***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The use of systemic prophylactic antibiotics in third molar surgery is still a controversial issue . A double-blind study has been conducted with 75 selected patients r and omized into two groups . After exclusions , 68 patients requiring removal of 133 bone impacted m and ibular third molars remained . Surgery was carried out under general anesthesia and a St and ard operative technique used . Postoperative raorbidity was assessed by recording trismus , swelling , pain , and the incidence of infection . In the group given an antibiotic 15.1 % of patients and 7.8 % of sockets became infected ; in the control group the incidence was 14.3 % and 8.7 % , respectively . Difficult extraction s were more likely to give rise to postoperative infection , but neither the state of eruption nor the occurrence of previous pericoronitis appeared to predispose to dry socket . Trismus and swelling were associated with increased difficulty of extraction , but increased pain did not usually occur unless a socket became infected , Differences of overall morbidity between the groups were slight and not statistically significant . The main conclusion from the study is that the use of prophylactic antibiotics in third molar surgery is unnecessary unless specific systemic factors are present Treatment of osteitis after surgical removal of the third molar of the m and ible is still a clinical problem . A total of 140 patients undergoing operations for removal of an impacted third molar of the m and ible , were included in a double-blind study . Placebo or antibiotics - azidocillin , erythromycin , clindamycin and doxycycline - were given to the patients preoperatively and for the following 7 days . The concentrations in serum , alveolar serum and m and ibular bone were measured and the postoperative courses - pain , trismus , swelling and wound-healing - were recorded . No correlation was obtained between the antibiotic concentration and the postoperative complaints , except in the azidocillin group on day 2 , in which fewer complaints were noticed in patients with high concentrations of the drug at the time of operations . The 80 patients in the antibiotic groups responded significantly better with respect to wound-healing than the 60 patients in the placebo groups . Only 15 operations lasted more than 15 min and the three of them which subsequently result ed in alveolitis were in the placebo groups . Antibiotics significantly reduced pain on day 7 postoperatively . In general , no statistically significant differences in trismus and swelling could be demonstrated between the patient groups . However , there was a significant difference between the placebo and doxycycline groups with respect to swelling ( day 2 postoperative , P < 0.01 ; day 5 postoperative , P < 0.05 ) . Thus systemically administered antibiotics offered only slight advantages in routine operations of impacted third m and ibular molars , but could decrease the rate of infections after traumatic operations A prospect i ve r and omized crossover , within-patient , controlled study was performed in 26 healthy patients to test the effect of the prophylactic local use of gauze drain impregnated with chlortetracycline ( Aureomycin 3 % , Lederle ) ointment on postoperative alveolitis formation after surgical removal of 52 bilaterally impacted m and ibular third molars . The teeth were removed on two separate occasions ; on one side drain was inserted in the socket , and on the other side no drain treatment was used for control . The influence on postoperative pain , swelling , and mouth opening ability was investigated . The results indicated a statistically significant reduction ( P = 0.02 ) in the incidence of postoperative inflammatory complications , defined as postoperative alveolitis , from 35 % in the no-drain group to 4 % in the drain group . No statistically significant difference was found between the two treatment methods with regard to pain and mouth opening reduction . There was a significant difference between the drain and no-drain treatment with regard to swelling on the 1st postoperative day in favor of the no-drain method . It is concluded that insertion of a chlortetracycline-impregnated drain may be an effective method for reducing postoperative alveolitis formation but has no beneficial effect on pain , swelling , and mouth opening reduction after impacted m and ibular third-molar surgery PURPOSE This study evaluated the influence of antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative complications after inferior third molar removal in young patients . PATIENTS AND METHODS We extracted 59 m and ibular third molars from 59 patients with a mean age of 15 years ( range , 12 - 19 years ) . The patients were included in the study when radiographs at the time of surgery showed that only the crown of the tooth germ was formed . Patients were r and omized into 2 groups , the test group and the control group . The test group received 2-g amoxicillin tablets 1 hour before surgery , and the control group received no antibiotic therapy .  The test group included 32 patients , 20 of whom were female and 12 were male ; the mean age was 15 years . The control group included 27 patients , 12 of whom were female and 15 were male ; the mean age was 15 years . Postoperative complications such as pain , swelling , wound infection , and fever were recorded by use of a question naire completed by the patient for the week after the extraction . Suture removal and question naire evaluation were performed by a surgeon who did not know the preoperative regimen . RESULTS The mean operating time was 34 minutes in the control group and 31 minutes in the test group . This difference was not significant . In the test group there was a statistically significant reduction of postoperative pain in the 7 days after the extraction , and the patients had a consistent minor consumption of analgesics . Swelling was always present in the control and test groups in the postoperative week , but in the test group it was a minor sequela and was absent in 2 patients . Wound infection was a sequela reported in 4 patients in the control group and in 1 patient in the test group ; this difference was statistically significant ( P < .01 ) . Fever was present in 2 patients in the control group and in 1 patient in the test group ; this difference was not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant difference was found between patients receiving preoperative amoxicillin and the control group in the incidence of postoperative pain , fever , and wound infection . Another important finding was the statistically minor consumption of analgesics in the test group in the postoperative week AIM To test the efficacy of two dosing regimens of antimicrobial prophylaxis during the removal of impacted lower third molars . DESIGN Double blind , prospect i ve , placebo-controlled trial . SETTING Teaching hospital , India . SUBJECTS 151 patients aged 19 - 36 having impacted lower third molars removed . METHODS R and om allocation into three groups : placebo ( n= 34 ) , metronidazole 1 g orally , 1 hour preoperatively ( n= 44 ) , or metronidazole 400 mg orally eight hourly for 5 days postoperatively ( n= 47 ) . Patients were recalled on the sixth postoperative day for assessment of pain scores on the second and sixth days , swelling , differences in mouth opening between preoperative and the sixth postoperative day , and the state of the wound . RESULTS There were no significant differences in the outcome between the three groups ( P= 0.09 ) . CONCLUSION Antimicrobial prophylaxis does not seem to reduce morbidity after removal of lower third molars PURPOSE We sought to compare recovery for clinical and health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) outcomes after third molar surgery in patients treated with or without intravenous antibiotics at surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-six patients at least 18 years of age and with all 4 third molars below the occlusal plane , treated at 3 clinical centers , were given intravenous antibiotics just before third molar surgery .  Clinical and HRQOL outcomes of these patients were compared with those of a nonconcurrent control group ( n = 60 patients ) who did not receive antibiotics .  The control group was selected using the same criteria and treated under the same surgical protocol as the antibiotic group . Differences between the groups were assessed with Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel row mean score statistics . RESULTS The incidence of delayed clinical recovery defined as a postsurgery visit with treatment was higher in the control group compared with the antibiotic group . In the antibiotic group , 4 % had 1 postsurgery visit with treatment ; no patient had 2 visits . In the control group without antibiotics , 28 % had at least 1 postsurgery visit with treatment ( P < .0001 ) and 13 % had at least 2 postsurgery visits with treatment . No statistically significant differences in HRQOL outcomes were found between the 2 groups . CONCLUSIONS Administration of intravenous antibiotics before third molar surgery may improve clinical recovery in healthy adult patients with all 4 third molars below the occlusal plane , a presenting characteristic that has been suggested as a risk factor for delayed recovery . The findings from this exploratory trial indicate that evaluation of the effectiveness of systemic antibiotic administration with third molar surgery in a r and omized , multi-intervention , explanatory clinical trial is warranted A double blind trial , was design ed , in which 118 patients undergoing the removal of impacted wisdom teeth were r and omly divided into the following groups ; 41 patients received Metronidazole , 39 patients received Arnica Montana , 38 patients received the placebo . Metronidazole was more effective in pain control than Arnica ( p less than 0.001 ) and placebo ( p less than 0.01 ) . It prevented swelling better than Arnica ( p less than 0.01 ) and placebo ( p less than 0.05 ) and was more effective in promoting healing than Arnica ( p less than 0.01 ) and placebo ( p greater than 0.02 ) . Arnica Montana appeared to give rise to greater pain than placebo ( p less than 0.05 ) and caused more swelling than the placebo ( p less than 0.01 ) The effect of a single preoperative dose of metronidazole in the prevention of alveolitis  sicca dolorosa ( ASD ) after surgical removal of one impacted , non-infected m and ibular third molar was investigated . A patient sample of 270 were given either 1000 mg of metronidazole or placebo at least 30 min before surgery . The preoperative recordings included gender , age , tooth to be removed , experience of surgeon , time of test medication , and duration of surgery . No difference was found between the metronidazole and placebo groups in the occurrence of ASD . The duration of surgery and the experience of the operating surgeons had no effect on the occurrence of ASD . The present study failed to demonstrate any preventive effect of a single dose of metronidazole on the development of ASD PURPOSE We evaluated the need for prophylactic postoperative oral antibiotic treatment in the removal of asymptomatic third molars . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In a prospect i ve study of more than 30 months , a total of 528 impacted lower third molars were surgically removed in 288 patients . All patients were referred to our department by a dentist or a general practitioner . No patient showed any sign of pain , inflammation , or swelling at the time of removal . Three groups were established . In the first group , antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as an oral medication was carried out for 5 days postoperatively . In the second group , we used clindamycin . In the third group , the patients received no antibiotic treatment . Clinical and radiologic factors were recorded for each case , and the rationale for assigning the patients to the groups was strictly r and om . The surgical technique was the same in all cases , and the follow-up period was 4 weeks . Parameters that were evaluated were pain , differences in mouth opening , infection , the occurrence of dry socket , and adverse postoperative side effects . RESULTS We could not find any significant difference between the 3 groups regarding the evaluated parameters , but in 69.6 % of the patients with dry socket , the teeth were partially erupted , which showed a significant difference . CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that specific postoperative oral prophylactic antibiotic treatment after the removal of lower third molars does not contribute to a better wound healing , less pain , or increased mouth opening and could not prevent the cases of inflammatory problems after surgery , respectively , and therefore is not recommended for routine use Background The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single prophylactic dose of amoxicillin and /or dexamethasone in preventing postoperative complications ( PC ) after a surgical removal of a single m and ibular third molar ( M3 ) . Methods This study is a r and omized , placebo controlled clinical trial . Four groups were included : Group 1 ( G1 ) included a prophylactic dose of 2 g of amoxicillin and 8 mg of dexamethasone ; Group 2 ( G2 ) included a prophylactic dose of 2 g of amoxicillin and 8 mg of placebo ; Group 3 ( G3 ) included a prophylactic dose of 8 mg of dexamethasone and 2 g of placebo and ; Group 4 ( G4 ) placebo . Results Fifty patients were included . It was observed one case of alveolar infection ( 2 % ) and two of alveolar osteitis ( 4 % ) result ing in three PC ( 6 % ) . No statistical differences were observed between therapeutic groups for development of PC , trismus , pain and edema . The use of antibiotics showed an absolute risk reduction ( ARR ) for PC development of 3.52 % and the number needed to treat ( NNT ) 
    Output:
    
A single oral dose of 2 g of amoxicillin before lower third molar osteotomy surgical extraction significantly decreased the incidence of SSI .
A single dose of 0.8 g of penicillin V before lower third molar osteotomy surgical extraction significantly decreased the incidence of alveolar osteitis