***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To examine the effect of treatment-induced weight loss on Health-Related Quality of Life ( HRQL )  , 38 mildly-to-moderately overweight persons recruited to participate in a study to examine the efficacy of a lifestyle modification treatment program  completed a sociodemographic question naire , the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) , the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey ( SF-36 , as an assessment of HRQL ) , and underwent a series of clinical evaluations prior to treatment . After baseline evaluations , participants were r and omly assigned to either a program of lifestyle physical activity or a program of traditional aerobic activity . Participants again completed the SF-36 and BDI after the 13-week treatment program had ended . Weight loss averaged 8.6 ± 2.8 kg over the 13-week study . We found that weight loss was associated with significantly higher scores ( enhanced HRQL ) , relative to baseline , on the physical functioning , role-physical , general health , vitality and mental health domains of the SF-36 . The largest improvements were with respect to the vitality , general health perception and role-physical domains . There were no significant differences between the lifestyle and aerobic activity groups on any of the study measures . These data indicate that , at least in the short-term , weight loss appears to profoundly enhance HRQL OBJECTIVE : To reveal whether baseline body mass index ( BMI ) , and psychobehavioral and nutritional markers were significant predictors of the change in BMI observed after 4 and 12 months in obese women enrolled in a weight reduction program , including low-energy diet  ,  increased physical activity , cognitive behavior therapy and sibutramine . The impact of changes in psychobehavioral and nutritional markers observed after 4 and 12 months of treatment on BMI changes was also investigated . DESIGN : During a double-blind placebo-controlled 4-month period , subjects received either sibutramine ( 10 mg/day ) or placebo . Then , an open phase with sibutramine administered to all patients continued until month 12.SUBJECTS : In total , 80 obese women ( age : 43.9±10.6 y , BMI : 36.7±4.8 kg/m2 ) . MEASUREMENTS : The dependent variable was change in BMI while baseline BMI , mode of treatment , the Beck depression score , the three items ( dietary restraint , disinhibition and perceived hunger ) of the Eating Inventory ( EI ) , energy and macronutrient intakes were independent variables . At 1-week dietary records were analyzed using a computer software for assessing energy and macronutrient intake . RESULTS : Multiple regression analysis revealed that the BMI loss at month 4 was significantly influenced by mode of treatment and initial BMI , whereas a borderline negative relationship was observed with the baseline restraint score . Baseline BMI , depression score , restraint score and total energy intake predicted weight loss at month 12 . These predictive variables accounted for 43.8 % of the variance in BMI loss at 12 months . When relationships between the BMI loss and changes in all included psychobehavioral and nutritional parameters were considered after 12 months of treatment , a drop in the disinhibition score of the EI appeared the only significant factor affecting the BMI decrease . CONCLUSIONS : Our results suggest that psychobehavioral and nutritional characteristics can be used as predictors of weight loss in response to a comprehensive weight management program including pharmacological treatment with sibutramine BACKGROUND Some investigators fear that dieting may precipitate binge eating and other adverse behavioral consequences . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine whether dieting would elicit binge eating and mood disturbance in individuals free of these complications before treatment . DESIGN A total of 123 obese women were r and omly assigned to 1 ) a 1000 kcal/d diet that included 4 servings/d of a liquid meal replacement ( MR ) ; 2 ) a 1200 - 1500 kcal/d balanced deficit diet ( BDD ) of conventional foods ; or 3 ) a nondieting ( ND ) approach that discouraged energy restriction . All women attended weekly group sessions for 20 wk and biweekly sessions from week 20 to week 40 . RESULTS At week 20 , participants in the MR , BDD , and ND groups lost 12.1 + /- 6.7 % , 7.8 + /- 6.0 % , and 0.1 + /- 2.4 % of initial weight , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . During the first 20 wk , there were no significant differences among groups in the number of persons who had objective binge episodes or in reports of hunger or dietary disinhibition . Symptoms of depression decreased significantly more ( P < 0.001 ) in the MR and BDD groups than in ND participants . At week 28 , significantly more ( P < 0.003 ) cases of binge eating were observed in MR participants than in the 2 other groups . No differences , however , were observed between groups at weeks 40 or 65 ( a follow-up visit ) . At no time did any participant meet criteria for binge-eating disorder . CONCLUSION Concerns about possible adverse behavioral consequences of dieting should not dissuade primary care providers from recommending modest energy restriction to obese individuals BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss , but their effects on psychological function are largely unknown . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of a low-carbohydrate , high-fat ( LCHF ) diet with a conventional high-carbohydrate , low-fat ( HCLF ) diet on mood and cognitive function . DESIGN Ninety-three overweight or obese participants [ x + /- SEM age : 50.2 + /- 0.8 y ; body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) : 33.6 + /- 0.4 ] were r and omly assigned to an energy-restricted ( approximately 6 - 7 MJ , 30 % deficit ) , planned isocaloric LCHF diet or an HCLF diet for 8 wk . Body weight and psychological well-being were measured by using the Profile of Mood States , Beck Depression Inventory , and Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory instruments at baseline and fortnightly . Cognitive functioning ( working memory and speed of processing ) was assessed at baseline and week 8 . RESULTS The LCHF diet result ed in significantly greater weight loss than did the HCLF diet ( 7.8 + /- 0.4 and 6.4 + /- 0.4 kg , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) . Both groups showed improvements in psychological well-being ( P < 0.01 for time ) , with the greatest effect occurring during the first 2 wk , but there was no significant difference between groups . There were no significant between-group differences in working memory ( P = 0.68 ) , but there was a significant time x diet interaction for speed of processing ( P = 0.04 ) , so that this measure improved less in the LCHF than in the HCLF diet group . CONCLUSIONS Both dietary patterns significantly reduced body weight and were associated with improvements in mood . There was some evidence for a smaller improvement in cognitive functioning with the LCHF diet with respect to speed of processing , but further studies are required to determine the replicability of this finding BACKGROUND The impact of a 6-month lifestyle change intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women was examined . A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of self-control skills training to an empirically supported lifestyle change intervention would result in greater cardiovascular risk reduction . METHODS Forty-four women were r and omly assigned to receive either a lifestyle change or a lifestyle change with self-control skills intervention . Pretreatment and posttreatment weight loss , body composition , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , diet , blood pressure ( BP ) , blood lipids , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . Also , at 1-year posttreatment , weight loss , body composition , self-reported physical activity , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . RESULTS The women significantly increased their physical activity ( + 39.6 % ) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( + 13.5 % ) and reduced their body weight ( -6.5 % ) , fat mass ( -7.4 % ) , body fat ( -2.4 % ) , BP ( SBP -6.2 % , DBP -9.2 % ) , total cholesterol ( -7.4 % ) , triglycerides ( -16.5 % ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 9.1 % ) and improved their diet ( p < 0.05 ) . At the 1-year follow-up , women had regained approximately 63 % of their posttreatment weight loss ( p < 0.05 ) , but had maintained their previous increases in physical activity . Additionally , there were no significant changes in fat free mass , body fat , anxiety , or depression between the end of treatment and 1-year posttreatment . The addition of self-control skills training did not significantly improve cardiovascular risk reduction . CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle change interventions may be an effective means for reducing cardiovascular risk in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women . However , greater attention should be devoted to the maintenance of these positive lifestyle changes Objective : To compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on weight , muscle strength , cardiovascular fitness , blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on an energy-restricted diet . Design : R and omized , prospect i ve , controlled trial . Setting : Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , University Hospital . Subjects : Sixty obese women were assigned to one of three groups : aerobic exercise ( n=20 ) , resistance exercise ( n=20 ) and control group ( n=20 ) . Interventions : The aerobic exercise group performed both walking and leg cycle exercise with increasing duration and frequency . The resistance exercise group performed progressive weight-resistance exercises for the upper and lower body . Main outcome measures : Before and after a 12-week period , all subjects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement , rating of mood , cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles . Results : After a 12-week training period , subjects in the resistance group showed significant improvement in one-repetition maximum test of hip abductors ( 7.95±3.58 kg ) , quadriceps ( 14±7.18 kg ) , biceps ( 3.37± 2.84 kg ) and pectorals ( 8.75±5.09 kg ) compared with those in the control group ( P<0.001 ) . VO2 max increased ( 0.51±0.40 ) and Beck Depression Scale scores decreased ( -5.40±4.27 ) in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group , significantly ( P<0.001 ) . Only in hip abductor muscle strength was there a significant increase in the resistance exercise group compared with the aerobic exercise group ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise result ed in improved performance and exercise capacity in obese women .  While aerobic exercise appeared to be beneficial with regard to improving depressive symptoms and maximum oxygen consumption , resistance exercise was beneficial in increasing muscle strength OBJECTIVE To investigate childhood to adulthood weight change associated with anxiety and depression . DESIGN The Children in the Community Study . A prospect i ve longitudinal investigation . SETTING Albany and Saratoga Counties , New York . PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred twenty individuals ( 403 females and 417 males ) assessed at 4 time points : in 1983 when they were 9 to 18 years old ( n = 776 ) , in 1985 to 1986 when they were 11 to 22 years old ( n = 775 ) , in 1991 to 1994 when they were 17 to 28 years old ( n = 776 ) , and in 2001 to 2003 when they were 28 to 40 years old ( n = 661 ) . MAIN EXPOSURES Anxiety disorders and depression assessed by structured diagnostic interview . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index z score ( BMI z ) , a measure of weight status ; and association of anxiety and depression with BMI z level and annual change . RESULTS In females , anxiety disorders were associated with higher weight status , a BMI z of 0.13 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.01 - 0.25 ) units higher compared with females without anxiety disorders . Female depression was associated with a gain in BMI z of 0.09 units/y ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.03 - 0.15 units/y ) , modified by the age when depression was first observed , such that early depression onset was associated with a higher subsequent BMI z than depression onset at older ages . In males , childhood depression was associated with a lower BMI z ( -0.46 ; 95 % confidence interval , -0.93 to 0.02 units lower at the age of 9 years ) , but BMI z trajectories for males with or without depression converged in adulthood ; male anxiety disorders were not substantively associated with weight status . CONCLUSIONS Anxiety disorders and depression were associated with a higher BMI z in females , whereas these disorders in males were not associated with a higher BMI z. These results , if causal and confirmed in other prospect i ve studies , support treating female anxiety and depression as part of comprehensive obesity prevention efforts Objective Very-low-calorie diets have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in glycemic control in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent ( type II ) diabetes . There have been no studies 
    Output:
    
Results : R and om effects models found that lifestyle modification was superior to control and non-dieting interventions for reducing symptoms of depression , and marginally better than dietary counseling and exercise-alone programs .
Exercise-alone programs were superior to controls .
No differences were found for comparisons of pharmacologic agents and placebos .
Within-group analyses found significant reductions in symptoms of depression for nearly all active interventions .
A meta-regression found no relationship between changes in weight and changes in symptoms of depression in lifestyle modification interventions .
Conclusions : On average , obese individuals in weight loss trials experienced reductions in symptoms of depression .