***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE To determine the point prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders in the community . DESIGN Cross-sectional stratified ( metropolitan vs regional ) r and om sample . SETTING General community . PARTICIPANTS  Population -based computer-aided telephone survey of people ( N=2078 ) aged 18 to 65 years in New South Wales , Australia . Of those contacted , 751 participants provided data . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Point prevalence for no history of ankle injury or chronic ankle problems ( no ankle problems ) , history of ankle injury without residual problems , and chronic ankle disorders . Chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders due to ankle sprain , fracture , arthritis , or other disorder compared by chi-square test for the presence of pain , weakness , giving way , swelling and instability , activity limitation , and health care use in the past year . RESULTS There were 231 ( 30.8 % ) participants with no ankle problems , 342 ( 45.5 % ) with a history of ankle injury but no chronic problems , and 178 ( 23.7 % ) with chronic ankle disorders . The major component of chronic ankle disorders was musculoskeletal disorders ( n=147 , 19.6 % of the total sample ) , most of which were due to ankle injury ( n=117 , 15.6 % of the total ) . There was no difference among the arthritis , fracture , sprain , and other groups in the prevalence of the specific complaints , or health care use . Significantly more participants with arthritis had to limit activity than in the sprain group ( Chi-square test , P=.035 ) . CONCLUSIONS Chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders affected almost 20 % of the Australian community . The majority were due to a previous ankle injury , and most people had to limit or change their physical activity because of the ankle disorder Background To date , the pattern and rate of kitesurfing injuries are largely unclear . Hypothesis The pattern and rate of kitesurfing injuries are comparable to that of contact sports such as football and soccer . Study Design Prospect i ve study . Methods The study was conducted over a 6-month period of 1 season and included 235 kitesurfers . Results The number of self-reported injuries was 124 , for an overall self-reported injury rate of 7 per 1000 hours of practice . One fatal accident ( polytrauma ) and 11 severe injuries occurred during the study period ( 2 knee ligament injuries and 9 fractures at various sites ) . The most commonly injured sites were the foot and ankle ( 28 % ) , skull ( 14 % ) , chest ( 13 % ) , and knee ( 13 % ) . Fifty-six percent of the injuries were attributed to the inability to detach the kite from the harness in a situation involving loss of control over the kite . There was a tendency for athletes using a quick-release system to sustain fewer injuries than athletes without such a release system . Conclusion Kitesurfing can be considered a high-risk sport . Clinical Relevance The use of a quick-release system that enables the surfers to detach the kite in case of an accident might aid in the prevention of injuries BACKGROUND Ankle injuries account for 30 to 60 % of all parachuting injuries . This study was design ed to determine if outside-the-boot ankle braces could reduce ankle sprains during Army paratrooper training . METHODS The r and omized trial involved 777 volunteers from the U.S. Army Airborne School , Fort Benning , Ga. Of this group , 745 completed all study requirements ( 369 brace-wearers and 376 non-brace-wearers ) . Each volunteer made five parachute jumps , for a total of 3,674 jumps . RESULTS The incidence of inversion ankle sprains was 1.9 % in non-brace-wearers and 0.3 % in brace-wearers ( risk ratio , 6.9 ; p = 0.04 ) . Other injuries appeared unaffected by the brace . Overall , 5.3 % of the non-brace group and 4.6 % of the brace group experienced at least one injury . The risk ratio for injured individuals was 1.2:1 ( non-brace to brace groups ; p = 0.65 ) . CONCLUSION Inversion ankle sprains during parachute training can be significantly reduced by using an outside-the-boot ankle brace , with no increase in risk for other injuries AIM To identify permanent sequelae after sports injuries in children and adolescents . METHODS In 1985 , a prospect i ve register was drawn up of all sports related injuries reported that year by the residents of Trieste , Italy aged 6–15 years . Moderate to severe injuries ( scoring ⩾ 2 on the abbreviated injury scale ( AIS ) ) were the object of a longitudinal clinical study . In 1988 , 30.9 % of the 220 subjects enrolled had sequelae . A further follow up was undertaken in 1997 . RESULTS The follow up in 1997 involved 54 subjects ( 26 girls ; average age 24.5 years ) . Subjective and objective sequelae , by now considered to be permanent , were found in 61.1 % , corresponding to 15 % of the AIS ⩾ 2 injuries recorded in 1985 . The prevalence of sequelae was similar in the two sexes , in relation to the child ’s age at time of injury , and in the different sports practised . It was higher in relation to the severity of the lesion ( 89 % of AIS 3 injuries examined , 56 % of AIS 2 injuries ) and to the type of lesion and its location . With regard to AIS ⩾ 2 injuries , permanent sequelae were found in 50 % of ankle fractures , 43 % of elbow fractures , 33 % of leg/foot fractures , 25 % of knee sprains , and 23 % of ankle sprains . CONCLUSIONS The frequency of sequelae in sports injuries in children and adolescents is high . The risk appears to be connected to certain anatomical and functional age characteristics . Prevention strategies should include specific assessment of physical fitness and adequate follow up after the accident , particularly rehabilitation A retrospective study of 34,236 consecutive static line parachute descents by trained parachutists , in which 379 were injured , is described . Injury rates associated with extrinsic factors were compared and then analyzed using logistic regression . A table describing the association with extrinsic factors , with relative risks , is at Annex A. The overall injury rate was 1.11 % ( 1.11 injured per 100 descents ) . Rates from Helicopter ( 0.20 % ) and Balloon ( 0.13 % ) were low , and the study thus concentrated on aeroplane descents ( injury rate 1.46 % ) . Extrinsic factors associated with increased injury rates were carriage of equipment ; wind speed and direction ; numbers exiting and ( on logistic regression ) night descents . The overall rates appear higher than expected , possibly due to equipment weight potentiating the other factors . A prospect i ve study is required to investigate the effect of equipment weight after which peace time training constraints should be review ed . ( Two approaches are described . Objective : To continue the injury surveillance of FIFA-sponsored football tournaments and report on other medical aspects of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Design : Prospect i ve epidemiological injury surveillance and descriptive summary of additional medical aspects . Setting : Major international football tournament . Participants : National team players , doctors and referees at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany . Main outcome measures : Injury type , location and rate . Results : 145 injuries were reported for the 64 matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany — an overall injury rate of 68.7 per 1000 match hours ( 95 % CI 57.5 to 79.9 ) or 2.3 injuries per match , in comparison with 2.7 injuries per match in the 2002 FIFA World Cup ( p = NS ) . Physical examinations before participation uncovered no hidden cardiovascular problems . Once the tournament started , no referees were unable to complete their duties . There were no positive doping tests . Conclusions : The injury rate for this World Cup was below that of 2002 , but consistent with the overall injury rate per match since data collection began in 1998 . There continues to be no evidence of systematic doping in international football Background The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) World Cup is one of the largest , most popular sporting events but is associated with a certain risk of injury for the players . Purpose Analysis of the incidence , circumstances , and characteristics of soccer injury during the World Cup 2002 . Study Design Prospect i ve survey . Methods The physicians of all participating teams reported all injuries after each match on a st and ardized injury report form . The response rate was 100 % . Results A total of 171 injuries were reported from the 64 matches , which is equivalent to an incidence of 2.7 injuries per match ; approximately 1 to 2 injuries per match result ed in absence from training or match . More than a quarter of all injuries were incurred without contact with another player , and 73 % were contact injuries . Half of the contact injuries , or 37 % of all injuries , were caused by foul play as rated by the team physician and the injured player . Conclusion The incidence of injuries during the World Cup 2002 was similar to those reported for the World Cup in 1994 and in 1998 . Increased awareness of the importance of fair play may assist in the prevention of injury Background Injuries are common in youth soccer , of which ankle injuries form a significant proportion . However , there is a lack of prospect i ve data on the epidemiology and nature of these injuries . Aim To prospect ively study the incidence of ankle injuries in three Football Association ( FA ) academies , with particular emphasis on severe injuries and factors associated with increased injury rate . Design Descriptive epidemiology study . Methods All 419 players within three FA youth academies during the 2007–2008 season were included , between under 9 and under 18 age groups . Ankle injuries causing a loss of more than 48 h training were studied , along with the setting and mechanism of injury , the diagnosis , time to rehabilitate , any investigations and surgical treatment . The incidence of injury per 1000 h exposure in match , training and in total was calculated . Results A total of 56 ( incidence 14 % ) new ankle injuries were identified during this 1-year study period . Twenty-six ( 46 % ) of these occurred in competition , 24 ( 43 % ) were by contact , and eight ( 14 % ) had a severe injury diagnosed . The incidence was higher in the competitive setting . Ten injuries ( 18 % ) missed more than 6 weeks ' training . Of these , seven were diagnosed as ‘ sprain ’ or ‘ strain , ’ of whom only three had been further investigated . There was a significant relationship between injury incidence and age group for total and match exposure , but not for training exposure . Conclusions The incidence of ankle injury in youth soccer is higher in competition , and increases with age in competition . 17.5 % of ankle injuries missed more than 6 weeks ' training , but the authors found a subgroup of players with delay in returning to sport in whom there was no further investigation to establish the diagnosis . This group may harbour occult injury to the chondral surfaces , and earlier investigation could minimise secondary joint damage in this ‘ at risk ’ age group Background Ankle sprains are the most common sports and physical activity related injury . There is extensive evidence that there is a twofold increased risk for injury recurrence for at least one year post injury . In up to 50 % of all cases recurrences result in disability and lead to chronic pain or instability , requiring prolonged medical care . Therefore ankle sprain recurrence prevention in athletes is essential . This RCT evaluates the effect of the combined use of braces and neuromuscular training ( e.g. proprioceptive training/sensorimotor training/balance training ) against the individual use of either braces or neuromuscular training alone on ankle sprain recurrences , when applied to individual athletes after usual care . Methods / Design This study was design ed as three way r and omized controlled trial with one year follow-up . Healthy individuals between 12 and 70 years of age , who were actively participating in sports and who had sustained a lateral ankle sprain in the two months prior to inclusion , were eligible for inclusion . After subjects had finished ankle sprain treatment by means of usual care , they were r and omised to any of the three study groups . Subjects in group 1 received an eight week neuromuscular training program , subjects in group 2 received a sports brace to be worn during all sports activities for the duration of one year , and group 3 received a combination of the neuromuscular training program and a sports brace to be worn during all sports activities for the duration of eight weeks . Outcomes were assessed at baseline and every month for 12 months therafter . The primary outcome measure was incidence of ankle sprain recurrences . Secondary outcome measures included the direct and indirect costs of recurrent injury , the severity of recurrent injury , and the residual complaints during and after the intervention . Discussion The AB rCt is the first r and omized controlled trial to directly compare the secondary preventive effect of the combined use of braces and neuromuscular training , against the use of either braces or neuromuscular training as separate secondary preventive measures . This study expects to identify the most effective and cost-efficient secondary preventive measure for ankle sprains . The study results could lead to changes in the clinical guidelines on the prevention of ankle sprains , and they will become available in 
    Output:
    
Ankle sprain prevalence period estimates were similar across sub-groups .
Lateral ankle sprain was the most commonly observed type of ankle sprain .
Conclusions Females were at a higher risk of sustaining an ankle sprain compared with males and children compared with adolescents and adults , with indoor and court sports the highest risk activity .
Studies at a greater risk of bias were more likely to underestimate the risk of ankle sprain .
Participants were at a significantly higher risk of sustaining a lateral ankle sprain compared with syndesmotic and medial ankle sprains