***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Patients presenting with oromyofacial disorders and pain in the head and neck area are often resistant to conventional therapy . Acupuncture has been shown to be effective in pain reduction . Methods Twenty-three patients with craniom and ibular disorders , headache and , in particular , local pain in the orofacial , cervical and temporom and ibular joint areas were r and omised into acupuncture or placebo laser therapy groups .  Pain was assessed by a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and by palpation of 14 muscles and groups of muscles immediately before and after treatment , the assessor being blinded to the patients ' allocation . Applicable acupuncture points were search ed and pricked using the ' very-point ' technique . Findings Pain reduction measured by VAS was significantly more pronounced after acupuncture than after placebo treatment ( p = 0.031 ) . Sum of pain scores across 14 muscles was considerably more reduced after acupuncture as compared to sham laser treatment . Interpretation Acupuncture may bring about immediate pain relief in patients with oromyofacial disorders , increasing the chance to initiate other therapeutic measures OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of using Ping On ointment and using petroleum jelly in the treatment of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) and masticatory muscle pain , in order to establish the true efficacy of Ping On ointment . METHODS In this r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial , 55 subjects with TMJ and /or masticatory pain ( Group I patients according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporom and ibular Disorder ( RDC/TMD ) received Ping On ointment for 4 weeks , or placebo for 4 weeks . Subjects were evaluated with st and ard measures of efficacy : pain intensity measured by visual analogue scale and maximal comfortable m and ibular opening , at baseline and again after 4 weeks of treatment . RESULTS Ping On ointment significantly reduced the symptoms of painful TMJs and /or masticatory muscles . Maximal comfortable m and ibular opening also improved in the Ping On ointment group compared with the placebo , but was not clinical ly significant . CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that topical application of Ping On ointment may be considered for further investigation as a potential first-line treatment modality , before prescribing analgesics , for the management of TMDs . It is topically applied , safe , reversible , and effective in managing TMDs and masticatory muscle pain BACKGROUND The authors compared the efficacy of bilateral balanced and canine guidance ( occlusal ) splints in the treatment of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) pain in subjects who experienced joint clicking with a nonoccluding splint in a double-blind , controlled r and omized clinical trial . METHODS The authors r and omly assigned 57 people with signs of disk displacement and TMJ pain into three groups according to the type of splint : bilateral balanced , canine guidance and nonoccluding . The authors followed the groups for six months using analysis of a visual analog scale ( VAS ) , palpation of the TMJ and masticatory muscles , m and ibular movements and joint sounds . They used repeated analysis of variance and a chi(2 ) test to test the hypothesis . RESULTS The type of guidance used did not influence the pain reduction , yet both occlusal splints were superior to the nonoccluding splint , on the basis of the VAS . Despite similar outcomes in relation to opening , left lateral and protrusive movements , TMJ and muscle pain on palpation , subjects who used the occlusal splints had improved clinical outcomes . The frequency of joint noises decreased over time , with no significant differences among groups . Subjects in the groups using the occlusal splints reported more comfort . CONCLUSION The type of lateral guidance did not influence the subjects ' improvement . All of the subjects had a general improvement on the VAS , though subjects in the occlusal splint groups had better results that did subjects in the nonoccluding splint group & NA ; Adverse events in r and omized controlled trials of noninvasive , pharmacologic analgesics are frequently incompletely or inconsistently reported . A comprehensive reporting checklist is proposed to improve disclosure of adverse effects . & NA ; The development of valid and informative treatment risk – benefit profiles requires consistent and thorough information about adverse event ( AE ) assessment and participants ’ AEs during r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . Despite a 2004 extension of the Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) statement recommending the specific AE information that investigators should report , there is little evidence that analgesic RCTs adequately adhere to these recommendations . This systematic review builds on prior recommendations by describing a comprehensive checklist for AE reporting developed to capture clinical ly important AE information . Using this checklist , we coded AE assessment methods and reporting in all 80 double‐blind RCTs of noninvasive pharmacologic treatments published in the European Journal of Pain , Journal of Pain , and PAIN ® from 2006 to 2011 . Across all trials , reports of AEs were frequently incomplete , inconsistent across trials , and , in some cases , missing . For example , > 40 % of trials failed to report any information on serious adverse events . Trials of participants with acute or chronic pain conditions and industry‐sponsored trials typically provided more and better‐ quality AE data than trials involving pain‐free volunteers or trials that were not industry sponsored . The results of this review suggest that improved AE reporting is needed in analgesic RCTs . We developed an ACTTION ( Analgesic , Anesthetic , and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations , Innovations , Opportunities , and Networks ) AE reporting checklist that is intended to assist investigators in thoroughly and consistently capturing and reporting these critically important data in publications To analyse the effect of treatment of m and ibular dysfunction on headache , 35 patients with migraine , 20 patients with combination headache and 36 patients with muscle contraction headache were studied in a clinical double-blind trial . Patients in the treatment group received occlusal adjustment and those in the placebo group mock occlusal adjustment . After eight months and four months , respectively , the neurologist evaluated the treatment outcome . The frequency of headache was reduced in 79 % and the intensity in 53 % of patients suffering from muscle contraction headache or combination headache in whom the adjustment of the dental occlusion had been successfully accomplished . The difference from the placebo group was statistically significant . The decrease in headache frequency as calculated from the headache diaries correlated with the decrease in the index of clinical signs of m and ibular dysfunction In a double-blind study , diclofenac sodium ( Voltaren ) , 50 mg two or three times a day , was compared with placebo in 32 patients with pain localized to the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) . The patients were allocated into two equally large groups . A visual analog scale was used to estimate the pretreatment degree of pain . The treatment effect was assessed as the frequency of joint and muscle pain and by the patients ' own evaluation of improvement . The change in the clinical condition was assessed by tenderness to palpation of the TMJ and masticatory muscles and by m and ibular mobility . The frequency of TMJ pain showed a greater reduction in the diclofenac group than in the placebo group , and there was a significant reduction of daily TMJ pain in the diclofenac group . The diclofenac group also showed a significant decrease in tenderness to palpation of the masticatory muscles in comparison with the placebo group . The patients with short duration of pain showed the best response to diclofenac . There was no evidence in this study to prove that diclofenac should be used as a primary treatment of TMJ pain , but it could be used as a complement to other treatments of acute TMJ pain The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexamethasone administration following arthrocentesis of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) with a placebo ( saline ) . Twenty-eight participants with TMJ arthralgia were r and omly assigned to two groups of a parallel double-blind RCT . In both groups , an arthrocentesis procedure was carried out . In one group , the procedure was followed by the administration of a single-dose intra-articular dexamethasone . In the other group , saline was administered as a control . Follow-up visits were scheduled after 1 , 3 , and 24 weeks . During each visit , TMJ pain ( on a 100-mm VAS ) and jaw stiffness ( mouth opening in mm ) were scored . In the statistical analysis , generalized estimating equation ( GEE ) models showed no differences between the two study groups , although pain and jaw stiffness were both reduced over 24 weeks . In conclusion , intra-articular dexamethasone following arthrocentesis did not improve the procedure ’s effect in patients presenting with TMJ arthralgia ( Clinical Trials.gov number CT01275014 ) & NA ; The aim of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy of a single dose intra‐articular injection ( i.a . ) of morphine in 53 patients with unilateral arthralgia/osteoarthritis of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) . This r and omized , double‐blind , parallel group , multicenter study included a screening visit , a treatment visit , and a follow‐up visit 1 week after treatment . Recordings of visual analog scales ( VAS ) pain intensity scores at maximum mouth opening ( main efficacy variable ) and at jaw rest were made directly before a 1‐ml i.a . injection into one TMJ of either 1.0 mg morphine – HCl , 0.1 mg morphine – HCl , or saline ( placebo ) . The pain intensity was also recorded at the follow‐up and in a diary 3 days before and 5 days after the injection . The VAS pain score at maximum mouth opening was considerably reduced 1–10 h after injection but without significant differences between groups . At the follow‐up , the median VAS pain score at maximal mouth opening was significantly lower in the 0.1‐mg morphine group than in the 1.0‐mg morphine group ( P<0.043 ) or the saline group ( P<0.021 ) . A significant increase in pain pressure threshold over the affected joint was seen in the 0.1‐mg morphine group compared with the saline group at the follow‐up but not 1 and 2 h post‐injection . The incidence of adverse events was small and did not differ between the treatment groups . In conclusion , one i.a . injection of 0.1 mg morphine significantly increased the pain pressure threshold and mouth opening ability , but evidence for the analgesic property of the locally applied opioid was inconclusive . No dose – effect relation and no significant short‐term analgesic property were seen . Although statistically significant , the magnitude of the reduced VAS pain intensity score was not clinical ly relevant at the 1‐week follow‐up CONTEXT The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting of Trials ( CONSORT ) statement was developed to help improve the quality of reports of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) . To date , a paucity of data exists regarding whether it has achieved this goal . OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of the CONSORT statement is associated with improvement in the quality of reports of RCTs . DESIGN AND SETTING Comparative before- and -after evaluation in which reports of RCTs published in 1994 ( pre-CONSORT ) were compared with RCT reports from the same journals published in 1998 ( post-CONSORT ) . We included 211 reports from BMJ , JAMA , and The Lancet ( journals that adopted CONSORT ) as well as The New Engl and Journal of Medicine ( a journal that did not adopt CONSORT and was used as a comparator ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of CONSORT items included in a report , frequency of unclear reporting of allocation concealment , and overall trial quality score based on the Jadad scale , a 5-point quality assessment instrument . RESULTS Compared with 1994 , the number of CONSORT checklist items in reports of RCTs increased in all 4 journals in 1998 , and this increase was statistically significant for the 3 adopter journals ( pre-CONSORT , 23.4 ; mean change , 3.7 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.1 - 5.3 ) . The frequency of unclear reporting of allocation concealment decreased for each of the 4 journals , and this change was statistically significant for adopters ( pre-CONSORT , 61 % ; mean change , -22 % ; 95 % CI , -38 % to -6 % ) . Similarly , 3 of the 4 journals showed an improvement in the quality score for reports of RCTs , and this increase was statistically significant for adopter journals overall ( pre-CONSORT , 2.7 ; mean change , 0.4 ; 95 % CI , 0.1 - 0.8 ) . CONCLUSION Use of the CONSORT statement is associated with improvements in the quality of reports of RCTs Objective We assessed the adequacy of r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) registration , changes to registration data and reporting completeness for articles in ICMJE journals during 2.5 years after registration requirement policy . Methods For a set of 149 reports of 152 RCTs with Clinical Trials.gov registration number , published from September 2005 to April 2008 , we evaluated the completeness of 9 items from WHO 20-item Minimum Data Set relevant for assessing trial quality . We also assessed changes to the registration elements at the Archive site of Clinical Trials.gov and compared published and registry data . Results RCTs were mostly registered before 13 September 2005 deadline ( n = 101 , 66.4 % ) ; 118 ( 77.6 % ) started recruitment before and 31 ( 20.4 % ) after registration . At the time of registration , 152 RCTs had a total of  
    Output:
    
In some cases , there was apparent improvement from the older to the newer cohort ; however , reporting of these method ological details remained inadequate even in the newer articles .