***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Preventive effect of proprioceptive training is proven by decreasing injury incidence , but its proprioceptive mechanism is not . Major hypothesis : the training has a positive long-term effect on ankle joint position sense in athletes of a high-risk sport ( h and ball ) . Ten elite-level female h and ball-players represented the intervention group ( training-group )  , 10 healthy athletes of other sports formed the control-group . Proprioceptive training was incorporated into the regular training regimen of the training-group . Ankle joint position sense function was measured with the " slope-box " test , first described by Robbins et al. Testing was performed one day before the intervention and 20 months later . Mean absolute estimate errors were processed for statistical analysis . Proprioceptive sensory function improved regarding all four directions with a high significance ( p<0.0001 ; avg . mean estimate error improvement : 1.77 degrees ) . This was also highly significant ( p < or = 0.0002 ) in each single directions , with avg . mean estimate error improvement between 1.59 degrees ( posterior ) and 2.03 degrees ( anterior ) . Mean absolute estimate errors at follow-up ( 2.24 degrees + /-0.88 degrees ) were significantly lower than in uninjured controls ( 3.29 degrees + /-1.15 degrees ) ( p<0.0001 ) . Long-term neuromuscular training has improved ankle joint position sense function in the investigated athletes . This joint position sense improvement can be one of the explanations for injury rate reduction effect of neuromuscular training Objective : To compare the effectiveness of a combination of vibration and wobble board training against wobble board training alone in footballers suffering from functional ankle instability ( FAI ) . Design : A 2 × 3 prefactorial – postfactorial design . Setting : University research laboratory . Participants : Thirty-three male semiprofessional footballers with self-reported unilateral FAI were r and omly assigned in 3 groups : vibration and wobble board ( mean age 22.2 years ) , wobble board ( mean age 22.7 years ) , and control ( mean age 23.1 years ) . Interventions : Participants in each intervention group performed a 6-week progressive rehabilitation program using a wobble board , either with or without the addition of vibration stimulus . Main Outcome Measures : Absolute center of mass ( COM ) distribution during single-leg stance , modified star excursion balance test ( SEBT ) reach distances , and single-leg triple hop for distance ( SLTHD ) were measured before and after 6-week intervention . Results : Combined vibration and wobble board training result ed in reduced COM distribution [ P ⩽ 0.001 , effect size ( ES ) = 0.66 ] , increased SEBT reach distances ( P ⩽ 0.01 and P ⩽ 0.002 , ES = 0.19 and 0.29 , respectively ) , and increased SLTHD ( P ⩽ 0.001 , ES = 0.33 ) compared with wobble board training alone during the course of the 6-week training intervention . Conclusions : Combined vibration and wobble board training  improves COM distribution , modified SEBT scores , and SLTHD among footballers suffering FAI compared with wobble board training alone Abstract . This prospect i ve r and omized intervention investigated whether training on a balance board could reduce the amount of traumatic injuries of the lower extremities in female soccer players . A total of 221 female soccer players from 13 different teams playing in the second and third Swedish divisions volunteered to participate in the study . Seven teams ( n=121 ) were r and omized to an intervention group and six teams ( n=100 ) to a control group and were followed during one outdoor season ( April – October ) . Before and after the season muscle flexibility and balance/postural sway of the lower extremities were measured in the players . There were no significant differences in age , height , weight , muscle flexibility and balance/postural sway of the lower extremities between the intervention and the control group . During the season the players in the intervention group performed a special training program consisting of 10–15 min of balance board training in addition to their st and ard soccer practice and games . After a 37 % drop-out the intervention group consisted of 62 players and the control group of 78 players . The results showed no significant differences between the groups with respect either to the number , incidence , or type of traumatic injuries of the lower extremities . The incidence rate of " major " injuries was higher in the intervention group than in the control group . Four of five anterior cruciate ligament injuries occurred in the intervention group , which means that we could not prevent severe knee injuries in female soccer players with balance board training . However , among the players who had been injured during the 3-month period prior to this investigation there were significantly more players from the control group than from the intervention group who sustained new injuries during the study period Eisen , TC , Danoff , JV , Leone , JE , and Miller , TA . The effects of multiaxial and uniaxial unstable surface balance training in college athletes . J Strength Cond Res 24(7 ) : 1740 - 1745 , 2010-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different types of unstable surface balance training ( uniaxial on a rocker board [ RB ] and multiaxial on a dynadisc [ DD ] ) on balance in division 1 collegiate athletes in sports that are at high risk for ankle sprains . Subjects ( n = 36 ) consisted of male soccer players and female volleyball and soccer players who were equally and r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups  ( CON ,  DD , and  RB ) . Balance training consisting of balancing on 1 leg on either the RB or DD , while repeatedly catching a 1-kg ball was performed 3 times per week for 4 weeks . Balance was tested with the Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) before , halfway through , and at the completion of the balance training . Control ( CON ) subjects also were given the balance test but did not participate in the training . A 3-way repeated analysis of variance revealed that no group individually changed SEBT scores from pre ( CON , 0.98 ± 0.086 ; DD , 0.98 ± 0.083 ; RB , 0.97 ± 0.085 ) to post ( CON , 1.00 ± 0.090 ; DD , 1.01 ± 0.088 ; RB , 1.02 ± 0.068 ) after balance training . When the 2 treatment groups were combined ( DD and RB ) , the p value decreased and came closer to significance ( p = 0.136 ) . When all 3 groups were combined , there was a significant difference in SEBT scores from pretraining ( CON + DD + RB ; 0.98 ± 0.085 ) to posttraining ( CON + DD + RB ; 1.01 ± 0.082 ) , which likely indicates low statistical power . The increase in physical activity the subjects experienced during the return to in-season activity , may have contributed to the significant differences in SEBT scores over time but not between DD or RB training . Therefore , a threshold level of physical activity may exist that is necessary to maintain balance during the off-season BACKGROUND Balance training is widely used in the rehabilitation after an ankle sprain and is thought to have a decreasing effect on postural sway . The present study investigated whether a 5.5-week balance training programme leads to a decreased postural sway showing in a reduced range of centre of pressure excursion . METHODS Thirty university students participated in this study . Twenty-two untrained subjects were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n=11 ) or a control group ( n=11 ) . The remaining eight subjects were participants in an organized volleyball competition  and were assigned to an additional volleyball group ( n=8 ) . All subjects of the intervention group and the volleyball group received a 5.5-week balance training programme , while subjects of the control group received no training .  Centre of pressure of the ground reaction force was measured as a proxy measure of postural sway , using a force platform . Measurements took place before and after the 5.5-week training programme for st and ing on one leg ( both for right and for left leg ) of single leg stance , both for the eyes-open and eyes-closed situation . From these measurements centre of pressure excursion in the anterior-posterior and the medial-lateral direction was calculated . A linear regression analysis was performed to check for differences in centre of pressure excursion between any of the groups over the training period . FINDINGS No differences in changes of centre of pressure excursion were found between any of the groups over the 5.5-week training period . INTERPRETATION Balance training does not lead to a reduction in centre of pressure excursion in a general population consisting of non-injured and previously injured subjects STUDY DESIGN Controlled cohort repeated- measures experimental design . OBJECTIVES To determine if a neuromuscular training program ( NMTP ) focused on core stability and lower extremity strength would affect performance on the star excursion balance test ( SEBT ) . We hypothesized that NMTP would improve SEBT performance in the experimental group and there would be no side-to-side differences in either group . BACKGROUND The SEBT is a functional screening tool that is used to assess dynamic stability , monitor rehabilitation progress , assess deficits following an injury , and identify athletes at high risk for lower extremity injury . The SEBT requires lower extremity coordination , balance , flexibility , and strength . METHODS Twenty uninjured female soccer players ( 13 experimental , 7 control ) participated . Players trained together as a team , so group allocation was not r and omized . The SEBT was administered prior to and following 8 weeks of NMTP in the experimental group and 8 weeks of no NMTP in the control group . A 3-way mixed-model ANOVA was used to determine the effect of group ( experimental versus control ) , training ( pretraining versus posttraining ) , and limb ( right versus left ) . RESULTS After participation in a NMTP , subjects demonstrated a significant improvement in the SEBT composite score ( mean ± SD ) on the right limb ( pretraining , 96.4 % ± 11.7 % ; posttraining , 104.6 % ± 6.1 % ; P = .03 ) and the left limb ( pretraining , 96.9 % ± 10.1 % ; posttraining , 103.4 % ± 8.0 % ; P = .04 ) . The control group had no change on the SEBT composite score for the right ( pretraining , 95.7 % ± 5.2 % ; posttraining , 94.4 % ± 5.2 % ; P = .15 ) or the left ( 97.4 % ± 7.2 % ; 93.6 % ± 5.0 % ; P = .09 ) limb . Further analysis identified significant improvement for the SEBT in the posterolateral direction on both the right ( P = .008 ) and left ( P = .040 ) limb and the posteromedial direction of the left limb ( P = .028 ) in the experimental group . CONCLUSION Female soccer players demonstrated an improved performance on the SEBT after NMTP that focused on core stability and lower extremity strength Background Ankle sprains are the most common injuries in a variety of sports . Hypothesis A proprioceptive balance board program is effective for prevention of ankle sprains in volleyball players . Study Design Prospect i ve controlled study . Methods There were 116 male and female volleyball teams followed prospect ively during the 2001 - 2002 season . Teams were r and omized by 4 geographical regions to an intervention group ( 66 teams , 641 players ) and control group ( 50 teams , 486 players ) . Intervention teams followed a prescribed balance board training program ; control teams followed their normal training routine . The coaches recorded exposure on a weekly basis for each player . Injuries were registered by the players within 1 week after onset . Results Significantly fewer ankle sprains in the intervention group were found compared to the control group ( risk difference = 0.4/1000 playing hours ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.1 - 0.7 ) . A significant reduction in ankle sprain risk was found only for players with a history of ankle sprains . The incidence of overuse knee injuries for players with history of knee injury was increased in the intervention group . History of knee injury may be a contraindication for proprioceptive balance board training . Conclusions Use of proprioceptive balance board program is effective for prevention of ankle sprain recurrences PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of a multistation proprioceptive exercise program for the prevention of  ankle injuries in basketball players using a prospect i ve r and omized controlled trial in combination with biomechanical tests of neuromuscular performance . METHODS A total of 232 players participated in the study and were r and omly assigned to a training or control group following the CONSORT statement . The training group performed a multistation proprioceptive exercise program , and the control group continued with their normal workout routines . During one competitive basketball season , the number of ankle injuries was counted and related to the number of sports participation sessions using logistic regression . Additional biomechanical pre – post tests ( angle reproduction and postural sway ) were performed in both groups to investigate the effects on neuromuscular performance . RESULTS In the control group , 21 injuries occurred , whereas in the training group , 7 injuries occurred . The risk for sustaining an ankle injury was significantly reduced in the training group by approximately 65 % . [ corrected ] The corresponding number needed to treat was 7 . Additional biomechanical tests revealed significant improvements in joint position sense and single-limb stance in the training group . CONCLUSIONS The multistation proprioceptive exercise program effectively prevented ankle injuries in basketball players . Analysis of number needed to treat clearly showed the relatively low prevention effort that is necessary to avoid an ankle injury . Additional biomechanical tests confirmed the 
    Output:
    
Furthermore , training seems to improve postural sway and joint position sense .
Conclusion : Balance training reduces the incidence of ankle sprains and increases dynamic neuromuscular control , postural sway , and the joint position sense in athletes