***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine if optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) at baseline or month 3 in the Treatment of Macular Edema following Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion : Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety ( BRAVO ) and Treatment of Macular Edema following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion : Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety ( CRUISE ) studies provides information that predicts visual outcome . DESIGN Post hoc analysis from 2 prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled clinical trials . PARTICIPANTS Three hundred ninety-seven patients from the BRAVO study and 392 patients from the CRUISE study . METHODS Time-domain OCT imaging data were analyzed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean change from baseline best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) letter score at month 6 and month 12 . RESULTS Among ranibizumab-treated patients , 71.2 % ( 0.3 mg ) and 78.5 % ( 0.5 mg ) in the CRUISE study and 79.1 % ( 0.3 mg ) and 84.7 % ( 0.5 mg ) in the BRAVO study had central foveal thickness ( CFT ) of 250 μm or less at month 3 and therefore were categorized as early ranibizumab responders . Early ranibizumab responders had excellent visual outcomes regardless of ranibizumab dose ; mean improvement in BCVA letter score at 6 and 12 months was 15.0 to 16.5 ( central retinal vein occlusion [ CRVO ] ) and 17.4 to 19.1 ( branch retinal vein occlusion [ BRVO ] ) . Late or incomplete ranibizumab responders with CRVO ( CFT > 250 μm at month 3 ) did not fare as well as early responders if they were treated with 0.3 mg ranibizumab ( month 6 , P = 0.012 ) . At month 6 , compared with ranibizumab-treated CRVO patients with resolved cystoid macular edema ( CME ) at month 3 , those with persistent CME did worse , on average , and significantly so for 0.5 mg ( 13.1 vs. 18.6 ; P = 0.027 ) . At baseline , subretinal fluid ( SRF ) was present in 57 % of patients with CRVO and in 45 % of patients with BRVO ; its presence did not portend a poor outcome in patients treated with ranibizumab for whom SRF was eliminated in almost all by month 3 . CONCLUSIONS At month 3 of ranibizumab treatment , OCT images provide predictive information for patients with CRVO , but not for those with BRVO . Visual outcome at months 6 and 12 was reduced in 0.5 mg ranibizumab-treated patients with CRVO who had persistent CME at month 3 . It also was reduced in CRVO for those with CFT of more than 250 μm at month 3 who were treated with 0.3 mg ranibizumab . The findings suggest that late or incomplete responders may need careful follow-up . FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S ) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion ( BRVO ) and central retinal vein occlusion ( CRVO ) in daily clinical practice . Methods : A prospect i ve study enrolling all patients diagnosed with BRVO or CRVO who received intravitreal ranibizumab therapy at our department . Results : Fifty-seven patients had BRVO and 49 had CRVO . By 12 months , the patients with BRVO improved a mean of 11.6 ( P < 0.0001 ) ETDRS ( Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study ) letters , whereas the patients with CRVO improved a mean of 1.8 letters ( P = 0.50 ) . The proportion of patients gaining ≥15 ETDRS letters was 26.3 % for BRVO and 16.7 % for CRVO . The proportion of patients losing ≥15 ETDRS letters was 0 % for BRVO and 8.3 % for CRVO . The reduction in foveal center point thickness at 12 months was 248 & mgr;m for BRVO ( P < 0.0001 ) and 222 & mgr;m for CRVO ( P < 0.0001 ) . Functional outcome did not mirror anatomical outcome , and younger patients had better outcome . Conclusion : Our 12-month results of BRVO treated with intravitreal ranibizumab in daily clinical practice are similar to the results of the BRAVO trial that led to the approval of the therapy . However , our results for CRVO failed to reproduce the results of the CRUISE trial The Branch Vein Occlusion Study is a multicenter , r and omized controlled clinical trial that was design ed to answer several questions regarding the management of complications of branch vein occlusion . Recently , this study reported the benefit of argon laser photocoagulation for improving visual acuity in certain eyes with macular edema , performing the laser photocoagulation in a " grid " pattern over the area demonstrated as leaking by fluorescein angiography . Comparing treated patients with control patients ( mean follow-up 3.1 years for all study eyes ) , a gain of at least two lines of visual acuity from baseline maintained for two consecutive visits was significantly greater in treated eyes ( P = 0.00049 log rank test ) . Because of this improvement in visual acuity with argon laser photocoagulation , the study recommends laser photocoagulation for patients with macular edema associated with branch vein occlusion who meet the eligibility criteria of the study PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term ( 24-month ) efficacy and safety of ranibizumab 0.5 mg administered pro re nata ( PRN ) with or without laser using an individualized visual acuity ( VA ) stabilization criteria in patients with visual impairment due to macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion ( BRVO ) . DESIGN Phase IIIb , open-label , r and omized , active-controlled , 3-arm , multicenter study . PARTICIPANTS A total of 455 patients . METHODS Patients were r and omized ( 2:2:1 ) to ranibizumab 0.5 mg ( n = 183 ) , ranibizumab 0.5 mg with laser ( n = 180 ) , or laser ( with optional ranibizumab 0.5 mg after month 6 ; n = 92 ) . After initial 3 monthly injections , patients in the ranibizumab with or without laser arms received VA stabilization criteria -driven PRN treatment . Patients assigned to the laser arm received laser at the investigator 's discretion . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean ( and mean average ) change in best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) and central subfield thickness ( CSFT ) from baseline to month 24 , and safety over 24 months . RESULTS A total of 380 patients ( 83.5 % ) completed the study .  Ranibizumab with or without laser led to superior BCVA outcomes versus laser ( monotherapy and combined with ranibizumab from month 6 ; 17.3/15.5 vs. 11.6 letters ; P < 0.0001 ) . Ranibizumab with laser was noninferior to ranibizumab monotherapy ( mean average BCVA change : 15.4 vs. 15.0 letters ; P < 0.0001 ) . However , addition of laser did not reduce the number of ranibizumab injections ( mean injections : 11.4 vs. 11.3 ; P = 0.4259 ) . A greater reduction in CSFT was seen with ranibizumab with or without laser versus laser monotherapy over 24 months from baseline ( ranibizumab monotherapy -224.7 μm , ranibizumab with laser -248.9 μm , laser [ monotherapy and combined with ranibizumab from month 6 ] -197.5 μm ) . Presence of macular ischemia did not affect BCVA outcome or treatment frequency . There were no reports of neovascular glaucoma or iris neovascularization . No new safety signals were identified . CONCLUSIONS The BRIGHTER study results confirmed the long-term efficacy and safety profile of PRN dosing driven by individualized VA stabilization criteria using ranibizumab 0.5 mg in patients with BRVO . Addition of laser did not lead to better functional outcomes or lower treatment need . The safety results were consistent with the well-established safety profile of ranibizumab Purpose : Dexamethasone intravitreal implant and intravitreal ranibizumab are indicated for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion . This non-inferiority study compared dexamethasone with ranibizumab in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion . Methods : In this r and omized , 12-month head-to-head comparison , subjects with branch retinal vein occlusion were assigned to dexamethasone 0.7 mg at day 1 and month 5 with the option of retreatment at month 10 or 11 , or ranibizumab 0.5 mg at day 1 and monthly through month 5 with subsequent as-needed injections at month 6–month 11 . The primary efficacy outcome was the mean change from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 ; secondary outcomes included average change in best-corrected visual acuity , proportion of eyes with ≥10- and ≥15-letter gain/loss , change in central retinal thickness , and change in Vision Functioning Question naire-25 score . Results : In all , 307 of a planned 400 patients were enrolled in the study and received ( mean ) 2.5 dexamethasone injections ( n = 154 ) and 8.0 ranibizumab injections ( n = 153 ) over 12 months . The mean change from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity at month 12 was 7.4 letters for dexamethasone versus 17.4 letters for ranibizumab ( least-squares mean difference ( dexamethasone minus ranibizumab ) , −10.1 letters ; 95 % confidence interval , −12.9 , −7.2 ; p = 0.0006 ) . Conclusion : Dexamethasone and ranibizumab  improved best-corrected visual acuity and anatomical outcomes ; however , dexamethasone did not show non-inferiority to ranibizumab in this under-powered study . Dexamethasone was associated with an increased risk of intraocular pressure elevation and cataract progression , but a lower injection burden , compared to ranibizumab Purpose Our aim was to compare the 1 year efficacy and safety results of intravitreal bevacizumab ( IVB ) in two prospect i ve , consecutive groups of patients with macular edema ( ME ) following branch retinal vein occlusion ( BRVO ) . Patients and methods Twenty-five eyes with ME after BRVO received one IVB injection ( single-injection group ) and 27 eyes received three monthly IVB injections ( three-injection group ) . Both groups were followed monthly for 12 months . The best-corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) and the central foveal thickness ( CFT ) on optical coherence tomography were evaluated before and after treatment . Patients were eligible to receive an IVB injection if the mean CFT increased 100 μm or more or the BCVA decreased 0.1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution ( logMAR ) unit or more compared with values measured on the last visit . Results The mean logMAR BCVA and CFT , respectively , improved from 0.56 to 0.33 and from 598 μm to 348 μm in the single-injection group ( P<0.001 ) and from 0.55 to 0.26 and from 514 μm to 293 μm in the three-injection group ( P<0.001 ) . During the study period , the mean total number of injections was significantly smaller in the single-injection group than in the three-injection group ( 2.1 and 4.3 , respectively , P<0.001 ) . No serious complications related to the IVB injections developed in either group . Conclusion The single-injection group achieved similar visual outcomes for ME secondary to BRVO with fewer injections compared with the three-injection group PURPOSE To compare the 6-month efficacy and safety profile of an individualized stabilization criteria -driven pro re nata ( PRN ) regimen of ranibizumab 0.5 mg with or without laser versus laser alone in patients with visual impairment due to macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion ( BRVO ) . DESIGN A 24-month , prospect i ve , open-label , r and omized , active-controlled , multicenter , phase IIIb study . PARTICIPANTS A total of 455 patients . METHODS Eligible patients were r and omized 2:2:1 to receive ranibizumab ( n = 183 ) , ranibizumab with laser ( n = 180 ) , or laser only ( n = 92 ) . Patients treated with ranibizumab with or without laser received a minimum of 3 initial monthly ranibizumab injections until visual acuity ( VA ) stabilization , and VA-based PRN dosing thereafter . In the ranibizumab with laser and laser-only groups , laser was given at the investigator 's dis 
    Output:
    
Visual and anatomical gains achieved in the real-world for anti-VEGF therapy were not as impressive as seminal RCTs , possibly due to reduced injection frequency in the real world and differences in baseline characteristics .