***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We have previously shown that capsaicin nasal challenge in subjects with allergic rhinitis produces a dose-dependent increase in the albumin content of nasal lavage fluids . In the present set of studies , we determined whether this observation represents plasma extravasation that is neuronally mediated . To evaluate whether gl and ular secretions contribute to the albumin increase in nasal lavage fluids , volunteers with allergic rhinitis were pretreated with atropine or placebo before capsaicin challenge . Atropine significantly reduced the volume of returned lavage fluids and their lysozyme content but increased their albumin and fibrinogen content . To assess the contribution of sensory nerve stimulation , subjects with allergic rhinitis were pretreated in a second study with lidocaine or placebo before capsaicin challenge . Lidocaine significantly attenuated the capsaicin-induced increases in the volume of nasal lavage fluids , as well as their lysozyme and albumin content . To rule out the possibility of a direct effect of lidocaine on blood vessels rather than on nerves , healthy subjects were pretreated in a third study with lidocaine or placebo before bradykinin nasal challenge . Lidocaine did not affect the bradykinin-induced increase in the albumin content of nasal fluids . We conclude that , in allergic rhinitis , high-dose capsaicin induces plasma extravasation in the human nose and that this effect is neuronally mediated . This provides more definitive evidence that neurogenic inflammation can occur in vivo in the human upper airway Neuronal involvement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of non‐allergic and allergic rhinitis , contributing to the typical exacerbation of these conditions upon exposure to non‐specific environmental irritants BACKGROUND Nerve involvement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases . Peptidergic nerve stimulation has been shown to induce leukocyte activation and plasma extravasation in the airways of various animal species . The occurrence of this phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation in the human airway , however , has not been established . OBJECTIVE We conducted this study to determine whether neuronal stimulation can induce reproducible and dose-dependent inflammatory changes in the human upper airway . METHODS Ten volunteers with active allergic rhinitis participated in the study . Capsaicin , the pungent component of hot pepper that specifically stimulates afferent nerve fibers , was administered by means of nasal spray in doses of 1 microg , 10 microg , and 100 microg in a double-blind , r and omized , crossover manner with 1 week between doses . Symptom scores before and after capsaicin nasal challenge were recorded by using visual analog scales . Nasal lavage fluids collected before and at 30 minutes , 1 hour , and 4 hours after capsaicin challenge were analyzed for leukocyte counts ; albumin and lysozyme levels were measured to evaluate effects on plasma leakage and gl and secretion , respectively . RESULTS Capsaicin nasal challenge produced symptoms of burning , congestion , and rhinorrhea . Leukocyte counts or albumin and lysozyme levels were not significantly increased after administration of 1 microg of capsaicin at any time point . On the other h and , there were significant increases in leukocyte counts 1 hour ( p < 0.05 ) and 4 hours ( p = 0.008 ) after 10 microg of capsaicin and 30 minutes ( p = 0.009 ) , 1 hour ( p = 0.007 ) , and 4 hours ( p = 0.007 ) after 100 microg of capsaicin . Albumin and lysozyme levels were both significantly increased 30 minutes after 10 microg and 100 microg of capsaicin ( p = 0.005 for both ) . Comparison of changes in symptom scores , leukocyte counts , and albumin and lysozyme levels among the three capsaicin challenges indicated generally increasing effects with higher capsaicin doses . CONCLUSION Capsaicin-sensitive nerve stimulation in subjects with active allergic rhinitis produces reproducible and dose-dependent leukocyte influx , albumin leakage , and gl and ular secretion . These results provide in vivo evidence for the occurrence of neurogenic inflammation in the human upper airway with active allergic disease In a recent placebo‐controlled study we demonstrated that capsaicin is an efficacious substance in the treatment of  non‐allergic non‐infectious rhinitis .  In this study the therapeutic effect lasted more than 9 months . This effect was not based on modulation of inflammation 
    Output:
    
A small pharmacological effect on clinical histamine dose response was found .
After treatment , leukotriene levels in nasal lavage did not increase in the capsaicin group .
There is insufficient evidence to assess the use of capsaicin in clinical practice