***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The authors evaluated a coeducational program for teenagers on preventing sexual coercion in dating situations . Students examined individual and social attitudes underlying coercive sexual behavior and learned communication skills aim ed at preventing or dealing with unwanted sexual advances . Instruction was enhanced by video and an interactive video " virtual date . " Outcomes were assessed using sexual attitude scales with a sample of 458 high school students . Student health education classes were r and omly assigned to either a treatment or a control condition . Findings , based on a latent variable model of differential effectiveness , showed that students in the treatment group with initial coercive attitude scores at or above the mean benefited significantly more than students with the same range of scores in the control group Motivational interviewing is a brief non-confrontational intervention design ed to enhance motivation to reduce harmful behavior ( Miller and Rollnick 2002 ) . The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing as a targeted prevention approach for partner aggression in emerging adulthood . Participants were 50 college dating couples between 18 and 25 years old who reported at least one act of male-to-female physical aggression in their current relationships . After completing a 2-hour assessment session , half of all couples were r and omly assigned to a 2-hour individualized motivational feedback session targeting physical aggression and risk factors for aggression . The remaining couples received minimal , non-motivational feedback . Follow-up surveys were conducted 3 , 6 , and 9 months later . Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that , compared to the control condition , the motivational feedback intervention led to reductions in physical aggression and harmful alcohol use and to less acceptance of female psychological aggression and male psychological aggression ( among women only ) . Lagged analyses indicated that changes in physical aggression were predicted by reductions in psychological aggression and by lower acceptance of both male and female psychological aggression . Reductions in physical aggression predicted lower anxiety and greater relationship investment and male relationship commitment over time . These findings suggest that a brief motivational intervention is a useful prevention approach for high-risk dating couples , with benefits to both individual and relationship functioning OBJECTIVES This study assessed the effects of the Safe Date s program on the primary and secondary prevention of  adolescent dating violence .  METHODS Fourteen schools were r and omly allocated to treatment conditions .  Eighty percent ( n=1886 ) of the eighth and ninth grade rs in a rural county completed baseline question naires , and 1700 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up question naires . RESULTS Treatment and control groups were comparable at baseline . In the full sample at follow-up , less psychological abuse , sexual violence , and violence perpetrated against the current dating partner were reported in treatment than in control schools . In a sub sample of adolescents reporting no dating violence at baseline ( a primary prevention sub sample ) , there was less initiation of psychological abuse in treatment than in control schools . In a sub sample of adolescents reporting dating violence at baseline ( a secondary prevention sub sample ) , there was less psychological abuse and sexual violence perpetration reported at follow-up in treatment than in control schools . Most program effects were explained by changes in dating violence norms , gender stereotyping , and awareness of services . CONCLUSIONS The Safe Date s program shows promise for preventing dating violence among adolescents A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a 5-session relationship violence prevention program involving a middle school of predominantly African-American students . A composite measure assessed changes in knowledge , attitudes , and methods of dealing with relationship violence . A pretest-posttest control group design was used . Results indicated that treatment group scores were significantly higher than control group scores at posttest ( p < .001 ) and treatment group posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores ( p < .001 ) . There were significant differences in scores between regular-level students and those with a higher level of academic ability ( advanced students ) . Within the treatment group , there was a level-by-gender interaction revealing that male advanced students made the highest gains . In examining specific items , improvements were made in knowledge about relationship violence and attitudes about nonphysical violence . No changes were seen in attitudes about physical violence or in methods of dealing with relationship violence OBJECTIVES This study determined 4-year postintervention effects of Safe Date s on  dating violence , booster effects , and moderators of the program effects . METHODS We gathered baseline data in 10 schools that were r and omly allocated to a treatment condition . We collected follow-up data 1 month after the program and then yearly thereafter for 4 years . Between the 2- and 3-year follow-ups , a r and omly selected half of treatment adolescents received a booster . RESULTS Compared with controls , adolescents receiving Safe Date s reported significantly less physical , serious physical , and sexual dating violence perpetration and victimization 4 years after the program . The booster did not improve the effectiveness of Safe Date s. CONCLUSIONS Safe Date s shows promise for preventing dating violence but the booster should not be used This study evaluated a community-based intervention to help at-risk teens develop healthy , nonabusive relationships with dating partners . Participants were 158 14 - 16-year-olds with histories of child maltreatment who were r and omly assigned to a preventive intervention group or a no-treatment control group .  They completed measures of abuse and victimization with dating partners , emotional distress , and healthy relationship skills at bimonthly intervals when dating someone . Intervention consisted of education about healthy and abusive relationships , conflict resolution and communication skills , and social action activities . Growth curve analyses showed that intervention was effective in reducing incidents of physical and emotional abuse and symptoms of emotional distress over-time . Findings support involvement of youths in reducing the cycle of violence as they initiate dating in midadolescence In this experiment , 123 sixth and seventh grade classrooms from Clevel and area schools were r and omly assigned to one of two five-session curricula addressing gender violence/sexual harassment ( GV/SH ) or to a no-treatment control . Three-student surveys were administered . Students in the law and justice curricula , compared to the control group , had significantly improved outcomes in awareness of their abusive behaviors , attitudes toward GV/SH and personal space , and knowledge . Students in the interaction curricula experienced lower rates of victimization , increased awareness of abusive behaviors , and improved attitudes toward personal space . Neither curricula affected perpetration or victimization of sexual harassment . While the intervention appeared to reduce peer violence victimization and perpetration , a conflicting finding emerged — the intervention may have increased dating violence perpetration ( or at least the reporting of it ) but not dating violence victimization This article summarizes the results of the Ohio University Sexual Assault Risk Reduction Project , which is a program design ed to reduce college women 's risk for sexual assault . The program was evaluated at 2 separate universities with 762 women . Participants were r and omly assigned either to the program or to the no-treatment comparison group , and they completed measures that assessed sexual victimization , dating behaviors , sexual communication , and rape empathy at the pretest and at the 2-month and 6-month follow-ups . At the 2-month follow-up , there were no differences between the groups on any of the outcome measures . However , those women who were moderately victimized during the 2-month follow-up were significantly less likely to be revictimized during the 6-month follow-up period if they participated in the program Men and women living in r and omly selected 1st-year dormitories participated in tailored single-sex sexual assault prevention or risk-reduction programs , respectively . An evaluation of the men ’s project is presented ( N = 635 ) . The program incorporated social norms and byst and er intervention education and had an impact on self-reported sexual aggression and an effect on men ’s perceptions that their peers would intervene when they encountered inappropriate behavior in others . Relative to the control group , participants also reported less reinforcement for engaging in sexually aggressive behavior , reported fewer associations with sexually aggressive peers , and indicated less exposure to sexually explicit media Fast Track is a multisite , multicomponent preventive intervention for young children at high risk for long-term antisocial behavior . Based on a comprehensive developmental model , intervention included a universal-level classroom program plus social skills training , academic tutoring , parent training , and home visiting to improve competencies and reduce problems in a high-risk group of children selected in kindergarten . At the end of Grade 1 , there were moderate positive effects on children 's social , emotional , and academic skills ; peer interactions and social status ; and conduct problems and special-education use .  Parents reported less physical discipline and greater parenting satisfaction/ease of parenting and engaged in more appropriate/consistent discipline , warmth/positive involvement , and involvement with the school . Evidence of differential intervention effects across child gender , race , site , and cohort was minimal Abstract Objective : To investigate possible risk factors and mechanisms behind the four times higher and diverging mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian compared with Swedish middle aged men . Design : Concomitant cross sectional comparison of r and omly selected 50 year old men without serious acute or chronic disease . Methods and equipment were identical or highly st and ardised between the centres . Setting : LinkÖping ( Sweden ) and Vilnius ( Lithuania ) . Subjects : 101 and 109 men aged 50 in LinkÖping and Vilnius respectively . Main outcome measures : Anthropometric data , blood pressure , smoking , plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations , susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation , and plasma concentrations of fat soluble antioxidant vitamins . Results : Systolic blood pressure was higher ( 141v 133 mm Hg , P<0.01 ) , smoking habits were similar , and plasma total cholesterol ( 5.10 v 5.49 mmol/l , P<0.01 ) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 3.30 v 3.68 mmol/l , P<0.01 ) lower in men from Vilnius compared with those from LinkÖping . Triglyceride , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , and Lp(a ) lipoprotein concentrations did not differ between the two groups . The resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation was lower in the men from Vilnius ; lag phase was 67.6 v 79.5 minutes ( P<0.001 ) . Also lower in the men from Vilnius were mean plasma concentrations of lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins ( ß carotene 377v 510 nmol/l , P<0.01 ; lycopene 327 v 615 nmol/l , P<0.001 ; and lipid adjusted tocopherol 0.25v 0.46 µmol/mmol , P<0.001 . Tocopherol concentration did not differ ) . Regression analysis showed that the lag phase was still significantly shorter by 10 minutes in men from Vilnius when the influence of other known factors was taken into account . Conclusions : The high mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuania is not caused by traditional risk factors alone . Mechanisms related to antioxidant state may be important . Key messages Mortality from coronary heart disease in 50 - 54 year old men is four times higher in Lithuania than in Sweden Differences in traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in 50 year old men in LinkÖping ( Sweden ) and Vilnius ( Lithuania ) were small – systolic blood pressure was higher in men from Vilnius , but total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower and smoking habits similar The resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation was lower in men from Vilnius and remained after adjustment for antioxidant vitamin concentrations Plasma concentrations of the antioxidant vitamins , ß carotene , lycopene , and lipid adjusted tocopherol were lower in men from Vilnius ; tocopherol did not differ Mechanisms related to antioxidant state may be important in explaining the much higher mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian compared with Swedish middle aged A r and omized controlled trial , using parent-based intervention ( PBI ) was design ed to reduce the incidence of alcohol-involved sexual victimization among first-year college students . The PBI , adapted from Turrisi et al. ( 2001 ) , was design ed to increase alcohol-specific and general communication between mother and daughter . Female graduating high school seniors and their mothers were recruited from the community and r and omly assigned to one of four conditions : Alcohol PBI ( n = 305 ) , Enhanced Alcohol + Sex PBI ( n = 218 ) , Control ( n = 288 ) or Unmeasured Control ( n = 167 ) . Mothers in the intervention conditions were provided an informational h and book and encouraged to discuss its contents with their daughters prior to college matriculation . Consistent with hypotheses , PBI , either st and ard or enhanced , was associated with lower incidence of incapacitated rape in the first year of college relative to controls . Path analysis revealed support for a hypothesized indirect effects model , by which intervention increased mother-daughter communication , which predicted lower frequency of first semester heavy episodic drinking , result ing in lower rates of alcohol-involved sexual victimization in the first year of college The Safe Date s Project is a r and omized trial for evaluating a  school-based adolescent dating violence prevention program .  Five waves of data were used to examine the effects of Safe Date s over time including primary and secondary prevention effects , moderators , and mediators of program effects . Using r and om coefficients models , with multiple imputation of missing data , significant program effects were found at all four follow-up periods on psychological , moderate physical , and sexual dating violence perpetration and moderate physical dating violence victimization . Marginal effects were found on sexual victimization . Effects on severe physical perpetration at all four follow-up periods were moderated by prior involvement in that type of violence . Primary and secondary prevention effects were 
    Output:
    
Subgroup analyses showed no statistically significant differences by intervention setting or type of participants .
Studies included in this review showed no evidence of effectiveness of interventions on episodes of relationship violence or on attitudes , behaviours and skills related to relationship violence .
We found a small increase in knowledge but there was evidence of substantial heterogeneity among studies .