***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Recent findings suggest that remissions of maternal depression are associated with decrease in offspring psychopathology . Little is known about the offspring effects of decrease in paternal depression . METHOD The offspring of married fathers and married mothers were compared . The analysis was restricted to married parents to control for the confounding effect of single parenthood which was more prevalent among depressed mothers . At baseline all parents met criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , and participated in a 3 month r and omized controlled trial to treat depression with a 6 month follow-up . Married parents ( N=43 ) and their children aged 7 - 17 years ( N=78 ) were assessed independently through direct interviews of children and parents at baseline and followed for 9 months . Child assessors were blind to the clinical status of parents and uninvolved in their treatment . RESULTS At baseline , children of depressed fathers , compared to children of depressed mothers , had significantly fewer psychiatric disorders ( 11 % vs. 37 % ; p=0.012 ) and less impairment as measured by the Columbia Impairment Scale ( 6.5 vs. 11.6 ; p=0.009 ) . Over time , with treatment of parental depression , the prevalence of most child symptoms decreased among children of depressed mothers , but changed little among children of depressed fathers . LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study is the small number of fathers and their offspring included in the study . CONCLUSION Maternal as compared to paternal depression had a greater impact on children . With treatment of parental depression the differential prevalence of child symptoms by parental gender narrowed over time . The clinical implication is that children may benefit from treatment of their depressed parents Infant massage by the mother  has been popular in many cultures , especially India , and is growing in popularity in the West . Mothers with postnatal depression often have problems interacting with their infants . A small controlled study has shown that attending a massage class can help such mothers  relate better to their babies . The mechanisms by which this is achieved are not clear but may include learning to underst and their babies ' cues and the release of oxytocin OBJECTIVE Depression in parents is a prevalent and impairing illness that is encountered frequently in medical practice . Children of depressed parents are at risk for psychopathology and other difficulties . A series of recent national reports have recommended the development of prevention efforts targeting children of depressed parents . Yet , to date , few controlled prevention studies of depression in children and adolescents have been conducted . In this study , we report the evaluation of 2 preventive intervention strategies that target children living in homes with depressed parents . Both are public health approaches that were design ed to be used by a wide range of practitioners from a variety of disciplines , including pediatricians , internists , school counselors , nurses , and mental health practitioners . We adopted a developmental perspective and intervened with families when children were entering the age of highest risk for depression onset ( ie , adolescence ) . We chose a family-based approach to prevention and sought to reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors for early adolescents by increasing positive interactions between parents and children , and by increasing underst and ing of the illness for everyone in the family . Our prevention approaches were design ed to provide information about mood disorders to parents , to equip parents with the skills they need to communicate information to their children , and to open a dialogue with their children about the effects of parental depression . We hypothesized that participation in these prevention programs would result in parental change in child-related behaviors and attitudes about depression and its impact on the family . In addition , we hypothesized that this parental change would produce change in children 's self-underst and ing , and in children 's depressive symptomatology . METHODS We conducted a large-scale efficacy trial of 2 manual-based preventive intervention programs that were design ed to be used widely in public health setting s. These interventions target the relatively healthy children ( ages 8 - 15 ) of parents with mood disorder . Ninety-three families ( 88.5 % of our initial sample ) , including 121 children , participated in this study through the fourth assessment point . These families were assigned r and omly to either a lecture or a clinician-facilitated intervention . Both interventions were specified in manuals . The lecture condition consisted of 2 separate meetings delivered in a group format without children present . The clinician-facilitated condition consisted of 6 to 11 sessions , including separate meetings with parents and children , and a family meeting in which the parents led a discussion of the illness and of positive steps that can be taken to promote healthy functioning in the children . In addition , telephone contacts or refresher meetings were conducted at 6- to 9-month intervals . In both conditions , psychoeducational material about mood disorders , risk , and resilience was presented and efforts were made to decrease feelings of guilt and blame in children . Parents were helped to build resilience in their children through encouraging their friendships , their success outside of the home , and their underst and ing of parental illness and of themselves . In addition , in the clinician-facilitated condition , efforts were made to link the psychoeducational material presented to the family 's own unique illness experience . To address directly how their lives had changed , all family members in both conditions were assessed for psychopathology and for overall functioning at intake , and for psychopathology , functioning , and response to intervention immediately postintervention , approximately 1 year postintervention , and again approximately 2.5 years postintervention . RESULTS We examined the outcomes of child underst and ing and internalizing symptomatology , and a number of predictor variables , using repeated measures analyses with generalized estimating equations . We found that parents in both conditions reported significant change in child-related behaviors and and attitudes , and that the amount of change reported increased over time from time 3 to time 4 ( chi2(1 ) = 18.1 ) . Moreover , relative to parents in the lecture program ( mean number of changes = 6.3 ) , parents in the clinician-facilitated program reported more change in child-related behaviors and attitudes ( mean number of changes = 9.8 ) . Children in both conditions reported increased underst and ing of parental illness attributable to participation in our intervention programs . There was a positive association between the amount of change children reported in their underst and ing of parental illness and the number of changes couples reported in child-related behaviors/attitudes ( chi2(1 ) = 37.3 ; ie , parents who had changed the most in response to intervention had children who also changed the most ) . Finally , internalizing scores for all children decreased with increased time since intervention ( chi2(1 ) = 7.3 ) . In addition , females had higher internalizing scores than males ( chi2(1 ) = 5.3 ) . There was no significant effect of group on children 's change in internalizing symptomatology ( chi2(1 ) = 0.2 ) . CONCLUSIONS We enrolled families with relatively healthy children , administered carefully design ed preventive interventions that are manual-based and relatively brief , and found that these programs do have long-st and ing positive effects in how families problem solve around parental illness . Our results show significant benefits from both interventions . Moreover , changes in parents ' perceptions translated directly into changes in children 's own underst and ing of parental illness . Parental behavior and attitude changes and their connection to child changes in underst and ing identify an important mediating variable : family change . By increasing children 's underst and ing of parental mood disorder , our interventions were found to promote resilience-related qualities in these children at risk . This presentation represents the first and only longitudinal primary prevention study of relatively healthy children at risk for psychopathology attributable to parental mood disorder and demonstrates a significant reduction in risk factors and increase in protective factors in these families over a long time interval--2(1/2 ) years . Our results provide support for a family-based approach to preventive intervention OBJECTIVE We examined the course and predictors of  postpartum depression  in the 18 months following interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) . METHOD We enrolled 120 community women with major depression in a 12-week r and omized trial of  individual IPT during the postpartum period ( O'Hara , Stuart , Gorman , & Wenzel , 2000 ) . At 6 , 12 , and 18 months posttreatment , women participated in clinical interviews to establish the course of depression over the previous 6 months . We used survival analyses to characterize recovery and recurrence in the follow-up and growth curve modeling techniques to identify predictors of change in depression during the follow-up period . Potential predictors included severity , chronicity , and personal history of depression . RESULTS Of 35 women who recovered with acute treatment , 20 ( 57 % ) achieved sustained recovery during follow-up ; average time to recurrence was 33.40 weeks ( SD = 18.43 weeks ) . Over 80 % of women who did not recover with acute treatment experienced recovery at some point during follow-up ; average time to recovery was 28.60 weeks ( SD = 17.51 weeks ) . Time depressed each month decreased over the follow-up period . Posttreatment depressive severity and length of the index episode predicted changes in depression over time . Posttreatment depression severity , personal history of depression , and weeks of treatment in the follow-up were significant predictors of time depressed during follow-up . CONCLUSIONS IPT result ed in long-term benefits past the termination of acute treatment , even for women who did not initially recover . Though the vast majority of women who did not recover with acute treatment did recover during the follow-up period , continuation of IPT may accelerate the process CONTEXT Adolescent offspring of depressed parents are at markedly increased risk of developing depressive disorders . Although some smaller targeted prevention trials have found that depression risk can be reduced , these results have yet to be replicated and extended to large-scale , at-risk population s in different setting s. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a group cognitive behavioral ( CB ) prevention program compared with usual care in preventing the onset of depression . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A multicenter r and omized controlled trial conducted in 4 US cities in which 316 adolescent ( aged 13 - 17 years ) offspring of parents with current or prior depressive disorders were recruited from August 2003 through February 2006 . Adolescents had a past history of depression , current elevated but subdiagnostic depressive symptoms , or both . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , after the 8-week intervention , and after the 6-month continuation phase . INTERVENTION Adolescents were r and omly assigned to the CB prevention program consisting of 8 weekly , 90-minute group sessions followed by 6 monthly continuation sessions or assigned to receive usual care alone . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Rate and hazard ratio ( HR ) of a probable or definite depressive episode ( ie , depressive symptom rating score of > or = 4 ) for at least 2 weeks as diagnosed by clinical interviewers . RESULTS Through the postcontinuation session follow-up , the rate and HR of incident depressive episodes were lower for those in the CB prevention program than for those in usual care ( 21.4 % vs 32.7 % ; HR , 0.63 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.40 - 0.98 ) . Adolescents in the CB prevention program also showed significantly greater improvement in self-reported depressive symptoms than those in usual care ( coefficient , -1.1 ; z = -2.2 ; P = .03 ) . Current parental depression at baseline moderated intervention effects ( HR , 5.98 ; 95 % CI , 2.29 - 15.58 ; P = .001 ) . Among adolescents whose parents were not depressed at baseline , the CB prevention program was more effective in preventing onset of depression than usual care ( 11.7 % vs 40.5 % ; HR , 0.24 ; 95 % CI , 0.11 - 0.50 ) , whereas for adolescents with a currently depressed parent , the CB prevention program was not more effective than usual care in preventing incident depression ( 31.2 % vs 24.3 % ; HR , 1.43 ; 95 % CI , 0.76 - 2.67 ) . CONCLUSION The CB prevention program had a significant prevention effect through the 9-month follow-up period based on both clinical diagnoses and self-reported depressive symptoms , but this effect was not evident for adolescents with a currently depressed parent . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00073671 This pilot r and omized trial tested the feasibility and efficacy of supplementing residential substance-abuse treatment  for new mothers with a brief , yet rigorous , attachment-based parenting program . Twenty-one predominantly ( 86 % ) White mothers and their infants living together in residential substance-abuse treatment were r and omly assigned to the  program ( n = 11 ) or control ( n = 10 ) group . Program mothers received 10 home-based sessions of  Dozier 's Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up ( ABC ) intervention . Postintervention observations revealed more supportive parenting behaviors among the r and omly assigned ABC mothers OBJECTIVE Develop and pilot an Internet-facilitated cognitive-behavioral treatment intervention for depression , tailored to economically disadvantaged mothers of young children . METHOD Mothers ( N = 70 ) of children enrolled in Head Start , who reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms , were r and omized to either the 8-session , Internet-facilitated intervention ( Mom-Net ) or delayed intervention/facilitated treatment-as-usual ( DI/TAU ) . Outcomes were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI-II ; Beck , Steer , & Brown , 1996 ) ; the Patient Health Question naire 9 ( PHQ- 
    Output:
    
Interventions addressing parents and children jointly produced overall larger effects .
Higher study quality was associated with smaller effects .
There is a dearth of high quality studies that effectively reduce the high risk of COPMI for the development of mental disorders