***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The chronic and prevalent natures of schizophrenia result in long-term institutionalization for the patients . Conventional treatment of anti-psychotic medication on management of psychotic symptoms often brings on severe side effects and reduces patients ' well-being . Tai-chi is a mind-body exercise that underscores motor coordination and relaxation . This 3-arm r and omized controlled trial investigated the psychophysiological benefits of Tai-chi on 153 chronic schizophrenia patients , who were recruited from a mental health rehab complex and r and omized into Tai-chi , exercise , or waitlist control groups . Both intervention groups received 12weeks of specific intervention plus st and ard medication received by the controls . All participants completed psychiatric interviews , self-report question naires , performance tasks , and salivary cortisol measures at baseline , 3-month , and 6-month follow-up on psychotic symptoms , motor coordination , memory , daily living function , and stress . Multigroup latent growth modeling was used to evaluate the intervention effects on the outcomes . Compared to controls , the Tai-chi group showed significant decreases in motor deficits and increases in backward digit span and mean cortisol , while the exercise group displayed significant decreases in motor deficits , negative and depression symptoms and increases in forward digit span , daily living function , and mean cortisol . The two interventions did not show significantly different therapeutic effects , except for fewer symptom manifestations in the exercise group . These results suggest psychophysiological benefits for Tai-chi on chronic schizophrenia patients in terms of motor coordination and memory . Though both Tai-chi and exercise groups tended to manifest fewer symptoms than the control group , the exercise group showed better symptoms management than the Tai-chi group Weight gain has been identified as being responsible for increased morbidity and mortality rates of schizophrenia patients . For the management of weight gain , exercise is one of the most acknowledged interventions . At the same time , exercise and sports have been recognized for their positive impact on psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia . However , the neurobiological basis for this remains poorly understood . We aim ed to examine the effect of sports participation on weight gain , psychiatric symptoms and brain activation during sports observation in schizophrenia patients . Thirteen schizophrenia patients who participated in a 3-month program , including sports participation and 10 control schizophrenia patients were studied . In both groups , body mass index ( BMI ) , Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) , and brain activation during observation of sports-related actions measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging were accessed before and after a 3-month interval . BMI and general psychopathology scale of PANSS were significantly reduced in the program group but not in the control group after a 3-month interval . Compared with baseline , activation of the body-selective extrastriate body area ( EBA ) in the posterior temporal-occipital cortex during observation of sports-related actions was increased in the program group . In this group , increase in EBA activation was associated with improvement in the general psychopathology scale of PANSS . Sports participation had a positive effect not only on weight gain but also on psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia . EBA might mediate these beneficial effects of sports participation . Our findings merit further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of sports for schizophrenia OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 20 weeks of resistance and concurrent training on psychotic and depressive symptoms , quality of life outcomes , and serum IGF-1 , IGFBP-3 , and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) concentrations in patients with schizophrenia . METHODS In this blind , r and omized controlled clinical trial , 34 patients with schizophrenia were assigned to one of three groups : control ( CTRL , n=13 ) , resistance exercise ( RESEX , n=12 ) , or concurrent exercise ( CONCEX , n=9 ) . Symptoms , quality of life , strength , and other variables were assessed . RESULTS A significant time-by-group interaction was found for the RESEX and CONCEX groups on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) total score for disease symptoms ( p = 0.007 ) , positive symptoms ( p = 0.003 ) , and on the arm extension one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) test ( p = 0.016 ) . In addition , significant improvements on negative symptoms ( p = 0.027 ) , on the role-physical domain of the Short Form-36 Health Survey ( p = 0.019 ) , and on the chest press 1RM test ( p = 0.040 ) were observed in the RESEX group . No changes were observed for the other variables investigated . CONCLUSIONS In this sample of patients with schizophrenia , 20 weeks of resistance or concurrent exercise program  improved disease symptoms , strength , and quality of life . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01674543 The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood , leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia . Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults , and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion , but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown . Here we show , in a r and omized controlled trial with 120 older adults , that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus , leading to improvements in spatial memory .  Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2 % , effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF , a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus . Hippocampal volume declined in the control group , but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline , suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss . Cau date nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention . These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood , which is accompanied by improved memory function Background : Increasingly alarmed by the health risks ( that is , weight gain , elevated lipids , and poor glucose tolerance ) posed by novel antipsychotic medications , clinicians who treat schizophrenia are attempting to help patients improve lifestyle factors . Unfortunately , schizophrenia research has neglected exercise as a legitimate adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia . Objective : To assess the extent to which stable patients with schizophrenia would adhere to an exercise program if offered access to a fitness facility . Methods : Ten of 20 stable patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were treated with olanzapine for at least 4 weeks had the opportunity to receive access to a Young Men 's Christian Association ( YMCA ) fitness facility , based on r and om allocation . The intervention included a free membership to the YMCA for 6 months , with access to all the fitness amenities and equipment . The mean dosage of olanzapine was 11.5 mg daily for the YMCA group . Results : Of the 10 subjects , 2 did not attend at all . One subject met criteria for full attendance for each of the 6 months and lost 15 kg . Dropout rates were as follows : 90 % at 6 months , 70 % at 5 months , and 40 % at 4 months . The main reason they gave for poor attendance was lack of motivation . The mean weight gain was 2 kg in the YMCA group . Conclusion : Most subjects did not regularly exercise or attend . They cited poor motivation as the main reason . The subject who exercised regularly lost a significant amount of weight We examined the efficacy and effectiveness ( transfer to functional competence and everyday functioning ) of cognitive remediation in early‐course ( within 5 years of first episode ) and long‐term ( more than 15 years of illness ) schizophrenia Individuals with schizophrenia display substantial neurocognitive deficits for which available treatments offer only limited benefits . Yet , findings from studies of animals , clinical and non clinical population s have linked neurocognitive improvements to increases in  aerobic fitness  ( AF ) via aerobic exercise training ( AE ) . Such improvements have been attributed to up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . However , the impact of AE on neurocognition , and the putative role of BDNF , have not been investigated in schizophrenia . Employing a proof-of-concept , single-blind , r and omized clinical trial design , 33 individuals with schizophrenia were r and omized to receive st and ard psychiatric treatment ( n = 17 ; " treatment as usual " ; TAU ) or attend a 12-week AE program ( n = 16 ) utilizing active-play video games ( Xbox 360 Kinect ) and traditional AE equipment . Participants completed assessment s of AF ( indexed by VO2 peak ml/kg/min ) , neurocognition ( MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery ) , and serum-BDNF before and after and 12-week period . Twenty-six participants ( 79 % ) completed the study . At follow-up , the AE participants improved their AF by 18.0 % vs a -0.5 % decline in the TAU group ( P = .002 ) and improved their neurocognition by 15.1 % vs -2.0 % decline in the TAU group ( P = .031 ) . Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that enhancement in AF and increases in BDNF predicted 25.4 % and 14.6 % of the neurocognitive improvement variance , respectively . The results indicate AE is effective in enhancing neurocognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia and provide preliminary support for the impact of AE-related BDNF up-regulation on neurocognition in this population . Poor AF represents a modifiable risk factor for neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia for which AE training offer a safe , nonstigmatizing , and side-effect-free intervention 
    Output:
    
Imaging studies collectively indicated that exercise can increase brain volume in people with schizophrenia , although the regions which responded to exercise varied across studies .
Most biomarker studies assessed the effects of exercise on serum levels of BDNF .