***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A r and omised control trial evaluated the effectiveness of a theory-based persuasive leaflet design ed to encourage students to undertake at least one additional physical exercise session a week . Participants were 503 secondary school students attending a school in South-East Engl and . The leaflet was written to target potentially modifiable cognitive antecedents of exercise specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour . It was separately augmented with two cognitive change techniques , result ing in three intervention conditions , leaflet alone ; leaflet plus motivational quiz , and leaflet plus implementation intention prompt , as well as a no-leaflet control condition .  Cognitions and behaviour were measured immediately before and 3 weeks after intervention . The results showed that all three-leaflet interventions significantly increased reported exercise , intention to exercise and related cognitions , compared to the control condition , but did not differ in their impact . Mediation analysis showed that intervention effects on exercise were partially mediated by intentions and perceived behavioural control PURPOSE The present study investigates the effect of the Activ-O-Meter , an internet-based computer-tailored physical activity intervention in adolescents in six European centers involved in the HELENA study . METHODS Adolescents ( 12 - 17 years old ) from Vienna , Ghent , Heraklion , Dortmund , Athens , and Stockholm were r and omized into intervention and control schools . Participants in the intervention condition received the computer-tailored advice at baseline and after 1 month . Participants in the control condition received a generic st and ard advice . Effects were evaluated after 1 ( n = 675 ) and 3 months ( n = 494 ) using multi-level modeling . Physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Question naire for adolescents ( IPAQ-A ) . RESULTS After 1 month , the intervention group reported higher levels of moderate ( beta = -32.8 , 95 % CI ( confidence interval ) : -64.2 to -1.4 ) and vigorous ( beta = -28.0 , 95 % CI : -50.7 to -5.3 ) physical activity in leisure time , as well as higher levels of cycling for transport ( beta = -19.1 , 95 % CI : -34.4 to -7.6 ) compared to the control group . After 3 months , when the intervention group had received the tailored feedback twice , intervention effects were even stronger . Favorable changes in physical activity levels of all intensities and in different context s were found in the tailored group compared to the control group . Among adolescents not reaching the physical activity recommendations at baseline similar effects as in the total sample were found . CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that the computer-tailored physical activity intervention had positive effects on physical activity levels among the adolescents . However , the implementation of the computer-tailored intervention in the schools was not feasible in all countries BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate stability of physical activity  from childhood and adolescence to adulthood in multiple age cohorts , and analyze how well adult physical activity can be predicted by various physical activity variables measured in childhood and adolescence . METHODS The data were drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study . The study was started in 1980 , when cohorts of r and omly sample d boys and girls aged 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , and 18 years ( total of 2309 subjects ) were examined for the first time . The measurements were repeated in 1983 , 1986 , 1989 , 1992 , and 2001 . In 2001 , the subjects ( n = 1563 , 68 % ) were aged 24 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 36 , and 39 years , respectively .  Physical activity  was measured by means of a short self-report question naire that was administered individually in connection with a medical examination . On the basis of a question naire , a physical activity index ( PAI ) was calculated . There were no significant differences in the 1980 PAI between participants and dropouts in 2001 . RESULTS Spearmans rank order correlation coefficients for the 21-year tracking period varied from 0.33 to 0.44 in males , and from 0.14 to 0.26 in females . At shorter time intervals the correlation was higher . On average , the tracking correlation was lower in females than in males . Persistent physical activity , defined as a score in the most active third of the PAI in two or three consecutive measurements , increased the odds that an individual would be active in adulthood . Odds ratios for 3-year continuous activity versus continuous inactivity varied from 4.30 to 7.10 in males and 2.90 to 5.60 in females . The corresponding odds ratios for 6-year persistence were 8.70 to 10.80 and 5.90 to 9.40 . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that a high level of physical activity at ages 9 to 18 , especially when continuous , significantly predicted a high level of adult physical activity . Although the correlations were low or moderate , we consider it important that school-age physical activity appears to influence adult physical activity , and through it , the public health of the general population BACKGROUND This study reports on effectiveness trial outcomes of Health in Motion , a computer tailored multiple behavior intervention for adolescents . METHODS Using school as level of assignment , students ( n=1800 ) from eight high schools in four states ( RI , TN , MA , and NY ) were stratified and r and omly assigned to no treatment or a multi-media intervention for physical activity , fruit and vegetable consumption , and limited TV viewing between 2006 and 2007 . RESULTS Intervention effects on continuous outcomes , on movement to action and maintenance stages , and on stability within action and maintenance stages were evaluated using r and om effects modeling . Effects were most pronounced for fruit and vegetable consumption and for total risks across all time points and for each behavior immediately post intervention . Co-variation of behavior change occurred within the treatment group , where individuals progressing to action or maintenance for one behavior were 1.4 - 4.2 times more likely to make similar progress on another behavior . CONCLUSION Health in Motion is an innovative , multiple behavior obesity prevention intervention relevant for all adolescents that relies solely on interactive technology to deliver tailored feedback . The outcomes of the effectiveness trial demonstrate both an ability to initiate behavior change across multiple energy balance behaviors simultaneously and feasibility for ease of dissemination This r and omized clinical trial tested the impact of a website promoting nutrition and physical activity for adolescents ( Teen Choice : Food and Fitness ) . Participants , ( 408 ) 12- to 17-year-old adolescents in the Houston area , completed online surveys measuring diet , physical activity , sedentary behavior and diet/physical activity mediators at baseline . After r and omization , they were asked to log onto either the intervention or the control condition website weekly for 8 weeks to review web content and set goals to improve dietary and physical activity behaviors . Post-test occurred after 8 weeks . Logistic regression analyses and one-way analyses of covariance were used in the analyses . At post , more intervention group adolescents reported eating three or more daily vegetable servings in the past week compared with the control group ( P < 0.05 ) ; both groups reported significant increases in physical activity ( P < 0.001 ) and significant decreases in TV watching ( P < 0.01 ) . Average log on rate was 75 % over the 8 weeks ; there was no difference by condition . The website enabled adolescents to improve vegetable intake and daily physical activity , reduce sedentary behavior and had a high log on rate . Future research should identify effective methods for disseminating this website to wider audiences OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a 3-month minimal physical activity ( PA ) intervention  in adolescents . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial , including five secondary schools ( n=87 ) . In the 3-month intervention ( Amsterdam , The Netherl and s , 2005 ) adolescents were provided with a PAM accelerometer , coupled to a web-based tailored PA advice ( PAM COACH ) . Measurements ( i.e. , PA , determinants of PA , aerobic fitness and anthropometrics ) took place at baseline and at 3- and 8-month follow-up . RESULTS Sixty-five percent of the participants in the intervention group reported to have worn the PAM  frequently and 56 % of the PAM users uploaded their PAM scores to the PAM COACH at least once . We found significant differences between groups in favour of the intervention group in moderate intensity PA ( MPA ) for girls after 3 months ( 411 min/week ; 95 % CI : 1 ; 824 ; P=0.04 ) and in sedentary time for boys after 8 months ( -1801 min/week ; 95 % CI : -3545 ; -57 ; P=0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although the process evaluation suggests that a substantial proportion of the participants did not regularly wear the PAM and did not upload information to the PAM COACH website , our findings suggest promising intervention effects on MPA among girls and sedentary time among boys OBJECTIVE To evaluate the short- and long-term results of FATaintPHAT , a Web-based computer-tailored intervention aim ing to increase physical activity , decrease sedentary behavior , and promote healthy eating to contribute to the prevention of excessive weight gain  among adolescents . DESIGN Cluster r and omized trial with an intervention group and a no-intervention control group . SETTING Twenty schools in the Netherl and s. PARTICIPANTS A total of 883 students ( aged 12 - 13 years ) . INTERVENTION The FATaintPHAT ( VETisnietVET in Dutch ) Web-based computer-tailored intervention . OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported behaviors ( diet , physical activity , sedentary behavior ) and pedometer counts were measured at baseline and at 4-month and 2-year follow-up ; body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , and fitness were measured at baseline and at 2-year follow-up . Descriptive and multilevel regression analyses were conducted among the total study population and among students not meeting behavioral recommendations at baseline ( students at risk ) . RESULTS The complete case analyses showed that FATaintPHAT had no effect on BMI and waist circumference . However , the intervention was associated with lower odds ( 0.54 ) of drinking more than 400 mL of sugar-sweetened beverages per day and with lower snack intake ( β = -0.81 snacks/d ) and higher vegetable intake ( β = 19.3 g/d ) but also with a lower step count ( β = -10 856 steps/wk ) at 4-month follow-up . In addition , among students at risk , FATaintPHAT had a positive effect on fruit consumption ( β = 0.39 g/d ) at 4-month follow-up and on step count ( β = 14 228 steps/wk ) at 2-year follow-up but an inverse effect on the odds of sports participation ( odds ratio , 0.45 ) at 4-month follow-up . No effects were found for sedentary behavior . CONCLUSION The FATaintPHAT intervention was associated with positive short-term effects on diet but with no effects or unfavorable effects on physical activity and sedentary behavior Purpose . The purpose of this pilot study was to conduct an impact evaluation of a 10-week Web-based physical activity intervention . Design . Quasi-experimental , three-group pretest , posttest design . Setting . Large Midwestern university . Subjects . Participants ( N = 233 ) included college students registered for three courses . The study employed a convenience sample consisting of a Web-based group ( n = 108 ) , a physical activity group ( n = 64 ) , and a general health group ( n = 61 ) . Intervention . The Web-based group received a Social Cognitive Theory behavioral skill-building intervention and exercised 3 days per week in their leisure time . The physical activity group received exercise instruction and was required to attend three physical activity labs per week . The comparison group received health instruction . Measures . Outcome variables included moderate and vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , social support , self-efficacy , and outcome expectations and expectancies . Analysis . Differences between groups were assessed at pretest and posttest using multiple analyses of variance . Results . Vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , and outcome expectancy value changed significantly in the Web-based and physical activity course groups ( p < .01 ) . Conclusions . Even with consideration of limitations such as small sample size and lack of r and omization , the Web-based and traditional physical activity lecture and activity lab interventions were superior in eliciting changes in vigorous physical activity , self-regulation , and outcome expectancy value than a traditional health course . ( Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:227–230 . Objective : To assess the effectiveness of a child care center-based  parent and teacher healthy lifestyle role-modeling program on  child nutrition and physical activity outcomes . Methods : Child care centers ( N = 28 ) serving low-income families were r and omized to intervention or control arms . Intervention centers ( N = 12 ) implemented ( 1 ) menu modifications , ( 2 ) a child 's healthy lifestyle curriculum , and ( 3 ) an adult ( teacher- and parent-focused ) healthy lifestyle role-modeling curriculum . Control centers ( N = 16 ) received an attention control safety curriculum . Nutrition and physical activity data were collected at the beginning ( T1 ) and at the end ( T2 ) of the school year . Exploratory factor analysis identified positive and negative nutrition and physical activity practice s by children , parents , and teachers . Results : Intervention parents ' baseline ( & bgr ; = .52 , p < .0001 ) and school year consumption ( & bgr ; = .47 , p < .0 
    Output:
    
Studies that did not use a theoretical principle to underpin their intervention did not achieve successful results .
Interventions based on social cognitive theory were very successful in achieving an increase in PA .
The theory of planned behaviour had mixed results , with studies having contrasting results .
Specific , measurable , achievable , relevant and time-bound ( SMART ) goal principle was not effective in increasing PA but had positive findings in supplementary outcomes such as goal setting .
E-health interventions are a very successful way to increase PA .