***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to investigate the  lifestyle habits-physical activity ( PA ) , eating habits ( EH ) , and sleep duration (SD)-of  Omani adolescents , and to examine gender differences in such variables . METHODS 802 Omani adolescents ( 442 females and 360 males ) , aged 15 - 18 years were r and omly recruited .  Anthropometric indices , PA level , and EH and SD  were evaluated by the Arab Teenage Lifestyle question naire . A semi-quantitative food frequency question naire for dietary assessment was also administered . RESULTS The results showed that although the study subjects had a sedentary lifestyle ( lack of PA , average of 6.7 hours sleep , and consumption of high calorie foods ) , they maintained a normal body mass ( less than 25 Kg/m(2 ) ) . Males were more than twice as active as females . With respect to EH , there were few gender differences , except in dairy and meat consumption where 62.5 % and 55.5 % of males consumed more than 3 servings , respectively , compared to 18.78 % and 35.2 % of females , respectively . In addition , waist/height ratio , height , reasons for being active , energy drinks , potato consumption , eating sweets , vigorous PA and breakfast EHs were statistically significant independent predictors for BMI , P < 0.05 for both males and females . CONCLUSION This study revealed a high prevalence of sedentary behaviors and a low level of physical activity , especially among females . Unhealthy dietary habits were also widely found among both genders . There is an urgent need for more research as well as a national policy promoting active living and healthy eating and discouraging sedentary behaviour among Omani adolescents The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors among young adult females in Dammam , Saudi Arabia . A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of about one-third of female students enrolled in 4 colleges of the University of Dammam . They were screened for high blood pressure and associated cardiovascular risk factors by an interview question naire . Weight and height , waist and hip and blood pressure measurements and r and om blood glucose testing were done . The results revealed that 13.5 % of the 370 students were prehypertensive . The most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases was physical inactivity ( 53.2 % ) , followed by overweight/obesity ( 29.1 % ) ; 16.3 % of prehypertensive students had 3 or more risk factors . Logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight/ obesity was the strongest predictor of prehypertension . Our study indicates a need for routine blood pressure measurements and risk assessment in young adult females in Saudi Arabia Background A better underst and ing of the relationships between obesity and lifestyle factors is necessary for effective prevention and management of obesity in youth . Therefore , the objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between obesity measures and several lifestyle factors , including  physical activity , sedentary behaviors  and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents aged 14–19 years . Methods This was a school-based cross-sectional study that was conducted in three cities in Saudi Arabia ( Al-Khobar , Jeddah and Riyadh ) . The participants were 2906 secondary school males ( 1400 ) and females ( 1506 ) aged 14–19 years , who were r and omly selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique . Measurements included weight , height , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , waist/height ratio ( WHtR ) , screen time ( television viewing , video games and computer use ) , physical activity ( determined using a vali date d question naire ) , and dietary habits ( intake frequency per week ) . Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between obesity and lifestyle factors . Results Compared with non-obese , obese males and females were significantly less active , especially in terms of vigorous activity , had less favorable dietary habits ( e.g. , lower intake of breakfast , fruits and milk ) , but had lower intake of sugar-sweetened drinks and sweets/chocolates . Logistic regression analysis showed that overweight/obesity ( based on BMI categories ) or abdominal obesity ( based on WHtR categories ) were significantly and inversely associated with vigorous physical activity levels ( aOR for high level = 0.69 , 95 % CI 0.41–0.92 for BMI and 0.63 , 95 % CI 0.45–0.89 for WHtR ) and frequency of breakfast ( aOR for < 3 days/week = 1.44 ; 95 % CI 1.20–1.71 for BMI and 1.47 ; 95 % CI 1.22–1.76 for WHtR ) and vegetable ( aOR for < 3 days/week = 1.29 ; 95 % CI 1.03–1.59 for WHtR ) intakes , and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages ( aOR for < 3 days/week = 1.32 ; 95 % CI 1.08–1.62 for BMI and 1.42 ; 95 % CI 1.16–1.75 for WHtR ) . Conclusions The present study identified several lifestyle factors associated with obesity that may represent valid targets for the prevention and management of obesity among Saudi adolescents . Primary prevention of obesity by promoting active lifestyles and healthy diets should be a national public health priority OBJECTIVE To investigate the virtual importance of identified barriers to preventive interventions and to explore the association between physicians ' characteristics and their attitudes towards prevention . METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 182 r and omly selected family and general physicians ( 164/182=90 % response rate ) from total of 385 general physicians from 5 health sectors of Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2005 . A pre-tested question naire asking physicians to rate the general importance of 8 preventive health strategies was used . RESULTS The ranking of different preventive intervention varies from 124 ( 75.6 % ) for colorectal cancer screening to 155 ( 94.5 % ) for blood pressure control . Lack of time was rated an important barrier by 100 ( 61 % ) physicians , and lack of patient interest by 125 ( 76.2 % ) of physicians . There were 4 characteristics of physicians , which predicted negative attitudes toward prevention , sedentary lifestyle ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 3.4 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.1 - 11.1 ) , lack of awareness of their own blood pressure ( OR = 2.0 , 95 % CI , 1.0 - 3.9 ) , lack of training ( OR=2.2 , 95 % CI , 1.5 - 2.9 ) , and lack of evidence of benefits ( OR=1.98 , 95 % CI , 1.7 - 3.9 ) . CONCLUSION The influence of physicians ' own health behaviors and the importance of preventive intervention barriers , indicates a need for development of an approach to reduce the dominance of risky behavior OBJECTIVES To describe the physical activity profile of Saudi adults living in Riyadh , using the International Physical Activity Question naire ( IPAQ ) short-version telephone format . METHODS  Physical activity  was assessed using the official Arabic short form of IPAQ , intended for use in telephone interview . The instrument asks for times spent in walking , moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity of at least 10 min duration . The sample consisted of 1616 Saudis , between 15 and 78 years of age , living in Riyadh . Participants were drawn from a list of names in the telephone book using a simple r and om method . Telephone interviews were administered during the spring of 2003 by trained male interviewers . RESULTS The final sample size was 1064 Saudi males and females ( response rate of 66 % ) , with males comprising about 66 % of the respondents . Over 43 % of Saudis did not participate in any type of moderate-intensity physical activity lasting for at least 10 min . More than 72 % of the sample did not engage in any type of vigorous-intensity physical activity lasting for at least 10 min . The proportion of Saudis who walked for 150 min or more per week was 33.3 % . Females were engaged more in moderate physical activity than males , whereas males participated more in vigorous activity compared with females . Activity levels did not show significant relationships with education level or job hours per week . Based on the three activity categories established by IPAQ , 40.6 % of Saudis were inactive , 34.3 % were minimally active and 25.1 % were physically active . Physical inactivity increased with advancing age . CONCLUSION The data suggest that the prevalence of physical inactivity among Saudis adults is relatively high . Efforts are needed to encourage Saudis to be more physically active , with the goal of increasing the proportion of Saudis engaging in health-enhancing physical activity OBJECTIVE To assess the patterns and determinants of physical activity  among Saudi adult males living in Riyadh . METHODS Self-administered question naires were filled out by 1333 r and omly selected Saudi males 19 years and older , during the Fall of 1996 . RESULTS Over 53 % of Saudi males were totally physically inactive , and another 27.5 % were irregularly active . Only 19 % of the entire sample were active on a regular basis . A curvilinear relationship was found between age and inactivity , with the middle age group the least active .  Physical activity  was lower among those who were married , work in the private sectors , working 2 shifts , less educated , or who had only one day off during the week . Time constraint seems to be the major contributing factor to inactivity , while maintaining health and losing weight were the most important reason for being physically active among Saudi males . CONCLUSION The proportion of Saudi males who are at risk for inactivity is very high . Indeed , it is exceedingly higher than those who are at risk for hypertension , hypercholesterolemia , obesity , or cigarette smoking . Public policies are needed to encourage active living and discourage sedentary habits . Health care providers have an important role in promoting physical activity among the population Background : The high prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public health . This study aim ed to examine the prevalence of  physical activity ( PA ) and associated factors among female university students . Methods : This cross-sectional study involved 663 r and omly selected female university students who completed the Arab Teens Life Style question naire . Data included measurements of anthropometric , socioeconomic and environmental factors , as well as  self-reported PA .  Ordinal regression was used to identify associated factors with low , moderate and high PA levels . Results : The mean age of participants was 20.4 years ( SD 1.5 ) .  Mean BMI of the students in relation to PA were 23.0 , 22.9 , 22.1 for high , moderate and low levels of activity , respectively . The analysis revealed significantly higher PA levels among married students , those with high educated mothers , and those who lived far from parks , and lower activity levels among underweight students . Conclusions : This study raises four important determinants for female university students ’  PA levels . These factors could be of great importance in the endeavor to prevent the health-threatening increase in physical inactivity patterns and thus non-communicable diseases and obesity where the focus should be on the specific situation and needs of women in Saudi Arabia Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more This study investigated the cross-cultural differences and similarity in health behaviors between Saudi and British adolescents . A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted at four cities in Saudi Arabia ( Riyadh and Al-Khobar ; N = 1,648 ) and Britain ( Birmingham and Coventry ; N = 1,158 ) . The participants ( 14–18 year-olds ) were r and omly selected using a  multistage stratified cluster sampling technique . Measurements included anthropometric , screen time , vali date d physical activity ( PA ) question naire and dietary habits . The overweight/obesity prevalence among Saudi adolescents ( 38.3 % ) was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher than that found among British adolescents ( 24.1 % ) . The British adolescents demonstrated higher total PA energy expenditure than Saudi adolescents ( means ± SE = 3,804.8 ± 81.5 vs. 2,219.9 ± 65.5 METs-min/week ) . Inactivity prevalence was significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher among Saudi adolescents ( 64 % ) compared with that of British adolescents ( 25.5 % ) . The proportions of adolescents exceeding 2 h of daily screen time were high ( 88.0 % and 90.8 % among Saudis and British , respectively ) . The majority of Saudi and British adolescents did not have daily intakes of breakfast , fruit , vegetables and milk . MANCOVA showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) gender by country interactions in several lifestyle factors . There was a significant ( p < 0.001 ) gender differences in the ratio of physical activity to sedentary behaviors . In conclusion , Saudi and British adolescents demonstrated some similarities and differences in their PA levels , sedentary behaviors 
    Output:
    
Correlates demonstrated expected associations with health outcomes , low levels of physical activity ( particularly among young people ) , high levels of sedentary behaviour ( particularly among men and young people ) and expected associations of known correlates ( e.g. gender , age , education , time , self-motivation , social support , and access ) .