***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Low dietary intakes of the n-3 long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) EPA and DHA are thought to be associated with increased risk for a variety of adverse outcomes , including some psychiatric disorders . Evidence from observational and intervention studies for a role of n-3 LCPUFA in depression is mixed , with some support for a benefit of EPA and /or DHA in major depressive illness . The present study was a double-blind r and omised controlled trial that evaluated the effects of EPA+DHA supplementation ( 1.5 g/d ) on mood and cognitive function in mild to moderately depressed individuals . Of 218 participants who entered the trial , 190 completed the planned 12 weeks intervention . Compliance , confirmed by plasma fatty acid concentrations , was good , but there was no evidence of a difference between supplemented and placebo groups in the primary outcome - namely , the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales at 12 weeks . Mean depression score was 8.4 for the EPA+DHA group and 9.6 for the placebo group , with an adjusted difference of - 1.0 ( 95 % CI - 2.8 , 0.8 ; P = 0.27 ) . Other measures of mood , mental health and cognitive function , including Beck Depression Inventory score and attentional bias toward threat words , were similarly little affected by the intervention . In conclusion , substantially increasing  EPA+DHA  intake for 3 months was found not to have beneficial or harmful effects on mood in mild to moderate depression . Adding the present result to a meta- analysis of previous relevant r and omised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) is important for brain function , and its status is dependent on dietary intakes . Therefore , individuals who consume diets low in omega-3 ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids may cognitively benefit from DHA supplementation . Sex and apolipoprotein E genotype ( APOE ) affect cognition and may modulate the response to DHA supplementation . OBJECTIVES We investigated whether a DHA supplement improves cognitive performance in healthy young adults and whether sex and APOE modulate the response . DESIGN Healthy adults ( n = 176 ; age range : 18 - 45 y ; nonsmoking and with a low intake of DHA ) completed a 6-mo r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind intervention in which they consumed 1.16 g DHA/d or a placebo .  Cognitive performance was assessed by using a computerized cognitive test battery . For all tests , z scores were calculated and clustered into cognitive domains as follows : episodic and working memory , attention , reaction time ( RT ) of episodic and working memory , and attention and processing speed . ANCOVA was conducted with sex and APOE as independent variables . RESULTS RTs of episodic and working memory improved with DHA compared with placebo [ mean difference ( 95 % CI ) : -0.18 SD ( -0.33 , -0.03 SD ) ( P = 0.02 ) and -0.36 SD ( -0.58 , -0.14 SD ) ( P = 0.002 ) , respectively ] . Sex × treatment interactions occurred for episodic memory ( P = 0.006 ) and the RT of working memory ( P = 0.03 ) . Compared with the placebo , DHA improved episodic memory in women [ 0.28 SD ( 0.08 , 0.48 SD ) ; P = 0.006 ] and RTs of working memory in men [ -0.60 SD ( -0.95 , -0.25 SD ) ; P = 0.001 ] . APOE did not affect cognitive function , but there were some indications of APOE × sex × treatment interactions . CONCLUSIONS DHA supplementation improved memory and the RT of memory  in healthy , young adults whose habitual diets were low in DHA  . The response was modulated by sex . This trial was registered at the New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.anzctr.org.au/default.aspx ) as ACTRN12610000212055 While cardiovascular and mood benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) are manifest , direct neurophysiological evidence of their effects on cortical activity is still limited . Hence we chose to examine the effects of two proprietary fish oil products with different EPA∶DHA ratios ( EPA-rich , high EPA∶DHA ; DHA-rich ) on mental processing speed and visual evoked brain activity . We proposed that nonlinear multifocal visual evoked potentials ( mfVEP ) would be sensitive to any alteration of the neural function induced by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation , because the higher order kernel responses directly measure the degree of recovery of the neural system as a function of time following stimulation . Twenty-two healthy participants aged 18–34 , with no known neurological or psychiatric disorder and not currently taking any nutritional supplementation , were recruited . A double-blind , crossover design was utilized , including a 30-day washout period , between two 30-day supplementation periods of the EPA-rich and DHA-rich diets ( with order of diet r and omized ) . Psychophysical choice reaction times and multi-focal nonlinear visual evoked potential ( VEP ) testing were performed at baseline ( No Diet ) , and after each supplementation period . Following the EPA-rich supplementation , for stimulation at high luminance contrast , a significant reduction in the amplitude of the first slice of the second order VEP kernel response , previously related to activation in the magnocellular pathway , was observed . The correlations between the amplitude changes of short latency second and first order components were significantly different for the two supplementations . Significantly faster choice reaction times were observed psychophysically ( compared with baseline performance ) under the EPA-rich ( but not DHA-rich ) supplementation , while simple reaction times were not affected . The reduced nonlinearities observed under the EPA-rich diet suggest a mechanism involving more efficient neural recovery of magnocellular-like visual responses following cortical activation Abstract Sleep deprivation can impair alertness and cognitive and motor performance . We hypothesized that the amino acid tyrosine might reduce deleterious effects of sleep deprivation . Seventy-six healthy males , age 18 - 35 years , participated in a four-day protocol that included a habituation night , a baseline night , a 40.5 h period without sleep , and a recovery night . Tyrosine 150 mg/kg , caffeine 300 mg/70 kg , phentermine 37.5 mg , d-amphetamine 20 mg and placebo were administered in a double-blind , r and omized fashion to compare their effects on the time it took to fall asleep , on endocrine responses during sleep deprivation , and on sleep quantity , quality and architecture as measured by polysomnography during recovery sleep . When given after 36 h without sleep , tyrosine had no significant effect on any parameter of sleep . d-amphetamine produced marked decrease in sleep drive but caused deleterious effects on many aspects of recovery sleep . Still , d-amphetamine was associated with increased alertness on the first recovery day . Phentermine and caffeine both decreased sleep drive during sleep deprivation , but phentermine impaired rapid-eye-movement ( REM ) recovery sleep . Tyrosine ( when compared to placebo ) had no effect on any sleep related measure , but it did stimulate prolactin release Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been reported for several psychiatric disorders , particularly for depression . Association studies show a relationship between omega-3 intake and depression risk . Meta-analyses of clinical trials have shown a moderate effect of supplementation on depressive symptoms , but not on normal mood states . Few studies have investigated effects on cognition . The purpose of this study was to examine effects of omega-3 supplements on cognition and mood of recovered depressed individuals . Seventy-one participants were r and omized to receive either omega-3 or placebo for four weeks in a r and omized double-blind design . Results showed small effects of omega-3 supplementation on aspects of emotional decision-making and on self-reported states of depression and tension . Some of the effects were confounded by learning effects . No significant effects were observed on memory , attention , cognitive reactivity and depressive symptoms . While inconclusive , the present findings may indicate that omega-3 supplementation has selective effects on emotional cognition and mood in recovered depressed participants IMPORTANCE Observational data have suggested that high dietary intake of saturated fat and low intake of vegetables may be associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease . OBJECTIVE To test the effects of oral supplementation with nutrients on cognitive function . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS In a double-masked r and omized clinical trial ( the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 [ AREDS2 ] ) , retinal specialists in 82 US academic and community medical centers enrolled and observed participants who were at risk for developing late age-related macular degeneration ( AMD ) from October 2006 to December 2012 . In addition to annual eye examinations , several vali date d cognitive function tests were administered via telephone by trained personnel at baseline and every 2 years during the 5-year study . INTERVENTIONS Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LCPUFAs ) ( 1 g ) and /or lutein ( 10 mg)/zeaxanthin ( 2 mg ) vs placebo were tested in a factorial design . All participants were also given varying combinations of vitamins C , E , beta carotene , and zinc . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was the yearly change in composite scores determined from a battery of cognitive function tests from baseline . The analyses , which were adjusted for baseline age , sex , race , history of hypertension , education , cognitive score , and depression score , evaluated the differences in the composite score between the treated vs untreated groups . The composite score provided an overall score for the battery , ranging from -22 to 17 , with higher scores representing better function . RESULTS A total of 89 % ( 3741/4203 ) of AREDS2 participants consented to the ancillary cognitive function study and 93.6 % ( 3501/3741 ) underwent cognitive function testing . The mean ( SD ) age of the participants was 72.7 ( 7.7 ) years and 57.5 % were women . There were no statistically significant differences in change of scores for participants r and omized to receive supplements vs those who were not . The yearly change in the composite cognitive function score was -0.19 ( 99 % CI , -0.25 to -0.13 ) for participants r and omized to receive LCPUFAs vs -0.18 ( 99 % CI , -0.24 to -0.12 ) for those r and omized to no LCPUFAs ( difference in yearly change , -0.03 [ 99 % CI , -0.20 to 0.13 ] ; P = .63 ) . Similarly , the yearly change in the composite cognitive function score was -0.18 ( 99 % CI , -0.24 to -0.11 ) for participants r and omized to receive lutein/zeaxanthin vs -0.19 ( 99 % CI , -0.25 to -0.13 ) for those r and omized to not receive lutein/zeaxanthin ( difference in yearly change , 0.03 [ 99 % CI , -0.14 to 0.19 ] ; P = .66 ) . Analyses were also conducted to assess for potential interactions between LCPUFAs and  lutein/zeaxanthin and none were found to be significant . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among older persons with AMD , oral supplementation with LCPUFAs or lutein/zeaxanthin had no statistically significant effect on cognitive function . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00345176 Abstract Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA ) supplementation may be beneficial in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders , including depression . A small number of studies have suggested that there may also be cognitive and mood effects in healthy sample s. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of n-3 PUFA on depression-relevant cognitive functioning in healthy individuals . Fifty-four healthy university students were r and omized to receive either n-3 PUFA supplements or placebo for 4 weeks in a double-blind design . The test battery included measures of cognitive reactivity , attention , response inhibition , facial emotion recognition , memory and risky decision-making . Results showed few effects of n-3 PUFAs on cognition and mood states . The n-3 PUFA group made fewer risk-averse decisions than the placebo group . This difference appeared only in non-normative trials of the decision-making test , and was not accompanied by increased impulsiveness . N-3 PUFAs improved scores on the control/perfectionism scale of the cognitive reactivity measure . No effects were found on the other cognitive tasks and no consistent effects on mood were observed . The present findings indicate that n-3 PUFA supplementation may have a selective effect on risky decision making in healthy volunteers , which is unrelated to impulsiveness The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) is essential for nervous system and retinal development and there is evidence to suggest that DHA deficiencies increase with normal aging . A triple-blind placebo-controlled r and omized repeated- measures trial was conducted 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Results indicate that ingestion of n-3 PUFAs does not significantly alter cognitive performance in cognitively healthy persons .