***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background . Short implants have become popular in the reconstruction of jaws , especially in cases with limited bone height . Shorter implants , those with locking tapers and plateau root shapes , tend to have longer survival times . We retrospectively investigated the cumulative survival rates of Bicon short implants ( < 8 mm ) according to patient variables over a 5-year period . Material s and Methods . This study included 111 consecutively treated patients with 371 implants supporting fixed or removable prosthetics .  Data were evaluated to acquire cumulative survival rates according to gender , age , tobacco use , surgical procedure , bone quality , and restoration type . Statistics were performed using chi-square , Mann-Whitney , and Kruskal Wallis H tests . Results . The survival rate was 97.3 % with , on average , 22.8 months of follow-up . Patients older than 60 years had higher failure rate than the other age groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Placed region , age , and bone quality had adverse effects on survival rate in the < 8 mm implant group with statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions . Approximately 23-month follow-up data indicate that short implants with locking tapers and plateau-type roots have comparable survival rates as other types of dental implants . However , due to limitations of study , these issues remain to be further investigated in future r and omized controlled clinical trials BACKGROUND Health risks associated with smoking have been exhaustively documented and include increased incidence of periodontal disease , greater risk of osteitis following oral surgery , and compromised wound healing due to hypoxia . Information related directly to dental implants , although limited , points to higher rates of implant failures among smokers than non-smokers . This paper reports on long-term clinical outcomes of osseointegrated dental implants placed in smokers and non-smokers in a longitudinal clinical study of endosseous dental implants . METHODS In 1990 , the Dental Implant Clinical Research Group ( DICRG ) of the Department of Veterans Affairs ( DVA ) launched an 8-year , r and omized , prospect i ve clinical study of more than 2,900 endosseous dental implants in more than 800 patients at 32 study centers . Confounding variables , including smoking patterns , were recorded . For this report , new follow-up data were analyzed for two groups : 1 ) current smokers and 2 ) those who never smoked combined with those who quit . Most of the variables recorded for each implant were screened on a univariate basis as possible predictors associated with implant survival/failure . Those with P values less than 0.15 and those likely to be a factor of clinical importance were placed in a logistic regression equation and analyzed for a simultaneous effect on survival . A step-wise procedure was used to eliminate those variables that showed the least significance , until only those variables with a Wald chi-square of significance in the presence of others remained . The effects of clustering within patients and of unbalanced distribution within hospitals were st and ardized to facilitate analysis of influence of demographic variables . The GEE analysis was performed with the patient as the primary cluster . RESULTS Current data do not support earlier findings that smoking contributes to early implant failure ( placement to uncovering ) . A trend of greater failures in smokers appeared between the time after uncovering and before insertion of the prosthesis . Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants had significantly lower failure rates . For the entire 3-year period , overall failures were significantly higher for smokers than non-smokers . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that increased implant failures in smokers are not the result of poor healing or osseointegration , but of exposure of peri-implant tissues to tobacco smoke . Data also suggest that detrimental effects may be reduced by : 1 ) cessation of smoking ; 2 ) the use of preoperative antibiotics ; and 3 ) the use of HA-coated implants PURPOSE To evaluate aged partially and fully edentulous patients who received dental implants and were maintained over time . Further , to determine how the partially and edentulous ageing population s ( 65 and above ) with dental implants  maintain bone levels , proper oral hygiene , and perceive benefits of dental implants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Since 1995 , patients receiving dental implants  have been prospect ively entered into an Access-based computerized program ( Triton Tacking System ) . Patient demographics ( age , sex ) , bone quality , quantity , implant location , and type of surgery have been continuously entered into the data base . The data base was queried for patients receiving implants ( first stage ) between 66 and 93 years of age . Thirty-one patients were within this age group . Twenty-five patients returned to the clinic for periodontal and dental implant evaluation . The Periodontal Index was used to evaluate selected teeth in terms of probing depth , bleeding on probing , plaque accumulation , and mobility . Using NIH Image J , radiographs taken at second stage and last examination were measured for changes in interproximal bone levels . Once identified , each patient anomalously filled out an abbreviated quality of health life form . Due to small sample size , descriptive statistics were used to compare clinical findings . RESULTS Fifteen males ranging from 78 to 84 ( mean age 84 years ) years and 16 females from 66 to 93 ( mean age 83 years ) ( age range 66 - 93 ) were contacted by phone or mail and asked to return to our office for a re-examination . For this group , the first dental implants were placed in 1996 ( n = initial two implants ) and continuously recorded through 2013 ( n = last seven implants ) . Thirty-one patients received a total of 84 implants . Two patients were edentulous , and the remaining were partially edentulous . Four implants were lost . Between implant placement and 6- to 7-year interval , 13 patients with 40 implants had a cumulative survival rate of 94.6 % . Of the original group ( n = 33 ) , three were deceased , two were in nursing homes , and three could not be located . CONCLUSIONS Aged patients receiving dental implants  had excellent implant survival rates , low periodontal disease index scores with minimal changes in interproximal bone levels . Results from this study indicate that patients with advanced age , in reasonably good health , have excellent implant survival rates , excellent quality of life scores , and can be maintained in good oral health BACKGROUND The placement of an implant into a fresh extraction socket has been identified as a reliable technique , allowing a reduction in the time needed for prosthetic rehabilitation . This treatment modality is widely reported in the scientific literature ; however , the long-term outcomes and the need for guided bone regeneration ( GBR ) are still topics of debate . The aim of this prospect i ve study is to evaluate the clinical and radiologic findings from the 10-year follow-up of immediately placed implants , with and without the GBR procedure . METHODS A total of 159 implants in 91 patients are included in this study ; 101 implants required a GBR procedure simultaneously with placement . All implants were used to support a single crown restoration . The clinical /radiographic measurements were repeated each year up to the 10-year follow-up . At the 10-year follow-up visit , the papilla index and the apico-coronal location of mid-buccal soft tissue positions were recorded . RESULTS The 10-year cumulative success rate was 91.8 % ( 87.9 % in the non-GBR group and 94.1 % in the GBR group ) . The clinical attachment level ( CAL ) measurements were stable throughout the study , and 82 % of the implants showed marginal bone loss ( MBL ) of 0.6 to 1.5 mm at the 10-year visit ; moreover , these two parameters did not show significant differences between the GBR and non-GBR groups . Seventy percent of the implant sites showed acceptable outcomes in terms of interproximal papilla . The facial gingival level was more apical in the non-GBR group than in the GBR group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The present prospect i ve clinical study shows that implants placed in fresh extraction sockets had a high cumulative success rate , namely 91.8 % after 10 years . No differences were detected in survival and success rate of implants whether GBR procedures were performed or not . The CAL , MBL , and marginal level of soft tissue measurements were stable throughout the 10-year evaluation OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present clinical study was to report on the clinical performance of screw-cylinder implants with special consideration of the survival rate of short implants . MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospect i ve study with consecutive patient recruitment ,  Camlog screw-cylinder implants with a particle-blasted and acid-etched microstructured surface and a triple-cam tube-in-tube implant-abutment connection have been used only . Two groups of implants were evaluated : implants of 9 and 11 mm in length were considered short , those of 13 and 16 mm were considered long . Besides clinical and radiographic parameters , data of complications , patients ' subjective evaluation of treatment outcome , general medical history and smoking habits were recorded . RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-three Camlog screw-cylinder implants were inserted in 133 patients . One hundred and twenty-nine patients were available for follow-up , representing 325 implants . The median observation period was 33 months ( Q(25 % ) 26 ; Q(75 % ) 38 ) . After a maximum observation period of 55 months , the Kaplan-Meier-survival analysis revealed no significant difference between the mean survival probabilities of 98.3 % ( n=59 , patient-related ) of short implants , and of 95.7 % of long implants ( n=70 , patient-related ) ( P=0.162 ) . No significant difference was found between implant survival rates considering maxilla ( 98.7 % ) and m and ible ( 98.2 % ) . A stratified analysis of short implants revealed a significant influence of premature cover screw exposures ( P=0.02 ) and smoking ( P=0.008 ) on implant survival . These influences were not found significant for long implants . CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of short Camlog implants is comparable with that of long implants . Therefore , their clinical use instead of performance of sophisticated vertical augmentation procedures before installation of long implants might be considered as alternative treatment option . In smokers , the use of short implants should be considered cautiously , however . The risk of premature cover screw exposure should be minimized PURPOSE This 15-year prospect i ve study evaluated the success rate and preservation of the gingival margin of  single implants placed in a flapless procedure loaded immediately after extraction or after a healing period . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Immediate flapless implant placement was performed in patients who fulfilled specified inclusion criteria .  Implants were either immediately restored with a provisional crown or left unloaded ( received healing abutment only ) . Implant success and gingival margin levels were evaluated after implant placement and after 1 to 15 years . RESULTS A total of 305 healthy nonsmoking subjects ( 90 men , 215 women ) were treated with 430 immediate implants  during a 15-year period ( December 1994 to December 2009 ) and monitored for 1 to 15 years . Two hundred seventy-five implants received an immediate provisional crown , and 155 received a healing abutment .  The implant survival rate was 93.03 % ( ± 3.74 % ) . The immediate provisional helped to maintain the original gingival margin , although the implant survival rate was higher for implants that were not immediately restored ( 96.78 % ) than for the implants that were immediately restored with a provisional ( 90.9 % ) . CONCLUSIONS This 15-year prospect i ve study showed a favorable implant success rate related to the flapless immediate implant placement protocol with healing abutment placement or an immediate provisional crown to replace a single missing tooth PURPOSE The aim of this prospect i ve comparative study was to assess whether age has influence on peri-implant health in patients treated with m and ibular two-implant overdentures  during a 10-year evaluation period . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A prospect i ve study was carried out with two groups of edentulous patients , viz a younger ( n = 52 ; mean age 45 years , 35 - 50 years ) and an older ( n = 53 ; mean age 68 years , 60 - 80 years ) group . In all patients , two dental implants were placed in the interforaminal region of the m and ible and after a 3-month healing period overdentures were fabricated . Clinical and radiographic parameters were evaluated immediately after completion of the prosthetic treatment , and after 1 , 5 and 10 years . Implant loss , plaque index , gingival index , bleeding index , and probing depth were assessed as clinical parameters . Peri-implant bone loss was assessed on dental radiographs made with a st and ardized long-cone technique with a direction device . RESULTS Implant survival after 10 years was 97.1 % and 93.4 % in the younger and older group , respectively . Ten-year scores of plaque , gingiva , and bleeding were between 0 and 1 for both groups ( possible scores 0 - 3 ) , and mean probing depth was 3 mm in both groups . Mean peri-implant bone loss after 10 years was 1.2 and 1.4 mm in the younger and older patients , respectively . No significant differences were observed between the groups . CONCLUSION Clinical performance of m and ibular two-implant overdentures is equally successful in younger and older patients This prospect i ve study evaluated the long 
    Output:
    
This systematic review suggests that age is not a limiting factor for dental implant therapy