***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background The issue of osteoporosis-induced fractures has attracted the world ’s attention . Postmenopausal women are particularly at risk for this type of fracture . The nonmedicinal intervention for postmenopausal women is mainly exercise . Whole body vibration ( WBV ) is a simple and convenient exercise . There have been some studies investigating the effect of WBV on osteoporosis ; however , the intervention models and results are different . This study mainly investigated the effect of high-frequency and high-magnitude WBV on the bone mineral density ( BMD ) of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women . Methods This study r and omized 28 postmenopausal women into either the WBV group or the control group for a 6-month trial . The WBV group received an intervention of high-frequency ( 30 Hz ) and high-magnitude ( 3.2 g ) WBV in a natural full-st and ing posture for 5 minutes , three times per week , at a sports center . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the lumbar BMD of the two groups before and after the intervention . Results Six months later , the BMD of the WBV group had significantly increased by 2.032 % ( P=0.047 ) , while that of the control group had decreased by 0.046 % ( P=0.188 ) . The comparison between the two groups showed that the BMD of the WBV group had increased significantly ( P=0.016 ) . Conclusion This study found that 6 months of high-frequency and high-magnitude WBV yielded significant benefits to the BMD of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women , and could therefore be provided as an alternative exercise Background Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) is a new type of exercise that has been increasingly tested for the ability to prevent  bone fractures and osteoporosis in frail people . There are two currently marketed vibrating plates : a ) the whole plate oscillates up and down ; b ) reciprocating vertical displacements on the left and right side of a fulcrum , increasing the lateral accelerations . A few studies have shown recently the effectiveness of the up- and -down plate for increasing Bone Mineral Density ( BMD ) and balance ; but the effectiveness of the reciprocating plate technique remains mainly unknown . The aim was to compare the effects of WBV using a reciprocating platform at frequencies lower than 20 Hz and a walking-based exercise programme on BMD and balance in post-menopausal women .  Methods Twenty-eight physically untrained post-menopausal women were assigned at r and om to a WBV group or a Walking group . Both experimental programmes consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 months . Each vibratory session included 6 bouts of 1 min ( 12.6 Hz in frequency and 3 cm in amplitude with 60 ° of knee flexion ) with 1 min rest between bouts . Each walking session was 55 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of stretching . Hip and lumbar BMD ( g·cm-2 ) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and balance was assessed by the blind flamingo test . ANOVA for repeated measurements was adjusted by baseline data , weight and age . Results After 8 months , BMD at the femoral neck in the WBV group was increased by 4.3 % ( P = 0.011 ) compared to the Walking group . In contrast , the BMD at the lumbar spine was unaltered in both groups . Balance was improved in the WBV group ( 29 % ) but not in the Walking group . Conclusion The 8-month course of vibratory exercise using a reciprocating plate is feasible and is more effective than walking to improve two major determinants of bone fractures : hip BMD and balance PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different whole-body vibration ( WBV ) frequencies on oxygenation of vastus lateralis ( VL ) and gastrocnemius medialis ( GM ) muscles during static squatting in sedentary and physically active healthy males . METHODS Twenty volunteers ( age : 24.6 + /- 2.9 yr ; body mass : 80.6 + /- 11.8 kg ; height : 178.1 + /- 7.6 cm ) participated in this study . Ten subjects were sedentary individuals and 10 were athletes practicing different sports . All subjects completed four trials ( control , and 30- , 40- , and 50-Hz WBV ) in a r and omized controlled crossover design . The trials consisted of static squatting on a vibrating platform for a total duration of 110 s. Muscle-oxygenation status was recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The data analysis revealed no significant treatment-by-time interactions in tissue-oxygenation index ( TOI ) or Delta total hemoglobin volume ( tHb ) in VL and GM muscles . A significant main effect of time in TOI of both VL and GM muscles was identified ( P<0.001 ) . VL TOI significantly decreased by 2.8 % at 90 s in the control condition and by 3.3 % at 110 s in the 30-Hz condition ; VL TOI significantly increased by 2.1 and 3.0 % at 30 s in the 40- and 50-Hz conditions , respectively . GM TOI significantly decreased by 3.2 % at 60 s , by 4.1 % at 90 s , and by 4.3 % at 110 s in the control condition , and by 5.5 % at 110 s in the 30-Hz condition . CONCLUSION This study showed that WBV exercise with frequencies of 30 , 40 , and 50 Hz and small amplitudes does not affect muscle oxygenation of VL and GM muscles to a higher degree than a nonvibration condition Background and aims : Exercise may enhance the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and reduce chronic back pain in elderly women with osteoporosis . The aim of this study was to determine whether whole-body vibration exercise would enhance the effect of alendronate on lumbar BMD and bone turnover , and reduce chronic back pain in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis . Methods : Fifty post-menopausal women with osteoporosis , 55–88 years of age , were r and omly divided into two groups of 25 patients each : one taking alendronate ( 5 mg daily , ALN ) and one taking alendronate plus exercise ( ALN+EX ) . Exercise consisted of whole-body vibration using a Galileo machine ( Novotec , Pforzheim , Germany ) , at an intensity of 20 Hz , frequency once a week , and duration of exercise 4 minutes . The study lasted 12 months . Lumbar BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( Hologic QDR 1500W ) . Urinary cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen ( NTX ) and serum alkaline phos-phatase ( ALP ) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and st and ard laboratory techniques , respectively . Chronic back pain was evaluated by face scale score at baseline and every 6 months . Results : There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , including age , body mass index , years since menopause , lumbar BMD , urinary NTX and serum ALP levels , or face scale score between the two groups . The increase in lumbar BMD and the reduction in urinary NTX and serum ALP levels were similar in the ALN and ALN+EX groups . However , the reduction in chronic back pain was greater in the ALN+EX group than in the ALN group . Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that whole-body vibration exercise using a Galileo machine appears to be useful in reducing chronic back pain , probably by relaxing the back muscles in post-menopausal osteoporotic women treated with alendronate It is generally believed that mechanical signals must be large in order to be anabolic to bone tissue . Recent evidence indicates , however , that extremely low-magnitude ( < 10 microstrain ) mechanical signals readily stimulate bone formation if induced at a high frequency . We examined the ability of extremely low-magnitude , high-frequency mechanical signals to restore anabolic bone cell activity inhibited by disuse . Adult female rats were r and omly assigned to six groups : baseline control , age-matched control , mechanically stimulated for 10 min/day , disuse ( hind limb suspension ) , disuse interrupted by 10 min/day of weight bearing , and disuse interrupted by 10 min/day of mechanical stimulation . After a 28 day protocol , bone formation rates ( BFR ) in the proximal tibia of mechanically stimulated rats increased compared with age-matched control ( + 97 % ) . Disuse alone reduced BFR ( -92 % ) , a suppression only slightly curbed when disuse was interrupted by 10 min of weight bearing ( -61 % ) . In contrast , disuse interrupted by 10 min per day of low-level mechanical intervention normalized BFR to values seen in age-matched controls . This work indicates that this noninvasive , extremely low-level stimulus may provide an effective biomechanical intervention for the bone loss that plagues long-term space flight , bed rest , or immobilization caused by paralysis UNLABELLED High-frequency mechanical strain seems to stimulate bone strength in animals . In this r and omized controlled trial , hip BMD was measured in postmenopausal women after a 24-week whole body vibration ( WBV ) training program . Vibration training significantly increased BMD of the hip . These findings suggest that WBV training might be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis . INTRODUCTION High-frequency mechanical strain has been shown to stimulate bone strength in different animal models . However , the effects of vibration exercise on the human skeleton have rarely been studied . Particularly in postmenopausal women-who are most at risk of developing osteoporosis-r and omized controlled data on the safety and efficacy of vibration loading are lacking . The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to assess the musculoskeletal effects of high-frequency loading by means of whole body vibration ( WBV ) in postmenopausal women . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy volunteers ( age , 58 - 74 years ) were r and omly assigned to a whole body vibration training group ( WBV , n = 25 ) , a resistance training group ( RES , n = 22 ) , or a control group ( CON , n = 23 ) . The WBV group and the RES group trained three times weekly for 24 weeks . The WBV group performed static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform ( 35 - 40 Hz , 2.28 - 5.09 g ) , which mechanically loaded the bone and evoked reflexive muscle contractions . The RES group trained knee extensors by dynamic leg press and leg extension exercises , increasing from low ( 20 RM ) to high ( 8 RM ) resistance . The CON group did not participate in any training . Hip bone density was measured using DXA at baseline and after the 6-month intervention . Isometric and dynamic strength were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer . Data were analyzed by means of repeated measures ANOVA . RESULTS No vibration-related side effects were observed . Vibration training improved isometric and dynamic muscle strength ( + 15 % and + 16 % , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) and also significantly increased BMD of the hip ( + 0.93 % , p < 0.05 ) . No changes in hip BMD were observed in women participating in resistance training or age-matched controls ( -0.60 % and -0.62 % , respectively ; not significant ) . Serum markers of bone turnover did not change in any of the groups . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that WBV training may be a feasible and effective way to modify well-recognized risk factors for falls and fractures in older women and support the need for further human studies This large prospect i ve cohort study was undertaken to construct a fall-risk model for elderly . The emphasis of the study rests on easily measurable predictors for any falls and recurrent falls . The occurrence of falls among 1285 community-dwelling elderly aged 65 years and over was followed during 1 year by means of a " fall calendar . " Physical , cognitive , emotional and social functioning preceding the registration of falls were studied as potential predictors of fall-risk . Previous falls , visual impairment , urinary incontinence and use of benzodiazepines were the strongest predictors identified in the risk profile model for any falls ( area under the curve [ AUC ] = 0.65 ) , whereas previous falls , visual impairment , urinary incontinence and functional limitations proved to be the strongest predictors in the model for recurrent falls ( AUC = 0.71 ) . The probability of recurrent falls for subsequent scores of the screening test ranged from 4.7 % ( 95 % Confidence Interval [ CI ] : 4.0 - 5.4 % ) to 46.8 % ( 95 % CI : 43.0 - 50.6 % ) . Our study provides a fall-risk screening test based on four easily measurable predictors that can be used for fall-risk stratification in community-dwelling elderly BACKGROUND Age-related decline in muscle power may be an early indicator of balance deficits and fall risk , even in nonfrail adults . This study examined the dose-dependent effect of power training on balance performance in healthy older adults . METHODS One hundred twelve community-dwelling healthy older adults ( 69 + /- 6 years ) were r and omized to 8 - 12 weeks of power training at 20 % ( LOW ) , 50 % ( MED ) , or 80 % ( HIGH ) of maximal strength , or a nontraining control ( 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Low-magnitude whole-body vibration therapy can provide a significant improvement in reducing bone loss in the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women .
Moreover , whole-body vibration can be used as an intervention for fall prevention