***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to investigate the effects of a stressor , white noise , on cognitive performance of subjects in the compromised hangover state . METHOD The study followed a mixed factorial , counterbalanced , repeated- measures design with noise , order of testing , and time of testing as between- participants factors and state during testing as a within- participants factor . Seventy-eight participants performed memory and psychomotor tasks the morning after a regular night of drinking and the morning after a night of no alcohol consumption . Forty-eight participants were tested in the no-noise condition , and the other 30 participants had an additional factor of white noise during both testing sessions . Measures of memory and psychomotor performance are reported . RESULTS The stressor ( white noise ) result ed in poorer memory performance only when participants had consumed alcohol the night before testing ( F = 7.45 , 1/66 df , p < .01 ) . Stress also had a detrimental effect on simple reaction time the morning after alcohol consumption in both the task with regular interstimulus interval ( F = 4.61 , 1/65 df , p < .05 ) and irregular interstimulus interval ( F = 4.45 , 1/65 df , p < .05 ) . The five-choice reaction time task revealed that initial move time and return time were slowed by stress and following a night of intoxication , but these factors did not interact . Stress interacted with time of testing and state in the measure of decision time , indicating that noise has a detrimental effect during the hangover state early in the morning and a detrimental effect during the no-hangover state early in the afternoon . CONCLUSIONS The addition of a stressor results in a significant deterioration in memory and psychomotor performance when persons are in the compromised hangover condition BACKGROUND Prior studies report that accidents involving intoxicated drivers are more likely to occur during performance of secondary tasks . We studied this phenomenon , using a dual-task paradigm , involving performance of a visual oddball ( VO ) task while driving in an alcohol challenge paradigm . Previous functional MRI ( fMRI ) studies of the VO task have shown activation in the anterior cingulate , hippocampus , and prefrontal cortex . Thus , we predicted dose-dependent decreases in activation of these areas during VO performance . METHODS Forty healthy social drinkers were administered 3 different doses of alcohol , individually tailored to their gender and weight . Participants performed a VO task while operating a virtual reality driving simulator in a 3 T fMRI scanner . RESULTS Analysis showed a dose-dependent linear decrease in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent activation during task performance , primarily in hippocampus , anterior cingulate , and dorsolateral prefrontal areas , with the least activation occurring during the high dose . Behavioral analysis showed a dose-dependent linear increase in reaction time , with no effects associated with either correct hits or false alarms . In all dose conditions , driving speed decreased significantly after a VO stimulus . However , at the high dose this decrease was significantly less . Passenger-side line crossings significantly increased at the high dose . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that driving impairment during secondary task performance may be associated with alcohol-related effects on the above brain regions , which are involved with attentional processing/decision-making . Drivers with high blood alcohol concentrations may be less able to orient or detect novel or sudden stimuli during driving Summary 31 healthy male students were given a placebo and two different doses of alcohol ( on different occasions and in r and om order ) . Choice-reaction-time , tapping-speed , bimanual h and -coordination , critical fusion frequency , st and ing steadiness , Bourdon 's test , blood and urine alcohol content were measured before and 30 , 60 and 90 min after drinking . Self-ratings of mood were made . 7 of the subjects were also examined after 2 , 3 and 13 hours and altogether 4 doses of alcohol were used for this group . 24 subjects were given an additional dose of alcohol 2 hours after the first one and the tests were repeated 30 , 60 and 90 min after the additional dose . The agreement between blood and urine alcohol levels was good and the alcohol curves showed an approximately linear fall-off . For the highest alcohol dose used there was a good agreement between blood alcohol level and test performance . The impairment of performance was most marked after 30–60 min . After 2 hours the impairment was very slight . The performance on Choice reaction time and Coordination was related to blood alcohol level also after a smaller dose . Statistically significant changes were obtained in most tests after the highest dose ( 0.8 g per kg body weight ) and in Choice reaction time and Coordination after the smaller dose ( 0.4 g per kg body weight ) . No significant effects were obtained after administration of placebo AIM To assess the effects of binge drinking on students ' next-day academic test-taking performance . DESIGN A placebo-controlled cross-over design with r and omly assigned order of conditions . Participants were r and omized to either alcoholic beverage [ mean = 0.12 g% breath alcohol concentration ( BrAC ) ] or placebo on the first night and then received the other beverage a week later . The next day , participants were assessed on test-taking , neurocognitive performance and mood state . PARTICIPANTS A total of 196 college students ( > or=21 years ) recruited from greater Boston . SETTING The trial was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the Boston Medical Center . MEASUREMENTS The Graduate Record Examinations(c ) ( GREs ) and a quiz on a lecture presented the previous day measured test-taking performance ; the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System ( NES3 ) and the Psychomotor Vigilance Test ( PVT ) measured neurocognitive performance ; and the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) measured mood . FINDINGS Test-taking performance was not affected on the morning after alcohol administration , but mood state and attention/reaction-time were affected . CONCLUSION Drinking to a level of 0.12 g% BrAC does not affect next-day test-taking performance , but does affect some neurocognitive measures and mood state Response differences following administration of alcohol between adult males with a positive ( FHP ) versus negative ( FHN ) family history of alcoholism have been demonstrated in previous research and are thought to be related to risk for developing alcoholism . If this is so , the pharmacological breadth of addiction risk conferred by a positive family alcoholism history might be studied by determining whether FHP subjects show different responses than FHN to drug classes other than alcohol . We have previously reported on the acute effects of ethanol as compared with secobarbital in FHP and FHN subjects and found that FHP subjects showed greater sensitivity across a variety of subjective measures than FHN subjects for both drug classes . The data reported here are based on an extended data collection period of 3 to 18 hr postingestion , following completion of the acute laboratory portion of the study . Specifically , in the present study , dose-effect timecourse functions for a variety of physiological ( heart rate , blood pressure , and breath alcohol level ) , subjective ( analog mood , drug effect , and withdrawal , Subjective High Assessment Scale ( SHAS ] , and psychomotor measures ( Digit Symbol Substitution Test and numeric recall ) were examined in FHP and FHN college-aged males for secobarbital ( 0 , 100 , 200 mg daily ) and ethanol ( 1 g/kg daily ) . FHP and FHN subjects were matched on light-to-moderate drinking patterns , anthropometric dimensions , age , years of schooling , and drug use . FHP subjects reported more extended intoxication and greater withdrawal effects following both ethanol and the high dose of secobarbital than did FHN subjects . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Twelve healthy young men were assessed in each of four experimental conditions presented in a Latin Square design : 8-hr time in bed ( TIB ) and placebo , 4-hr TIB and placebo , 8-hr TIB and ethanol , and 4-hr TIB and ethanol . After consuming ethanol ( 0.6 g/kg ) or placebo ( 0900 - 0930 hr ) with 20 % supplements at 1030 and 1100 hr , subjects were tested for sleepiness ( Multiple Sleep Latency Test at 1000 , 1200 , 1400 , and 1600 hr ) and divided attention ( 1030 hr ) performance on day 1 , and for simulated driving and divided attention ( 1000 - 1200 and 1400 - 1600 hr ) performance on day 2 . In the morning testing , with breath ethanol concentrations ( BECs ) averaging 0.049 % , sleepiness was increased , divided attention reaction times increased ( on both days ) , and simulated driving performance was disturbed in the ethanol and 4-hr TIB relative to placebo . Similarly in the afternoon , with BECs averaging 0.013 % , the ethanol and 4-hr TIB condition increased sleepiness and disrupted divided attention and simulated driving performance . The results show that sleepiness and low-dose ethanol combine to impair simulated automobile driving , an impairment that extends beyond the point at which BEC reaches zero . They provide a possible explanation for the incidence of alcohol-related automobile accidents at low BECs Research indicates that glucocorticoids affect hippocampal function and the form of cognition that the hippocampus is thought to subserve , explicit memory . However , some studies suggest that glucocorticoids affect the frontal lobe , attention and working memory . Thus , it is not clear whether glucocorticoids specifically target the hippocampus and explicit memory or if the effects are more ubiquitous . By simultaneously measuring event-related potentials and behavioral performance in tasks design ed to tap particular cognitive and neural processes , the present study examined the effects of hydrocortisone on 24 healthy humans . In an intentional face recognition memory task where the stimuli were presented again after a brief delay ( 6–18 s ) and a long delay ( 30 min ) , hydrocortisone altered the P600 component ( an electrophysiological index of recognition memory and hippocampal activity ) following the brief delay and impaired behavioral performance after the long delay . ERPs and behavioral performance were not affected in the attention and working memory tasks . These findings are consistent with reports indicating that glucocorticoids affect explicit memory and hippocampal function The duration of behavioral impairment after marijuana smoking remains a matter of some debate . Alcohol and marijuana are frequently used together , but there has been little study of the effects of this drug combination on mood and behavior the day after use . The present study was design ed to address these issues . Fourteen male and female subjects were each studied under four conditions :  alcohol alone , marijuana alone , alcohol and marijuana in combination , and no active treatment .  Mood and performance assessment s were made during acute intoxication and twice the following day ( morning and mid-afternoon ) . Acutely , each drug alone produced moderate levels of subjective intoxication and some degree of behavioral impairment . The drug combination produced the greatest level of impairment on most tasks and “ strong ” overall subjective ratings . There were few significant interactions between the two drugs , indicating that their effects tended to be additive . Only weak evidence was obtained for subjective or behavioral effects the day after active drug treatments , although consistent time-of-day effects ( morning versus afternoon ) were observed on several subjective and behavioral measures . In sum , this study provided little evidence that moderate doses of alcohol and marijuana , consumed either alone or in combination , produce behavioral or subjective impairment the following day OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of previous-day excessive alcohol consumption on laparoscopic surgical performance .  DESIGN Study 1 was a r and omized controlled trial . Study 2 was a cohort study . SETTING Surgical skills laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Sixteen science students ( laparoscopic novices ) participated in study 1 . Eight laparoscopic experts participated in study 2 . INTERVENTIONS All participants were trained on the  Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer Virtual Reality ( MIST-VR ) . The participants in study 1 were r and omized to either abstain from alcohol or consume alcohol until intoxicated . All study 2 subjects freely consumed alcohol until intoxicated . Subjects were assessed the following day at 9 am , 1 pm , and 4 pm on MIST-VR tasks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment measures included time , economy of diathermy use , and error scores . RESULTS In study 1 , both groups performed similarly at baseline , but the alcohol group showed deterioration on all performance measures after alcohol consumption . Overall , although the time score differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant ( P = .29 ) , there was a significant difference between the 2 groups ' diathermy ( P < .03 ) and error ( P < .003 ) scores . There was also a significant effect for time of testing ( P < .003 ) , diathermy ( P < .001 ) , and errors ( P < .001 ) . In study 2 , experts demonstrated a similar postalcohol performance decrement for time ( P < .02 ) , diathermy ( P < .001 ) , and error scores ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSION Excessive consumption of alcohol appeared to de grade surgical performance the following day even at 4 pm , suggesting the need to define recommendations regarding alcohol consumption the night before assuming clinical surgical responsibilities BACKGROUND This study assessed the effects of heavy drinking with high or low congener beverages  on next-day neurocognitive performance , and the extent to which these effects were mediated by alcohol-related sleep disturbance or alcoholic beverage congeners , and correlated with the intensity of hangover . METHODS Healthy heavy drinkers age 21 to 33 ( n = 95 ) participated in 2 drinking nights after an acclimatization night . They drank to a mean of 0.11 g% breath alcohol concentration on vodka 
    Output:
    
RESULTS The systematic review suggested that sustained attention and driving abilities were impaired during hangover .
The research literature suggests that alcohol hangovers may involve impaired cognitive functions and performance of everyday tasks such as driving