***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background To evaluate the antiplaque effects of an alcohol-free mouthrinse containing essential oils — Listerine Zero (LZ)— and an alcohol-based essential oils mouthrinse ( EO+ ) compared with a positive control of 0.20 % chlorhexidine mouthrinse ( CHX ) and a negative control of a placebo solution ( saline ) , using an in vivo plaque regrowth model of three days . Methods The study was design ed as a double-masked , r and omized , crossover clinical trial , involving 21 volunteers to compare four different mouthrinses  , using a three-day plaque regrowth model . After receiving thorough professional prophylaxis at baseline , over the next three days each volunteer refrained from all oral hygiene measures and performed two daily rinses with 15 mL of the test mouthrinses . EO+ was compared with LZ . CHX rinse served as a positive control and a placebo solution as a negative control . At the end of each experimental period , the Plaque Index ( PI ) was assessed and a panelist completed through a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) question naire evaluating the organoleptic properties of each product . Each participant underwent a 14-day washout period and then there was another allocation . Results LZ showed the same inhibitory activity on plaque regrowth compared with EO+ in the whole mouth ( PI = 1.72 versus 1.65 , respectively ) , but there was less of an effect compared to the CHX ( overall PI of 1.07 ) and a more efficient activity than the saline solution negative control ( PI = 2.31 ) . The difference of 0.07 between LZ and EO+ was not statistically significant . Conclusions LZ seems to have the same inhibiting effect on plaque regrowth as EO+ and a less inhibiting effect than the CHX control . Both LZ and EO+ , as well as the CHX control , show a better inhibiting effect on plaque regrowth than the placebo solution . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov , NCT02894593 . Registered on 4 September 2016 OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if antimicrobial mouthrinses with different formulations could affect the composition of the subgingival microbiota and clinical parameters of adjacent tissues in periodontal maintenance subjects . METHODS One-hundred and sixteen subjects , who had been treated for chronic periodontitis and were in a maintenance program , were r and omly assigned one of four mouthrinses , to be used twice daily for three months . The mouthrinses were herbal 1 , herbal 2 , essential oil , and chlorhexidine .  Clinical measurements and subgingival plaque sample s were taken at baseline and at three months . Plaque sample s were individually evaluated for 18 test species/taxa using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization . Significance of differences between baseline and three months for both microbiological and clinical parameters were determined using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test . Significance of difference among groups for change in clinical and microbiological parameters was determined using analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) , adjusting for baseline values . RESULTS Shifts in species proportions differed significantly for 9/18 test species/taxa among the four mouthrinse groups . Streptococcus and Capnocytophaga species were reduced most in the herbal rinse groups , while Veillonella parvula was reduced most in the essential oil and chlorhexidine groups . Actinomyces were also markedly reduced in the chlorhexidine group . Mean Plaque ( PI ) and Gingival Indices ( GI ) were reduced between baseline and three months in each group . Results emphasize that chlorhexidine ( p < 0.001 ) and herbal ( p < 0.05 ) rinses significantly reduced PI . Some subjects in each group responded better than others . CONCLUSION All four mouthrinses tested produced shifts in the composition of subgingival microbiota , although the results differed among the groups . The observed microbial changes were accompanied by improvements in clinical parameters in the periodontal maintenance subjects This double-blind parallel- design clinical study compared the efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice ( Crest Plus Gum Care ) , baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice ( Mentadent ) , and essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine ) to a conventional NaF dentifrice ( Crest ) for the control of plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding over six months . Following an initial baseline examination and stratification , subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis and were distributed assigned test products . Following three and six months , subjects re-visited the clinic for examinations . Evaluations at baseline and at 3 and 6 months included soft tissue status . Löe-Silness gingivitis/gingival bleeding , Silness-Löe plaque and dental stain . Results subsequent to six months of product use were as follows : At six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant 17.5 % reductions in gingivitis and 27.5 % reductions in gingival bleeding relative to the NaF dentifrice . The combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse produced statistically significant reductions of 7.4 % in gingivitis and 10.8 % in plaque as compared with the NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in both gingivitis ( 10.8 % ) and gingival bleeding ( 23.0 % ) relative to the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse . The baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice did not provide reductions in gingivitis , plaque or gingival bleeding as compared with the conventional NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following six months of use , and both the essential oil mouthrinse and stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following three months of use . These results support : 1 ) the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis ; 2 ) the superior activity of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice as compared with a combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding ; and 3 ) the lack of efficacy for baking soda and peroxide dentifrice for the control of  plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding  as compared with conventional fluori date d dentifrice The aim of this double-blind study was to enumerate the total number of living and dead bacteria on defined tooth areas during the application of antibacterial mouthrinses . After prophylaxis , 40 students refrained from all oral hygiene measures for 3 d , during which they rinsed with a phenolic compound ( Listerine ) , an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride solution ( Meridol ) , 0.2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) or a control solution ( 0.02 % quinine-hydrochloride ) . The plaque index ( P1I ) was recorded at the start and the end of the investigation . Total bacterial counts ( BC ) and colony-forming units ( CFU ) of 1d- , 2d- and 3d-old dentogingival plaque were determined . The plating efficiency ( PE ) was calculated as a percentage of CFU/BC and the portion of vital microflora estimated by a vital fluorescence technique ( VF ) . All groups started with a P1I approximating 0.1 . On day 3 , the P1I values were 1.21 in the control group and 0.51 , 0.37 and 0.14 after Listerine , Meridol and CHX use , respectively . A tremendous variation existed between the numbers of viable bacteria found per mm2 on the enamel surface and day 3 ( CHX : 0.2 ; Meridol : 300 ; Listerine ; 6x10(4 ) ; control : 2x10(6 ) ) , while higher total numbers of bacteria were concomitantly present ( CHX and Meridol : 1 - 2x10(4 ) ; Listerine : 2x10(5 ) ; control : 2x10(6 ) ) . Both vitality parameters PE and VF reached 92 % in the control group at day 3 , but only 7 % after CHX use . With Meridol and Listerine , the corresponding PE values were 3 % and 43 % , respectively , while the VF values reached 48 % and 54 % . The PII , BC , CFU and PE values of the CHX and the Meridol groups differed significantly from those of the control group . In contrast , Listerine showed no difference as compared to the control rinse . Due to the strong antibacterial action of CHX and Meridol during their use , almost only dead or non-proliferating bacteria were found on the tooth surfaces . Thus , only a thin plaque could develop . As a clinical consequence , both substances showed retardation of plaque development as reflected by significantly reduced plaque indices OBJECTIVE The objective of this r and omized , examiner-blind , parallel , controlled clinical study was to compare the antiplaque/antigingivitis efficacy of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse ( EO ) to a new 0.075 % cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse ( CPC ) using a two-week experimental gingivitis model with a 5 % hydroalcohol rinse serving as the negative control . METHODS After signing informed consents and completing baseline examinations , 185 subjects were r and omized into three groups . Subjects began supervised/recorded rinsing with 20 ml of their assigned rinse for 30 seconds twice daily for two weeks , with no mechanical oral hygiene permitted . Baseline and two-week assessment s were conducted as follows : Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( PI ) , Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , and the Gingival Bleeding Index ( BI ) . Analysis of efficacy variables ( i.e. , mean PI , mean MGI , mean BI , and proportion of bleeding sites derived from the BI ) was performed using a one-way analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) . RESULTS Among the 182 subjects who completed the study , the EO rinse showed statistically significant reductions compared to the negative control within the range previously reported in this model ; PI = 36.5 % ( p < 0.001 ) and MGI = 17.5 % ( p < 0.001 ) . A 43.2 % reduction in proportion of bleeding sites ( p < 0.001 ) was demonstrated . Mean PI , MGI , and proportion of bleeding sites at two weeks were statistically significantly lower for the EO rinse compared to the CPC rinse ( p < 0.001 ) , showing 27.7 % , 11.9 % , and 30.0 % reductions , respectively . CONCLUSION An EO rinse provided superior antigingivitis/antiplaque efficacy compared to a 0.075 % CPC rinse in this short-term clinical trial , and demonstrated efficacy within the range shown in previous studies using this model BACKGROUND Transient bacteremia frequently occur secondary to several periodontal procedures . The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of irrigation with an essential oil-containing antiseptic ( EO ) and oral administration of azithromycin ( AZM ) on bacteremia caused by scaling and root planing ( SRP ) . METHODS Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned to three groups ( control , EO , and AZM ) . The EO group received quadrant subgingival irrigation with EO , and mouthrinsing was continued at home for 1 week . Oral administration of AZM was started 3 days before SRP in the AZM group . No adjunctive treatment was performed before SRP in the control group . Peripheral blood and subgingival plaque were collected at baseline and after 1 week . The second blood sample was taken 6 minutes after the initiation of quadrant SRP . The blood sample s were cultured and analyzed for bacteremia . Quantitative analysis of periodontopathic bacteria in the sulcus was performed using the polymerase chain reaction Invader method . RESULTS Bacteremia incidence rates were 90 % , 70 % , and 20 % for the control , EO , and AZM groups , respectively . Significant reduction of the incidence of bacteremia was shown in the AZM group only ( P < 0.01 ) . Subgingival bacterial counts significantly decreased in both the EO and AZM groups ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Quadrant SRP frequently induced bacteremia . Although AZM was effective in reducing bacteremia incidence , EO showed less effectiveness BACKGROUND Mechanical methods of oral hygiene can be complemented by the use of chemotherapeutic mouthrinses . The authors sought to quantify the additional benefit provided by an essential oil- , or EO- , containing mouthrinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis in patients who brush and floss regularly . METHODS The authors r and omly assigned patients with gingivitis to one of three treatment groups : brushing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse , or BC ; brushing , flossing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse , or BFC ; or brushing , flossing and rinsing with an EO-containing mouthrinse , or BFEO . Patients received a dental prophylaxis at baseline , and the authors followed them for six months . RESULTS Of 246 enrolled subjects enrolled in the study , 237 subjects were evaluable at the study 's conclusion . After six months , the subjects using the BFEO regimen had 
    Output:
    
Conclusions This review provides strong evidence of the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects of essential-oil-containing mouthrinse LISTERINE ® as an adjunct to daily tooth brushing and interdental cleaning