***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Workplace mental health promotion ( WMHP ) aims to prevent and effectively manage the social and economic costs of common mental illnesses such as depression . The mental health of managers and employees within small-medium enterprises ( SMEs ) is a neglected sector in occupational health research and practice , despite the fact that this sector is the most common work setting in most economies . The availability and propensity of SME staff to attend face-to-face training/therapy or workshop style interventions often seen in corporate or public sector work setting s is a widely recognised problem . The ' Business in Mind ' program employs a DVD mode of delivery that is convenient for SME managers , particularly those operating in regional and remote areas where internet delivery may not be optimal . The objective of the intervention program is to improve the mental health of SME managers , and examine whether employees of managers ' whose mental health improves , report positive change in their psychosocial work environment . The mechanisms via which we aim to improve managers ' mental health are through the development of their psychological capital ( a higher order construct comprised of hope , self efficacy , resilience and optimism ) and their skills and capacities for coping with work stress . Methods / Design The effectiveness of two versions of the program ( self administered and telephone facilitated ) will be assessed using a r and omised trial with an active control condition ( psychoeducation only ) . We aim to recruit a minimum of 249 managers and a sample of their employees . This design allows for 83 managers per group , as power analyses showed that this number would allow for attrition of 20 % and still enable detection of an effect size of 0.5 . The intervention will be implemented over a three month period and postal surveys will assess managers and employees in each group at baseline , intervention completion , and at 6 month follow up . The intervention groups ( managers only ) will also be assessed at 12 and 24 month follow-up to examine maintenance of effects . Primary outcomes are managers ' levels of psychological capital ( hope , resilience , self-efficacy and optimism ) , coping strategies , anxiety and depression symptoms , self-reported health , job satisfaction and job tension . Secondary outcomes are participating managers subordinates ' perceptions of manager support , relational justice , emotional climate and job tension . In order to provide an economic evaluation of the intervention , both employees and manager rates of absenteeism and presenteeism will also be assessed . Discussion The intervention being trialled is expected to improve both primary and secondary outcomes . If proven efficacious , the intervention could be disseminated to reach a much larger proportion of the business community . Trial registration Current controlled trials IS RCT N Background The costs of arm , shoulder and neck symptoms are high . In order to decrease these costs employers implement interventions aim ed at reducing these symptoms . One frequently used intervention is the RSI QuickScan intervention programme . It establishes a risk profile of the target population and subsequently advises interventions following a decision tree based on that risk profile . The purpose of this study was to perform an economic evaluation , from both the societal and companies ' perspective , of the RSI QuickScan intervention programme for computer workers . In this study , effectiveness was defined at three levels : exposure to risk factors , prevalence of arm , shoulder and neck symptoms , and days of sick leave . Methods The economic evaluation was conducted alongside a r and omised controlled trial ( RCT ) . Participating computer workers from 7 companies ( N = 638 ) were assigned to either the intervention group ( N = 320 ) or the usual care group ( N = 318 ) by means of cluster r and omisation ( N = 50 ) . The intervention consisted of a tailor-made programme , based on a previously established risk profile . At baseline , 6 and 12 month follow-up , the participants completed the RSI QuickScan question naire . Analyses to estimate the effect of the intervention were done according to the intention-to-treat principle . To compare costs between groups , confidence intervals for cost differences were computed by bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping . Results The mean intervention costs , paid by the employer , were 59 euro per participant in the intervention and 28 euro in the usual care group . Mean total health care and non-health care costs per participant were 108 euro in both groups . As to the cost-effectiveness , improvement in received information on healthy computer use as well as in their work posture and movement was observed at higher costs . With regard to the other risk factors , symptoms and sick leave , only small and non-significant effects were found . Conclusions In this study , the RSI QuickScan intervention programme did not prove to be cost-effective from the both the societal and companies ' perspective and , therefore , this study does not provide a financial reason for implementing this intervention . However , with a relatively small investment , the programme did increase the number of workers who received information on healthy computer use and improved their work posture and movement . Trial registration Trial registration number : The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted implementation strategy for the prevention of h and eczema in comparison with a control group among healthcare workers . A total of 48 departments ( n=1,649 ) were r and omly allocated to the implementation strategy or the control group .  Data on h and eczema and costs were collected at baseline and every 3 months . Cost-effectiveness analyses were performed using linear multilevel analyses . The probability of the implementation strategy being cost-effective gradually increased with an increasing willingness-to-pay , to 0.84 at a ceiling ratio of € 590,000 per person with h and eczema prevented ( societal perspective ) . The implementation strategy appeared to be not cost-effective in comparison with the control group ( societal perspective ) , nor was it cost-beneficial to the employer . However , this study had some method ological problems which should be taken into account when interpreting the results Objective : To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a Web-based guided intervention compared with care as usual for employees with depressive symptoms . Methods : A total of 231 employees with depressive symptoms were r and omized . Data were collected at baseline , 8 weeks , 6 months , and 12 months . Analyses were conducted from the societal and employer 's perspective . Results : At 12 months , a significant intervention effect on depressive symptoms was found . At a willingness to pay of 0 ( & OV0556;/unit of effect ) , the intervention 's probabilities of cost-effectiveness were 0.62 ( societal perspective ) and 0.55 ( employer 's perspective ) . There was a 0.63 probability that the intervention result ed in a positive financial return for the employer . Conclusions : The intervention 's cost-effectiveness with regard to depressive symptoms depends on the willingness to pay of societal and company decision makers as well as the probability of cost-effectiveness that they consider acceptable . The intervention is not cost-saving to the employer OBJECTIVE To determine the cost-effectiveness of naturopathic care ( acupuncture , relaxation exercises , exercise and dietary advice , and a back care booklet ) compared to st and ardized physiotherapy education and a back care booklet ( control treatment ) for low back pain in a sample ( N = 70 ) of warehouse workers . DESIGN Economic evaluation based upon the results of a pragmatic r and omized controlled trial to determine the cost-effectiveness of naturopathic care to society as a whole , to the employer , and to participants . RESULTS Naturopathic care ( as compared to the control treatment ) significantly improved quality -adjusted life-years over the 6-month study period ( 3-month intervention period and 3-month follow-up period ) by 0.0256 ( 95 % CI : 0.0075 , 0.0437)--roughly equivalent to 9.4 " perfect health " days . Naturopathic care also significantly reduced societal costs by $ 1212 per participant . From the perspective of the employer , the intervention cost $ 154 per absentee day avoided ( compared to employer costs of lost productivity of $ 172 per day ) and had a return on investment of 7.9 % under the healthcare coverage limits set by this employer and assuming the employer paid the full cost of naturopathic care . Participants experienced savings in adjunctive care of $ 1096 per participant . CONCLUSIONS This economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic r and omized control trial shows naturopathic care to be more cost-effective than a st and ardized physiotherapy education regimen in the treatment of chronic low back pain . Further studies of the economic impact of naturopathic medicine are warranted OBJECTIVES Nurses are at elevated risk of burnout , anxiety and depressive disorders , and may then become less productive . This begs the question if a preventive intervention in the work setting might be cost-saving from a business perspective . MATERIAL AND METHODS A cost-benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate the balance between the costs of a  preventive intervention among nurses at elevated risk of mental health complaints and the cost offsets stemming from improved productivity . This evaluation was conducted alongside a cluster-r and omized trial in a Dutch academic hospital . The control condition consisted of screening without feedback and unrestricted access to usual care  ( N = 206 ) . In the experimental condition screen-positive nurses received personalized feedback and referral to the occupational physician ( N = 207 ) . RESULTS Subtracting intervention costs from the cost offsets due to reduced absenteeism and presenteeism result ed in net-savings of 244 euros per nurse when only absenteeism is regarded , and 651 euros when presenteeism is also taken into account . This corresponds to a return-on-investment of 5 euros up to 11 euros for every euro invested . CONCLUSIONS Within half a year , the cost of offering the preventive intervention was more than recouped . Offering the preventive intervention represents a favorable business case as seen from the employer 's perspective When the first edition of A Dictionary of Epidemiology was launched in 1983 , its principal aim was to facilitate communication among health professionals . The field was relatively young and comprised complex interdisciplinary relations ranging from the biomedical sciences to statistics and the social sciences . The International Epidemiological Association ( IEA ) co-sponsored the project with the aim of developing certain st and ards for teaching , research reports and communication of epidemiological findings to the public . This is a well-known history : John M Last , the emeritus professor of epidemiology and community medicine from the University of Ottawa , Canada , was appointed as the editor of A Dictionary ... , and kept ahead of the task during the subsequent decades . The original slim pocket book grew substantially with each re-edit , keeping pace with the remarkable developments in the discipline . When the fourth edition was launched in 2001 , John Last told me with a smile that he would die soon , supposedly to increase the value of the signature he had just h and written in my book . Fortunately , he did not , and his love for dictionary-making allowed him to produce his A Dictionary of Public Health , and to collaborate in the recently launched fifth edition of A Dictionary ... , now edited by Miquel Porta , professor of preventive medicine and public health from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , senior scientist of the Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica in Barcelona , Spain , and collaborator in the previous editions . If he had to limit his professional bookcase to a single volume , Professor Charles du V Florey , the former president of the IEA , would choose to keep A Dictionary .... I argue that anybody among us — epidemiologists and would-be epidemiologists ( hopefully with a larger shelf)—should also have a copy of this book at h and for frequent consultation . The collective effort gathered in its making is impressive . Miquel Porta has built over the previously crafted editions , and has relied on the support of a wide network of professionals to up date each entry and to exp and the selection of subjects . The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health joined the initiative by publishing a call for su bmi ssions . Items already selected from the previous edition have been revised and up date d ; several new items have been added . As a result , the fifth edition of A Dictionary ... performs normative and informative functions : you will be informed on important matters and instructed on how to proceed in the epidemiological field . Readers with different needs and anxieties with knowledge will find straightforward writing , authoritative definitions and pertinent bibliographical references . How to differentiate a rate from a ratio , incidence from prevalence , confounding from intervening variables , type I from type II error ? How to appraise emerging themes in the epidemiological literature such as genetic polymorphisms and Bayesian statistics ? Key method ological issues such as meta- analysis , multilevel analysis and regression models : the list solely enrols a small sample of possible search es . The selection of issues was broad in scope ; intelligent and synthetic writing contemplated from the easier to the more intricate subjects . You may want to up date conceptual and method ological issues relevant to your teaching and research activities , to resolve doubts or to confirm an impression . You may want to check on terminology , fulfil curiosities or learn about topics unrelated to your preferential themes . You may be a professional applied to other health specialities , an undergraduate or a high school student . Several users will meet their needs by consulting A Dictionary ... ; even those who aim lessly scan the text may find some valuable insight . While it will not resolve all your needs in the epidemiological field , it surely provides enough substance to build on — a very good start or ammunition for more comprehensive search es . Miquel Porta dealt with the challenge of preparing reader-friendly texts on a wide range of subjects , which will satisfy both a beginner and an experienced epidemiologist . He seems to have transposed Occam ’s razor ( see the correspondent entry : ‘ ‘ the philosophical principle of parsimony ... assumptions to explain a phenomenon must not be multiplied beyond necessity ... ’ ’ ) to the writing of the book . If I may indulge in selftestimony , I found my teenage daughter consulting the book and it motivated a conversation on subjects so dear to me .... Arousing the interest of the young for a speciality admittedly perceived as difficult by adolescents ; as goes the popular saying , this is priceless ! ‘ ‘ Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence and distribution of healthrelated states or events in specified population s , including the study of the determinants influen 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : The present systematic review highlights the need for high- quality economic evidence to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of OSH interventions , especially at organizational-level , in all areas of worker health