***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study evaluated whether lamivudine given during late pregnancy can reduce hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) perinatal transmission in highly viraemic mothers . Mothers were r and omized to either lamivudine 100 mg or placebo from week 32 of gestation to week 4 postpartum . At birth , infants received recombinant HBV vaccine with or without HBIg and were followed until week 52 . One hundred and fifty mothers , with a gestational age of 26 - 30 weeks and serum HBV DNA > 1000 MEq/mL ( bDNA assay ) , were treated . A total of 141 infants received immunoprophylaxis at birth . In lamivudine-treated mothers , 56 infants received vaccine + HBIg ( lamivudine + vaccine + HBIg ) and 26 infants received vaccine ( lamivudine + vaccine ) . In  placebo-treated mothers , 59 infants received vaccine + HBIg ( placebo + vaccine + HBIg ) . At week 52 , in the primary analyses where missing data was counted as failures , infants in the lamivudine + vaccine + HBIg group had a significant decrease in incidence of HBsAg seropositivity ( 10/56 , 18%vs 23/59 , 39 % ; P = 0.014 ) and in detectable HBV DNA ( 11/56 , 20%vs 27/59 , 46 % ; P = 0.003 ) compared to infants in the placebo + vaccine + HBIg group . Sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of missing data at week 52 result ing from a high dropout rate ( 13 % in the lamivudine + vaccine + HBIg group and 31 % in the placebo + vaccine + HBIg group ) remained consistent with the primary analysis in that lower transmission rates were still observed in the infants of lamivudine-treated mothers , but the differences were not statistically significant . No safety concerns were noted in the lamivudine-treated mothers or their infants . Results of this study suggest that lamivudine reduced HBV transmission from highly viraemic mothers to their infants who received passive/active immunization Thomas Campbell and colleagues report findings of a r and omized trial conducted in multiple countries regarding the efficacy of  antiretroviral regimens with simplified dosing # # # What you need to know What is the role of arthroscopic surgery in degenerative knee disease ? An expert panel produced these recommendations based on a linked systematic review triggered by a r and omised trial published in The BMJ in June 2016 , which found that , among patients with a degenerative medial meniscus tear , knee arthroscopy was no better than exercise therapy . The panel make a strong recommendation against arthroscopy for degenerative knee disease . Box 1 shows all of the articles and evidence linked in this Rapid Recommendation package . The infographic provides an overview of the absolute benefits and harms of arthroscopy in st and ard GRADE format . Table 1 below shows any evidence that has emerged since the publication of this article . Box 1 # # # Linked articles in this BMJ Rapid Recommendations BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa , the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high . We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) , 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy ( IPT ) , or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4 + cell counts in Ivory Coast . METHODS We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4 + count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups : deferred ART ( ART initiation according to WHO criteria ) , deferred ART plus IPT , early ART ( immediate ART initiation ) , or early ART plus IPT . The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , non-AIDS-defining cancer , non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease , or death from any cause at 30 months . We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies . RESULTS A total of 2056 patients ( 41 % with a baseline CD4 + count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter ) were followed for 4757 patient-years . A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed ( 3.8 events per 100 person-years ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 3.3 to 4.4 ) , including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4 + count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter ( 3.2 events per 100 person-years ; 95 % CI , 2.4 to 4.0 ) . Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42 % and 27 % of primary end-point events , respectively . The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.56 ; 95 % CI , 0.41 to 0.76 ; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4 + count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter , 0.56 ; 95 % CI , 0.33 to 0.94 ) and lower with IPT than with no IPT ( adjusted hazard ratio , 0.65 ; 95 % CI , 0.48 to 0.88 ; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4 + count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter , 0.61 ; 95 % CI , 0.36 to 1.01 ) . The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies . CONCLUSIONS In this African country , immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT , both overall and among patients with CD4 + counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter . ( Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis ; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00495651 . ) BACKGROUND The use of fixed-dose combination nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) with a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor is recommended as initial therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infection , but which NRTI combination has greater efficacy and safety is not known . METHODS In a r and omized , blinded equivalence study involving 1858 eligible patients , we compared four once-daily antiretroviral regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection : abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)-emtricitabine plus efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir . The primary efficacy end point was the time from r and omization to virologic failure ( defined as a confirmed HIV-1 RNA level > or = 1000 copies per milliliter at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks , or > or = 200 copies per milliliter at or after 24 weeks ) . RESULTS A scheduled interim review by an independent data and safety monitoring board showed significant differences in virologic efficacy , according to the NRTI combination , among patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more . At a median follow-up of 60 weeks , among the 797 patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more , the time to virologic failure was significantly shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group than in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group ( hazard ratio , 2.33 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.46 to 3.72 ; P<0.001 ) , with 57 virologic failures ( 14 % ) in the abacavir-lamivudine group versus 26 ( 7 % ) in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group . The time to the first adverse event was also shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group ( P<0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the study groups in the change from the baseline CD4 cell count at week 48 . CONCLUSIONS In patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more , the times to virologic failure and the first adverse event were both significantly shorter in patients r and omly assigned to abacavir-lamivudine than in those assigned to tenofovir DF-emtricitabine . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00118898 . OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose abacavir/lamivudine ( ABC/3TC ) and tenofovir/emtricitabine ( TDF/FTC ) with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir ( ATV/r ) in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with HIV-1 infection . METHODS A 96-week multicenter , r and omized , open-label , parallel group pilot study was conducted . The endpoints were times to virologic failure , safety event and regimen modification . RESULTS 109 patients were enrolled and r and omly allocated ( 54 patients received ABC/3TC and 55 patients received TDF/FTC ) . All r and omized subjects were analyzed . The time to virologic failure was not significantly different between the two arms by 96 weeks ( HR , 2.09 ; 95 % CI , 0.72 - 6.13 ; p=0.178 ) . Both regimens showed favorable viral efficacy , as in the intention-to-treat population , 72.2 % ( ABC/3TC ) and 78.2 % ( TDF/FTC ) of the patients had an HIV-1 viral load < 50 copies/mL at 96 weeks . The time to the first grade 3 or 4 adverse event and the time to the first regimen modification were not significantly different between the two arms ( adverse event : HR 0.66 ; 95 % CI , 0.25 - 1.75 , p=0.407 ) ( regimen modification : HR 1.03 ; 95 % CI , 0.33 - 3.19 , p=0.964 ) . Both regimens were also well-tolerated , as only 11.1 % ( ABC/3TC ) and 10.9 % ( TDF/FTC ) of the patients discontinued the allocated regimen by 96 weeks . Clinical ly suspected abacavir-associated hypersensitivity reactions occurred in only one ( 1.9 % ) patient in the ABC/3TC arm . CONCLUSION Although insufficiently powered to show non-inferiority of viral efficacy of ABC/3TC relative to TDF/FTC , this pilot trial suggested that ABC/3TC with ATV/r is a safe and efficacious initial regimen for HLA-B*5701-negative patients , such as the Japanese population BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs has been effective in the prevention of  human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection  in some trials but not in others . METHODS In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , we assigned 2120 HIV-negative women in Kenya , South Africa , and Tanzania to receive either a combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine ( TDF-FTC ) or placebo once daily . The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of TDF-FTC  in preventing HIV acquisition and to evaluate safety . RESULTS HIV infections occurred in 33 women in the TDF-FTC group ( incidence rate , 4.7 per 100 person-years ) and in 35 in the placebo group ( incidence rate , 5.0 per 100 person-years ) , for an estimated hazard ratio in the TDF-FTC group of 0.94 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.59 to 1.52 ; P=0.81 ) . The proportions of women with nausea , vomiting , or elevated alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the TDF-FTC group ( P=0.04 , P<0.001 , and P=0.03 , respectively ) . Rates of drug discontinuation because of hepatic or renal abnormalities were higher in the TDF-FTC group ( 4.7 % ) than in the placebo group ( 3.0 % , P=0.051 ) . Less than 40 % of the HIV-uninfected women in the TDF-FTC group had evidence of recent pill use at visits that were matched to the HIV-infection window for women with seroconversion . The study was stopped early , on April 18 , 2011 , because of lack of efficacy 
    Output:
    
Tenofovir/emtricitabine is likely to increase stillbirth/early neonatal death and early premature delivery compared with zidovudine/lamivudine , but certainty is low when they are not coprescribed with lopinavir/ritonavir .
Other outcomes are likely similar between antiretrovirals .