***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives The aim of this paper was to analyse the impact of obesity , in addition to known predictors , on disease outcome in early rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . Methods Body mass index ( BMI ) was available in 260 patients from the Swedish pharmacotherapy trial ( SWEFOT ) .  Differences in disease activity ( DAS28 ) , functional impairment ( HAQ ) , pain ( Visual Analogue Scale , VAS-pain ) and radiographic damage were evaluated over 24 months between BMI categories ( obese BMI > 30 , n=43 ; overweight BMI = 25–29.9 , n=74 ; normal BMI < 25 , n=143 ) using non-parametric testing . Predictors of European League Against Rheumatism non-remission ( DAS28 ≥2.6 ) at 24 months of follow-up were evaluated using binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression . Results Obesity at baseline was associated with worse continuous-scale clinical outcomes over 24 months ( DAS28 , HAQ and VAS-pain at last visit : obese vs normal : p<0.001 ; obese vs overweight : p<0.05 ) . Furthermore , obese patients compared with non-obese patients had significantly greater odds of non-remission at 24 months ( adjusted OR ( aOR ) 5.2 ; 95 % CI 1.8 to 15.2 ) . Other independent predictors were female sex ( aOR 2.6 ; 95 % CI 1.1 to 5.8 ) , current smoking ( aOR 2.6 ; 95 % CI 1.1 to 6.3 ) and HAQ ( per-unit increase , aOR 1.9 ; 95 % CI 1.1 to 3.4 ) . The pattern was similar among seropositive and seronegative patients ; and in the subgroups of methotrexate responders and patients r and omised at 3 months to add-on of sulfasalazine+hydroxychloroquine , although not significant with add-on of infliximab . Obesity had no independent association to radiographic progression . Conclusions In this early RA trial reflecting today ’s st and ard treatment , obesity , in addition to sex , smoking and functional impairment strongly lowered the chance of attaining good clinical outcomes , including remission , today ’s treatment goal . This highlights the importance of considering lifestyle modification as one of the cornerstones of RA care . Trial registration number NCT00764725 ; Post- results . WHO data base at the Karolinska University Hospital : CT20080004 Objectives To evaluate prospect ively the effect of weight loss on the achievement of minimal disease activity ( MDA ) in overweight/obese patients with psoriatic arthritis ( PsA ) starting treatment with tumour necrosis factor α ( TNFα ) blockers .  Methods Among subjects with PsA starting treatment with TNFα blockers , 138 overweight/obese patients received a concomitant dietary intervention ( 69 a hypocaloric diet ( HD ) and 69 a free-managed diet ( FD ) )  . Changes in metabolic variables were measured and a complete clinical rheumatological evaluation was made in all patients at baseline and after a 6-month follow-up to define the achievement of MDA . Results 126 subjects completed the study . MDA was more often achieved by HD than by FD subjects ( HR=1.85 , 95 % CI 1.019 to 3.345 , p=0.043 ) . A diet was successful ( ≥5 % weight loss ) in 74 ( 58.7 % ) patients . Regardless of the type of diet , after 6 months of treatment with TNFα blockers , ≥5 % of weight loss was a predictor of the achievement of MDA ( OR=4.20 , 95 % CI 1.82 to 9.66 , p<0.001 ) . For increasing weight-loss categories ( < 5 % , 5–10 % , > 10 % ) , MDA was achieved by 23.1 % , 44.8 % and 59.5 % , respectively . A higher rate of MDA achievement was found in subjects with 5–10 % ( OR=3.75 , 95 % CI 1.36 to 10.36 , p=0.011 ) and in those with > 10 % ( OR=6.67 , 95 % CI 2.41 to 18.41 , p<0.001 ) weight loss in comparison with those with < 5 % weight loss . Conclusions Regardless of the type of diet , a successful weight loss ( ≥5 % from baseline values ) is associated with a higher rate of achievement of MDA  in overweight/obese patients with PsA who start treatment with TNFα blockers This post hoc analysis of ACQUIRE ( NCT00559585 ) explored the effect of baseline body mass index ( BMI ) on the pharmacokinetics of and clinical response to subcutaneous ( SC ) or intravenous ( IV ) abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . ACQUIRE was a phase 3b , 6-month , double-blind , double-dummy study in which patients with RA were r and omized ( 1:1 ) to SC ( fixed - dose ; 125 mg/week ) or IV ( weight-tiered ; ~ 10 mg/kg/month ) abatacept plus methotrexate . In this analysis , minimum abatacept plasma concentration ( Cmin ) was measured at 3 and 6 months , and clinical remission over 6 months was assessed by Disease Activity Score 28 ( C-reactive protein ; DAS28 [ CRP ] , < 2.6 ) , Simplified Disease Activity Index ( SDAI , ≤ 3.3 ) , and Clinical Disease Activity Index ( CDAI , ≤ 2.8 ) . Data were stratified by baseline BMI ( underweight/normal , < 25 kg/m2 ; overweight , 25 to < 30 kg/m2 ; obese , ≥ 30 kg/m2 ) and administration route . Of the 1456/1457 patients for whom baseline BMI s were available , 526 ( 36 % ; SC 265 , IV 261 ) patients were underweight/normal , 497 ( 34 % ; SC 249 , IV 248 ) were overweight , and 433 ( 30 % ; SC 221 , IV 212 ) were obese . Median Cmin abatacept concentration was ≥ 10 μg/mL ( efficacy threshold ) at 3 and 6 months in > 90 % of patients across BMI groups with both administration routes . DAS28 ( CRP ) , SDAI , and CDAI remission rates at 6 months were similar across BMI groups and 95 % confidence intervals overlapped at all time points in both separate and pooled SC/IV analyses . Therapeutic concentrations of abatacept and clinical remission rates using stringent criteria were similar across patient BMI s and administration routes Objective To evaluate the association between weight loss and rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) disease activity . Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of RA patients seen at routine clinic visits at an academic medical center , 2012 - 2015 . We included patients who had ≥2 clinical disease activity index ( CDAI ) measures . We identified visits during follow-up where the maximum and minimum weights occurred and defined weight change and CDAI change as the differences of these measures at these visits . We defined disease activity improvement as CDAI decrease of ≥5 and clinical ly relevant weight loss as ≥5 kg . We performed logistic regression analyses to establish the association between improved disease activity and weight loss and baseline BMI category ( ≥25 kg/m2 or < 25 kg/m2 ) . We built linear regression models to investigate the association between continuous weight loss and CDAI change among patients who were overweight/obese at baseline and who lost weight during follow-up . Results We analyzed data from 174 RA patients with a median follow-up of 1.9 years ( IQR 1.3 - 2.4 ) ; 117 ( 67 % ) were overweight/obese at baseline , and 53 ( 31 % ) lost ≥5 kg during follow-up . Patients who were overweight/obese and lost ≥5 kg had three-fold increased odds of disease activity improvement compared to those who did not ( OR 3.03 , 95%CI 1.18 - 7.83 ) . Among those who were overweight/obese at baseline , each kilogram weight loss was associated with CDAI improvement of 1.15 ( 95%CI 0.42 - 1.88 ) . Our study was limited by using clinical data from a single center without fixed intervals for assessment s. Conclusion Clinical ly relevant weight loss ( ≥5 kg ) was associated with improved RA disease activity in the routine clinical setting . Further studies are needed for replication and to evaluate the effect of prospect i ve weight loss interventions on RA disease activity We prospect ively evaluated whether obesity impacts achievement of minimal disease activity ( MDA ) in subjects with psoriatic arthritis ( PsA ) Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha , which is effective for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis ( PsA ) . The aim of this study is to determine whether the response of psoriasis to adalimumab treatment might be influenced by certain particular factors , such as body mass index ( BMI ) , history of biologic therapy , blood hypertension and metabolic comorbidities . For this reason , an exploratory analysis was conducted on 144 patients with psoriasis and concomitant PsA treated with adalimumab 40 mg every other week , evaluating the influence of such factors on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index ( PASI ) response rate at week 12 . Our preliminary results suggest that the response rate at week 12 , in terms of both PASI-50 and PASI-75 , appeared to be independent of the presence of hypertension and /or metabolic comorbidities . The PASI-50 response was observed more frequently in patients with BMI less than 30 as compared to obese patients ( 79 % vs 58 % , p = 0.02 ) . Previous use of anti-TNF biologics did not appear to affect per se the rate of responders , although it was associated with a lower PASI-75 rate among responders OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue has immunomodulating effects in rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , although the exact role is , at present , unclear . The purpose of this study was to determine whether body mass index ( BMI ) affects response to  infliximab  in RA patients investigated prospect ively . METHODS In 89 patients with active RA , the BMI was calculated before initiation of infliximab treatment  ( 3 mg/kg intravenously ) . After 16 weeks of treatment , changes in disease activity were assessed with the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints ( DAS28 ) . RESULTS The mean ± SD BMI was 26 ± 5 kg/m(2 ) ( range 17 - 42 ) . The BMI correlated positively with the DAS28 at baseline ( r = 0.34 , P = 0.001 ) . Since selection of study patients according to DAS28 values could influence the clinical response to tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) blockade due to regression to the mean because the clinical response is itself based on the change in the DAS28 values , analysis of covariance was used to correct for the baseline DAS28 . A highly significant , negative association between the BMI and the absolute decrease in the DAS28 after 16 weeks ( P = 0.001 ) was found also when adjusted for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies . CONCLUSION Although the infliximab dosage is based on body weight , RA patients with a high BMI responded less well to infliximab , a finding that held true when adjusted for the baseline DAS28 or anti-citrullinated protein antibody status . These results support the notion that adipose tissue may be involved in the pathophysiology of RA and could have implication s for other immune-mediated inflammatory conditions treated with TNF antagonists OBJECTIVE To assess  nutrient intakes  and  vitamin levels  in 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis participating in a trial and to determine whether changes in body mass index were associated with changes in disease activity . METHODS This study evaluated baseline vitamin levels , 1-day dietary intakes , and weight every 3 months for 1 year . Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of time to body mass index . Analysis of covariance was used to determine if body mass index , time , or treatment had an effect on disease activity . RESULTS Deficient vitamin levels and poor nutrient intake patterns were prevalent in the study population . Changes in body mass index over time did not correlate with changes in disease activity . CONCLUSIONS Rheumatoid arthritis patients are at high risk of obesity , abnormal vitamin levels , and poor nutrient intakes . Changes in body mass index failed to correlate with changes in disease activity Introduction The excess of adipose tissue in obese individuals may have immunomodulating properties and pharmacokinetic consequences . The aim of this study was to determine whether body mass index ( BMI ) affects response to infliximab ( IFX ) in ankylosing spondylitis ( AS ) patients . Methods In 155 patients retrospectively included with active AS , the  BMI  was calculated before initiation of IFX treatment ( 5 mg/kg intravenously ) . After 6 months of treatment , changes from baseline in BASDAI , Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS 
    Output:
    
Tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors were mostly associated with negative outcomes .