***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A clinical study of 67 female schizophrenics was conducted . Thirty two patients of them treated with the Shuizhi (leech)-Dahuang ( rhubarb ) mixture mainly with low dosage of antipsychotic drugs ( combined therapy group ) , while other 35 cases were treated with antipsychotic drugs only ( control group ) . The result showed that their overall therapeutic effects were similar and the combined therapy group could reduce the dosages of antipsychotic drugs and its side effects , and tended to normalize the hemorheologic indices OBJECTIVES To explore the association between schizophrenic symptoms and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , and to investigate the effect of classic antipsychotic haloperidol plus the extract of Ginkgo biloba ( EGb ) on SOD . METHODS In 54 patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia , 27 were treated with haloperidol plus EGb ( group 1 ) , and the rest received haloperidol plus placebo ( group 2 ) . Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) levels of these patients were measured before and after treatment and compared with the levels of 25 healthy volunteers . Therapeutic efficacy was equated with a change in clinical rating scores assessed by st and ardized measurement tools including the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms ( SAPS ) and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms ( SANS ) . RESULTS Patients in group 1 improved significantly as demonstrated by scores from both SAPS and SANS , while those in group 2 only by scores from SANS . Assessed by SAPS , the response of patients receiving haloperidol plus EGb was more significant than those receiving haloperidol only . SOD levels before treatment in all patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls . After treatment , SOD levels decreased significantly in group 1 but not in group 2 . In addition , before treatment , SOD levels in all patients correlated significantly with SAPS score . The levels of SOD measured before treatment were also correlated with the improvement of patients as measured by SAPS and SANS after 12 weeks . CONCLUSIONS EGb may enhance the efficacy of classic antipsychotic haloperidol on schizophrenia , especially on positive symptoms . It may work through an antioxidant efficacy that is involved in the therapeutic mechanism The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the classic antipsychotic haloperidol plus extract of ginkgo biloba ( EGb ) on treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia and on blood superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) levels . Eighty-two patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia were studied . Forty-three patients were treated with haloperidol plus extract of ginkgo  biloba ( group 1 ) , and 39 received haloperidol plus placebo ( group 2 ) . SOD levels of these patients were measured before and after treatment and were compared with SOD levels of 30 healthy volunteers . Therapeutic efficiency was equated with a change in clinical rating scores assessed by st and ardized measurement tools that included the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms ( SANS ) over this period . Patients in group 1 improved significantly as demonstrated by scores from these two assessment instruments ; those in group 2 improved significantly only as shown by scores on SANS . SOD levels before treatment in all patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls ; after treatment , the SOD level decreased significantly in group 1 but not in group 2 . These results suggest that EGb may enhance the efficiency of the classic antipsychotic haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia , especially on their positive symptoms , and that EGb may work through an antioxidant effect that is involved in the therapeutic mechanism in patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia The authors estimated components of variance and intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) to aid in the design of complex surveys and community intervention studies by analyzing data from the Health Survey for Engl and 1994 . This cross-sectional survey of English adults included data on a range of lifestyle risk factors and health outcomes . For the survey , households were sample d in 720 postal code sectors nested within 177 district health authorities and 14 regional health authorities . Study subjects were adults aged 16 years or more .  ICCs and components of variance were estimated from a nested r and om-effects analysis of variance . Results are presented at the district health authority , postal code sector , and household levels . Between-cluster variation was evident at each level of clustering . In these data , ICCs were inversely related to cluster size , but design effects could be substantial when the cluster size was large . Most ICCs were below 0.01 at the district health authority level , and they were mostly below 0.05 at the postal code sector level . At the household level , many ICCs were in the range of 0.0 - 0.3 . These data may provide useful information for the design of epidemiologic studies in which the units sample d or allocated range in size from households to large administrative areas BACKGROUND A recent review suggested an association between using unpublished scales in clinical trials and finding significant results . AIMS To determine whether such an association existed in schizophrenia trials . METHOD Three hundred trials were r and omly selected from the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group 's Register . All comparisons between treatment groups and control groups using rating scales  were identified . The publication status of each scale was determined and cl aims of a significant treatment effect were recorded . RESULTS Trials were more likely to report that a treatment was superior to control when an unpublished scale was used to make the comparison ( relative risk 1.37 ( 95 % CI 1.12 - 1.68 ) ) . This effect increased when a ' gold-st and ard ' definition of treatment superiority was applied ( RR 1.94 ( 95 % CI 1.35 - 2.79 ) ) . In non-pharmacological trials , one-third of ' gold-st and ard ' cl aims of treatment superiority would not have been made if published scales had been used . CONCLUSIONS Unpublished scales are a source of bias in schizophrenia trials BACKGROUND Many studies have indicated that excess free radical formation may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients with schizophrenia . Some investigators suggested that the use of free radical scavengers might provide improvement in schizophrenia . The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and to evaluate the side effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba ( EGb ) plus haloperidol in chronic , treatment-resistant in patients with schizophrenia . METHOD One hundred nine patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia completed a double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group study of EGb plus haloperidol . Fifty-six of the patients were r and omly assigned to receive a fixed dose of 360 mg/day of EGb plus a stable dose of haloperidol , 0.25 mg/kg/day , and 53 were assigned to receive placebo plus the same dose of haloperidol for 12 weeks . Patients were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) , the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms ( SANS ) , and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms ( SAPS ) at baseline , week 6 , and week 12 and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale ( TESS ) for side effects at week 12 . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in both groups in BPRS total score after 12 weeks of treatment ( p < .05 ) . However , a significant reduction in total SAPS and SANS scores was noted in the EGb group ( p < .05 ) , but not in the placebo group . There was a lower SAPS total score in the EGb group than in the placebo group at the end of 12 weeks of treatment ( p < .05 ) . Of those treated with EGb plus haloperidol , 57.1 % were rated as responders as compared with only 37.7 % of those receiving placebo plus haloperidol when assessed by the SAPS ( chi2 = 4 . 111 , p = .043 ) . After 12 weeks of treatment , TESS subscore 1 ( behavioral toxicity ) and subscore 3 ( symptoms of nerve system ) were significantly decreased in the EGb group compared with the placebo group ( p < .05 ) . CONCLUSION EGb treatment may enhance the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs and reduce their extrapyramidal side effects In this study , 80 schizophrenic patients , divided into two groups of 40 , were treated with traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate the blood and relieve stasis and antipsychotic drugs , and were observed by the rating methods of BPRS , TESS , CGI scale and hemorheology test . The results show that such traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate blood and relieve stasis has fewer side effects on schizophrenic patients than do antipsychotic drugs , and there is objective evidence of hemorheology changes . Traditional Chinese medicine is superior to antipsychotic drugs in the effects of anti-anxiety-depression and antipsychomotor inhibition , but it is less effective in controlling psychomotor excitation compared with antipsychotic drugs 
    Output:
    
Chinese herbal medicines , given in a Western biomedical context , may be beneficial for people with schizophrenia when combined with antipsychotics .