***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To assess age and gender differences in muscle strength , isometric , concentric ( Con ) , and eccentric ( Ecc ) peak torque was measured in the knee extensors at a slow ( 0.52 rad/s ) and fast ( 3.14 rad/s ) velocity in 654 subjects ( 346 men and 308 women , aged 20 - 93 yr ) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging . Regression analysis revealed significant ( P < 0.001 ) age-related reductions in Con and Ecc peak torque for men and women at both velocities , but no differences were observed between the gender groups or velocities . Age explained losses in Con better than Ecc peak torque , accounting for 30 % ( Con ) vs. 19 % ( Ecc ) of the variance in men and 28 % ( Con ) vs. 11 % ( Ecc ) in women . To assess age and gender differences in the ability to store and utilize elastic energy , the stretch-shortening cycle was determined in a subset of subjects ( n = 47 ) . The older women ( mean age = 70 yr ) showed a significantly greater enhancement in the stretch-shortening cycle , compared with men of similar age ( P < 0.01 ) and compared with younger men and women ( each P < 0.05 ) . Both men and women showed significant declines in muscle quality for Con peak torque ( P < 0.01 ) , but no gender differences were observed . Only the men showed a significant decline in muscle quality ( P < 0.001 ) for Ecc peak torque . Thus both men and women experience age-related losses in isometric , Con , and Ecc knee extensor peak torque ; however , age accounted for less of the variance in Ecc peak torque in women , and women tend to better preserve muscle quality with age for Ecc peak torque . In addition , older women have an enhanced capacity to store and utilize elastic energy compared with similarly aged men as well as with younger women and men The purpose s of this study were to analyze the impact of 24 weeks of vibratory and multicomponent training ( MT ) and to determine what type of training creates greater adaptations on body composition and isokinetic strength of the knee and ankle joints in postmenopausal women . Thirty-eight women ( 60.0 ± 6.3 years ) were r and omly assigned to whole body vibration group ( WBVG ) , multicomponent training group ( MTG ) , or a control group . A significant decrease in total fat mass was observed in experimental groups . There were no changes in total lean mass and total bone mineral density in both groups . WBVG and MTG  showed significant increases in isokinetic strength for knee extensors at 60 ° /s and at 270 ° /s . Regarding the ankle joint , there were significant increments in strength for plantar flexion at 60 ° /s in WBVG and at 120 ° /s in the two trainings groups . MTG showed a significant increase in strength for dorsiflexion at 60 ° /s . With respect to eversion and inversion , WBVG and MTG improved strength at 60 ° /s . Also , the WBVG showed increased strength in the ankle evertors at 120 ° /s and both groups showed increased strength in the ankle invertors at 120 ° /s . Twenty-four weeks of whole body vibration or MTs result in positive modifications in total fat mass . These trainings are effective in improving knee extension and stabilizer muscles of the ankle joint strength Forty-eight community living women 66–87 years old volunteered to participate in a 12-month prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled , trial . The aim was to determine if a combined weight-bearing training program twice a week would be beneficial to bone mineral density and neuromuscular function . The participants were pairwise age-matched and r and omly assigned to either an exercise group ( n=24 ) or a control group ( n=24 ) . Twenty-one subjects in the intervention group and 19 in the control group completed the study . The exercise program lasted for 50 min and consisted of a combination of strengthening , aerobic , balance and coordination exercises . The mean percentage of scheduled sessions attended for the exercise group was 67 % . At the completion of the study , the intervention group showed significant increments in bone mineral density of the Ward ’s triangle ( 8.4 % , P<0.01 ) as well as improvement in maximum walking speed ( 11.4 % , P<0.001 ) and isometric grip strength ( 9.9 % , P<0.05 ) , as compared to the control group . The conclusion was that a combined weight-bearing training program might reduce fracture risk factors by improving bone density as well as muscle strength and walking ability . This program could be suitable for older community living women in general , and might , therefore , have important implication s for fracture prevention Summary We determined the effect of antioxidants and resistance training on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women . After 6 months , we observed a significant decrease in the lumbar spine BMD of the placebo group while other groups remained stable . Antioxidants may offer protection against bone loss such as resistance training . Introduction The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effects of antioxidant supplements combined to resistance training on bone mineral density ( BMD ) in healthy elderly women . Methods Thirty-four postmenopausal women ( 66.1 ± 3.3 years ) were r and omized in four groups ( placebo , n = 7 ; antioxidants , n = 8 ; exercise and placebo , n = 11 ; and exercise and antioxidants , n = 8) . The 6-month intervention consisted in antioxidant supplements ( 600 mg vitamin E and 1,000 mg vitamin C daily ) or resistance exercise ( 3 × /week ) . Femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD ( DXA ) and dietary intakes ( 3-day food record ) were measured before and after the intervention . A repeated measure ANOVA and non-parametric Mann – Whitney U tests were used . Results We observed a significant decrease in the placebo group for lumbar spine BMD ( pre , 1.01 ± 0.17 g/cm2 ; post , 1.00 ± 0.16 g/cm2 ; P < 0.05 respectively ) while it remained stable in all other groups . No changes were observed for femoral neck BMD . Conclusions Antioxidant vitamins may offer some protection against bone loss in the same extent as resistance exercise although combining both does not seem to produce additional effects . Our results suggest to further investigate the impact of antioxidant supplements on the prevention of osteoporosis Summary This study showed that combination of strength , balance , agility and jumping training prevented functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women . The finding supports the idea that it is possible to maintain good physical functioning by multi-component exercise program and thus postpone the age-related functional problems . Introduction This 1-year r and omized , controlled exercise intervention trial assessed the effects of two different training programs and their combination on physical functioning and bone in home-dwelling elderly women . Methods One hundred and forty-nine healthy women aged 70–78 years were r and omly assigned into : group 1—resistance training ( RES ) , group 2—balance-jumping training ( BAL ) , group 3—combination of resistance and balance-jumping training ( COMB ) , and group 4—controls ( CON ) . Self-rated physical functioning , leg extensor force , dynamic balance , and bone mass and structure were measured . Results Self-rated physical functioning improved in the COMB group , but was reduced in the CON group ; the mean inter-group difference was 10 % ( 95 % CI : 0–22 % ) . Mean increase in the leg extensor force was higher in the RES ( 14 % ; 4–25 % ) and COMB ( 13 % ; 3–25 % ) compared with the CON groups . Dynamic balance improved in the BAL ( 6 % ; 1–11 % ) and in the COMB ( 8 % ; 3–12 % ) groups . There were no inter-group differences in BMC at the proximal femur . In those COMB women who trained at least twice a week , the tibial shaft structure weakened 2 % ( 0–4 % ) less than those in the CON group . Conclusions Strength , balance , agility , and jumping training ( especially in combination ) prevented functional decline in home-dwelling elderly women . In addition , positive effects seen in the structure of the loaded tibia indicated that exercise may also play a role in preventing bone fragility Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more This study examined the correlations between isokinetic muscle strength of knee and elbow flexors and extensors with vertebral and femoral bone mineral density in a population of 106 women between the ages of 44 and 87 years . The absolute value of muscle strength correlated significantly with bone mineral density ; muscle strength of the upper limb appeared to be more closely correlated with bone mass , while muscle strength in the lower limb was more specific for femoral mineral bone density . The most important finding that these results demonstrated was a concomitant decline in muscle strength of the upper limb and bone mineral density between the 5th and 6th decades . In contrast , they also showed a decline in muscle strength of the lower limbs after the 6th decade , occurring before the decline in bone mineral density observed between the 7th and 8th decades . From these results it would appear that other studies are required to examine the relationship between the essentially hormonal role in postmenopausal decline in muscle strength and the decline in physical activity during the senile period . These elements are important because they must be taken into account in physical exercise programmes design ed to prevent osteoporosis UNLABELLED We prospect ively examined vBMD and structural bone parameters assessed by QCT among participants of the InCHIANTI study over a 6-yr follow-up . Periosteal apposition occurred both in men and women . Endocortical resorption causes  bone loss  in older women despite periosteal apposition . INTRODUCTION To address the hypothesis that age-related changes in BMD and bone geometry may be different in men and women , we prospect ively examined volumetric BMD ( vBMD ) and structural bone parameters assessed by QCT among participants of the InCHIANTI study over a 6-yr follow-up . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Three hundred forty-five men and 464 women 21 - 102 yr of age from the InCHIANTI study , a population -based study in Tuscany , Italy , were included .  Tibial QCT bone parameters were measured at enrollment ( 1998 - 2000 ) and at 3- ( 2001 - 2003 ) and 6-yr ( 2004 - 2006 ) follow-ups . RESULTS Periosteal apposition occurred both in men and women . The annual rate of bone periosteal apposition was higher in younger than in older men , whereas in women , the rate of apposition was homogenous across age groups . The age-related medullary expansion , expression of endocortical resorption , was significantly higher in women compared with men . In women , but not in men , accelerated endocortical resorption not sufficiently balanced by periosteal apposition caused accelerated loss in cortical bone mass . The cross-sectional moment of inertia decreased progressively over the life span in both sexes . CONCLUSIONS Endocortical resorption causes bone loss in older women despite periosteal apposition . Obtaining a balance between endocortical resorption and periosteal apposition should be the target for interventions aim ed to decrease bone loss and prevent osteoporosis in older women BACKGROUND Physical exercise affects many risk factors and diseases and therefore can play a vital role in general disease prevention and treatment of elderly individuals and may reduce costs . We sought to determine whether a single exercise program affects fracture risk ( bone mineral density [ BMD ] and falls ) , coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk factors , and health care costs in community-dwelling elderly women . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , single-blinded , controlled trial from May 1 , 2005 , through July 31 , 2008 , recruiting women 65 years or older who were living independently in the area of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Germany . In all , 246 women were r and omly assigned to an 18-month exercise program ( exercise group ) or a wellness program ( control group ) . The exercise group ( n = 123 ) performed a multi purpose exercise program with special emphasis on exercise intensity ; the controls ( n = 123 ) focused on well-being with a low-intensity , low-frequency program . The main outcome measures were BMD , the number of falls , the Framingham-based 10-year CHD risk , and direct health care costs . RESULTS For the 227 women who completed the 18-month study , significant exercise effects were observed for BMD of the lumbar spine ( mean [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ] percentage of change in BMD [ baseline to follow-up ] for the exercise group : 1.77 % [ 1.26 % to 2.28 % ] vs controls : 0.33 % [ -0.24 % to 0.91 % ] ; P < .001 ) , femoral neck ( exercise group : 1.01 % [ 0.37 % to 1.65 % ] vs controls : -1.05 % [ -1.70 % to -0.40 % ] ; P < .001 ) , and fall rate per person during 18 months ( exercise group : 1.00 [ 0.76 to 1.24 ] vs controls 
    Output:
    
Studies examining the effects of combined training methods in postmenopausal and older women showed contrasting results , possibly due to the wide range of the participants ’ age , the evaluation of different regions , and the varying characteristics of the training methods between studies .
Overall , it appears that exercise modes that combine resistance , weight-bearing training , and impact-aerobic activities can increase or prevent muscle and skeletal mass loss during the ageing process in women .