***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vibration exercise ( VbX ) has been a popular modality to enhancing physical performance , where various training methods and techniques have been employed to improve immediate and long-term sprint performance . However , the use of acute side-alternating VbX on sprint and agility performance remains unclear . Eight female athletes preformed side-alternating vibration exercise ( VbX ) and control ( no VbX ) in a cross over r and omised design that was conducted one week apart . After performing a warm-up , the athletes undertook maximal 5 m sprints and maximal reactive agility sprints ( RAT ) , this was followed by side-alternating VbX ( 26 Hz , 6 mm ) or control ( no VbX ) . Immediately following the intervention , post-sprint tests and RAT were performed . There was a significant treatment effect but there was no time effect ( pre vs. post ) or interaction effect for sprint and RAT ; however , side-alternating VbX did not compromise sprint and agility performance . Key PointsAcute VbX could be beneficial for the acceleration phase ( 1.5 m ) of a short-distance sprint . Acute VbX does not have positive influence on short-distance ( 3 m & 5 m ) sprint performance . Acute VbX does not enhance reactive agility performance A parallel group r and omized trial was design ed to analyze the impact of 6 weeks of strength training programs performed with or without whole-body vibration on muscular and endurance performance parameters in long-distance runners . 22 endurance runners were allocated into strength with whole-body vibration ( n=8 ) ,  without ( n=8 ) , and  control ( n=6 ) groups . Before and after the experimental period the subjects performed the following tests : a ) maximum dynamic strength test , b ) maximal incremental treadmill test , and c ) time to exhaustion at velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen uptake . The fractions of the aerobic and anaerobic contribution in time to exhaustion test were also calculated . Both strength trained groups showed a similar increase in maximum dynamic strength ( ~18 % ) . The aerobic contribution was enhanced for strength training group without whole-body vibration ( ~25 % ) after experimental period . No statistical differences were observed in any other variable . These results suggest that 6 weeks of strength training performed with or without whole-body vibration improve similarly the maximum dynamic strength in long-distance runners . In addition , both training modes studied had no deleterious effects on the traditional parameters of endurance performance , traditional strength training program results in increased aerobic contribution during high-intensity aerobic exercise Purpose To quantify creatine kinase ( CK ) activity changes across time following an acute bout of whole-body vibration ( WBV ) and determine the association between changes in CK activity and jumping performance . Method Twenty-six elite young basketball players were assigned to 3 groups : 36-Hz and 46-Hz vibration groups ( G36 and G46 , respectively ) and a control group . The study quantified CK activity and jumping performance following an acute bout of WBV at 2 vibration frequencies . Both WBV groups performed a protocol that consisted of 10 sets of 60 s of WBV while st and ing on a vibration plate in a quarter-squat position .  CK activity , countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) , and squat jumps ( SJ ) were measured immediately before and 24 hr and 48 hr after WBV . In addition , CMJ and SJ were also measured 5 min after WBV . Results CK activity was statistically significantly increased 24 hr following WBV in G36 and G46 . At 48 hr after WBV , CK activity was similar to baseline levels in G36 but remained statistically significantly above baseline levels in G46 . The CMJ and SJ heights were statistically significantly decreased at 5 min following the protocol for both WBV groups . Overall , the changes in CK activity did not present a strong relationship with the changes in jump heights for any of the comparisons . Conclusions These findings suggest that WBV protocol s with such characteristics may not cause excessive muscle damage and may partly explain why many WBV training studies have failed to elicit increases in strength performance Fagnani F , Giombini A , Di Cesare A , Pigozzi F , Di Salvo V : The effects of a whole-body vibration program on muscle performance and flexibility in female athletes . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:956–962 . Objective : This r and omized controlled study was design ed to investigate the short-term effects of an 8-wk whole-body vibration protocol on muscle performance and flexibility in female competitive athletes . Design : Twenty-six young volunteer female athletes ( ages 21–27 yrs ) were r and omized to either the vibration group or control group . The vibration intervention consisted of an 8-wk whole-body vibration 3 times a week employed by st and ing on a vertical vibration platform . As outcome measures , three performance tests ( counter-movement jump , extension strength of lower extremities with an isokinetic horizontal leg press , and a sit- and -reach test for flexibility ) were performed initially and after 8 wks . Results : A total of 24 athletes completed the study properly . In the vibration group ( n = 13 ) whole-body vibration induced significant improvement of bilateral knee extensor strength ( P < 0.001 ) , counter-movements jump ( P < 0.001 ) , and flexibility ( P < 0.001 ) after 8 wks of training . No significant changes were found for all the outcome measures for the control group ( n = 11 ) . Conclusions : Whole-body vibration is a suitable training method to improve knee extension maximal strength , counter-movement jump , and flexibility in a young female athlete if it is properly design ed . Not only do the optimal frequency , amplitude , and g-forces need to be identified but also the level of muscle activation that would benefit more from vibration stimulation . The improvement of flexibility is important not only for performance but also for the prevention of muscle-tendon injury Purpose . To examine the effects of two doses of low-frequency ( 12 Hz ) , low-magnitude ( 0.3 g ) , whole body vibration on markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women . Methods . Women were recruited and r and omized into a sham vibration control group , one time per week vibration group ( 1 × /week ) , or three times per week vibration group ( 3 × /week ) . Vibration exposure consisted of 20 minutes of intermittent vibration for the 1 × /week and 3 × /week groups , and sham vibration ( < 0.1 g ) for the control group for eight weeks . Double-blinded primary outcome measures were urine markers of bone resorption : N-telopeptide X normalised to creatinine ( NTx/Cr ) and bone formation : bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) . Results . Forty-six women ( 59.8 ± 6.2 years , median 7.3 years since menopause ) were enrolled . NTx/Cr was significantly reduced ( 34.6 % ) in the 3 × /wk vibration group but not in the 1 × /wk vibration group compared with sham control ( P < .01 ) group . No effect of time or group allocation was observed on the bone formation marker ALP ( P = .27 ) . Conclusion . We have shown for the first time that low-frequency , low-magnitude vibration 3 × /week for eight weeks in postmenopausal women results in a significant reduction in NTx/Cr , a marker of bone resorption , when compared with sham vibration exposure Fourteen elite and 14 amateur athletes were subjected to vibratory stimulation during bilateral biceps curl exercises of explosive strength exertion . The athletes performed two separate series of three sets of exercises in r and om order . The second set of one series was administered with superimposed vibration of 44 Hz and an acceleration of about 30 m x s(-2 ) transmitted through the two-arms h and le to the arm muscles . The mechanical power of each repetition was measured by the ' Power Teach ' instrument . The maximal and mean power values for each set were automatically recorded and shown on the screen . The acute effect was evaluated as the difference between the mean and peak power output in the second ( with vibratory stimulation ) and first ( without vibratory stimulation ) sets . Similarly , the residual effect was taken to be the difference between the power values of the third ( after vibratory stimulation ) and the first ( before vibratory stimulation ) sets . The results were subjected to a repeated- measures analysis of variance with group as a between- participants factor . The results showed that exercise mode ( with vs without vibratory stimulation ) result ed in a significant immediate effect for mean power and for maximal power . The factor group ( elite vs amateurs ) result ed in a significant effect for maximal power only . The increase in explosive strength exertion attributed to vibratory stimulation was 30.1 and 29.8 W ( 10.4 % and 10.2 % ) for maximal and mean power respectively in the elite group , and 20.0 and 25.9 W ( 7.9 % and 10.7 % ) respectively in the amateur athletes . Vibratory stimulation result ed in an insignificant residual effect The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of whole body vibration ( WBV ) training on vertical jump ability ( CMJ ) and knee-extensor performance at selected external loads ( 50 , 70 , and 100 kg ; leg-press exercise ) in elite ballerinas . Twenty-two ( age , 21.25 ± 1.5 years ) full-time ballerinas were assigned r and omly to the experimental ( E , n = 11 ) and control ( C , n = 11 ) groups . The experimental group was su bmi tted to WBV training 3 times per week before ballet practice . During the training period , the E and C groups undertook the same amount of ballet practice . Posttraining CMJ performance significantly increased in E group ( 6.3 ± 3.8 % , p ≤ 0.001 ) . Furthermore , E group showed significant ( p ≤ 0.05–0.001 ) post- training average leg-press power and velocity improvements at all the external loads considered . Consequently , the force-velocity and power-velocity relationship shifted to the right after WBV training in the E group . The results of the present study show that WBV training is an effective short-term training methodology for inducing improvements in knee-extensor explosiveness in elite ballerinas Objective : To quantify the acute effect of whole body vibration ( WBV ) training on arm countermovement vertical jump ( ACMVJ ) , grip strength , and flexibility performance . Methods : Eighteen female elite field hockey players each completed three interventions of WBV , control , and cycling in a balanced r and om manner . WBV was performed on a Galileo machine ( 26 Hz ) with six different exercises being performed . For the control , the same six exercises were performed at 0 Hz , whilst cycling was performed at 50 W. Each intervention was 5 min in duration with ACMVJ , grip strength , and flexibility measurements being conducted pre and post intervention . Results : There was a positive interaction effect ( intervention × pre-post ) of enhanced ACMVJ ( p<0.001 ) and flexibility ( p<0.05 ) parameters following WBV ; however no changes were observed after the control and cycling interventions . There was no interaction effect for grip strength following the three interventions . Conclusions : Acute WBV causes neural potentiation of the stretch reflex loop as shown by the improved ACMVJ and flexibility performance . Additionally , muscle groups less proportionally exposed to vibration do not exhibit physiological changes that potentiate muscular performance The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of whole-body vibration on isometric squat ( IS ) and countermovement jump ( CMJ ) performance .  Nine moderately resistance-trained men were tested for peak force ( PF ) during the IS and jump height ( JH ) and peak power ( PP ) during the CMJ . Average integrated electromyography ( IEMG ) was measured from the vastus medialis , vastus lateralis , and biceps femoris muscles . Subjects performed the 2 treatment conditions , vibration or sham , in a r and omized order . Subjects were tested for baseline performance variables in both the IS and CMJ , and were exposed to either a 30-second bout of whole-body vibration or sham intervention . Subjects were tested immediately following the vibration or sham treatment , as well as 5 , 15 , and 30 minutes posttreatment . Whole-body vibration result ed in a significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.05 ) JH during the CMJ immediately following vibration , as compared with the sham condition . No significant differences were observed in CMJ PP ; PF during IS or IEMG of the vastus medialis , vastus lateralis , or biceps femoris during the CMJ ; or IS between vibration and sham treaments . Whole-body vibration may be a potential warm-up procedure for increasing vertical JH . Future research is warranted addressing the influence of various protocol s of whole-body vibration ( i.e. , duration , amplitude , frequency ) on athletic performance Whole-body vibration training has recently received a lot of attention with reported enhancements of strength and power qualities in athletes . This study investigated whether upper-body vibration would be able to augment muscular attributes for climbing performance . Twelve healthy active climbers volunteered for the study . All participants underwent 3 treatments — arm cranking ( AC ) , upper-body vibration ( UBV ) , and non-UBV (NUBV)—in a balanced r and om order , conducted on separate days . Upper-body vibration was generated via a commercialized electric-powered dumbbell with a rotating axis that delivered oscillatory movements to the shoulders and arms . The UBV treatment consisted of performing 5 upper-body exercises for a total duration of 5 minutes . The UBV frequency was set at 26 Hz , amplitude 3 mm . For the NUBV treatment , the participants performed the 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Whole body vibration has small and inconsistent acute and chronic effects on athletic performance in competitive and /or elite athletes .
These findings lead to the hypothesis that neuromuscular adaptive processes following whole body vibration are not specific enough to enhance athletic performance .