***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) often develops in infancy as the first manifestation of the atopic phenotype . Wheezing is also common in infancy , but it is less clear whether infant wheezing should be considered as an atopic phenotype . If infant wheeze and AD share a common aetiology , this would indicate that infant wheezing is an atopic phenotype . OBJECTIVE To investigate whether potential risk factors for infant wheeze and AD have similar effects on these 2 phenotypes , indicating a common etiology . METHODS A total of 34.793 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort were followed prospect ively . Information on wheezing episodes , AD , and prenatal , perinatal , and postnatal risk factors was collected by interview at 12 and 30 weeks of gestation , at 6 and 18 months of age , and by linkage to the Danish Medical Birth Register . Data were analyzed by binary and polytomous logistic regression models . RESULTS The following variables had significantly differential effects on infant wheezing and AD : parental hay fever , parental asthma , parental AD , sex , maternal age , maternal occupation , smoking during pregnancy , season of birth , birth weight , gestational age , head circumference , breast-feeding , number of older siblings , day care attendance , and pets in the home . CONCLUSION The majority of risk factors had differential effects on infant wheeze and AD indicative of a different etiology . Infant wheezing does not seem to be etiologically linked to the epidemic of atopic disease , and infant wheezing should not be used as an indicator of the atopic phenotype BACKGROUND AND METHODS Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ( ISAAC ) was conducted in eight Pacific countries , five of which ( Samoa , Fiji , Tokelau , French Polynesia and New Caledonia ) collected environmental question naire ( EQ ) data . We report the findings of the EQ analyses below . RESULTS The major factors associated with current wheeze were regular margarine consumption ( prevalence odds ratio [ POR ] 1.19 , 95%CI 1.01 - 1.40 ) , paracetamol use ( POR 1.35 , 95%CI 1.11 - 1.64 ) , electric cooking ( POR 1.42 , 95%CI 1.11 - 1.80 ) , regular exercise ( POR 1.44 , 95%CI 1.18 - 1.75 ) and maternal smoking ( POR 1.16 , 95%CI 1.01 - 1.33 ) . Protective factors included having older siblings ( two or more POR 0.69 , 95%CI 0.58 - 0.82 ; one POR 0.86 , 95%CI 0.71 - 1.05 ) , and being born in the country of the survey ( POR 0.74 , 95%CI 0.63 - 0.87 ) . Risk factors for rhinoconjunctivitis included regular consumption of meat , butter , margarine and nuts , regular exercise , regular television viewing , paracetamol  use and passive smoking . Eczema was associated with regular meat , pasta and butter consumption , regular television viewing , paracetamol use and passive smoking . CONCLUSIONS Regular meat and margarine consumption , paracetamol use , electric cooking and passive smoking are risk factors for symptoms of asthma , rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in the Pacific . However , most of these associations were weak , and account for only a small proportion of cases Background : Several cross‐sectional population ‐based studies have reported a negative association between smoking and allergic sensitization to aeroallergens . In a prospect i ve study , we investigated the association between smoking and the development ( incidence ) of allergic sensitization as reflected by skin prick test ( SPT ) positivity and specific IgE positivity The present study aim ed to investigate the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in primary schoolchildren in Denizli , Turkey , and to determine the possible risk factors for atopic dermatitis in home environment . A self-administered question naire was h and led to the parents of 2,100 children aged 7 to 15 years , from three r and omized primary schools and 1,644 ( 78.9 % ) completed and returned the question naire . The question naire included the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria and asked about conditions that could affect the course of atopic dermatitis . The prevalence of atopic dermatitis and coexisting factors that may affect the course of the disease were evaluated in 1,644 children ( 825 girls and 819 boys ) . The prevalence of atopic dermatitis was detected as 4.9 % . Passive smoking , heating systems either in the house or in the child 's bedroom , and the number of people living in the house had no significant effect ( p > 0.005 ) . The difference in prevalence of atopic dermatitis between developed and developing countries is striking . The determination of the factors that have an influence in this issue will probably enable us to change the course and frequency of atopic dermatitis 
    Output:
    
Active and passive exposure to smoke are associated with increased AD prevalence