***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Many herbal medicines are widely used as immuno-modulators in Asian countries .  Ganoderma lucidum ( Lingzhi ) is one of the most commonly used herbs in Asia and pre clinical studies have established that the polysaccharide fractions of G. lucidum have potent immuno-modulating effects . However , clinical evidence for this is scanty . The present open-labeled study aim ed to evaluate the effects of G. lucidum polysaccharides on selected immune functions in patients with advanced colorectal cancer . Forty-seven patients were enrolled and treated with oral G. lucidum at 5.4 g/day for 12 weeks . Selected immune parameters were monitored using various immunological methods throughout the study . In 41 assessable cancer patients , treatment with G. lucidum tended to increase mitogenic reactivity to phytohemagglutinin , counts of CD3 , CD4 , CD8 and CD56 lymphocytes , plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2 , IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-gamma , and NK activity , whereas plasma concentrations of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were decreased . For all of these parameters , no statistical significance was observed when a comparison was conducted between baseline and those values after a 12-week treatment with G. lucidum . The changes of IL-1 were correlated with those for IL-6 , IFN-gamma , CD3 , CD4 , CD8 and NK activity ( p<0.05 ) and IL-2 changes were correlated with those for IL-6 , CD8 and NK activity . The results indicate that G. lucidum may have potential immuno-modulating effect in patients with advanced colorectal cancer . Further studies are needed to explore the benefits and safety of G. lucidum in cancer patients OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and clinical significance of Fuzheng Yiliu Granule ( FYG ) on nuclear transcriptional factor-kappa B ( NF-kappa B ) and cell cycle in breast tumor . METHODS Fifty-five patients of breast carcinoma were r and omly divided into the treated group and the control group , both were treated with conventional chemotherapy , but to the treated group , FYG was given additionally by oral taking . Operation was performed one month later to take out the tumor tissue for detecting NF-kappa B expression and ration of cells in different phases of cell cycle . RESULTS Compared with the control group , NF-kappa B expression was significantly increased in the treated group , accompanied with increased G0/1 phase cell proportion and decreased S phase cell proportion as well as significantly reduced cell proliferation index ( all P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION FYG could enhance the expression of NF-kappa B in breast tumor tissue , raise the proportion of G0/1 phase cells , decrease proportion S phase cells and reduce the cell proliferation index , showing an active action on the patients prognosis The patients were r and omized with the envelope method , dividing into either A- or B-group . A-group was treated with JTT combined with chemoendocrine therapy . B-group was treated with only chemo-endocrine therapy .  Between May 1985 and December 1987 , 130 pts were used for this trial , 119 pts were evaluable , and 58 pts belonged to A-group and 61 to B-group . The pts characteristics were well balanced in both those groups . There was no significant difference in the response rates between A- and B-groups . The survival rate up to 38 months was not significantly different between the two groups , but in JTT-SHO group , the survival was significantly higher in the pts belonging to the A-group ( Greenwood , p less than 0.05 ) . The quality of life ( QOL ) was expressed as self- assessment scores for physical condition , appetite and the coldness of extremities . It improved significantly in A-group , especially , by prevention of bone marrow suppression by chemotherapy . It was concluded that treatment with JTT is better than without JTT in treatment for advanced breast cancer patients OBJECTIVE To explore the action of pingxiao capsules ( PXC ) and its significance in the treatment of late stage mammary cancer ( LSMC ) . METHODS One hundred and forty-two LSMC patients were r and omized into four groups : the two single treated groups treated by endocrinotherapy ( ET ) alone ( n = 27 ) and by chemotherapy alone ( n=44 ) respectively , and the two PXC combined treated groups treated with PXC plus endocrinotherapy ( n=27 ) or chemotherapy ( n=44 ) . The remission rate and progression time ( TTP ) of disease , the survival time and quality of life ( QOL ) of patients , and the adverse reaction were compared between the single treated groups and the combined treated groups . RESULTS The median progression time was obviously prolonged , and QOL improved in the combined treated groups than those in the single treated groups ( P < 0.05 ) , but no significant difference was found in the remission rate or adverse reaction between them . CONCLUSION PXC can improve QOL , prolong the progression time in patients of LSMC , and with less adverse reaction . It is worth spreading combination of PXC with chemo- or endocrino-therapy in clinical application for treatment of LSMC patients Assessing the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is important and relatively new . Quality gives us an estimate of the likelihood that the results are a valid estimate of the truth . We present an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists developed to assess quality . Twenty-five scales and nine checklists have been developed to assess quality . The checklists are most useful in providing investigators with guidelines as to what information should be included in reporting RCTs . The scales give readers a quantitative index of the likelihood that the reported methodology and results are free of bias . There are several shortcomings with these scales . Future scale development is likely to be most beneficial if questions common to all trials are assessed , if the scale is easy to use , and if it is developed with sufficient rigor Peer review is the ordinary method for judging the acceptability of scientific papers for publication . Yet there are few prospect i ve data defining the accuracy or reproducibility of this method . This study was aim ed at evaluating interrater consistency in review ing a single manuscript and at determining whether a referee 's likely predisposition ( inferred from his or her own published papers in the field ) influences his or her attitude toward this manuscript . A computerized search identified 33 first authors of research papers about transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation .  They were asked to review part of a fictitious scientific paper on the topic ; they were not made aware of being tested . Review ers ' ratings were recorded by multiple-choice answers in a structured question naire . The answers revealed poor interrater reliability . Furthermore , referees were clearly influenced by their own preconceptions and judged according to their own published experience in that particular medical subject . That is , referees who would be expected to agree with the paper 's findings tended to judge is less harshly than did referees who would be expected to disagree . These results suggest significant impact of review er bias on referee 's judgment and imply that the peer review system in its present form has room for improvements in fairness and consistency 
    Output:
    
THM combined with conventional therapy in the treatment of breast cancer is efficacious in improving QOL and in decreasing the number of hot flashes per day .