***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE To determine ( 1 ) whether telephone follow-up using a st and ardized telemonitoring tool can influence the nature and extent to which antidepressant users provide feedback to pharmacists , ( 2 ) whether patient characteristics are associated with the extent of patient feedback , and ( 3 ) how patient feedback affects subsequent outcomes after controlling for patient characteristics . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , experimental design . SETTING Eight Wisconsin community pharmacies within a large managed care organization . PATIENTS 60 patients presenting new antidepressant prescriptions . INTERVENTIONS Three monthly telephone calls from pharmacists providing structured education and monitoring . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of patient feedback to pharmacists , antidepressant knowledge , beliefs , percentage of missed doses , depression symptom scores , and perceptions of progress . RESULTS Compared with usual care patients ( n=32 ) , pharmacist-guided education and monitoring ( PGEM ) patients ( n=28 ) provided significantly more feedback to pharmacists regarding different aspects of their antidepressant therapy even after controlling for patient characteristics . Regression results also showed that patient feedback was significantly associated with greater antidepressant knowledge , positive antidepressant beliefs , and perceptions of progress after 3 months . Patient feedback was unrelated to nonadherence and depressive symptoms . CONCLUSION Structured education and monitoring by pharmacists significantly improves the level of patient feedback to pharmacists , and such feedback may help pharmacists identify and address their patients ' misconceptions , concerns , and progress with antidepressant therapy Background Evidence -based practice s design ed for large urban clinics are not necessarily portable into smaller isolated clinics . Implementing practice -based collaborative care for depression in smaller primary care clinics presents unique challenges because it is often not feasible to employ on-site psychiatrists . Objective The purpose of the Telemedicine Enhanced Antidepressant Management ( TEAM ) study was to evaluate a telemedicine-based collaborative care model adapted for small clinics without on-site psychiatrists . Design Matched sites were r and omized to the intervention or usual care . Participants Small VA Community-based outpatient clinics with no on-site psychiatrists , but access to telepsychiatrists .  In 2003–2004 , 395 primary care patients with PHQ9 depression severity scores ≥12 were enrolled , and followed for 12 months . Patients with serious mental illness and current substance dependence were excluded .  Measures Medication adherence , treatment response , remission , health status , health-related quality of life , and treatment satisfaction . Results The sample comprised mostly elderly , white , males with substantial physical and behavioral health comorbidity . At baseline , subjects had moderate depression severity (  Hopkins Symptom Checklist , SCL-20 = 1.8 ) , 3.7 prior depression episodes , and 67 % had received prior depression treatment . Multivariate analyses indicated that intervention patients were more likely to be adherent at both 6 ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.1 , p = .04 ) and 12 months ( OR = 2.7 , p = .01 ) . Intervention patients were more likely to respond by 6 months ( OR = 2.0 , p = .02 ) , and remit by 12 months ( OR = 2.4 , p = .02 ) . Intervention patients reported larger gains in mental health status and health-related quality of life , and reported higher satisfaction . Conclusions Collaborative care can be successfully adapted for primary care clinics without on-site psychiatrists using telemedicine technologies Background Non-adherence to antidepressants generates higher costs for the treatment of depression . Little is known about the cost-effectiveness of pharmacist 's interventions aim ed at improving adherence to antidepressants . The study aim ed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention in comparison with usual care in depressed patients initiating treatment with antidepressants in primary care . Methods Patients were recruited by general practitioners and r and omized to community pharmacist intervention ( 87 ) that received an educational intervention and usual care ( 92 ) . Adherence to antidepressants , clinical symptoms , Quality -Adjusted Life-Years ( QALYs ) , use of healthcare services and productivity losses were measured at baseline , 3 and 6 months . Results There were no significant differences between groups in costs or effects . From a societal perspective , the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ( ICER ) for the community pharmacist intervention compared with usual care was € 1,866 for extra adherent patient and € 9,872 per extra QALY . In terms of remission of depressive symptoms , the usual care dominated the community pharmacist intervention . If willingness to pay ( WTP ) is € 30,000 per extra adherent patient , remission of symptoms or QALYs , the probability of the community pharmacist intervention being cost-effective was 0.71 , 0.46 and 0.75 , respectively ( societal perspective ) . From a healthcare perspective , the probability of the community pharmacist intervention being cost-effective in terms of adherence , QALYs and remission was of 0.71 , 0.76 and 0.46 , respectively , if WTP is € 30,000 . Conclusion A brief community pharmacist intervention addressed to depressed patients initiating antidepressant treatment showed a probability of being cost-effective of 0.71 and 0.75 in terms of improvement of adherence and QALYs , respectively , when compared to usual care . Regular implementation of the community pharmacist intervention is not recommended . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov It was reported that focusing on palliative care for patients with cancer improved their anxiety and depression and prolonged their survival . Similarly , the pharmacist intervention for cancer patients suggested the improvement in anxiety and depression ; but , such improvement has not yet been demonstrated by focusing on pharmacist attitudes and behaviors of which the patients were the primary beneficiaries . Therefore , we evaluated the significance of pharmacist intervention focusing on improvement of adverse events and cancer pain . We r and omized patients to pharmacist intervention group or no intervention group and evaluated whether the pharmacist intervention improved patients ' anxiety and depression . Patients receiving new chemotherapy in the outpatient chemotherapy room were invited to enroll in this study between July 2015 and February 2017 . The patients were assessed for their quality of life using the Structured Clinical Interview for ACD and for anxiety and depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for HAD at baseline and again at the 4th chemotherapy . The difference between the baseline and 4th chemotherapy scores was calculated and compared between the pharmacist intervention and no intervention groups . HAD depression subscale and HAD scale scores decreased in the pharmacist intervention group compared to the no intervention group,(-1 versus 0.5 , p=0.024 ) and ( -3 versus 0.5 , p=0.011)respectively . We demonstrated that the pharmacist intervention focused on improvement of adverse event and cancer pain decreased cancer patients ' anxiety and depression The object of the study was to evaluate outcomes of a r and omized clinical trial ( RCT ) of a pharmacist intervention for depressed patients in primary care ( PC ) . We report  antidepressant ( AD ) use and depression severity outcomes at 6-months . The RCT was conducted between 1998 and 2000 in 9 eastern Massachusetts PC practice s. We studied 533 patients with major depression and /or dysthymia as determined by a screening test done at the time of a routine PC office visit . The majority of participants had recurrent depressive episodes ( 63.5 % with > /=4 lifetime episodes ) , and 49.5 % were taking AD medications at enrollment . Consultation in person and by telephone was performed by a clinical pharmacist who assisted the primary care practitioner ( PCP ) and patient in medication choice , dose , and regimen , in accordance with AHCPR depression guidelines . Six-month AD use rates for intervention patients exceeded controls ( 57.5 % vs. 46.2 % , P = .03 ) . Furthermore , the intervention was effective in improving AD use rates for patients not on ADs at enrollment ( 32.3 % vs. 10.9 % , P = .001 ) . The pharmacist intervention proved equally effective in subgroups traditionally considered difficult to treat : those with chronic depression and dysthymia . Patients taking ADs had better modified Beck Depression Inventory ( mBDI ) outcomes than patients not taking ADs , ( -6.3 points change , vs. -2.8 , P = .01 ) but the outcome differences between intervention and control patients were not statistically significant ( 17.7 BDI points vs. 19.4 BDI points , P = .16 ) . Pharmacists significantly improved rates of AD use in PC patients , especially for those not on ADs at enrollment , but outcome differences were too small to be statistically significant . Difficult-to-treat subgroups may benefit from pharmacists ' care Abstract Objective : To determine whether a pharmacist can effectively review repeat prescriptions through consultations with elderly patients in general practice . Design : R and omised controlled trial of clinical medication review by a pharmacist against normal general practice review . Setting : Four general practice s. Participants : 1188 patients aged 65 or over who were receiving at least one repeat prescription and living in the community . Intervention : Patients were invited to a consultation at which the pharmacist review ed their medical conditions and current treatment . Main outcome measures : Number of changes to repeat prescriptions over one year , drug costs , and use of healthcare services . Results : 590 ( 97 % ) patients in the intervention group were review ed compared with 233 ( 44 % ) in the control group . Patients seen by the pharmacist were more likely to have changes made to their repeat prescriptions ( mean number of changes per patient 2.2 v 1.9 ; difference=0.31 , 95 % confidence interval 0.06 to 0.57 ; P=0.02 ) . Monthly drug costs rose in both groups over the year , but the rise was less in the intervention group ( mean difference £ 4.72 per 28 days , −£7.04 to -£2.41 ) ; equivalent to £ 61 per patient a year . Intervention patients had a smaller rise in the number of drugs prescribed ( 0.2 v 0.4 ; mean difference −0.2 , −0.4 to −0.1 ) . There was no evidence that review of treatment by the pharmacist affected practice consultation rates , outpatient consultations , hospital admissions , or death rate . Conclusions : A clinical pharmacist can conduct effective consultations with elderly patients in general practice to review their drugs . Such review results in significant changes in patients ' drugs and saves more than the cost of the intervention without affecting the workload of general practitioners . What is already known on this topic Review of patients on long term drug treatment is important but is done inadequately Evidence from the United States shows that pharmacists can improve patient care by review ing drug treatment What this study adds Consultations with a clinical pharmacist are an effective method of review ing the drug treatment of older patients Review by a pharmacist results in more drug changes and lower prescribing costs than normal care plus a much higher review rate Use of healthcare services by patients is not OBJECTIVE Assess effects of pharmacists ' counseling by telephone on patients ' satisfaction with counseling , satisfaction with information and beliefs about medicines for newly prescribed medicines . METHODS A cluster r and omized trial in Dutch community pharmacies . Patients ≥18 years were included when starting with antidepressants , bisphosphonates , RAS-inhibitors or statins .  The intervention comprised counseling by telephone to address barriers to adherent behavior . It was supported by an interview protocol . Controls received usual care . Outcomes were effects on beliefs about medication , satisfaction with information and counseling . Data was collected with a question naire . RESULTS Responses of 211 patients in nine pharmacies were analyzed . More intervention arm patients were satisfied with counseling ( adj . OR 2.2 ( 95 % CI 1.3 , 3.6 ) ) . Patients with counseling were significantly more satisfied with information on 4 items , had less concerns and less frequently had a ' skeptical ' attitude towards medication ( adj . OR 0.5 ( 0.3 - 0.9 ) ) . Effects on most outcomes were more pronounced in men than in women . CONCLUSIONS Telephone counseling by pharmacists improved satisfaction with counseling and satisfaction with information on some items . It had a small effect on beliefs about medicines . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S Pharmacists can use counseling by telephone , but more research is needed to find out which patients benefit most The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of pharmacist delivered community-based services to optimise the use of medications for mental illness . Twenty-two controlled ( r and omised and non-r and omised ) studies of  pharmacists ' interventions in community and residential aged care setting s identified in international scientific literature were included for review . Papers were assessed for study design , service recipient , country of origin , intervention type , number of participating pharmacists , method ological quality and outcome measurement . Three studies showed that pharmacists ' medication counselling and treatment monitoring can improve adherence to antidepressant medications among those commencing treatment when calculated using an intention-to-treat analysis . Four trials demonstrated that pharmacist conducted medication review s may reduce the number of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to those at high risk of medication misadventure . The results of this review provide some evidence that pharmacists can contribute to optimising the use of medications for mental illness in the community setting . However , more well design ed studies are needed to assess the impact of pharmacists as members of community mental health teams and as providers of comprehensive medic 
    Output:
    
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of a difference between pharmacy-based management  for depression in adults compared with treatment as usual in facilitating depression symptom change .
Based on numbers of participants leaving the trials early , there may be no difference in acceptability between pharmacy-based management and controls .