***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: There is limited evidence on the association between adherence to guidelines for cancer survivors and health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . In a cross-sectional study of Korean breast cancer survivors , we examined whether adherence to the guidelines of the American Cancer Society ( ACS ) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research ( WCRF/AICR ) for cancer survivors was related to levels of HRQoL , assessed by the Korean version of Core 30 ( C30 ) and Breast cancer module 23 ( BR23 ) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC-QLQ ) . We included a total of 160 women aged 21 to 79 years who had been diagnosed with breast cancer according to American Joint Committee on Cancer ( AJCC ) stages I to III and had breast cancer surgery at least six months before the interview . Increasing adherence to ACS guidelines was associated with higher scores of social functioning ( p for trend = 0.05 ) , whereas increasing adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations was associated with higher scores of arm symptoms ( p for trend = 0.01 ) . These associations were limited to those with stage II or III cancer . Diet may be an important factor in relation to quality of life among Korean breast cancer survivors , however our findings warrant further prospect i ve studies to evaluate whether healthy diet improves survivors ’ quality of life BACKGROUND In 2007 the World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ) and the American Institute of Cancer Research ( AICR ) issued 8 recommendations ( plus 2 special recommendations ) on diet , physical activity , and weight management for cancer prevention on the basis of the most comprehensive collection of available evidence . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to investigate whether concordance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations was related to cancer risk in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study . DESIGN The present study included 386,355 EPIC participants from 9 European countries . At recruitment , dietary , anthropometric , and lifestyle information was collected . A score was constructed based on the WCRF/AICR recommendations on weight management , physical activity , foods and drinks that promote weight gain , plant foods , animal foods , alcoholic drinks , and breastfeeding for women ; the score range was 0 - 6 for men and 0 - 7 for women . Higher scores indicated greater concordance with WCRF/AICR recommendations . The association between the score and cancer risk was estimated by using multivariable Cox regression models . RESULTS Concordance with the score was significantly associated with decreased risk of cancer . A 1-point increment in the score was associated with a risk reduction of 5 % ( 95 % CI : 3 % , 7 % ) for total cancer , 12 % ( 95 % CI : 9 % , 16 % ) for colorectal cancer , and 16 % ( 95 % CI : 9 % , 22 % ) for stomach cancer . Significant associations were also observed for cancers of the breast , endometrium , lung , kidney , upper aerodigestive tract , liver , and esophagus but not for prostate , ovarian , pancreatic , and bladder cancers . CONCLUSION Adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations for cancer prevention may lower the risk of developing most types of cancer Background : The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research ( WCRF/AICR ) guideline provides recommendations for cancer prevention among cancer survivors . Limited data have examined whether guideline adherence is related to health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) among Chinese patients with breast cancer . Methods : An ongoing prospect i ve cohort study involving 1,462 Chinese women with early-stage breast cancer assessed exercise , diet , and body mass index ( BMI ) at baseline and at 18-months follow-up after diagnosis . Each assessment recorded patient habits within the previous 12 months . HRQoL was evaluated by the EORTC Quality of Life Question naire-Core 30 ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) . We first compared the level of adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations before and after cancer diagnosis . We then examined whether adherence to these recommendations after diagnosis was associated with HRQoL at 18 months . Results : The mean adherence score significantly increased from baseline ( 3.2 ; SD , 1.1 ) to 18-month follow-up ( 3.9 ; SD , 1.1 ; P<.001 ) . Overall , increasing adherence to the WCRF/AICR guideline was associated with higher scores of global health status/ quality of life ( QoL ; Ptrend=.011 ) , physical ( Ptrend<.001 ) and role functioning ( Ptrend=.024 ) , and lower scores for fatigue ( Ptrend=.016 ) , nausea and vomiting ( Ptrend<.001 ) , pain ( Ptrend=.004 ) , dyspnea ( Ptrend=.030 ) , loss of appetite ( Ptrend=.007 ) , and diarrhea ( Ptrend=.020 ) . Patients with cancer who met the BMI recommendation had higher scores for physical functioning ( P=.001 ) and lower scores for fatigue ( P=.024 ) , pain ( P<.001 ) , and dyspnea ( P=.045 ) . Adherence to physical activity recommendation was associated with better scores of global health status/QoL ( P<.001 ) , physical functioning ( P=.003 ) , fatigue ( P=.002 ) , pain ( P=.018 ) , and dyspnea ( P=.021 ) . Higher adherence to diet recommendation was associated with lower scores of nausea and vomiting ( Ptrend=.005 ) , loss of appetite ( Ptrend=.026 ) , constipation ( Ptrend=.040 ) , and diarrhea ( Ptrend=.031 ) . Conclusions : Chinese patients with breast cancer made positive lifestyle changes early after cancer diagnosis . Increased adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations after cancer diagnosis may improve HRQoL. Our data suggest that Chinese patients with breast cancer should follow the WCRF/AICR guideline to improve overall well-being Taller height , family history of breast cancer , greater number of years of potential fertility and nulliparity are established non-modifiable risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer . Greater adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research ( WCRF/AICR ) diet , physical activity and body weight recommendations has previously been shown to be associated with lower breast cancer risk . However , no prior studies have evaluated whether women with non-modifiable risk factors receive similar benefits from recommendation adherence compared to women without these risk factors . In the Iowa Women 's Health Study prospect i ve cohort , we investigated whether associations of WCRF/AICR recommendation adherence differed by the presence/absence of non-modifiable breast cancer risk factors . Baseline ( 1986 ) question naire data from 36,626 postmenopausal women were used to create adherence scores for the WCRF/AICR recommendations ( maximum score = 8.0 ) . Overall and single recommendation adherence in relation to breast cancer risk ( n = 3,189 cases ) across levels of non-modifiable risk factors were evaluated using proportional hazards regression . Mean adherence score was 5.0 points ( range : 0.5 - 8.0 ) . Higher adherence scores ( score ≥ 6.0 vs. ≤ 3.5 , HR = 0.76 , 95 % CI = 0.67 - 0.87 ) , and adherence to the individual recommendations for body weight and alcohol intake were associated with a lower breast cancer incidence . While not statistically significant among women with more non-modifiable risk factors ( score ≥ 6.0 vs. ≤ 3.5 , HR = 0.76 , 95 % CI = 0.36 - 1.63 ) , hazard ratios were comparable to women with the no non-modifiable risk factors ( score ≥ 6.0 vs. ≤ 3.5 , HR = 0.74 , 95 % CI = 0.49 - 0.93 ) ( p-interaction = 0.57 ) . WCRF/AICR recommendation adherence is associated with lower breast cancer risk , regardless of non-modifiable risk factor status Adherence to cancer prevention recommendations has been associated with lower incidence of breast cancer  in previous studies , but evidence in African American women is limited . This project evaluated the association between adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research ( WCRF/AICR ) cancer prevention recommendations and breast cancer incidence among African American women . The Black Women 's Health Study ( analytic cohort = 49,103 ) is an ongoing prospect i ve cohort study of African American women , ages 21 - 69 years at baseline ( 1995 ) .  Adherence scores for seven WCRF/AICR recommendations ( adherent = 1 , partial adherence = 0.5 , non-adherence = 0 ) were calculated using question naire data and summed for overall ( maximum = 7 ) and diet only ( maximum = 5 ) scores . Associations between baseline and time-varying adherence scores and breast cancer incidence ( N = 1,827 incident cases through 2011 ) were evaluated using proportional hazards regression . In this cohort , 8.5 % adhered > 4 recommendations . Adherence at baseline was not associated with breast cancer incidence . Higher overall time-varying adherence ( per 0.5 point increase ) was associated with lower breast cancer incidence ( HR : 0.90 , 95 % CI : 0.84 - 0.96 ) . Adherence to physical activity , sugar beverage and red and processed meat recommendations were also associated with reduced risk . Adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations was low and may be associated with lower breast cancer incidence in African American women The lifestyle recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research ( AICR ) are primarily intended for cancer prevention . In the absence of specific recommendations for cancer survivors , we investigated adherence of colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors to the WCRF/AICR lifestyle recommendations and associations with health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) . The cross-sectional part of the Energy for life after ColoRectal cancer ( EnCoRe ) study was conducted in 155 CRC survivors ( stage I-III ) , 2 - 10 years post diagnosis .  Dietary intake , physical activity and general body fatness  were measured by 7-d food diaries , by question naires and accelerometers and BMI , respectively . Adherence to each of the ten WCRF/AICR recommendations was scored as 0 ( no/low adherence ) , 0·5 ( moderate adherence ) or 1 point ( complete adherence ) , and summed into an overall adherence score ( range : 0 - 10 ) . HRQoL , disability and distress were assessed by vali date d question naires . Associations of the overall WCRF/AICR adherence score with HRQoL outcomes were analysed by confounder-adjusted linear regression . The mean adherence score was 5·1 ( sd 1·4 , range : 1·5 - 8·5 ) . In confounder-adjusted models , a higher adherence score was significantly associated with the HRQoL dimension better physical functioning ( β per 1 point difference in score : 2·6 ; 95 % CI 0·2 , 5·1 ) and with less fatigue ( β : -3·3 ; 95 % CI -6·4 , -0·1 ) . In conclusion , higher adherence of CRC survivors to WCRF/AICR lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention was associated with better physical functioning and with less fatigue . This study adds to the limited knowledge on adherence to lifestyle behaviours in CRC survivors and relationships with quality of life . Prospect i ve studies are needed to investigate longitudinal associations Introduction Mammographic density ( MD ) is considered a strong predictor of Breast Cancer ( BC ) . The objective of the present study is to explore the association between MD and the compliance with the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research ( WCRF/AICR ) recommendations for cancer prevention . Methods Data of 3584 women attending screening from a population -based multicenter cross-sectional study ( DDM-Spain ) collected from October 7 , 2007 through July 14 , 2008 , was used to calculate a score that measures the level of compliance with the  WCRF/AICR  recommendations : R1)Maintain adequate body weight ; R2)Be physically active ; 3R)Limit the intake of high density foods ; R4)Eat mostly plant foods ; R5)Limit the intake of animal foods ; R6)Limit alcohol intake ; R7)Limit salt and salt preserved food intake ; R8)Meet nutritional needs through diet . The association between the score and MD ( assessed by a single radiologist using a semi-quantitative scale ) was evaluated using ordinal logistic models with r and om center-specific intercepts adjusted for the main determinants of MD . Stratified analyses by menopausal status and smoking status were also carried out . Results A higher compliance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations was associated with lower MD ( OR1-unit increase = 0.93 95%CI:0.86;0.99 ) . The association was stronger in postmenopausal women ( OR = 0.91 95%CI:0.84;0.99 ) and nonsmokers ( OR = 0.87;95%CI:0.80;0. 
    Output:
    
In cross-sectional studies , a healthier plasma marker profile and lower cancer risk factors in the general population and a better health status and quality of life in cancer patients /survivors were reported .
Adhering to the 2007 WCRF/AICR recommendations is associated with lower risks of cancer incidence , namely breast and colorectal cancers , and mortality .