***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : To investigate the role of product evaluations , nutritional and persuasion knowledge on children ’s food choices conducted because of limited evidence about the role of product evaluations on consumer choices in conjunction with cognitive defences . Design : A r and omised controlled 2 × 2 factorial experiment with an exposure to a food and a control ( toy ) advertisement conducted in a non-laboratory setting at an annual event traditionally visited by families . Subjects : Children aged 7–13 years with biometric/weight data representative of the general Australian population . Measurements : Height and weight ( converted into body mass index z-scores ) measured in addition to children ’s nutritional and persuasion knowledge , product evaluations , age and gender . Results : The factors that undermine children ’s cognitive defences relate to taste , social appeal of foods and low nutritional and persuasion knowledge . An interplay between the above-mentioned factors was also observed , identifying four groups among young consumers , alluding to a complex and at times impulsive nature of children ’s decisions : ( 1 ) knowledgeable children with less positive product evaluations choosing a healthy snack ; ( 2 ) knowledgeable but hedonism-oriented children seeking peer conformity choosing an advertised product ; ( 3 ) knowledgeable children who chose a snack belonging to the same product category ; and ( 4 ) less knowledgeable children with positive product evaluations and low nutritional knowledge choosing snacks from the advertised product category . Obese children were more likely to belong to a cluster of less knowledgeable and hedonism-oriented children . Conclusions : The problem of consumption of less healthy foods is complex and multiple factors need to be considered by health practitioners , social marketers and parents to address the issue of childhood obesity . Nutritional knowledge alone is not sufficient to ensure children make healthier food choices and emphasis should also be placed on persuasion knowledge education , targeting of peer norms , self-efficacy and stricter regulation of advertising aim ed at children OBJECTIVE The present study sought to determine the feasibility of an experimental research design to investigate the effects of exposure to magazine advertising on children 's food choices .  DESIGN Children were r and omized to read either a magazine with food advertisements or a magazine with no food advertisements . They then chose two food items from the intervention ' store ' to eat after the session . Data were also collected on attitudes to advertising and snack food preferences . Finally , participants ' parents were provided with a self-completion survey on food choices and other variables  ( n 24 ) . SETTING Three vacation care centres in regional New South Wales , Australia . SUBJECTS Children aged 5 - 12 years ( n 47 ) . RESULTS Children in the experimental condition were more likely to choose advertised foods than those in the control group . Interestingly , the majority reported taste and healthiness as the most important factors in snack food choices ; however , when faced with the actual food choice , they predominantly chose unhealthy foods ( eighty-two unhealthy and only twelve healthy items were chosen ) . CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to assess the effects on children of exposure to food advertising within the context of reading a child-targeted magazine . Importantly , even with the small sample size and venue limitations , we found that exposure to magazine advertising influenced food choices . Children 's magazines are an under- research ed and poorly regulated medium , with considerable potential to influence children 's food choices . The present study shows that the methodology is feasible , and future studies could replicate this with larger sample The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption , especially among children . Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods . Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective ' protective ' messages to increase advertising literacy and consequent scepticism about advertising targeting children . This study examined whether incorporating a ' protective ' message in an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks would reduce  children 's snack intake . A r and omized between-subject design was conducted in the Netherl and s ( N = 215 ) and Spain ( N = 382 ) with an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products . The results showed that playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks increased caloric intake in both countries , irrespective of whether the ' protective ' message was present or not . These results point to the limitations of ' protective ' messages and advertising literacy and provide policy makers with a rationale for extending the current prohibition of food advertising to young children in the terrestrial media to online environments BACKGROUND Food companies often use healthy lifestyle messages in child-directed advertising , raising public health concerns about health halo effects for nutrient-poor food/drinks . OBJECTIVE Examine effects of health messages promoting nutrient-poor foods in child-directed advertising . METHODS R and omized controlled experiment ( N = 138 ) . Children ( 7 - 11 years ) viewed three child-friendly commercials in one of three conditions : ( 1 ) health halo ( unfamiliar nutrient-poor food/drink ads with healthy messages ) ; ( 2 ) nutrient-poor food/drink ads with other messages and ( 3 ) healthy food/drink ads . They rated the commercials and advertised products , provided attitudes about exercise and nutrition and consumed and rated healthy and unhealthy snack foods . RESULTS Children in the health halo condition rated the advertised nutrient-poor products as significantly healthier compared with children in other conditions ( p = .003 ) , but the other commercials did not affect children 's attitudes about other advertised products ( p 's > .50 ) . Child age , gender or TV viewing habits did not significantly predict their ratings ( p 's > .18 ) . There was no evidence that healthy lifestyle messages and /or healthy food commercials improved children 's attitudes about nutrition , exercise or healthy snack consumption . CONCLUSION Promoting healthy lifestyle messages in child-directed commercials for nutrient-poor food/drinks likely benefits br and s by increasing products ' perceived healthfulness , but these ads are unlikely to positively affect children 's attitudes about health and nutrition Background / Objective : Exposure to food advertisements may cue overeating among children , especially among those genetically predisposed to respond to food cues . We aim ed to assess how television food advertisements affect eating in the absence of hunger among children in a r and omized trial . We hypothesized that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene ( FTO ) rs9939609 single-nucleotide polymorphism would modify the effect of food advertisements . Subjects/ Methods : In this r and omized experiment , 200 children aged 9–10 years were served a st and ardized lunch and then shown a 34-min television show embedded with either food or toy advertisements . Children were provided with snack food to consume ad libitum while watching the show and we measured caloric intake . Children were genotyped for rs9939609 and analyses were conducted in the overall sample and stratified by genotype . A formal test for interaction of the food advertisement effect on consumption by rs9939609 was conducted . Results : About 172 unrelated participants were included in this analysis . Children consumed on average 453 ( s.d.=185 ) kcals during lunch and 482 ( s.d.=274 ) kcals during the experimental exposure . Children who viewed food advertisements consumed an average of 48 kcals ( 95 % confidence interval : 10 , 85 ; P=0.01 ) more of a recently advertised food than those who viewed toy advertisements . There was a statistically significant interaction between genotype and food advertisement condition ( P for interaction=0.02 ) , where the difference in consumption of a recently advertised food related to food advertisement exposure increased linearly with each additional FTO risk allele , even after controlling for body mass index percentile . Conclusions : Food advertisement exposure was associated with greater caloric consumption of a recently advertised food , and this effect was modified by an FTO genotype . Future research is needed to underst and the neurological mechanism underlying these associations Background Policies restricting children ’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between food advertising exposure and  children ’s energy intake and body weight .  Food advertising exposure increases children ’s immediate food consumption , but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known ; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear . Methods We conducted a within-subject , r and omised , crossover , counterbalanced study across four , six-day holiday camps in New South Wales , Australia between April 2016 and January 2017 . Children ( 7–12 years , n = 160 ) were recruited via local schools , email networks and social media . Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp ( n = 20 ) , r and omised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to food and non-food advertising in an online game and /or a television cartoon .  Children ’s food consumption ( kilojoules ) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day . Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between food advertising exposure and dietary intake , taking into account gender , age and weight status . Results All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to food advertising compared with non-food advertising ; this was not compensated for at lunch , leading to additional daily food intake of 194 kJ ( 95 % CI 80–308 , p = 0.001 , d = 0.2 ) . Exposure to multiple-media food advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ ( 95 % CI 46–317 , p = 0.009 , d = 0.4 ) . Food advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups . Conclusion Online ( ‘ advergame ’ ) advertising combined with TV advertising exerted a stronger influence on children ’s food consumption than TV advertising alone . The lack of compensation at lunch for children ’s increased snack intake after food advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy food advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap , which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry , number ACTRN12617001230347 ( Retrospectively registered ) Background The inclusion of toys in food packages is a common marketing practice , and it is suspected of promoting obesogenic behaviours . This study aim ed to determine whether toys packaged with food are indeed increasing the amount of food eaten by children , and if this effect is enhanced by contemporary exposure to TV and /or advertising . Methods A total of 600 children ( balanced according to gender and age groups , 3–6 and 7–10 years old ) were r and omized in three school facilities in Argentina , Brazil and Mexico and exposed to food ( snacks ) alone or food associated with toys in an experimental setting . All of the children received the same meal at lunchtime . The products were packages in which chocolate was associated with toys in an egg-shaped container partially filled by chocolate . The children were asked to eat ad libitum for 20 minutes during the afternoon break . In addition , the children were r and omized into two groups and either shown or not shown a movie cartoon , with three different levels of exposure to commercials in the TV viewing condition ( 1 , 2 or 3 advertisements ) . Results No significant differences emerged between the “ toys ” and “ no toys ” groups even after taking into account exposure to TV , commercials and other confounding factors . Conclusions The inclusion of toys in food packages was not shown per se to lead to an increase in the caloric intake of children Objective To investigate , in a large pan Indian sample of school children , whether gadgets ( toys ) added to food increase food consumption , and if contemporary exposure to TV and /or advertising is a further promoting factor . Methods A total of 1,680 Indian children were first r and omized to food exposure with or without toy and then to a five-level exposure to TV viewing and advertising according to a 2 × 5 full factorial ad libitum eating design study . The sample size was computed to detect a difference of 20 Kcal of caloric intake ( assuming the same st and ard deviation of 20 Kcal in both groups ) between “ food with gadget ” ( Toy ) and “ food alone ” ( No Toy ) groups in each level of the exposure to TV and advertising factor , given an alpha error equal to 0.05 and a power of 0.90 . Results Mean caloric intake both in “ Toy ” and “ No Toy ” group was around 223 Kcal . When considering exposure to TV and advertising , mean values varied negligibly between 222 and 225 Kcal . According to linear models for the effect of gadget and exposure to TV and /or advertising on children ’s intake , no significant adjusted associations were found , neither as main effects nor as interactions . Conclusions Food consumption by children is not influenced by the presence of added toys , even after adjustment for several potential confounding factors . The city where they live and age significantly influences Indian children ’s caloric intake OBJECTIVES To assess pre-adolescent children 's responses to common child-oriented front-of-pack food promotions . METHODS Between-subjects , web-based experiment with four front-of-pack promotion conditions on energy-dense and nutrient-poor ( EDNP ) foods : no promotion [ control ] ; nutrient content cl aims ; sports celebrity endorsements ( male athletes ) and premium offers . Participants were 1302 grade 5 and 6 children ( mean age 11 years ) from Melbourne , Australia . Participants chose their preferred product from a r and omly assigned EDNP food pack and comparable healthier food pack then completed detailed product ratings . Child-oriented pack design s with colourful , cartooned graphics , fonts and promotions were used . RESULTS Compared to the control condition , children were more likely to choose ED 
    Output:
    
Significant detrimental effects of food marketing , including enhanced attitudes , preferences and increased consumption of marketed foods were documented for a wide range of marketing techniques , particularly those used in television/movies and product packaging .
Together , these studies contribute strong evidence to support the restriction of food marketing to children .