***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The purpose of this r and omized trial was to evaluate the efficacy of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Breast Cancer ( MBSR[BC ] ) program in improving psychological and physical symptoms and quality of life among breast cancer survivors ( BCSs ) who completed treatment . Outcomes were assessed immediately after 6 weeks of MBSR(BC ) training and 6 weeks later to test efficacy over an extended timeframe . PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 322 BCSs were r and omly assigned to either a 6-week  MBSR(BC ) program ( n = 155 ) or a usual care group ( n = 167 ) . Psychological ( depression , anxiety , stress , and fear of recurrence ) and physical symptoms ( fatigue and pain ) and quality of life ( as related to health ) were assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks . Linear mixed models were used to assess MBSR(BC ) effects over time , and participant characteristics at baseline were also tested as moderators of MBSR(BC ) effects . RESULTS Results demonstrated extended improvement for the MBSR(BC ) group compared with usual care in both psychological symptoms of anxiety , fear of recurrence overall , and fear of recurrence problems and physical symptoms of fatigue severity and fatigue interference ( P < .01 ) . Overall effect sizes were largest for fear of recurrence problems ( d = 0.35 ) and fatigue severity ( d = 0.27 ) . Moderation effects showed BCSs with the highest levels of stress at baseline experienced the greatest benefit from MBSR(BC ) . CONCLUSION The MBSR(BC ) program significantly improved a broad range of symptoms among BCSs up to 6 weeks after MBSR(BC ) training , with generally small to moderate overall effect sizes Purpose Advanced prostate cancer ( PC ) is associated with substantial psychosocial morbidity . We sought to determine whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) reduces distress in men with advanced PC . Methods Men with advanced PC ( proven metastatic and /or castration-resistant biochemical progression ) were r and omly assigned to an 8-week , group-based MBCT intervention delivered by telephone ( n = 94 ) or to minimally enhanced usual care ( n = 95 ) . Primary intervention outcomes were psychological distress , cancer-specific distress , and prostate-specific antigen anxiety . Mindfulness skills were assessed as potential mediators of effect . Participants were assessed at baseline and were followed up at 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Main statistical analyses were conducted on the basis of intention to treat . Results Fourteen MBCT groups were conducted in the intervention arm . Facilitator adherence ratings were high ( > 93 % ) . Using r and om-effects mixed-regression models , intention-to-treat analyses indicated no significant changes in intervention outcomes or in engagement with mindfulness for men in MBCT compared with those receiving minimally enhanced usual care . Per- protocol analyses also found no differences between arms in outcomes or engagement , with the exception of the mindfulness skill of observing , which increased over time for men in MBCT compared with usual care ( P = .032 ) . Conclusion MBCT in this format was not more effective than minimally enhanced usual care in reducing distress in men with advanced PC . Future intervention research for these men should consider approaches that map more closely to masculinity Background There is increasing recognition of mindfulness and mindfulness training as a way to decrease stress and increase psychological functioning . Purpose The aims of this study were to examine the effects of mindfulness stress reduction training on perceived stress and psychological well-being and to examine if changes in mindfulness mediate intervention effects on these outcomes . Methods Seventy women and one man with a previous cancer diagnosis ( mean age 51.8 years , st and ard deviation = 9.86 ) were r and omized into an intervention group or a wait-list control group . The intervention consisted of an 8-week mindfulness training course . Results Compared to participants in the control group , participants in the mindfulness training group had significantly decreased perceived stress and posttraumatic avoidance symptoms and increased positive states of mind . Those who participated in the intervention reported a significant increase in scores on the five-facet mindfulness question naire ( FFMQ ) when compared to controls . The increase in FFMQ score mediated the effects of the intervention on perceived stress , posttraumatic avoidance symptoms , and positive states of mind . Conclusions This study indicates that the improvements in psychological well-being result ing from mindfulness stress reduction training can potentially be explained by increased levels of mindfulness as measured with the FFMQ . The importance of these findings for future research in the field of mindfulness is discussed Background Approximately one third of all patients who have been successfully treated for cancer suffer from chronic cancer-related fatigue ( CCRF ) . Effective and easily accessible interventions are needed for these patients . Objective The current paper reports on the results of a 3-armed r and omized controlled trial investigating the clinical effectiveness of two different guided Web-based interventions for reducing CCRF compared to an active control condition . Methods Severely fatigued cancer survivors were recruited via online and offline channels , and self-registered on an open-access website . After eligibility checks , 167 participants were r and omized via an embedded automated r and omization function into : ( 1 ) physiotherapist-guided Ambulant Activity Feedback ( AAF ) therapy encompassing the use of an accelerometer ( n=62 ) ; ( 2 ) psychologist-guided Web-based mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( eMBCT ; n=55 ) ; or ( 3 ) an unguided active control condition receiving psycho-educational emails ( n=50 ) . All interventions lasted nine weeks . Fatigue severity was self-assessed using the Checklist Individual Strength - Fatigue Severity subscale ( primary outcome ) six times from baseline ( T0b ) to six months ( T2 ) . Mental health was self-assessed three times using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( secondary outcome ) . Treatment dropout was investigated . Results Multiple group latent growth curve analysis , corrected for individual time between assessment s , showed that fatigue severity decreased significantly more in the AAF and eMBCT groups compared to the psycho-educational group . The analyses were checked by a research er who was blind to allocation . Clinical ly relevant changes in fatigue severity were observed in 66 % ( 41/62 ) of patients in AAF , 49 % ( 27/55 ) of patients in eMBCT , and 12 % ( 6/50 ) of patients in psycho-education . Dropout was 18 % ( 11/62 ) in AAF , mainly due to technical problems and poor usability of the accelerometer , and 38 % ( 21/55 ) in eMBCT , mainly due to the perceived high intensity of the program . Conclusions Both the AAF and eMBCT interventions are effective for managing fatigue severity compared to receiving psycho-educational emails . Trial Registration Trialregister.nl NTR3483 ; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=3483 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6NWZqon3o Purpose Cancer-related fatigue ( CRF ) is a disruptive symptom for many survivors . Despite promising evidence for efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) in reducing CRF , no trials comparing it to an active comparator for fatigued survivors have been published . The purpose of this trial was to compare MBSR to psychoeducation for CRF and associated symptoms . Methods Breast ( n = 60 ) and colorectal ( n = 11 ) cancer survivors ( stage 0–III ) with clinical ly significant CRF after completing chemotherapy and /or radiation therapy an average of 28 months prior to enrollment were r and omized to MBSR or psychoeducation/support groups ( PES ) . MBSR focused on mindfulness training ; PES focused on CRF self-management . Outcomes included CRF interference ( primary ) , CRF severity and global improvement , vitality , depression , anxiety , sleep disturbance , and pain . Outcomes were assessed at baseline ( T1 ) , post-intervention ( T2 ) , and 6-month follow-up ( T3 ) using intent-to-treat analysis . Results Between-group differences in CRF interference were not significant at any time point ; however , there was a trend favoring MBSR ( d = −0.46 , p = 0.073 ) at T2 . MBSR participants reported significantly greater improvement in vitality ( d = 0.53 , p = 0.003 ) and were more likely to report CRF as moderately to completely improved compared to the PES group ( χ2 ( 1 ) = 4.1765 , p = 0.041 ) at T2 . MBSR participants also reported significantly greater reductions in pain at T2 ( d = 0.53 , p = 0.014 ) . In addition , both MBSR and PES produced moderate-to-large and significant within-group improvements in all fatigue outcomes , depression , anxiety , and sleep at T2 and T3 compared to T1 . Conclusion MBSR and PES appear efficacious for CRF and related symptoms . Larger trials including a usual care arm are warranted . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01724333 Objective : Mindfulness meditation reduces psychological distress among individuals with cancer . However , mechanisms for intervention effects have not been fully determined . This study tested emotion regulation strategies as mediators of intervention effects in a sample of younger women treated for breast cancer , a group at risk for psychological distress . We focused on two distinct strategies targeted by the intervention — rumination and self-kindness— and further examined the broader construct of mindfulness as a potential mediator . Method : Women ( n = 71 ) with Stage 0-III breast cancer diagnosed at or before age 50 who had completed cancer treatment were r and omly assigned to a 6-week mindfulness intervention or wait-list control group . Assessment s occurred at study entry , postintervention , and a 3-month follow-up . Results : In single mediator analyses , increases in self-kindness ( CIB [ −7.83 , −1.93 ] ) , decreases in rumination ( CIB [ −5.05 , −.31 ] ) , and increases in mindfulness ( CIB [ −6.58 , −.82 ] ) each mediated reductions in depressive symptoms from pre- to postintervention . Increases in self-kindness also mediated reductions in perceived stress ( CIB [ −5.37 , −.62 ] ) from pre- to postintervention , and increases in self-kindness ( CIB [ −5.67 , −.22 ] ) and in mindfulness ( CIB [ −5.51 , −.16 ] ) each mediated intervention effects on perceived stress from preintervention to 3-month follow-up . In multiple mediator analysis , only self-kindness mediated intervention effects on depressive symptoms from pre- to postintervention ( CIB [ −6.41 , −.61 ] ) , and self-kindness and mindfulness together mediated intervention effects on perceived stress from preintervention to follow-up ( CIB [ −6.77 , −.35 ] ) . Conclusions : Self-kindness played a consistent role in reducing distress in younger women with breast cancer . The efficacy of this understudied emotion regulation strategy should be evaluated in other clinical population Abstract Breast cancer ( BC ) patients in China suffered from a variety of psychology stress such as perceived stress and anxiety , posttraumatic growth ( PTG ) as a positive factor could promote their psychology health and quality of life . This study aim ed to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) on promoting PTG , decreasing perceived stress and anxiety of Chinese BC patients . A r and omized controlled trial of 60 BC patients ( Stages I – III ) was conducted . They were r and omly divided to the 8-week MBSR group or usual care ( UC ) group . PTG inventory , Perceived Stress Scale of Chinese version ( CPSS ) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) evaluated the PTG level , perceived stress and anxiety at three times(before intervention-T1 , after intervention-T2 and follow up at 3 months-T3 ) . A repeated- measures analysis of variance model was used to compare each outcome measure of two groups at the three times . There was one patient discontinued the intervention and one lose to follow up in MBSR group , finally 58 BC patients completed the research . There was no difference between two groups before the intervention . The results showed significant improvements in MBSR group comparing with the UC group that PTG level was much higher after the 8-week intervention and the follow up ( F = 34.73 , p < .00 ) . At the same time , CPSS ( F = 14.41 , p < .00 ) and STAI ( F = 15.24 , p < .00 ) scores were significant decreased at T2 and T3 . The results showed that MBSR promoted the level of PTG and decreased perceived stress and anxiety state of Chinese BC patients , and the results persisted at three months after intervention . The research preliminary proved that MBSR was suitable to Chinese BC patients .  MBSR should be recommending to BC survivors in China OBJECTIVES While mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) have demonstrated efficacy in clinical population s , the potential therapeutic benefit of mindfulness in the context of cancer is less clear . The aim of this review was to critically appraise mindfulness intervention reporting and study methodology . METHODS Studies using r and omized control trial design and /or a control arm were included . PubMed , Medline , PsycINFO , CINAHL , and Embase data bases between January 1999 and 
    Output:
    
Improvements in mindfulness skills were associated with greater reductions in psychological distress at post-intervention .
MBIs appear efficacious in reducing psychological distress and other symptoms in cancer patients and -survivors .