***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT . Examined is the relationship of  patient-reported health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) to the mode of survey administration in the Hemodialysis Study . In addition to self-administered surveys to assess HRQOL , interviewer-administered surveys were made available to include patients with poor vision , decreased manual dexterity , or strong preference . For examining the predictors of participation by self-administration of the survey , multiple logistic regression was performed . For examining the relationship of HRQOL results to mode of survey administration , adjusted differences between the self-administered and interviewer-administered groups were obtained from multiple linear regression models accounting for sociodemographic and case-mix factors . A total of 978 of the first 1000 subjects in the Hemodialysis Study completed the survey  by interview ( n = 427 ) or by self-administration ( n = 551 ) . The interviewer-administered group was older , was more likely black , had longer duration of ESRD , had a higher prevalence of diabetes , and had more severe comorbidity ( all P < 0.01 ) . After adjustment for these differences , patients in the interviewer-administered group had higher scores on scales that measured Role-Physical , Role-Emotional , and Effects of Kidney Disease ( all P < 0.001 ) . Dialysis studies that restrict HRQOL measurement to patients who are able to complete surveys without assistance will not accurately represent the health of the overall hemodialysis population . Clinical studies and clinical practice s using HRQOL as an outcome should include interviewer administration or risk a selection bias against subjects with older age , minority status , and higher level of comorbidity . Future investigation should include research of survey modalities with a low response burden such as telephone interview , computer-assisted interview , and proxy administration Because of its sound psychometric properties the SF-36 General Health Question naire is used throughout the world , yet it is difficult to analyse and score . Using a newly developed software package , onto which any question naire can be loaded , we developed an electronic version of the SF-36 General Health Question naire . The purpose of this study is test the effect of the electronic mode of administration on the measurement properties of the SF-36 . In a r and omised cross-over design study 79 healthy individuals and 36 chronic pain patients completed both electronic and paper versions of the SF-36 . Seventy-one percent preferred the electronic SF-36 , 7 % stated no preference , and 22 % preferred the paper version . Completion time for the electronic SF-36 was slightly less , and there were no missing or problematical responses , whereas 44 % of participants had at least one missing or problematical response in the paper version . Data entry and auditing time was 8 hours . There was less than 4 % inter-version difference for any of the SF-36 sub-scales . The electronic SF-36 was well accepted and slightly quicker to complete than the paper version . We conclude that the electronic SF-36 is equivalent in performance and more effective than the paper version Background The Internet has tremendous appeal for conducting r and omized clinical trials and may be especially applicable to trials requiring frequent participant contact . Trials of cold sore remedies , for example , often require daily clinic visits during outbreaks , imposing substantial burden on participants . An Internet-based r and omized clinical trial design may reduce this burden , permitting frequent symptom reports with considerably less effort . Objective To evaluate the feasibility of a Web-based r and omized clinical trial requiring frequent participant interaction , using a 6-month , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled pilot trial of a topical ointment containing dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate ( DSS ) ( Zilex ; Meditech Pharmaceuticals , Inc , Scottsdale , Arizona , USA ) intended for treatment of recurrent herpes labialis . A secondary objective was to obtain preliminary data on effectiveness outcomes , to assist in planning a fully-powered trial of DSS . Methods Adults with physician-confirmed herpes labialis were recruited to apply to the trial . Eligible applicants were r and omized to DSS or placebo , mailed to them upon enrolment with instructions to apply topically every 2 hours for the duration of every cold sore outbreak . Participants were instructed to complete online question naires at 2-week intervals and , at the initiation of a cold sore , daily " outbreak question naires " until outbreak termination . Feasibility outcome measures included trial participant characteristics , frequency of cold sores , participant retention and adherence ( to study medication ) , and data completeness . Treatment effectiveness outcome measures included outbreak duration , days to crust formation , and pain . Results Of the 292 individuals applying , 182 screened eligible ; 32 participants with confirmed herpes labialis enrolled in the trial . 16 were r and omized into the verum group and 16 into the placebo group . 29 ( 91 % ) participants completed the trial . During the trial , 34 outbreaks were reported among 23 ( 72 % ) participants , result ing in a cold sore incidence rate of 19.8 per 100 person-months of observation . Online data were available for 32 outbreaks ; the absence of a resolution date made it impossible to accurately calculate the duration of 12 ( 38 % ) outbreaks . Although the DSS treatment group had a shorter mean outbreak duration ( 6.6 vs 7.7 days , P= .2 ) and fewer mean days to crust formation ( 3.5 vs 4.9 , P= .1 ) , these differences did not reach statistical significance . The DSS group has statistically significant lower mean pain scores ( 3.1 vs 7.6 , P= .04 ) , but participants in this group also consumed more acetaminophen tablets than the placebo group ( 1.1 versus 0.5 , P=.55 ) . Adherence to medication was similar in both groups : 7 ( 50 % ) of the verum group reported using the cream as directed compared to 6 ( 46.2 % ) in the placebo group ; ( P= .8 ) . Conclusions We efficiently recruited participants and achieved high overall retention rates . However , participant adherence to the daily outbreak visit schedules was low and only 7 ( 50 % ) participants used the cream as directed . These limitations could be addressed in future Internet-based studies by using Personal Digital Assistants ( PDAs ) , using reminder devices , and providing incentives . By enhancing participant adherence , clinical trials requiring frequent participant contact may be feasible over the Internet Background Measurement of socioeconomic position ( SEP ) over the life course in population health surveillance systems is important for examining differences in health and illness between different population groups and for monitoring the impact of policies and interventions aim ed at reducing health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage over time . While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold st and ard of interviewing techniques , computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience . This study compared recall of parents ' highest level of education in telephone and face-to-face surveys . Methods Questions about father 's and mother 's highest education level were included in two representative population health surveys of South Australians aged 18 years and over in Spring 2004 . A r and om sample selected from the electronic white pages ( EWP ) responded to a computer-assisted telephone interview ( n = 2999 ) , and a multistage clustered area sample responded to a face-to-face interview ( n = 2893 ) . A sub sample of respondents in the face-to-face sample who owned a telephone that was listed in the EWP ( n = 2206 ) was also compared to the telephone interview sample . Results The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father 's and mother 's highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview ( 86.3 % and 87.8 % , respectively ) than in the telephone interview ( 80.4 % and 79.9 % , respectively ) . Recall was also significantly higher in the sub sample of respondents in the face-to-face interview who had a telephone that was listed in the EWP . Those with missing data for parents ' education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged regardless of the survey mode . Conclusion While face-to-face interviewing obtained higher item response rates for questions about parents ' education , survey mode did not appear to influence the factors associated with having missing data on father 's or mother 's highest education level Can r and omised controlled trials be successfully conducted over the internet ? The authors report a feasibility study of such a trial in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee The possibility of conducting clinical trials entirely on line is an enticing but relatively unexplored medical application of the internet . The penetrance of the internet in the population offers the possibility of rapid recruitment of participants , and technological advances enable instant collection of data in a secure and confidential manner.1 These attributes could theoretically accelerate the evaluation of many compounds by cutting costs and reducing the duration of each study . Many components of an online trial , such as recruitment websites and electronic data capture technologies , have been separately described,2–4 but few attempts have been made to integrate these into a single process , and no study has evaluated the performance of such an endeavour . We set out to explore these issues by attempting a prototype double blind r and omised placebo controlled trial in people recruited and followed entirely over the internet . The underlying intention in the design was to translate , as far as possible , all elements of a rigorous r and omised placebo controlled trial into the virtual domain . To maximise the chance of success we chose to test glucosamine , a safe nutritional product popularly taken for symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee,5 by using a trial design appropriate for this purpose . We design ed a 14 week ( 2 week run-in , 12 week intervention ) internet based placebo controlled r and omised trial of glucosamine with biweekly scheduled online assessment s of knee pain with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index ( WOMAC ) as the primary outcome measure.6 The WOMAC was developed and vali date d as a self report question naire , can be used on a computer screen , and is recommended as a primary outcome for osteoarthritis BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that people respond differently to health status measures when data are collected by interview or self completion of a question naire . The objective of this study was to determine whether SF-36 health status scores differ systematic ally by method of administration . METHOD A r and omized cross-over study was carried out on 210 new attenders at general medicine , endocrinology , gastroenterology and urological out-patient departments . The outcome was the difference in SF-36 profiles comparing clinic based interviews with self completion at home by the same subjects . RESULTS For seven of the eight variables of the SF-36 scores were lower in the  self assessment  , the differences being statistically significant in four of the eight comparisons . The largest differences were in role limitations due to emotional problems ( difference 14.74 , 95 per cent confidence interval ( CI ) 7.76 - 21.7 ) and social function ( difference 7.21 , 95 per cent CI 3.19 - 11.23 ) . CONCLUSIONS Clinic based interviews systematic ally exaggerate health status compared with self assessment .  The difference is sufficiently large to underestimate the effectiveness of health service interventions when a clinic based pre-intervention and postal self completed follow-up design is used , unless adjustment is made for this systematic bias Surveys of risk behaviors have been hobbled by their reliance on respondents to report accurately about engaging in behaviors that are highly sensitive and may be illegal . An audio computer-assisted self-interviewing ( audio-CASI ) technology for measuring those behaviors was tested with 1690 respondents in the 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males . The respondents were r and omly assigned to answer questions using either audio-CASI or a more traditional self-administered question naire . Estimates of the prevalence of male-male sex , injection drug use , and sexual contact with intravenous drug users were higher by factors of 3 or more when audio-CASI was used . Increased reporting was also found for several other risk behaviors OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a check 
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Two features of mode were clearly associated with bias in response ; however , none of the features of mode was associated with changes in precision .
In terms of mediating factors , there was some suggestion that there was an interaction between both telephone and computer for data collection and date of publication , supporting the theory that differences disappear as new technologies become commonplace .
Individual analysis of the Short Form question naire-36 items and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) showed a varied pattern across the different subscales , with conflicting results between the two types of study .
None of the MMPI measures used to detect deviant responding showed a relationship with the mode features tested .