***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND There are high rates of co-occurring depression among young people with substance use disorders . While there is preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of integrated cognitive behaviour therapy ( CBT ) in combination with antidepressants among alcohol and substance dependent adolescents and adults with co-existing depression , no studies have examined the effectiveness of integrated CBT interventions in the absence of pharmacotherapy . The aim of the current study was to determine the outcomes of an integrated CBT intervention for co-occurring depression and substance misuse in young people presenting to a mental health setting . METHODS Sixty young people ( aged 15 to 25 ) , with a DSM-IV diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and concurrent substance misuse ( at least weekly use in the past month ) or disorder were recruited from a public youth mental health service in Melbourne , Australia . Participants received 10 sessions of individual integrated CBT treatment delivered with case management over a 20-week period . RESULTS The intervention was associated with significant improvements in depression , anxiety , substance use , coping skills , depressive and substance use cognitions and functioning at mid- ( 10 weeks ) and post- ( 20 weeks ) treatment . These changes were maintained at 6 months follow-up ( 44 weeks ) . CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the integrated CBT intervention in young people with co-occurring depression and substance misuse . Further studies using r and omised controlled design s are required to determine its efficacy Abstract In a r and omized trial , this study compared the longitudinal outcome patterns of veterans ( N = 66 ) with substance use disorders and major depressive disorder receiving st and ard pharmacotherapy and either 12-Step Facilitation Therapy ( TSF ) or disorder-specific Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ( ICBT ) .  Depression and substance use were assessed at intake , during and after treatment using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Time Line Follow Back . Reductions in depression during treatment were comparable between the two treatment groups ; however , their posttreatment patterns were distinct . While ICBT participants evidence d a steady linear decline in depression through six months posttreatment , a quadratic trend characterized TSF participants , for whom depression declined during treatment , but increased throughout posttreatment follow-up . During treatment , TSF participants used substances less frequently relative to those in ICBT ; however , reductions in substance use were more stable through six months posttreatment among those in ICBT relative to TSF . While both interventions produced improvement in depression and substance use during treatment , ICBT may yield more stable clinical outcomes once treatment ceases In a r and omized controlled trial , Paul Bolton and colleagues investigate whether a transdiagnostic community-based intervention is effective for improving mental health symptoms among Burmese refugees in Thail and . Please see later in the article for the Editors ' INTRODUCTION Despite efficacious pharmacological and behavioral treatments , most smokers attempt to quit without assistance and fail to quit . Mindfulness practice may be useful in smoking cessation . METHODS This ecological momentary assessment ( EMA ) study was a pilot parallel group r and omized controlled trial of a brief mindfulness practice ( Brief-MP ) intervention on self-reported smoking behavior delivered to smokers on a Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA ) in the field . Adult community smokers ( N = 44 ) were r and omly assigned to a Brief-MP ( n = 24 ) or Control ( sham meditation ; n = 20 ) group . Participants were instructed to smoke as much or as little as they liked . Participants carried a PDA for 2 weeks and were instructed to initiate 20 minutes of meditation ( or control ) training on the PDA daily , completing an assessment of cognitive and affective processes immediately afterwards . Additionally , they completed assessment s at r and om times up to four times per day . Primary outcome variables were negative affect , craving , and cigarettes smoked per day , all self-reported .  RESULTS Thirty-seven participants provided EMA data totaling 1874 assessment s. Linear Mixed Model analyses on EMA data revealed that Brief-MP ( vs. Control ) reduced overall negative affect , F(1 , 1798 ) = 13.8 , P = .0002 ; reduced craving immediately post-meditation , ( Group × Assessment Type interaction , F(2 , 1796 ) = 12.3 , P = .0001 ) ; and reduced cigarettes smoked per day over time ( Group × Day interaction , F(1 , 436 ) = 5.50 , P = .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Brief-MP administered in the field reduced negative affect , craving , and cigarette use , suggesting it may be a useful treatment BACKGROUND Despite depressive disorders being very common there has been little research to guide primary care physicians on the choice of treatment for patients with mild to moderate depression . AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of interpersonal counselling compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , in primary care attenders with major depression and to identify moderators of treatment outcome . METHOD A r and omised controlled trial in nine centres ( DEPICS , Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry number : ACTRN12608000479303 ) . The primary outcome was remission of the depressive episode ( defined as a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ≤7 at 2 months ) . Daily functioning was assessed using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale . Logistic regression models were used to identify moderators of treatment outcome . RESULTS The percentage of patients who achieved remission at 2 months was significantly higher in the interpersonal counselling group compared with the SSRI group ( 58.7 % v. 45.1 % , P = 0.021 ) . Five moderators of treatment outcome were found : depression severity , functional impairment , anxiety comorbidity , previous depressive episodes and smoking habit . CONCLUSIONS We identified some patient characteristics predicting a differential outcome with pharmacological and psychological interventions . Should our results be confirmed in future studies , these characteristics will help clinicians to define criteria for first-line treatment of depression targeted to patients ' characteristics OBJECTIVE Depression is highly prevalent among illicit drug users , and this co-occurrence is associated with poorer treatment outcomes . However , there has been limited empirical attention toward developing and assessing behavioral interventions for depression among illicit drug users . The objective of the current study was to test the efficacy of integrating a brief behavioral intervention for depression into st and ard inpatient substance abuse treatment . METHOD Forty-four adult illicit drug users with mild to moderate depressive symptoms ( Beck Depression Inventory-II [ BDI-II ] score > or= 10 ) who were receiving inpatient substance abuse treatment were r and omly assigned to either treatment as usual ( TAU ) alone or TAU plus brief behavioral therapy for depression ( i.e. , Life Enhancement Treatment for Substance Use [ LETS Act ! ] ) . Patients were assessed at baseline for DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses , depressive symptoms ( Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression , BDI-II ) , anxiety symptoms ( Beck Anxiety Inventory ) , and enjoyment and reward value of activities ( Environmental Reward Observation Scale ) . Patients were again assessed at posttreatment and at 2-week follow-up . Treatment satisfaction and attrition rates also were assessed at posttreatment . Data were collected from November 2005 to March 2006 . RESULTS Patients who received the LETS Act ! intervention ( N = 22 ) evidence d significantly greater improvements than the TAU group ( N = 22 ) in severity of depression , anxiety symptoms , and enjoyment and reward value of activities at posttreatment and in depressive symptoms at 2-week follow-up . The LETS Act ! group also reported significantly higher treatment satisfaction ratings . CONCLUSIONS This study supports the efficacy of LETS Act ! in treating depressive symptoms and improving the enjoyment and reward value of activities among illicit drug users currently receiving inpatient substance use treatment . Data also indicate the intervention may help prevent treatment attrition . LETS Act ! appears to be a feasible and parsimonious intervention to improve the treatment of depression and overall quality of care within inpatient substance abuse treatment setting This study is a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of an intensive cognitive-behavioral mood management treatment ( CBTD ) and of bupropion , both singularly and in combination , on  smoking cessation in adult smokers . As an extension of our previous work , we planned to examine the synergistic effects of CBTD and bupropion on smoking cessation outcomes in general and among smokers with depression vulnerability factors . Participants were 524 smokers ( 47.5 % female , M ( age ) = 44.27 years ) who were r and omized to one of four 12-week treatments : ( a ) st and ard , cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatment ( ST ) plus bupropion ( BUP ) , ( b ) ST plus placebo ( PLAC ) , ( c ) st and ard cessation treatment combined with cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression ( CBTD ) plus BUP , and ( d ) CBTD plus PLAC . Follow-up assessment s were conducted 2 , 6 , and 12 months after treatment , and self-reported abstinence was verified biochemically . Consistent with previous studies , bupropion , in comparison with placebo , result ed in better smoking outcomes in both intensive group treatments . Adding CBTD to st and ard intensive group treatment did not result in improved smoking cessation outcomes . In addition , neither CBTD nor bupropion , either alone or in combination , was differentially effective for smokers with single-past-episode major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , recurrent MDD , or elevated depressive symptoms . However , findings with regard to recurrent MDD and elevated depressive symptoms should be interpreted with caution given the low rate of recurrent MDD and the low level of depressive symptoms in our sample . An a priori test of treatment effects in smokers with these depression vulnerability factors is warranted in future clinical trials The objective of this study was to compare acamprosate with placebo in the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients during a 6-month post-detoxification treatment and a 3-month medication-free follow-up . Patients ( n = 330 ) were detoxified and r and omized to treatment with acamprosate ( 1998 mg/day ) or placebo within an out-patient programme including medical counselling , psychotherapy and self-help groups . The main outcome criterion was drinking behaviour as assessed by : abstinence/relapse ratio , cumulative abstinence duration ( CAD ) and the period of continued abstinence . Anxiety , depression and craving were also monitored . Intention to treat ( ITT ) statistical principles were followed . Twenty-five per cent of patients dropped out over the first 6 months . At the end of the treatment period , the abstinence rate was 57.9 % for acamprosate and 45.2 % for placebo ( P = 0.03 ) . The CAD was 110+/-77 days for acamprosate and 89+/-77 days for placebo ( P = 0.016 ) . Patients on acamprosate had a higher continuous abstinence rate and experienced less severe relapses . No differential effect was noted for anxiety , depression or craving . Treatment remained positive , but not significant , 3 months after termination of study medication . No significant difference in adverse events was noted between treatment groups . Acamprosate treatment over 180 days was consistently more effective than placebo to maintain abstinence and to diminish relapse severity BACKGROUND Methamphetamine dependence and associated medical and psychiatric concerns are significant public health issues . This project evaluated the efficacy of sertraline ( 50 mg bid ) and contingency management ( CM ) for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence . METHOD In this r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial , participants completed a 2-week non-medication baseline and were r and omized to one of four conditions for 12 weeks : sertraline plus CM ( n=61 ) , sertraline-only ( n=59 ) , matching placebo plus CM ( n=54 ) , or matching placebo-only ( n=55 ) . All participants attended clinic thrice-weekly for data collection , medication dispensing , and relapse prevention groups . Outcomes included methamphetamine use ( urine drug screening and self-reported days of use ) , retention ( length of stay ) , drug craving ( visual analogue scale ) , and mood symptoms ( Beck Depression Inventory ) . RESULTS No statistically significant main or interaction effects for sertraline or CM in reducing methamphetamine use were observed using a generalized estimating equation ( GEE ) , although post hoc analyses showed the sertraline-only condition had significantly poorer retention than other conditions ( chi(2 ) (3)=8.40 , p<0.05 ) . Sertraline conditions produced significantly more adverse events than placebo conditions . A significantly higher proportion of participants in CM conditions achieved three consecutive weeks of methamphetamine abstinence than those in non-CM conditions . CONCLUSIONS These data do not demonstrate improved outcomes for sertraline versus placebo for treatment of methamphetamine dependence ; indeed , they suggest sertraline is contraindicated for methamphetamine dependence . Findings provide support for the use of contingency management for treatment of methamphetamine dependence OBJECTIVE Motivational interviewing to reduce alcohol and marijuana use among incarcerated adolescents was evaluated . 
    Output:
    
No conclusions can be made about the efficacy of psychological interventions ( delivered alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy ) for the treatment of comorbid depression and substance use disorders , as they are yet to be compared with no treatment or treatment as usual in this population .