***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To assess the effects of mental fatigue on physical and technical performance in small-sided soccer games . METHODS Twenty soccer players ( age 17.8 ± 1.0 y , height 179 ± 5 cm , body mass 72.4 ± 6.8 kg , playing experience 8.3 ± 1.4 y ) from an Australian National Premier League soccer club volunteered to participate in this r and omized crossover investigation . Participants played 15-min 5-vs-5 small-sided games ( SSGs ) without goal keepers on 2 occasions separated by 1 wk . Before the SSG , 1 team watched a 30-min emotionally neutral documentary ( control ) , while the other performed 30 min of a computer-based Stroop task ( mental fatigue ) .  Subjective ratings of mental and physical fatigue were recorded before and after treatment and after the SSG . Motivation was assessed before treatment and SSG ; mental effort was assessed after treatment and SSG . Player activity profiles and heart rate ( HR ) were measured throughout the SSG , whereas ratings of perceived exertion ( RPEs ) were recorded before the SSG and immediately after each half . Video recordings of the SSG allowed for notational analysis of technical variables . RESULTS Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were higher after the Stroop task , whereas motivation for the upcoming SSG was similar between conditions . HR during the SSG was possibly higher in the control condition , whereas RPE was likely higher in the mental-fatigue condition . Mental fatigue had an unclear effect on most physical-performance variables but impaired most technical-performance variables . CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue impairs technical but not physical performance in small-sided soccer games Purpose Given the important role of the brain in regulating endurance performance , this comparative study sought to determine whether professional road cyclists have superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue compared to recreational road cyclists . Methods After preliminary testing and familiarization , eleven professional and nine recreational road cyclists visited the lab on two occasions to complete a modified incongruent colour-word Stroop task ( a cognitive task requiring inhibitory control ) for 30 min ( mental exertion condition ) , or an easy cognitive task for 10 min ( control condition ) in a r and omized , counterbalanced cross-over order . After each cognitive task , participants completed a 20-min time trial on a cycle ergometer . During the time trial , heart rate , blood lactate concentration , and rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) were recorded . Results The professional cyclists completed more correct responses during the Stroop task than the recreational cyclists ( 705±68 vs 576±74 , p = 0.001 ) . During the time trial , the recreational cyclists produced a lower mean power output in the mental exertion condition compared to the control condition ( 216±33 vs 226±25 W , p = 0.014 ) . There was no difference between conditions for the professional cyclists ( 323±42 vs 326±35 W , p = 0.502 ) . Heart rate , blood lactate concentration , and RPE were not significantly different between the mental exertion and control conditions in both groups . Conclusion The professional cyclists exhibited superior performance during the Stroop task which is indicative of stronger inhibitory control than the recreational cyclists . The professional cyclists also displayed a greater resistance to the negative effects of mental fatigue as demonstrated by no significant differences in perception of effort and time trial performance between the mental exertion and control conditions . These findings suggest that inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue may contribute to successful road cycling performance . These psychobiological characteristics may be either genetic and /or developed through the training and lifestyle of professional road cyclists It has been shown that the mental fatigue induced by prolonged self-regulation increases perception of effort and reduces performance during subsequent endurance exercise . However , the physiological mechanisms underlying these negative effects of mental fatigue are unclear . The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that mental fatigue exacerbates central fatigue induced by whole-body endurance exercise . Twelve subjects performed 30 min of either an incongruent Stroop task to induce a condition of mental fatigue or a congruent Stroop task ( control condition ) in a r and om and counterbalanced order . Both cognitive tasks ( CTs ) were followed by a whole-body endurance task ( ET ) consisting of 6 min of cycling exercise at 80 % of peak power output measured during a preliminary incremental test . Neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed before and after CT , and after ET . Rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) was measured during ET . Both CTs did not induce any decrease in maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) torque ( p = 0.194 ) . During ET , mentally fatigued subjects reported higher RPE ( mental fatigue 13.9 ± 3.0 , control 13.3 ± 3.2 , p = 0.044 ) . ET induced a similar decrease in MVC torque ( mental fatigue –17 ± 15 % , control –15 ± 11 % , p = 0.001 ) , maximal voluntary activation level ( mental fatigue –6 ± 9 % , control –6 ± 7 % , p = 0.013 ) and resting twitch ( mental fatigue –30 ± 14 % , control –32 ± 10 % , p < 0.001 ) in both conditions . These findings reject our hypothesis and confirm previous findings that mental fatigue does not reduce the capacity of the central nervous system to recruit the working muscles . The negative effect of mental fatigue on perception of effort does not reflect a greater development of either central or peripheral fatigue . Consequently , mentally fatigued subjects are still able to perform maximal exercise , but they are experiencing an altered performance during submaximal exercise due to higher-than-normal perception of effort This study examined the effects of a self-talk intervention on selective attention in a state of ego depletion . Participants were 62 undergraduate students with a mean age of 20.02 years ( SD = 1.17 ) . The experiment was conducted in four consecutive sessions . Following baseline assessment , participants were r and omly assigned into experimental and control groups . A two-session training was conducted for the two groups , with the experimental group using self-talk . In the final assessment , participants performed a selective attention test , including visual and auditory components , following a task inducing a state of ego depletion . The analysis showed that participants of the experimental group achieved a higher percentage of correct responses on the visual test and produced faster reaction times in both the visual and the auditory test compared with participants of the control group . The results of this study suggest that the use of self-talk can benefit selective attention for participants in states of ego depletion Background Exposure to smoking-related cues leads to increased urge to smoke in regular cigarette smokers and resisting these urges requires considerable self-control . Purpose Adopting a re source depletion model , two studies tested the hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes self-control re sources . Methods Adopting a within- participants r and omized cross-over design , participants ( study 1 , N = 19 ; study 2 , N = 32 ) were exposed to smoking-related ( study 1 : smoking images ; study 2 : cigarette cue-exposure task ) and neutral ( study 1 : neutral images ; study 2 : drinking-straw task ) cues with presentation order r and omized . After each cue set , participants completed self-control tasks ( study 1 : h and grip task ; study 2 : h and grip and Stroop tasks ) , performance on which constituted dependent measures of self-control . Results Self-control task performance was significantly impaired when exposed to smoking-related cues compared to neutral cues . No significant presentation-order effects , or interaction effects between stimulus and presentation order , were found . Conclusions Findings corroborate our hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes cigarette smokers ’ self-control re sources and suggests that self-control capacity is governed by a limited re source The limited re source or strength model of self-control posits that the use of self-regulatory re sources leads to depletion and poorer performance on subsequent self-control tasks . We conducted four studies ( two with community sample s , two with young adult sample s ) utilizing a frequently used depletion procedure ( crossing out letters protocol ) and the two most frequently used dependent measures of  self-control ( h  and  grip perseverance and modified Stroop ) . In each study , participants completed a  baseline self-control measure ,  a  depletion or control task  ( r and omized ) , and then the same measure of self-control  a second time . There was no evidence for significant depletion effects in any of these four studies . The null results obtained in four attempts to replicate using strong method ological approaches may indicate that depletion has more limited effects than implied by prior publications . We encourage further efforts to replicate depletion ( particularly among community sample s ) with full disclosure of positive and negative results Prior investigations have shown measurable performance impairments on continuous physical performance tasks when preceded by a cognitively fatiguing task . However , the effect of cognitive fatigue on bodyweight resistance training exercise task performance is unknown . In the current investigation 18 amateur athletes completed a full body exercise task preceded by either a cognitive fatiguing or control intervention . In a r and omized repeated measure design , each participant completed the same exercise task preceded by a 52 min cognitively fatiguing intervention ( vigilance ) or control intervention ( video ) . Data collection sessions were separated by 1 week . Participants rated the fatigue intervention with a significantly higher workload compared to the control intervention ( p < 0.001 ) . Additionally , participants self-reported significantly greater energetic arousal for cognitively fatiguing task ( p = 0.02 ) . Cognitive fatigue did not significantly impact number of repetitions completed during the exercise task ( p = 0.77 ) ; however , when cognitively fatigued , participants had decreased percent time-on-task ( 57 % ) relative to the no fatigue condition ( 60 % ; p = 0.04 ) . RPE significantly changed over time ( p < 0.001 ) , but failed to show significant differences between the cognitive fatigue intervention and control intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . There was no statistical difference for heart rate or metabolic expenditure as a function of fatigue intervention during exercise . Cognitively fatigued athletes have decreased time-on-task in bodyweight resistance training exercise tasks This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ( " Shifting " ) , information updating and monitoring ( " Updating " ) , and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")- and their roles in complex " frontal lobe " or " executive " tasks . One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks : the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ( WCST ) , Tower of Hanoi ( TOH ) , r and om number generation ( RNG ) , operation span , and dual tasking .  Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another , but are clearly separable . Moreover , structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks . Specifically , WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting , TOH to Inhibition , RNG to Inhibition and Updating , and operation span to Updating . Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions . These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to study ing the organization and roles of executive functions The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a self-regulatory strength depletion manipulation on performance of a physical endurance ( isometric h and grip ) task . In addition , the effect of depletion on EMG activity in the working forearm muscles during the endurance task was explored . Sedentary undergraduates ( N=49 ) were r and omly assigned to either a cognitive depletion condition ( modified Stroop task ) or a control ( color word ) group and completed two maximal isometric exercise endurance trials separated by the cognitive task . Participants in the depletion group showed significant ( p<.05 ) degradations in performance and exhibited higher EMG activation on the second endurance trial ( p<.05 ) compared to controls . Results are consistent with the limited strength model of self-regulation and are interpreted in light of the central fatigue hypothesis Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by prolonged periods of dem and ing cognitive activity . Although the impact of mental fatigue on cognitive and skilled performance is well known , its effect on physical performance has not been thoroughly investigated . In this r and omized crossover study , 16 subjects cycled to exhaustion at 80 % of their peak power output after 90 min of a dem and ing cognitive task ( mental fatigue ) or 90 min of watching emotionally neutral documentaries ( control ) . After experimental treatment , a mood question naire revealed a state of mental fatigue ( P = 0.005 ) that significantly reduced time to exhaustion ( 640 + /- 316 s ) compared with the control condition ( 754 + /- 339 s ) ( P = 0.003 ) . This negative effect was not mediated by cardiorespiratory and musculoenergetic factors as physiological responses to intense exercise remained largely unaffected . Self-reported success and intrinsic motivation related to the physical task were also unaffected by prior cognitive activity . However , mentally fatigued subjects rated perception of effort during exercise to be significantly higher compared with the control condition ( P = 0.007 ) . As ratings of perceived exertion increased similarly over time in both conditions ( P < 0.001 ) , mentally fatigued subjects reached their maximal level of perceived exertion and disengaged from the physical task earlier than in the control condition . In conclusion , our study provides experimental evidence that mental fatigue limits exercise tolerance in humans through higher perception of effort rather than cardiorespiratory and musculoenergetic mechanisms . Future research in this area should investigate the common neurocognitive re sources shared by physical and mental activity Purpose M 
    Output:
    
Findings demonstrate that cognitive exertion  has a negative effect on subsequent physical performance that is not due to chance and suggest that previous meta- analysis results may have underestimated the overall effect