***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Resistance training has been well established as an effective treatment strategy to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in the elderly . We assessed whether dietary protein supplementation can further augment the adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men and women . METHODS Healthy elderly men ( n = 31 , 70 ± 1 yr ) and women ( n = 29 , 70 ± 1 yr ) were r and omly assigned to a progressive , 24-wk resistance-type exercise training program with or without additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) . Muscle hypertrophy was assessed on a whole-body Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , limb ( computed tomography ) , and muscle fiber ( biopsy ) level . Strength was assessed regularly by 1-repetition maximum ( RM ) strength testing . Functional capacity was assessed with a sit-to-st and and h and grip test . RESULTS One-RM strength increased by 45 % ± 6 % versus 40 % ± 3 % ( women ) and 41 % ± 4 % versus 44 % ± 3 % ( men ) in the placebo versus protein group , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) , with no differences between groups . Leg muscle mass ( women , 4 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ; men , 3 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ) and quadriceps cross-sectional area ( women , 9 % ± 1 % vs 9 % ± 1 % ; men , 9 % ± 1 % vs 10 % ± 1 % ) increased similarly in the placebo versus protein groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Type II muscle fiber size increased over time in both placebo and protein groups ( 25 % ± 13 % vs 30 % ± 9 % and 23 % ± 12 % vs 22 % ± 10 % in the women and men , respectively ) . Sit-to-st and improved by 18 % ± 2 % and 19 % ± 2 % in women and men , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Prolonged resistance-type exercise training increases skeletal muscle mass and strength , augments functional capacity , improves glycemia and lipidemia , and reduces blood pressure in healthy elderly men and women .  Additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) does not further increase muscle mass , strength , and /or functional capacity PURPOSE To determine the effects of whey protein before and during resistance exercise ( RE ) on body composition and strength in young adults . METHODS Participants were r and omized to ingest whey protein ( PRO ; 0.3 g/kg protein ; n = 9 , 24.58 ± 1.8 yr , 88.3 ± 17.1 kg , 172.5 ± 8.0 cm ) or placebo ( PLA ; 0.2 g/kg cornstarch maltodextrin + 0.1 g/kg sucrose ; n = 8 , 23.6 ± 4.4 yr , 82.6 ± 16.1 kg , 169.4 ± 9.2 cm ) during RE ( 3 sets of 6 - 10 repetitions for 9 whole-body exercises ) , which was performed 4 d/wk for 8 wk . PRO and PLA were mixed with water ( 600 ml ) ; 50 % of the solution containing 0.15 g/kg of PRO or PLA was consumed immediately before the start of exercise , and ~1.9 % of the remaining solution containing ~0.006 g/kg of PRO or PLA was consumed immediately after each training set . Before and after the study , measures were taken for lean-tissue mass ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , muscle size of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors and ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors ( ultrasound ) , and muscle strength ( 1-repetition-maximum chest press ) . RESULTS There was a significant increase ( p < .05 ) in muscle size of the knee extensors ( PRO 0.6 ± 0.4 cm , PLA 0.1 ± 0.5 cm ) , knee flexors ( PRO 0.4 ± 0.6 cm , PLA 0.5 ± 0.7 cm ) and ankle plantar flexors ( PRO 0.6 ± 0.7 cm , PLA 0.8 ± 1.4 cm ) and chest-press strength ( PRO 16.6 ± 11.1 kg , PLA 9.1 ± 14.6 kg ) over time , with no differences between groups . CONCLUSION The ingestion of whey protein immediately before the start of exercise and again after each training set has no effect on muscle mass and strength in untrained young adults We examined the response of net muscle protein synthesis to ingestion of amino acids after a bout of resistance exercise . A primed , constant infusion ofl- [ ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used to measure net muscle protein balance in three male and three female volunteers on three occasions . Subjects consumed in r and om order 1 liter of 1 ) a mixed amino acid ( 40 g ) solution ( MAA ) , 2 ) an essential amino acid ( 40 g ) solution ( EAA ) , and 3 ) a placebo solution ( PLA ) . Arterial amino acid concentrations increased ∼150 - 640 % above baseline during ingestion of MAA and EAA . Net muscle protein balance was significantly increased from negative during PLA ingestion ( -50 ± 23 nmol ⋅ min-1 ⋅ 100 ml leg volume-1 ) to positive during MAA ingestion ( 17 ± 13 nmol ⋅ min-1 ⋅ 100 ml leg volume-1 ) and EAA ( 29 ± 14 nmol ⋅ min-1 ⋅ 100 ml leg volume-1 ; P < 0.05 ) . Because net balance was similar for MAA and EAA , it does not appear necessary to include nonessential amino acids in a formulation design ed to elicit an anabolic response from muscle after exercise . We concluded that ingestion of oral essential amino acids results in a change from net muscle protein degradation to net muscle protein synthesis after heavy resistance exercise in humans similar to that seen when the amino acids were infused Abstract Herda , AA , Herda , TJ , Costa , PB , Ryan , ED , Stout , JR , and Cramer , JT . Muscle performance , size , and safety responses after eight weeks of resistance training and protein supplementation : A r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial . J Strength Cond Res 27(11 ) : 3091–3100 , 2013—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 2 different types of protein supplementation on thigh muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) , blood markers , muscular strength , endurance , and body composition after 8 weeks of low- or moderate-volume resistance training in healthy , recreationally trained , college-aged men . One hundred and six men were r and omized into 5 groups : low-volume resistance training with bioenhanced whey protein ( BWPLV ; n = 22 ) , moderate-volume resistance training with BWP ( BWPMV ; n = 20 ) , moderate-volume resistance training with st and ard whey protein ( SWPMV ; n = 22 ) , moderate-volume resistance training with a placebo ( PLA ; n = 21 ) , or moderate-volume resistance training with no supplementation ( CON ; n = 21 ) . Except for CON , all groups consumed 1 shake before and after each exercise session and one each on the nontraining day . The BWPLV , BWPMV , and SWPMV groups received approximately 20 g of whey protein per shake , whereas the BWP groups received 5 g of additional polyethylene glycosylated ( PEG ) leucine . Resistance training sessions were performed 3 times per week for 8 weeks . There were no interactions ( p > 0.05 ) for muscle strength and endurance variables , body composition , muscle CSA , and safety blood markers , but the main effects for training were observed ( p ⩽ 0.05 ) . However , the Albumin : Globulin ratio for SWPMV was lower ( p = 0.037 ) than BWPLV and BWPMV . Relative protein intake ( PROREL ) indicated a significant interaction ( p < 0.001 ) with no differences across groups at pre ; however , BWPLV , BWPMV , and SWPMV had a greater intake than did PLA or CON at post ( p < 0.001 ) . This study indicated that 8 weeks of resistance training improved muscle performance and size similarly among groups regardless of supplementation BACKGROUND The benefit of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of muscle to exercise training in older people is controversial . OBJECTIVE To investigate the independent and combined effects of a multicomponent exercise program with and without a milk-based nutritional supplement on muscle strength and mass , lower-extremity fatigue , and metabolic markers . DESIGN A sample of 48 healthy sedentary men aged 60.8 ± 0.4 years were r and omly assigned to a 16-week multicomponent exercise training program with a milk-based supplement containing , besides proteins [ total milk proteins 4 or 10 g/day or soluble milk proteins rich in leucine ( PRO ) 10 g/day ] , carbohydrates and fat .  Body composition , muscle mass and strength , and time to task failure , an index of muscle fatigue , were measured . Blood lipid , fibrinogen , creatine phosphokinase , glucose , insulin , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α soluble receptors , and endothelial markers were assessed . RESULTS Body fat mass was reduced after the 4-month training program in groups receiving 10 g/day of protein supplementation ( P < .01 ) . The training program sustained with the daily 10 g/day PRO was associated with a significant increase in dominant fat free mass ( + 5.4 % , P < .01 ) and in appendicular muscle mass ( + 4.5 % , P < .01 ) . Blood cholesterol was decreased in the trained group receiving 10 g/day PRO . The index of insulin resistance ( homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ) and blood creatine phosphokinase were reduced in the groups receiving 10 g/day PRO , irrespective of exercise . The inflammatory and endothelial markers were not different between the groups . Training caused a significant improvement ( + 10.6 % to 19.4 % , P < .01 ) in the maximal oxygen uptake . Increased maximum voluntary contraction force was seen in the trained groups receiving 10 g/day of proteins ( about 3 % , P < .05 ) . Time to task failure was improved in the trained participants receiving a 10 g/day supplementation with PRO ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Soluble milk proteins rich in leucine improved time to muscle failure and increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength after prolonged multicomponent exercise training in healthy older men PURPOSE To determine whether low-dose creatine and protein supplementation during resistance training ( RT ; 3 d x wk(-1 ) ; 10 wk ) in older men ( 59 - 77 yr ) is effective for improving strength and muscle mass without producing potentially cytotoxic metabolites ( formaldehyde ) . METHODS Older men were r and omized ( double-blind ) to receive 0.1 g x kg(-1 ) creatine + 0.3 g x kg(-1 ) protein ( CP ; n = 10 ) , creatine ( C ; n = 13 ) , or placebo ( PLA ; n = 12 ) on training days . Measurements before and after RT included lean tissue mass ( air-displacement plethysmography ) , muscle thickness ( ultrasound ) of elbow , knee , and ankle flexors and extensors , leg and bench press strength , and urinary indicators of cytotoxicity ( formaldehyde ) , myofibrillar protein degradation [ 3-methylhistidine ( 3-MH ) ] , and bone resorption [ cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen ( NTx ) ] . RESULTS Subjects in C and CP groups combined experienced greater increases in body mass and total muscle thickness than PLA ( P < 0.05 ) . Subjects who received CP increased lean tissue mass ( + 5.6 % ) more than C ( + 2.2 % ) or PLA ( + 1.0 % ; P < 0.05 ) and increased bench press strength ( + 25 % ) to a greater extent than C and PLA combined ( + 12.5 % ; P < 0.05 ) . CP and C did not differ from PLA for changes in formaldehyde production ( + 24 % each ) . Subjects receiving creatine ( C and CP ) experienced a decrease in 3-MH by 40 % compared with an increase of 29 % for PLA ( P < 0.05 ) and a reduction in NTx ( -27 % ) versus PLA ( + 13 % ; P = 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Low-dose creatine combined with protein supplementation increases lean tissue mass and results in a greater relative increase in bench press but not leg press strength . Low-dose creatine reduces muscle protein degradation and bone resorption without increasing formaldehyde production PURPOSE Some studies report greater muscle hypertrophy during  resistance exercise ( RE ) training from supplement timing ( i.e. , the strateg 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Concurrently with resistance training , consuming protein supplements with meals , rather than between meals , may more effectively promote weight control and reduce fat mass without influencing improvements in lean mass