***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The current review aim ed to systematic ally identify dietary , physical activity and sedentary behaviours in preschool children ( 4 - 6 years of age ) that are prospect ively related to overweight or obesity later in childhood . Prospect i ve studies published between January 1990 and June 2010 were selected from search es in PubMed , EMBASE , PsycINFO , CINAHL and Cochrane Library . Studies examining the prospect i ve association between at least one relevant behaviour measured during preschool period ( children aged 4 - 6 years at baseline ) in relation to at least one anthropometric measurement at follow-up ( age < 18 years ) were included . Harvest plots were used to summarize the results and draw conclusions from the evidence . Of the 8,718 retrieved papers , 23 papers reporting on 15 different study sample s were included in this review . Strong evidence was found for an inverse association between total physical activity and overweight . Moderate evidence was observed for a positive association between television viewing and overweight . Because of the heterogeneity in the assessed dietary behaviours , insufficient evidence was found for an association between  dietary intake or specific dietary behaviours and overweight . These results suggest that interventions aim ing to prevent overweight among preschool children should focus on promotion of total physical activity and limitation of screen time and that further research is needed to establish whether and which dietary behaviours are important for obesity prevention in this age group . However , despite the lack of evidence for dietary behaviours from the present review , future interventions may already target specific dietary behaviours that are highly prevalent and for which there a clear rationale as well as preliminary evidence that these behaviours are associated with overweight Aims This study assessed the efficacy of a school-based healthy lifestyle intervention ( Sport for LIFE ) for increasing physical activity , decreasing sedentary behaviour , reducing screen time behaviour , encouraging healthy attitudes and behaviour to nutrition , and reducing body mass index ( BMI ) in 8–9-year-old primary school children from lower socioeconomic background s in Northern Irel and . Methods A non-r and omised controlled trial of 416 children from 24 schools took part . Schools were r and omly assigned to one of two groups , an intervention or control group with 12 schools in each group . The intervention group received a 12-week school-based programme based on social cognitive theory . At baseline and follow-up , groups completed question naires assessing physical activity , screen time behaviour and dietary patterns . On each occasion anthropometric assessment  s of height and weight were taken . Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by accelerometry . Results Significant effects were observed for vigorous , moderate and light activity for the intervention group at follow-up . Sedentary behaviour was significantly reduced for the intervention group but not for the control group . No significant effects of the intervention on BMI , screen time behaviour or attitudes to nutrition , with the exception of non-core foods , were shown . Conclusions The programme was effective in increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour , however no significant changes in screen time behaviour and attitude to nutrition , with the exception of non-core foods , were observed . Future research ideas are offered for tackling low levels of physical activity in children OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of after-school dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , among African-American girls . DESIGN Twelve-week , 2-arm parallel group , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Low-income neighborhoods . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-one 8 - 10-year-old African-American girls and their parents/guardians . INTERVENTIONS The treatment intervention consisted of after-school dance classes at 3 community centers , and a 5-lesson intervention , delivered in participants ' homes , and design ed to reduce television , videotape , and video game use . The active control intervention consisted of disseminating newsletters and delivering health education lectures . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Implementation and process measures , body mass index , waist circumference , physical activity measured by accelerometry , self-reported media use , and meals eaten with TV . RESULTS Recruitment and retention goals were exceeded . High rates of participation were achieved for assessment s and intervention activities , except where transportation was lacking . All interventions received high satisfaction ratings . At follow up , girls in the treatment group , as compared to the control group , exhibited trends toward lower body mass index ( adjusted difference = -.32 kg/m2 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] -.77 , .12 ; Cohen 's d = .38 st and ard deviation units ) and waist circumference ( adjusted difference = -.63 cm , 95 % CI -1.92 , .67 ; d = .25 ) ; increased after-school physical activity ( adjusted difference = 55.1 counts/minute , 95 % CI -115.6 , 225.8 ; d = .21 ) ; and reduced television , videotape , and video game use ( adjusted difference = -4.96 hours/week , 95 % CI -11.41 , 1.49 ; d = .40 ) . The treatment group reported significantly reduced household television viewing ( d = .73 , P = .007 ) and fewer dinners eaten while watching TV ( adjusted difference = -1.60 meals/week , 95 % CI -2.99 , -.21 ; d = .59 ; P = .03 ) . Treatment group girls also reported less concern about weight ( d = .60 ; P = .03 ) , and a trend toward improved school grade s ( d = .51 ; P = .07 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of using dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , in African-American girls Background : Population -based studies directed at promoting physical activity in youth have shown limited success in obesity prevention . Objective : To assess whether an intervention integrating environmental changes to induce sustained changes in physical activity , prevents overweight in adolescents . Design : Four-year r and omized trial started in 2002 in eight middle schools of Eastern France . The intervention , r and omized at school level , was design ed to promote physical activity by changing attitudes through debates and attractive activities , and by providing social support and environmental changes encouraging physical activity . Subjects : Nine hundred and fifty four 12-year-old six- grade rs . Measurements : Body mass index ( BMI ) , body composition , physical activity by question naire , plasma lipids and glucose , insulin resistance . Results : Intervention students had a lower increase in BMI ( P=0.01 ) and age- and gender-adjusted BMI ( P<0.02 ) over time than controls . The differences across groups of the age- and gender-adjusted BMI changes ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) were −0.29 ( −0.51 ; −0.07 ) kg/m2 at 3 years , −0.25 ( −0.51 ; 0.01 ) kg/m2 at 4 years . An interaction with baseline weight status was noted . The intervention had a significant effect throughout the study in initially non-overweight adolescents ( −0.36 ( −0.60;−0.11 ) kg/m2 for adjusted BMI at 4 years ) , corresponding to a lower increase in fat mass index ( P<0.001 ) . In initially overweight adolescents , the differences observed across groups at 2 years ( –0.40 ( −0.94 ; 0.13 ) kg/m2 for adjusted BMI ) did not persist over time . At 4 years , 4.2 % of the initially non-overweight adolescents were overweight in the intervention schools , 9.8 % in the controls ( odds ratio=0.41 ( 0.22 ; 0.75 ) ; P<0.01 ) . Independent of initial weight status , compared with controls , intervention adolescents had an increase in supervised physical activity ( P<0.0001 ) , a decrease of TV/video viewing ( P<0.01 ) and an increase of high-density cholesterol concentrations ( P<0.0001 ) . Conclusion : Enhancing physical activity with a multilevel program prevents excessive weight gain in non-overweight adolescents . Our study provides evidence that prevention of obesity in youth is feasible OBJECTIVE . The objective of this study was to determine whether a generalizable best- practice individualized behavioral intervention  reduced BMI z score relative to st and ard dietetic care among overweight children . METHODS . The design consisted of an assessor-blinded , r and omized , controlled trial involving 134 overweight children ( 59 boys , 75 girls ; BMI ≥ 98th centile relative to United Kingdom 1990 reference data for children aged 5–11 years ) who were r and omly assigned to a best- practice behavioral program ( intervention ) or st and ard care ( control ) .  The intervention used family-centered counseling and behavioral strategies to modify diet , physical activity , and sedentary behavior . BMI z score , weight , objective ly measured physical activity and sedentary behavior , fat distribution , quality of life , and height z score were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months . RESULTS . The intervention had no significant effect relative to st and ard care on BMI z score from baseline to 6 months and 12 months . BMI z score decreased significantly in both groups from baseline to 6 and 12 months . For those who complied with treatment , there was a significantly smaller weight increase in those in the intervention group compared with control subjects from baseline to 6 months . There were significant between-group differences in favor of the intervention for changes in total physical activity , percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior , and light-intensity physical activity . CONCLUSIONS . A generalizable , best- practice individualized behavioral intervention had modest benefits on objective ly measured physical activity and sedentary behavior but no significant effect on BMI z score compared with st and ard care among overweight children . The modest magnitude of the benefits observed perhaps argues for a longer-term and more intense intervention , although such treatments may not be realistic for many health care systems OBJECTIVE The study presents the immediate post-intervention results of Kids and Adults Now - Defeat Obesity ! , a r and omized controlled trial to enhance healthy lifestyle behaviors in mother-preschooler ( 2 - 5 years old ) dyads in North Carolina ( 2007 - 2011 ) . The outcomes include change from baseline in the child 's diet , physical activity and weight , and in the mother 's parenting behaviors , diet , physical activity , and weight . METHOD The intervention targeted parenting through maternal emotion regulation , home environment , feeding practice s , and modeling of healthy behaviors .  400 mother-child dyads were r and omized . RESULTS Mothers in the intervention arm , compared to the control arm , reduced  instrumental feeding  ( -0.24 vs. 0.01 , p<0.001 ) and TV snacks ( -.069 vs. -0.24 , p=0.001 ) . There were also improvements in emotional feeding ( p=0.03 ) , mother 's sugary beverage ( p=0.03 ) and fruit/vegetable ( p=0.04 ) intake , and dinners eaten in front of TV ( p=0.01 ) ; these differences were not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons . CONCLUSION KAN-DO , design ed to maximize the capacity of mothers as agents of change , improved several channels of maternal influence . There were no group differences in the primary outcomes , but differences were observed in the parenting and maternal outcomes and there were trends toward improvement in the preschoolers ' diets . Long-term follow-up will address whether these short-term trends ultimately improve weight status OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based , 2-year , multi-component intervention on BMI , eating and physical activity behaviour in Fl and ers , Belgium , targeting children aged 3 - 6 years in communities of high and low socio-economic status ( SES ) . DESIGN Cluster-r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Thirty-one pre- primary and primary schools in three different intervention communities and three paired-matched ( on SES profile ) control communities in Fl and ers , Belgium . SUBJECTS BMI Z-scores  at baseline and follow-up were calculated for 1102 children . Question naires with sociodemographic data and FFQ were available from 694 of these 1102 children . RESULTS No significant effects were found on BMI Z-scores for the total sample . However , there was a significant decrease in BMI Z-score of 0·11 in the low-SES intervention community compared with the low-SES control community , where the BMI Z-score increased by 0·04 ( F = 6·26 , P = 0·01 ) . No significant intervention effects could be found for eating behaviour , physical activity or screen-time . There were no significant interaction effects of age and gender of the children on the outcome variables . CONCLUSIONS Although no significant effects were found for BMI Z-scores in the total sample , this intervention had a promising effect in the low-SES community of reducing excess weight gain among young children Background : Treatment of childhood obesity is difficult , and successful management may differ in various areas with different cultural background s. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of lifestyle modification family-based intervention in young Iranian children . Methods : This field trial study was conducted in 2011 among 156 obese children in Tehran , Iran . They were r and omly assigned to intervention and control groups . At baseline , anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were performed . The second and third phases consisted of training sessions for parents of the intervention group . At the fourth phase , there was no training program . In all four phases , question naires on demographic characteristics , lifestyle and food frequency were completed by interviewing with mothers , and biochemical analysis was repeated at the end of the study . Results : During the second and 
    Output:
    
Multicomponent interventions ( SB and other behaviours ) delivered to children from 5 to 12 years old in a non-educational setting appear to favour BMI reduction .