***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Previous analyses have shown that a post-discharge individualized nutritional intervention had positive effects on body weight , lean body mass , functional limitations and fall incidents in malnourished older patients . However , the impact of this intervention on survival has not yet been studied Objective The objective of this r and omized controlled study was to examine the effect of a post-discharge individualized nutritional intervention on survival in malnourished older patients . Methods Malnourished older patients , aged ≥ 60 years , were r and omized during hospitalization to a three-months post-discharge nutritional intervention group ( protein and energy enriched diet , oral nutritional supplements , vitamin D3/calcium supplement and telephone counseling by a dietitian ) or to a usual care regimen ( control group ) . Survival data were collected 4 years after enrollment . Survival analyses were performed using intention-to-treat analysis by Log-rank tests and Cox regression adjusted for confounders . Results The study population consisted of 94 men ( 45 % ) and 116 women with a mean age of 74.5 ( SD 9.5 ) years . There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics . Survival data was available in 208 out of 210 patients . After 1 and 4 years of follow-up , survival rates were respectively 66 % and 29 % in the intervention group ( n=104 ) and 73 % and 30 % in the control group ( n=104 ) . There were no statistically significant differences in survival between the two groups 1 year ( HR= 0.933 , 95 % CI=0.675 - 1.289 ) and 4 years after enrollment ( HR=0.928 , 95 % CI=0.671 - 1.283 ) . Conclusion The current study failed to show an effect of a three-months post-discharge multi-component nutritional intervention in malnourished older patients  on long-term survival , despite the positive effects on short-term outcome such as functional limitations and falls Background The benefit of providing early nutrition intervention and its continuation post-discharge in older hospitalized patients is unclear . This study examined efficacy of such an intervention in older patients discharged from acute care . Methods In this r and omized controlled trial , 148 malnourished patients were r and omized to receive either a nutrition intervention for 3 months or usual care . Intervention included an individualized nutrition care plan plus monthly post-discharge telehealth follow-up whereas control patients received intervention only upon referral by their treating clinicians . Nutrition status was determined by the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment ( PG-SGA ) tool . Clinical outcomes included changes in length of hospital stay , complications during hospitalization , Quality of life ( QoL ) , mortality and re-admission rate . Results Fifty-four males and 94 females ( mean age , 81.8 years ) were included . Both groups significantly improved PG-SGA scores from baseline . There was no between-group differences in the change in PG-SGA scores and final PG-SGA scores were similar at 3 months 6.9 ( 95 % CI 5.6 - 8.3 ) vs. 5.8 ( 95 % CI 4.8 - 6.9 ) ( P = 0.09 ) , in control and intervention groups , respectively . Median total length of hospital stay was 6 days shorter in the intervention group ( 11.4 ( IQR 16.6 ) vs. 5.4 ( IQR 8.1 ) ( P = 0.01 ) . There was no significant difference in complication rate during hospitalization , QoL and mortality at 3-months or readmission rate at 1 , 3 or 6 months following hospital discharge . Conclusion In older malnourished in patients , an early and extended nutrition intervention showed a trend towards improved nutrition status and significantly reduced length of hospital stay Background Malnutrition is a common consequence of disease in older patients . Both in hospital setting and in community setting oral nutritional support has proven to be effective . However , cost-effectiveness studies are scarce . Therefore , the aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of transmural nutritional support in malnourished elderly patients , starting at hospital admission until three months after discharge . Methods This study is a r and omized controlled trial . Patients are included at hospital admission and followed until three months after discharge . Patients are eligible to be included when they are ≥ 60 years old and malnourished according to the following objective st and ards : Body Mass Index ( BMI in kg/m2 ) < 20 and /or ≥ 5 % unintentional weight loss in the previous month and /or ≥ 10 % unintentional weight loss in the previous six months . We will compare usual nutritional care with transmural nutritional support ( energy and protein enriched diet , two additional servings of an oral nutritional supplement , vitamin D and calcium supplementation , and consultations by a dietitian ) . Each study arm will consist of 100 patients . The primary outcome parameters will be changes in activities of daily living ( determined as functional limitations and physical activity ) between intervention and control group . Secondary outcomes will be changes in body weight , body composition , quality of life , and muscle strength . An economic evaluation from a societal perspective will be conducted alongside the r and omised trial to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in comparison with usual care . Conclusion In this r and omized controlled trial we will evaluate the effect of transmural nutritional support in malnourished elderly patients after hospital discharge , compared to usual care . Primary endpoints of the study are changes in activities of daily living , body weight , body composition , quality of life , and muscle strength . An economic evaluation will be performed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in comparison with usual care . Trial registration Netherl and s Trial Register ( IS RCT N29617677 , registered 14-Sep-2005 Objectives To compare the effects of two nutritional follow-up interventions with regard to preventing short-term deterioration in ADL , and to compare their effects on physical function , emotional health , and health-related quality of life . Design R and omized clinical trial with two intervention groups and one control group , and a follow-up period of eight weeks . Setting Intervention in the participants ’ homes after discharge from hospital . Participants Inclusion : Malnourished geriatric patients and patients at risk of malnutrition ( MNA<24 ) , aged 75 years and older , living at home and alone . ExclusionNursing home residents and patients with terminal illnesses or cognitive impairment . R and omizationAt discharge , the patients were assigned to one of three groups : ‘ home visit ’ , ‘ telephone consultation ’ , or ‘ control ’ group . InterventionIndividually tailored nutritional counselling of the patient and the patient ’s daily home carer by a clinical dietician one , two , and four weeks after discharge from hospital . The counselling was either in-person at the patients ’ homes , or by telephone . The control group received no follow-up after discharge . Measurements Primary outcome : Change in ADL ( Barthel-100 score ) at discharge and eight weeks later . Secondary outcomes Change in physical performance ( h and grip strength , 30-sec . chair st and test , CAS ) , quality of life and depression measurements ( SF-36 , Depression List , Geriatric Depression Score ) , and Avlund mobility-tiredness score ( Mob-T ) . Results Two-hundred and eight participants were r and omized , 73 to home visits and 68 to telephone consultations . The control group comprised 67 patients . The mean age of the participants was 86.1 years . At eight weeks after discharge , 157 completed the follow-up ( home visit 52 , telephone consultation 51 , and control group 54 ) . The mean age of these patients was 85.8 years . More patients in the home visit group improved or maintained their ADL ( 96 % ) , compared to the telephone ( 75 % ) and control groups ( 72 % ) , p<0.01 . No difference was detected among the groups with regard to physical measurements , health-related quality of life , and emotional health . Conclusion Early nutritional follow-up after discharge , performed as home visits , prevents deterioration of ADL in malnourished , independent , geriatric patients who live alone and thereby preserves their independence Purpose This study aim ed to test whether a very early nutrition intervention delivered over the telephone was feasible and could improve outcomes amongst patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer . Methods Participants with a histologically proven new diagnosis of primary oesophageal or stomach cancer and who were to undergo surgery and /or chemotherapy were r and omised to receive either st and ard nutrition care ( SC ) or early and intensive nutrition intervention ( NI ) over the telephone/face-to-face . Participants were followed for 6 months . The primary outcome was quality of life ( QoL ) , assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Global Quality of Life question naire C30 ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) and the European Quality of Life Instrument ( EQ-5D ) tool ; secondary outcomes were nutritional status and survival . Results Twenty-one participants were recruited ( 11 SC and 10 NI ) . At baseline , the prevalence of malnutrition was 90 % . Compared with SC , the NI group had a significantly higher EORTC global QoL score at the first mid- study follow-up ( coefficient ( 95 % CI ) 21.0 ( 12.1 , 29.9 ) adjusted for baseline , p < 0.001 ) and at 26 weeks ( 28.4 ( 21.3 , 35.4 ) adjusted for baseline , p < 0.001 ) . Nutritional risk score was lower ( p < 0.001 ) , and loss of body weight attenuated ( p < 0.001 ) in the NI group compared with SC . Six deaths occurred during the study , five in the SC group and one in the NI group ( p = 0.06 ) . The mean time spent with a dietitian per contact was significantly less for the NI group compared with SC ( 16(3 ) vs 40(6 ) min per dietetic contact , p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions This pilot study has shown the potential of a novel telephone-based early and intensive dietetic model of care for newly diagnosed upper gastrointestinal cancer patients Objectives We examined if individually-adapted nutritional counselling could prevent > 5 % weight loss among elderly patients 3 months after discharge from a rehabilitation institution . In addition we assessed quality of life ( QoL ) and appetite . Design An open , r and omized trial . Setting Godthaab Health and Rehabilitation Institution in Bærum , Norway . Participants Patients identified as being undernourished or at risk of disease-related malnutrition using the Nutritional Risk Screening tool NRS-2002 . InterventionS hortly before discharge , patients in the intervention group received an individually-tailored nutrition plan . During the subsequent 3 months these patients were contacted 3 times via telephone calls and they received one visit at their homes , for nutrition counselling . Focus on this counselling was on optimizing meal environment , improving appetite , increasing food intake , advice on food preparation , and motivation and support . Measurements In addition to weight , QoL and appetite were assessed using the EQ-5D question naire and a modified version of the Disease-Related Appetite Question naire , respectively . Results Among 115 considered eligible for the study , 100 were enrolled ( 72 women and 28 men ) , with a mean age of 75 years and a mean body mass index of 20 kg/m2 . Two in the intervention group ( n = 52 ) and 5 in the control group ( n = 48 ) lost > 5 % of their body weight , giving an odds ratio of 0.34 ( 95 % CI : 0.064–1.86 ; p = 0.22 ) . We did not detect any significant differences in the QoL- or appetite scores between the two study groups after three months . Conclusion An individually-adapted nutritional counselling did not improve body mass among elderly patients 3 months after discharge from a rehabilitation institution . Neither quality of life nor appetite measures were improved . Possibly , nutritional counselling should be accompanied with nutritional supplementation to be effective in this vulnerable group of elderly . The trial is registered in Clinical Trials ( ID : NCT01632072 ) OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a short-term nutritional intervention with protein and vitamin D on  falls in malnourished older adults .  DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING From hospital admission until 3 months after discharge . PARTICIPANTS Malnourished older adults ( ≥ 60 ) newly admitted to an acute hospital ( n = 210 ) . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized to receive nutritional intervention ( energy- and protein-enriched diet , oral nutritional supplements , calcium-vitamin D supplement , telephone counseling by a dietitian ) for 3 months after discharge or usual care . MEASUREMENTS Number of participants who fell , fall incidents , serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D , and dietary intake . Measurements were performed on admission to hospital and 3 months after discharge . RESULTS Three months after discharge , 10 participants ( 10 % ) in the intervention group had fallen at least once , compared with 24 ( 23 % ) in the control group ( hazard ratio = 0.41 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.19 - 0.86 ) . There were 57 
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There were also trends towards improved nutrition status , physical function , energy intake , hospital readmission rates and mortality in the intervention groups .
Overall , this review found telehealth is an effective method to deliver malnutrition-related interventions to older adults living at home , and is likely to result in clinical improvements compared with usual care or no intervention .