***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the middle and junior high school Drug Abuse Resistance Education ( D.A.R.E. ) and D.A.R.E. Plus programs on drug use and violence . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial of 24 schools , with 3 conditions : D.A.R.E. only , D.A.R.E. Plus , and delayed program control . SETTING Schools and neighborhoods , primarily in Minneapolis-St Paul . PARTICIPANTS All seventh- grade students in 24 schools in the academic year 1999 - 2000 ( N = 6237 at baseline , 67.3 % were white , and there was 84.0 % retention at final follow-up ) . INTERVENTIONS The middle and junior high school D.A.R.E. curriculum in the 16 schools that received D.A.R.E. only and D.A.R.E. Plus . In the 8 schoolts that received D.A.R.E. Plus , additional components included a peer-led parental involvement classroom program called " On the VERGE , " youth-led extracurricular activities , community adult action teams , and postcard mailings to parents . The interventions were implemented during 2 school years , when the cohort was in the seventh and eighth grade s. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported tobacco , alcohol , and marijuana use ; multidrug use ; violence ; and victimization , assessed at the beginning and end of seventh grade and at the end of eighth grade . Growth curve analytic methods were used to assess changes over time by condition . RESULTS There were no significant differences between D.A.R.E. only and the controls ; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and controls for tobacco , alcohol , and multidrug use and victimization ; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and D.A.R.E. only in tobacco use and violence ; and no significant behavioral differences among girls . CONCLUSION D.A.R.E. Plus significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. curriculum among boys and was more effective than the delayed program controls , underscoring the potential for multiyear , multicomponent prevention programs and demonstrating sex differences in response to intervention programs BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To develop a checklist of items measuring the quality of reports of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) assessing nonpharmacological treatments ( NPTs ) . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The Delphi consensus method was used to select and reduce the number of items in the checklist . A total of 154 individuals were invited to participate : epidemiologists and statisticians involved in the field of methodology of RCTs ( n = 55 ) , members of the Cochrane Collaboration ( n = 41 ) , and clinicians involved in planning NPT clinical trials ( n = 58 ) . Participants ranked on a 10-point Likert scale whether an item should be included in the checklist . RESULTS Fifty-five experts ( 36 % ) participated in the survey . They were experienced in systematic review s ( 68 % were involved in the Cochrane Collaboration ) and in planning RCTs ( 76 % ) . Three rounds of the Delphi method were conducted to achieve consensus . The final checklist contains 10 items and 5 subitems , with items related to the st and ardization of the intervention , care provider influence , and additional measures to minimize the potential bias from lack of blinding of participants , care providers , and outcome assessors . CONCLUSIONS This tool can be used to critically appraise the medical literature , design NPT studies , and assess the quality of trial reports included in systematic review OBJECTIVES : Media Detective is a 10-lesson elementary school substance use prevention program developed on the basis of the message interpretation processing model design ed to increase children 's critical thinking skills about media messages and reduce intent to use tobacco and alcohol products . The purpose of this study was to conduct a short-term , r and omized , controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Media Detective for achieving these goals . METHODS : Elementary schools were r and omly assigned to conditions to either receive the Media Detective program ( n = 344 ) or serve in a waiting list control group ( n = 335 ) . RESULTS : Boys in the Media Detective group reported significantly less interest in alcohol-br and ed merch and ise than boys in the control group . Also , students who were in the Media Detective group and had used alcohol or tobacco in the past reported significantly less intention to use and more self-efficacy to refuse substances than students who were in the control group and had previously used alcohol or tobacco . CONCLUSIONS : This evaluation provides evidence that Media Detective can be effective for substance use prevention in elementary school – aged children . Notably , media-related cognitions about alcohol and tobacco products are malleable and relevant to the development and maintenance of substance use behaviors during late childhood . The findings from this study suggest that media literacy – based interventions may serve as both a universal and a targeted prevention program that has potential for assisting elementary school children in making healthier , more informed decisions about use of alcohol and tobacco products The Life Education organization offers a drug education programme to an estimated one million Australian primary schoolchildren . It is believed the programme delays experimentation with or initiation into smoking , alcohol use and the taking of analgesics . This study examined the short-term public health effects on 3000 11- and 12-year-old students , of whom 1700 were exposed to 5 consecutive years of the programme . The other 1300 students were not exposed to the programme .  After controlling for the known predictors of social drug use there was no evidence that  Life Education students , when compared with students receiving conventional school-based drug education , were less likely to have smoked , were less likely to have drunk or were less likely to have used analgesics .  Indeed , the evidence suggested that Life Education-students were slightly more likely to use these substances , and that the programme had different effects on boys ' and girls ' drug use . Given that these findings are consistent with previous research evaluating similar drug education programmes , it is hypothesized they are most likely to do with the design of the programme itself Background Smoking rates are projected to increase substantially in developing countries such as South Africa . Purpose The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of two contrasting approaches to school-based smoking prevention in South African youth compared to the st and ard health education program . One experimental program was based on a skills training/peer resistance model and the other on a harm minimization model . Method Thirty-six public schools from two South African provinces , KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape , were stratified by socioeconomic status and r and omized to one of three groups . Group 1 ( comparison ) schools ( n = 12 ) received usual tobacco use education . Group 2 schools ( n = 12 ) received a harm minimization curriculum in grade s 8 and 9 . Group 3 schools ( n = 12 ) received a life skills training curriculum in grade s 8 and 9 . The primary outcome was past month use of cigarettes based on a self-reported question naire . Result Five thous and two hundred sixty-six students completed the baseline survey . Of these , 4,684 ( 89 % ) completed at least one follow-up assessment . The net change in 30-day smoking from baseline to 2-year follow-up in the control group was 6 % compared to 3 % in both harm minimization ( HM ) and life skills training ( LST ) schools . These differences were not statistically significant . Intervention response was significantly moderated by both gender and race . The HM intervention was more effective for males , whereas the life skills intervention was more effective for females . For black African students , the strongest effect was evident for the HM intervention , whereas the strongest intervention effect for “ colored ” students was evident for the LST group . Conclusion The two experimental curricula both produced similar overall reductions in smoking prevalence that were not significantly different from each other or the control group . However , the impact differed by gender and race , suggesting a need to tailor tobacco and drug use prevention programs . More intensive intervention , in the classroom and beyond , may be needed to further impact smoking behavior This study developed and tested a gender-specific intervention for preventing substance abuse among adolescent girls . Delivered on CD-ROM by computer , the program was compared with a conventional substance abuse prevention program delivered live in a group setting . Seventh- grade girls in New York City middle schools completed pretests , and , by school , were r and omly assigned to receive either gender-specific computer intervention ( GSI ) or conventional intervention , and were posttested . Analyses of pretest to posttest gain scores showed GSI girls compared to girls receiving conventional intervention to possess a larger repertoire of stress-reduction methods , to report lower approval of cigarettes , alcohol , and drugs , to identify more unhealthy ways to deal with stress , to report lower likelihood of cigarette use or alcohol consumption if asked to do so by best friends , and to hold stronger plans to avoid cigarettes , alcohol , and drugs in the next year . These modest findings lend credence to the promise of gender-specific , computerized interventions for substance use prevention among adolescent girls The Media Ready Program was design ed as a middle school , media literacy education , preventive intervention program to improve adolescents '  media literacy skills and reduce their intention to use alcohol or tobacco products . In a short-term efficacy trial , schools in North Carolina were r and omly assigned to conditions ( Media Ready : n = 214 ; control : n = 198 ) . Boys in the Media Ready group reported significantly less intention to use alcohol in the future than did boys in the control group . Also , students in the Media Ready group who had used tobacco in the past reported significantly less intention to use tobacco in the future than did students in the control group who had previously used tobacco . Multilevel multiple mediation analyses suggest that the set of logical analysis Message Interpretation Processing variables mediated the program 's effect on students ' intentions to use alcohol or tobacco in the future BACKGROUND The Good Behavior Game ( GBG ) , a method of classroom behavior management used by teachers , was tested in first- and second- grade classrooms in 19 Baltimore City Public Schools beginning in the 1985 - 1986 school year . The intervention was directed at the classroom as a whole to socialize children to the student role and reduce aggressive , disruptive behaviors , confirmed antecedents of later substance abuse and dependence disorders , smoking , and antisocial personality disorder . This article reports on impact to ages 19 - 21 . METHODS In five poor to lower-middle class , mainly African American urban areas , three or four schools were matched and within each set r and omly assigned to one of three conditions : ( 1 ) GBG , ( 2 ) a curriculum- and -instruction program directed at reading achievement , or ( 3 ) the st and ard program . Balanced assignment of children to classrooms was made , and then , within intervention schools , classrooms and teachers were r and omly assigned to intervention or control . RESULTS By young adulthood significant impact was found among males , particularly those in first grade who were more aggressive , disruptive  , in reduced drug and alcohol abuse/dependence disorders , regular smoking , and antisocial personality disorder .  These results underline the value of a first- grade universal prevention intervention . REPLICATION : A replication was implemented with the next cohort of first- grade children with the same teachers during the following school year , but with diminished mentoring and monitoring of teachers . The results showed significant GBG impact for males on drug abuse/dependence disorders with some variation . For other outcomes the effects were generally smaller but in the predicted direction OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of a drug abuse prevention program in reducing the initiation and escalation of smoking in a sample of predominantly minority junior high school girls . METHODS The 15-session prevention program teaches social resistance skills within the context of a broader intervention design ed to promote general personal and social competence skills , and is implemented in the seventh grade . Smoking rates in girls from 29 New York City public schools who received the program ( n = 1,278 ) were compared to smoking rates in a control group of girls ( n = 931 ) who did not . RESULTS Those who participated in the program were less likely to initiate smoking relative to controls , due in part to significant program effects on smoking intentions , smoking knowledge , perceived peer and adult smoking norms , drug refusal skills , and risk taking . Experimental smokers in the intervention group were less likely to escalate to monthly smoking relative to controls , due in part to significant program effects on smoking intentions . CONCLUSION A school-based drug abuse prevention approach previously found to be effective among white youth significantly reduced smoking initiation and escalation among urban minority girls Background : Studies of effectiveness of school-based prevention of substance misuse have generally overlooked gender differences . The purpose of this work was to analyse gender differences in the effectiveness of a new European school-based curriculum for prevention of substance misuse among adolescents . Methods : The European Drug Abuse Prevention ( EU-Dap ) trial took place in seven European countries during the school year 2004–05 . Schools were r and omly assigned to either a control group or a 12-session st and ardised curriculum ( “ Unplugged ” ) based on a comprehensive social influence model . The analytical sample consisted of 6359 students ( 3324 boys and 3035 girls ) . The use of cigarettes , alcohol and illicit drugs , adolescents ’ knowledge and opinions about substances , as well as social and personal skills were investigated through a self-completed anonymous question naire administered at enrolment and 3 months after the end of the programme . Adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratios were calculated as the measure of association between the intervention and behavioural outcomes using multilevel regression modelling . Results : At enrolment , boys were more likely than girls to have used cannabis and illicit drugs , whereas girls had a higher prevalence of cigarette smoking . At the follow-up survey , a significant association 
    Output:
    
Conclusions There was no evidence that school-based smoking prevention programs have a significant effect on preventing adolescent girls  from smoking .