***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in foods such as tea , chocolate , red wine , fruit , and vegetables . Higher intakes of specific flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods have been linked to reduced mortality from specific vascular diseases and cancers . However , the importance of flavonoids in preventing all-cause mortality remains uncertain . OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore the association between flavonoid intake and risk of 5-y mortality from all causes by using 2 comprehensive food composition data bases to assess flavonoid intake . DESIGN The study population included 1063 r and omly selected women aged > 75 y.  All-cause , cancer , and cardiovascular mortalities were assessed over 5 y of follow-up through the Western Australia Data Linkage System . Two estimates of  flavonoid  intake ( total flavonoidUSDA and total flavonoidPE ) were determined by using food composition data from the USDA and the Phenol-Explorer ( PE ) data bases , respectively . RESULTS During the 5-y follow-up period , 129 ( 12 % ) deaths were documented . Participants with high total flavonoid intake were at lower risk [ multivariate-adjusted HR ( 95 % CI ) ] of 5-y all-cause mortality than those with low total flavonoid consumption [ total flavonoidUSDA : 0.37 ( 0.22 , 0.58 ) ; total flavonoidPE : 0.36 ( 0.22 , 0.60 ) ] . Similar beneficial relations were observed for both cardiovascular disease mortality [ total flavonoidUSDA : 0.34 ( 0.17 , 0.69 ) ; flavonoidPE : 0.32 ( 0.16 , 0.61 ) ] and cancer mortality [ total flavonoidUSDA : 0.25 ( 0.10 , 0.62 ) ; flavonoidPE : 0.26 ( 0.11 , 0.62 ) ] . CONCLUSIONS Using the most comprehensive flavonoid data bases , we provide evidence that high consumption of flavonoids is associated with reduced risk of mortality  in older women . The benefits of flavonoids may extend to the etiology of cancer and cardiovascular disease Flavonols , flavanones and flavones ( FLAV ) are sub-classes of flavonoids that exert cardioprotective and anti-carcinogenic properties in vitro and in vivo . We aim ed to estimate the FLAV dietary intake , their food sources and associated lifestyle factors in ten European countries participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study .  FLAV intake and their food sources for 36 037 subjects , aged between 35 and 74 years , in twenty-seven study centres were obtained using st and ardised 24 h dietary recall software ( EPIC-SOFT ) . An ad hoc food composition data base on FLAV was compiled using data from US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer data bases and was exp and ed using recipes , estimations and flavonoid retention factors in order to increase its correspondence with the 24 h dietary recall . Our results showed that the highest FLAV-consuming centre was the UK health-conscious group , with 130·9 and 97·0 mg/d for men and women , respectively . The lowest FLAV intakes were 36·8 mg/d in men from Umeå and 37·2 mg/d in women from Malmö ( Sweden ) . The flavanone sub-class was the main contributor to the total FLAV intake ranging from 46·6 to 52·9 % depending on the region . Flavonols ranged from 38·5 to 47·3 % and flavones from 5·8 to 8·6 % . FLAV intake was higher in women , non-smokers , increased with level of education and physical activity . The major food sources were citrus fruits and citrus-based juices ( especially for flavanones ) , tea , wine , other fruits and some vegetables . We concluded that the present study shows heterogeneity in intake of these three sub-classes of flavonoids across European regions and highlights differences by sex and other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors BACKGROUND The association of the polyphenol content of human diet with pulmonary function is not yet fully understood . This study aims at evaluating the association of polyphenol consumption with lung function in a novel holistic approach . METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 4551 women and 5108 men ( age ≥35 years ) from the Moli-sani study was performed . Participants were r and omly recruited from the general population . The EPIC-FFQ was used for the dietary assessment . Polyphenol intakes were calculated using Eurofir-eBASIS , and a polyphenol antioxidant content ( PAC ) score was constructed to assess the total content of the diet in these nutrients . Pulmonary function maneuvers were performed , and the forced vital capacity ( FVC ) and forced expiratory volume in the first second ( FEV1 ) were measured ; FVC% predicted and FEV1 % predicted were computed using the European Community of Coal and Steel prediction equations that included height and age . RESULTS In both genders , in age , height , and energy intake adjusted models , the majority of classes of polyphenols ( mg/day ) showed a positive association with FEV1 , FVC , FEV1 % predicted , and FVC% predicted ( β-coef > 0 , P < .05 ) . Associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors in most cases ( β-coef > 0 , P < .05 ) . The PAC score was associated in both genders with an increase in pulmonary function parameters ( β-coef > 0 , P < .05 ) . The inclusion of white blood cell ( WBC ) counts in the multivariate model reduced the association in men but not in women . . CONCLUSIONS A higher overall polyphenol content of human diet was associated with better pulmonary function in a general population . The association might be partially mediated by WBC in men OBJECTIVES The effect of the polyphenol content of the human diet on mortality risk is not yet fully understood . The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of a polyphenol-rich diet with mortality rate and a possible mediation effect by inflammation , in what we believe to be a novel , holistic approach . METHODS We analyzed 21 302 participants ( 10 980 women and 10 322 men , aged ≥35 y ) from the Moli-sani cohort . The participants were followed up for a median of 8.3 y. The European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition food frequency question naire ( FFQ ) was used for dietary assessment . Flavonol , flavone , flavanone , flavanol , anthocyanin , isoflavone , and lignan intakes were calculated using European Food Information Re source -Bioactive Substances in Food Information Systems and the polyphenol antioxidant content (PAC)-score was constructed to assess the total content of these nutrients in the diet . RESULTS Participants included in the highest quintile of intake of various polyphenol classes and subclasses presented a significant lower all-cause mortality risk compared with those in the lowest group of consumption ( hazard ratio [ HR ] < 1 ; P < 0.05 ) . Cox regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders indicated that participants in higher quintiles of PAC-score had lower all-cause mortality risk ( HR < 1 ; P < 0.05 ) . When cause-specific mortality rates were considered , similar effects were observed for cardiocerebrovascular and cancer mortality ( HR < 1 ; P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The polyphenol content of the diet was associated with reduced mortality risk in a Mediterranean population , possibly through an antiinflammatory mechanism BACKGROUND Flavonoids are plant-based phytochemicals with cardiovascular protective properties . Few studies have comprehensively examined flavonoid classes in relation to cardiovascular disease mortality . OBJECTIVE We examined the association between flavonoid intake and  cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) mortality among participants in a large , prospect i ve US cohort . DESIGN In 1999 , a total of 38,180 men and 60,289 women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort with a mean age of 70 and 69 y , respectively , completed question naires on medical history and lifestyle behaviors  , including a 152-item food-frequency question naire . Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate multivariate-adjusted hazard RRs and 95 % CIs for associations between total flavonoids , 7 flavonoid classes , and CVD mortality . RESULTS During 7 y of follow-up , 1589 CVD deaths in men and 1182 CVD  deaths in women occurred . Men and women with total flavonoid intakes in the top ( compared with the bottom ) quintile had a lower risk of fatal CVD ( RR : 0.82 ; 95 % CI : 0.73 , 0.92 ; P-trend = 0.01 ) . Five flavonoid classes-anthocyanidins , flavan-3-ols , flavones , flavonols , and proanthocyanidins-were individually associated with lower risk of fatal CVD ( all P-trend < 0.05 ) . In men , total flavonoid intakes were more strongly associated with stroke mortality ( RR : 0.63 ; 95 % CI : 0.44 , 0.89 ; P-trend = 0.04 ) than with ischemic heart disease ( RR : 0.90 ; 95 % CI : 0.72 , 1.13 ) . Many associations appeared to be nonlinear , with lower risk at intakes above the referent category . CONCLUSIONS Flavonoid consumption was associated with lower risk of death from CVD . Most inverse associations appeared with intermediate intakes , suggesting that even relatively small amounts of flavonoid-rich foods may be beneficial Background : Flavonoids exert anti-inflammatory properties and modulate oxidative stress in vitro , suggesting a protective effect on lung function , but epidemiological studies examining this association are scarce . Methods : A stratified r and om sample was drawn from the GA2LEN screening survey , in which 55,000 adults aged 15 to 75 answered a question naire on respiratory symptoms . Post-bronchodilator spirometry was obtained from 2850 subjects .  Forced vital capacity ( FVC ) , the ratio between the forced exhaled volume in 1 second ( FEV1 ) and FVC ( FEV1/FVC ) , FVC below lower limit of normal ( FVC < LLN ) , and FEV1/FVC < LLN were calculated . Intake of the six main subclasses of flavonoids was estimated using the GA2LEN Food Frequency Question naire . Adjusted associations between outcomes and each subclass of flavonoids were examined with multivariate regressions . Simes ’ procedure was used to test for multiple comparisons . Results : A total of 2599 subjects had valid lung function and dietary data . A lower prevalence of FVC < LLN ( airway restriction ) was observed in those with higher total flavonoid ( adjusted odds ratio ( aOR ) , higher vs. lowest quintile intake 0.58 ; 95 % Confidence Interval ( CI ) 0.36 , 0.94 ) , and pro-anthocyanidin intakes ( aOR 0.47 ; 95 % CI 0.27 , 0.81 ) . A higher FEV1/FVC was associated with higher intakes of total flavonoids and pro-anthocyanidins ( adjusted correlation coefficient ( a β-coeff 0.33 ; 0.10 , 0.57 and a β-coeff 0.44 ; 95 % CI 0.19 , 0.69 , respectively ) . After Simes ’ procedure , the statistical significance of each of these associations was attenuated but remained below 0.05 , with the exception of total flavonoids and airway restriction . Conclusions : This population -based study in European adults provides cross-sectional evidence of a positive association of total flavonoid intake and  pro-anthocyanidins  and ventilatory function , and a negative association with spirometric restriction in European adults Background / Objectives : The objective of this study is to extract and assess data on the dietary intake of flavonoids and lignans in a healthy free-living Mediterranean population , using newly up date d harmonized European Union food composition data . This work also aim ed at analyzing in a holistic way the total content of the diet in major classes of polyphenols . Subjects/ Methods : Six thous and nine hundred and eighty-one men and 7048 women ( aged ⩾35years ) of the Moli-sani cohort , r and omly recruited from the general population , were analyzed . The European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer ( EPIC ) and Nutrition-Food Frequency Question naire was used for dietary assessment . The polyphenol content of each food group was evaluated using Eurofir BioActive Substances in Food Information System and the United States Department of Agriculture food composition tables ( FCTs ) , when data were missing . Flavonol , flavone , flavanone , flavanol , anthocyanin , isoflavone and lignan intakes  were calculated and polyphenol antioxidant content ( PAC ) score ( −28 , 28 ) constructed , to assess the total content of the diet in these nutrients . Results : Seasonal and citrus fruits , leafy , grain , pod and root vegetables , and onions and garlic accounted for different proportions ( 11–70 % ) of the total intake of different polyphenols . Within the Moli-sani population , men or older , 
    Output:
    
Total flavonoids and specific subclasses , but not total polyphenols , have been apparently associated with a low risk of diabetes , cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality .