***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We conducted a phase II study of S-1 and carboplatin combination regimen in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . Chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced NSCLC were treated with S-1 and carboplatin . S-1 was administered orally twice daily for 14 days and carboplatin AUC 5 on day 1 of each cycle , and this was repeated every 4 weeks . Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study . The main grade 3 or 4 toxicities observed during the first cycle were neutropenia ( 10.3 % ) , thrombocytopenia ( 41 % ) , and transaminase elevation . Objective responses were seen in 9 patients ( response rate 31.0 % ) . The median survival time and median progression-free survival were 16.0 months ( 95 % CI , 12.1 - 19.0 months ) and 4.5 months ( 95 % CI , 3.2 - 6.1 months ) , respectively . Hematological adverse events reaching grade 3 or 4 were neutropenia ( 10.3 % ) , anemia ( 3.4 % ) , and thrombocytopenia ( 3.4 % ) . No febrile neutropenia was detected . Nonhematological toxicities were also mild . Although grade 3 infection was observed in 1 patient , the patient improved without intervention . The combination of S-1 plus carboplatin is an active and well-tolerated regimen for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC . Further investigations are required to confirm our results in r and omized trials Gefitinib , an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( EGFR-TKI ) , is an effective treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) in patients with activating EGFR mutations . However , there have been little evidence -based studies of gefitinib in combination with platinum-doublet therapy in these patients . We performed a phase II trial to determine the efficacy and safety of triplet chemotherapy with gefitinib , carboplatin , and S-1 as a first-line treatment . This was a multicentre , single-arm , phase II trial of carboplatin , S-1 , and gefitinib in advanced NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutations . Patients received four courses of these drugs in 3–4 week cycles . In each cycle , carboplatin ( area under curve = 5 ) was administered on day 1 , S-1 ( 80 mg/m2 ) on days 1–14 , and gefitinib ( 250 mg ) every day . Subsequently , the same regimen without carboplatin was administered until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred . The 1-year progression-free survival ( PFS ) was the primary endpoint , while response rate ( RR ) , PFS , overall survival ( OS ) , and safety were secondary endpoints . Thirty-five patients were enrolled into this study . The 1-year PFS was 74.3 % and the overall RR was 85.7 % . The median PFS for all patients was 17.6 months ( 95 % confidence interval 15.5–∞ ) , but the median OS was not reached , because 28 patients were still alive after a median follow-up time of 21.4 months . Haematological adverse events ( grade 3 or higher ) included neutropaenia ( 17.1 % ) , thrombocytopenia ( 14.3 % ) , and anaemia ( 5.7 % ) , while non-haematological adverse events ( grade 3 or higher ) included elevated aminotransferase ( 20.0 % ) , diarrhoea ( 14.3 % ) , and febrile neutropaenia ( 2.9 % ) . No interstitial lung disease or treatment-related deaths occurred . Combination chemotherapy with carboplatin , S-1 , and gefitinib is efficacious and well tolerated as a first-line treatment in advanced NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutations A previous phase 3 trial demonstrated noninferiority in terms of overall survival for combined S‐1 ( an oral fluoropyrimidine ) and carboplatin compared with combined paclitaxel and carboplatin as first‐line treatment for advanced non – small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . In the current study , the authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined S‐1 , carboplatin , and bevacizumab followed by maintenance with S‐1 and bevacizumab in chemotherapy‐naive patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC The majority of patients with completely resected stage II or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) require adjuvant chemotherapy to improve survival following surgery . In the present trial , the 2-year disease-free survival ( DFS ) , and the feasibility and safety of S-1 as an adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer were evaluated . A total of 40 patients with completely resected stage II or IIIA NSCLC were enrolled and r and omized to receive postoperative chemotherapy with either up to 4 cycles of paclitaxel plus carboplatin ( arm A ) or with up to 1 year of S-1 ( arm B ) . The primary endpoint was 2-year DFS . The secondary endpoints were feasibility and toxicity .  A total of 40 patients were enrolled , but 3 were excluded in accordance with the exclusion criteria . The remaining 37 patients were analyzed . The 2-year DFS rate was 54.2 % in arm A and 84.2 % in arm B. Overall , 15/18 ( 83.3 % ) patients completed 4 cycles of paclitaxel plus carboplatin and 13/19 ( 68.4 % ) completed 1-year of S-1adjuvant chemotherapy . Of the 18 ( 16.7 % ) patients in arm A , 3 experienced grade 3 or 4 adverse events , while none in arm B experienced such events . Therefore , S-1 chemotherapy for patients with completely resected stage II or IIIA NSCLC was a feasible and safe regimen , and it may therefore be considered as a potential adjuvant chemotherapy option for advanced NSCLC The objective of this phase I/II study was to determine the recommended dose ( RD ) of S-1 and carboplatin ( CBDCA ) , and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this combination in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . Chemotherapy-naïve patients were treated with S-1 given orally on days 1 - 14 , and CBDCA infused intravenously on day 1 , repeated every 3 weeks . RD was AUC5 of CBDCA and 80 mg/m(2 ) of S-1 . Nineteen patients were treated at the RD . The overall response was 30.8 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 17.1 - 58.3 % ) . The response rate in the RD was 36.8 % ( 95 % CI : 16.3 - 61.6 % ) . The median overall survival time was 11.1 months ( 95 % CI : 8.1 - 15.3 months ) and the median progression-free survival time was 5.0 months ( 95 % CI : 3.6 - 6.0 months ) . Major grade s 3 - 4 toxicities were thrombocytopaenia ( 47 % ) , anaemia ( 26 % ) and infection ( 16 % ) . This is the first report to show promising activity of this combination in phase II , including survival data and manageable toxicity , especially in out patients receiving treatment for advanced NSCLC PURPOSE The primary goal of this open-label , multicenter , r and omized phase III trial was to determine whether treatment with carboplatin plus the oral fluoropyrimidine derivative S-1 was noninferior versus that with carboplatin plus paclitaxel with regard to overall survival ( OS ) in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 564 patients were r and omly assigned to receive either carboplatin ( area under the curve , 5 ) on day 1 plus oral S-1 ( 40 mg/m2 twice per day ) on days 1 to 14 or carboplatin ( area under the curve , 6 ) plus paclitaxel ( 200 mg/m2 ) on day 1 every 21 days . RESULTS At the planned interim analysis , with a total of 268 death events available , the study passed the O'Brien-Fleming boundary of 0.0080 for a positive result and noninferiority of carboplatin and S-1 compared with carboplatin and paclitaxel was confirmed for OS ( hazard ratio , 0.928 ; 99.2 % CI , 0.671 to 1.283 ) . Median OS was 15.2 months in the carboplatin and S-1 arm and 13.3 months in the carboplatin and paclitaxel arm , with 1-year survival rates of 57.3 % and 55.5 % , respectively . Rates of leukopenia or neutropenia of grade 3/4 , febrile neutropenia , alopecia , and neuropathy were more frequent in the carboplatin and paclitaxel arm , whereas thrombocytopenia , nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea were more common in the carboplatin and S-1 arm . The carboplatin and S-1 arm had significantly more dose delays than the carboplatin and paclitaxel arm . CONCLUSION Oral S-1 with carboplatin was noninferior in terms of OS compared with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced NSCLC , and is thus a valid treatment option Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and compliance of adjuvant chemotherapy of S-1 plus carboplatin for patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) of pathological stage IB-IIIB . Methods : S-1 was given orally at a dose of 80 mg/m2/day for 2 weeks , followed by a 2-week period of no treatment . Carboplatin was given intravenously on day 8 at an area under the curve of 6 . This regimen was repeated for four to six 28-day courses . Results : Seventeen patients were enrolled in this study . Fourteen of them completed at least 4 cycles of chemotherapy . Nine patients had grade 2 and three patients had grade 3 thrombocytopenia , respectively . Severe nonhematologic toxicities were uncommon . Treatment was delayed in a few patients because of prolonged thrombocytopenia . Conclusion : We concluded that the regimen was feasible and tolerable for patients with completely resected NSCLC as adjuvant chemotherapy BACKGROUND A phase III study ( Lung Cancer Evaluation of TS-1 ) previously demonstrated noninferiority in terms of overall survival ( OS ) at interim analysis for carboplatin-S-1 compared with carboplatin-paclitaxel for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 564 patients were r and omly assigned to receive either carboplatin on day 1 plus oral S-1 on days 1 - 14 or carboplatin-paclitaxel on day 1 every 21 days . Up date d results and post hoc subgroup analysis according to tumor histology are presented . RESULTS The up date d analysis revealed a median OS of 15.2 months in the carboplatin-S-1 arm and 13.1 months in the carboplatin-paclitaxel arm , with a hazard ratio ( HR ) of 0.956 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.793 - 1.151 ] , consistent with the previous primary analysis . Median OS was 14.0 months in the carboplatin-S-1 arm and 10.6 months in the carboplatin-paclitaxel arm ( HR 0.713 ; 95 % CI 0.476 - 1.068 ) for patients with squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC ) , with corresponding values of 15.5 and 13.9 months ( HR 1.060 ; 95 % CI 0.859 - 1.308 ) for those with non-SCC . CONCLUSIONS These results establish the efficacy and safety of carboplatin-S-1 in patients with advanced NSCLC regardless of tumor histology Purpose There is no established st and ard regimen for non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) patients with interstitial lung disease ( ILD ) . For them , we performed a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of chemotherapy with carboplatin and S-1 , which are known as cytotoxic drug with rare development of ILD as adverse event . Methods A total of 21 chemotherapy-naive NSCLC patients with ILD were prospect ively enrolled between March 2009 and September 2011 . Every 3 weeks , carboplatin at a dose of AUC 5 on day 1 and S-1 at a dose of 80 mg/m2 daily for 14 days were administered . Results The median age at initiating chemotherapy was 67 . Histological examination revealed 10 patients ( 48 % ) with adenocarcinoma . Before chemotherapy , partial pressure of arterial O2 ( PaO2 ) was low with a median of 71 Torr on room air . The median number of cycles administered was four , and the overall response rate and disease control rate were 33 and 67 % , respectively . At the time of data cut-off , all patients were deceased . The median progression-free survival ( PFS ) and median overall survival ( OS ) periods were 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : It will provide latest evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of CS for treatment of patients with NSCLC .