***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In the present study we report on the effects of mobile phone exposure on short- and long-term memory in male and female subjects . Subjects were university undergraduate students , and consisted of right-h and ed , males ( n = 33 ) and females ( n = 29 ) . Individuals were r and omly assigned to one of three experimental conditions : no phone exposure ; inactive phone exposure ; and active phone exposure . They were provided with a series of words to learn , structured in a two-dimensional shape , and given 3 min to memorise the words . After a 12 min distraction task , they were then asked to draw the shape ( spatial ) and place the correct words ( semantic ) into the appropriate boxes . One week later the same subjects were brought back to again redraw the shape and words . Error scores were determined and analysed by non-parametric techniques . The results show that males exposed to an active phone made fewer spatial errors than those exposed to an active phone condition , while females were largely unaffected . These results further indicate that mobile phone exposure has functional consequences for human subjects , and these effects appear to be sex-dependent Hemi-spatial neglect is an attentional disorder in which the sufferer fails to acknowledge or respond to stimuli appearing in contralesional space . In recent years , it has become clear that a measurable reduction in contralesional neglect can occur during galvanic vestibular stimulation , a technique by which transmastoid , small amplitude current induces lateral , attentional shifts via asymmetric modulation of the left and right vestibular nerves . However , it remains unclear whether this reduction persists after stimulation is stopped . To estimate longevity of effect , we therefore conducted a double-blind , r and omized , dose-response trial involving a group of stroke patients suffering from left-sided neglect ( n = 52 , mean age = 66 years ) . To determine whether repeated sessions of galvanic vestibular stimulation more effectively induce lasting relief than a single session , participants received 1 , 5 , or 10 sessions , each lasting 25 min , of sub-sensory , left-anodal right-cathodal noisy direct current ( mean amplitude = 1 mA ) . Ninety five percent confidence intervals indicated that all three treatment arms showed a statistically significant improvement between the pre-stimulation baseline and the final day of stimulation on the primary outcome measure , the conventional tests of the Behavioral Inattention Test . More remarkably , this change ( mean change = 28 % , SD = 18 ) was still evident 1 month later . Secondary analyses indicated an allied increase of 20 % in median Barthel Index ( BI ) score , a measure of functional capacity , in the absence of any adverse events or instances of participant non-compliance . Together these data suggest that galvanic vestibular stimulation , a simple , cheap technique suitable for home-based administration , may produce lasting reductions in neglect that are clinical ly important . Further protocol optimization is now needed ahead of a larger effectiveness study The aim of the present study was to investigate cognitive effects of a continuous , vertical extremely low frequency ( ELF ) magnetic field ( MF ) of 20 and 400 microT 50 Hz in healthy young men during performance on cognitive tests . Thirty-two volunteers ( 20 - 30 years old , mean 22.6 + /- 2.2 years ) participated in this double blind study . The test protocol consisted of a set of tests : divided attention , flexibility , memory updating , digit span , digit span with articulary suppression , and time perception . The total duration of the exposure was 65 min . Participants were assigned four sessions : three conditions in the helmet ( sham exposure , 20 and 400 microT ) and one condition out of the helmet ( to control the expectancy effect ) . No effect of  MF exposure was observed on performance This study examined the time dependence effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation ( RFR ) emitted by st and ard GSM cellular phones on the cognitive functions of humans . A total of 48 healthy right-h and ed male subjects performed a spatial working memory task ( that required either a left-h and or a right-h and response ) while being exposed to one of two GSM phones placed at both sides of the head . The subjects were r and omly divided into three groups . Each group was exposed to one of three exposure conditions : left-side of the head , right-side , or sham-exposure . The experiment consisted of 12 blocks of trials . Response times ( RTs ) and accuracy of the responses were recorded . It was found that the average RT of the right-h and responses under left-side exposure condition was significantly longer than those of the right-side and sham-exposure groups averaged together during the first two time blocks . These results confirmed the existence of an effect of exposure on RT , as well as the fact that exposure duration ( together with the responding h and and the side of exposure ) may play an important role in producing detectable RFR effects on performance . Differences in these parameters might be the reason for the failure of certain studies to detect or replicate RFR effects We studied the effects of an electromagnetic field ( EMF ) as emitted by a 902 MHz mobile phone on human short term memory . This study was a replication with method ological improvements to our previous study . The improvements included multi-centre testing and a double blind design . A total of 64 subjects ( 32 men ) in two independent laboratories performed a short term memory task ( n-back ) which poses a varying memory load ( 0 - 3 items ) on the subjects ' memory . They performed the task twice , once each under EMF and sham exposure .  Reaction times ( RTs ) and accuracy of the responses were recorded . The order of exposure and memory load conditions were counterbalanced across subjects and gender . There were no statistically significant differences in performance between the two laboratories . We could not replicate our previous results : the EMF had no effect on RTs or on the accuracy of the subjects ' answers . The inability to replicate previous findings could have been caused by lack of actual EMF effects or the magnitude of effects being at the sensitivity threshold of the test used The possible effects of continuous wave ( CW ) and pulse modulated ( PM ) electromagnetic field ( EMF ) on human cognition was studied in 36 healthy male subjects . They performed cognitive tasks while exposed to CW , PM , and sham EMF . The subjects performed the same tasks twice during each session ; once with left-sided and once with right-sided exposure . The EMF conditions were spread across three testing sessions , each session separated by 1 week . The exposed hemisphere , EMF condition , and test order were counterbalanced over all subjects . We employed a double-blind design : both the subject and the experimenter were unaware of the EMF condition . The EMF was created with a signal generator connected via amplifier to a dummy phone antenna , creating a power output distribution similar to the original commercial mobile phone . The EMF had either a continuous power output of 0.25 W ( CW ) or pulsed power output with a mean of 0.25 W. An additional control group of 16 healthy male volunteers performed the same tasks without any exposure equipment to see if mere presence of the equipment could have affected the subjects ' performance . No effects were found between the different EMF conditions , separate hemisphere exposures , or between the control and experimental group . In conclusion , the current results indicate that normal mobile phones have no discernible effect on human cognitive function as measured by behavioral tests Our study was a replication and extension with method ological improvements to a previous study on effects of the electromagnetic field ( EMF ) emitted by a 902 MHz mobile phone on human cognitive functioning . Improvements on the previous study included multicentre testing and a double blind design . A total of 64 subjects ( 32 men and 32 women ) in two independent laboratories performed a battery of 9 cognitive tasks twice : while the EMF was on and while it was off .  Reaction times ( RTs ) and accuracy were recorded . The order of exposure and tasks was counterbalanced across subjects and gender . There were no statistically significant differences in performance between genders or laboratories . Although the RTs and the accuracy of answers were very similar to those of our previous study , our previous results were not replicated . We concluded that EMF had no effect on RTs or on the accuracy of the subjects ' answers . Further , our results indicate that our EMF had no immediate effect on human cognitive functioning or that such effects are so small that they are observed on behavior only occasionally The present study was conducted to determine whether adolescents and /or the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone (MP)-related bioeffects than young adults , and to determine this for both 2nd generation ( 2 G ) GSM , and 3rd generation ( 3 G ) W-CDMA exposures . To test this , resting alpha activity ( 8 - 12 Hz b and of the electroencephalogram ) was assessed because numerous studies have now reported it to be enhanced by MP exposure . Forty-one 13 - 15 year olds , forty-two 19 - 40 year olds , and twenty 55 - 70 year olds were tested using a double-blind crossover design , where each participant received Sham , 2 G and 3 G exposures , separated by at least 4 days . Alpha activity , during exposure relative to baseline , was recorded and compared between conditions . Consistent with previous research , the young adults ' alpha was greater in the 2 G compared to Sham condition , however , no effect was seen in the adolescent or the elderly groups , and no effect of 3 G exposures was found in any group . The results provide further support for an effect of 2 G exposures on resting alpha activity in young adults , but fail to support a similar enhancement in adolescents or the elderly , or in any age group as a function of 3 G exposure The present study investigated the potential effects of a st and ard 902 MHz global system for mobile communication ( GSM ) mobile phone on 10 - 14 years old children 's cognitive function . A total of 32 children ( 16 boys , 16 girls ) participated with their own and parental consent . The subjects were 10 - 14 years old ( mean 12.1 years , SD 1.1 ) . They performed a battery of cognitive tests twice in a counter-balanced order : once while exposed to an active mobile phone and once during exposure to an inactive phone . The tests were selected from those we used earlier with adults . The statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the mobile phone off and on conditions in reaction times and accuracy over all tests or in any single test . It was concluded that a st and ard mobile phone has no effect on  children 's cognitive function as measured by response speed and accuracy . The present results challenge some earlier findings suggesting that the electromagnetic field ( EMF ) created by an active mobile phone would facilitate cognitive functioning BACKGROUND Cholinesterase inhibitors produce small improvements in cognitive and global assessment s in Alzheimer 's disease . We aim ed to determine whether donepezil produces worthwhile improvements in disability , dependency , behavioural and psychological symptoms , carers ' psychological wellbeing , or delay in institutionalisation . If so , which patients benefit , from what dose , and for how long ? METHODS 565 community-resident patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease entered a 12-week run-in period in which they were r and omly allocated donepezil ( 5 mg/day ) or placebo .  486 who completed this period were rer and omised to either donepezil ( 5 or 10 mg/day ) or placebo , with double-blind treatment continuing as long as judged appropriate . Primary endpoints were entry to institutional care and progression of disability , defined by loss of either two of four basic , or six of 11 instrumental , activities on the Bristol activities of daily living scale ( BADLS ) . Outcome assessment s were sought for all patients and analysed by logrank and multilevel models . FINDINGS Cognition averaged 0.8 MMSE ( mini-mental state examination ) points better ( 95 % CI 0.5 - 1.2 ; p<0.0001 ) and functionality 1.0 BADLS points better ( 0.5 - 1.6 ; p<0.0001 ) with donepezil over the first 2 years . No significant benefits were seen with donepezil compared with placebo in institutionalisation ( 42 % vs 44 % at 3 years ; p=0.4 ) or progression of disability ( 58 % vs 59 % at 3 years ; p=0.4 ) . The relative risk of entering institutional care in the donepezil group compared with placebo was 0.97 ( 95 % CI 0.72 - 1.30 ; p=0.8 ) ; the relative risk of progression of disability or entering institutional care was 0.96 ( 95 % CI 0.74 - 1.24 ; p=0.7 ) . Similarly , no significant differences were seen between donepezil and placebo in behavioural and psychological symptoms , carer psychopathology , formal care costs , unpaid caregiver time , adverse events or deaths , or between 5 mg and 10 mg donepezil . INTERPRETATION Donepezil is not cost effective , with benefits below minimally relevant thresholds . More effective treatments than cholinesterase inhibitors are needed for Alzheimer 's disease The increasing use of mobiles phones ( MP ) has raised the problem of the effects of daily electromagnetic fields ( EMF ) exposure on human health . To date several studies have been published concerning the effects of acute MP exposure on psychomotor performances . This study investigated the effects of daily exposure to GSM 900 type MP on cognitive function .  Fifty-five subjects ( 27 male and 28 female ) were divided into two groups : a group with MP switched on and a group with MP switched off . The two groups were matched according to age , gender , and IQ . This double blind study lasted for 45 days and was divided in three periods : baseline ( BLP , 2 days ) , exposure ( EP , 27 days ) , and recovery ( RP , 13 days ) . Subjects were exposed during EP and sham exposed during RP for 2 h/day , 5 days/week . The neuropsychological test battery composed of 22 tasks screened four neuropsychological categories : information processing , attention capacity , memory function , and executive function . This neuropsychological battery was performed four times on day 2 ( BLP ) , day 15 ( EP ) , day 29 ( EP ) , 
    Output:
    
RESULTS No differences were found between participants exposed to active EMF versus sham conditions in any of the three working memory tasks examined .
Results indicate that EMF does not affect WM during the n-back , substitution and digit-span tasks .