***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) and interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) are both effective treatments for depressive disorders  , but access is limited . Online CBT interventions have demonstrated efficacy in decreasing depressive symptoms and can facilitate the dissemination of therapies among the public . However , the efficacy of Internet-delivered IPT is as yet unknown . Objective This study examines whether IPT is effective , noninferior to , and as feasible as CBT when delivered online to spontaneous visitors of an online therapy website . Methods An automated , 3-arm , fully self-guided , online noninferiority trial compared 2 new treatments ( IPT : n=620 ; CBT : n=610 ) to an active control treatment ( MoodGYM : n=613 ) over a 4-week period in the general population . Outcomes were assessed using online self-report question naires , the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale ( CES-D ) and the Client Satisfaction Question naire ( CSQ-8 ) completed immediately following treatment ( posttest ) and at 6-month follow-up . Results Completers analyses showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms at posttest and follow-up for both CBT and IPT , and were noninferior to MoodGYM . Within-group effect sizes were medium to large for all groups . There were no differences in clinical significant change between the programs . Reliable change was shown at posttest and follow-up for all programs , with consistently higher rates for CBT . Participants allocated to IPT showed significantly lower treatment satisfaction compared to CBT and MoodGYM . There was a dropout rate of 1294/1843 ( 70 % ) at posttest , highest for MoodGYM . Intention-to-treat analyses confirmed these findings . Conclusions Despite a high dropout rate and lower satisfaction scores , this study suggests that Internet-delivered self-guided IPT is effective in reducing depressive symptoms , and may be noninferior to MoodGYM . The completion rates of IPT and CBT were higher than MoodGYM , indicating some progress in refining Internet-based self-help . Internet-delivered treatment options available for people suffering from depression now include IPT . Trial Registration International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 69603913 ; http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N69603913 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6FjMhmE1o Guided Internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help ( ICBT ) has been proven to be effective for  social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) by several independent research groups . However , as the proportion of clinical significant change has room for improvement , new treatments should be developed and investigated . A novel treatment is attention bias modification ( ABM ) . This study aim ed at evaluating the combination of ABM and ICBT . We compared two groups , one group receiving ICBT and ABM targeting attentional avoidance and the other group receiving ICBT and control training . ABM and control training tasks were both based on the dot-probe paradigm . A total of 133 participants , diagnosed with SAD , were r and omised to these two groups . The attention training group ( N = 66 ) received 2 weeks of daily attention training followed by 9 weeks of ICBT . The control group ( N = 67 ) received 2 weeks of daily control training , also followed by 9 weeks of ICBT .  Social anxiety measures as well as the attention bias were assessed at pre- assessment , at week 2 , and at post-treatment . Results showed no significant differences between the attention training group and the control group . Both groups improved substantially on social anxiety symptoms from pre- to post- assessment ( dwithin = 1.39–1.41 ) , but showed no change in attention processes ( dwithin = 0.10–0.17 ) . In this trial , the attention modification training failed to induce differential change in attention bias . Results demonstrate that the applied ABM procedure with its focus on the reduction of attentional avoidance was ineffective in the Internet-based setting . The results do not suggest that adding ABM targeting attentional avoidance to ICBT results in better outcomes than ICBT alone UNLABELLED There is preliminary support for internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy ( iCBT ) as a way of improving access to treatment among older adults with anxiety . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) was to examine the efficacy , long-term outcomes , and cost-effectiveness of an iCBT program for adults over 60 years of age with anxiety . Successful applicants were r and omly allocated to either the treatment group ( n=35 ) or the waitlist control group ( n=37 ) . The online treatment course was delivered over 8 weeks and provided with brief weekly contact with a clinical psychologist via telephone or secure email . Eighty-four percent of participants completed the iCBT course within the 8 weeks and 90 % provided data at posttreatment . Significantly lower scores on measures of anxiety ( Cohen 's d=1.43 ; 95 % CI : 0.89 - 1.93 ) and depression ( Cohen 's d=1.79 ; 95 % CI : 1.21 - 2.32 ) were found among the treatment group compared to the control group at posttreatment . These lower scores were maintained at 3-month and 12-month follow-up and the treatment group rated the iCBT treatment as acceptable . The treatment group had slightly higher costs ( $ 92.2 ; 95 % CI : $ 38.7 to $ 149.2 ) and Quality -Adjusted Life-Years ( QALYs=0.010 ; 95 % CI : 0.003 to 0.018 ) than the control group at posttreatment and the intervention was found to have a greater than 95 % probability of being cost-effective . The results support iCBT as an efficacious and cost-effective treatment option for older adults with symptoms of anxiety  . TRIAL REGISTRATION TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12611000929909 ; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/ Registration /Trial Review .aspx?ACTRN=12611000929909 Objective . The main hypothesis , and the objective of the study , was to test if the participants allocated to the treatment group would show a larger reduction in depressive symptoms than those in the control group . Methods . This study was a r and omized nine week trial of an Internet-administered treatment based on guided physical exercise for Major Depressive Disorder ( MDD ) . A total of 48 participants with mild to moderate depression , diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders , were r and omized either to a treatment intervention or to a waiting-list control group . The main outcome measure for depression was the Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI-II ) , and physical activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) . The treatment program consisted of nine text modules , and included therapist guidance on a weekly basis . Results . The results showed significant reductions of depressive symptoms in the treatment group compared to the control group , with a moderate between-group effect size ( Cohen ’s d = 0.67 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.09–1.25 ) . No difference was found between the groups with regards to increase of physical activity level . For the treatment group , the reduction in depressive symptoms persisted at six months follow-up . Conclusions . Physical activity as a treatment for depression can be delivered in the form of guided Internet-based self-help . Trial Registration . The trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01573130 ) According to the cognitive behavioral model of severe health anxiety ( hypochondriasis ) four central maintaining mechanisms are how the individual perceives the risk of disease and how negative its consequences would be , attention to bodily sensations , and intolerance of uncertainty . The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of these putative mechanisms in Internet-delivered CBT for severe health anxiety . We analyzed data from an RCT where participants were r and omized to Internet-delivered CBT ( n=40 ) or to a control condition ( n=41 ) . Mediators and outcome , i.e. health anxiety , were assessed weekly throughout the treatment , enabling fulfillment of the criterion of temporal precedence of changes occurring in the mediator in relation to the outcome to be met . The results showed that reduced perceived risk of disease , less attention to bodily symptoms , and reduced intolerance of uncertainty significantly mediated improvement in health anxiety . The study supports the validity of the cognitive behavioral model of health anxiety . The findings have theoretical and clinical implication s as they indicate processes that may be causally related to the improvements observed after CBT for health anxiety Social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) is associated with considerable individual suffering and societal costs . Although there is ample evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy , recent studies suggest psychodynamic therapy may also be effective in treating SAD . Furthermore , Internet-based psychodynamic therapy ( IPDT ) has shown promising results for addressing mixed depression and anxiety disorders . However , no study has yet investigated the effects of IPDT specifically for SAD . This paper describes a r and omized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a 10-week , affect-focused IPDT protocol for SAD , compared with a wait-list control group . Long-term effects were also estimated by collecting follow-up data , 6 , 12 , and 24 months after the end of therapy . A total of 72 individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for DSM – IV social anxiety disorder were included . The primary outcome was the self-report version of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale . Mixed model analyses using the full intention-to-treat sample revealed a significant interaction effect of group and time , suggesting a larger effect in the treatment group than in the wait-list control . A between-group effect size Cohen ’s d = 1.05 ( 95 % [ CI ] : [ 0.62 , 1.53 ] ) was observed at termination . Treatment gains were maintained at the 2-year follow-up , as symptom levels in the treated group continued to decrease significantly . The findings suggest that Internet-based affect-focused psychodynamic therapy is a promising treatment for social anxiety disorder Internet-delivered psychological treatment of major depression  has been investigated in several trials , but the role of personalized treatment is less investigated . Studies suggest that guidance is important and that automated computerized programmes without therapist support are less effective . Individualized e-mail therapy for depression has not been studied in a controlled trial . Eighty-eight individuals with major depression were r and omized to two different forms of Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy ( CBT ) , or to a waiting-list control group . One form of Internet treatment consisted of guided self-help , with weekly modules and homework assignments . St and ard CBT components were presented and brief support was provided during the treatment . The other group received e-mail therapy , which was tailored and did not use the self-help texts i.e. , all e-mails were written for the unique patient . Both treatments lasted for 8 weeks . In the guided self-help 93 % completed ( 27/29 ) and in the e-mail therapy 96 % ( 29/30 ) completed the posttreatment assessment . Results showed significant symptom reductions in both treatment groups with moderate to large effect sizes . At posttreatment 34.5 % of the guided self-help group and 30 % of the e-mail therapy group reached the criteria of high-end-state functioning ( Beck Depression Inventory score below 9 ) . At six-month follow-up the corresponding figures were 47.4 % and 43.3 % . Overall , the difference between guided self-help and e-mail therapy was small , but in favour of the latter . These findings indicate that both guided self-help and individualized e-mail therapy can be effective Background Missing outcomes can seriously impair the ability to make correct inferences from r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . Complete case ( CC ) analysis is commonly used , but it reduces sample size and is perceived to lead to reduced statistical efficiency of estimates while increasing the potential for bias . As multiple imputation ( MI ) methods preserve sample size , they are generally viewed as the preferred analytical approach . We examined this assumption , comparing the performance of CC and MI methods to determine risk difference ( RD ) estimates in the presence of missing binary outcomes . We conducted simulation studies of 5000 simulated data sets with 50 imputations of RCTs with one primary follow-up endpoint at different underlying levels of RD ( 3–25 % ) and missing outcomes ( 5–30 % ) . Results For missing at r and om ( MAR ) or missing completely at r and om ( MCAR ) outcomes ,  CC method estimates generally remained unbiased and achieved precision similar to or better than MI methods , and high statistical coverage . Missing not at r and om ( MNAR ) scenarios yielded invalid inferences with both methods . Effect size estimate bias was reduced in MI methods by always including group membership even if this was unrelated to missingness . Surprisingly , under MAR and MCAR conditions in the assessed scenarios , MI offered no statistical advantage over CC methods . Conclusion While MI must inherently accompany CC methods for intention-to-treat analyses , these findings endorse CC methods for per protocol risk difference analyses in these conditions . These findings provide an argument for the use of the CC approach to always complement MI analyses , with the usual caveat that the validity of the mechanism for missingness be thoroughly discussed . More importantly , research ers should strive to collect as much data as possible Background There is a need for brief instruments to ascertain the diagnosis of major depressive disorder . In this study , we present the reliability , construct validity and accuracy of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 to detect  major depressive dis 
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Conclusions : Response seems to occur among approximately half of all clients administered ICBT , whereas about a third reach remission .
This indicates that the efficacy of ICBT is in line with that of CBT based in prior trials , with a possible caveat being the lower remission rates .
Having more symptoms and being female might increase the chances of improvement , and a small negative effect of having anxiety disorder versus depression and other conditions may also exist .