***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the haemodynamic changes during induction , as well as the speed and quality of recovery when propofol ( vs thiopentone and /or halothane ) was used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in paediatric out patients . One hundred unmedicated children , 3–12-yr-old , scheduled for ambulatory surgery were studied . The most common surgical procedures performed were eye muscle surgery ( 42 % ) , plastic surgery ( 21 % ) , dental restoration ( 15 % ) , and urological procedures ( 15 % ) . The children were r and omized to an anaesthetic regimen for induction/maintenance as follows : propofol/propofol infusion ; propofol/halothane ; thiopentone/halothane ; halothane for both induction and maintenance . Succinylcholine 1.5 mg · kg−1 was used to facilitate tracheal intubation and N2O/O2 were used as the carrier gases in each case . All maintenance drugs were titrated according to the clinical response of the patient to prevent movement and /or maintain BP ± 20 % of baseline . Two patients ( 4 % ) who received propofol expressed discomfort during injection . The mean propofol dose required to prevent movement was 267 ± 83 μg · kg−1 · min−1 . The overall pattern of haemodynamic changes , as well as awakening ( extubation ) times were not different among the four groups . Children who received propofol recovered faster ( 22 vs 29–36 min ) ( P < 0.05 ) , were discharged home sooner ( 101 vs 127–144 min ) ( P < 0.05 ) , and had less postoperative vomiting ( 4 vs 24–48 % ) ( P < 0.05 ) than all others . There were no serious complications or adverse postoperative sequelae in any of the patients in the study . It is concluded that induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol is a well-tolerated anaesthetic technique in children , and is associated with faster recovery and discharged as well as less vomiting than when halothane is used . RésuméL’objet de cette étude est d’évaluer les changements hémodynamiques à l’induction ainsi que la vitesse et la qualité du réveil , lorsque le propofol ( versus thiopental et/ou halothane ) est utilisé pour l’induction et l’entretien de l’anesthésie d’enfants en ambulatoire . On a étudié 100 enfants dépourvus de traitement , entre 3 et 12 ans , programmés pour une chirurgie ambulatoire . Les chirurgies les plus habituelles sont la cure de strabisme ( 42 % ) , la chirurgie plastique ( 21 % ) , la restauration dentaire ( 15 % ) et les interventions urologiques ( 15 % ) . Les enfants sont distribués aléatoirement pour une anesthésie d’induction/entretien comme suit : propofol/infusion de propofol ; propofol/ halothane ; thiopental/halothane ; halothane pour l’induction et l’entretien . On a utilisé la succinylcholine 1,5 mg · kg−1 pour faciliter l’intubation trachéale et le N2O/O2 est utilisé comme véhicule gazeux dans tous les cas . Pour l’entretien de l’anesthésie , les agents sont titrés en fonction de la réponse clinique du patient afin de prévoir les mouvements et/ou de maintenir la pression artérielle à ±20 % de la valeur de base . Deux patients ( 4 % ) ont manifesté un inconfort pendant l’injection de propofol . La dose moyenne de propofol requise pour prévenir le mouvement est de 267 ± 83 μg · kg−1 · min−1 . Autant le profil général des variations hémodynamiques que le moment du réveil ( extubation ) sont identiques dans les quatre groupes . Les enfants qui reçoivent le propofol se réveillent plus vite ( 22 secondes versus 29–36 min ) , ( P < 0,05 ) sont renvoyés plus tôt à la maison ( 101 versus 127–144 min ) ( P < 0,05 ) et ont moins de vomissements post-opératoires ( 4 versus 24–48 % ) ( P < 0,05 ) . Il n’y a pas eu de complications sérieuses ni de séquelles postopératoires chez aucun des patients de l’étude . On en conclut que l’induction et l’entretien de l’anesthésie avec le propofol est une technique bien tolérée chez l’enfant , associée avec un réveil et un départ plus rapides ainsi que des vomissements moindres que lors de l’utilisation d’halothane The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and requirements for anti-emetic medication were assessed in 80 female patients undergoing day-case anaesthesia during assisted conception therapy . Anaesthesia was induced with alfentanil 50 μg · kg−1 and propofol 1 mg · kg−1 ; atracurium 0.5 mg · kg−1 was given to facilitate tracheal intubation . The patients were allocated to receive either total intravenous maintenance of anaesthesia with an infusion of propofol and increments of alfentanil ( Group P ) or inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and enflurane ( Group E ) . Postoperative nausea , retching , vomiting , requirements for anti-emetic therapy , and unplanned admission for overnight stay in hospital were recorded . Overall incidence of nausea was 64 % in group E and 39 % in Croup P ( P < 0.05 ) . Incidence of vomiting was 67 % in Group E and 34 % in Group P ( P < 0.05 ) . Metoclopramide was requested by 62 % of patients in Group E , and 32 % of those in Group P ( P < 0.05 ) ; 21 % of the patients in Group E were admitted to hospital overnight , while only 5 % of the patients in Group P required unscheduled admission to hospital ( P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil is superior to inhalational maintenance with nitrous oxide and enflurane in that it is associated with less nausea and vomiting , less requirement for anti-emetic medication , and a lower probability of unplanned admission to hospital after day-care gynaecological surgery . RésuméL’incidence de nausées et vomissements en période postopératoire et le besoin de médication antiémétique a été évalué chez 80 patientes devant subir une anesthésie ( cas d’un jour ) pendant une séance de conception assistée . L’induction de l’anesthésie s’est faite à l’aide d’alfentanil 50 μg · kg−1 et de propofol 1 mg · kg−1 ; l’intubation endotrachéale a été facilitée à l’aide d’atracurium 0,5 mg · kg−1 . L’anesthésie était maintenue soit à l’aide d’une technique intraveineuse totale , en utilisant une infusion de propofol et des bolus d’alfentanil ( groupe P ) , soit à l’aide d’une technique d’inhalation en utilisant le protoxyde d’azote et l’enflurane ( groupe E ) . Pendant la période postopératoire , les nausées , les efforts de vomissement , les vomissements , le besoin de thérapie antiémétique , et les admissions hospitalières imprévues pour une nuit étaient notés . L’incidence globale de nausées était de 64 % dans le groupe E et 39 % dans le groupe P ( P < 0,05 ) . L’incidence de vomissements était de 67 % dans le groupe E et de 34 % dans le groupe P ( P < 0,05 ) . Soixante-deux pourcent des patientes du groupe E ont dem and é du métoclopramide , comparativement à 32 % du groupe P ( P < 0,05 ) ; 21 % des patientes du grope E ont été admises à l’hôpital pour une nuit , t and is que seulement 5 % des patientes du groupe P l’ont été ( P < 0,05 ) . Nous concluons que l’anesthésie à l’aide d’une technique intraveineuse totale , avec propofol et alfentanil , est supérieure à une anesthésie par inhalation à l’aide de protoxyde d’azote et d’enflurane car elle est associée à une incidence moins élevée de nausées et vomissements , un besoin moindre de médication antiémétique , et une probabilité plus faible d’admissions hospitalières imprévues après une chirurgie gynécologique d’un jour This study was an authors comparison of the effects of and recovery from anesthesia in healthy , premedicated pediatric out patients who received either inhaled anesthetics ( group 1 ) or propofol ( group 2 ) . Group 1 ( n = 68 ) averaged 3.8 + /- 0.2 yr and weighed 17.7 + /- 0.8 kg , whereas group 2 ( n = 75 ) averaged 3.3 + /- 0.2 yr and weighed 16.3 + /- 0.6 kg . The incidence of vomiting in the Postanesthetic Care Unit ( PACU ) and from discharge to the first postoperative morning was lower in the group receiving propofol ( 0 % and 18 % ) than in the group receiving volatile agents ( 7 % and 34 % , P < 0.05 ) . The incidence of airway obstruction during induction of anesthesia was higher ( 34 % vs 10 % , P < 0.01 ) in children receiving inhaled agent .  Withdrawal of the extremity with propofol injection occurred in 14 ( 19 % ) patients . Arterial blood pressure was higher at loss of consciousness , laryngoscopy , and tracheal intubation in group 2 ( P < 0.01 ) . The length of time from the end of surgery to extubation of the trachea , recovery scores , and length of time spent in the PACU and the Day Surgery Unit were the same in the two groups . Pain scores obtained in the PACU were not different . The data indicate that propofol can be used safely to induce and maintain anesthesia in healthy pediatric out patients . This coupled with the low incidence of vomiting and airway obstruction in the propofol group suggests distinct and compelling reasons to consider using the drug in this patient population STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of anesthesia and recovery and the frequency of postanesthetic retching and vomiting with propofol anesthesia for pediatric strabismus surgery . DESIGN R and omized , open , prospect i ve study . SETTING University hospital . PATIENTS Forty children scheduled for strabismus surgery . INTERVENTIONS The 40 patients were all premedicated with oral midazolam and received intraoperative opioids .  They were divided into two groups : Twenty children received propofol at induction , followed by maintenance of anesthesia with propofol infusion and an oxygen-nitrous oxide ( O2-N2O ) mixture . The other 20 children received thiopental sodium at induction , followed by isoflurane in an O2-N2O mixture . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At induction , pain and spontaneous movements were seen significantly more with propofol ( 11 of 20 vs. 0 of 20 for pain and 13 of 20 vs. 0 of 20 for spontaneous movements ; p < 0.001 ) , whereas thoracic rigidity was observed only with thiopental sodium ( 4 of 20 ) . During maintenance of anesthesia , significantly more oculocardiac reflexes were seen with propofol ( 10 of 20 vs. 3 of 20 ; p < 0.02 ) . The interval between termination of anesthesia and extubation was significantly shorter with propofol ( 13 minutes vs. 16 minutes ; p < 0.02 ) . For the first 24 hours after surgery , significantly less retching and vomiting were observed in the propofol group ( 4 of 20 vs. 11 of 20 ; p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Propofol induction and maintenance of anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children significantly lowers the frequency of postanesthetic retching and vomiting , but propofol is associated with pain and spontaneous movements at induction and a high frequency of oculocardiac reflexes during maintenance infusion We have compared the recovery profiles of 163 healthy Chinese children after general anaesthesia for minor surgical procedures . Patients were allocated r and omly to receive one of four anaesthetic techniques : propofol infusion for induction and maintenance using a pharmacokinetic model-controlled syringe pump set initially at a target concentration of 8 micrograms ml-1 and then adjusted according to clinical requirements ; propofol 2.5 - 3.5 mg kg-1 , thiopentone 4 - 5 mg kg-1 or 2 - 3 % halothane for induction of anaesthesia followed by 1 - 2 % halothane for maintenance of anaesthesia . All patients breathed a mixture of 70 % nitrous oxide in oxygen through a laryngeal mask airway and received an appropriate regional anaesthetic block 
    Output:
    
The effect of propofol on PONV was dependent mainly on the method of administration , time of measurement and range of control event rates .
In all other situations the difference between propofol and control may have reached statistical significance but was of doubtful clinical relevance .