***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Relatively little research attention has been given to the development of st and ardised and psychometrically sound scales for measuring influences relevant to the utilisation of health services . This study aims to describe the development , validation and internal reliability of some existing and new scales to measure factors that are likely to influence utilisation of preventive care services provided by general practitioners in Australia . Methods Relevant domains of influence were first identified from a literature review and formative research . Items were then generated by using and adapting previously developed scales and published findings from these . The new items and scales were pre-tested and qualitative feedback was obtained from a convenience sample of citizens from the community and a panel of experts . Principal Components Analyses ( PCA ) and internal reliability testing ( Cronbach 's alpha ) were then conducted for all of the newly adapted or developed scales utilising data collected from a self-administered mailed survey sent to a r and omly selected population -based sample of 381 individuals ( response rate 65.6 per cent ) . Results The PCA identified five scales with acceptable levels of internal consistency were : ( 1 ) social support ( ten items ) , alpha 0.86 ; ( 2 ) perceived interpersonal care ( five items ) , alpha 0.87 , ( 3 ) concerns about availability of health care and accessibility to health care ( eight items ) , alpha 0.80 , ( 4 ) value of good health ( five items ) , alpha 0.79 , and ( 5 ) attitudes towards health care ( three items ) , alpha 0.75 . Conclusion The five scales are suitable for further development and more widespread use in research aim ed at underst and ing the determinants of preventive health services utilisation among adults in the general population OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between age , race , ethnicity , education , insurance coverage , and income and use of  cancer screening services .  METHODS We used a population -based sample ( N=1863 ) from a community r and omized intervention study that took place in eastern Washington State . RESULTS Pap testing was directly associated with having public health insurance ( vs private coverage ) , and having a high income ( > $ 35,000 vs < or = $ 15,000 ) . Having Medicare coverage was predictive of having had a  mammogram or sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy screening  , but not an FOBT . CONCLUSIONS Our findings may reflect age-dependent factors that influence access to health care OBJECTIVE Hispanic women who reside in low-re source setting s are especially at risk for nonparticipation in cancer screening programs . The purpose of this study was to assess characteristics that influence breast and cervical cancer screening among older Hispanic women living along the United States-Mexico border . METHODS A cross-sectional study of women aged ≥50 years ( n = 504 ) residing in Yuma County , Arizona , were r and omly selected for interviews . Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify determinants of compliance with  mammography  and Pap smear use . RESULTS Women who received a recommendation from a clinician to get both mammography and Pap smears were more likely to receive a mammogram within the past year ( adjusted odds ratio [ AOR ] 5.1 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 3.0 - 8.9 ) compared to women who received no recommendation . Likewise , women who received both recommendations were more likely to receive a Pap smear within the past 3 years ( AOR 9.7 , 95 % CI 4.6 - 20.7 ) compared to women who received no recommendation . Other factors , such as current health insurance and a visit with their healthcare provider in the past year , were also associated with getting a mammogram within 1 year or Pap smear within 3 years . CONCLUSIONS Enabling characteristics were significantly associated with breast and cervical cancer screening use compared to predisposing and need characteristics among older Hispanic women residing near the U.S.-Mexico border .  Clinician recommendation of both mammograms and Pap smears and opportunistic clinic visits to medical providers may increase breast and cervical cancer screening coverage and reduce the burden of these two cancers in this high-risk population 
    Output:
    
The most consistent findings were that income and education were associated with screening .
Conclusions : Financial barriers and social characteristics were significant predictors of mammography in these studies , which were composed almost exclusively of low-income Latinas .
These findings are similar to those found in other population s of low-income women and therefore are not likely unique to Latinas .
Implication s for Practice : It is likely that there is little difference between poor Latinas and other population s of poor , non-English-speaking women in barriers and facilitators to mammography