***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Cytokine induced killer ( CIK ) cell-based treatments have shown antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) in vitro and in vivo . But the therapeutic options and benefits of various CIK cells were unknown for different stages of RCC . In this r and om clinical trial , the 3-year disease free survival ( DFS ) of operable RCC patients treated with autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells co-cultured with cytokine induced killer ( Ag-DC-CIK ) was 96.7 % compared with 57.7 % in the control group . Ag-DC-CIK immunotherapy decreased the risk of post-operative disease progression and relapse ( P = 0.0418 ) . In inoperable RCC patients treated with CIK  , the 3-year overall survival ( OS ) and progression-free survival ( PFS ) were significantly longer than the control group ( P = 0.0116 and P = 0.0212 ) . The CD4(+)/CD8(+ ) T cell ratio in peripheral blood increased after the last cell infusion in the CIK treatment group , and especially further increased in the Ag-DC-CIK treatment group ( P = 0.002 ) . No severe toxicity was observed after infusion of CIK cells . Therefore , tumor antigen-sensitized Ag-DC-CIK cells might be more efficient and personalized for the patients with tumor resection , and CIK cells could improve the prognosis for those inoperable patients . According to the stages of RCC patients , different CIK cell-based immunotherapies would help to achieve more beneficial effects BACKGROUND Organ-confined renal-cell carcinoma is associated with tumour progression in up to 50 % of patients after radical nephrectomy . At present , no effective adjuvant treatment is established . We aim ed to investigate the effect of an autologous renal tumour cell vaccine on risk of tumour progression in patients with stage pT2 - 3b pN0 - 3 M0 renal-cell carcinoma . METHODS Between January , 1997 , and September , 1998 , 558 patients with a renal tumour scheduled for radical nephrectomy were enrolled at 55 institutions in Germany . Before surgery , all patients were central ly r and omised to receive autologous renal tumour cell vaccine ( six intradermal applications at 4-week intervals postoperatively ; vaccine group ) or no adjuvant treatment ( control group ) . The primary endpoint of the trial was to reduce the risk of tumour progression , defined as progression or death . All patients were assessed after st and ardised diagnostic investigations at 6-month intervals for a minimum of 4.5 years . FINDINGS By preoperative and postoperative inclusion criteria , 379 patients were assessable for the intention-to-treat analysis . At 5-year and 70-month follow-up , the hazard ratios for tumour progression were 1.58 ( 95 % CI 1.05 - 2.37 ) and 1.59 ( 1.07 - 2.36 ) , respectively , in favour of the vaccine group ( p=0.0204 , log-rank test ) . 5-year and 70-month progression-free survival rates were 77.4 % and 72 % , respectively , in the vaccine group and 67.8 % and 59.3 % , respectively , in the control group . The vaccine was well tolerated , with only 12 adverse events associated with the treatment . INTERPRETATION Adjuvant treatment with autologous renal tumour cell vaccine in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy seems to be beneficial and can be considered in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy due to organ-confined renal-cell carcinoma of more than 2.5 cm in diameter Cancer vaccines such as MVA-5T4 ( TroVax ® ) must induce an efficacious immune response to deliver therapeutic benefit . The identification of biomarkers that impact on the clinical and /or immunological efficacy of cancer vaccines is required in order to select patients who are most likely to benefit from this treatment modality . Here , we sought to identify a predictor of treatment benefit for renal cancer patients treated with MVA-5T4 .  Statistical modeling was undertaken using data from a phase III trial in which patients requiring first-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma were r and omized 1:1 to receive MVA-5T4 or placebo alongside sunitinib , IL-2 or IFN-α . Numerous pre-treatment factors associated with inflammatory anemia ( e.g. , CRP , hemoglobin , hematocrit , IL-6 , ferritin , platelets ) demonstrated a significant relationship with tumor burden and patient survival . From these prognostic factors , the pre-treatment mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( MCHC ) was found to be the best predictor of treatment benefit ( P < 0.01 ) for MVA-5T4 treated patients and also correlated positively with tumor shrinkage ( P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , MCHC levels showed a significant positive association with 5T4 antibody response ( P = 0.01 ) . The latter result was confirmed using an independent data set comprising phase II trials of MVA-5T4 in patients with colorectal , renal and prostate cancers . Retrospective analyses demonstrated that RCC patients who had very large tumor burdens and low MCHC levels received little or no benefit from treatment with MVA-5T4 ; however , patients with smaller tumor burdens and normal MCHC levels received substantial benefit from treatment with MVA-5T4 Objective . To evaluate the efficacy of autologous cytokine-induced killer ( CIK ) cells in patients with renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) . Methods . 20 patients diagnosed with TNM stage I or II RCC were r and omly divided into two groups , a CIK cell treatment group and a control group . The endpoint was progression-free survival ( PFS ) evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analyses . Results . CD3 + , CD3+/CD8 + , CD3+/CD4 + , and CD3+/CD56 + levels increased after CIK cell culture ( P < 0.01 ) . The median PFS in CIK cell treatment group was significantly longer than that in control group ( PFS , 32.2 months versus 21.6 months ; log-rank , P = 0.032 ) , all patients were alive during the course of followup , and there are no statistically significant differences between two groups in OS ( log-rank , P = 0.214 ) . Grade III or greater adverse events were not observed . Conclusions . CIK cells treatment could prolong survival in patients with RCC after radical nephrectomy and showed acceptable curative effect with potential enhancement of cellular immune function . This trial is registered with Clinical trials.gov NCT01799083 Several forms of immunotherapy are apparently effective in inducing clinical remissions in metastatic renal cancer , but their benefit on survival times have not been demonstrated so far . The present analysis was design ed to assess the effects of concomitant application of renal cancer vaccine and cytokines on DTH skin responses to tumor cell challenge , clinical remissions and patients survival .  40 patients with advanced RCC , all with distant metastases in at least one organ , were entered after nephrectomy into a protocol involving multiple vaccinations with Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected autologous irradiated tumor cells , with subsequent repetitive 3 bi-weekly cycles of low dose interleukin-2 ( r-IL-2 ) and interferon-alpha(2b)/rIFN-alpha(2 ) s.c . ( 1.5 million r-IL-2 Cetus units/m(2)/day and 3 million IFN-alpha IU/m(2)/day ) . In a pilot study the coadministration of a supplement of r-IL-2 proved to be important for augmentation of DTH responsiveness upon tumor cell challenge . Patients with aneuploid tumors vaccinated without r-IL-2 apparently developed an anergy to the vaccine throughout vaccination . In the main study , of the 40 evaluable RCC patients , 5 exhibited a complete response ( CR ) , 6 displayed a partial remission ( PR ) , 12 showed stable disease ( SD , median 25 months ) and 17 tumor progression . Survival distribution analysis predicted for all patients with stable disease a median survival of 31 months while CR+PR patients had a median survival > 4 years . 23/40 ( 57.5 % ) patients ( CR , PR and SD ) appear to have a significant survival advantage compared to the patients with progressive disease during the treatment period and to a historic reference group . Further data analysis revealed that the number of metastatic sites was predictive of survival characteristics ( p<0.05 ) . A marked increase during 3 vaccinations of DTH anti-tumor reactivity predicted a survival advantage ( 35 vs 14 months ) , a correlation that was also significant by the Wilcoxon test . While the multi-modality treatment with autologous tumor vaccine and s.c . administration of IL-2 and IFN-alpha appears to be effective in advanced RCC , a r and omized trial ( ASI-IL-2/IFN-alpha vs IL-2/IFN-alpha without ASI ) is now set up to help assess the role of ASI within the combined treatment regimen Active specific immunotherapy ( ASI ) is a strategy that attempts to boost the host 's immune response specifically against its own tumor . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adjuvant ASI in patients with renal carcinoma Background . Treatment with interleukin‐2 ( IL‐2 ) and lymphokine‐activated killer cells ( LAK ) result ed in responses in some patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) . However , the relative therapeutic benefit of the addition of LAK to IL‐2 was unknown BACKGROUND It remains a challenge to inhibit the local recurrence or distant metastasis of localized or locally advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) after surgical resection . We investigated the feasibility , safety and efficacy of immunotherapy using autologous tumor lysate (TL)-pulsed dendritic cells ( DCs ) and cytokine-induced killer ( CIK ) cells in patients with localized or locally advanced RCC . METHODS From January 2001 to July 2009 , we collected 137 patients that met the selection criteria and r and omly divided them into three groups . After surgery , immunotherapy with TL-pulsed DCs-CIK cells ( DC-CIK group ) and interferon (IFN)-α ( IFN-α group ) was performed in 46 patients , respectively . The other 45 patients received no postoperative adjuvant therapy  ( the  control group ) . The changes in the numbers of T lymphocyte subsets , including CD4(+)CD25(high ) regulatory T cells ( Treg ) , were determined before the operation and after immunotherapy . The overall survival was compared among the three groups . RESULTS An increase of the CD4(+)/CD8(+ ) ratio and a decrease of CD4(+)CD25(high ) cells were observed after TL-pulsed DC-CIK cells or IFN-a immunotherapy . All patients tolerated the TL-pulsed DC-CIK cells immunotherapy very well , and side effects in the DC-CIK group were less than in the IFN-α group . The metastasis and recurrence rates were significantly decreased after TL-pulsed DC-CIK cells or IFN-α immunotherapy compared with the control group ( P < 0.01 ) . The Log-rank test showed that the overall survival rates were significantly higher in the DC-CIK group and IFN-α group than that in the control group ( P < 0.01 ) , but there was no difference between the DC-CIK group and IFN-α group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Postoperative immunotherapy with TL-pulsed DC-CIK cells may prevent recurrence/metastasis and increase the overall survival rate after surgery in localized or locally advanced RCC BACKGROUND Treatment of localised renal cell carcinoma consists of partial or radical nephrectomy . A substantial proportion of patients are at risk for recurrence because no effective adjuvant therapy exists . We investigated the use of an autologous , tumour-derived heat-shock protein ( glycoprotein 96)-peptide complex ( HSPPC-96 ; vitespen ) as adjuvant treatment in patients at high risk of recurrence after resection of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma . METHODS In this open-label trial , patients were r and omly assigned to receive either vitespen ( n=409 ) or observation alone ( n=409 ) after nephrectomy .  R and omisation was done in a one to one ratio by a computer-generated pseudo-r and om number generator , with a block size of four , and was stratified by performance score , lymph node status , and nuclear grade . Vitespen was given intradermally once a week for 4 weeks , then every 2 weeks until vaccine depletion . The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival . The final analysis of recurrence-free survival was planned to take place after 214 or more events of disease recurrence or deaths before recurrence had occurred . Analysis was by intention to treat ( ITT ) . This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00033904 . FINDINGS 48 patients in the vitespen group and 42 in the observation group were excluded from the ITT population because they did not meet post-surgery inclusion criteria ; the ITT population thus consisted of 361 patients in the vitespen group and 367 in the observation group . Final analysis of recurrence-free survival was triggered in November , 2005 . Re- review of all patients in the ITT population by the clinical events committee identified 149 actual recurrences ( 73 in the vitespen group 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Results of this systematic review suggest that some specific immunotherapies such as Reniale , ACHN-IL-2 , Newcastle disease virus ( NDV ) virus-infected autologous tumor cells , ALT and CIK treatment could be beneficiary for the treatment of patients with RCC