***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction We have assessed the utility of autologous mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) peripheral vein infusion as a possible therapeutic modality for patients with end-stage liver diseases . Methods Forty patients with post-hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) end-stage liver disease were r and omized into two groups : Group 1 ( GI ) : 20 patients who received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) for 5 days followed by autologous MSCs peripheral-vein infusion and group 2 ( GII ) : 20 patients who received regular liver-supportive treatment only ( control group ) . Results In MSC-infused patients ( GI ) , 54 % showed near normalization of liver enzymes and improvement in liver synthetic function . Significant changes were reported in albumin ( P = 0.000 ) , bilirubin ( P = 0.002 ) , increased international normalized ratio ( INR ) ( P = 0.017 ) , prothrombin concentration ( P = 0.029 ) and alanine transaminase ( ALT ) levels ( P = 0.029 ) , with stabilization of clinical and biochemical status in 13 % of cases . None of the patients in GII showed any significant improvement . Hepatic fibrosis was assessed in GI by detection of procollagen IIIC peptide level ( PIIICP ) and procollagen III N peptide level ( PIIINP ) . The pretreatment values of s-PIIICP and s-PIIINP were 9.4 ± 4.2 and 440 ± 189 , respectively , with a decrease to 8.1 ± 2.6 and 388 ± 102 , respectively , 3 months after MSC therapy . However , the difference was statistically nonsignificant ( P = 0.7 ) . A significant correlation coefficient was reported after 3 months between the s-PIIINP and prothrombin concentration ( P = -0.5 ) and between s-PIIICP and ascites ( P = 0.550 ) . Conclusions First , autologous MSC infusion into a peripheral vein is as effective as the previously reported intrahepatic infusion . Second , MSCs have a supportive role in the treatment of end-stage liver disease , with satisfactory tolerability and beneficial effects on liver synthetic functions and hepatic fibrosis . Third , IV infusion of MSCs after G-CSF mobilization improves s-albumin within the first 2 weeks and prothrombin concentration and alanine Taransaminase after 1 month . According to the data from this current study and those previously reported by our group , we recommend further studies on patients ’ infusion with pure CD133 and CD34 followed by IV infusion of in vitro-differentiated MSCs within 1 week and another infusion after 3 months . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01729221 . Registered 17 November 2012 BACKGROUND The st and ard treatment for decompensated liver cirrhosis is liver transplantation . However , it has several limitations . Recent animal studies suggest that bone marrow stem cell transplantation can lead to regression of liver fibrosis . The objective of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis . METHODS In this phase 1 trial , four patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were included . Their bone marrow was aspirated , mesenchymal stem cells were cultured , and a mean 31.73 x 10(6 ) mesenchymal stem cells were infused through a peripheral vein . Primary outcomes were evaluating the safety and feasibility of the work . Secondary outcomes were evaluating changes in the model for end-stage liver disease score , and the quality of life of the patients . RESULTS There were no side-effects in the patients during follow-up . The model for end-stage liver disease scores of patients 1 , and 4 improved by four and three points , respectively by the end of follow-up . Furthermore , the quality of life of all four patients improved by the end of follow-up . Using SF-36 question naire , the mean physical component scale increased from 31.44 to 65.19 , and the mean mental component scale increased from 36.32 to 65.55 . CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation seems to be feasible and safe in the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis The study was aim ed to evaluate the effect of autologous transplantation of BM-derived undifferentiated and differentiated MSCs in cirrhotic patients following chronic hepatitis C virus infection . Twenty-five patients with Child C liver cirrhosis , MELD score > 12 were included . They were divided into 2 groups . Group I , the MSCs group ( n = 15 ) , this group was subdivided into two subgroups : Ia & Ib ( undifferentiated and differentiated respectively ) . Group II ( control group ; n = 10 ) involved patients with cirrhotic liver under conventional supportive treatment .  Ninety ml BM was aspirated from the iliac bone for separation of MSCs .  Surface expression of CD271 , CD29 and CD34 were analyzed using flowcytometry . Hepatogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical expression of OV6 , AFP and albumin . Finally approximately 1 million MSCs/Kg were suspended in saline and were placed in blood bag and injected slowly intravenously over 15 min at a rate of 5 drops/min in one session . Follow up of patients at 3 and 6 months postinfusion revealed partial improvement of liver function tests with elevation of prothrombin concentration and serum albumin levels , decline of elevated bilirubin and MELD score in MSCs group . Statistical comparisons between the two subgroups ( group Ia & Ib ) did not merit any significant difference regarding clinical and laboratory findings . In conclusion : Bone marrow MSCs transplantation either undifferentiated or differentiated can be used as a potential treatment for liver cirrhosis The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cell transplantation ( BM-MSCT ) for patients with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-resistant primary biliary cirrhosis ( PBC ) . Ten patients were enrolled in this trial of BM-MSCT .  All patients were permitted to concurrently continue their previous UDCA treatment . The efficacy of BM-MSCT in UDCA-resistant PBC was assessed at various time points throughout the 12-month follow up . No transplantation-related side effects were observed . The life quality of the patients was improved after BM-MSCT as demonstrated by responses to the PBC-40 question naire . Serum levels of ALT , AST , γ-GT , and IgM significantly decreased from baseline after BM-MSCT . In addition , the percentage of CD8 + T cells was reduced , while that of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 + T cells was increased in peripheral lymphocytic subsets . Serum levels of IL-10 were also elevated . Notably , the optimal therapeutic outcome was acquired in 3 to 6 months and could be maintained for 12 months after BM-MSCT . In conclusion , allogeneic BM-MSCT in UDCA-resistant PBC is safe and appears to be effective BACKGROUND In experimental models , bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ( BM-MSCs ) have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes and exhibit antifibrotic effects . However , there have been no studies in humans with alcoholic cirrhosis . AIM The aim of this study was to eluci date the antifibrotic effect of BM-MSCs in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis , as a phase II clinical trial . METHODS Twelve patients ( 11 males , 1 female ) with baseline biopsy-proven alcoholic cirrhosis who had been alcohol free for at least 6 months were enrolled .  BM-MSCs were isolated from each patient 's BM and amplified for 1 month , and 5 × 10(7 ) cells were then injected twice , at weeks 4 and 8 , through the hepatic artery . One patient was withdrawn because of ingestion of alcohol . Finally , 11 patients completed the follow-up biopsy and laboratory tests at 12 weeks after the second injection . The primary outcome was improvement in the patients ' histological features . RESULTS According to the Laennec fibrosis system , histological improvement was observed in 6 of 11 patients ( 54.5 % ) . The Child-Pugh score improved in ten patients ( 90.9 % ) and the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 , type 1 collagen and α-smooth muscle actin significantly decreased ( as assessed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ) after BM-MSCs therapy ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant complications or side effects were observed during this study . CONCLUSIONS Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy in alcoholic cirrhosis induces a histological and quantitative improvement of hepatic fibrosis BACKGROUND & AIMS There has been great interest in recent years to take advantage of bone marrow stem cells to treat cirrhosis . Our uncontrolled trial showed promising results for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) transplantation in cirrhosis . Therefore , we conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of autologous MSC transplantation in cirrhosis . METHODS The enrolled patients with decompensated cirrhosis were r and omly assigned to receive MSC or placebo infusions . A median of 195 million ( range : 120 - 295 million ) cultured MSCs were infused through a peripheral vein . The primary outcome was absolute changes in MELD score . Secondary outcomes were absolute changes in Child score , liver function tests and liver volumes between the MSC and placebo group 12 months after infusion . RESULTS A total of 27 patients were enrolled . Of these , 15 patients received MSC  and 12 patients received placebo .  One patient in the MSC group and one patient in the placebo group were lost to follow-up . Three patients in the MSC group died of liver failure 3 months ( one patient ) , or 5 months ( two patients ) after cellular infusion . The baseline MELD scores of the deceased patients were significantly higher than those who remained alive in either group ( 20.0 vs. 15.1 ; P = 0.02 ) . The absolute changes in Child scores , MELD scores , serum albumin , INR , serum transaminases and liver volumes did not differ significantly between the MSC and placebo groups at 12 months of follow-up . CONCLUSION Based on this r and omized controlled trial , autologous bone marrow MSC transplantation through peripheral vein probably has no beneficial effect in cirrhotic patients . Further studies with higher number of patients are warranted to better clarify the impact of MSC infusion through peripheral vein or portal vein in cirrhosis Decompensated liver cirrhosis ( LC ) , a life-threatening complication of chronic liver disease , is one of the major indications for liver transplantation . Recently , mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC ) transfusion has been shown to lead to the regression of liver fibrosis in mice and humans . This study examined the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived MSC ( UC-MSC ) in patients with decompensated LC . A total of 45 chronic hepatitis B patients with decompensated LC , including 30 patients receiving UC-MSC transfusion , and 15 patients receiving saline as the control , were recruited ; clinical parameters were detected during a 1-year follow-up period . No significant side-effects and complications were observed in either group . There was a significant reduction in the volume of ascites in patients treated with UC-MSC transfusion compared with controls ( P < 0.05 ) . UC-MSC therapy also significantly improved liver function , as indicated by the increase of serum albumin levels , decrease in total serum bilirubin levels , and decrease in the sodium model for end-stage liver disease scores .  UC-MSC transfusion is clinical ly safe and could improve liver function and reduce ascites in patients with decompensated LC . UC-MSC transfusion , therefore , might present a novel therapeutic approach for patients with decompensated LC BACKGROUND AND AIM Ursodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA ) treatment is an effective medical therapy for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis ( PBC ) ; however , 40 % of PBC patients show an incomplete response to the UDCA therapy . This study aim ed to investigate the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell ( UC-MSC ) transfusion in PBC patients with an incomplete response to UDCA .  METHODS We conducted a single-arm trial that included seven PBC patients with a suboptimal response to UDCA treatment . UC-MSCs were first cultured , and then 0.5 × 10(6 ) cells/kg body weights were infused through a peripheral vein . UC-MSCs were given three times at 4-week intervals , and patients were followed up for 48 weeks . Primary outcomes were to evaluate the safety and feasibility of UC-MSC treatment  , and secondary outcomes were to evaluate liver functions and patient 's quality of life . RESULTS No obvious side-effects were found in the patients treated with UC-MSCs . Symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus were obviously alleviated in most patients after UC-MSC treatment . There was a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransfer 
    Output:
    
The majority of the analyzed studies showed improvements in liver function , ascites and encephalopathy .
In particular , an MA showed that  MSC therapy improved the total bilirubin level , the serum albumin level and the Model for End-stage Liver Disease ( MELD ) score after MSC treatment .
Based on these results , MSC transplantation is considered to be safe for the treatment of chronic liver disease .