***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Over 650 million people globally are at risk of schistosomiasis infection , while more than 200 million people are infected of which the higher disease rates occur in children . Eighty three students between 6 - 20 years ( mean 12.45 ± 3.2 ) from Quran School for boys in Radwan village , Gezira state were recruited to investigate for the relationship between the genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium strains and the severity of the disease . MethodS chistosoma haematobium infection was detected by filtration of urine . Ultrasonography was done on each study subject , while PCR technique was used for genotyping via r and om amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ) with A01 , A02 , A12 , Y20 and A13 primers . A01 primer gave three different genotypes ( A01 - 1 , A01 - 2 and A01 - 3 ) . Results About 54.2 % ( 45/83 ) were S. haematobium egg positive by urine filtration . On assessment of the upper and lower urinary tract by ultrasound technique , 61.4 % ( 51/83 ) were positive and 73.3 % ( 60/83 ) sample s were PCR positive . No significant difference was found when comparing the three different genotypes with severity of the disease . Conclusion This study concludes that no association was found between the different genotypes of S.haemtobium and the severity of the disease . Examination of more sample s from different areas to identify any possible differences between the parasites genes and disease severity was recommended Background Morbidity due to schistosomiasis is currently controlled by treatment of schistosome infected people with the antihelminthic drug praziquantel ( PZQ ) .  Children aged up to 5 years are currently excluded from schistosome control programmes largely due to the lack of PZQ safety data in this age group . This study investigated the safety and efficacy of PZQ treatment in such children . Methods Zimbabwean children aged 1–5 years ( n = 104 ) were treated with PZQ tablets and side effects were assessed by question naire administered to their caregivers within 24 hours of taking PZQ . Treatment efficacy was determined 6 weeks after PZQ administration through schistosome egg counts in urine . The change in infection levels in the children 1–5 years old ( n = 100 ) was compared to that in 6–10 year old children ( n = 435 ) . Principal Findings Pre-treatment S. haematobium infection intensity in 1–5 year olds was 14.6 eggs/10 ml urine and prevalence was 21 % . Of the 104 children , 3.8 % reported side effects within 24 hours of taking PZQ treatment . These were stomach ache , loss of appetite , lethargy and inflammation of the face and body .  PZQ treatment significantly reduced schistosome infection levels in 1–5 year olds with an egg reduction rate ( ERR ) of 99 % and cure rate ( CR ) of 92 % . This was comparable to the efficacy of praziquantel in 6–10 year olds where ERR was 96 % and CR was 67 % . Interpretation/ Significance PZQ treatment is as safe and efficacious in children aged 1–5 years as it is in older children aged 6–10 years in whom PZQ is the drug of choice for control of schistosome infections Background Schistosoma mansoni infection is proven to be a major health problem of preschool-age children in sub-Saharan Africa , yet this age category is not part of the schistosomiasis control program . The objective of this study was to compare the impact of single and double dose praziquantel ( PZQ ) treatment on cure rates ( CRs ) , egg reduction rates ( ERRs ) and re-infection rates 8 months later , in children aged 1 - 5 years living along Lake Victoria , Ug and a. Methodology /Principal Findings Infected children ( n= 1017 ) were r and omized to receive either a single or double dose of PZQ . Initially all children were treated with a single st and ard oral dose 40 mg/kg body weight of PZQ . Two weeks later a second dose was administered to children in the double dose treatment arm . Side effects were monitored at 30 minutes to 24 hours after each treatment . Efficacy in terms of CRs and ERRs for the two treatments was assessed and compared 1 month after the second treatment . Re-infection with S. mansoni was assessed in the same children 8 months following the second treatment . CRs were non-significantly higher in children treated with two 40 mg/kg PZQ doses ( 85.5 % ; 290/339 ) compared to a single dose ( 83.2 % ; 297/357 ) . ERRs were significantly higher in the double dose with 99.3 ( 95%CI : 99.2 - 99.5 ) compared with 98.9 ( 95%CI : 98.7 - 99.1 ) using a single dose , ( P = 0.01 ) . Side effects occurred more frequently during the first round of drug administration and were mild and short-lived ; these included vomiting , abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea . Overall re-infection rate 8 months post treatment was 44.5 % . Conclusions PZQ is efficacious and relatively safe to use in preschool-age children but there is still an unmet need to improve its formulation to suit small children . Two PZQ doses lead to significant reduction in egg excretion compared to a single dose . Re-infection rates with S. mansoni 8 months post treatment is the same among children irrespective of the treatment regimen OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of praziquantel ( PZQ ) in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia . METHODS In a cross-sectional study , stool specimens were collected from r and omly selected 299 school children in Shesha Kekele Elementary School , Wondo Genet , Southern Ethiopia , in April 2010 . Stool specimens were examined using a single Kato-Katz thick smear for Schistosoma mansoni ( S. mansoni ) ova . Children who were found positive for S. mansoni were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ at 40 mg/kg bw and interviewed for treatment-related symptoms 24 hours after drug administration . Four weeks post-treatment , stool specimens were collected from the same children and examined following the same procedure as in the pre-treatment . Drug efficacy was determined based on cure and egg reduction rates . RESULTS Pre-treatment prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 74.9 % with geometric mean egg count of 268 . The evaluated generic PZQ produced an overall cure rate of 73.6 % ( P<0.000 1 , OR : 8.33 , CI : 5.3 - 13.1 ) and egg reduction rate of 68.2 % ( P=0.03 , F=0.64 ) . The cure rate showed significant association with age ( χ(2)=11 , P=0.004 ) , the highest rate being observed in the 15 - 22 age group . 83 % of S. mansoni infected children showed various treatment-related symptoms , the most frequent being headache , nausea , and abdominal pain . These symptoms were associated with age ( P<0.001 ) and pre-treatment intensity of infection ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The present observations revealed relatively lower cure and egg reduction rates of the PZQ evaluated as compared to previous reports for other PZQ br and s in Ethiopia . Hence , in depth studies are recommended to clarify whether the present relatively lower cure rate is the actual cure rate of the praziquantel evaluated , treatment failure , or reduced susceptibility of the parasite . Treatment-related side effects observed were transient and tolerable Background In 2012 the WHO formally recognised that infants and preschool children are at significant risk of schistosomiasis and qualify for treatment with praziquantel ( PZQ ) . Targeted surveys determining both the performance and safety of this drug are now needed in endemic areas . We have formally assessed parasitological cure and putative side-effects in a prospect i ve cohort of Schistosoma mansoni-infected children ( aged 5 months–7 years old ) in lakeshore setting s of Ug and a. Methodology /Principal Findings From a total of 369 children found to be egg-patent for intestinal schistosomiasis , 305 were followed-up three to four weeks after PZQ treatment and infection status re-assessed . Separately , a previously tested side-effect question naire was employed before and 24 hours after PZQ treatment to assess incidence and amelioration of symptoms in young children and their mothers . While the overall observed parasitological cure was 56.4 % , a significant difference was found between a sub-set of children who had a history of multiple PZQ treatments ( between one and four in an 18 month period ) , where cure rate was 41.7 % , and those who had never received treatment ( cure rate was 77·6 % ) . PZQ proved to be safe , with only mild reported side effects which cleared within a month after treatment . Prevalence of reported symptoms was significantly lower in children than in mothers , and fewer side-effects were reported upon subsequent rounds of PZQ treatment . Conclusion / Significance Our findings show that PZQ treatment of young children result ed in satisfactory cure rates , and marked reduction in egg-output , with only mild and transient reported side-effects . However , the cure rate is clearly lower in younger children and those with history of previous treatment . Cure rate , but not egg reduction rate , was also lower in children with heavier pre-intervention infection intensity . With chemotherapy now recommended as a long-term strategy for disease control in young children , research into optimising the periodicity of targeted treatment strategies is now crucial BACKGROUND The current recommended control strategy for schistosomiasis is annual treatment using 40 mg/kg of praziquantel . However , praziquantel is only effective on adult worms and giving a second dose may increase its efficacy . We assessed the effect of one versus two doses of praziquantel on cure rate and re-infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a high endemic community along Lake Victoria , Ug and a. METHODOLOGY To investigate the effect of the two regimens , 395 infected people were r and omised into two groups ; one received a single st and ard dose of praziquantel ( Distocide ® 600 mg , Shin Poong Pharmaceuticals , Seoul , Republic of Korea ) , 40mg/kg body weight , while the other group received a second dose 2 weeks later  . Cure rate and infection intensity were assessed 9 weeks after the first treatment using st and ard parasitological procedures . Re-infection levels were monitored 8 and 24 months after treatment . RESULTS Those who received two doses were more likely to be cured ( 69.7 % ) compared to those who received a single dose ( 47.9 % ) ( χ(2 ) = 18.5 , p < 0.001 ) . Geometric mean intensity ( GMI ) of infection at 9 weeks ( eggs per gram of faeces [ epg ] ) was 12.0 epg ( CI95 : 8.9 - 16.1 ) for individuals who received 2 doses and 22.1 epg ( CI95 : 16.9 - 28.8 ) for those in the single dose arm . Eight months after treatment , prevalence of re-infection for individuals in the double dose arm ( 61.6 % , CI95 : 50.2 - 73.1 ) was not significantly different from that of those in a single dose arm ( 68.3 % , CI95 : 59.9 - 76.8 ) . The difference in GMI of re-infection for individuals in the single dose arm ( 33.8 epg , CI95 : 23.2 - 49.3 ) and those in the double dose arm ( 34.5 epg , CI95 : 24.7 - 48.1 ) was not significant . Twenty four months after treatment , prevalence of re-infection was not significantly different . The difference in GMI of re-infection for those in the single dose arm ( 57.5 epg , CI95 : 33.9 - 97.5 ) and those in the double dose arm ( 42.2 epg , CI95 : 29.9 - 59.6 ) was also insignificant . CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a second dose of praziquantel given 2 weeks after the first dose improves cure rate and reduces S. mansoni infection intensity . However , there is no added advantage on reduction of S. mansoni re-infection by administering two doses of praziquantel . CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER : NCT00215267 Disease outcome in persons infected with Schistosoma haematobium varies dramatically , ranging from mild symptoms to severe damage of the kidneys and /or bladder . We used ultrasonography to characterize the extent of urinary tract pathology of infected children in Zimbabwe , and r and om genetic markers to examine the relationship between genetic diversity of S. haematobium and clinical outcome .  One hundred thirty-three parasite isolates from 12 students with mild lesions and 13 with severe lesions were compared . Using four r and omly amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ) markers , we scored parasite allelic frequencies at 53 loci . Although parasite heterogene 
    Output:
    
However , findings on efficacy of repeated doses in co-infection of S. mansoni and S. haematobium were not conclusive .
Praziquantel administrated at 60 mg/kg was slightly more efficacious than the 40 mg/kg st and ard dose .
Minor and transitory side-effects were reported for both regimens .