***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: STUDY OBJECTIVE This study compares the effect of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster given to emergency department ( ED ) patients with subcritical injuries from a motor vehicle crash with the effect of brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster in patients treated for non-motor vehicle crash-related injuries . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial ( n=539 ) was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center of brief intervention ( 1 ED session of brief intervention ) , brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster ( 1 ED session plus booster session ) , or st and ard care for injured ED patients with an alcohol use problem who were being discharged home . At 12 months , alcohol-related negative consequences and injuries were measured . We performed a secondary analysis comparing motor vehicle crash-injured patients and non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients in the study sample . RESULTS Subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use who received brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster had fewer alcohol-related negative consequences and alcohol-related injuries than those receiving brief intervention or st and ard care at 12-month follow-up ( previously reported ) . A secondary analysis of this result showed that motor vehicle crash patients ( n=133 ) given brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster ( n=34 ) had fewer alcohol-related injuries than those receiving st and ard care ( n=46 ; P = .001 ) . Moreover , there were no significant differences in alcohol-related injuries among the non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients who received brief intervention or st and ard care . CONCLUSION Brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster is a useful intervention for subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use . Its effects may be moderated by the cause of injury AIM To establish the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention compared to feedback only when delivered in an emergency department for reducing alcohol use and problems among young adults . DESIGN Two-group r and omized controlled trial with follow-up assessment s at 6 and 12 months . SETTING Level I Trauma Center . PARTICIPANTS A total of 198 18 - 24-year-old patients who were either alcohol positive upon hospital admission or met screening criteria for alcohol problems . INTERVENTION Participants were assigned r and omly to receive a one-session motivational intervention ( MI ) that included personalized feedback , or the personalized feedback report only ( FO ) . All participants received additional telephone contact 1 month and 3 months after baseline . MEASUREMENTS Demographic information , alcohol use , alcohol problems and treatment seeking . FINDINGS Six months after the intervention MI participants drank on fewer days , had fewer heavy drinking days and drank fewer drinks per week in the past month than did FO patients . These effects were maintained at 12 months . Clinical significance evaluation indicated that twice as many MI participants as FO participants reliably reduced their volume of alcohol consumption from baseline to 12 months . Reductions in alcohol-related injuries and moving violations , and increases in alcohol treatment-seeking were observed across both conditions at both follow-ups with no differences between conditions . CONCLUSIONS This study provides new data supporting the potential of the motivational intervention tested to reduce alcohol consumption among high-risk youth AIMS This study aim ed at testing the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention ( BI ) compared with a minimal intervention ( MI ) for reducing alcohol consumption in adult , alcohol-positive traffic casualties . METHODS Patients were recruited at the emergency room of a trauma hospital and screened for alcohol by a qualitative saliva test ( positive from a blood alcohol concentration of 0.02 g/l ) . Positive patients ( 13.3 % ) who accepted entering the study were r and omly allocated into BI and MI . Baseline assessment was the same for all patients . Blind telephone follow-ups were performed at months 3 , 6 , and 12 , and results were analysed by protocol and by intention-to-treat analysis . RESULTS After 1 year of follow-up , 67 % of the patients had reduced their consumption , the percentage of heavy drinkers had dropped by 47 % , and 62 % of baseline AUDIT-C positive patients ( hazardous drinkers ) had become negative . Binge drinking dropped significantly ( P < 0.05 ) . Results at month 12 were in line with the previous ones . CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of BI compared with MI has not been verified , but a significant reduction in consumption has been observed in the whole sample , without significant differences by type of intervention . The persistence and dimension of changes suggest a real effect of both interventions , although the lack of a pure control group does not allow definitive conclusions . Traffic casualties are in a teachable moments to benefit from easy and cheap interventions AIMS ( i ) To evaluate the effect of receiving one of two brief interventions in reducing alcohol consumption among general hospital patients compared with usual care . ( ii ) To assess whether a brief intervention of self-efficacy enhancement was superior to a self-help booklet in reducing alcohol consumption . DESIGN A three-arm cluster r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Seven general medical , six general surgical , one dermatology and two otolaryngology wards of a large teaching hospital covering a large urban and rural area . PARTICIPANTS A total of 215 of 789 in- patients aged 18 - 75 years , who screened positive for alcohol consumption in excess of national recommended limits according to a 7-day retrospective drinking diary . INTERVENTIONS Participants were allocated to receive one of three interventions : ( i ) face-to-face self-efficacy enhancement ; ( ii ) a self-help booklet ; or ( iii ) usual care . MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome measure was change in reported alcohol consumption at 6-month follow-up as measured by a 7-day retrospective drinking diary . Secondary outcomes were change in : number of alcohol drinking days in last week ; the maximum units of alcohol consumed on any one day in last week ; and Drinking Refusal Self-efficacy Expectancy Question naire score . FINDINGS Compared to the usual care group the self-efficacy enhancement group ( -10.1 units 95 % CI -16.1 to -4.1 ) and the self-help booklet group ( -10.0 units 95 % CI -16.0 to -3.9 ) had greater reductions in self-reported weekly alcohol consumption . There was no evidence that self-efficacy enhancement was superior to the self-help booklet ( P = 0.96 ) . CONCLUSIONS Brief interventions delivered in hospital offer simple means of helping heavy drinkers to reduce their alcohol consumption OBJECTIVES This study evaluates a computerized alcohol intervention implemented in a Swedish emergency department ( ED ) with regard to the effectiveness of two different types of tailored brief feedback on patients ' drinking patterns and the reach of the intervention . METHODS The study was a prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial of ED patients . The design ated target population was the ED population aged 18 - 69 years who registered at the triage room before receiving care . Patients who were categorized as risky drinkers and completed the computerized test  were r and omized to either a long or a short feedback . The feedback was tailored on the basis of the individual patient 's responses to questions on their drinking patterns . RESULTS The computerized intervention reached 41 % of the target population . Those who completed the computerized test and received the feedback were younger than those who did not receive the intervention . Among those who could be followed up , the feedback was effective in reducing the patient 's weekly alcohol consumption and the number of heavy episodic drinking occasions . The long feedback was slightly more effective than the short feedback , but the differences were not statistically significant Abstract Objective : To evaluate the influence of preoperative abstinence on postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers with no symptoms who were drinking the equivalent of at least 60 g ethanol/day . Design : R and omised controlled trial . Setting : Copenhagen , Denmark . Subjects : 42 alcoholic patients without liver disease admitted for elective colorectal surgery . Interventions : Withdrawal from alcohol consumption for 1month before operation ( disulfiram controlled ) compared with continuous drinking . Main outcome measures : Postoperative complications requiring treatment within the first month after surgery . Perioperative immunosuppression measured by delayed type hypersensitivity ; myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias measured by Holter tape recording ; episodes of hypoxaemia measured by pulse oximetry . Response to stress during the operation were assessed by heart rate , blood pressure , serum concentration of cortisol , and plasma concentrations of glucose , interleukin 6 , and catecholamines . Results : The intervention group developed significantly fewer postoperative complications than the continuous drinkers ( 31 % v 74 % , P=0.02 ) . Delayed type hypersensitivity responses were better in the intervention group before ( 37 mm2 v 12 mm2 , P=0.04 ) , but not after surgery ( 3 mm2 v 3 mm2 ) . Development of postoperative myocardial ischaemia ( 23 % v 85 % ) and arrhythmias ( 33 % v 86 % ) on the second postoperative day as well as nightly hypoxaemic episodes ( 4 v 18 on the second postoperative night ) occurred significantly less often in the intervention group . Surgical stress responses were lower in the intervention group ( P≤0.05 ) . Conclusions : One month of preoperative abstinence reduces postoperative morbidity in alcohol abusers . The mechanism is probably reduced pre clinical organ dysfunction and reduction of the exaggerated response to surgical stress Background There is a wealth of evidence regarding the detrimental impact of excessive alcohol consumption on the physical , psychological and social health of the population . There also exists a substantial evidence base for the efficacy of brief interventions aim ed at reducing alcohol consumption across a range of healthcare setting s. Primary research conducted in emergency departments has reinforced the current evidence regarding the potential effectiveness and cost-effectiveness . Within this body of evidence there is marked variation in the intensity of brief intervention delivered , from very minimal interventions to more intensive behavioural or lifestyle counselling approaches . Further the majority of primary research has been conducted in single centre and there is little evidence of the wider issues of generalisability and implementation of brief interventions across emergency departments . Methods / design The study design is a prospect i ve pragmatic factorial cluster r and omised controlled trial . Individual Emergency Departments ( ED ) ( n = 9 ) are r and omised with equal probability to a combination of screening tool ( M-SASQ vs FAST vs SIPS-PAT ) and an intervention ( Minimal intervention vs Brief advice vs Brief lifestyle counselling ) . The primary hypothesis is that brief lifestyle counselling delivered by an Alcohol Health Worker ( AHW ) is more effective than Brief Advice or a minimal intervention delivered by ED staff . Secondary hypotheses address whether short screening instruments are more acceptable and as efficient as longer screening instruments and the cost-effectiveness of screening and brief interventions in ED . Individual participants will be followed up at 6 and 12 months after consent . The primary outcome measure is performance using a gold-st and ard screening test ( AUDIT ) . Secondary outcomes include ; quantity and frequency of alcohol consumed , alcohol-related problems , motivation to change , health related quality of life and service utilisation . Discussion This paper presents a protocol for a large multi-centre pragmatic factorial cluster r and omised trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening and brief interventions for hazardous alcohol users attending emergency departments . Trial Registration IS RCT N Objective : To determine whether an intervention with smoking cessation starting 4 weeks before general and orthopedic surgery would reduce the frequency of postoperative complications . Summary Background Data : Complications are a major concern after elective surgery and smokers have an increased risk . There is insufficient evidence concerning how the duration of preoperative smoking intervention affects postoperative complications . Methods : A r and omized controlled trial , conducted between February 2004 and December 2006 at 4 university-affiliated hospitals in the Stockholm region , Sweden . The outcome assessment was blinded . The follow-up period for the primary outcome was 30 days . Eligibility criteria were active daily smokers , aged 18 to 79 years . Of the 238 patients assessed , 76 refused participating , and 117 men and women undergoing surgery for primary hernia repair , laparoscopic cholecystectomy , or a hip or knee prosthesis were enrolled . Intervention : Smoking cessation therapy with individual counseling and nicotine substitution started 4 weeks before surgery and continued 4 weeks postoperatively . The control group received st and ard care . The main outcome measure was frequency of any postoperative complication . Results : An intention-to-treat analysis showed that the overall complication rate in the control group was 41 % , and in the intervention group , it was 21 % ( P = 0.03 ) . Relative risk reduction for the primary outcome of any postoperative complication was 49 % and number needed to treat was 5 ( 95 % CI , 3–40 ) . An analysis per protocol showed that abstainers had fewer complications ( 15 % ) than those who continued to smoke or only reduced smoking ( 35 % ) , although this difference was not statistically significant . Conclusion : Perioperative smoking cessation seems to be an effective tool to reduce postoperative complications even if it is introduced as late as 4 weeks before surgery OBJECTIVE A r and omized , controlled trial of screening , brief intervention , and referral to treatment ( SBIRT ) for drinking and related problems among at-risk and dependent drinkers was conducted in an emergency department ( ED ) in Sosnowiec , Pol and , among patients ages 18 years and older . METHOD Data were collected over a 23-week period , from 4:00 PM to midnight , and result ed in 446 patients being recruited into the study ( 90 % of those who 
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Adherence rates were not affected by patients ' group allocation and type of follow-up .
Conclusions Most emergency and surgical patients with AUD accept participation in alcohol screening and interventions and complete the intervention program