***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aim To compare the 2-h postpr and ial blood glucose ( PPBG ) excursion following a st and ard test meal in insulin-requiring patients with diabetes treated twice daily with human insulin mix 50 vs. insulin lispro mix 50 ( LM50 ) . Methods This was a multicentre , r and omised , open-label , crossover comparison of two insulin treatments for two 12-week treatment periods in 120 Chinese patients . One- and 2-h PPBG and excursion values were obtained following a st and ardised test meal . Fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , insulin dose , rate of hypoglycaemia and safety data were obtained . A crossover analysis using SAS Proc MIXED was employed . Results Mean 2-h PPBG excursion decreased from 6.32 ± 3.07 mmol/l at baseline to 3.47 ± 2.97 mmol/l at end-point in the LM50 group , and from 6.31 ± 2.88 at baseline to 5.02 ± 3.32 mmol/l at end-point in the human insulin mix 50 group ( p < 0.001 ) . Two-hour PPBG ( p = 0.004 ) and 1-h PPBG excursion ( p < 0.001 ) were significantly lower with LM50 as compared with human insulin mix 50 . Both treatment groups were equivalent for HbA1c control , 1-h PPBG and insulin dose requirements . Mean FBG was higher with LM50 than with human insulin mix 50 ( p = 0.023 ) . The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and hypoglycaemia rate per 30 days were similar between treatment groups . Conclusions Insulin lispro mix 50 provided better postpr and ial glycaemic control compared with human insulin mix 50 while providing the convenience of injecting immediately before meals . Both treatments were generally well tolerated by all r and omly assigned patients Aims /hypothesisThe aim of the trial was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of two types of basal-bolus therapy , using either the soluble long-acting basal insulin analogue , insulin detemir , in combination with the rapid-acting analogue , insulin aspart , or NPH insulin in combination with mealtime regular human insulin . Methods In this 18-week , 1:1 r and omised , open-labelled , parallel trial , 595 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus received insulin detemir or NPH insulin in the morning and at bedtime in combination with mealtime insulin aspart or regular human insulin respectively . Results Glycaemic control with insulin detemir/insulin aspart was improved in comparison with NPH insulin/regular human insulin ( HbA1c : 7.88 % vs 8.11 % ; mean difference : −0.22 % point [ 95 % CI : −0.34 to −0.10 ] ; p<0.001 ) . Self-measured 8-point plasma glucose profiles differed between the groups ( p<0.001 ) , with lower postpr and ial plasma glucose levels in the insulin detemir/insulin aspart group . Within-person day-to-day variation in plasma glucose was lower with insulin detemir/insulin aspart than with NPH insulin/regular human insulin ( SD : 2.88 vs 3.12 mmol/l ; p<0.001 ) . Risk of overall and nocturnal hypoglycaemia ( 23.00–06.00 hours ) was , respectively , 21 % ( p=0.036 ) and 55 % ( p<0.001 ) lower in the insulin detemir/insulin aspart group than in the NPH insulin/regular human insulin  group . Body weight ( adjusted for baseline and change in HbA1c ) was 1 kg lower with insulin detemir/insulin aspart than with NPH insulin/regular human insulin ( p<0.001 ) . Conclusions /interpretationBasal-bolus therapy using insulin detemir/insulin aspart offers a better balance of control and tolerability than with NPH insulin/regular human insulin . The low variability and more physiological action profiles generated with these insulin analogues result ed in improved glycaemic control with lower risk of hypoglycaemia and no concomitant body weight increase BACKGROUND This study compared the effects of insulin glargine and insulin detemir on blood glucose variability under clinical practice conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) using glulisine as the mealtime insulin . METHODS This was a multicenter , crossover trial in 88 r and omized T1D patients : 54 men and 34 women , 46.8±13.7 years old , with a duration of diabetes of 18±9 years and hemoglobin A1c level of 7.1±0.7 % . The per- protocol population included 78 patients : 44 received glargine/detemir and 34 detemir/glargine in the first/second 16-week period , respectively . The primary end point was the coefficient of variation ( CV ) of fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) . Secondary end points included variability of pre-dinner blood glucose , mean amplitude of glycemic excursions , mean of daily differences , and doses and number of daily insulin injections . The non-inferiority criterion was an insulin glargine/insulin detemir FBG CV ratio with a 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) upper limit ≤1.25 . RESULTS The non-inferiority criterion was satisfied with a mean value of 1.016 ( 95 % CI=0.970 - 1.065 ) . Intention-to-treat analysis confirmed the non-inferiority with a 95 % CI upper limit=1.062 . No significant differences were found on secondary objectives , but there was a trend to higher doses and number of daily injections  with insulin detemir . A total of eight ( four glargine and four detemir ) patients reported nine serious adverse events ( including one severe episode of hypoglycemia ) . None of them was considered as related to basal insulins . Serious adverse events led to treatment discontinuation in two patients of the detemir group and none in the glargine group . CONCLUSIONS In T1D patients under clinical practice conditions , insulin glargine was non-inferior to insulin detemir  regarding blood glucose variability , as assessed by CV of FBG Abstract Aims / Introduction : An insulin analogue formulation with a 7:3 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions , biphasic insulin aspart 70 ( BIAsp70 ) was developed to supplement basal insulin between meals and mimic the physiological pattern of postpr and ial insulin secretion . Material s and Methods : We carried out a r and omized , open‐label study to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of BIAsp70 and an insulin analogue formulation with a 3:7 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions ( BIAsp30 ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . Patients were r and omized and received either thrice‐daily BIAsp70 ( n = 145 ) or twice‐daily BIAsp30 ( n = 144 ) for 28 weeks . The primary end‐point was glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) after 16 weeks of treatment . Results : Non‐inferiority of BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 was confirmed and superiority was established with a between‐group difference ( BIAsp70–BIAsp30 ) in HbA1c after 16 weeks of treatment of −0.35 % ( 95 % CI : −0.51 to −0.19 ; P < 0.0001 for superiority ) . The mean postpr and ial glucose increment ( 19.96 vs 54.35 mg/dL ; P < 0.0001 ) and M‐value ( 12.99 vs 17.94 ; P < 0.0001 ) at 16 weeks were smaller in the BIAsp70 group than in the BIAsp30 group , and were maintained at 28 weeks . Pre‐breakfast glucose ( 157.9 vs 140.7 mg/dL ) , total insulin dose ( 46.8 vs 38.1 U/day ) and weight gain ( + 1.94 vs 1.23 kg ) at week 28 were greater in the BIAsp70  group . Incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly lower with BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 ( 1.23 vs 3.21 events/subject year ; P = 0.0002 ) at week 28 . Conclusions : Thrice‐daily BIAsp70 was superior to twice‐daily BIAsp30 in terms of HbA1c change , with less variation in daytime plasma glucose profiles . BIAsp70 was well tolerated , with a lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia vs BIAsp30 . This trial was registered with Clinical Trial.gov ( no. NCT00318786 ) . ( J Diabetes Invest , doi : 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00015.x , 2010 BACKGROUND We compared telecare and conventional self-monitored blood glucose ( SMBG ) programs for titrating the addition of one bolus injection of insulin glulisine in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on oral hypoglycemic agents for ≥3 months who were first titrated with basal insulin glargine . METHODS This r and omized , multicenter , parallel-group study included 241 patients ( mean screening glycosylated hemoglobin [ HbA(1c ) ] , 8.8 % [ 73 mmol/mol ] ) . In the run-in phase , any antidiabetes medication , except for metformin , was discontinued . Metformin was then up-titrated to 2 g/day ( 1 g twice daily ) until study completion . Following run-in , all patients started glargine for 8 - 16 weeks , targeting fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) ≤5.6 mmol/L using conventional SMBG . Patients with FPG ≤7 mmol/L added a glulisine dose at the meal with the highest postpr and ial plasma glucose excursion , titrated to target 2-h postpr and ial plasma glucose level < 7.8 mmol/L using telecare or SMBG for 24 weeks . Patients with FPG > 7 mmol/L at week 16 were withdrawn from the study . RESULTS After glargine titration , 224 patients achieved FPG ≤7 mmol/L , without any difference between telecare and SBMG groups ( mean±SD , 6.2±0.8 vs. 6.0±0 . 9 mmol/L , respectively ) . HbA(1c ) levels were lower following titration and were similar for telecare and SMBG ( 7.9±0.9 % vs. 7.8±0.9 % [ 63 vs. 62 mmol/mol ] , respectively ) . Adding glulisine  further reduced HbA(1c ) in both groups ( -0.7 % vs. -0.7 % ) ; 45.2 % and 54.8 % ( P=0.14 ) , respectively , of patients achieved HbA(1c ) ≤7.0 % ( ≤53 mmol/mol ) . Weight change and hypoglycemia were similar between groups . CONCLUSIONS Patients adding one dose of glulisine at the meal with the highest postpr and ial plasma glucose excursion to titrated basal glargine achieved comparable improvements in glycemic control irrespective of traditional or telecare blood glucose monitoring Aim The efficacy and safety of insulin aspart ( IAsp ) , a rapid-acting human insulin analogue , were compared with regular human insulin ( HI ) as the bolus component of basal-bolus therapy for subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . Methods In a r and omized , parallel-group , open-labelled trial , 27 women with GDM ( age 30.7 ± 6.3 years , HbA1c < 7 % ) were r and omized to receive IAsp ( 5 min before meal ) or HI ( 30 min before meal ) . The trial period extended from diagnosis of GDM ( 18–28 weeks ) to 6 weeks postpartum . Results Both treatment groups maintained good overall glycaemic control during the study ( beginning and end of study HbA1c≤ 6 % ) . During the meal test , mean glucose at week 6 ( IAsp 4.2 ± 0.57 mmol/l , HI 4.8 ± 0.86 mmol/l ) was slightly lower than at week 0 ( IAsp 4.9 ± 0.59 mmol/l , HI 5.1 ± 0.36 mmol/l ) . However , change from baseline values 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The findings suggest that BG monitoring and specifically SMBG are co-dependent technologies with insulin analogs .
BG measurement is used in most phase-III registration studies for establishing safe and efficacious insulin administration and is recommended in the insulin labels .