***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: UNLABELLED Anesthetic methods used during cesarean section have advantages and disadvantages to both mothers and infants and may result in short and long term neonatal effects . OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of general and regional anesthesia on the infants , a prospect i ve , r and omized trial was performed in Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University . MATERIAL AND METHOD 341 uncomplicated pregnant women who were to be delivered at term by Cesarean section were recruited and r and omized to receive general anesthesia , GA ( 103 ) ; epidural anesthesia , EA ( 120 ) and spinal anesthesia , SA ( 118 ) . The immediate fetal and neonatal effects were assessed by cord blood gas analysis and the infant 's Apgar scores . The Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scores ( NACS ) was performed within 4 hours after birth by two pediatricians who were blind to the anesthetic method . RESULT Maternal age , weight , height , duration of the operation and infants ' birth weight were not different among the study groups . In the EA and SA group , maternal systolic blood pressure decreased more than 20 per cent from the baseline in more than half . The infants ' Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were 8.3 + /- 1.9 ; 8.2 + /- 1.6 ; 6.7 + /- 2.8 , and 9.7 + /- 0.9 ; 9.8 + /- 0.7 ; 9.2 + /- 1.6 in EA , SA and GA group respectively . The adaptive capacity , active tone , passive tone , general assessment and primary reflexes of the NACS were not statistically different . CONCLUSION Apgar scores of the infants whose mothers received general anesthesia were lower than infants whose mothers received regional anesthesia but the NACS were not statistically different among the three study groups Ninety healthy parturients undergoing elective caesarean section were r and omly allocated to receive either general ( n = 30 ) , epidural ( n = 30 ) or spinal ( n = 30 ) anaesthesia .  Acid-base status , Apgar score and neurobehavioural status , using the neurologic and adaptive capacity scoring ( NACS ) system , were studied in the newborn . Apgar scores and acid-base parameters were similar in all the three groups . NACS testing revealed significantly more vigorous babies in the spinal anaesthesia group than in the other two groups at 15 min and 2 h interval after delivery , despite a higher incidence of maternal hypotension . We conclude that newborns tend to have a better neurobehavioural status in the early post-delivery period if their mothers receive spinal anaesthesia rather than general or epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section Objective : To compare general , epidural and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia with respect to short-term outcome of newborns delivered by elective Cesarean section of healthy parturients with normal pregnancies . Study design : A total of 238 eight pregnant women admitted to our institution between January 1998 and July 2002 , for whom elective Cesarean section was planned after 38 weeks ' gestation , were grouped according to the kind of anesthesia used for the procedure . Maternal characteristics , birth weight , Apgar scores , and maternal and umbilical artery ( UA ) acid-base parameters were analyzed . Results : Maternal pH was significantly lower and pCO2 and pO2 were significantly higher in the general anesthetic group , compared to the other two groups ( 7.38 ± 0.03 vs. 7.43 ± 0.02 and 7.43 ± 0.05 , respectively ; 35.03 ± 3.88 mmHg vs. 29.25 ± 5.05 mmHg and 29.64 ± 4.16 mmHg , respectively ; and 224.56 ± 86.77 mmHg vs. 151.28 ± 38 mmHg and 157.36 ± 53.51 mmHg , respectively , p < 0.05 ) . The pH of the UA was higher in the general anesthetic group , compared to the spinal-epidural group ( 7.29 ± 0.02 vs. 7.26 ± 0.06 , p < 0.05 ) . The pO2 as well as O2 saturation of the UA were higher when general anesthetic was administered , compared to the two regional modalities ( 15.60 ± 5.48 mmHg vs. 9.29 ± 4.41 mmHg and 9.20 ± 4.06 mmHg , respectively ; and 17.37 ± 9.79 % vs. 7.87 ± 4.98 % and 6.90 ± 5.22 % , respectively , p < 0.05 ) . UA O2 saturation fell to zero in some cases in the combined spinal-epidural group , without an evident effect on fetal well-being . No fetal acidemia was noted in any group . Neonatal outcomes were similar in the three groups studied . Conclusions : Type of anesthesia does not influence short-term outcomes in infants born via elective Cesarean section , although differences in acid-base status of both the mother and especially the newborn recommend careful use of spinal anesthesia Both epidural and general anesthesia can impair thermoregulatory mechanisms during surgery . However , there is lack of information about the effects of different methods of anesthesia on  newborn temperature . The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in newborn rectal temperature related to type of anesthesia . Sixty-three pregnant women were r and omly assigned to receive general or epidural anesthesia .  Maternal core temperature was measured three times with a rectal probe just before anesthesia , at the beginning of surgery and at delivery . In addition , umbilical vein blood was sample d for pH. The rectal temperatures of the babies were recorded immediately after delivery , and Apgar scores were determined 1 , 5 , and 10 min after birth . The duration of anesthesia and the volume of intravenous fluid given during the procedure ( 833 + /- 144 vs 420 + /- 215 mL ) were significantly higher in the epidural group than in the general anesthesia group ( P < 0.0001 ) . Maternal rectal temperatures were not different in both groups at all measurements . In contrast , newborn rectal temperatures were lower in the epidural anesthesia group than in the general anesthesia group ( 37.4 + /- 0.3 vs 37.6 + /- 0.3 degrees C ; P < 0.05 ) immediately after birth . Furthermore , the umbilical vein pH value ( 7.31 + /- 0.05 vs 7.33 + /- 0.01 ; P < 0.05 ) and Apgar scores at the 1st-min measurement ( 8.0 + /- 0.9 vs 8.5 + /- 0.7 ; P < 0.05 ) were lower in the epidural anesthesia group than in the general anesthesia group . Since epidural anesthesia requires more iv fluid infusion and a longer time for cesarean section , it involves a risk of a mild temperature reduction for the baby which , however , did not reach the limits of hypothermia OBJECTIVE To compare general and spinal anesthesia with respect to the short-term outcome of newborns born by elective cesarean deliveries . METHODS Pregnant women admitted to our hospital from January 1999 to July 2000 , for whom elective repeat cesareans were planned after 37 weeks gestation , were allocated r and omly after their informed consent to spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia . Maternal age , gestational age , birth weight , Apgar 's score , hospital stay duration , and duration of cesarean section time were all noted . The rate of the neonatal respiratory depression , perinatal asphyxia , and admittance to the neonatal intensive care unit of the infants were documented . We also studied arterial sample s withdrawn from the cord for the pH , bicarbonate , PaO(2 ) ( oxygen pressure , arterial ) , and PaCO(2 ) ( carbon dioxide pressure , arterial ) . The serum levels of creatine kinase with myocardial-specific isoform , aspartate aminotransferase , alanine aminotransferase , and total cortisol levels of the newborns were measured and served in ruling out perinatal stress and in confirming the diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia ( and of myocardial damage ) . Statistical analyses was performed with the use of an unpaired Student 's t-test , Chi-square test , and a power calculation was done . RESULTS From the r and omly selected patients , we had 38 ( 45.2 % ) infants for general anesthesia and 46 ( 54.8 % ) for spinal anesthesia . None of our primary endpoints favored any of the study groups , and the clinical short-term outcome of the infants was similar in the neonates born both by spinal and general anesthesia ( P>0.05 ) . The biochemical assays did not rule out or confirm any differences in the occurrence of perinatal stress ( P>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Anesthesia type does not seem to influence the short-term outcome of the newborn infants for the elective cesarean deliveries . We believe that both spinal and general anesthesia could be performed in elective term cesarean deliveries without any risk to the newborn infants OBJECTIVE To evaluate the suitability of spinal and general anaesthesia for cesarean section . METHODS The prospect i ve , double-blinded study , done between March and December 2009 , at Central Education and Research Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey , involved 60 patients undergoing elective cesarean surgery .  They were grouped according to the kind of anaesthesia , with each group having 30 patients each . Postoperative pain scores , opioid requirement , side effects and patient satisfaction were compared through statistical analysis using SPSS version 10 . RESULTS Patient demographics were similar in both groups . Patients in the general anaesthesia group consumed 638.4 + /- 179.10 microg fentanyl , while patients in the spinal anaesthesia group consumed 356.3 + /- 87.1 microg . The number of patients requiring opioid via Patient Controlled Analgesia in the first 24 hours was significantly higher in the general anaesthesia group . Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the spinal anaesthesia group . CONCLUSION Type of anaesthesia for elective cesarean section is important to provide sufficient post-operative analgesia and patient satisfaction Forty-seven healthy parturients undergoing elective Caesarean section were r and omly allocated to either general anaesthesia  ( n = 24 ) or epidural anaesthesia  ( n = 23 ) under st and ardized anaesthetic and surgical conditions . Seven women of the epidural group required additional systemic analgesia or sedation following delivery of the neonate . Nine of 24 newborns obtained 1-min Apgar scores below 7 after general anaesthesia compared to only 3/23 after epidural anaesthesia . The time period to establish normal colour in the babies was 2.2 min after epidural and 4.9 min after general anaesthesia . Three of the 24 general-anaesthesia newborns demonstrated a tendency to hypotonia compared to only one in the epidural group . Twenty-four hours and 7 days after delivery all infants of both groups were completely normal . At the time of delivery maternal PO2 was higher in the general anaesthesia compared to the epidural group , due to higher inspired oxygen concentrations . Comparable results were obtained in umbilical PO2 venous values ; lower pH values , however , were observed in the umbilical artery after general anaesthesia . There were no significant differences in the glucose levels between the groups . A significant correlation was established between uterine incision-delivery interval and 1-min neonatal Apgar scores in the general-anaesthesia group , but not in the epidural group . Our investigation did not show either the incision-delivery interval or the start of operation-delivery interval to play a role in neonatal outcome . Epidural anaesthesia is superior to general anaesthesia in Caesarean section under normal conditions with regard to neonatal outcome . Whether this is also true for critical conditions can not be concluded from this study Background There are no r and omized studies on neonatal outcome after spinal versus general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in preeclamptic patients with a nonreassuring fetal heart trace . This study examined both markers of neonatal hypoxia and maternal hemodynamics . Methods Seventy patients were r and omized to general ( n = 35 ) or spinal anesthesia ( n = 35 ) . The general anesthesia group received thiopentone , magnesium sulfate , and suxamethonium intravenously before intubation , followed by 50 % nitrous oxide in oxygen , 0.75–1.5 % isoflurane , and morphine after delivery . The target end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( Pco2 ) was 30–34 mmHg . The spinal anesthesia group received 1.8 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 10 & mgr;g fentanyl at the L3–L4 interspace . Heart rate and blood pressure were measured at specific time points 
    Output:
    
Compared to women who had GA , women who had either epidural anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia were found to have a significantly lower difference between pre and postoperative haematocrit .
There is no evidence from this review to show that RA is superior to GA in terms of major maternal or neonatal outcomes .