***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Intermittent fasting ( IF ; severe restriction 1 d/week ) facilitates weight loss and improves coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk indicators . The degree to which weight loss can be enhanced if IF is combined with calorie restriction ( CR ) and liquid meals , remains unknown . Objective This study examined the effects of IF plus CR ( with or without a liquid diet ) on body weight , body composition , and CHD risk . Methods Obese women ( n = 54 ) were r and omized to either the IFCR-liquid ( IFCR-L ) or IFCR-food based ( IFCR-F ) diet . The trial had two phases : 1 ) 2-week weight maintenance period , and 2 ) 8-week weight loss period . Results Body weight decreased more ( P = 0.04 ) in the IFCR-L group ( 3.9 ± 1.4 kg ) versus the IFCR-F group ( 2.5 ± 0.6 kg ) . Fat mass decreased similarly ( P < 0.0001 ) in the IFCR-L and IFCR-F groups ( 2.8 ± 1.2 kg and 1.9 ± 0.7 kg , respectively ) . Visceral fat was reduced ( P < 0.001 ) by IFCR-L ( 0.7 ± 0.5 kg ) and IFCR-F ( 0.3 ± 0.5 kg ) diets . Reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels were greater ( P = 0.04 ) in the IFCR-L ( 19 ± 10 % ; 20 ± 9 % , respectively ) versus the IFCR-F group ( 8 ± 3 % ; 7 ± 4 % , respectively ) . LDL peak particle size increased ( P < 0.01 ) , while heart rate , glucose , insulin , and homocysteine decreased ( P < 0.05 ) , in the IFCR-L group only . Conclusion These findings suggest that IF combined with CR and liquid meals is an effective strategy to help obese women lose weight and lower CHD risk Background There is an urgent need for innovative and developmentally appropriate lifestyle interventions to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and to prevent the early onset of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in obese Latino adolescents . Guided imagery offers promise to reduce stress and promote lifestyle behavior change to reduce disease risk in obese adolescents . Our objectives were : 1 ) To pilot test a new 12-wk lifestyle intervention using a r and omized trial design in obese Latino adolescents , in order to determine the effects of the mind-body modality of Interactive Guided ImagerySM ( IGI ) , over and above those of a didactic lifestyle education , on insulin resistance , eating and physical activity behaviors , stress and stress biomarkers ; and 2 ) To explore the role of intervention-related changes in stress and stress biomarkers on changes in metabolic outcomes , particularly insulin resistance . Methods Obese ( BMI > 95th percentile ) , Latino adolescents ( n = 35 , age 14 - 17 ) were r and omized to receive either 12 weekly sessions of a lifestyle education plus guided imagery program ( GI ) , or lifestyle education plus a digital storytelling computer program ( DS ) . Between-group differences in behavioral , biological , and psychological outcomes were assessed using unpaired T-tests and ANCOVA in the 29 subjects who completed the intervention . Results The GI group demonstrated significant reductions in leisure sedentary behavior ( p < .05 ) and increases in moderate physical activity ( p < .05 ) compared to DS group , and a trend toward reduced caloric intake in GI vs DS ( p = .09 ) . Salivary cortisol was acutely reduced by stress-reduction guided imagery ( p < .01 ) . There were no group differences in adiposity , insulin resistance , perceived stress , or stress biomarkers across the 12-week intervention , though decrease in serum cortisol over the course of the intervention was associated with improved insulin sensitivity ( p = .03 ) independent of intervention group and other relevant co-variates . Conclusions The improvements in physical activity and stress biomarkers following this pilot intervention support the role of guided imagery in promoting healthy lifestyle behavior change and reducing metabolic disease risk in obese Latino adolescent population s. Future investigations will be needed to determine the full effects of the Imagine HEALTH intervention on insulin resistance , stress , and stress biomarkers . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov Registry # : Background : Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with physical impairments and biologic changes in older adults . Weight loss combined with exercise may reduce inflammation and improve physical functioning in overweight , sedentary , older adults . This study tested whether a weight loss program combined with moderate exercise could improve physical function in obese , older adult women . Methods : Participants ( N = 34 ) were generally healthy , obese , older adult women ( age range 55–79 years ) with mild to moderate physical impairments ( ie , functional limitations ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of two groups for 24 weeks : ( i ) weight loss plus exercise ( WL+E ; n = 17 ; mean age = 63.7 years [ 4.5 ] ) or ( ii ) educational control ( n = 17 ; mean age = 63.7 [ 6.7 ] ) . In the WL+E group , participants attended a group-based weight management session plus three supervised exercise sessions within their community each week . During exercise sessions , participants engaged in brisk walking and lower-body resistance training of moderate intensity . Participants in the educational control group attended monthly health education lectures on topics relevant to older adults . Outcomes were : ( i ) body weight , ( ii ) walking speed ( assessed by 400-meter walk test ) , ( iii ) the Short Physical Performance Battery ( SPPB ) , and ( iv ) knee extension isokinetic strength . Results : Participants r and omized to the WL+E group lost significantly more weight than participants in the educational control group ( 5.95 [ 0.992 ] vs 0.23 [ 0.99 ] kg ; P < 0.01 ) . Additionally , the walking speed of participants in the WL+E group significantly increased compared with that of the control group ( reduction in time on the 400-meter walk test = 44 seconds ; P < 0.05 ) . Scores on the SPPB improved in both the intervention and educational control groups from pre- to post-test ( P < 0.05 ) , with significant differences between groups ( P = 0.02 ) . Knee extension strength was maintained in both groups . Conclusion : Our findings suggest that a lifestyle-based weight loss program consisting of moderate caloric restriction plus moderate exercise can produce significant weight loss and improve physical function while maintaining muscle strength in obese , older adult women with mild to moderate physical impairments Two studies were conducted to compare characteristics of consumers and non-consumers of vitamin and /or dietary supplements  ( study 1 ) and to assess the effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplementation during a weight-reducing programme ( study 2 ) . Body weight and composition , energy expenditure , and Three-Factor Eating Question naire scores were compared between consumers and non-consumers of micronutrients and /or dietary supplements in the Québec Family Study ( study 1 ) . In study 2 , these variables and appetite ratings ( visual analogue scales ) were measured in forty-five obese non-consumers of supplements r and omly assigned to a double-blind 15-week energy restriction ( - 2930 kJ/d ) combined with a placebo or with a multivitamin and mineral supplement . Compared with non-consumers , male consumers of vitamin and /or dietary supplements  had a lower body weight ( P < 0.01 ) , fat mass ( P < 0.05 ) , BMI ( P < 0.05 ) , and a tendency for greater resting energy expenditure ( P = 0.06 ) . In women , the same differences were observed but not to a statistically significant extent . In addition , female supplements consumers had lower disinhibition and hunger scores ( P < 0.05 ) . In study 2 , body weight was significantly decreased after the weight-loss intervention ( P < 0.001 ) with no difference between treatment groups . However , fasting and postpr and ial appetite ratings were significantly reduced in multivitamin and mineral-supplemented women ( P < 0.05 ) . Usual vitamin and /or dietary supplements consumption and multivitamin and mineral supplementation during a weight-reducing programme seems to have an appetite-related effect in women . However , lower body weight and fat were more detectable in male than in female vitamin and /or dietary supplements consumers The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of calorie restriction ( CR ) on free-living physical activity levels among humans . Data were from three CALERIE phase I site-specific protocol s. Participants were nonobese ( body mass index = 23.5 - 29.9 kg/m² adults r and omly assigned to 25 % CR , low-calorie diet ( LCD , 890 kcal/day supplement diet until 15 % weight loss , then weight maintenance ) , or control at Pennington Biomedical Research Center ( PBRC ) ; 30 % or 10 % CR  at Tufts University ; and 20 % CR or control  at Washington University School of Medicine ( WUSM )  . Activity was measured at months 0 , 3 , and 6 ( PBRC ) and at months 0 , 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 ( WUSM and Tufts ) . Total daily energy expenditure ( TEE ) by doubly labeled water and resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) were used to compute activity energy expenditure : AEE = TEE - RMR - 0.1 * TEE . Accelerometry and 7-day recall categorized activities by intensity . At Tufts , the 10 % and 30 % CR groups experienced significant decreases in AEE at months 6 , 9 , and 12 . At month 6 , a larger decrease in AEE was observed in the CR than the control group at WUSM . At months 3 and 6 , larger decreases in AEE were observed in the CR and LCD groups than the control group at PBRC . Accelerometry and 7-day PAR did not consistently detect changes in activity categories . CR-associated changes in AEE were variable but , generally , reduced the energy deficit , which would reduce the expected rate of weight loss . Accelerometry and recall did not consistently explain reduced AEE , suggesting that increased muscle efficiency and /or decreased fidgeting accounted for decreased AEE . Inaccuracy of accelerometry and recall also likely negatively affected sensitivity OBJECTIVE To investigate the relative efficacy of four popular weight-loss programmes on plasma lipids and lipoproteins as measures of CVD risk . DESIGN A multi-centred , r and omised , controlled trial of four diets - Dr Atkins ' New Diet Revolution , The Slim-Fast Plan , Weight Watchers Pure Points programme and Rosemary Conley 's ' Eat yourself Slim ' Diet and Fitness Plan - against a control diet , in parallel for 6 months . SETTING AND SUBJECTS The trial was conducted at five universities across the UK ( Surrey , Nottingham , Ulster ( Coleraine ) , Bristol and Edinburgh ( Queen Margaret University College ) ) and involved the participation of 300 overweight and obese males and females aged 21 - 60 years in a community setting . RESULTS Significant weight loss was achieved by all dieting groups ( 5 - 9 kg at 6 months ) but no significant difference was observed between diets at 6 months . The Weight Watchers and Rosemary Conley ( low-fat ) diets were followed by significant reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol ( both -12.2 % after 6 months , P < 0.01 ) , whereas the Atkins ( low-carbohydrate ) and Weight Watchers diets were followed by marked reductions in plasma TAG ( -38.2 % and -22.6 % at 6 months respectively , P < 0.01 ) . These latter two diets were associated with an increase in LDL particle size , a change that has been linked to reduced CVD risk . CONCLUSIONS Overall , these results demonstrate the favourable effects of weight loss on lipid-mediated CVD risk factors that can be achieved through commercially available weight-loss programmes . No detrimental effects on lipid-based CVD risk factors were observed in participants consuming a low-carbohydrate diet The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a prolonged refeeding duration after successful very-low-energy diet (VLED)-induced weight loss beneficially affects weight development and eating behaviour .  Patients ( n 269 ) were recruited to a 1-year obesity treatment programme with 12 weeks of an initial VLED . After the VLED , patients with > or= 10 % weight loss were r and omly allocated to 1 week ( group 1 ) or 6 weeks ( group 6 ) refeeding to an ordinary , energy-reduced diet , and thereafter followed and actively treated for an additional 40 weeks . Eating behaviour ( revised twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Question naire ) was measured at baseline , during and after refeeding , and at week 52 . Weight change over time in the two treatment groups was tested by repeated- measures analysis in completers and by intention to treat ( ITT ) . Of the patients , 169 ( 109 women )  lost > or= 10 % during the VLED and were r and omised . At r and omisation , weight loss was - 16.5 ( SD 3.7 ) % in group 1 and - 16.7 ( SD 4.3 ) % in group 6 ( P = 0.73 ) . Between weeks 12 and 52 , 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Intermittent energy restriction may be an effective strategy for the treatment of overweight and obesity .
Intermittent energy restriction was comparable to continuous energy restriction  for short term weight loss in overweight and obese adults  .