***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: BACKGROUND The anabolic effect of resistance exercise is enhanced by the provision of dietary protein . OBJECTIVES We aim ed to determine the ingested protein dose response of muscle ( MPS ) and albumin protein synthesis ( APS ) after resistance exercise . In addition , we measured the phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins thought to regulate acute changes in MPS . DESIGN Six healthy young men reported to the laboratory on 5 separate occasions to perform an intense bout of leg-based resistance exercise . After exercise , participants consumed , in a r and omized order , drinks containing 0 , 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 g whole egg protein .  Protein synthesis and whole-body leucine oxidation were measured over 4 h after exercise by a primed constant infusion of [1-(13)C]leucine . RESULTS MPS displayed a dose response to dietary protein ingestion and was maximally stimulated at 20 g. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase ( Thr(389 ) ) , ribosomal protein S6 ( Ser(240/244 ) ) , and the epsilon-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B ( Ser(539 ) ) were unaffected by protein ingestion . APS increased in a dose-dependent manner and also reached a plateau at 20 g ingested protein . Leucine oxidation was significantly increased after 20 and 40 g protein were ingested . CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 20 g intact protein is sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS and APS after resistance exercise . Phosphorylation of c and i date signaling proteins was not enhanced with any dose of protein ingested , which suggested that the stimulation of MPS after resistance exercise may be related to amino acid availability . Finally , dietary protein consumed after exercise in excess of the rate at which it can be incorporated into tissue protein stimulates irreversible oxidation Purpose The consumption of 500 ml milk following muscle damaging exercise can attenuate decreases in muscle functional capacity and increases in markers of muscle damage and soreness in males . There has been no similar research in female participants . Therefore , the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milk consumption on exercise-induced muscle damage ( EIMD ) in males and females . Methods Thirty-two team sport players ( male n = 16 ; female n = 16 ) were r and omly , but equally divided into four groups : male milk , male carbohydrate , female milk , and female carbohydrate . Immediately following muscle damaging exercise , participants consumed either 500 ml of milk or 500 ml of an energy-matched carbohydrate solution .  Skeletal troponin I ( sTnI ) , creatine kinase ( CK ) , peak torque , counter movement jump height , 20 m sprint performance and passive and active soreness were recorded prior to and 24 , 48 and 72 h post-EIMD . Results For females , milk had a likely/very likely beneficial effect on attenuating losses in peak torque at 60 ° /s from baseline to 24 , 48 and 72 h , and a likely beneficial effect in minimising decrements in sprint performance and soreness over 72 h. Milk was unlikely to have a negative effect on serum markers of damage from baseline to 48 and 72 h. For males , milk had an unclear effect on muscle function variables . Milk had a most likely/likely beneficial effect on limiting muscle soreness from baseline to 72 h , and a possible beneficial effect on attenuating increases in CK . The effect on sTnI was unlikely to be negative from baseline-72 h. Overall gender comparisons provided many unclear outcomes . However , female participants demonstrated smaller increases in sprint time , passive soreness , active soreness ( non-dominant leg ) and sTnI values . Conclusion Consumption of 500 ml of milk post-EIMD can limit decrements in muscle function in females , and limit increases in soreness and serum markers of muscle damage in females and males The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ingestion of 100 g of carbohydrates on net muscle protein balance ( protein synthesis minus protein breakdown ) after resistance exercise . Two groups of eight subjects performed a resistance exercise bout ( 10 sets of 8 repetitions of leg presses at 80 % of 1-repetition maximum ) before they rested in bed for 4 h. One group ( CHO ) received a drink consisting of 100 g of carbohydrates 1 h postexercise . The other group ( Pla ) received a noncaloric placebo drink .  Leg amino acid metabolism was determined by infusion of 2H5- or 13C6-labeled phenylalanine , sampling from femoral artery and vein , and muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis . Drink intake did not affect arterial insulin concentration in Pla , whereas insulin increased several times after the drink in CHO ( P < 0.05 vs. Pla ) . Arterial phenylalanine concentration fell slightly after the drink in CHO . Net muscle protein balance between synthesis and breakdown did not change in Pla , whereas it improved in CHO from -17 + /- 3 nmol.ml(-1).100 ml leg(-1 ) before drink to an average of -4 + /- 4 and 0 + /- 3 nmol.ml(-1).100 ml leg(-1 ) during the second and third hour after the drink , respectively ( P < 0.05 vs. Pla during last hour ) . The improved net balance in CHO was due primarily to a progressive decrease in muscle protein breakdown . We conclude that ingestion of carbohydrates improved net leg protein balance after resistance exercise . However , the effect was minor and delayed compared with the previously reported effect of ingestion of amino acids This study was design ed to determine the response of muscle protein to the bolus ingestion of a drink containing essential amino acids and carbohydrate  after resistance exercise . Six subjects ( 3 men , 3 women ) r and omly consumed a treatment drink ( 6 g essential amino acids , 35 g sucrose ) or a flavored placebo drink 1 h or 3 h after a bout of resistance exercise on two separate occasions . We used a three-compartment model for determination of leg muscle protein kinetics . The model involves the infusion of ring-(2)H(5)-phenylalanine , femoral arterial and venous blood sampling , and muscle biopsies . Phenylalanine net balance and muscle protein synthesis were significantly increased above the predrink and corresponding placebo value ( P < 0.05 ) when the drink was taken 1 or 3 h after exercise but not when the placebo was ingested at 1 or 3 h. The response to the amino acid-carbohydrate drink produced similar anabolic responses at 1 and 3 h. Muscle protein breakdown did not change in response to the drink . We conclude that essential amino acids with carbohydrates stimulate muscle protein anabolism by increasing muscle protein synthesis when ingested 1 or 3 h after resistance exercise Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate ( CHO ) during recovery from exercise can affect muscle glycogen synthesis , particularly if CHO intake is suboptimal . Another potential benefit of protein feeding is an increased synthesis rate of muscle proteins , as is well documented after resistance exercise . In contrast , the effect of nutrient manipulation on muscle protein kinetics after aerobic exercise remains largely unexplored . We tested the hypothesis that ingesting protein with CHO after a st and ardized 2-h bout of cycle exercise would increase mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate ( FSR ) and whole body net protein balance ( WBNB ) vs. trials matched for total CHO or total energy intake . We also examined whether postexercise glycogen synthesis could be enhanced by adding protein or additional CHO to a feeding protocol that provided 1.2 g CHO x kg(-1 ) x h(-1 ) , which is the rate generally recommended to maximize this process . Six active men ingested drinks during the first 3 h of recovery that provided either 1.2 g CHO.kg(-1).h(-1 ) ( L-CHO ) , 1.2 g CHO + 0.4 g protein x kg(-1 ) x h(-1 ) ( PRO-CHO ) , or 1.6 g CHO x kg(-1 ) x h(-1 ) ( H-CHO ) in r and om order . Based on a primed constant infusion of l-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine , analysis of biopsies ( vastus lateralis ) obtained at 0 and 4 h of recovery showed that muscle FSR was higher ( P < 0.05 ) in PRO-CHO ( 0.09 + /- 0.01%/h ) vs. both L-CHO ( 0.07 + /- 0.01%/h ) and H-CHO ( 0.06 + /- 0.01%/h ) . WBNB assessed using [1-(13)C]leucine was positive only during PRO-CHO , and this was mainly attributable to a reduced rate of protein breakdown . Glycogen synthesis rate was not different between trials . We conclude that ingesting protein with CHO during recovery from aerobic exercise increased muscle FSR and improved WBNB , compared with feeding strategies that provided CHO only and were matched for total CHO or total energy intake . However , adding protein or additional CHO to a feeding strategy that provided 1.2 g CHO x kg(-1 ) x h(-1 ) did not further enhance glycogen re synthesis during recovery The present study was design ed to determine postexercise muscle protein synthesis and whole body protein balance following the combined ingestion of carbohydrate with or without protein and /or free leucine .  Eight male subjects were r and omly assigned to three trials in which they consumed drinks containing either carbohydrate ( CHO ) , carbohydrate and protein ( CHO+PRO ) , or carbohydrate , protein , and free leucine ( CHO+PRO+Leu ) following 45 min of resistance exercise . A primed , continuous infusion of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine was applied , with blood sample s and muscle biopsies collected to assess fractional synthetic rate ( FSR ) in the vastus lateralis muscle as well as whole body protein turnover during 6 h of postexercise recovery . Plasma insulin response was higher in the CHO+PRO+Leu compared with the CHO and CHO+PRO trials ( + 240 + /- 19 % and + 77 + /- 11 % , respectively , P < 0.05 ) . Whole body protein breakdown rates were lower , and whole body protein synthesis rates were higher , in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+Leu trials compared with the CHO trial ( P < 0.05 ) . Addition of leucine in the CHO+PRO+Leu trial result ed in a lower protein oxidation rate compared with the CHO+PRO trial . Protein balance was negative during recovery in the CHO trial but positive in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+Leu trials . In the CHO+PRO+Leu trial , whole body net protein balance was significantly greater compared with values observed in the CHO+PRO and CHO trials ( P < 0.05 ) . Mixed muscle FSR , measured over a 6-h period of postexercise recovery , was significantly greater in the CHO+PRO+Leu trial compared with the CHO trial ( 0.095 + /- 0.006 vs. 0.061 + /- 0.008%/h , respectively , P < 0.05 ) , with intermediate values observed in the CHO+PRO trial ( 0.0820 + /- 0.0104%/h ) . We conclude that coingestion of protein and leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis and optimizes whole body protein balance compared with the intake of carbohydrate only Exercise-induced muscle damage ( EIMD ) leads to decrements in muscle performance , increases in intramuscular proteins and delayed-onset of muscle soreness ( DOMS ) . Previous research demonstrated that one litre of milk-based protein – carbohydrate ( CHO ) consumed immediately following muscle damaging exercise can limit changes in markers of EIMD possibly due to attenuating protein degradation and /or increasing protein synthesis . If the attenuation of EIMD is derived from changes in protein metabolism then it can be hypothesised that consuming a smaller volume of CHO and protein will elicit similar effects . Three independent matched groups of 8 males consumed 500 mL of milk , 1,000 mL of milk or a placebo immediately following muscle damaging exercise .  Passive and active DOMS , isokinetic muscle performance , creatine kinase ( CK ) , myoglobin and interleukin-6 were assessed immediately before and 24 , 48 and 72 h after EIMD . After 72 h 1,000 mL of milk had a likely benefit for limiting decrements in peak torque compared to the placebo . After 48 h , 1,000 mL of milk had a very likely benefit of limiting increases in CK in comparison to the placebo . There were no differences between consuming 500 or 1,000 mL of milk for changes in peak torque and CK . In conclusion , decrements in isokinetic muscle performance and increases in CK can be limited with the consumption of 500 mL of milk Following a 2.0 ± 0.1 % body mass loss induced by intermittent exercise in the heat , seven male volunteers ingested either a carbohydrate – electrolyte solution ( CE ) or skimmed milk ( M ) in a volume equal to 150 % of body mass loss . At the end of the 3 h recovery period , subjects were essentially in positive fluid balance on trial M ( 191 ± 162 mL ) , and euhydrated on trial CE ( −135 ± 392 mL ) despite being in negative sodium balance on both trials and negative potassium balance on trial CE . This difference of 
    Output:
    
Whereas some studies found significant positive effect of cow ’s milk on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function , others did not find any effect .