***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND There has been limited study of yoga training as a complementary exercise strategy to manage the symptom of dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . PURPOSE The primary purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a yoga program for its safety , feasibility , and efficacy for decreasing dyspnea intensity ( DI ) and dyspnea-related distress ( DD ) in older adults with COPD . METHODS Clinical ly stable patients with COPD ( n = 29 ; age 69.9 + /- 9.5 ; forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( FEV(1 ) ) 47.7 + /- 15.6 % predicted ; female = 21 ) were r and omized to a 12-week yoga program specifically design ed for people with COPD or usual-care control  ( UC ) . The twice-weekly yoga program included asanas ( yoga postures ) and visama vritti pranayama ( timed breathing ) . Safety measure outcomes included heart rate , oxygen saturation , dyspnea , and pain . Feasibility was measured by patient-reported enjoyment , difficulty , and adherence to yoga sessions . At baseline and at 12 weeks , DI and DD were measured during incremental cycle ergometry and a 6-minute walk ( 6MW ) test . Secondary efficacy outcomes included physical performance , psychologic well-being , and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . RESULTS Yoga training was safe and feasible for patients with COPD . While yoga training had only small effects on DI after the 6MW test ( effect size [ ES ] , 0.20 ; p = 0.60 ) , there were greater reductions in DD in the yoga group compared to UC ( ES , 0.67 ; p = 0.08 ) . Yoga training also improved 6MW distance ( + 71.7 + /- 21.8 feet versus -27.6 + /- 36.2 feet ; ES = 0.78 , p = 0.04 ) and self-reported functional performance ( ES = 0.79 , p = 0.04 ) compared to UC . There were small positive changes in muscle strength and HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS Elderly patients with COPD participated safely in a 12-week yoga program especially design ed for patients with this chronic illness . After the program , the subjects tolerated more activity with less DD and improved their functional performance . These findings need to be confirmed in a larger , more sufficiently powered efficacy study Sahaj Yoga is a meditative technique that has been found to have beneficial effects in some psycho-somatic illnesses . The study was carried out on 30 cases ( 19 Males , 11 females , age 18 - 45 years ) of major depression diagnosed on the basis of DSM IV criteria . The patients were then r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 Males & 5 Females ) Patients who were practising Sahaj Yoga and also received conventional anti-depressants . Group 2 : ( 9 Males & 6 Females ) Patients who were only receiving conventional anti-depressants .  Training in Sahaj yoga was conducted under the supervision of a trained Sahaj Yogi for 8 weeks . At start of the study , all the patients were subjected to Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ( HAM-A ) . Above scales were again assessed after two months of treatment . There was significant improvement in HAM-D as well as HAM-A scores in both Group 1 and Group 2 patients ( P<0.001 ) . However , percentage improvement in HAM-D scores and HAM-A scores in patients receiving Sahaj Yoga was significantly higher than in Group 2 patients . The number of patients who went into remission after two months of intervention were also significantly higher in Group 1 patients ( P=0.02 ) . The present study demonstrates that Sahaj Yoga has got a potential role as a component in the management of depressive disorders Background : Sahaja Yoga is a traditional system of meditation based on yogic principles which may be used for therapeutic purpose s. A study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of this therapy as an adjunctive tool in the management of asthma in adult patients who remained symptomatic on moderate to high doses of inhaled steroids . Methods : A parallel group , double blind , r and omised controlled trial was conducted . Subjects were r and omly allocated to Sahaja yoga and control intervention groups . Both the yoga and the control interventions required the subjects to attend a 2 hour session once a week for 4 months . Asthma related quality of life ( AQLQ , range 0–4 ) , Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) , level of airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine ( AHR ) , and a diary card based combined asthma score ( CAS , range 0–12 ) reflecting symptoms , bronchodilator usage , and peak expiratory flow rates were measured at the end of the treatment period and again 2 months later . Results : Twenty one of 30 subjects r and omised to the yoga intervention and 26 of 29 subjects r and omised to the control group were available for assessment at the end of treatment . The improvement in AHR at the end of treatment was 1.5 doubling doses ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.0 to 2.9 , p=0.047 ) greater in the yoga intervention group than in the control group . Differences in AQLQ score ( 0.41 , 95 % CI –0.04 to 0.86 ) and CAS ( 0.9 , 95 % CI –0.9 to 2.7 ) were not significant ( p>0.05 ) . The AQLQ mood subscale did improve more in the yoga group than in the control group ( difference 0.63 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 1.20 ) , as did the summary POMS score ( difference 18.4 , 95 % CI 0.2 to 36.5 , p=0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the two groups at the 2 month follow up assessment . Conclusions : This r and omised controlled trial has shown that the practice of Sahaja yoga does have limited beneficial effects on some objective and subjective measures of the impact of asthma . Further work is required to underst and the mechanism underlying the observed effects and to establish whether elements of this intervention may be clinical ly valuable in patients with severe asthma Yoga is adjunctively utilized outside the United States in the treatment of a variety of diseases , including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , but there are no studies assessing its adjunctive efficacy in the United States . We prospect ively evaluated the effects of yoga training on the quality of life ( QOL ) and the parameters of lung function in patients with COPD . Thirty-three patients with documented COPD , per Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease criteria , were recruited . All patients received st and ard COPD care .  The QOL was assessed by the St. George Respiratory question naire . St and ard spirometry and maximum inspiratory ( maximal inspiratory pressure ) and expiratory pressure ( maximal expiratory pressure ) were measured . Patients were taught selected yoga exercises including breathing exercises , meditation , and yoga postures for 1 hour , thrice a week for 6 weeks by a certified yoga therapist . The quality of life and lung function were again assessed at the end of 6 weeks . Twenty-two patients completed the study . Differences in preyoga versus postyoga scores were evaluated using paired t-tests . Statistically significant improvements ( P < 0.05 ) were observed for the St. George Respiratory question naire [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 43.13–58.47 ] , vital capacity ( 95 % CI 2.53–7.65 ) , maximal inspiratory pressure ( 95 % CI 6.62–23.64 ) , and maximal expiratory pressure ( 95 % CI 1.63–13.81 ) . Yoga when practice d by patients with COPD results in improvement in the QOL and lung function on a short-term basis . Additional research is needed to confirm these findings in a r and omized controlled trial and in the longer term Our aim was to determine the minimal important difference ( MID ) for 6-min walk distance ( 6MWD ) and maximal cycle exercise capacity ( MCEC ) in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . 1,218 patients enrolled in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial completed exercise tests before and after 4–6 weeks of pre-trial rehabilitation  , and 6 months after r and omisation to surgery or medical care .  The St George 's Respiratory Question naire ( domain and total scores ) and University of California San Diego Shortness  of Breath Question naire ( total score ) served as anchors for anchor-based MID estimates . In order to calculate distribution-based estimates , we used the st and ard error of measurement , Cohen 's effect size and the empirical rule effect size . Anchor-based estimates for the 6MWD were 18.9 m ( 95 % CI 18.1–20.1 m ) , 24.2 m ( 95 % CI 23.4–25.4 m ) , 24.6 m ( 95 % CI 23.4–25.7 m ) and 26.4 m ( 95 % CI 25.4–27.4 m ) , which were similar to distribution-based MID estimates of 25.7 , 26.8 and 30.6 m. For MCEC , anchor-based estimates for the MID were 2.2 W ( 95 % CI 2.0–2.4 W ) , 3.2 W ( 95 % CI 3.0–3.4 W ) , 3.2 W ( 95 % CI 3.0–3.4 W ) and 3.3 W ( 95 % CI 3.0–3.5 W ) , while distribution-based estimates were 5.3 and 5.5 W. We suggest a MID of 26±2 m for 6MWD and 4±1 W for MCEC for patients with severe COPD OBJECTIVE The present prospect i ve , r and omized trial compared the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment ( ATT ) with two separate programs ( yoga and breath awareness ) , on lung capacities and bacteriological status in pulmonary tuberculosis patients . METHODOLOGY A total of 1009 pulmonary tuberculosis patients were screened and 73 were alternately allocated , to yoga ( n = 36 ) or breath awareness ( n = 37 ) groups , with 48 patients completing the 2-month trial . Patients aged between 20 and 55 years , who were sputum-positive on three consecutive examinations , had no prior ATT , and no comorbidities or extrapulmonary tuberculosis were included . In addition to ATT , one group practised yoga ( n = 25 ) and the other practised breath awareness ( n = 23 ) for 6 h per week , each session being 60 min . The main outcome measures were : symptom scores , bodyweight , FVC , FEV(1 ) , FEV(1)/FVC% , sputum microscopy , sputum culture , and postero-anterior view of the CXR . RESULTS At the end of 2 months , the yoga group showed a significant reduction in symptom scores ( 88.1 % ) , and an increase in weight ( 10.9 % ) , FVC ( 64.7 % ) and FEV(1 ) ( 83.6 % ) ( P = 0.001 , in all comparisons , paired t-test ) . The breath awareness group also showed a significant ( paired t-test ) reduction in symptom scores ( 16.3 % , P= 0.02 ) , and an increase in weight ( 2.1 % , P= 0.003 ) and FEV(1 ) ( 63.8 % , P= 0.04 ) . Significantly more patients in the yoga group showed sputum conversion based on microscopy on days 30 and 45 compared to the breath awareness group ( P = 0.045 and P= 0.002 , respectively , chi(2 ) test ) . Ten of 13 in the yoga group had negative sputum culture after 60 days compared with four of 19 in the breath awareness group ( P = 0.005 , chi(2 ) test ) . Improvement in the radiographic picture occurred in 16/25 in the yoga group compared to 3/22 in the breath awareness group on day 60 ( P = 0.001 , chi(2 ) test ) . CONCLUSIONS The improved level of infection , radiographic picture , FVC , weight gain and reduced symptoms in the yoga group suggest a complementary role for yoga in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis The effects of two pranayama yoga breathing exercises on airway reactivity , airway calibre , symptom scores , and medication use in patients with mild asthma were assessed in a r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . After baseline assessment over 1 week , 18 patients with mild asthma practised slow deep breathing for 15 min twice a day for two consecutive 2-week periods . During the active period , subjects were asked to breathe through a Pink City lung ( PCL ) exerciser -- a device which imposes slowing of breathing and a 1:2 inspiration : expiration duration ratio equivalent to pranayama breathing methods ; during the control period , subjects breathed through a matched placebo device .  Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s ( FEV1 ) , peak expiratory flow rate , symptom score , and inhaler use over the last 3 days of each treatment period were assessed in comparison with the baseline assessment period ; all improved more with the 
    Output:
    
The current limited evidence suggested that yoga training has a positive effect on improving lung function and exercise capacity and could be used as an adjunct pulmonary rehabilitation program in COPD patients .