***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To determine whether MBSR groups would help gay men living with HIV improve psychosocial functioning and increase mindfulness compared to treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) . Methods : 117 participants were r and omized 2:1 to MBSR or TAU . No new psychosocial or psychopharmacological interventions were initiated within 2 months of baseline . St and ardized question naires were administered pre- , postintervention and at 6 months . An intent-to-treat analysis found significant benefits of MBSR : at post-intervention and 6 months follow up , MBSR participants had significantly lower avoidance in IES and higher positive affect compared to controls . MBSR participants developed more mindfulness as measured by the Toronto Mindfulness Scale ( TMS ) including both TMS subscales , curiosity and decentering , at 8-week and 6 months . For the sample as a whole , increase in mindfulness was significantly correlated with reduction in avoidance , higher positive affect and improvement in depression at 6 months . MBSR has specific and clinical ly meaningful effects in this population Background : AIDS-related bereavement is a severe life stressor that may be particularly distressing to persons themselves infected with HIV . Increasing evidence suggests that psychological health is associated with disease progression , HIV-related symptoms , and mortality . Purpose : This study assessed change in health-related quality of life among HIV+ persons following a group intervention for coping with AIDS-related loss . Methods : The sample included 235 HIV+ men and women of diverse ethnicities and sexual orientations who had experienced an AIDS-related loss within the previous 2 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to a 12-week cognitive-behavioral bereavement coping group intervention or offered individual psychotherapy upon request .  Quality of life was assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after the intervention . Results : Participants in the group intervention demonstrated improvements in general health-related and HIV-specific quality of life , while those in the comparison remained the same or deteriorated . Effect sizes indicated that the majority of change occurred in women . Conclusion : This bereavement group aim ed at improving coping with grief also had a positive impact on health-related quality of life among HIV+ men and women , and suggests that cognitive-behavioral interventions may have a broad impact on both emotional and physical health AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to examine the effects of nurse-delivered home visits combined with telephone intervention on medication adherence , and quality of life in HIV-infected heroin users . BACKGROUND Drug use is consistently reported as a risk factor for medication non-adherence in HIV-infected people . DESIGN An experimental , pretests and post-tests , design was used : baseline and at eight months . METHODS A sample of 116 participants was recruited from three antiretroviral treatment sites , and 98 participants completed the study . They were r and omly assigned to two groups : 58 in the experimental group and 58 in the control group . The experimental group received nurse-delivered home visits combined with telephone intervention over eight months , while the control group only received routine care . The question naire of Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS ( CPCRA ) Antiretroviral Medication Self-Report was used to assess levels of adherence , while quality of life and depression were evaluated using Chinese versions of World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Abbreviated version ( WHOQOL-BREF ) and Self-rating Depression Scale , respectively . Data were obtained at baseline and eight months . RESULTS At the end of eight months , participants in the experimental group were more likely to report taking 100 % of pills ( Fisher 's exact = 14.3 , p = 0.0001 ) and taking pills on time ( Fisher 's exact = 18.64 , p = 0.0001 ) than those in the control group . There were significant effects of intervention in physical ( F = 10.47 , p = 0.002 ) , psychological ( F = 9.41 , p = 0.003 ) , social ( F = 4.09 , p = 0.046 ) and environmental ( F = 4.80 , p = 0.031 ) domains of WHOQOL and depression ( F = 5.58 , p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Home visits and telephone calls are effective in promoting adherence to antiretroviral treatment and in improving the participants ' quality of life and depressive symptoms  in HIV-infected heroin users . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE It is important for nurses to recognise the issues of non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment in heroin users . Besides st and ard care , nurses should consider conducting home visits and telephone calls to ensure better health outcome of antiretroviral treatment in this population OBJECTIVE We tested the effects of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management/expressive-supportive therapy intervention ( CBSM+ ) and a time-matched individual psychoeducational condition for 330 women with AIDS reporting moderate to poor baseline quality of life ( QOL ) .  The goal of this study was to examine treatment effects on total QOL and 11 QOL domains from baseline to post-intervention follow-up . METHODS Participants were assessed at baseline , r and omized to a treatment condition ( individual psychoeducation condition n=180 , group-based CBSM+ condition n=150 ) , participated in the intervention for 10 weeks and assessed again within 4 weeks following the intervention .  QOL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study -HIV-30 . RESULTS QOL scores increased over the course of both interventions for the total QOL score and three QOL domains : cognitive functioning , health distress and overall health perceptions . While women in the CBSM+ group condition showed a significant improvement in mental health QOL from pre- to post-intervention , women in the individual condition did not change . No changes were observed for energy/fatigue , health transition , single-item overall QOL , pain , physical well-being , role functioning or social functioning in either condition . CONCLUSION Results suggest that group-based CBSM+ and individual psychoeducational interventions are effective at improving certain aspects of QOL and that group-based CBSM+ may be particularly effective at increasing QOL related to mental health in this population of women with AIDS CONTEXT Proper adherence is essential to obtain the desired results of antiretroviral therapy ; thus , new interventional strategies for this purpose must be sought . OBJECTIVE Comparison of 2 interventions , one conducted by a health professional and the other by a peer ( patient on antiretroviral therapy )  , to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy . DESIGN AND SETTING In 2003 , a r and omized , concurrent , follow-up study was conducted at 3 hospitals . PARTICIPANTS Patients were recruited consecutively at infectious disease visits scheduled to monitor their disease from May to September 2003 . A sealed envelope was used to assign patients to each intervention group . A previous phase was conducted to unify data collection , and the intervention consisted of 4 visits at weeks 0 , 8 , 16 , and 24 . RESULTS Among the 240 patients included , 198 completed follow-up , and in 11 of these , treatment was interrupted at the doctor 's decision . At baseline , 46.8 % were classified as adherent . Multilevel analysis showed that as the visits progressed , the probability of adhering to treatment increased ( OR 1.23 ; P<.01 ) . Although differences were not significant , the group treated by a peer showed better results than the group treated by a health professional ( OR 1.60 ; P=0.25 ) . A lower probability of antiretroviral adherence was observed in patients receiving a drug combination including a protease inhibitor ( OR 0.27 ; P<0.01 ) and in those with psychological distress ( OR 0.44 ; P=0.03 ) . Patients with a higher score on the physical quality of life index ( OR 1.05 ; P<0.01 ) presented a higher probability of adherence . CONCLUSIONS The psychoeducational intervention studied is viable and effective for improving antiretroviral adherence . When the intervention is conducted by a peer the results are at least as good as those obtained by a health professional , and this implies cost-saving for the health system CONTEXT In order for patients to benefit from a multidisciplinary treatment approach , diverse providers must communicate on patient care . OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the effect of information exchange across multidisciplinary human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) care providers on patient health outcomes . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial , r and omized at the patient level . SETTING Six infectious disease clinics paired with 9 ancillary care setting s ( eg , HIV case management ) . PARTICIPANTS Two hundred fifty-four patients with HIV receiving care at the infectious disease clinics . INTERVENTION Health information was exchanged for 2 years per patient between medical and ancillary care providers using electronic health records and printouts inserted into charts . Medical care providers gave ancillary care providers HIV viral loads , CD4 values , current medications , and appointment attendance . Ancillary care providers gave medical providers the information on medication adherence and major changes ( eg , loss of housing ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We abstract ed from medical records HIV viral loads , CD4 counts , and antiretroviral medication prescriptions before and during the intervention . From 0- , 12- , and 24-month patient surveys , we assessed hospitalizations , emergency department use , and health-related quality of life measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) . RESULTS No statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found across time for the following : proportion with suppressed viral load , changes in viral load or CD4 values , patients being prescribed antiretroviral medication , hospitalizations , emergency department visits , or any scale of the SF-36 . Trends were mixed but leaned toward better health for control participants . CONCLUSIONS The exchange of this specific set of information between HIV medical and ancillary care providers was neutral on a variety of patient health outcomes Objective Our objective was to examine the effects of exercise training ( EXS ) on quality of life ( QoL ) in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-positive ( HIV+ ) subjects with body fat redistribution ( BFR ) in Rw and a. Methods The effects of a r and omised controlled trial of EXS on QoL were measured using World Health Organisation Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF  in HIV+ subjects with BFR r and omised to EXS ( n = 50 ; BFR + EXS ) or no exercise training ( n = 50 ; BFR + noEXS ) . Results At 6 months , scores on the psychological [ 1.3 ( 0.3 ) vs. 0.5 ( 0.1 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , independence [ 0.6 ( 0.1 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationships [ 0.6 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] and HIV HAART-specific QoL domains [ 1.4 ( 0.2 ) vs. −0.1 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Self-esteem [ 1.3 ( 0.8 ) vs. 0.1 ( 0.6 ) ; P < 0.001 ] , body image [ 1.5 ( 0.6 ) vs. 0.0 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] and emotional stress [ 1.6 ( 0.7 ) vs. 0.2 ( 0.5 ) ; P < 0.001 ] improved more in the BFR + EXS group than BFR + noEXS group , respectively . Psychological [ 1.5 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.1 ( 0.3 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , social relationship [ 0.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 0.4 ( 0.2 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] , and HIV HAART-specific well-being [ 1.8 ( 0.2 ) vs. 1.0 ( 0.0 ) ; P < 0.0001 ] improved more in BFR + EXS female than male subjects . Conclusions Exercise training improved several components of QoL in HAART-treated HIV+ African subjects with BFR .  Exercise training is an inexpensive and efficacious strategy for improving QoL in HIV+ African subjects , which may improve HAART adherence and treatment initiatives in re source -limited areas of sub-Saharan Africa OBJECTIVES We examined findings from a r and omized controlled intervention trial design ed to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV in Thail and . METHODS A total of 507 people living with HIV were recruited from 4 district hospitals in northern and northeastern Thail and and were r and omized to an intervention group ( n = 260 ) or a st and ard care group ( n = 247 ) .  Computer-assisted personal interviews were administered at baseline and at 6 and 12 months . RESULTS At baseline , the characteristics of participants in the intervention and st and ard care conditions were comparable . The mixed-effects models used to assess the impact of the intervention revealed significant improvements in general health ( B = 2.51 ; P = .001 ) and mental health ( B = 1.57 ; P = .02 ) among participants in the intervention condition over 12 months 
    Output:
    
Meta-analyses showed significant improvement in general health , mental health , physical function and environment domains of quality of life among intervention groups .
Conclusions Although the available evidence suggests that existing social and behavioral interventions can improve some quality of life domains , the quality of evidence was insufficient to support the notion that these interventions can improve the overall quality of life  of HIV infected people receiving ART .