***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Latino family caregivers of older people with memory problems are a rapidly growing group . However , their participation in intervention research is disproportionately low . The authors compared the participant retention rates of three different recruitment strategies in a sample of Latino and Caucasian family caregivers . METHODS A total of 310 caregivers ( 195 Latino and 105 Caucasian ) were screened for participation in one of two clinical intervention trials . Potential participants were recruited from one of three sources : 1 ) non-professional ( e.g. , health fairs ) ; 2 ) professional ( e.g. , community agencies ) ; and 3 ) advertisements . Reasons for non-participation were also obtained . RESULTS Caucasians were significantly more likely to be successfully retained across all recruitment strategies ( 52 % versus 31 % , respectively ) . However , logistic regression revealed a recruitment strategy -by-ethnicity interaction : Latinos were highly similar in retention rates to Caucasians when recruited through professional referrals , and far less likely to participate with other strategies . Descriptive analyses also revealed ethnic differences for non-participation . CONCLUSION Partnership of Latino family caregivers with community agencies may result in the highest recruitment rates among this group . Latino cultural values likely play a role in the success of these partnerships in participant recruitment Background Trials frequently encounter difficulties in recruitment , but evidence on effective recruitment methods in primary care is sparse . A robust test of recruitment methods involves comparing alternative methods using a r and omized trial , ' nested ' in an ongoing ' host ' trial . There are potential scientific , logistical and ethical obstacles to such studies . Methods Telephone interviews were undertaken with four groups of stakeholders ( funders , principal investigators , trial managers and ethics committee chairs ) to explore their views on the practicality and acceptability of undertaking nested trials of recruitment methods . These semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically . Results Twenty people were interviewed . Respondents were familiar with recruitment difficulties in primary care and recognised the case for ' nested ' studies to build an evidence base on effective recruitment strategies . However , enthusiasm for this global aim was tempered by the challenges of implementation . Challenges for host studies included increasing complexity and management burden ; compatibility between the host and nested study ; and the impact of the nested study on trial design and relationships with collaborators . For nested recruitment studies , there were concerns that host study investigators might have strong preferences , limiting the nested study investigators ' control over their research , and also concerns about sample size which might limit statistical power . Nested studies needed to be compatible with the main trial and should be planned from the outset . Good communication and adequate re sources were seen as important . Conclusions Although research on recruitment was welcomed in principle , the issue of which study had control of key decisions emerged as critical . To address this concern , it appeared important to align the interests of both host and nested studies and to reduce the burden of hosting a recruitment trial . These findings should prove useful in devising a programme of research involving nested studies of recruitment interventions PURPOSE This article review s the problems associated with recruiting older minorities into mental health research studies and proposes a consumer-centered model of research methodology that addresses the barriers to recruitment and retention in this population . DESIGN AND METHODS The authors discuss and compare the results of  recruitment and retention interventions for two geriatric mental health studies , one that used traditional methods of recruitment and retention and another that used consumer-centered methods . RESULTS Although the consumer-centered methods result in better recruitment of older minorities in general ( chi(2 ) = 54.90 , p < .001 ) , it was not superior to the traditional method in recruiting older minorities ( chi(2 ) = 0.82 , ns ) . However , the consumer-centered approach yielded better retention of older minorities ( chi(2 ) = 6.20 , p < .05 ) than did the traditional method . Within both methods , recruitment through provider referral and face-to-face contact were the superior recruitment methods ( chi(2 ) = 6.78 , p < .05 ) . Having an experienced recruiter or a community recruiter result ed in greater agreement to participate than simply having an ethnically matched recruiter ( chi(2 ) = 36.00 , p < .001 ) . IMPLICATION S Although these data are observational , and rigorous research on the best methods for recruiting and retaining older minorities is still necessary , the results suggest that a consumer-centered model of research yields greater overall recruitment and retention rates than do traditional research methods Background R and omized controlled trials play a central role in evidence -based practice , but recruitment of participants , and retention of them once in the trial , is challenging . Moreover , there is a dearth of evidence that research teams can use to inform the development of their recruitment and retention strategies . As with other healthcare initiatives , the fairest test of the effectiveness of a recruitment strategy is a trial comparing alternatives , which for recruitment would mean embedding a recruitment trial within an ongoing host trial . Systematic review s indicate that such studies are rare . Embedded trials are largely delivered in an ad hoc way , with interventions almost always developed in isolation and tested in the context of a single host trial , limiting their ability to contribute to a body of evidence with regard to a single recruitment intervention and to research ers working in different context s. Methods / Design The Systematic Techniques for Assisting Recruitment to Trials  ( START ) program is funded by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council ( MRC ) Methodology Research Programme to support the routine adoption of embedded trials to test st and ardized recruitment interventions across ongoing host trials . To achieve this aim , the program involves three interrelated work packages : ( 1 ) methodology - to develop guidelines for the design , analysis and reporting of embedded recruitment studies ; ( 2 ) interventions - to develop effective and useful recruitment interventions ; and ( 3 ) implementation - to recruit host trials and test interventions through embedded studies . Discussion Successful completion of the START program will provide a model for a platform for the wider trials community to use to evaluate recruitment interventions or , potentially , other types of intervention linked to trial conduct . It will also increase the evidence base for two types of recruitment intervention . Trial registration The START protocol covers the methodology for embedded trials . Each embedded trial is registered separately or as a sub study of the host trial The negative consequences of untreated depression on the health and well-being of women and their children are well-documented , underscoring the need to develop effective interventions to prevent the onset of major depression during the perinatal period . This article describes recruitment data from two r and omized controlled trials of preventive interventions for postpartum depression : one conducted with immigrant Latinas in Washington , DC , United States , and the other with women in Mexico City , Mexico . In both countries , pregnant women met a priori eligibility criteria and were r and omized into an 8-week theory-based group intervention .  Two hundred and seventeen Latinas in the U.S. and 377 women born and raised in Mexico were enrolled in their respective countries . The recruitment rates ( i.e. , the number of participants who met eligibility criteria , consented , and r and omized into the study ) were 70 % in the U.S. and in Mexico . Issues and recommendations related to recruiting Hispanic women into preventive intervention trials for postpartum depression are discussed 
    Output:
    
Conclusions This typology of strategies to overcome barriers to recruiting ethnic minorities provides guidance on achieving higher rates of recruitment .
Whilst adopting these strategies , the authors have not been able to quantify the positive impact of these strategies on recruitment .