***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Considering formocresol 's toxicity , Ca(OH)(2 ) partial pulpotomy ( PP ) was studied as a treatment alternative . AIM To compare success rates of Ca(OH)(2 ) PP versus formocresol pulpotomy ( FP ) treatment of pulpally exposed lower primary molars . DESIGN A total of 84 lower primary molars , which met study criteria , from 56 child patients were r and omly assigned for each treatment . After treatment , blinded clinical and radiographic evaluation with 96.9 % and 90 % reliability was performed at 6-month intervals to determine treatment success/failure . Chi-squared test was used to compare success rates between the two treatments . RESULTS The success rates from 6 to 36 months for PP ranged from 95.03 % to 75 % , whereas for FP , it was 92.7 - 74.2 % . The success rates for the two treatments at each 6-month interval were not different ( P ≥ 0.05 ) . The most frequent failure was internal resorption , affecting five FP teeth and three PP teeth . The resorption was arrested in five of the teeth and was replaced by a radiopaque calcified tissue in one case . CONCLUSION Considering the favourable clinical and radiographic success rate of PP and the potentially toxic effects of formocresol leads us to recommend the use of PP instead of FP in primary teeth with deep carious lesions Aim To compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of three different pulpotomy agents in primary molars after 18 months . Methods The study was carried out with 51 primary molars of children aged 5–9 years old . The teeth were r and omly assigned to the experimental or control groups . After coronal pulp removal and haemostasis , the remaining pulp tissue was covered with Biodentine ® or mineral trioxide aggregate in the experimental groups . In the control group , formocresol was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp tissue for 5 min and after removal the pulp tissue was covered with zinc oxide – eugenol ( ZOE ) paste . All teeth were immediately restored with reinforced ZOE base and resin modified glass-ionomer cement , and later with pre-formed metal crowns . Follow-up assessment s were carried out after 3 , 6 , 12 and 18 months . Results Forty-five teeth were available for follow up at the end of 18 months . All of the available teeth for mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine ® were clinical ly successful , as were 73.3 % of the FC group . Radiographic success rate for the formocresol group at 18 months follow up was 73.3 , 100 % for mineral trioxide aggregate and 86.6 % for Biodentine ® group . Conclusion Mineral Trioxide aggregate and Biodentine ® showed more favourable results than formocresol PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of vital primary molar pulpotomy  when there is no direct contact between eugenol and the vital pulp . Four pulpotomy techniques were compared : ( 1 ) ferric sulfate ( FS ) pulpotomy ; ( 2 ) eugenol-free FS pulpotomy ; ( 3 ) mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) pulpotomy ; and ( 4 ) FS/MTA pulpotomy . METHODS The pulpotomy technique assigned to each molar was determined by r and om selection . Two blinded , disinterested raters classified each molar into 1 of 3 radiographic outcomes : ( 1 ) N = normal molar without pathologic change ; ( 2 ) Po = pathologic change present , follow-up recommended ; ( 3 ) Px = pathologic change present , extract . RESULTS A total of 92 patients with 227 pulpotomy-treated molars returned for at least 1 recall examination . Median follow-up for molars was 24 months ( range=12 - 38 months ) . MTA molars demonstrated significantly fewer Px radiographic outcomes than FS molars ( P=.002 , chi-square test ) . Eugenol-free FS molars demonstrated significantly more Px radiographic outcomes than MTA ( P<.001 , chi-square test ) or FS/MTA ( P=.002 , chi-square test ) molars . Significantly lower survival was demonstrated for eugenol-free FS molars compared to MTA molars ( P=.02 , log-rank test ) over 6 to 38 months . CONCLUSIONS Outcomes for mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy were superior to ferric sulfate and eugenol-free ferric sulfate pulpotomy after a median follow-up of 2 years Introduction : This trial was design ed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement with and without low level laser therapy ( LLLT ) and compare them to that of formocresol ( FC ) and ferric sulfate ( FS ) in primary molar pulpotomies . Methods and Material s : This r and omized clinical trial was conducted on a total of 160 teeth selected from 40 patients aged 3 - 9 years . Patients with at least four primary molars needing pulpotomy , were included in order to have each tooth assigned r and omly in one of the four following groups ; FC , FS , CEM , and LLLT/CEM . Six- and twelve-month follow-up periods were conducted in order to enable a clinical and radiographic evaluation of the treated teeth . Collected data were analyzed using Cochran Q Tests . Results : The 12-month clinical success rate for each technique was : FC=100 % , FS=95 % , CEM=97.5 % and LLLT/CEM=100 % with no significant differences ( P>0.05 ) . Furthermore , 12-month radiographic success rate for each technique was : FC=100 % , FS=92.5 % , CEM=95 % and LLLT/CEM=100 % with no significant differences ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusion : Favorable outcomes of four treatment techniques in pulpotomy of primary molar teeth were comparable . CEM with/without LLLT may be considered as a safe and successful pulpotomy treatment modality compared to current conventional methods Introduction : Pulpotomy technique is most widely accepted clinical procedure for treating primary teeth with coronal pulp inflammation caused by caries with no involvement of the radicular pulp . Aim and Objective : The aim of the study was to evaluate the success and efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and antioxidant mix as pulpotomy agents both clinical ly and radiographically . Material s and Methods : A total of forty primary molars in children aged between 6 and 9 years , requiring for pulpotomy procedures , were selected . R and om sample s distribution was done , antioxidant mix ( n = 20 ) and MTA ( n = 20 ) both were used as pulpotomy agent . Under rubber dam isolation , pulpotomy procedure was performed in all sample s followed by restoration with stainless steel crowns . Later , the patients were recalled after 6 and 12 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation . The data were evaluated using Fisher 's exact test . Results : Statistically analysis shows no significant difference between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ) with respect to clinical and radiographic success rate , but antioxidant mix showed more efficient result than MTA . Conclusion : Antioxidant mix pulpotomy is more biocompatible and cost effective than any other commercially available medicament Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effect of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to that of formocresol ( FC ) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomised primary molars . Methods In this clinical trial study , 60 lower second primary molars of 46 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . The teeth were r and omly assigned to the MTA ( experimental ) and FC ( control ) groups by r and om numbered table . Following removal of the coronal pulp and haemostasis , the pulp stumps were covered with an MTA paste in the experimental group . In the control group , FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps . The teeth of both groups were restored with stainless steel crowns . Children arrived for clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluation after 6 , 12 and 24 months . Results The treated teeth in FC group ( n = 18 ) were clinical ly and radiographically successful after 24 months . The radiographic follow-up evaluation revealed one failure ( furcation involvement ) in 18 molars treated with MTA after 24 months . The treated teeth in MTA group were clinical ly successful 24 months postoperatively . Pulp canal obliteration was observed in one of the teeth treated with MTA and four of the teeth treated with FC . Conclusion MTA could be used as a safe medicament for pulpotomy in cariously exposed primary molars and could be a substitute for FC The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ferric sulfate ( FS ) to that of dilute formocresol ( DFC ) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomized primary molars . Ninety-six primary molars in 72 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . Fifty-eight teeth were treated by a FS solution for 15 sec , rinsed , and covered by zinc oxide-eugenol paste ( ZOE ) . In another 38 teeth , a cotton pellet moistened with 20 % DFC was placed for 5 min , removed , and the pulp stumps were covered by ZOE paste . The teeth of both groups were sealed by a second layer of intermediate restorative material ( IRM ) and restored with a stainless steel crown . This is a report of the clinical and radiographic examination of 55 teeth dressed with FS and 37 teeth fixed with DFC , that have been treated 6 to 34 months previously ( mean 20.5 months ) . Four teeth were excluded from the study due to failure of the patient to present for recall . Success rates of 92.7 % for the FS , and of 83.8 % for the DFC were not significantly different . Four teeth ( 7.2 % ) of the FS group and two ( 5.4 % ) of the DFC group presented internal resorption . Inter-radicular radiolucencies were observed in two teeth of the FS group and three teeth of the DFC group . The latter also presented periapical lesions . Success rates of both groups were similar to those of previous studies utilizing the traditional Buckley 's formocresol OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to conduct a clinical and radiographic long-term evaluation of pulpotomy in temporary molars  performed with Grey and White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ( MTA ) and compare the results of Grey and White MTA pulpotomies in a sample of 233 primary molars with a maximum follow-up period of 84 months . METHODS The sample was selected from patients treated at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry , Faculty of Dentistry , Complutense University of Madrid , Spain . This prospect i ve study included first and second primary molars treated with pulpotomy with Grey or White MTA , controlled for a maximum follow-up period of 84 months . Statistical analysis of clinical and radiographic findings was completed using ANOVA ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Follow-up evaluations , performed every 6 months , revealed that only 2 molars treated with White MTA presented abscess and pathological mobility . Radiographic examination of the 210 molars revealed unfavourable pulp response in only 6 molars ( internal or furcation root resorption ) , without statistically significant differences between Grey and White MTA . Two radiological findings were noticed : dentine bridge formation and partial or total root canal stenosis . Grey MTA induced a higher percentage of dentine bridges with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05 ) , and a higher percentage of pulp canal stenosis , without a statistically significant difference . CONCLUSIONS Grey and White MTA presented high levels of clinical and radiographic success . Although the present study showed evidence of a very good biologic response with both types of MTA , Grey MTA showed significantly higher number of dentine bridge formation than White MTA AIM To compare the treatment outcomes of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) as pulp dressing bio material s in vital pulpotomy of carious primary molars . STUDY DESIGN split-mouth r and omised clinical trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty children aged 4 - 8 years with 2 carious teeth requiring pulpotomy were selected and r and omly assigned to MTA ( n = 40 ) or CEM ( n = 40 ) groups . After coronal pulp removal , the remaining radicular pulp was covered with an appropriate bio material ; the teeth were then permanently restored . Clinical /radiographic success/failures were blindly evaluated at 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups . STATISTICS the recorded data were analyzed with McNemar test and GEE . RESULTS A total of 36 , 33 and 35 patients were available for 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups , respectively . At the 12-month follow-up only one and three teeth in the CEM and MTA groups had pathologic external root resorption , respectively . The resorbed teeth were then missed due to extraction /exfoliation at the 24-month follow-up ; all other treated teeth were sign/symptom-free . Overall , clinical and radiographic outcomes in both MTA/CEM groups were comparable at the three follow-ups without significant differences . Time had no significant effect on the success . CONCLUSION MTA and CEM demonstrated favourable treatment outcomes for pulpotomy of carious primary molars ; CEM may be an effective pulp dressing bio material PURPOSE The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) as pulp dressing material following pulpotomy in primary molars with carious pulp exposure and compare them to those of formocresol ( FC ) . METHODS Of 33 children , primary molars treated via a conventional pulpotomy technique  were r and omly assigned to the MTA  group ( 33 teeth ) or FC  group ( 29 teeth ) . Clinical and radiographic 
    Output:
    
Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , Biodentine and ferric sulphate yielded good clinical results over time and might be safely used in the pulpotomies of primary molars .
Among agents , MTA seemed to be the material of choice .
On the contrary , calcium hydroxide showed the worst clinical performance .
Although clinical ly successful , formocreosol should be replaced by other material s , due to its potential cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity .
Conclusion : MTA seemed to be the gold st and ard material in the pulpotomy of primary teeth .
Promising results were also provided by calcium silicate-based cements .