***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is a global health care problem . Repetitive exposure to nicotine produces neuroadaptation result ing in nicotine dependence . Smoking is associated with a range of diseases , causing high levels of morbidity and mortality and is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths , with more than 4.6 million smokers worldwide dying each year from smoking related illnesses . Stopping smoking has major health benefits . Quitting at any age provides both short and long term benefits . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 45 patients attending the outpatient department at the Oxford Dental College , Bangalore , were r and omly allocated to three groups of interventions namely placebo , counseling and nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) . Initially each one was assessed for carbon monoxide levels using a breath analyser ( pico smokerlyser bedfont UK ) . They were followed up for six months and the carbon monoxide levels were again assessed using the same instrument . The paired t test was used to compare the results before and after the intervention . RESULTS The scores before the initiation of intervention and after treatment were compared and all three interventions were found to be statistically significant after six months . It was noticed that patients with very low or low dependence followed by high dependence had good response in the placebo group ( 68 % and 47.6 % respectively ) , in the counseling group maximum response was seen in the medium followed by the very low group ( 61 % and 59 % respectively ) , and maximum response was seen in very high followed by the very low group with NRT ( 78.7 % and 60.5 % respectively ) . CONCLUSION The inference that can be drawn from the present study is that non-invasive , non pharmacological methods like placebo and counseling are effective in low to medium groups , and NRT is effective with higher nicotine dependence Background Tobacco is still the number one life style risk factor for ill health and premature death and also one of the major contributors to oral problems and diseases . Dentistry may be a potential setting for several aspects of clinical public health interventions and there is a growing interest in several countries to develop tobacco cessation support in dentistry setting . The aim of the present study was to assess the relative effectiveness of a high intensity intervention compared with a low intensity intervention for smoking cessation support in a dental clinic setting . Methods 300 smokers attending dental or general health care were r and omly assigned to two arms and referred to the local dental clinic for smoking cessation support . One arm received support with low intensity treatment ( LIT ) , whereas the other group was assigned to high intensity treatment ( HIT ) support . The main outcome measures included self-reported point prevalence and continuous abstinence ( ≥ 183 days ) at the 12-month follow-up . Results Follow-up question naires were returned from 86 % of the participants . People in the HIT-arm were twice as likely to report continuous abstinence compared with the LIT-arm ( 18 % vs. 9 % , p = 0.02 ) . There was a difference ( not significant ) between the arms in point prevalence abstinence in favour of the HIT- protocol ( 23 % vs. 16 % ) . However , point prevalence cessation rates in the LIT-arm reporting additional support were relatively high ( 23 % ) compared with available data assessing abstinence in smokers trying to quit without professional support . ConclusionS creening for willingness to quit smoking within the health care system and offering smoking cessation support within dentistry may be an effective model for smoking cessation support in Sweden . The LIT approach is less expensive and time consuming and may be appropriate as a first treatment option , but should be integrated with other forms of available support in the community . The more extensive and expensive HIT- protocol should be offered to those who are unable to quit with the LIT approach in combination with other support . Trial Registration Trial registration number : BACKGROUND The efficacy of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is well documented . However , due to relapse rates and side effects , hypnotherapy is gaining attention as an alternative treatment option . The aim of this one-center r and omized study was to compare the efficacy of hypnotherapy alone , as well as hypnotherapy with nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) , to conventional NRT in patients hospitalized with a cardiac or pulmonary illness . METHODS We evaluated self-reported and biochemically verified 7-day prevalence smoking abstinence rates at 12 and 26 weeks post-hospitalization . Patients ( n=164 ) were r and omized into one of three counseling-based treatment groups : NRT for 30 days ( NRT ; n=41 ) , a 90-min hypnotherapy session ( H ; n=39 ) , and NRT with hypnotherapy ( HNRT ; n=37 ) . Treatment groups were compared to a " self-quit " group of 35 patients who refused intervention . RESULTS Hypnotherapy patients were more likely than NRT patients to be nonsmokers at 12 weeks ( 43.9 % vs. 28.2 % ; p=0.14 ) and 26 weeks after hospitalization ( 36.6 % vs. 18.0 % ; p=0.06 ) . Smoking abstinence rates in the HNRT group were similar to the H group . There was no difference in smoking abstinence rates at 26 weeks between " self quit " and participants in any of the treatment groups . In multivariable regression analysis adjusting for diagnosis and demographic characteristics , H and HNRT were over three times more likely than NRT participants to abstain at 26-weeks post-discharge ( RR=3.6 ; p=0.03 and RR=3.2 ; p=0.04 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Hypnotherapy is more effective than NRT in improving smoking abstinence in patients hospitalized for a smoking-related illness , and could be an asset to post-discharge smoking cessation programs 
    Output:
    
Conclusions There is considerable scientific evidence describing the programs for  smoking cessation used in dentistry , which support their effectiveness .