***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVE To assess the potential benefit of preimplantation aneuploidy testing on the outcome of  in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) for women of advanced maternal age ( AMA ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial . SETTING Private IVF clinic . PATIENT(S ) Sixty-two infertile AMA couples undergoing fertility treatment . INTERVENTION(S ) Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) for chromosomes X , Y , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , and 22 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S )  Preimplantation aneuploidy testing of biopsied blastomeres on day 3 of development . RESULT ( S ) Fertilization and blastocyst developmental rates were similar for the test and control groups : 80 % versus 77.4 % and 49 % versus 48.2 % , respectively . The average number of embryos transferred was comparable at 2.2 for the test group and 2.7 for the control group . Implantation rates were also equivalent across the two groups : 37.3 % in the control group versus 36.5 % in the test group . Nevertheless , the spontaneous abortion rate was observed to be lower for the test group : 25.9 % versus 32.26 % in the control group . This result ed in an observed increase in delivery rates for the test group : 78 % versus 67.74 % in the control group . CONCLUSION ( S ) Preimplantation aneuploidy testing does not appear to statistically significantly improve outcome parameters in infertile AMA patients ; however , a trend toward a decrease in the spontaneous abortion rate with a subsequent higher delivery rate was observed BACKGROUND Single-embryo transfer is a well-accepted strategy to avoid multiple pregnancies in an assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) programme . Besides the morphological quality and embryo kinetics up to the blastocyst stage , preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) of aneuploidy has been advocated as an adjuvant approach to select the embryo . METHODS Couples with a female partner younger than 36 were r and omly assigned to undergo transfer of a single blastocyst in a cycle with or without PGS using FISH for the chromosomes X , Y , 13 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 22 . RESULTS After the enrolment of 120 of the projected 447 patients in each group , study recruitment was terminated prematurely on the basis of futility . The observed live birth delivery rates after ART were 30.8 versus 30.8 % per r and omized patient , 34.6 versus 34.6 % per cycle initiated , 37.8 versus 37.0 % per aspirated cycle and 41.6 versus 43.5 % per embryo transfer for the control versus the PGS group , respectively , with absolute between-group differences ( 95 % CI ; P value ) of 0 % ( -11.7 to 11.7 ; P = 1.00 ) , 0 % ( -12.7 to 12.7 ; P = 1.00 ) , -0.8 % ( -14.2 to 12.7 ; P = 0.91 ) and 2.1 % ( -12.7 to 16.7 ; P = 0.79 ) , respectively . Even in this younger age group , only 61 % of the embryos had a normal diploid status . CONCLUSIONS The absence of a beneficial treatment effect in this r and omized clinical trial provides no arguments in favour of PGS to improve live birth delivery rate following single-embryo transfer in women under the age 36 . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT00670059 Meiotic errors during oocyte maturation are considered the major contributors to embryonic aneuploidy and failures in human IVF treatment . Various technologies have been developed to screen polar bodies , blastomeres and trophectoderm cells for chromosomal aberrations . Array-CGH analysis using bacterial artificial chromosome ( BAC ) arrays is widely applied for preimplantation genetic diagnosis ( PGD ) using single cells . Recently , an increase in the pregnancy rate has been demonstrated using array-CGH to evaluate trophectoderm cells . However , in some countries , the analysis of embryonic cells is restricted by law . Therefore , we used BAC array-CGH to assess the impact of polar body analysis on the live birth rate . A disadvantage of polar body aneuploidy screening is the necessity of the analysis of both the first and second polar bodies , result ing in increases in costs for the patient and complex data interpretation . Aneuploidy screening results may sometimes be ambiguous if the first and second polar bodies show reciprocal chromosomal aberrations . To overcome this disadvantage , we tested a strategy involving the pooling of DNA from both polar bodies before DNA amplification . We retrospectively studied 351 patients , of whom 111 underwent polar body array-CGH before embryo transfer .  In the group receiving pooled polar body array-CGH ( aCGH ) analysis , 110 embryos were transferred , and 29 babies were born , corresponding to live birth rates of 26.4 % per embryo and 35.7 % per patient . In contrast , in the control group , the IVF treatment was performed without preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) . For this group , 403 embryos were transferred , and 60 babies were born , result ing in live birth rates of 14.9 % per embryo and 22.7 % per patient . In conclusion , our data show that in the aCGH group , the use of aneuploidy screening result ed in a significantly higher live birth rate compared with the control group , supporting the benefit of PGS for IVF couples in addition to the suitability and effectiveness of our polar body pooling strategy BACKGROUND It is generally accepted that the age-related increased aneuploidy rate is correlated with reduced implantation and a higher abortion rate . Therefore , advanced maternal age ( AMA ) couples are a good target group to assess the possible benefit of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening ( PGD-AS ) on the outcome after assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) . METHODS A prospect i ve r and omized controlled clinical trial ( RCT ) was carried out comparing the outcome after blastocyst transfer combined with PGD-AS using fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) for the chromosomes X , Y , 13 , 16 , 18 , 21 and 22 in AMA couples ( aged > or = 37 years ) with a control group without PGD-AS .  From the 400 ( 200 for PGD-AS and 200 controls ) couples that were allocated to the trial , an oocyte pick-up was performed effectively in 289 cycles ( 148 PGD-AS cycles and 141 control cycles ) . RESULTS Positive serum HCG rates per transfer and per cycle were the same for PGD-AS and controls : 35.8 % ( 19.6 % ) [ % /per embryo transfer ( per cycle ) ] and 32.2 % ( 27.7 % ) , respectively ( NS ) . Significantly fewer embryos were transferred in the PGD-AS group than in the control group ( P<0.001 ) . The implantation rate ( with fetal heart beat ) was 17.1 % in the PGD-AS group versus 11.5 % in the control group ( not significant ; P=0.09 ) . We observed a normal diploid status in 36.8 % of the embryos . CONCLUSIONS This RCT provides no arguments in favour of PGD-AS for improving clinical outcome per initiated cycle in patients with AMA when there are no restrictions in the number of embryos to be transferred STUDY QUESTION Do preimplantation genetic diagnosis ( PGD ) couples experience higher levels of stress during pregnancy and the perinatal period compared with couples who conceive spontaneously ( SC ) or with ICSI ? SUMMARY ANSWER PGD couples did not experience more psychological stress during pregnancy and beyond than ICSI or SC couples . WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN Previous studies have shown that assisted reproduction technology ( ART ) couples are more prone to pregnancy-related anxieties than SC couples , but display depressed feelings to an equal or lesser extent . However , only one study has focused on a female PGD sample , which may be a more vulnerable group than other ART groups , due to the potentially complex hereditary background , adverse childhood experiences and losses . In that study , PGD women experienced a reduction in state anxiety , and maternal-antenatal attachment did not differ from normative data . Unfortunately , no data exist on pregnancy-related anxiety , depression and parental-antenatal attachment . Valuable information from both parents ( e.g. : couples ) is also lacking . STUDY DESIGN , SIZE , DURATION For this longitudinal prospect i ve study question naire , data from 185 women and 157 men ( 157 couples ) were collected between February 2012 until April 2014 . Data were analysed using multilevel analysis . The couples conceiving after PGD , ICSI or SC were followed from the first trimester of the pregnancy until the third month post-partum . PARTICIPANTS / MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS A total of 60 PGD , 58 ICSI and 69 SC couples were initially recruited by various departments of Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel ( UZ Brussel ) . At each trimester ( T1 : 12 - 14 weeks , T2 : 20 - 22 weeks , T3 : 30 - 32 weeks ) of pregnancy , depression ( EPDS ) , pregnancy-related anxieties ( PRAQ ) and parental-antenatal attachment ( M/PAAS ) were recorded . At T4 ( 3 months post-partum ) , depression ( EPDS ) was assessed again . In the first trimester ( T1 ) broad socio-demographic data and at T4 perinatal health data of both mother and child were recorded . Differences between conception groups over time were analysed using multilevel analyses , taking into account covariation between measurements and within couples . Several perinatal covariates as well as social desirability , coping and adult attachment style were controlled for . MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All three conception groups had similar scores for depression during pregnancy and beyond . Also , pregnancy-related anxiety scales did not differ among the three groups . All groups also followed a similar trajectory in time regarding their scores for anxiety , depression and parental-antenatal attachment .  ART groups did not give more socially desirable answers than SC controls . The subsequent moderators : coping and adult attachment style did not add any relevant information . No interaction effects occurred between gender and conception groups . LIMITATIONS , REASONS FOR CAUTION The participants were Caucasian , Dutch-speaking couples , with medium to high socio-economic status , from a single centre . Our data should be replicated by multicultural and multicentre studies . Furthermore , the inclusion of an additional control group of couples who did not opt for PGD but for prenatal diagnosis may point to the most beneficial strategy for the couple . WIDER IMPLICATION S OF THE FINDINGS PGD parents  invest a similar amount of time and emotion in their future children compared with controls . This implies that successful PGD treatment makes an important psychological contribution towards the well-being of couples given their complex hereditary and family background s. STUDY FUNDING /COMPETING INTERESTS This research project was funded by grants from the internal research council of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel ( OZR ) , the Flemish Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ( FWO ) and the Wetenschappelijk Fonds Willy Gepts ( WGFG ) . UZ Brussel and the Centre for Medical Genetics have received several educational grants for organizing the data collection , from IBSA , Ferring , Organon , Shering-Plough , Merck and Merck Belgium . M.B. has received consultancy and speaker 's fees from Organon , Serono Symposia and Merck STUDY QUESTION Does embryo biopsy inherent to preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) affect neurological , cognitive and behavioural development  of 4-year-old children ? SUMMARY ANSWER PGS does not seem to affect neurological , cognitive and behavioural development of 4-year-old singletons ; however , our data suggest that it may be associated with altered neurodevelopment in twins . WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Evidence concerning the safety of PGS on neurodevelopmental outcome in offspring is scarce . The present study provides information on neurodevelopmental , cognitive and behavioural outcome of 4-year-old PGS offspring . STUDY DESIGN , SIZE , DURATION A prospect i ve , assessor-blinded follow-up study of children born to women who participated in a multi-centre RCT on the effect of IVF with or without PGS .  PARTICIPANTS / MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS At 4 years , 49 children ( 31 singletons , 9 sets of twins ) born following IVF with PGS and 64 children ( 42 singletons , 11 sets of twins ) born following IVF without PGS ( controls ) were assessed ( post-natal attrition 18 % ) . Neurological development was evaluated with the st and ardized , age-specific and sensitive neurological examination according to Hempel , result ing in a neurological optimality score ( NOS ) , a fluency score and the rate of adverse neurological outcome . Primary outcome was the fluency score , as fluency of movements is easily reduced by subtle dysfunction of the brain . C 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Comprehensive chromosome screening-based PGD/S can improve clinical pregnancy and live birth rates without adversely affecting functioning in childhood at least up to age 9 .