***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND People with severe depressive illness have raised levels of cortisol and reduced glucocorticoid receptor function . AIMS To obtain a physiological assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis feedback status in an in-patient sample with depression and to relate this to prospect ively determined severe treatment resistance . METHOD The prednisolone suppression test was administered to 45 in- patients with depression assessed as resistant to two or more antidepressants and to 46 controls , prior to intensive multimodal in-patient treatment . RESULTS The patient group had higher cortisol levels than controls , although the percentage suppression of cortisol output after prednisolone in comparison with placebo did not differ . Non-response to in-patient treatment was predicted by a more dysfunctional HPA axis ( higher cortisol levels post-prednisolone and lower percentage suppression ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe depression , HPA axis activity is reset at a higher level , although feedback remains intact . However , prospect ively determined severe treatment resistance is associated with an impaired feedback response to combined glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor activation by prednisolone OBJECTIVE Child abuse  is an important risk for adult psychiatric morbidity . However , not all maltreated children experience mental health problems as adults . The aims of the present study were to address the extent of resilience to adult psychopathology in a representative community sample , and to explore predictors of a good prognosis . METHODS Data are drawn from a follow-up of the Isle of Wight study , an epidemiological sample assessed in adolescence and at midlife . Ratings of psychiatric disorder , peer relationships and family functioning were made in adolescence ; adult assessment s included a lifetime psychiatric history , personality and social functioning assessment s , and retrospective reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse . RESULTS Ten percent of individuals reported repeated or severe physical or sexual abuse in childhood . Prospect i ve measures revealed increased rates of adolescent psychiatric disorders in this group . Rates of adult psychopathology were also high . A substantial minority of abused individuals reported no mental health problems in adult life . Resilience of this kind was related to perceived parental care , adolescent peer relationships , the quality of adult love relationships , and personality style . CONCLUSION Good quality relationships across childhood , adolescence and adulthood appear especially important for adult psychological well being in the context of childhood abuse A substantial body of research points to several variables relevant to the etiology of borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) , notably childhood physical and sexual abuse , childhood family environment , and familial aggregation of both internalizing and externalizing disorders . However , these variables tend to be correlated , and few studies have examined them simultaneously . A national sample of r and omly selected psychologists and psychiatrists described 524 adult patients with personality disorders .  Family environment , parental psychopathology , and history of abuse all independently predicted BPD symptoms in multiple regression analyses . Sexual abuse contributed to the prediction of BPD symptoms over and above family environment , although family environmental factors such as instability partially mediated the effect . The results converge with recent studies using very different sample s and method ologies Rationale Patients with major depression show hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal ( HPA ) axis hyperactivity , but the mechanisms underlying this abnormality are still unclear . Objectives We have compared two synthetic glucorticoids , dexamethasone and prednisolone , in their ability to suppress the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal ( HPA ) axis in depressed patients .  Dexamethasone probes glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) function , while prednisolone probes both GR and mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) function . Material s and methods We used a single-blind , repeated-measure design . We administered placebo , prednisolone ( 5 mg ) or dexamethasone ( 0.5 mg ) , at 22:00 , to 18 severe , treatment-resistant depressed in patients ( 15 of them with a history of childhood trauma ) and 14 healthy volunteers . On the following days , we collected salivary cortisol from 9:00 to 22:00 . Results Depressed patients had higher salivary cortisol levels compared with controls , at baseline and after both prednisolone and dexamethasone ( p<0.001 ) . Consistent with previous studies , depressed in patients showed impaired suppression by dexamethasone :  based on the analysis of the areas under the curve ( AUCs ) , suppression by  dexamethasone ( 0.5 mg ) was −85 % in controls vs −46 % in depressed patients ( p=0.018 ) . However , the same depressed patients showed normal suppression  by prednisolone ( 5 mg ) : suppression was −41 % in controls and −36 % in depressed patients ( p=0.6 ) . Conclusions We suggest that the additional effects of prednisolone on the MR explain the different responses to these glucocorticoids in the same depressed patients BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that child sexual abuse ( CSA ) is associated with many psychiatric disorders in adulthood . This paper uses the detailed information available from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Engl and ( APMS 2007 ) to quantify links between CSA and a range of psychiatric conditions . METHOD The prevalence of psychiatric disorder was established in a r and om sample of the English household population ( n=7403 ) , which also provided sociodemographic and experiential information . RESULTS We analyzed six types of common mental disorder , alcohol abuse and drug abuse , and people who screened positively for post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and eating disorders . All were strongly and highly significantly associated with  CSA  , particularly if non-consensual sexual intercourse was involved , for which odds ratios ( ORs ) ranged from 3.7 to 12.1 . These disorders were also related to adult sexual abuse ( ASA ) , although the likelihood of reverse causality is then increased . Revictimization in adulthood was common , and increased the association of CSA with disorder . For several disorders , the relative odds were higher in females but formal tests for moderation by gender were significant only for common mental disorders and only in relation to non-consensual sexual intercourse . The population attributable fraction ( PAF ) was higher in females in all cases . CONCLUSIONS The detailed and high- quality data in APMS 2007 provided important confirmation both of the strength of association of CSA with psychiatric disorder and of its relative non-specificity . Our results have major implication s at the public health level and the individual level , in particular the need for better recognition and treatment of the sequelae of CSA 
    Output:
    
Forty-four articles were selected , and most of these articles demonstrate that the subtypes of ELS are associated with several psychiatric disorders , more specifically : physical abuse , sexual abuse , and unspecified neglect with mood disorders and anxiety disorders ; emotional abuse with personality disorders and schizophrenia ; and physical neglect with personality disorders .
Physical neglect had the weakest association between the subtypes .
ELS subtypes in childhood and adolescence can predict the development of psychopathology in adults .
Scientific evidence shows that ELS triggers , aggravates , maintains , and increases the recurrence of psychiatric disorders .