***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of EPA/DHA supplementation on resting and exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in exercise-trained men . Fourteen men supplemented with 2224 mg EPA+2208 mg DHA and a placebo for 6 weeks in a r and om order , double blind cross-over design ( with an 8 week washout ) prior to performing a 60 minute treadmill climb using a weighted pack . Blood was collected pre and post exercise and analyzed for a variety of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers . Blood lactate , muscle soreness , and creatine kinase activity were also measured . Results Treatment with EPA/DHA result ed in a significant increase in blood levels of both EPA ( 18 ± 2 μmol·L-1 vs. 143 ± 23 μmol·L-1 ; p < 0.0001 ) and DHA ( 67 ± 4 μmol·L-1 vs. 157 ± 13 μmol·L-1 ; p < 0.0001 ) , while no differences were noted for  placebo . Resting levels of CRP and TNF-α were lower with EPA/DHA compared to placebo ( p < 0.05 ) . Resting oxidative stress markers were not different ( p > 0.05 ) . There was a mild increase in oxidative stress in response to exercise ( XO and H2O2 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . No interaction effects were noted . However , a condition effect was noted for CRP and TNF-α , with lower values with the EPA/DHA condition . Conclusion EPA/DHA supplementation increases blood levels of these fatty acids and results in decreased resting levels of inflammatory biomarkers in exercise-trained men , but does not appear necessary for exercise-induced attenuation in either inflammation or oxidative stress . This may be due to the finding that trained men exhibit a minimal increase in both inflammation and oxidative stress in response to moderate duration ( 60 minute ) aerobic exercise We tested the power of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and /or leptin in predicting the degree of liver involvement in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . We measured serum levels of TNF-alpha and leptin and computed  NAFLD activity score ( NAS ) ( NAS > or= 5 , diagnostic of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [ NASH ] ) in 72 consecutive biopsy-proven NAFLD cases ( training and validation sets , 36 cases each ) . Univariate analysis evaluated variables significantly associated with a diagnostic NAS . Receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curve analysis assessed the diagnostic value of selected variables in predicting a NAS of 5 or more . TNF-alpha ( P < .0001 ) , leptin ( P = .001 ) ; triglycerides ( P = .013 ) , and alkaline phosphatase ( P = .046 ) levels were significantly associated with a NAS of 5 or more . TNF-alpha and leptin levels predicted the risk of NAS of 5 or more . ROC analyses defined cutoff values for TNF-alpha , leptin , and risk score . They identified 90 % , 83 % , and 83 % of the cases , respectively , with a NAS of 5 or more ( true-positive cases ) from the validation set . TNF-alpha alone or combined with leptin in a simple risk score can accurately predict a NAS of 5 or more . TNF-alpha seems to be a specific laboratory marker of NASH This study was aim ed at determining the effect of fish oil supplementation on copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoproteins ( LDL ) from nine hypertriglyceridemic human subjects . A rapid headspace gas chromatographic method was used to measure the volatile oxidation products from LDL . Propanal and hexanal were the major volatile products formed in the oxidation of n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) , respectively . Fish oil supplementation result ed in a significant increase in propanal formation from 3.7 to 13.4 nmol/mL LDL ( P<0.01 ) ; it also result ed in small decreases in pentanal formation from 14.7 to 11.4 nmol/mL LDL and in hexanal formation from 138 to 108 nmol/mL LDL ( P<0.05 ) . The changes in peroxidation products paralleled the changes in LDL composition , which showed a significant increase in n−3 PUFA from 3.2 to 14.6 % ( P<0.01 ) and a decrease in n−6 PUFA from 43.7 to 35.0 % ( P<0.05 ) . Propanal formation was highly and significantly correlated with n−3 PUFA content ( r=0.950,P<0.001 ) . Since total volatiles remained unchanged , this indicated that the two groups of LDL sample s did not differ in overall oxidative susceptibility . Although fish oil intake did not alter the oxidative susceptibility of LDL , the chemically modified LDL particles generated a distinct pattern of volatile oxidation products that reflected changes in their fatty acid composition BACKGROUND Although the replacement of dietary saturated fat with unsaturated fat has been advocated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease , diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) could increase lipid peroxidation , potentially contributing to the pathology of atherosclerosis . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine indexes of in vivo lipid peroxidation , including free F(2)-isoprostanes , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances ( TBARS ) , in the plasma of postmenopausal women taking dietary oil supplements rich in oleate , linoleate , and both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid . DESIGN Fifteen postmenopausal women took 15 g sunflower oil/d , providing 12.3 g oleate/d ; safflower oil , providing 10.5 g linoleate/d ; and fish oil , providing 2.0 g EPA/d and 1.4 g DHA/d in a 3-treatment crossover trial . RESULTS Plasma free F(2)-isoprostane concentrations were lower after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower-oil supplementation ( P : = 0.003 ) . When plasma free F(2)-isoprostane concentrations were normalized to plasma arachidonic acid concentrations , significant differences among the supplements were eliminated . Plasma MDA concentrations were lower after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower-oil supplementation ( P : = 0.04 ) , whereas plasma TBARS were higher after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower oil ( P : = 0.003 ) and safflower oil ( P : = 0.001 ) supplementation . When plasma MDA concentrations were normalized to plasma PUFA concentrations , significant differences were eliminated , but TBARS remained higher after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower oil ( P : = 0.01 ) and safflower-oil ( P : = 0.0003 ) supplementation . CONCLUSIONS With fish-oil supplementation , there was no evidence of increased lipid peroxidation when assessed by plasma F(2)-isoprostanes and MDA , although plasma TBARS was higher than with sunflower-oil and safflower-oil supplementation BACKGROUND It is generally thought that as the intake of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids increases , so should that of alpha-tocopherol , to protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from increased in vivo peroxidation . However , there are little quantitative data about the concentration of alpha-tocopherol that is necessary when eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) are consumed . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure changes produced in 2 indexes of lipid oxidation after supplementation with EPA and DHA from fish oil and 3 doses of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in postmenopausal women . DESIGN Daily supplements of fish oil providing 2.5 g EPA and 1.8 g DHA and 0 , 100 , 200 , or 400 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate were given to 46 postmenopausal women in a 4-treatment , 4-period crossover design . RESULTS The supplements increased plasma concentrations of EPA , DHA , and alpha-tocopherol . The fish-oil supplement increased the plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ) ( P : = 0.0001 ) but not that of oxidatively modified protein , as indicated by the carbonyl content . The alpha-tocopheryl acetate and fish-oil supplements had no significant effect on plasma concentrations of TBARS or oxidized protein . CONCLUSIONS Although these data show a small but statistically significant increase in oxidative stress on the basis of plasma TBARS concentrations after the consumption of EPA and DHA , the clinical relevance of this change is question able . In addition , as supplements of alpha-tocopheryl acetate were added to the diet , neither the plasma TBARS concentration nor the protein oxidation changed . Consequently , the results of this study indicate that there is no basis for vitamin E supplementation after consumption of EPA and DHA BACKGROUND The bridge between food intake and weight is not fully understood . Recently , the role of gut microbiota and bacterial lipopolysacharides ( LPS ) in weight has been noted . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the relation between plasma LPS concentration and food intake . DESIGN A dietary survey was conducted in 1015 subjects r and omly recruited in France . The participants were given oral and written instructions on how to keep a consecutive 3-d food record . Plasma LPS was measured in a sub sample of 201 men . To assess , under controlled conditions , the differential impact of various high-energy diets , plasma LPS concentrations were measured in mice fed a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate diet over a 4-wk period . RESULTS In humans , no significant relation was observed between cardiovascular disease risk factors , carbohydrate and protein intakes , and plasma LPS concentration . Conversely , positive correlations were observed with fat and energy intakes . In a multivariate analysis , endotoxemia was independently associated with energy intake . Compared with the control mice , mice fed a high-energy diet showed an increase in plasma LPS . However , in mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet , the increase in plasma LPS was blunted compared with mice fed a high-fat diet . CONCLUSIONS In this large sample of healthy men from a population -based sample , we found a link between food intake and plasma LPS . Experimental data suggest that fat was more efficient in transporting bacterial LPS from the gut lumen into the bloodstream . The results of this study add to the knowledge of mechanisms responsible for relations between food intake and metabolic diseases Chronic consumption of fish and fish oil high in ( n-3 ) PUFA reduces triacylglycerols ( TG ) but may increase oxidative stress , whereas consumption of soy isoflavones may reduce oxidative stress . Elevated serum TG and oxidative stress are considered cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors , but the effects of acute ( n-3 ) PUFA and soy isoflavones on these CVD risk factors are unknown . The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of acutely supplementing a high-fat , high-fructose meal with fish oil and isoflavone placebo ( FO ) and fish oil placebo and soy isoflavones ( ISO ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study , 10 overweight or obese men consumed a high-fat , high-fructose meal with 4 dietary supplement combinations : fish oil placebo and isoflavone placebo ( placebo ) ; fish oil and isoflavone placebo ( FO ) ; fish oil placebo and isoflavones ( ISO ) ; and fish oil and isoflavones ( FO + ISO ) . Serum collected at baseline and at 2 , 4 , and 6 h postpr and ially was analyzed for fatty acids , isoflavones , TG , and oxidative stress biomarkers ( lipid hydroperoxides , oxidized-LDL , total antioxidant status ) . FO significantly increased serum ( n-3 ) PUFA and ISO increased serum isoflavones . The study meal significantly increased serum total fatty acids and TG without affecting oxidative stress biomarkers . Serum TG and oxidative stress biomarkers did not differ between treatments . The FO and ISO were bioavailable but did not attenuate the postpr and ial rise in serum TG . Neither the study meal nor the FO or ISO induced significant changes in oxidative stress biomarkers . The current study adds to a limited literature on the acute effects of FO and ISO interventions on postpr and ial biomarkers of CVD risk Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is the most common liver disorder in Western industrialized countries , affecting 20 - 40 % of the general population . Large population -based surveys in China , Japan , and Korea indicate that the prevalence of NAFLD is now 12 % to 24 % in population subgroups , depending on age , gender , ethnicity , and location ( urban versus rural ) . There is strong evidence that the prevalence of NAFLD has increased recently in parallel with regional trends in obesity , 
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As a matter of fact , it remains controversial whether n-3 PUFA are effective to counteract oxidative stress .
On the other h and , data suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation may be effective in the early stages of NAFLD , but not in patients with more severe NAFLD or NASH .