***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A linear analogue for rating  pain with 10 , 15 and 20 cm lines is significantly less variable than a 5 cm line ( mean error of 15 cm line is 0 - 19 % , 95 % confidence limits for the group + /- 2 % and an inood correlation between repeated ratins of a recalled pain distant in time . The variance of the rating is significantly less than the repeated rating of a r and om mark . The linear analogue rating of a constant pain stimulus is reproducible and changes in rating are likely to be real changes of opinion . Pethidine 150 mg intramuscularly had no significant effect , tested 30 minutes after the administration , on the accuracy or reproducibility of the analogue rating . A linear analogue seems a suitable method of recording the patient 's opion of a severe pain such as that of labour Controversy exists concerning pin placement for supracondylar humerus fractures in children . Both crossed pin and lateral only pin configurations have shown good results ; however , prospect i ve studies are lacking . We present a prospect i ve , surgeon-r and omized study comparing crossed pin  ( group A , n = 20 ) versus preferential lateral only pin  ( group B , n = 20 ) fixation for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures . There was no difference in Baumann 's angle ( P>0.75 ) , the humerotrochlear angle ( P>0.85 ) , or final elbow range of motion ( P>0.25 ) . Both groups had stable reductions and clinical ly normal alignment . The only complication in both groups was a transient ulnar nerve irritation , despite no intraoperative evidence of nerve violation with a nerve stimulator . One patient in each group required modification of the operative plan . In group B , one patient had a medial pin inserted because of medial comminution extending proximally limiting available lateral pin placement . In group A , the surgeon elected to use lateral pins only because of an obviously subluxating ulnar nerve . In conclusion , we recommend orthopedic surgeons treating unstable pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures be facile with both medial and lateral pin placement INTRODUCTION Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning are the most widely used treatment options for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in children , but there is still no consensus concerning the most preferred technique in injuries of the extension type . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare three common orthopaedic procedures in the treatment of displaced extension type supracondylar humerus fractures in children . METHODS Total of 93 consecutive patients ( 66 boys and 27 girls ) referred to our hospital with Gartl and type II or III extension supracondylar humeral fractures were prospect ively included in the study over a six-year period . At initial presentation 48 patients were classified as Gartl and type II and 45 as Gartl and type III fractures . The patients were subdivided into three groups based on the following treatment modality : closed reduction with percutaneous pinning , open reduction with Kirschner wires ( K-wires ) fixation , and closed reduction with cast immobilisation . The treatment outcome and clinical characteristics were compared among groups , as well as evaluated using Flynn 's criteria . RESULTS Excellent clinical outcome was reported in 70.3 % of patients treated with closed reduction with percutaneous pinning and in 64.7 % of patients treated with open reduction with K-wire fixation . The outcome was significantly worse in children treated with closed reduction and cast immobilisation alone , as excellent outcome is achieved in just 36.4 % of cases ( p = 0.011 ) . CONCLUSION Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning is the method of choice in the treatment of displaced pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture , while open reduction with K-wire fixation is as a good alternative in cases with clear indications 
    Output:
    
This study may provide surgical treatment effects evidence for SHFC .