***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Uro-oncological neoplasms have both a high incidence and mortality rate and are therefore a major public health problem . The aim of this study was to evaluate research activity in uro-oncology over the last decade . Methods We search ed MEDLINE and Clinical Trials.gov systematic ally for studies on prostatic , urinary bladder , kidney , and testicular neoplasms . The increase in newly published reports per year was analyzed using linear regression . The results are presented with 95 % confidence intervals , and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant . Results The number of new publications per year increased significantly for prostatic , kidney and urinary bladder neoplasms ( all < 0.0001 ) . We identified 1,885 r and omized  controlled trials ( RCTs ) ; also for RCTs , the number of newly published reports increased significantly for prostatic ( p = 0.001 ) and kidney cancer ( p = 0.005 ) , but not for bladder ( p = 0.09 ) or testicular ( p = 0.44 ) neoplasms . We identified 3,114 registered uro-oncological studies in Clinical Trials.gov . However , 85 % of these studies are focusing on prostatic ( 45 % ) and kidney neoplasms ( 40 % ) , whereas only 11 % were registered for bladder cancers . Conclusions While the number of publications on uro-oncologic research rises yearly for prostatic and kidney neoplasms , urothelial carcinomas of the bladder seem to be neglected despite their important clinical role . Clinical research on neoplasms of the urothelial bladder must be explicitly addressed and supported PURPOSE Pre clinical data suggest a contribution of the immune system to chemotherapy response . In this study , we investigated the prespecified hypothesis that the presence of a lymphocytic infiltrate in cancer tissue predicts the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy . METHODS We investigated intratumoral and stromal lymphocytes in a total of 1,058 pretherapeutic breast cancer core biopsies from two neoadjuvant anthracycline/taxane-based studies ( GeparDuo , n = 218 , training cohort ; and GeparTrio , n = 840 , validation cohort ) . Molecular parameters of lymphocyte recruitment and activation were evaluated by kinetic polymerase chain reaction in 134 formalin-fixed , paraffin-embedded tumor sample s. Results In a multivariate regression analysis including all known predictive clinicopathologic factors , the percentage of intratumoral lymphocytes was a significant independent parameter for pathologic complete response ( pCR ) in both cohorts ( training cohort : P = .012 ; validation cohort : P = .001 ) . Lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer responded , with pCR rates of 42 % ( training cohort ) and 40 % ( validation cohort ) . In contrast , those tumors without any infiltrating lymphocytes had pCR rates of 3 % ( training cohort ) and 7 % ( validation cohort ) . The expression of inflammatory marker genes and proteins was linked to the histopathologic infiltrate , and logistic regression showed a significant association of the T-cell-related markers CD3D and CXCL9 with pCR . CONCLUSION The presence of tumor-associated lymphocytes in breast cancer is a new independent predictor of response to anthracycline/taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy and provides useful information for oncologists to identify a subgroup of patients with a high benefit from this type of chemotherapy The relationship between inflammation and cancer is well established in several tumor types , including bladder cancer . We performed an association study between 886 inflammatory-gene variants and bladder cancer risk in 1,047 cases and 988 controls from the Spanish Bladder Cancer (SBC)/EPICURO Study . A preliminary exploration with the widely used univariate logistic regression approach did not identify any significant SNP after correcting for multiple testing . We further applied two more comprehensive methods to capture the complexity of bladder cancer genetic susceptibility : Bayesian Threshold LASSO ( BTL ) , a regularized regression method , and AUC-R and om Forest , a machine-learning algorithm . Both approaches explore the joint effect of markers . BTL analysis identified a signature of 37 SNPs in 34 genes showing an association with bladder cancer . AUC-RF detected an optimal predictive subset of 56 SNPs . 13 SNPs were identified by both methods in the total population . Using re sources from the Texas Bladder Cancer study we were able to replicate 30 % of the SNPs assessed . The associations between inflammatory SNPs and bladder cancer were reexamined among non-smokers to eliminate the effect of tobacco , one of the strongest and most prevalent environmental risk factor for this tumor . A 9 SNP-signature was detected by BTL . Here we report , for the first time , a set of SNP in inflammatory genes jointly associated with bladder cancer risk . These results highlight the importance of the complex structure of genetic susceptibility associated with cancer risk Summary The data of 92 patients who entered the prospect i ve study between 1980 and 1982 were evaluable . The prevalence of tumor-associated tissue inflammatory reaction according to the tumorparameters stage , grade , multiplicity , tumor-weight and concomittant urothelial changes in primary superficial transitional cell cancer was estimated . Using high power field on the microscope tumor-associated cells were classified as lymphocytes , plasma cells , mast cells and eosinophils by morphological criteria . Recurrence rate , tumor progression and survival rate were evaluated for the group with tumor-associated cell infiltration and compared with the data of the group without any tumor-associated inflammatory reaction . According to recurrence rate , progression rate and survival rate there was a tendency to better prognosis for tumors with associated inflammatory reaction but this could not be proven by statistical analyses BACKGROUND Programmed death 1 ( PD-1 ) protein , a T-cell coinhibitory receptor , and one of its lig and s , PD-L1 , play a pivotal role in the ability of tumor cells to evade the host 's immune system . Blockade of interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 enhances immune function in vitro and mediates antitumor activity in pre clinical models . METHODS In this multicenter phase 1 trial , we administered intravenous anti-PD-L1 antibody ( at escalating doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg per kilogram of body weight ) to patients with selected advanced cancers .  Anti-PD-L1 antibody was administered every 14 days in 6-week cycles for up to 16 cycles or until the patient had a complete response or confirmed disease progression . RESULTS As of February 24 , 2012 , a total of 207 patients --75 with non-small-cell lung cancer , 55 with melanoma , 18 with colorectal cancer , 17 with renal-cell cancer , 17 with ovarian cancer , 14 with pancreatic cancer , 7 with gastric cancer , and 4 with breast cancer -- had received anti-PD-L1 antibody . The median duration of therapy was 12 weeks ( range , 2 to 111 ) . Grade 3 or 4 toxic effects that investigators considered to be related to treatment occurred in 9 % of patients . Among patients with a response that could be evaluated , an objective response ( a complete or partial response ) was observed in 9 of 52 patients with melanoma , 2 of 17 with renal-cell cancer , 5 of 49 with non-small-cell lung cancer , and 1 of 17 with ovarian cancer . Responses lasted for 1 year or more in 8 of 16 patients with at least 1 year of follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Antibody-mediated blockade of PD-L1 induced durable tumor regression ( objective response rate of 6 to 17 % ) and prolonged stabilization of disease ( rates of 12 to 41 % at 24 weeks ) in patients with advanced cancers , including non-small-cell lung cancer , melanoma , and renal-cell cancer . ( Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00729664 . ) 
    Output:
    
Inflammatory cells , costimulatory molecules in tumour cells , and serum cytokines showed prognostic significance , mainly in univariable analyses .
High C-reactive protein values were consistently reported as an independent prognostic factor for mortality in invasive UBC .
There is a dearth of studies on InfBMs in UBC compared with other tumour types .
Evidence suggests that InfBMs may have an impact on the management of patients with UBC .
PATIENT SUMMARY In this review , we analysed studies evaluating the impact of inflammatory response on bladder cancer progression .