***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE We evaluate the 6-month efficacy of Keep Active Minnesota , a phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention design ed for use with adults age 50 to 70 years who have increased their physical activity within the past year . METHOD Participants ( N=1049 ) recruited in 2004 and 2005 from one large managed-care organization in Minnesota were r and omly assigned to either treatment ( N=523 ) or usual care ( N=526 ) with physical activity assessed using the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors question naire , and expressed as kcal/week expenditures . RESULTS Total physical activity at baseline was similar for treatment and usual care participants ( p<0.44 ) as was moderate/vigorous physical activity ( p<0.21 ) . Maintenance of physical activity was higher among treatment participants whose mean 6-month change in total kcal/week energy expenditure was -91 , compared to -683 for usual care participants ( p<0.002 ) . Mean 6-month change in kcal/week expenditure in moderate or vigorous activities was -49 for treatment participants , compared to -612 for usual care participants ( p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS This phone- and mail-based physical activity maintenance intervention is efficacious at maintaining physical activity at 6 months Although telephone and mail are often used to promote physical activity adoption , their ability to produce long-term maintenance is unclear . In this study , 140 men and women aged 50 - 65 years received 1 year of telephone counseling  to adopt higher ( i.e. , more vigorous ) versus lower intensity ( i.e. , moderate ) exercise . After 1 year , participants were rer and omized to a 2nd year of contact via ( a ) telephone and mail or ( b ) predominantly mail . Participants who were prescribed higher intensity exercise and received predominantly mail had better exercise adherence during the maintenance year than those who received telephone and mail . Both strategies were similarly effective in promoting maintenance in the lower intensity condition . Results suggest that after successful adoption of physical activity with the help of telephone counseling , less intensive interventions are successful for physical activity maintenance in older adults OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy at 6- , 12- , and 24-month follow-up of Keep Active Minnesota ( KAM ) , a telephone and mail-based intervention design ed to promote physical activity ( PA ) maintenance among currently active adults age 50 to 70 . METHOD Participants who reported having recently increased their MVPA to a minimum of 2d/wk , 30 min/bout , ( N=1049 ) were recruited in 2004 and 2005 from one large managed care organization in Minnesota , and r and omly assigned to either treatment ( KAM ; N=523 ) , or Usual Care ( UC ; N=526 ) with PA assessed using the CHAMPS question naire , and expressed as kcal/wk energy expenditure . RESULTS We find a sustained , significant benefit of the intervention at 6 , 12 and 24 months . kcal/wk expenditure in moderate or vigorous activities was higher at 6 ( p<.03 , Cohen 's d(6m)=.16 ) , 12 ( p<.04 , d(12 m)=.13 ) and 24 months ( p<.01 , d(24 m)=.16 ) for KAM participants , compared to UC participants . CONCLUSIONS The KAM telephone- and mail-based PA maintenance intervention was effective at maintaining PA in both the short-term ( 6 months ) and longer-term ( 12 and 24 months ) relative to usual care Background Important health benefits can be derived when low-cost ( e.g. , computer-tailored ) physical activity interventions for older adults demonstrate sustained effects . Purpose The purpose of the study was to conduct in-depth analysis on the long-term efficacy of two tailored physical activity interventions for older adults . Methods A r and omized controlled trial ( n = 1,971 ) with two computer-tailored interventions  and a no-intervention control group was conducted . The two tailored interventions consisted of three tailored letters , delivered during 4 months . The basic tailored intervention targeted psychosocial determinants alone , while the environmentally tailored intervention additionally targeted environmental determinants , by providing tailored environmental information .  Self-reported behaviors ( i.e. , total physical activity , transport walking and cycling , leisure walking and cycling , and sports ) were measured at baseline and 12 months . Additionally , potential personal , health-related , and psychosocial moderators of the intervention effects were examined . Results The environmentally tailored intervention was effective in changing total physical activity , leisure cycling , and sports compared with the basic intervention and control group . No intervention effects were found for the basic intervention . Moderation analysis revealed that participants with a higher age , lower body mass index , and higher intention were unresponsive to the interventions . Conclusions Providing environmental information is an effective intervention strategy for increasing physical activity behaviors among older adults , especially among certain “ at-risk ” subgroups such as lower educated , overweight , or insufficiently active participants . Moderation analysis was perceived as a promising method for identifying meaningful subgroups that are unaffected by an intervention , which should receive special attention in future interventions Background : Attempts to study the translation of evidence -based physical activity interventions in community setting s are scarce . Purpose : This project was an investigation of whether 13 diverse local lead agencies could effectively implement a choice-based , telephone-assisted physical activity promotion program for older adults based on intervention models proven efficacious in research setting s. Methods : At baseline , participants developed their own physical activity programs through an individualized planning session based on preference , health status , readiness to change , and available community re sources . Thereafter , participants received regular telephone calls over a 1-year period from a trained staff member or volunteer support buddy . Additional program components consisted of health education workshops , newsletters , and group-based physical activities .  Self-report data on caloric expenditure due to all and moderate or greater intensity physical activities were collected from 447 participants ( M age = 68 ± 8.6 years ) . Results : A significant increase ( p ≤ .0001 ) from baseline to midintervention and intervention endpoint was observed for total weekly caloric expenditure ( Mdn change = 644–707 kcal/week ) and moderate or greater weekly caloric expenditure ( Mdn change = 149–265 kcal/week ) , as well as for weekly physical activity duration and frequency . These changes were observed in participants across all sites . Conclusions : The increases in weekly caloric expenditure were commensurate with findings from several previous r and omized clinical trials . The utilization of community agency staff and volunteers receiving basic training to implement essential program components proved feasible . Very favorable levels of program satisfaction expressed by community staff , volunteer support buddies , and participants , combined with the significant increases in physical activity , warrant further dissemination of the intervention model Background Physical activity ( PA ) for older adults has well-documented physical and cognitive benefits , but most seniors do not meet recommended guidelines for PA , and interventions are lacking . Objectives This study evaluated the efficacy of a 12-week Internet intervention to help sedentary older adults over 55 years of age adopt and maintain an exercise regimen . Methods A total of 368 sedentary men and women ( M=60.3 ; SD 4.9 ) were recruited , screened , and assessed online . They were r and omized into treatment and control groups and assessed at pretest , at 12 weeks , and at 6 months . After treatment group participants rated their fitness level , activity goals , and barriers to exercise , the Internet intervention program helped them select exercise activities in the areas of endurance , flexibility , strengthening , and balance enhancement . They returned to the program weekly for automated video and text support and education , with the option to change or increase their exercise plan . The program also included ongoing problem solving to overcome user-identified barriers to exercise . Results The multivariate model indicated significant treatment effects at posttest ( P=.001 ; large effect size ) and at 6 months ( P=.001 ; medium effect size ) . At posttest , intervention participation showed significant improvement on 13 of 14 outcome measures compared to the control participants . At 6 months , treatment participants maintained large gains compared to the control participants on all 14 outcome measures . Conclusions These results suggest that an online PA program has the potential to positively impact the physical activity of sedentary older adult participants . More research is needed to replicate the study results , which were based on self-report measures . Research is also needed on intervention effects with older population BACKGROUND The present study examined whether aerobic fitness training of older humans can increase brain volume in regions associated with age-related decline in both brain structure and cognition . METHODS Fifty-nine healthy but sedentary community-dwelling volunteers , aged 60 - 79 years , participated in the 6-month r and omized clinical trial . Half of the older adults served in the aerobic training group , the other half of the older adults participated in the toning and stretching control group .  Twenty young adults served as controls for the magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and did not participate in the exercise intervention . High spatial resolution estimates of gray and white matter volume , derived from 3D spoiled gradient recalled acquisition MRI images , were collected before and after the 6-month fitness intervention . Estimates of maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) were also obtained . RESULTS Significant increases in brain volume , in both gray and white matter regions , were found as a function of fitness training for the older adults who participated in the aerobic fitness training but not for the older adults who participated in the stretching and toning ( nonaerobic ) control group . As predicted , no significant changes in either gray or white matter volume were detected for our younger participants . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cardiovascular fitness is associated with the sparing of brain tissue in aging humans . Furthermore , these results suggest a strong biological basis for the role of aerobic fitness in maintaining and enhancing central nervous system health and cognitive functioning in older adults PURPOSE Given the prevalence of physical inactivity among American adults , convenient , low-cost interventions are strongly indicated . This study determined the 6- and 12-month effectiveness of telephone interventions delivered by health educators or by an automated computer system in promoting physical activity . DESIGN Initially inactive men and women age 55 years and older ( N = 218 ) in stable health participated . Participants were r and omly assigned to human advice , automated advice , or health education control . MEASURES The vali date d 7-day physical activity recall interview was used to estimate minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity . Physical activity differences by experimental arm were verified on a r and om sub sample via accelerometry . RESULTS Using intention-to-treat analysis , at 6 months , participants in both interventions , although not differing from one another , showed significant improvements in weekly physical activity compared with controls . These differences were generally maintained at 12 months , with both intervention arms remaining above the target of 150 min per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity on average . CONCLUSION Automated telephone-linked delivery systems represent an effective alternative for delivering physical activity advice to inactive older adults OBJECTIVE This study compared a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory ( PMT , Rogers , 1975 , 1983 ) with the same motivational intervention augmented by a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions ( Gollwitzer , 1993 ) . DESIGN The study had a longitudinal design , involving three waves of data collection over a 2-week period , incorporating an experimental manipulation of PMT variables at Time 1 and a volitional , implementation intention intervention at Time 2 . METHOD Participants ( N=248 ) were r and omly allocated to a control group or one of two intervention groups .  Cognitions and exercise behaviour were measured at three time-points over a 2-week period . RESULTS The motivational intervention significantly increased threat and coping appraisal and intentions to engage in exercise but did not bring about a significant increase in subsequent exercise behaviour . In contrast , the combined protection motivation theory/implementation intention intervention had a dramatic effect on subsequent exercise behaviour . This volitional intervention did not influence behavioural intention or any other motivational variables . CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that supplementing PMT with implementation intentions strengthens the ability of the model to explain behaviour . This has implication s for health education programmes , which should aim to increase both participants ' motivation and their volition The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood , leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia . Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults , and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion , but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown . Here we show , in a r and omized controlled trial with 120 older adults , that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus , leading to improvements in spatial memory .  Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2 % , effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF , a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus . Hippocampal volume declined in the control group , but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline , suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss . Cau date nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention . These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood , which is accompanied by improved memory function Objective . To evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week home-based postal and telephone physical activity and nutrition pilot program for seniors . Methods . The program was delivered by mailed material and telephone calls . The main intervention consisted of a booklet tailored for seniors containing information on dietary guidelines , recommended physical activity 
    Output:
    
From this review , non-face-to-face physical activity interventions effectively promote physical activity in older adults .