***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Distress and burnout among medical and psychology professionals are commonly reported and have implication s for the quality of patient care delivered . Already in the course of university studies , medicine and psychology students report mental distress and low life satisfaction . There is a need for interventions that promote better coping skills in students in order to prevent distress and future burnout . This study examines the effect of a seven-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction ( MBSR ) programme on mental distress , study stress , burnout , subjective well-being , and mindfulness of medical and psychology students . Methods A total of 288 students ( mean age = 23 years , 76 % female ) from the University of Oslo and the University of Tromsø were r and omly allocated to an intervention or control group . The control group continued with their st and ard university courses and received no intervention . Participants were evaluated using self-reported measures both before and after the intervention . These were : the ‘ General Health Question naire , Maslach Burnout Inventory Student version , Perceived Medical School Stress , Subjective Well-being , and Five Facet Mindfulness Question naire ’ and additional indices of compliance . Results Following the intervention , a moderate effect on mental distress ( Hedges’g 0.65 , CI = .41 , .88 ) , and a small effect on both subjective well-being ( Hedges’g 0.40 , CI = .27 , .63 ) and the mindfulness facet ‘ non-reacting ’ ( Hedges’g 0.33 , CI = .10 , .56 ) were found in the intervention group compared with the control group . A higher level of programme attendance and reported mindfulness exercises predicted these changes . Significant effects were only found for female students who additionally reported reduced study stress and an increase in the mindfulness facet ‘ non-judging ’ . Gender specific effects of participation in the MBSR programme have not previously been reported , and gender differences in the present study are discussed . Conclusion Female medical and psychology students experienced significant positive improvements in mental distress , study stress , subjective well-being and mindfulness after participating in the MBSR programme . Trial registration Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Almost all previous studies of the psychological sequelae of hypertension labelling have lacked a prospect i ve , longitudinal design which could allow for causal interpretations . The present study relies on question naire data from a  hypertension screening  carried out on the entire adult population of a medium-sized , Norwegian county ( total number of participants = 74977 ) . ' Labelled ' individuals , i.e. previously unaware hypertensives ( N = 173 ) , false positives ( N = 233 ) , and patients in need of continued BP control ( N = 474 ) have been followed up after 1 - 3 years , and comparisons are made with aware hypertensives ( N = 206 ) , patients previously treated for hypertension ( N = 118 ) , and a r and om sample of normotensives ( N = 2326 ) . ' Pre-labelling ' , baseline measures of subjective well-being had been carried out on all comparison groups in connection with the screening . Changes in psychological well-being are not significantly related to labelling or BP-status . However , there is a deterioration in psychological well-being among participants who have been subjected to one or more negative life events/stresses ( other than labelling ) in the preceding 12 months The inability to cope successfully with the enormous stress of medical education may lead to a cascade of consequences at both a personal and professional level . The present study examined the short-term effects of an 8-week meditation-based stress reduction intervention on premedical and medical students using a well-controlled statistical design . Findings indicate that participation in the intervention can effectively ( 1 ) reduce self-reported state and trait anxiety , ( 2 ) reduce reports of overall psychological distress including depression , ( 3 ) increase scores on overall empathy levels , and ( 4 ) increase scores on a measure of spiritual experiences assessed at termination of intervention . These results ( 5 ) replicated in the wait-list control group , ( 6 ) held across different experiments , and ( 7 ) were observed during the exam period . Future research should address potential long-term effects of mindfulness training for medical and premedical students The majority of mindfulness research to date has reported only on the group-level effects of interventions . Therefore , there is a need to better underst and who is most likely to benefit from mindfulness interventions . This study reports on moderation analyses from a two-centre r and omised controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) among 288 medical and psychology students . The study investigated whether baseline personality factors ( neuroticism , conscientiousness and extroversion ) and baseline mindfulness moderated effects on mental distress , study stress and subjective well-being measured after the intervention . An increased effect of the intervention on mental distress and subjective well-being was found in students with higher scores on neuroticism . Students with higher scores on conscientiousness showed an increased effect of mindfulness training on study stress . The training protected students against an increase in mental distress and study stress and a decrease in subjective well-being that was seen in the control group . Baseline mindfulness and extroversion did not moderate the effects of the intervention on the outcomes . The majority of the 288 medical and psychology students in the study sample were female . Female participants scored significantly higher on neuroticism and conscientiousness , and they may therefore be an important target group for mindfulness interventions among students Research on mindfulness-based interventions ( MBIs ) for treating symptoms of a wide range of medical conditions has proliferated in recent decades . Mindfulness is the cultivation of nonjudgmental awareness in the present moment . It is both a practice and a way of being in the world . Mindfulness is purpose fully cultivated in a range of structured interventions , the most popular of which is mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) , followed by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) . This paper begins with a discussion of the phenomenological experience of coping with a chronic and potentially life-threatening illness , followed by a theoretical discussion of the application of mindfulness in these situations . The literature evaluating MBIs within medical conditions is then comprehensively review ed , applying a levels of evidence rating framework within each major condition . The bulk of the research looked at diagnoses of cancer , pain conditions ( chronic pain , low back pain , fibromyalgia , and rheumatoid arthritis ) , cardiovascular disease , diabetes , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , and irritable bowel syndrome . Most outcomes assessed are psychological in nature and show substantial benefit , although some physical and disease-related parameters have also been evaluated . The field would benefit from more adequately powered r and omized controlled trials utilizing active comparison groups and assessing the moderating role of patient characteristics and program “ dose ” in determining outcomes Abstract Pursuing undergraduate medical training can be very stressful and academically challenging experience . A 5-week mindfulness-based stress management ( MBSM/Mindful-Gym ) program was developed to help medical students cope with stress . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing stress among students in a medical school in Malaysia . Seventy-five medical students participated in the program . They were stratified according to years of studies and r and omly allocated to intervention ( N = 37 ) and control groups ( N = 38 ) . The following outcome variables were measured at pre- and post-intervention :  mindfulness ( with Mindful Awareness Attention Scale ) ; perceived stress ( with Perceived Stress Scale ) ; mental distress ( with General Health Question naire ) , and self-efficacy ( with General Self-efficacy Scale ) . Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to analyse the effect of group ( intervention vs. control ) on changes in the outcome variables . There were significant improvements at one week post-intervention in all outcome variables : mindfulness ( β = 0.19 , ΔR2 = 0.04 , p = .040 , f2 = 0.05 ) , perceived stress ( β = −0.26 , ΔR2 = 0.07 , p = .009 , f2 = 0.10 ) ; mental distress ( β = −0.28 , ΔR2 = 0.10 , p = .003 , f2 = 0.15 ) ; and self-efficacy ( β = 0.30 , ΔR2 = 0.09 , p < .001 , f2 = 0.21 ) . Six months after the intervention , those who had joined the program reported higher self-efficacy compared to those in the control group ( β = 0.24 , ΔR2 = 0.06 , p = .020 , f2 = 0.08 ) ; but there was no difference in other outcome measures . More than 90 % of the participants found the program applicable in helping patients and all reported that they would recommend it to others . This study indicates that the program is potentially an effective stress management program for medical students in Malaysia BACKGROUND Nursing students often experience depression , anxiety , stress and decreased mindfulness which may decrease their patient care effectiveness . Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) effectively reduced depression , anxiety and stress , and increased mindfulness in previous research with other population s , but there is sparse evidence regarding its effectiveness for nursing students in Korea . OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of MBSR on depression , anxiety , stress and mindfulness in Korean nursing students . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . PARTICIPANTS / SETTING Fifty ( 50 ) nursing students at KN University College of Nursing in South Korea were r and omly assigned to two groups . Data from 44 students , MBSR ( n=21 ) and a wait list ( WL ) control ( n=23 ) were analyzed . METHODS The MBSR group practice d mindfulness meditation for 2 h every week for 8 weeks . The WL group did not receive MBSR intervention . St and ardized self-administered question naires of depression , anxiety , stress and mindfulness were administered at the baseline prior to the MBSR program and at completion ( at 8 weeks ) . RESULTS Compared with WL participants , MBSR participants reported significantly greater decreases in depression , anxiety and stress , and greater increase in mindfulness . CONCLUSION A program of MBSR was effective when it was used with nursing students in reducing measures of depression , anxiety and stress , and increasing their mindful awareness .  MBSR shows promise for use with nursing students to address their experience of mild depression , anxiety and stress , and to increase mindfulness in academic and clinical work , warranting further study Background : Medical students experience a high burden of stress and suffer elevated rates of depression , burnout , and suicide compared to the general population , yet there is no consensus on how to address student wellness . Purpose s : The purpose of this study was to determine whether an abridged mindfulness based stress reduction ( MBSR ) intervention can improve measures of wellness in a r and omized sample of 1st-year medical students . Methods : Fifty-eight participants were r and omized to control or 8-week MBSR intervention  and then invited to participate in the study . All participants were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) , the Resilience Scale ( RS ) , and Self-Compassion Scale ( SCS ) at 3 separate time points : baseline , at the conclusion of the study intervention ( 8 weeks ) , and at 6 months after the conclusion of the intervention . The intervention consisted of 75 minutes of weekly class time , suggested meditation at home , and a half-day retreat in the last week . Results : The intervention group achieved significant increase on SCS scores both at the conclusion of the study ( 0.58 , p = .002 ) , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) [ 0.23 , 0.92 ] , and at 6 months ( 0.56 , p = .001 ) , 95 % CI [ 0.25 , 0.87 ] . PSS scores achieved significant reduction at the conclusion of the study ( 3.63 , p = .03 ) , 95 % CI [ 0.37 , 6.89 ] , but not at 6 months post study ( 2.91 , p = .08 ) , 95 % CI [ –0.37 , 6.19 ] . The study did not demonstrate a difference in RS after the intervention , though RS was significantly correlated with both SCS and PSS . Conclusions : An abridged MBSR intervention improves perceived stress and self-compassion in 1st-year medical students and may be a valuable curricular tool to enhance wellness and professional development Background : Medical students confront significant academic , psychosocial , and existential stressors throughout their training . Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) is an educational intervention design ed to improve coping skills and reduce emotional distress . Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the MBSR intervention in a prospect i ve , nonr and omized , cohort-controlled study . Methods : Second-year students ( n = 140 ) elected to participate in a 10-week MBSR seminar .  Controls ( n = 162 ) participated in a didactic seminar on complementary medicine .  Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) was administered preintervention and postintervention . Results : Baseline total mood disturbance ( TMD ) was greater in the MBSR group compared with controls ( 38.7 ±33.3 vs. 28.0 ±31.2 ; p < . 01 ) . Despite this initial difference , the MBSR group scored significantly lower in TMD at the completion of the intervention period ( 31. 
    Output:
    
Short term benefits relating to stress and mood were reported , despite all but one study condensing the curriculum .
Gender and personality emerged as factors likely to affect intervention results .
Further research with long-term follow-up is required to definitively conclude that mindfulness is an appropriate intervention to mentally prepare health and social care undergraduate students for their future careers