***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We performed a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized 12-week trial of desipramine hydrochloride treatment of cocaine dependence among methadone-maintained patients . Fifty-nine patients completed the 12-week medication trial ( 36 received desipramine and 23 received placebo ) , and 94 % were recontacted 1 , 3 , and 6 months after treatment . There were significantly more dropouts in the desipramine than in the placebo group . Baseline to 12-week comparisons of Addiction Severity Index interview data indicated that both groups showed improvements . At 12 weeks , the desipramine group showed significantly better psychiatric status than the placebo group but did not differ from the placebo group on any of 21 other outcome measures , including cocaine use . During the 12-week medication phase and at the 1-month follow-up evaluation , urine toxicology screenings showed no significant difference between groups , but the placebo group had significantly less cocaine use at both the 3- and 6-month follow-up points . We conclude that desipramine has few benefits with regard to control of cocaine use in this population A 4-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of amantadine was conducted in 61 cocaine dependent out patients . Subjects received 100 mg of amantadine 3 times daily . A follow-up visit was conducted at week 8 . There were no significant differences between groups in treatment retention , or in the number of benzoylecgonine positive urine sample s. Self-reported drug and alcohol use declined in both groups . At week 8 follow-up , self-reported drug use was significantly lower in the placebo group . Amantadine was not effective , and discontinuation of it may have been associated with an increase in cocaine use An open field trial was conducted comparing desipramine and an active placebo in separate population s of chronic cocaine and phencyclidine ( PCP ) abusers , who discontinued their abuse . Subjects who received desipramine  showed a decrease in depressive symptoms after a 20 - 40 day period regardless of whether they abused PCP or cocaine Summary : Recent pre clinical studies suggest utility for voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers ( VSCCBs ) in the treatment of cocaine addiction . The following double-blind placebo-controlled study examined the role of the VSCCB nimodipine in attenuating cocaine craving in 66 recently abstinent cocaine-dependent patients on an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit utilizing an intensive 12-step milieu-oriented psychosocial therapy . While the medication was well tolerated , the dose of nimodipine used in this study ( 90 mg q.d . ) was not superior to placebo in reducing background or cue-induced cocaine craving over the 3 weeks of the study . There was the suggestion that nimodipine might attenuate the severity of some cocaine-induced brain deficits , as detected by evaluation of smooth pursuit eye movement function . A rationale for evaluating higher doses of nimodipine for the treatment of cocaine addiction is presented . As nimodipine might have anticraving and moodstabilizing properties and cardio- and neuroprotective properties in the face of cocaine intoxication and might possibly even reverse some cocaine-induced brain deficits , further investigation of the role of nimodipine ( and other VSCCBs ) in cocaine addiction appears an attractive avenue of future medication development Three methods of analysis were used to determine the effects of the combination of counseling with fluoxetine ( 20 , 40 , or 60 mg ) and " active " placebo ( diphenhydramine , 12.5 mg ) r and omly assigned . Forty-five cocaine-only dependent subjects were treated as out patients with " interpersonal " counseling , medication , and drug use monitoring three times per week for up to 12 weeks . Treatment effects were analyzed : first , by comparing the three original assignments and placebo ; second , by comparing the placebo group to fluoxetine subjects with detectable fluoxetine/norfluoxetine blood levels and those with no detectable medication blood level ; third , by examining relapse prevention versus use cessation through stratifying the subjects into four groups according to fluoxetine or placebo assignment and initial urine cocaine positivity or negativity . All three analyses showed improvement on some measures over time regardless of group assignment . The 60-mg fluoxetine group showed least effectiveness , the group with detectable blood levels had less cravings , and the fluoxetine subjects who were abstinent at the start of treatment were somewhat less likely to avoid relapse than those on placebo BACKGROUND We examined the effects of disulfiram versus placebo on cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained subjects . METHODS Opioid and cocaine dependent subjects ( n = 20 ) were induced onto buprenorphine maintenance , then r and omized to disulfiram ( 250 mg q.d . ; n = 11 ) or placebo ( n = 9 ) treatment for 12 weeks . RESULTS Groups were comparable at baseline on demographic measures and on baseline measures of drug-use severity . Fifteen subjects completed the study , including 8 subjects r and omized to disulfiram ( 72.7 % ) and 7 subjects r and omized to placebo ( 77.8 % ) . The total number of weeks abstinent from cocaine was significantly greater on disulfiram versus placebo ( mean + /- SD : 7.8 + /- 2.6 vs. 3.3 + /- 0.5 , p < .05 ) and the number of days to achieving 3 weeks ( 24.6 + /- 15.1 vs. 57.8 + /- 7.7 , p < .01 ) of continuous cocaine abstinence was significantly lower in disulfiram compared with placebo . The number of cocaine-negative urine tests during the trial were also higher on disulfiram ( 14.7 ) than on placebo ( 8.6 ) ; furthermore , subjects in the disulfiram group achieved consistently higher rates of cocaine-negative urine tests in each 3-week interval and the increase over time was faster in the disulfiram compared with placebo . CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests the potential efficacy of disulfiram versus placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained patients Thirty-six male cocaine abusers , in withdrawal , were studied for 99 days in a double-blind design . Treatment with bromocriptine was significantly more effective than placebo in alleviating withdrawal symptoms . Adding desipramine to the bromocriptine regimen was significantly more effective than either placebo or bromocriptine alone . The authors hypothesize that these results support a model of dopamine depletion and receptor supersensitivity in cocaine withdrawal A partial blockade of the multiple actions of cocaine is one strategy by which cocaine dependence may be treated . Risperidone , a 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine D2 antagonist , is an atypical antipsychotic and was a c and i date medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence . One hundred ninety-three cocaine-dependent subjects were enrolled in a 12-week , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Subjects initially received either placebo or 4 or 8 mg of risperidone , with a subsequent change to active doses of 2 mg and 4 mg . Subjects attended the clinic twice each week , provided urine sample s , obtained medication , and underwent one behavioral therapy session per week . The study was terminated at the interim analysis . Retention was worse for the 4- and 8-mg active medication groups . Side effects were primarily associated with the 8-mg dose , although neither 2 mg nor 4 mg was well accepted by subjects . There was no reduction in cocaine use associated with risperidone . The results suggest that although antagonists might be a useful treatment approach , such as in the treatment of opiate dependence , risperidone is unlikely to find broad acceptance with the treatment-seeking population We conducted a multi-site , placebo-controlled , r and omized double-blind clinical trial comparing bupropion HCL ( 300 mg/day ) to placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained subjects . A total of 149 subjects at three sites participated in a 12-week study . Outcome measures included cocaine use , level of depression , and psychosocial functioning . Results showed no significant differences between placebo and bupropion . Exploratory analyses suggested a medication effect for the subset of subjects depressed at study entry . The need to target subgroups of cocaine abusers in future pharmacotherapy trials and the possible role of treatment readiness are discussed This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carbamazepine ( CBZ ) for treatment of cocaine dependence . Sixty-two ( CBZ = 28 , placebo = 34 ) cocaine-dependent ( DSM-III-R criteria ) volunteers consented to be treated for eight weeks with st and ardized outpatient individual counseling twice a week plus double-blind CBZ or inactive placebo . During the 8-week trial , both groups showed increased number of urine sample s negative for cocaine , significantly ( P < 0.01 ) decreased self-reported cocaine use ( money spent and grams used ) , and decreased Beck Depression Inventory and Symptom Check List-90-Revised ( SCL-90-R ) total scores . However , there were no significant differences between CBZ and placebo . This study does not support the effectiveness of CBZ for outpatient treatment of cocaine dependence Twenty-four cocaine addicts who experienced withdrawal symptoms were studied for six weeks in a double-blind design . Half of the group received daily treatment with bromocriptine and the other half with placebo .  Significant relief with bromocriptine  was seen almost immediately and continued throughout the detoxification period . The authors speculate that the results are consistent with the " dopamine-depletion model " of cocaine withdrawal An interim analysis of 41 evaluable patients compared gepirone to placebo treatment in a r and omized , double-blind , 12-week study of cocaine dependence without opiate abuse . The response to gepirone at a mean dose of 16.25 mg/day did not differ from placebo by measures of time in study , positive  urine cocaine screens ( greater than 6 weeks ) , Clinical Global Impressions ( CGI ) Global Improvements Scale , Cocaine Craving Scale ( CCS ) , Quantitative Cocaine Inventory ( QCI ) , Addiction Severity Index ( ASI ) , Global Assessment Scale ( GAS ) , Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAM-D ) , and Hamilton Anxiety Scale ( HAM-A ) . Both treatment groups showed similar modest , average improvements during the study in all treatment measures . Adverse events were not treatment limiting . The following demographic and study measures suggested favorable trends for study outcomes : older age , divorced status , higher pre-treatment cocaine use , lower CCS scores , and lower self-reports of cocaine use according to QCI Twenty male combinative cocaine free-base/phencyclidine ( space-base ) abusers were studied for forty-five days , in a double-blind design . Treatment with desipramine was significantly more effective than placebo in alleviating abstinence symptoms . This study tends to support the catecholamine-depletion hypothesis of cocaine and phencyclidine withdrawal A 12-week placebo-controlled , r and omized clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate imipramine as a treatment for cocaine abuse , and to examine whether its effect may be limited to subgroups defined by route of use or by diagnosis of depression . One-hundred thirteen patients were r and omized , stratified by route of use and depression . All patients received weekly individual counseling . Compared to placebo the imipramine group showed greater reductions in cocaine craving , cocaine euphoria , and depression , but the effect of imipramine on cocaine use was less clear . A favorable response , defined as at least 3 consecutive , urine-confirmed , cocaine-free weeks was achieved by 19 % ( 11/59 ) of patients on imipramine compared to 7 % ( 4/54 ) on placebo ( P < 0.09 ) . The  imipramine effect was greater among nasal users--33 % ( 9/27 ) response on imipramine vs. 5 % ( 1/22 ) on placebo ( P < 0.02 ) . Response was also more frequent , but not significantly so , among depressed users on imipramine ( 26 % , 10/38 ) than on placebo ( 13 % , 4/31 ) ( P < 0.19 ) . Response rates were low in intravenous and freebase users and those without depression . Considered together with the literature on desipramine , these data suggest tricyclic antidepressants are not promising as a mainstay of treatment for unselected cocaine abusers . However , tricyclics may be useful for selected cocaine abusers with comorbid depression or intranasal use , or in conjunction with a more potent psychosocial intervention We conducted a single-blind , r and om assignment , placebo-controlled , 12-week comparison of desipramine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride as adjunctive treatments to counseling for cocaine dependence . Subjects were 54 out patients who met DSM III-R criteria for active cocaine dependence and who completed a minimum of 2 weeks of treatment . Subjects treated with fixed doses of 200 mg/day desipramine ( N = 17 ) , 400 mg/day 
    Output:
    
The main efficacy outcome reported in the studies was the presence of cocaine metabolites in the urine .
No significant results were found , regardless the type of drug or dose used for all relevant outcomes assessed .
There is no current evidence supporting the clinical use of  CBZ , antidepressants , dopamine agonists , disulfiram , mazindol , phenytoin , nimodipine , lithium and NeuRecover-SA in the treatment of cocaine dependence .