***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES In animal models , fat removal results in compensatory weight gain . No study has reported measurement of weight following lipectomy in humans . We have examined changes in weight in patients who underwent lipectomy .  METHODS In a retrospective analysis , 16 patients who had abdominoplasty and 17 patients who underwent bilateral breast reduction were compared with 16 patients who had carpal tunnel syndrome release . Following this , a prospect i ve study was carried out on 7 subjects awaiting abdominoplasty and 12 subjects awaiting bilateral breast reduction surgery .  RESULTS In the retrospective study , all three patient groups gained weight following surgery . The abdominoplasty group was heavier before surgery and showed greatest weight gain but there was no statistically significant difference in weight gain between the groups . In the prospect i ve study , the abdominoplasty group had a mean fat removal of 1.77 kg and breast reduction group had a mean of 3.22 kg . Eighteen months following surgery the abdominoplasty group showed a significant mean increase in body weight ( mean increase : 4.82 kg ) and body mass index ( BMI ) ( mean increase : 1.66 kg/m(2 ) ) . In the bilateral breast reduction group , there was a non-significant mean gain in weight ( mean increase : 0.67 kg ) and BMI ( mean increase : 0.21 kg/m(2 ) ) . CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing lipectomy during abdominoplasty and bilateral breast reduction will gain weight in the long term . This weight gain probably reflects the expected gain in weight without surgery as a similar finding is observed in patients who have undergone surgery without lipectomy  . These results highlight the limitation of lipectomy as a weight control measure Background : There are no published studies of liposuction or abdominoplasty in a large number of patients using measurements of body dimensions . In the absence of rigorous data , some investigators have proposed that fat returns after liposuction . Methods : A prospect i ve study was undertaken among predominantly nonobese consecutive patients undergoing 301 liposuction and abdominoplasty procedures meeting the study criteria ( inclusion rate , 70.7 percent ) .  Lower body dimensions were measured using st and ardized photographs taken before and at least 3 months after surgery . Upper body measurements were compared between women who underwent simultaneous cosmetic breast surgery ( n = 67 ) and a group of women who had breast surgery alone ( n = 78 ) to investigate the possibility of fat redistribution . Results : The average weight change was a loss of 2.2 lbs after lower body liposuction ( p < 0.01 ) and 4.6 lbs when combined with abdominoplasty ( p < 0.001 ) . Liposuction significantly reduced abdominal , thigh , knee , and arm width ( p < 0.001 ) . Midabdominal and hip width were more effectively reduced by lipoabdominoplasty than liposuction alone ( p < 0.001 ) . There was no difference in upper body measurements when comparing patients who had simultaneous liposuction and /or abdominoplasty with patients who had cosmetic breast surgery alone . Measurements in patients with at least 1 year of follow-up ( n = 46 ) showed no evidence of fat reaccumulation . Conclusions : Both liposuction and abdominoplasty are valid techniques for long-term fat reduction and improvement of body proportions . There is no evidence of fat regrowth . CLINICAL QUESTION /LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Therapeutic , III Background Aim ing to clarify the mechanism of weight loss after the  restrictive bariatric procedure of sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG ) , the volumes and pressures of the stomach , of the removed part , and of the remaining sleeve were measured in 20 morbidly obese patients . Methods The technique used consisted of occlusion of the pylorus with a laparoscopic clamp and of the gastroesophageal junction with a special orogastric tube connected to a manometer . Instillation of methylene-blue-colored saline via the tube was continued until the intraluminal pressure increased sharply , or the inflated stomach reached 2,000 cc . After recording of measurements , LSG was performed . Results Mean volume of the entire stomach was 1,553 cc ( 600–2,000 cc ) and that of the sleeve 129 cc ( 90–220 cc ) , i.e. , 10 % ( 4–17 % ) and that of the removed stomach was 795 cc ( 400–1,500 cc ) . The mean basal intragastric pressure of the whole stomach after insufflations of the abdominal cavity with CO2 to 15 mmHg was 19 mmHg ( 11–26 mmHg ) ; after occlusion and filling with saline it was 34 mmHg ( 21–45 mmHg ) . In the sleeved stomach , mean basal pressure was similar 18 mmHg ( 6–28 mmHg ) ; when filled with saline , pressure rose to 43 mmHg ( 32–58 mmHg ) . The removed stomach had a mean pressure of 26 mmHg ( 12–47 mmHg ) . There were no postoperative complications and no mortality . Conclusions The notably higher pressure in the sleeve , reflecting its markedly lesser distensibility compared to that of the whole stomach and of the removed fundus , indicates that this may be an important element in the mechanism of weight loss CONTEXT Liposuction is suggested to result in long-term body fat regain that could lead to increased cardiometabolic risk . We hypothesized that physical activity could prevent this effect . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the effects of liposuction on body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in women who were either exercise trained or not after surgery . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six healthy normal-weight women participated in this 6-month r and omized controlled trial at the University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil . INTERVENTIONS Patients underwent a small-volume abdominal liposuction . Two months after surgery , the subjects were r and omly allocated into two groups : trained ( TR , n = 18 , 4-month exercise program ) and nontrained ( NT , n = 18 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body fat distribution ( assessed by computed tomography ) was assessed before the intervention ( PRE ) and 2 months ( POST2 ) , and 6 months ( POST6 ) after surgery . Secondary outcome measures included body composition , metabolic parameters and dietary intake , assessed at PRE , POST2 , and POST6 , and total energy expenditure , physical capacity , and sc adipocyte size and lipid metabolism-related gene expression , assessed at PRE and POST6 . RESULTS Liposuction was effective in reducing sc abdominal fat ( PRE vs. POST2 , P = 0.0001 ) . Despite the sustained sc abdominal fat decrement at POST6 ( P = 0.0001 ) , the NT group showed a significant 10 % increase in visceral fat from PRE to POST6 ( P = 0.04 ; effect size = -0.72 ) and decreased energy expenditure ( P = 0.01 ; effect size = 0.95 ) when compared with TR . Dietary intake , adipocyte size , and gene expression were unchanged over time . CONCLUSION Abdominal liposuction does not induce regrowth of fat , but it does trigger a compensatory increase of visceral fat , which is effectively counteracted by physical activity In a prospect i ve study , indices of glucose homeostasis , lipid profile , and systemic inflammation were monitored after an  aesthetic abdominoplasty  , aim ing to scrutinize the possible metabolic benefits for abdominal fat removal . Premenopausal females with substantial weight loss ( N = 40 ) undergoing circumferential abdominoplasty ( index group , n = 20 ) or augmentation mammoplasty with mastopexy ( controls , n = 20 ) were recruited . All of them originally underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass .  Variables included BMI , white blood cell count , C-reactive protein , hemoglobin , total cholesterol and fractions , triglycerides , glucose , and HbA1c . Follow-up reached 20.3 ± 13.6 months for index cases and 29.5 ± 17.4 months for controls . The metabolic and inflammatory indices improved after the bariatric surgery . Subsequent monitoring indicated a stable body weight and biochemical profile in both groups . The exceptions were HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein , which respectively increased and diminished after the abdominoplasty , consistent with an inflammatory and metabolic advantage for this operation . This is the first long-term study in a weight-stable population to point out such a pattern after abdominoplasty OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of the surgical removal of subcutaneous adipose tissue by ultrasound-assisted megalipoplasty ( UAM ) on energy expenditure and adipocytokine concentrations in obese women . METHODS Fifteen premenopausal obese women with BMI 37.5+/-6.3 kg/m(2 ) ( range : 30.7 - 53.6 kg/m(2 ) ) underwent UAM .  Body composition ( by DEXA ) , resting metabolic rate ( REE ) by indirect calorimetry , insulin resistance ( by the HOMA method ) , leptin , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , resistin and adiponectin were measured before and 1 , 3 , 28 and 180 days after the procedure . RESULTS UAM significantly reduced fat mass at day 3 , without further changes in the following days . REE increased at day 3 after UAM , returned to baseline levels at day 28 and significantly declined at day 180 . Leptin levels transiently increased after UAM and then declined according to fat mass reduction . C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 and resistin levels acutely increased after UAM and then returned to the baseline levels . Adiponectin levels acutely declined after the procedure and then stabilized to a plasma level slightly lower than at baseline . Insulin resistance deteriorated in the acute post-operative phase and then improved . CONCLUSION The surgical removal of subcutaneous fat was associated to an acute inflammatory reaction with high REE and insulin-resistance . Later on , the metabolic effects of fat mass removal appeared , with a reduction of leptin levels and REE and an improvement of insulin resistance 
    Output:
    
Improvements in cardiovascular risk profile with largevolume liposuction : A pilot study .
Klein S , Fontana L , Young VL , et al. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease .
D ’ And rea F , Grella R , Rizzo MR , et al. Changing the metabolic profile by large-volume liposuction : A clinical study conducted with 123 obese women .
Aesthetic Plast Surg .
Giugliano G , Nicoletti G , Grella E , et al. Effect of liposuction on insulin resistance and vascular inflammatory markers in obese women .
Br J Plast Surg .
Swanson E. Photographic measurements in 301 cases of liposuction and abdominoplasty  reveal fat reduction without redistribution .
Mohammed BS , Cohen S , Reeds D , Young VL , Klein S. Long-term effects of large-volume liposuction on metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease .
Rinomhota AS , Bulugahapitiya DU , French SJ , Caddy CM , Griffiths RW , Ross RJ .
Women gain weight and fat mass despite lipectomy at abdominoplasty and breast reduction .
Cintra W , Modolin M , Faintuch J , Gemperli R , Ferreira MC .
C-reactive protein decrease after postbariatric abdominoplasty .