***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Despite multiple benefits of breast milk , the rates of exclusive breastfeeding in developing countries are low . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of early skin -to -skin contact ( SSC ) on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding ( EBF ) at 6 weeks of age among term neonates born by vaginal delivery . METHODS Term neonates born by vaginal delivery and did not require any resuscitation were r and omized at birth to SSC ( n=100 ) and control ( n=100 ) group . Immediately after clamping the umbilical cord , SSC group neonates were placed on the bare bosom of mother and control group neonates were placed under a radiant warmer for a period of 45 minutes each while mothers underwent management of the third stage of labor and episiotomy repair .  Pain experienced by mother during episiotomy repair was recorded using a numerical pain scale The primary outcome evaluated was the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 weeks of postnatal age . RESULTS A significantly higher proportion of neonates were exclusively breastfeed at 6 weeks of age in the SSC group than in the control group ( 72 % vs. 57.6 % , p=0.04 , relative risk : 1.3 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.0 -1.6 ) . The pain score during episiotomy repair in mothers of the SSC group was significantly lower than the control group ( 4.74±0.85 versus 5.34±0.81 ; P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Early SSC significantly improved the rate of exclusively breastfeeding at 6 weeks of age among healthy term neonates . An important additional effect was a decrease in the amount of pain that mothers in the SSC group experienced during episiotomy repair This study was done to evaluate effects of maternal-infant skin-to-skin contact during the first 2 hours postbirth compared to st and ard care ( holding the infant swaddled in blankets ) on breastfeeding outcomes through 1 month follow-up . Healthy primiparous mother-infant dyads were r and omly assigned by computerized minimization to skin-to-skin contact ( n = 10 ) or st and ard care ( n = 10 ) . The Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool  was used to measure success of first breastfeeding and time to effective breastfeeding ( time of the first of three consecutive scores of 10 - 12 ) . Intervention dyads experienced a mean of 1.66 hours of skin-to-skin contact . These infants , compared to swaddled infants , had higher mean sucking competency during the first breastfeeding ( 8.7 + /- 2.1 vs 6.3 + /- 2.6 ; P < .02 ) and achieved effective breastfeeding sooner ( 935 + /- 721 minutes vs 1737 + /- 1001 ; P < .04 ) . No significant differences were found in number of breastfeeding problems encountered during follow-up ( 30.9 + /- 5.51 vs 32.7 + /- 5.84 ; P < .25 ) or in breastfeeding exclusivity ( 1.50 + /- 1.1 vs 2.10 + /- 2.2 ; P < .45 ) . Sucking competency was also related to maternal nipple protractility ( r = .48 ; P < .03 ) . Very early skin-to-skin contact enhanced breastfeeding success during the early postpartum period . No significant differences were found at 1 month CONTEXT Birth and immediate postpartum period pose many challenges for the newborn . The neonatal mortality rates are high in India , whereas the breastfeeding rates are still low . Hence , need exists for a simple and easily applicable intervention , which may counter these challenges . AIMS The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of very early skin-to-skin contact ( SSC ) , in term babies with their mothers , on success of breastfeeding and neonatal well-being . SETTING S AND DESIGN R and omized control trial conducted over 2 years ' period in a tertiary care hospital . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Healthy babies delivered normally were included . Very early SSC between mothers and their newborns was initiated in the study group . We studied effective suckling ( using modified infant breastfeeding assessment tool [ IBFAT ] ) , breastfeeding status at 6 weeks , maternal satisfaction , thermal regulation , baby 's weight and morbidity . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS T-test , Pearson Chi-square test and non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used through relevant Windows SPSS software version 16.0 . RESULTS We observed that SSC contributed to better suckling competence as measured by IBFAT score ( P < 0.0001 ) . More babies in the SSC group were exclusively breastfed at first follow-up visit ( P = 0.002 ) and at 6 weeks ( P < 0.0001 ) . SSC led to higher maternal satisfaction rates , better temperature gain in immediate post-partum period , lesser weight loss was at discharge and at first follow-up ( all P < 0.0001 ) and lesser morbidity than the study group ( P = 0.006 ) . CONCLUSION Very early SSC is an effective intervention that improves baby 's suckling competence , maternal satisfaction , breastfeeding rates and temperature control and weight patterns Aim : To evaluate if early skin-to-skin contact ( SSC ) improves breast-feeding ( BF ) behavior and exclusive BF ( EBF ) rates in term infants at 48 h of age . Methods : Term infants born by normal delivery were r and omized at birth to either early SSC ( n = 20 ) or conventional care ( controls ; n = 21 ) .  SSC was continued for at least 2 h after birth . Subsequently , one BF session of the infants was video recorded at about 48 h of life . The primary outcome , infants ’ BF behavior at 48 h of life , was assessed using the modified infant Breast-Feeding Assessment Tool ( BAT ; a score consisting of infant ’s readiness to feed , sucking , rooting and latching , each item scored from 0 to 3 ) by three independent masked observers . The secondary outcomes were EBF rates at 48 h and 6 weeks of age and salivary cortisol level of infants at 6 h of age . Results : Baseline characteristics including birth weight and gestation were comparable between the two groups . There was no significant difference in the BAT scores between the groups [ median : 8 , interquartile range ( IQR ) 5–10 vs. median 9 , IQR 5–10 ; p = 0.6 ] . EBF rates at 48 h and at 6 weeks were , however , significantly higher in the early-SSC group than in the control group [ 95.0 vs. 38.1 % ; relative risk ( RR ) : 2.5 , 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) : 1.4–4.3 and 90 vs. 28.6 % ; RR : 3.2 , 95 % CI : 1.6–6.3 ] . Interpretation : Early SSC did not improve BF behavior at discharge but significantly improved the EBF rates of term neonates OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of  mother-infant early skin-to-skin contact on  breastfeeding behavior of infants . STUDY DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences , Islamabad , from November to December 2009 . METHODOLOGY Eligible mothers were assessed for the  successful breastfeeding  by using IBFAT tool . The time to initiate the first feed , time to effective breastfeeding , maternal satisfaction with the care provided , preference for the same care in future and level of exclusive breastfeeding at the age of one month were also noted . The data was compared by using X2 and t-test . Significant p-value was taken as < 0.05 . RESULTS A total of 183 mother-infant pairs ( 92 in skin-to-skin care [ SSC ] group and 91 in conventional care [ CC ] group ) were analyzed for breastfeeding  behavior of the infants . The first breastfeed was 26.25 % more successful in SSC group ( 58.8 % in SSC group as compared to 32.5 % in CC group with p-value of 0.001 ) . In SSC group , the mean time to initiate first breastfeed was 61.6 minutes shorter than CC group ( 40.62 vs. 101.88 ; p < 0.001 ) . Mean time to achieve effective breastfeeding was 207 minutes earlier in SSC group ( 149.69 vs. 357.50 ; p < 0.001 ) . The level of satisfaction in the mothers of SSC group was significantly high as compared to controls ( 56 % vs. 6.2 % ) . Similarly , 53.8 % mothers of SSC group showed preference for similar care in future as compared to 5 % in CC group . In SSC group 85.3 % infants were exclusively breastfed at one month as compared to 65.7 % in CC group ( p=0.025 ) . CONCLUSION Maternal-infant early skin-to-skin contact significantly enhanced the success of first breastfeed and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding till one month of age . It also reduced the time to initiate first feed and time to effective breastfeeding OBJECTIVE to examine the effect of early skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their healthy full-term babies on initiation and duration of breast feeding . DESIGN a r and omised controlled trial comparing skin-to-skin with routine care . SETTING Warrington Hospital , Cheshire , UK . PARTICIPANTS 204 mother and baby pairs ; 102 r and omised to each group . OUTCOME MEASURES success of first breast feed , maternal satisfaction with skin-to-skin care and preference for future post-delivery care , baby-body temperature 1 hr after birth , partial or exclusive breast feeding at 4 months . FINDINGS in the skin-to-skin group , 89 out of 98 ( 91 % ) babies had a successful first feed compared with 82 out of 89 ( 83 % ) in the routine care group . The difference in the success rate was 8 % , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ( -1.6 % , 17.6 % ) ; chi(2)=2.7 ; df=1 ; P=0.10 . Forty-two out of 97 ( 43 % ) babies given skin-to-skin were partially or exclusively breast feeding at 4 months compared with 40 out of 100 ( 40 % ) of babies in the routine care group . The difference in breast-feeding rate at 4 months was 3.3 % , 95 % CI ( -10.3 % , 16.7 % ) ; chi(2)=0.22 ; df=1 ; P=0.64 . The mean temperature 1 hr after birth was higher with skin-to-skin than routine care . The difference in means was 0.15 degrees C ; 95 % CI ( 0.03 , 0.28 ) ; P=0.02 . A larger proportion of mothers ( 87/97 [ 90 % ] ) were very satisfied with skin-to-skin care , compared with 60 out of 102 ( 59 % ) in the control group ; 83 out of 97 ( 86 % ) of the mothers in the intervention group said that they would prefer to receive the same care in the future compared with 31 out of 102 ( 30 % ) mothers in the control group . CONCLUSIONS the difference between the groups in the success rate for the first breast feed and rates at 4 months was not statistically significant . However , mothers who had skin-to-skin contact enjoyed the experience , and most reported that they would choose to have skin-to skin care in the future . In this , the largest trial to date , previous concerns about baby-body temperature after skin-to-skin care were dispelled Background : The effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact ( SSC ) after vaginal delivery has been shown . After cesarean births , SSC is not done for practical and medical safety reasons because it is believed that infants may suffer mild hypothermia . Objective : The aim of this study was to compare mothers ' and newborns ' temperatures after cesarean delivery when SSC was practice d ( naked baby except for a small diaper , covered with a blanket , prone on the mother 's chest ) with those when routine care was practice d ( dressed , in the bassinet or in the mother 's bed ) in the 2 hours beginning when the mother returned from the operating room . Methods : An experimental , noninferiority adaptive trial was design ed with four levels of analysis : 34 pairs of mothers and newborns , after elective cesarean delivery , were r and omized to SSC ( n = 17 ) or routine care ( n = 17 ) .  Temporal artery temperature was taken with an infrared ray thermometer at half-hour intervals . Results : Compared with newborns who received routine care , SSC cesarean-delivered newborns were not at risk for hypothermia . The mean temperatures of both groups were almost identical : after 30 min , 36.1 ° C for both groups ( ±0.4 ° C for SSCs and ±0.5 ° C for the controls ) , and after 120 min , 36.2 ° C ± 0.3 ° C for SSCs versus 36.4 ° C ± 0.7 ° C for the controls ( no significant differences ) . Time from delivery to the mothers ' return to their room was 51 ± 10 min . The SSC newborns attached to the breast earlier ( nine SSC newborns and four controls after 30 min ) were breast-fed ( exclusively or prevalently ) at discharge ( 13 SSCs and 11 controls ) and at 3 months 
    Output:
    
Conclusion The study results showed that mother-infant SSC increased the rate of exclusive breastfeeding .