***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Low-income African American women are more likely to die of breast cancer than their Caucasian counterparts , and at least part of the difference in mortality results from differential screening adherence . The purpose of this study was to identify more efficacious methods of promoting routine mammography screening in underserved population s. METHODS A prospect i ve r and omized intervention study of 344 low income African American women compared the impact of three interventions on mammography adherence and stage of readiness : ( 1 ) pamphlet only ; ( 2 ) culturally appropriate video ; and ( 3 ) interactive computer-assisted instruction program . RESULTS The interactive computer intervention program produced the greatest level of adherence to mammography ( 40.0 % ) compared to the video group ( 24.6 % ) and the pamphlet group ( 32.1 % ) . When subjects in the pamphlet and video groups were combined to form a non-interactive group , this group had a significantly lower adherence than the group who received the interactive computer intervention ( 27.0 % versus 40.0 % ) . There was also significantly more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness among participants in the computer group ( 52.0 % ) compared to those in the pamphlet group ( 46.4 % ) or the video group ( 31.3 % ) . When combining the non-interactive technology ( pamphlet and video ) there was also more forward movement in mammography stage of readiness for those in the interactive intervention group ( 52.0 % moved 1 or 2 stages ) compared to those in the non-interactive group ( 36.2 % ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that tailored approaches are more effective than targeted messages either in print or video format . Another finding of this study is that interactive interventions are more effective than non-interactive interventions in increasing adherence and moving African American women forward in their mammogram stage of readiness Background Many theory-based interventions exist that incorporate theoretical constructs ( e.g. , self-efficacy , behavioral control ) believed to increase the likelihood of mammography . Nonetheless , little work to date has examined if increased screening among women receiving such interventions occurs due to changes in these targeted constructs . The aim of this study is to address this gap in the literature in the context of two interventions for improving regular screening among Iranian women . Methods A sample of 176 women over 50 years old in Tehran , Iran were r and omly allocated into one of these three conditions : 1 ) an intervention based on Health Belief Model ( HBM ) ; 2 ) an intervention based on an integration of the HBM and selected constructs from the TPB ( TPB ) ; and 3 ) a control group ( CON ) . Question naires were administered before the intervention and after a 6-month follow-up . The Preacher and Hayes method of mediation was used in analytic models . Results Changes in susceptibility , self-efficacy , and perceived control appeared to mediate HBM-CON differences in screening . Barriers attenuated the mediating effect of self-efficacy . Changes in barriers and self-efficacy appeared to mediate TPB-CON differences in screening . Conclusion This study was successful in identifying which theory-based constructs appear to underlie the effectiveness of HBM- and TPB-based interventions . Specific constructs have been identified that should be targeted in clinical practice to increase mammography practice s among Iranian women Introduction : Breast cancer is an international health problem in the world over . Mammography screening behavior has critical role in early detection and decreasing of its mortality . Educational programs play an important role in promoting breast cancer screening behaviors and women health . Health belief models ( HBM ) is the most common models that have been applied in Mammography screening behaviors . The aim of this study was to determine the effect of breast cancer screening education using HBM on knowledge and health beliefs in 40 years women and older . Material s and Methods : In this Population -based controlled trial , 290 women of 40 years and older were divided r and omly into experimental and control groups . Health beliefs determined using the Persian version of Champion 's health belief model scale ( CHBMS ) . Question naires were completed before and 4 weeks after intervention . Four educational sessions were conducted each session lasting 90 min by lecturing , group discussion , showing slide and educational film based on HBM constructs . The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS ( version 18 ) and statistical test at the significant level of α = 0.05 . Results : Mean scores of perceived susceptibility , perceived severity , perceived benefits , barriers and self-efficacy of mammography and health motivation in the experimental group had significant differences in comparison with the control group after educational intervention ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Conclusion : The results of this study have confirmed the efficiency of educational intervention based on HBM in increasing of knowledge and health beliefs about breast cancer and mammography screening behavior . Hence , implementing appropriate educational programs with focus on benefits of Mammography in early detection of breast cancer and creating positive motivation for health among women , can increase their practice of having mammography screening AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in Taiwanese women .  Mammography has been recognised as a powerful tool for breast cancer detection . This study compared the effectiveness of a web-based tailored educational intervention based on Transtheoretical Model concepts with currently available educational information for improving Taiwanese women 's perceptions  and  intentions to obtain mammography . BACKGROUND Despite the wide use of the Internet for health information dissemination , health information found on the web frequently is very general and not individualised or tailored to meet specific individual needs . This has produced unsatisfactory outcomes such as little to no increase in individuals ' knowledge or behaviour changes . DESIGN A pretest-posttest study . Tailored intervention was hypothesised to be significantly different from st and ard intervention in perceptions of and intentions for Taiwanese women to receive mammography . METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight Taiwanese women were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : tailored intervention or st and ard intervention . The tailored intervention group received a variety of educational programme tailored to the precontemplation stage for mammography based on Transtheoretical Model concepts . The st and ard intervention group obtained st and ardised mammography brochures . Interventions were given online and online question naires were completed by subjects at baseline and completion of interventions . RESULTS The tailored intervention group had significantly more positive perceptions of mammography and significantly more intention to obtain mammography than the st and ard intervention group postintervention . CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to our knowledge of how a health education website can enhance women 's mammography-related positive perceptions and intentions if tailored to their readiness for change . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Increasingly , people get their health information from the web . If that education is also tailored to individual needs , it can have a greater impact on their health care decisions Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second principal cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide as well as in Malaysia .  Breast self-examination ( BSE ) has a role in raising breast cancer awareness among women and educational programs play an important role in breast cancer preventive behavior . The aim of this study is to develop , implement and evaluate the effectiveness of Breast Health Awareness program based on health belief model on knowledge of breast cancer and breast-selfexamination and BSE practice among female students in Malaysia . Methods A single-blind r and omized controlled trial was carried out among 370 female undergraduate students from January 2011 to April 2012 in two selected public universities in Malaysia . Participants were r and omized to either the intervention group or the control group . The educational program was delivered to the intervention group . The outcome measures were assessed at baseline , 6 , and 12 months after implementing the health educational program . Chi-square , independent sample s t-test and two-way repeated measures ANOVA ( GLM ) were conducted in the course of the data analyses . Results Mean scores of knowledge on breast cancer ( p<0.003 ) , knowledge on breast self examination ( p<0.001 ) , benefits of BSE ( p<0.00 ) , barrier of BSE ( 0.01 ) and confidence of BSE practice ( p<0.00 ) in the intervention group had significant differences in comparison with those of the control group 6 and 12 months after the intervention . Also , among those who never practice d BSE at baseline , frequency of BSE practice increased 6 and 12 months after the intervention ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusion The Breast Health Awareness program based on health the belief model had a positive effect on knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination and practice of BSE among females in Malaysia . Trial registration The ANZCTR clinical trial registry ( ACTRN12616000831482 ) , retrospectively registered on Jun 23 , 2016 in ANZCTR.org.au BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women . One way to decrease the burden of this cancer is early detection through mammography . This study compared the effectiveness of two different educational methods for teachers ' uptake of mammography based on the Health Belief Model . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The current study was a r and omised trial of 120 teachers over 40 years old in two groups receiving multimedia or group education , both based on the Health Belief Model . Participants completed question naires before , immediately and three months after educational intervention . Mammography  was evaluated before and after educational intervention . RESULTS The participants in the two groups were demographically similar . Comparison showed no difference noted in the scores of knowledge , perceived barriers , susceptibility , and severity constructs between two groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Health motivation and benefit were perceived to be higher in the group education compared to the multimedia group . There was a significant difference in mammography between two groups after the intervention ( p= 0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS Planning and implementation of educational program based on the Health Belief Model can raise knowledge and increase participation in mammography especially with group education Background : The Internet is rapidly becoming an accepted st and ard for disseminating and obtaining health information . However , health information presented on the Web frequently is neither tailored to patients ' characteristics nor theoretically driven . This study used Prochaska 's transtheoretical model to guide the design and evaluation of a tailored Web-based mammography educational program . Purpose : This study used a pretest-posttest design to examine the impact of a tailored Web-based educational intervention on women 's  perceptions of and intentions to obtain a mammography . We hypothesized that a complete tailored intervention ( CTI ) would result in a significantly higher score than that of tailored message intervention ( TMI ) in terms of women 's perceptions of mammography and intentions to receive a mammography . Both TMI and CTI have been found to have significantly higher scores in terms of women 's perceptions of mammography and intentions to receive a mammography than those of the st and ard intervention ( SI ) . Methods : One hundred eighty-five women were assigned r and omly to one of three groups : CTI ( n = 61 ) ,  TMI ( n = 63 ) , or SI ( n = 61 ) . Online question naires were completed by participants at baseline and after completion of intervention . Results : Study results supported the hypothesis of perceptions of mammography . The CTI group had significantly higher scores on intention to obtain a mammogram than those of the SI group . However , the differences between CTI and TMI groups and between TMI and SI groups were not significant . Conclusions and Implication s for Practice : Results of the study vali date d the importance of utilizing theory for tailored intervention design to enhance individuals ' positive perceptions of health behaviors . Additional studies should consider the effect of various processes and activities on women at different stages of acceptance of the need to obtain a mammogram to further determine outcomes and apply such to mammography screening behavior Purpose . To test the efficacy of a culturally targeted breast cancer screening educational program in increasing mammogram completion in Chinese-American immigrant women . Design . R and omized controlled study Setting . Chinese communities , Portl and , Oregon . Subjects . From April 2010 to September 2011 , 300 women were r and omized to receive a theory-based , culturally targeted breast cancer screening educational intervention ( n = 147 ) or a mammography screening brochure published by the National Cancer Institute ( n = 153 ) . Intervention . The two-part intervention consisted of group teaching with targeted , theory-based messages followed by individual counseling sessions . Measures . Mammography completion , perceived susceptibility , perceived benefits , perceived barriers , perceived cultural barriers , and demographic variables . Analysis . A 2 × 3 mixed logistic model was applied to determine odds ratio of mammogram completion . Results . Behavior changed in both groups , with a total of 170 participants ( 56.7 % ) reporting a mammogram at 12 months . The logistic model indicated increased odds of mammogram completion in the intervention compared to the control group at 3 , 6 , and 12 months . When controlling for marital status , age , and age moved to the United States , the intervention group was nine times more likely to complete mammograms than the control group . Conclusion . The culturally targeted educational program significantly increased mammogram use among Chinese immigrant women . Further testing of effectiveness in larger community setting s is needed . The intervention may also serve as a foundation from which to develop education to increase cancer screening among other minority subgroups BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer prevalent among women worldwide . Preventive behaviors such as early diagnosis through screening tests play an important role in prevention and control of the disease . This study aim ed to determine the effects of educational intervention using a health belief model on breast cancer preventive behaviors . METHODS This interventional study was conducted on 130 female employees of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences who were r and omly divided into  intervention and control groups .  A question naire , made and vali date d by the research er , was completed before and one month after training by the study subjects . Data were analysed using regression analysis , independent sample T- 
    Output:
    
The results showed that model-based educational interventions are more effective for BSE and CBE and mammography screening behavior of women compare to no model based intervention .
The Health belief model was the most popular model for promoting breast cancer screening behavior .
Conclusions : Educational model-based interventions promote self-care and create a foundation for improving breast cancer screening behavior of women and increase policy makers ’ awareness and efforts towards its enhancement breast cancer screening behavior