***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We studied the effect of exercise on circulating adipokine , high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , and metabolic parameters in obese young women . Ninety-six healthy Japanese young female students aged 18 - 23 years were studied . The longitudinal intervention study of a 7-month exercise training program ( 30 - 60 min/day , 60 - 70 % HR-reserve , 200 - 400 kcal , 4 - 5 days/week ) was performed in eight obese female students ( BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2 ) ) . Eight control female students ( mean BMI = 22 kg/m(2 ) ) were included in the follow-up study . Body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , percentage of body fat ( % Fat ) , body fat mass , lean body mass , health-promoting lifestyle profile-scale ( L-scale ) , VO(2)max ( maximal oxygen uptake ) , hs-CRP , lipids , insulin homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-R ) , fasting levels for circulating adiponectin , leptin , and TNF-alpha , were measured before and after the exercise program . In obese subjects , body weight , BMI , % Fat , body fat mass , lean body mass , hs-CRP , leptin , and TNF-alpha were significantly higher , and L-scale and adiponectin were lower than those in control subjects . In obese subjects , exercise decreased body weight , BMI , % Fat , body fat mass , lean body mass , hs-CRP , leptin , and TNF-alpha , and increased L-scale , VO(2)max , HDL-cho , and adiponectin . It was concluded that changes in circulating adipokine levels are involved in the improvement of the metabolic state by exercise and may be useful markers for evaluation and prescription of exercise The purpose of this study was : 1 ) to verify if motivational intervention enhances self-efficacy and desire for weight control ; and 2 ) to compare the performance of weight control , desire , and self-efficacy among subjects in the  motivational intervention group with those in the knowledge-supplied intervention group .  Subjects included twenty-two female students living alone . The participants were divided into two groups of motivational-intervention ( experimental group ) and knowledge-supplied intervention ( control group ) , consisting of eleven subjects in each group selected at r and om . A pre-test/post-test control design was used . Intervention in the experimental group consisted of a confirmation of individual reasons for weight control , connecting weight control with a life worth living for , and self-monitoring . Intervention in the control group however , involved instructions , on physiological and biochemical basis of proper weight control . As the result , these are suggested that the motivational intervention associated with enhancement of self-efficacy in weight control and dietary behavior . Compared to knowledge-based intervention , motivational intervention was associated with higher chewing method performance ratios , longer terms of continuing the chewing method , self-efficacy of weight control , self-efficacy of dietary behavior , and desire to weight control Aim : The aim of the study was to develop and implement an obesity and weight gain prevention program targeted to a high-risk group . Method : Women , 18–28 years old , with at least one severely obese parent , were r and omized to the intervention or control group of the ‘ Health Hunters ’ program .  During 1 year of follow-up , the intervention group received an individualized behavioral program focusing on food choice , physical activity and other lifestyle factors . Anthropometric measures , DXA-based body composition and fitness levels were measured at baseline and after 1 year . Self-reported changes in obesity-related behaviors were also assessed . Results : Baseline examinations were conducted in 40 women , of whom 30 completed follow-up examinations 1 year later . Pregnancy was the most common reason for failure to complete the study . Compared to the control group ( which gained weight ) , the intervention group displayed significant improvements in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio and self-reported physical activity . Changes in body composition , although not significant , suggested that the intervention tended to be associated with improved body composition . Further analysis of changes in diet and fitness in relation to concurrent weight changes indicated that the strongest ‘ protective ’ associations were for energy percent protein , fiber density and fitness . Conclusion : Pilot data from the Health Hunters obesity prevention program indicates that it is effective in high-risk young women with familial predisposition for obesity We assessed the major factors regulating adiponectin levels and the influence of exercise training on adiponectin levels in young obese men ( 19.2±1.1 yrs , BMI : 31.1±4.2 , % fat : 27.2±3.9 % ) . Subjects were separated into three groups ( aerobic exercise group [ AE : n=7 ] , aerobic and resistance exercise group [ AE+RE : n=7 ] , control group [ n=7 ] ) . AE underwent an 8-week training program ( three times per week , more than 30 min endurance exercise at ventilatory threshold ( VT ) intensity ) . AE+RE went through resistance exercise two or three times per week together with the above endurance exercise for 5 months . Prior to intervention ( n=21 ) , adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with percentage of fat . Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that percent body fat was an independent predictor of basal adiponectin levels ( r2=0.370 ; P<0.01 ) . After intervention , fat mass , and VT were significantly improved in AE . AE+RE exhibited significant reduction in weight , BMI , percent body fat and fat mass , and had significantly increased VT , $ $ \ifmmode\exp and after\dot\else\exp and after\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{2 } \max , $ $ cycling power and torque . Insulin was not changed in both groups . The control group exhibited no significant change in any variables . Although adiponectin levels were unchanged in the three groups , a significant negative correlation between delta fat mass and delta adiponectin levels was observed ( n=21 , r=−0.461 , P<0.05 ) . In addition , delta percent body fat was an independent predictor of delta adiponectin levels ( r2=0.327 , P<0.05 ) . These findings indicate that for increasing the adiponectin level , improvement of the body composition of young obese men is more important than the way training is performed Objective : The specific aim of this study was to determine if three 10 minute bouts of exercise per day ( 3 × 10 ) and two 15 minute bouts per day ( 2 × 15 ) were as effective as one 30 minute bout per day ( 1 × 30 ) for improving VO2 max and weight loss . Methods : Overweight , female college students ( body mass index ≥28 kg/m2 ) were recruited and assessed at baseline and post-treatment for aerobic fitness ( Astr and maximal cycle test ) , weight , skinfold thickness ( 7-site ) , and circumference measures ( 4-site ) . Following measurement of  resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , subjects were asked to follow a self-monitored calorie restricted diet ( 80 % of REE ) for the twelve week duration of the study and were assigned ( non-r and om ) to one of four treatment groups : 1 ) a nonexercising control group ( control , n = 8) , 2 ) a 30 minutes continuous exercise group ( 1 × 30 , n = 12 ) , 3 ) a 30 minutes accumulated exercise group ( 2 × 15 , n = 10 ) and 4 ) a second 30 minutes accumulated exercise group ( 3 × 10 , n = 8) . The exercising subjects participated in aerobic exercise training at 75 % of heart rate reserve three to five days per week with all exercise monitored . Results : VO2 max increased significantly while weight , body mass index , sum of skinfolds , and sum of circumferences decreased significantly from baseline to post-treatment in the 1 × 30 , 2 × 15 and the 3 × 10 groups , but not in the control group . A tertiary finding was that exercise participation did not differ among the exercising groups with regard to the average number of days per week . Conclusions : These results support the hypothesis that exercise accumulated in several short bouts has similar effects as one continuous bout with regard to aerobic fitness and weight loss during caloric restriction in overweight , young women Fifty-five healthy sedentary non smoking and non obese 24 - 26-year-old men with a low serum concentration of HDL-cholesterol were selected for a study of the effect of nine weeks of exercise on glucose homeostasis , and blood testosterone . The participants were r and omized into two groups . Twenty-eight subjects were assigned to a nine-week program of submaximal aerobic exercise three times weekly , while 27 were assigned to a non exercising control group . The improvement in physical fitness was assessed by change in estimated oxygen consumption ( EVO2 max ) that was increased by 15 % in the exercise group ( p less than 0.001 ) , but remained unchanged in the control group . During the study the body weight of both groups remained essentially unchanged . There was a significant reduction of mean plasma fructosamine in the exercise group , and non significant reduction in serum insulin . Serum testosterone , glycohemoglobin and HDL-cholesterol were not influenced by exercise , while serum triglycerides were significantly reduced The effects of a 15-wk aerobic conditioning ( 4.2 + /- 1.3 d/wk ) plus energy restriction ( 25 kcal/kg/d diet ) program on anthropometric and physiologic attributes were studied in 16 obese women between the ages of 18 and 24 . The women were divided into either an experimental ( E , n = 10 ) group or a control ( C , n = 6 ) group . The exercise + diet ( E ) group demonstrated significant reductions in body weight , both absolute and relative body fat , Katsura index , and serum triglycerides , and increases in oxygen uptake relative to lactate threshold ( LT ) , maximal oxygen uptake , and the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol . In the C group , none of the variables measured in this study remained unchanged . Thus the benefits of weight reduction without any change in fat free weight following the program were pronounced in the female university-age group that we studied . In conclusion , the highly structured aerobic conditioning at intensities corresponding to LT together with a proper dietary regimen is considered optimal with respect to favorable changes in various anthropometric and physiologic attributes . The feasibility of treating obese individuals with manifestation of medical and /or psychological problems in a school setting should be a significant matter in future research BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence in obese diabetic rats suggests that conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may have antidiabetic properties , based on reductions in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations . However , in lean rats , CLA causes hyperinsulinemia . Furthermore , experiments in humans also suggest that CLA may worsen insulin sensitivity . OBJECTIVES The present study examined whether CLA supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity in humans . DESIGN : Sixteen young sedentary individuals ( age , 21.5 + /- 0.4 yr ( mean + /- SEM ) ; body mass , 77.6 + /- 3.4 kg ) participated in this study . Ten subjects received 4 g x d of mixed CLA isomers ( 35.5%cis-9 , trans-11 ; 36.8%trans-10 , cis-12 ) for 8 wk , whereas six subjects received placebo ( safflower oil ) .  Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline ( 0 ) , 4 and 8 wk of supplementation . RESULTS : After 8 wk of CLA supplementation , insulin sensitivity index ( ISI ) increased ( 14.4 + /- 1.0 , 8 wk vs 11.3 + /- 1.3 , 0 wk ; P < 0.05 ) , which corresponded to a decrease in fasting insulin concentrations . Six of the 10 subjects showed large increases in their ISI ( range , + 27 to 90 % ) , whereas two demonstrated essential no change ( + 3 to 5 % ) , and two had a decrease in insulin sensitivity ( -12 to -13 % ) . ISI was unchanged over 8 wk in the placebo group . CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a common dosage of a commercially available CLA supplement can improve ISI in young , sedentary individuals . However , there is considerable individual variability in the response . Additional studies are required to identify underlying metabolic changes in human skeletal muscle Participants in weight-loss programs expect unreasonably large weight losses and believe that such reductions will produce dramatic improvements in their lives . The failure to achieve such benefits may contribute to poor maintenance of lost weight . This r and omized pilot study investigated a new cognitive-behavioral intervention design ed to modify unrealistic expectations regarding weight loss and its likely impact on appearance , attractiveness , and self-esteem .  Twenty-eight overweight and obese young women who completed 10 sessions of st and ard behavioral weight-loss treatment  were r and omly assigned to 10 additional sessions of either st and ard behavioral ( SB ) treatment or a reformulated cognitive-behavioral ( RCB ) treatment . At posttreatment , the RCB intervention produced more realistic weight-loss expectations , decreased participants ' motivation to lose weight as a means of improving self-confidence , and increased their overall self-esteem , compared with the SB condition ( all p's<.05 ) . The mean posttreatment weight changes achieved in the SB ( -6.2+/-4.5 kg ) and RCB ( -5.5+/-3.6 kg ) conditions were equivalent , as were the amounts of weight regained during a 6-month follow-up ( SB=2.3+/-2.7 
    Output:
    
Behavioural/motivational interventions  increased self-efficacy , the desire to control weight , boosted self-esteem , and increased satisfaction with body areas and appearance .
Interventions also showed improvements in HDL cholesterol , insulin , glucose and maximum oxygen uptake .
However , recruitment to participation in interventions was a barrier for this age group with small sample sizes and short-term interventions .
There may be gender differences in preference to participation in certain type of interventions .