***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the effects of an 8-week exercise intervention on aerobic fitness , and roid and gynoid fat mass , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . Twenty-four sedentary participants ( average BMI = 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ; 18 females , 6 males ) were r and omized into either interval training and diet education ( INT group ) , continuous aerobic exercise and diet education ( CON group ) , or diet education only ( DIET group ) . Duration s of exercise sessions were similar ( ∼30 minutes ) , with both exercise groups completing the same amount of work . The INT and CON groups demonstrated significant improvements over time for ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 , ES = 1.1 and 1.2 , respectively ) and time to exhaustion on a grade d exercise test ( p < 0.01 and ES = 0.8 for both groups ) . Further , a large effect size ( 0.7 ) was recorded for the loss in and roid fat mass over time in the INT group only Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform Background — Exercise training reduces the symptoms of chronic heart failure . Which exercise intensity yields maximal beneficial adaptations is controversial . Furthermore , the incidence of chronic heart failure increases with advanced age ; it has been reported that 88 % and 49 % of patients with a first diagnosis of chronic heart failure are > 65 and > 80 years old , respectively . Despite this , most previous studies have excluded patients with an age > 70 years . Our objective was to compare training programs with moderate versus high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . Methods and Results — Twenty-seven patients with stable postinfa rct ion heart failure who were undergoing optimal medical treatment , including & bgr;-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( aged 75.5±11.1 years ; left ventricular [ LV ] ejection fraction 29 % ; & OV0312;o2peak 13 mL · kg−1 · min−1 ) were r and omized to either moderate continuous training ( 70 % of highest measured heart rate , ie , peak heart rate ) or aerobic interval training ( 95 % of peak heart rate ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks or to a control group that received st and ard advice regarding physical activity . & OV0312;o2peak increased more with aerobic interval training than moderate continuous training ( 46 % versus 14 % , P<0.001 ) and was associated with reverse LV remodeling . LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes declined with aerobic interval training only , by 18 % and 25 % , respectively ; LV ejection fraction increased 35 % , and pro-brain natriuretic peptide decreased 40 % . Improvement in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) was greater with aerobic interval training , and mitochondrial function in lateral vastus muscle increased with aerobic interval training only . The MacNew global score for quality of life in cardiovascular disease increased in both exercise groups . No changes occurred in the control group . Conclusions — Exercise intensity was an important factor for reversing LV remodeling and improving aerobic capacity , endothelial function , and quality of life in patients with postinfa rct ion heart failure . These findings may have important implication s for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies BACKGROUND Peak oxygen uptake ( Vo(2peak ) ) strongly predicts mortality in cardiac patients . We compared the effects of aerobic interval training ( AIT ) versus moderate continuous training ( MCT ) on Vo(2peak ) and quality of life after  coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG ) . METHODS Fifty-nine CABG patients were r and omized to either AIT at 90 % of maximum heart rate or MCT at 70 % of maximum heart rate , 5 d/wk , for 4 weeks at a rehabilitation center . Primary outcome was Vo(2peak ) , at baseline , after rehabilitation ( 4 weeks ) , and after 6 months of home-based exercise ( 6 months ) . RESULTS Vo(2peak ) increased between baseline and 4 weeks in AIT ( 27.1 + /- 4.5 vs 30.4 + /- 5.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) and MCT ( 26.2 + /- 5.2 vs 28.5 + /- 5.6 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ; group difference , not significant ) . Aerobic interval training increased Vo(2peak ) between 4 weeks and 6 months ( 30.4 + /- 5.5 vs 32.2 + /- 7.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) , P < .001 ) , with no significant change in MCT ( 28.5 + /- 5.6 vs 29.5 + /- 5.7 mL.kg(-1).min(-1 ) ) . Quality of life improved in both groups from baseline to 4 weeks , remaining improved at 6 months . There were no changes in echocardiographic systolic and diastolic left ventricular function . Adiponectin increased between 4 weeks and 6 months in both groups ( group differences , not significant ) . CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of intense training increased Vo(2peak ) significantly after both AIT and MCT . Six months later , the AIT group had a significantly higher Vo(2peak ) than MCT . The results indicate that AIT and MCT increase Vo(2peak ) similarly in the short term , but with better long-term effect of AIT after CABG PURPOSE Autonomic dysfunction including sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal has been reported in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) . We tested the hypotheses that high-intensity interval exercise ( HIIE ) in CHF patients would enhance vagal modulation and thus decrease arrhythmic events . METHODS Eighteen CHF patients underwent a baseline assessment ( CON ) and were then r and omized to a single session of HIIE and to an isocaloric moderate-intensity continuous exercise ( MICE ) . We evaluated the HR , HR variability parameters , and arrhythmic events by 24-h Holter ECG  recordings after HIIE , MICE , and CON sessions . RESULTS We found that HR was significantly decreased after HIIE ( 68 ± 3 bpm , P < 0.01 ) when compared with CON and MICE values ( 71.1 ± 2 and 69 ± 3 bpm , respectively ) . HIIE led to a significant increase in normalized high-frequency power ( 35.95 % ± 2.83 % vs 31.56 % ± 1.93 % and 24.61 % ± 2.62 % for CON and MICE , respectively , P < 0.01 ) . Both exercise conditions were associated with an increase in very low frequency power comparative to CON . After HIIE , premature ventricular contractions were significantly decreased ( 531 ± 338 vs 1007 ± 693 and 1671 ± 1604 for CON and MICE , respectively , P < 0.01 ) . An association was found between the changes in premature ventricular contraction and the changes in low-frequency/high-frequency ratio ( r = 0.66 , P < 0.01 ) in patients exposed to HIIE . CONCLUSION We demonstrate that a single session of HIIE improves autonomic profile of CHF patients , leading to significant reductions of HR and arrhythmic events in a 24-h posttraining period . Cardioprotective effects of HIIE in CHF patients need to be confirmed in a larger study population and on a long-term basis This study determined the cellular energetic and structural adaptations of elderly muscle to exercise training .  Forty male and female subjects ( 69.2 + /- 0.6 yr ) were assigned to a control group or 6 mo of endurance ( ET ) or resistance training ( RT ) . We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging to characterize energetic properties and size of the quadriceps femoris muscle . The phosphocreatine and pH changes during exercise yielded the muscle oxidative properties , glycolytic ATP synthesis , and contractile ATP dem and . Muscle biopsies taken from the same site as the magnetic resonance measurements were used to determine myosin heavy chain isoforms , metabolite concentrations , and mitochondrial volume densities . The ET group showed changes in all energetic pathways : oxidative capacity ( + 31 % ) , contractile ATP dem and ( -21 % ) , and glycolytic ATP supply ( -56 % ) . The RT group had a large increase in oxidative capacity ( 57 % ) . Only the RT group exhibited change in structural properties : a rise in mitochondrial volume density ( 31 % ) and muscle size ( 10 % ) . These results demonstrate large energetic , but smaller structural , adaptations by elderly muscle with exercise training . The rise in oxidative properties with both ET and RT suggests that the aerobic pathway is particularly sensitive to exercise training in elderly muscle . Thus elderly muscle remains adaptable to chronic exercise , with large energetic changes accompanying both ET and RT Objective : To determine the effects of a 15-week high-intensity intermittent exercise ( HIIE ) program on subcutaneous and trunk fat and insulin resistance of young women . Design and procedures : Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of the three groups : HIIE ( n=15 ) , steady-state exercise ( SSE ; n=15 ) or control ( CONT ; n=15 ) . HIIE and SSE groups underwent a 15-week exercise intervention . Subjects : Forty-five women with a mean BMI of 23.2±2.0 kg m−2 and age of 20.2±2.0 years . Results : Both exercise groups demonstrated a significant improvement ( P<0.05 ) in cardiovascular fitness . However , only the HIIE group had a significant reduction in total body mass ( TBM ) , fat mass ( FM ) , trunk fat and fasting plasma insulin levels . There was significant fat loss ( P<0.05 ) in legs compared to arms in the HIIE group only . Lean compared to overweight women lost less fat after HIIE . Decreases in leptin concentrations were negatively correlated with increases in VO2peak ( r=−0.57 , P<0.05 ) and positively correlated with decreases in TBM ( r=0.47 ; P<0.0001 ) . There was no significant change in adiponectin levels after training . Conclusions : HIIE three times per week for 15 weeks compared to the same frequency of SSE exercise was associated with significant reductions in total body fat , subcutaneous leg and trunk fat , and insulin resistance in young women Background Increased aerobic exercise capacity appears to reduce both all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality .  Physical exercise to improve peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) is thus strongly recommended , however evidence regarding the most efficient training intensity for patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) is still lacking . The purpose of this r and omized study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity aerobic interval exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise , representing the same total training load , for increasing VO2peak in stable CAD- patients . Methods Twenty-one stable CAD- patients were r and omized to supervised treadmill walking at either high intensity ( 80–90 % of VO2peak ) or moderate intensity ( 50–60 % of VO2peak ) three times a week for 10 weeks . Results After training VO2peak increased by 17.9 % ( P = 0.012 ) in the high intensity group and 7.9 % ( P = 0.038 ) in the moderate intensity group 
    Output:
    
In spite of the method ological shortcomings of the primary studies included in the systematic review , we reasonably conclude that implementation of high intensity aerobic interval training in subjects with metabolic syndrome , leads to increases in peak oxygen consumption