***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Anemia and malnutrition are significant complications in peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) patients . Previous studies in hemodialysis have shown that and rogens are effective as therapy for anemia ; however , this has not been tested in a r and omized prospect i ve trial in PD patients . Furthermore , the anabolic properties of and rogens may exert additional benefits on the nutritional status in this population . METHODS Twenty-seven stable male patients over 50 years who were under maintenance continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) therapy were r and omized to receive recombinant human erythropoietin ( rHuEPO ; N = 14 ) or n and rolone decanoate ( ND ; 200 mg/week IM ; N = 13 ) as therapy for anemia . The evolution of hematologic parameters and the impact on both nutritional anthropometric and biochemical variables were evaluated after six months of treatment . RESULTS Hemoglobin and hematocrit experienced similar increases in both groups : from 8.5 + /- 0.9 g/dL and 25.8 + /- 2.7 % to 11.7 + /- 0.6 g/dL and 34.7 + /- 1.6 % ( P < 0.001 ) in patients receiving rHuEPO , and from 8.9 + /- 0.8 and 27 + /- 2.2 % to 11.8 + /- 0.4 g/dL and 35.1 + /- 1.5 % ( P < 0.001 ) in subjects treated with ND . At the end of the study , out of the diverse nutritional variables included in this investigation , only weight and body mass index significantly increased in the rHuEPO group . Conversely , both anthropometric [ weight , body mass index , triceps skinfold , mid-arm circumference ( MAC ) and mid-arm muscle circumference ( MAMC ) ] and biochemical parameters ( serum total proteins , albumin , prealbumin and transferrin ) were significantly increased in patients treated with ND . In this group , serum urea nitrogen , urea net excretion and protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance significantly decreased . These facts , together with an increase in serum creatinine and no changes in dietary intake during the study , suggest a rise in muscle mass related to an anabolic effect of n and rolone decanoate . Interestingly , serum levels of insulin-like growth factor type 1 ( IGF-1 ) increased in patients on the and rogen group compared to subjects treated with rHuEPO . Moreover , there was a positive and significant correlation between the rise in IGF-1 concentrations and the increase in hemoglobin , hematocrit , MAC and MAMC . CONCLUSIONS And rogens therapy improved the anemia in elderly male CAPD patients in a similar manner to that observed with rHuEPO . Furthermore , compared with rHuEPO , and rogen administration was associated with beneficial effects on nutritional status . The mechanism of action of and rogens on hematologic and nutritional parameters might be mediated , at least in part , by IGF-1 AIM To evaluate the effects of a protein-rich liquid supplementation , alone or in combination with the anabolic steroid n and rolone decanoate , on body composition , activities of daily living ( ADL ) status and the health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) after a femoral neck fracture . METHODS Sixty women , aged 83 + /- 5 years ( mean + /- SD ) , BMI < 24 kg/m2 ( 20.4 + /- 2 kg/m2 ) and capable of co-operating , with a femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation , were r and omised to open treatment during 6 months with a protein-rich liquid formula alone ( PR , Fortimel , 200 ml/day , 20 g protein/day ) or in combination with n and rolone decanoate ( PR/N , Deca-Durabol 25 mg i.m./3 weeks ) or to a control group ( C ) . The patients were re-examined after 6 and 12 months regarding body weight ( BW ) , lean body mass ( LBM , DXA ) , ADL status according to Katz , HRQoL according to EQ 5-D and fracture healing . RESULTS LBM decreased in the C ( -1.2 + /- 2 kg ) and PR groups ( -1.2 + /- 1 kg ) but remained the same in the PR/N group ( 0.3 + /- 1 kg ) ( P < 0.05 between groups ) . ADL remained at a high level in the two intervention groups but declined significantly in the C group ( P < 0.005 between groups ) . The decline in HRQoL was least pronounced in the PR/N group at 6 months ( P < 0.05 between groups ) . Patients with fracture healing complications lost more BW ( P < 0.05 ) and LBM ( P < 0.01 ) than patients with uneventful fracture healing . CONCLUSION Protein-rich liquid supplementation in combination with n and rolone given for 6 months to lean elderly women after a femoral neck fracture may positively affect LBM , ADL and 59 elderly patients ( mean age 82 ) with femoral neck fractures were r and omised into two groups . 27 patients received daily an oral nutrition supplement ( 250 ml , 20 g protein , 254 kcal ) for a mean of 32 days ; 32 patients acted as controls . On admission most patients had nutritional deficiencies . Despite being offered adequate quantities , nutritional requirements were not met during the hospital stay . Clinical outcome was significantly better in the supplemented group ( 56 % favourable course vs 13 % in controls ) during the stay in the convalescent hospital . The rates of complications and deaths were also significantly lower in supplemented patients ( 44 % vs 87 % ) . 6 months after the fracture the rates of complications and mortality were significantly lower in supplemented patients ( 40 % vs 74 % ) . The median duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the supplemented group ( 24 vs 40 days ) . Thus the clinical outcome of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture can be improved by once daily dietary oral supplementation A total of 63 women who had an operation for a fracture of the hip was r and omly allocated to one year of treatment either with anabolic steroids , vitamin D and calcium ( anabolic group ) or with calcium only ( control group ) . The thigh muscle volume was measured by quantitative CT . The bone mineral density of the hip , femur and tibia was assessed by quantitative CT and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and of the heel by quantitative ultrasound . Quantitative CT showed that the anabolic group did not lose muscle volume during the first 12 months whereas the control group did ( p<0.01 ) . There was less bone loss in the proximal tibia in the anabolic group than in the control group . The speed of gait and the Harris hip score were significantly better in the anabolic group after six and 12 months . Anabolic steroids , even in this moderate dose , given in combination with vitamin D and calcium had a beneficial effect on muscle volume , bone mineral density and clinical function in this group of elderly women Objective : To evaluate ox and rolone , an oral anabolic steroid with potent anabolic activity and minimal and rogenic effects , for the treatment of AIDS‐associated myopathy and wasting . Methods : In a multicenter , double‐blind study , 63 HIV‐seropositive men with > 10 % loss of body weight were r and omized to receive either placebo , 5 mg/day ox and rolone , or 15 mg/day ox and rolone for 16 weeks . Body weight , neuromuscular evaluation , and measures of well‐being were repeatedly assessed . Results : Patients who received 15 mg/day ox and rolone  showed weight gain throughout the 16‐week treatment period . Overall , the 5 mg/day ox and rolone group maintained their weight gain over the 16‐week period , whereas the placebo group showed continual weight loss . At week 16 , significantly more patients in the 15 mg/day dose group reported increases in appetite and activity than those receiving placebo . There were no consistent , dose related , statistically significant differences from baseline in laboratory values or adverse events . Conclusion : Ox and rolone , at a dose of either 5 mg/day or 15 mg/day , in contrast to placebo , had a positive impact on the weight and well‐being of HIV‐seropositive patients suffering from wasting and weakness . Measurable improvement in muscle strength was not noted at the doses employed in this study . Ox and rolone was well tolerated in all the patients who were enrolled in the study Based on the results reported here , additional studies using higher doses of ox and rolone seem warranted Abstract As the world population ages , the prevalence of osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fractures will increase dramatically , being responsible for an increase of the health expenditure . On the other h and , there is the inescapable fact of scarcity creating the necessity of making difficult choices with regard to the allocation of human re sources . So the question remains : should we carry on investing an important part of our health expenditure for the treatment of hip fractures in elderly people ? To answer this statement , we compared 384 hip fracture patients of 70 years and older treated in our department between 1978 and 1983 with 1102 patients treated between 1998 and 2003 . Both groups had a prospect i ve follow-up of at least one year . There were no statistically significant differences : mortality rate 24 % vs. 23 % ; good functional outcome 82 % vs. 73 % ; and home going rate 60 % vs. 66 % . The factors influencing these results were studied . So we can conclude : -The number of hip fractures treated nowadays has increased compared with twenty years ago ; -There is no significant improvement in mortality , nor in quality of life ; -Age is not a contraindication for hip fracture surgery BACKGROUND We examined the effects of  hip fracture  on mortality , entry into long-term institutional care , and new evidence of poverty . We estimate of the proportion of hip fracture patients who require not just short-term rehabilitation but who become dependent on long-term institutional care , and the risk of becoming newly dependent on Medicaid or eligible for low-income subsidies following hip fracture . METHODS We used data from 2005 through 2010 for a r and om 5 % sample of Medicare beneficiaries ( N = 3.1 million ) to conduct a retrospective matched cohort study . We used high-dimensional propensity score matching to compare outcomes for patients who experienced a hip fracture with subjects who did not , but had similar propensity for suffering a hip fracture . We then compared the 1-year risk of death , debility , and destitution between groups . RESULTS We matched 43,210 hip fracture patients to comparators without a hip fracture . Hip fractures were associated with more than a twofold increase in likelihood of mortality ( incidence proportion ratio [ IPR ] of 2.27 , 95 % CI , 2.20 - 2.34 ) , a fourfold increase in likelihood of requiring long-term nursing facility care ( IPR , 3.96 ; 95 % CI , 3.77 - 4.16 ) , and a twofold increase in the probability of entering into low-income status ( IPR , 2.14 ; 95 % CI 1.99 - 2.31 ) within 1 year following hip fracture compared with subjects without a hip fracture . CONCLUSIONS Hip fracture in elderly patients result ed in increased death , debility , and destitution . Initiatives that lead to improved treatment of osteoporosis could result in a decrease in incidence of fractures , subsequent death , debility , and destitution for older adults Background Hip fractures in the elderly are followed by considerable risk of functional decline and mortality . Questions / purpose sThe purpose s of this study were to ( 1 ) explore predictive factors of functional level at discharge , ( 2 ) evaluate 1-year mortality after hip fracture compared with that of the general population , and ( 3 ) evaluate the affect of early functional outcome on 1-year mortality in patients operated on for hip fractures . Methods A total of 228 consecutive patients ( average age , 77.6 ± 7.4 years ) with hip fractures who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in an open , prospect i ve , observational cohort study . Functional level at discharge was measured with the  motor Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) score  , which is the most widely accepted functional assessment measure in use in the rehabilitation community . Mortality rates in the study population were calculated in absolute numbers and as the st and ardized mortality ratio . Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore predictive factors for motor FIM score at discharge and for 1-year mortality adjusted for important baseline variables . Results Age , health status , cognitive level , preinjury functional level , and pressure sores after hip fracture surgery were independently related to lower discharge motor FIM scores . At 1-year followup , 57 patients ( 25 % ; 43 women and 14 men ) had died . The 1-year hip fracture mortality rate compared with that of the general population was 31 % in our population versus 7 % for men and 23 % in our population versus 5 % for women 65 years or older . The 1-year st and ardized mortality rate was 341.3 ( 95 % CI , 162.5–520.1 ) for men and 301.6 ( 95 % CI , 212.4–391.8 ) for women , respectively . The all- 
    Output:
    
The available evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions on the effects , primarily in terms of functional outcome and adverse events , of anabolic steroids , either separately or in combination with nutritional supplements , after surgical treatment of hip fracture in older people .