***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and aims . The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of adjunctive photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis . Material s and methods . A total of 24 patients with clinical diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis received scaling and root planing ( SRP ) for periodontal treatment . In a split-mouth design study , the teeth of one quadrant of each arch with ≥4 mm of probing depth were selected r and omly for additional treatment with PDT ( test group ) . PDT was performed with a diode laser beam with a wavelength of 670 - 690 nm and a power of 75 Mw . The control group consisted of selected teeth of the contralateral quadrant ( SRP only ) . Before any treatment , subgingival plaque sample s were collected by an endodontic paper cone for microbiological analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) for detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetecommitans . Clinical parameters including clinical attachment loss ( CAL ) as primary outcome , plaque index ( PI ) , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing depth ( PD ) and gingival recession ( REC ) were measured at baseline and after 90 days . Inter-group and intra-group statistical analyses were performed . Results . Treatment groups showed an improvement in all the clinical parameters and a significant reduction in the counts of A. actinomycetecommitans at 90 days compared to baseline ( P < 0.05 ) . None of the periodontal parameters exhibited significant differences between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Within the limitations of this study , the results did not show additional benefits from PDT as an adjunctive treatment for patients with aggressive periodontitis The aim of this trial was to investigate changes occurring in the subgingival microbiological composition of subjects with aggressive periodontitis , treated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT )  , in a single episode , or scaling and root planing ( SRP )  , in a split-mouth design on −7 , 0 , and + 90 days . Ten patients were r and omly assigned to either aPDT using a laser source in conjunction with a photosensitizer or SRP with h and instruments . Subgingival plaque sample s were collected and the counts of 40 subgingival species were determined using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization . The data were analyzed using the method of generalized estimating equations ( GEE ) to test the associations between treatments , evaluated parameters , and experimental times ( α = .05 ) . The results indicated that aPDT and SRP  affects different bacterial species , with aPDT being effective in reducing numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans than SRP . On the other h and , SRP was more efficient than  aPDT in reducing the presence of periodontal pathogens of the Red Complex . Additionally , a recolonization in the sites treated by aPDT was observed , especially for T. forsythia and P. gingivalis . Under our experimental conditions , this trial demonstrates that aPDT and SRP affected different groups of bacteria , suggesting that their association may be beneficial for the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis BACKGROUND The management of aggressive periodontitis ( AgP ) represents a challenge for clinicians because there are no st and ardized protocol s for an efficient control of the disease . This r and omized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effects of repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) adjunctive to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in patients with AgP. METHODS Using a split-mouth design , 20 patients with generalized AgP were treated with aPDT + SRP ( test group ) or SRP only ( control group ) . aPDT was applied at four periods . All patients were monitored for 90 days . Clinical , microbiologic , and immunologic parameters were statistically analyzed . RESULTS In deep periodontal pocket analysis ( probing depth [ PD ] ≥ 7 mm at baseline ) , the test group presented a decrease in PD and a clinical attachment gain significantly higher than the control group at 90 days ( P < 0.05 ) . The test group also demonstrated significantly less periodontal pathogens of red and orange complexes and a lower interleukin-1β/interleukin-10 ratio than the control group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The application of four sessions of aPDT , adjunctive to SRP , promotes additional clinical , microbiologic , and immunologic benefits in the treatment of deep periodontal pockets in single-rooted teeth in patients with BACKGROUND Aggressive periodontitis is a specific form of periodontal disease that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction . Cytokine profiles are of considerable value when study ing disease course during treatment . The aim of this trial was to investigate cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid ( GCF ) of patients with aggressive periodontitis , after treatment with photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) or scaling and root planing ( SRP )  , in a split-mouth design on -7 , 0 , + 1 , + 7 , + 30 , and + 90 days . METHODS Ten patients were r and omly treated with PDT using a laser source associated with a photosensitizer or SRP with h and instruments . GCF sample s were collected , and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B lig and ( RANKL ) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays . The data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to test the associations among treatments , evaluated parameters , and experimental times ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Non-surgical periodontal treatment with PDT or SRP led to statistically significant reductions in TNF-alpha level 30 days following treatment . There were similar levels of TNF-alpha and RANKL at the different time points in both groups , with no statistically significant differences . CONCLUSION SRP and PDT had similar effects on crevicular TNF-alpha and RANKL levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis BACKGROUND This study investigates the effect of photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) as monotherapy during supportive periodontal therapy . METHODS A split-mouth , r and omized controlled trial was conducted in patients with chronic periodontitis ( N = 22 ) presenting at least three residual pockets ( probing depth [ PD ] ≥5 mm with bleeding on probing [ BOP ] ) . The selected sites r and omly received the following : 1 ) PDT ; 2 ) photosensitizer ( PS ) ; or 3 ) scaling and root planing ( SRP ) . At baseline and 3 and 6 months , clinical , microbiologic ( real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses ) , cytokine pattern ( multiplexed bead immunoassay ) , and patient-centered ( regarding morbidity ) evaluations were performed . RESULTS All therapies promoted similar improvements in clinical parameters throughout the study ( P < 0.05 ) , except that BOP was not reduced in the PS protocol ( P > 0.05 ) . Lower levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were observed in the PDT and SRP protocol s at 3 months when compared with the PS protocol ( P < 0.05 ) . An inferior frequency detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed in the PDT protocol at 3 and 6 months and in the SRP protocol at 6 months from baseline ( P < 0.05 ) . In addition , PDT protocol presented inferior frequency of P. gingivalis at 3 months when compared with the other therapies ( P < 0.05 ) . Only patients in the PDT protocol  exhibited augmented levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-4 and reduced proinflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 throughout the study ( P < 0.05 ) . Intergroup analyses showed reduced IL-10 and increased interferon-γ and IL-1β levels in the PS protocol when compared with the other therapies during follow-ups ( P < 0.05 ) . No differences in morbidity were observed between the therapies ( P > 0.05 ) , although the need for anesthesia was higher in SRP-treated sites ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION PDT as an exclusive therapy may be considered a non-invasive alternative for treating residual pockets , offering advantages in the modulation of cytokines The aim of this r and omized , controlled clinical study was to compare the short-term effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy with the additional administration of systemic antibiotics ( AB ) and the same therapy with additional photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) in the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis ( AP ) . Thirty-six patients with AP received full-mouth nonsurgical periodontal treatment ( SRP )  and were then r and omly divided into two groups of 18 subjects each . Group AB received amoxicillin and metronidazole three times a day for 7 days . Group PDT received two applications of PDT on the day of SRP as well as at follow-up after 7 days . The following clinical parameters were measured at baseline and 3 months after therapy : plaque index ( PLI ) , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing depth ( PD ) , gingival recession ( GR ) , and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) . After 3 months , PD was significantly reduced in both groups ( from 5.0±0.8 mm to 3.2±0.4 mm with AB , and 5.1±0.5 mm to 4.0±0.8 mm with PDT ; both p<0.001 ) , while AB revealed significantly lower values compared to PDT ( p = 0.001 ) . In both groups , GR was not significantly changed . CAL was significantly reduced in both groups ( PDT : 5.7±0.8 mm to 4.7±1.1 mm ; p=0.011 ; AB : 5.5±1.1 mm to 3.9±1.0 mm ; p<0.001 ) and differed significantly between the groups ( p=0.025 ) . The number of residual pockets ( PD ≥4 mm ) and positive BOP was reduced by AB from 961 to 377 , and by PDT from 628 to 394 . Pockets with PD ≥7 mm were reduced by AB from 141 to 7 , and by PDT from 137 to 61 . After 3 months , both treatments led to statistically significant clinical improvements . The systemic administration of antibiotics , however , result ed in significantly higher reduction of PD and a lower number of deep pockets compared to PDT OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the effect of scaling and root planing ( SRP ) alone , diode laser treatment ( LAS ) alone , and SRP combined with LAS ( SRP + LAS ) on clinical and microbial parameters in patients with aggressive periodontitis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty patients with aggressive periodontitis were assessed for plaque , bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) .  Four plaque sample s were r and omly obtained , one from each quadrant that was r and omly assigned to SRP alone , SRP + LAS , LAS alone , and control ( CRL ) . A 980-nm diode laser was used in continuous mode at 2 W power . Plaque sample s were collected 2 wk , 12 wk , and 6 mo post-treatment . The levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Treponema denticola , and total bacterial load ( TBL ) were evaluated using ssrRNA probes . RESULTS Bacterial counts were decreased with all three treatment modalities and they did not reach baseline levels at 6 mo post-treatment . The SRP + LAS group showed statistically significantly lower TBL and bacterial levels of P. gingivalis and T. denticola at 6 mo post-treatment compared to SRP or LAS treatments alone . At the end of the observation period significant differences were observed for PPD and CAL between the SRP + LAS group and both the SRP alone and LAS alone groups . No differences were detected for percentage of plaque and percentage of BOP between any of the treatment groups at 6 mo post-treatment . CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study , diode laser-assisted treatment with SRP showed a superior effect over SRP or LAS alone for certain microbial and clinical parameters in patients with aggressive periodontitis over the 6-mo monitoring period BACKGROUND The antibacterial photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) has been effective in the periodontal therapy . The laser light application reported in the literature so far is the subgingival placement of a light fibre . OBJECTIVES To study the effect of PDT with a transgingival laser application . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 19 patients with untreated periodontitis 1 test and 1 control site were selected . Both pockets were treated by scaling , root planing . the Test site received additional PDT ( LASOTRONIC MED 701 by ORCOS MEDICAL , Switzerl and ) at baseline , after 2 and 6 months . The control sites were rinsed with ringer solution .  Clinical parameters ( ST , BOP , CAL ) and bacterial monitoring ( PADO , IAI , Switzerl and ) at baseline , 2 and 6 months were recorded . RESULTS Mean pocket reduction was after 6 months 2.1 mm ( + /-1.4 ) in the test group , 1.5 mm ( + /-1.6 ) in the control group significantly different . The 95 % confidence interval for the difference of the mean reductions of the test and control group after 6 months is ( 1.5 , 3 ) . Mean CAL gain after 6 months was 1.5 mm ( + /-1.3 ) in the test , 0.9 mm ( + /-1.7 ) in the control group . T. denticola showed lower number after 2 and  
    Output:
    
Within the limitations of this review , PDT may exhibit a beneficial role in the therapy of aggressive periodontitis after repeated applications .