***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Relationships among risky sexual behaviors , other problem behaviors , and the family and peer context were examined for two sample s of adolescents . Many adolescents reported behaviors ( e.g. , promiscuity or nonuse of condoms ) which risked HIV or other sexually transmitted disease infection . Such risky behaviors were significantly intercorrelated . Consistent condom use was rare among those whose behavior otherwise entailed the greatest risk of infection . In both sample s , an index of high-risk sexual behavior was significantly related to antisocial behavior , cigarette smoking , and illicit drug or alcohol use . Social context variables , including  family structure , parenting practice s , and friends ' engagement in problem behaviors , were associated with high-risk sexual behavior . Finally , for sexually active adolescents , problem behaviors and social context variables were predictive of nonuse of condoms .  Results were consistent across the two studies and regression weights held up well under cross-validation Little is known about early life diet as a risk factor for early-onset persistent conduct problems ( EOP CP ) .  To investigate this , we used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children , a UK-based prospect i ve epidemiological birth cohort . 5727 mother-child pairs ( 49.9 % boys ) monitored since pregnancy ( delivery date between 1 April , 1991 and 31 December , 1992 ) reported intake of fish and processed foods at 32 weeks gestation and , for the child , at 3 years ; EOP ( n = 666 ) and Low conduct problem ( Low CP , n = 5061 ) trajectories were measured from 4 to 13 years ; hyperactivity and emotional difficulties were assessed in childhood ( 4–10 years ) and early adolescence ( 12–13 years ) , in addition to potential confounding factors ( family adversity , birth complications , income ) . Compared to Low CP , mothers of EOP children consumed less fish ( p < 0.01 ) and more processed food ( p < 0.05 ) prenatally , while EOP children consumed more processed food at 3 years ( p < 0.05 ) . For EOP , but not Low CP children , consuming less than two servings/week of fish ( vs. two or more servings/week , p < 0.05 ) , and one or more servings/day of processed food ( vs. less than one serving/day , p < 0.01 ) , was associated with higher emotional difficulties in early adolescence . Conclusions : Findings suggest that prenatal and postnatal diets high in processed food , and low in fish , associate with an EOP CP trajectory and co-occurring difficulties in early adolescence . As small effect size differences were found , further studies are needed to investigate the long-term impact of early unhealthy diet Largely because of the influence of Moffitt 's useful distinction between adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior , it has become increasingly common to view problem behavior that makes its first appearance in adolescence as developmentally normative . This study prospect ively examined the lives of individuals in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development whose patterns of antisocial behavior varied with respect to age of onset and stability from kindergarten through age 15 . Consistent with past research , early-onset , persistently deviant youth experienced more context ual adversity and evinced higher levels of intraindividual disadvantages than their peers from infancy through midadolescence . However , relative to youth who never showed significantly elevated antisocial behavior through age 15 , children who showed antisocial behavior primarily in adolescence also were more disadvantaged from infancy forward , as were youth who only demonstrated significant externalizing problems in childhood . Findings generally replicated across sex and did not vary as a function of whether antisocial behavior groups were defined using T-scores normed within sex or identified using an empirically driven grouping method applied to raw data Moffitt 's theory regarding two types of adolescent antisocial behavior was investigated using a prospect i ve , longitudinal study of normal and abnormal development in a primarily low socioeconomic status , ethnically diverse sample . Results supported the presence of an early-onset/persistent ( EOP ) group and an adolescence-onset ( AO ) group . Groups were most reliably and significantly distinguished by indices of socioemotional history within the first 3 years , but no significant differences were found on early measures of temperament or neuropsychological functioning . EOPs scored significantly lower than other groups on measures of neuropsychological functioning only during late childhood and adolescence , suggesting that the declines in verbal functioning that have been so reliably found in this and other sample s of early-starting antisocial adolescents are progressive and consequent to adverse experience . In adolescence , AOs were significantly more likely to report high levels of internalizing symptoms and life stress , suggesting that AO antisocial behavior is not a benign phenomenon . Implication s of these findings for etiologic theories of adolescent antisocial behavior are discussed CONTEXT A cardinal feature of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder is the distinction between childhood- vs adolescent-onset subtypes . Whether such developmental subtypes exist in the population and have different prognoses should be rigorously tested to inform the DSM-V. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the epidemiological validity of childhood- vs adolescent-onset conduct problems in a prospect i ve birth cohort , and to assess whether life-course-persistent conduct problems are associated with a greater adult health burden . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Our sample includes 526 male study members in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study , a 1-year birth cohort ( April 1 , 1972 , through March 30 , 1973 ) . Developmental trajectories were defined using prospect i ve ratings of conduct problems at 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 21 , and 26 years of age . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Health burden was assessed as mental and physical health problems at 32 years of age measured via diagnostic interviews and physical examinations .  RESULTS We identified the following 4 developmental subtypes of conduct problems through general growth mixture modeling : ( 1 ) childhood-onset/life-course-persistent , ( 2 ) adolescent onset , ( 3 ) childhood limited , and ( 4 ) low . At 32 years of age , study members with the life-course-persistent subtype experienced the worst health burden . To a lesser extent , those with the adolescent-onset subtype also experienced health problems . A childhood-limited subtype not specified by DSM-IV was revealed ; its adult health outcomes were within the range of the cohort norm . CONCLUSIONS Results support the epidemiological validity of the DSM-IV conduct disorder distinction based on age of onset but highlight the need to also consider long-term persistence to refine diagnosis . Preventing and treating conduct problems has the potential to reduce the adult health burden The prospect i ve relationships of conduct problems and peer coercion and deviancy training during kindergarten ( mean age = 5.3 years ) to overt and covert conduct problems in third-fourth grade were examined in a sample of 267 boys and girls .  Coercion and deviancy training were distinct peer processes . Both were associated with earlier child conduct problems but were differentially associated with child impulsivity , verbal ability , anxiety , peer rejection , and deviant peer affiliation .  Coercion by peers predicted overt conduct problems and peer  deviancy  training and the interaction of deviancy training and coercion predicted covert conduct problems in third-fourth grade . Peer deviancy training occurs in early childhood and may serve as an independent risk mechanism in addition to peer coercion for early-onset , persisting conduct problems 76 9 - 12 yr old aggressive males were assigned to anger-coping , goal - setting , anger-coping plus goal - setting , or no-treatment groups . Anger-coping interventions were school-based secondary prevention efforts that utilized social problem-solving and cognitive-behavioral techniques . At 1-mo followup , Ss who received anger-coping treatment had reduced their aggressive behavior in the classroom and at home and displayed improved self-esteem . ( 5 ref ) VioLit summary OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study by Lochman et al. was to observe the treatment and generalization effects of cognitive-behavioral and goal - setting interventions with aggressive boys . METHODOLOGY : An experimental design was used within a cognitive-behavioral framework , using a 2X2 factorial design to compare the separate and combined effects of a cognitive-behavioral condition , and a less intensive goal - setting condition . The 4 experimental cells were anger coping , goal setting , anger coping plus goal setting , and an untreated control cell .  76 boys , 9 - 12 years of age , from 8 elementary schools , were chosen via having the highest teacher ratings of aggression on the Missouri Children 's Behavior Checklist . These youth were assigned to cells on a rotating basis . FINDINGS / DISCUSSION : Children in the anger-coping cells displayed significant improvement over time versus subjects not in the anger-coping cells . Anger-coping plus goal - setting subjects significantly reduced their scores in comparison to subjects in the untreated control cell . The goal setting procedure tended to augment the treatment effects in the classroom . Despite indications in intervention , significant changes were not evident to teachers and peers , which may have been a result of limited treatment effects and rigid perceptions of the boys ' reputations . ( CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992 - 2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence , Institute of Behavioral Science , Regents of the University of Colorado ) KW - Late Childhood KW - Child Anger KW - Child Aggression KW - Child Male KW - Child Treatment KW - Male Anger KW - Male Aggression KW - Aggression Treatment KW - Aggression Intervention KW - Cognitive Behavioral Treatment KW - Cognitive Behavioral Intervention KW - Anger Management KW - Goal Setting KW - Treatment Effectiveness Language : 
    Output:
    
Overall , EOP individuals showed significant higher risk of poor outcome followed by AO individuals , CL individuals , and finally participants in the low group .
All conduct problems trajectories showed higher risk of poor psychosocial outcomes compared to the low group , but the magnitude of risk differed across trajectories , with a general trend for the EOP to perform significantly worse , followed by the AO and CL .