***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives The main purpose of this study is the detection of  amoxicillin and clindamycin concentrations in teeth . Material s and methods Eleven patients received 2 g of amoxicillin , and 11 patients received 600 mg of clindamycin in a single dose of oral medication at least 60 min prior to tooth extraction due to systemic diseases . The concentrations were determined in crowns and roots separately using liquid chromatography – t and em mass spectrometry ( LC-MS-MS ) . Results Amoxicillin ( 13 sample s ) and clindamycin ( 12 sample s ) were detected in the sample s of the root and crown preparations of the extracted teeth . The mean concentration of amoxicillin was 0.502 μg/g in the roots and 0.171 μg/g in the crowns . The mean concentration of clindamycin  was 0.270 μg/g in the roots and 0.064 μg/g in the crowns . Conclusions A single dose of oral amoxicillin and clindamycin leads to concentrations of both antibiotics in teeth which exceed the minimal inhibition concentration of some oral bacteria . Clinical relevance The proof of antibacterial activity in dental hard tissue after oral single-dose application is new . The antimicrobial effect of amoxicillin and clindamycin concentrations in roots of teeth may be of clinical relevance to bacterial reinfection from dentinal tubules The objective of this prospect i ve study was to estimate the incidence of early loss of dental implants and the potential risk factors . The predictive variables were classified as being patient , implant , anatomical , or operation-specific . The outcome variable was early failure of the implant . The significance of differences was assessed using bivariate analyses , and then a multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent predictors for early loss of implants .  A total of 169 patients , 116 women and 53 men , mean age 47 ( range 16 - 80 ) years , had 399 implants inserted . Fifteen implants were lost in 14 patients ( 8 % ) . The early loss of dental implants was significantly associated with width of keratinised gingiva ( p=0.008 ) , the use polyglactin sutures ( p=0.048 ) , and the use of narrow implants ( p=0.035 ) . Multivariate logistic regression analysis established the significance of narrow keratinised gingiva ( OR=4.7 , p=0.005 ) and the use of polyglactin sutures ( OR=3.8 , p=0.042 ) , which we conclude are probably the strongest predictors of early failure of implants The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two antibiotic regimens in reducing  early dental implant failure .  A preoperative single-dose regimen and a 3-day antibiotic course were compared . Eighty subjects needing dental implant placement were r and omly allocated to one of the two antibiotic prophylaxis regimen groups . In the first group , dental implants were placed after the administration of a single preoperative dose of antibiotic ( 1 g of amoxicillin ) ; no postoperative antibiotics were given . In the second group , dental implants were inserted in patients who received the same preoperative dose of antibiotic as the first group , but the antibiotic was then continued postoperatively for 3 days . Patients returned for postoperative evaluation at 3 days , 7 days , and 12 weeks . The surgical sites were assessed for pain , swelling , wound dehiscence , and pus formation . No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups , probably because of the limited number of patients . Although minor complications were seen in a few patients , all implants were successfully osseointegrated . Until a study with a larger population rules definitively on the role of antibiotics in implant surgery , a single dose of antibiotic before implant placement may be sufficient PURPOSE The purpose of this prospect i ve study was to compare the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic regimens commonly used in dental implant surgery . Preoperative single-dose and long-term prophylactic antibiotic regimens were compared . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This was a 2-center prospect i ve study in which 215 patients underwent ambulatory endosseous implant placement . In the first group , 445 dental implants were placed in 125 patients after the administration of a single preoperative dose of prophylactic antibiotic with no postoperative antibiotics . In the second group , 302 dental implants were placed in 90 patients who received a preoperative dose of antibiotics  and were instructed to take antibiotics postoperatively for 7 days . In both groups , 0.12 % chlorhexidine pre- and postoperative mouth rinses were used . Patients returned for postoperative evaluation at 1 week , 2 weeks , and just prior to surgical uncovering . The surgical sites were assessed for pain , swelling , erythema , and purulence . RESULTS In the first group , 3 patients developed wound dehiscence at 5 implant sites and 1 developed a minor inflammatory response . None of the patients in this group received further antibiotics . In the second group , 3 patients developed wound dehiscence , 2 developed an inflammatory response , and 1 was diagnosed with infection , for which another course of antibiotics was required . There was no statistical difference between the 2 groups according to the Fisher 2 x 4 exact test ( P = .56 ) . DISCUSSION Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is unacceptable in clinical practice today . Surgeons must adhere to basic principles to gain the most benefit from the use of prophylactic antibiotics . CONCLUSION Long-term prophylactic antibiotic  use in implant surgery was of no advantage or benefit over a single-dose preoperative antibiotic regimen in this patient population Peri-implantitis is a biofilm-induced destructive inflammatory process that , over time , results in loss of supporting bone around an osseointegrated dental implant . Biofilms at peri-implantitis sites have been reported to be dominated by Gram-negative anaerobic rods with a proteolytic metabolism such as , Fusobacterium , Porphyromonas , Prevotella and Tannerella , as well as anaerobic Gram-positive cocci . In this study , we hypothesized that protease activity is instrumental in driving bone destruction and we therefore compared the microbial composition and level of protease activity in sample s of peri-implant biofluid ( PIBF ) from 25 healthy subjects ( H group ) and 25 subjects with peri-implantitis ( PI group ) . Microbial composition was investigated using culture techniques and protease activity was determined using a FITC-labelled casein substrate . The microbial composition was highly variable in subjects both in the H and PI groups but one prominent difference was the prevalence of Porphyromonas/Prevotella and anaerobic Gram positive cocci which was significantly higher in the PI than in the H group . A subgroup of subjects with peri-implantitis displayed a high level of protease activity in the PIBF compared to healthy subjects . However , this activity could not be related to the presence of specific bacterial species . We propose that a high level of protease activity may be a predictive factor for disease progression in peri-implantitis . Further longitudinal studies are however required to determine whether assessment of protease activity could serve as a useful method to identify patients at risk for progressive tissue destruction The aim of this study was to attempt to determine the minimum effective regimen of amoxicillin antibiotic prophylaxis for dental implant surgery . One hundred patients were r and omly allocated to 4 different antibiotic prophylactic treatment groups . At second-stage surgery , only 2 implants failed in the nonantibiotic group . No statistically significant differences were found in the 4 groups , probably because of the limited number of the sample s. Until a study with a larger population may definitely rule on the role of antibiotics in oral implant surgery , in may be prudent for the practitioner to adopt the single preoperative antibiotic dose as the minimal effective regimen The aim of the present r and omized controlled clinical trial was to investigate the adjunctive effect of systemic antibiotics and the local use of chlorhexidine for implant surface decontamination in the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis . One hundred patients with severe peri-implantitis were recruited .  Surgical therapy was performed with or without adjunctive systemic antibiotics or the local use of chlorhexidine for implant surface decontamination . Treatment outcomes were evaluated at 1 y. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the probability of treatment success , that is , probing pocket depth ≤5 mm , absence of bleeding/suppuration on probing , and no additional bone loss . Treatment success was obtained in 45 % of all implants but was higher in implants with a nonmodified surface ( 79 % ) than those with a modified surface ( 34 % ) . The local use of chlorhexidine had no overall effect on treatment outcomes . While adjunctive systemic antibiotics had no impact on treatment success at implants with a nonmodified surface , a positive effect on treatment success was observed at implants with a modified surface . The likelihood for treatment success  using adjunctive systemic antibiotics in patients with implants with a modified surface , however , was low . As the effect of adjunctive systemic antibiotics depended on implant surface characteristics , recommendations for their use in the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis should be based on careful assessment s of the targeted implant ( Clinical Trials.gov NCT01857804 ) 
    Output:
    
These findings demonstrate that plasma concentrations of a prophylactic dose of amoxicillin are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to prevent the common dental bacteria involved in peri-implantitis and periodontal diseases