of 32 patients ( 66 % ) . The sensitivity , specificity , positive predictive value ( PPV ) , and negative predictive value ( NPV ) in the primary tumors of the preoperative FDG-PET were 27 % , 95 % , 75 % , and 71 % , respectively . In regional lymph nodes , these values were 16 % , 98 % , 36 % , and 93 % , respectively . The mean st and ardized uptake value ( SUV ) of primary tumors was initially 5.6 + /- 3.6 and changed to 1.5 + /- 1.3 after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ( p < 0.05 ) . If analysis of metabolic response ( SUV decrease , DeltaSUV ) was limited to initially highly metabolic primary tumors ( SUV > or = 4.0 ) , pathologic response was correlated with metabolic response ( p = 0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the pathologic response of an initially highly metabolic tumor after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy could be correlated with the metabolic response , and FDG-PET can provide additional information on tumor response to chemoradiotherapy 
    Output:
    
FDG-PET is more precise compared with computed tomography in the evaluation of induction therapy response assessment .
CONCLUSION FDG-PET seems to be the best available imaging modality for neoadjuvant therapy response assessment in esophageal cancer .