***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can not rapidly reverse profound neuromuscular block .  Sugammadex , a selective relaxant binding agent , reverses the effects of rocuronium and vecuronium by encapsulation . This study assessed the efficacy of sugammadex compared with neostigmine in reversal of profound vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block under sevoflurane anesthesia . Methods Patients aged ≥18 years , American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 - 4 , scheduled to undergo surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this phase III , multicenter , r and omized , safety-assessor blinded study .  Sevoflurane anesthetized patients received vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg for intubation , with maintenance doses of 0.015 mg/kg as required . Patients were r and omized to receive sugammadex 4 mg/kg or neostigmine 70 μg/kg with glycopyrrolate 14 μg/kg at 1 - 2 post-tetanic counts . The primary efficacy variable was time from start of study drug administration to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9 . Safety assessment s included physical examination , laboratory data , vital signs , and adverse events . Results Eighty three patients were included in the intent-to-treat population  ( sugammadex , n = 47 ; neostigmine , n = 36 ) . Geometric mean time to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9 was 15-fold faster with sugammadex ( 4.5 minutes ) compared with neostigmine ( 66.2 minutes ; p < 0.0001 ) ( median , 3.3 minutes with sugammadex versus 49.9 minutes with neostigmine ) . No serious drug-related adverse events occurred in either group . Conclusions Recovery from profound vecuronium-induced block is significantly faster with sugammadex , compared with neostigmine . Neostigmine did not rapidly reverse profound neuromuscular block ( Trial registration number : NCT00473694 ) Backround Sugammadex is a reversal agent with well known advantages but it ’s effects on haemostasis and bleeding have been a topic of interest .  Septoplasty  is a common surgical procedure with postoperative respiratory complications and bleeding . The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of sugammadex on postoperative coagulation parameters and bleeding after septoplasty procedure . Material / Methods In this r and omized controlled study , fifty patients were grouped into two groups ; neostigmine ( Group N ) vs. sugammadex ( Group S ) . For the evaluation of PT , aPTT and INR , blood sample s were taken for at the postoperative 120th minutes and alteration of these values with respect to preoperative values were documented . Postoperative bleeding was measured by evaluating the amount of blood absorbed on the nasal tip dressing during 3 hours postoperatively . Results Postoperative bleeding amount was significantly higher in the Group S compared to Group N ( p=0.013 ) . No significant difference was observed between two groups according to coagulation parameters ( PT ; p=0.953 , aPTT ; p=0.734 , INR ; p=0.612 ) . Conclusions Sugammadex was associated with higher amount of postoperative bleeding than neostigmine in septoplasty patients . In surgical procedures having high risk of bleeding the safety of sugammadex need to be verified BACKGROUND : Sugammadex , a specifically design ed & ggr;-cyclodextrin , is a selective relaxant binding drug that rapidly reverses rocuronium-induced and , to a lesser extent , vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade . In this study , we compared the efficacy of sugammadex and neostigmine for the reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients scheduled for elective surgery . METHODS : Patients aged ≥18 yr , ASA Class I – III , and scheduled for a surgical procedure under sevoflurane/opioid anesthesia  received an intubating dose of vecuronium ( 0.1 mg/kg ) and maintenance doses of 0.02–0.03 mg/kg at reappearance of the second twitch ( T2 ) of train-of-four ( TOF ) if required . Neuromuscular blockade was monitored using acceleromyography ( TOF-Watch ® SX , Schering-Plough Irel and , Dublin , Irel and ) . At end of surgery , at reappearance of T2 after the last dose of vecuronium , patients were r and omized to receive either sugammadex ( 2 mg/kg ) or neostigmine ( 50 & mgr;g/kg ) plus glycopyrrolate ( 10 & mgr;g/kg ) IV . The primary efficacy end-point was time from start of administration of sugammadex or neostigmine to recovery of TOF ratio to 0.9 . RESULTS : The geometric mean time to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 was significantly faster with sugammadex compared with neostigmine ( 2.7 min [ 95 % confidence interval { CI } ] : 2.2–3.3 ) versus 17.9 min [ 95 % CI : 13.1–24.3 ] , respectively ; P < 0.0001 ) . The mean recovery times to a TOF ratio of 0.8 and 0.7 were also significantly shorter with sugammadex . No serious adverse events or unexpected side effects were reported with either drug . CONCLUSION : Sugammadex provided significantly faster reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade compared with neostigmine We studied the influence of mivacurium on the recovery profile following outpatient laparoscopic tubal ligation in 60 healthy , nonpregnant women . After administration of midazolam 2 mg intravenously ( IV ) , anesthesia was induced with fentanyl , 2 micrograms/kg , and thiopental , 4 mg/kg , IV . When the patient became unresponsive ( loss of eyelid reflex ) , either succinylcholine 1 mg/kg , IV ( Group I ) , or mivacurium 0.2 mg/kg , IV ( Groups II and III ) , was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation . Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane ( 0.5%-2 % inspired concentration ) in combination with 67 % N2O in oxygen . Muscle relaxation was maintained in all three groups with intermittent bolus doses of mivacurium , 2 - 4 mg , IV . In Group III , residual neuromuscular block was reversed with a combination of neostigmine , 2.5 mg , and glycopyrrolate , 0.5 mg , IV , at the end of the operation . In the postanesthesia care unit ( PACU ) , patients in Group III had a significantly increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to Group II . The use of succinylcholine ( versus mivacurium ) was also associated with more frequent postoperative nausea and vomiting . However , these emetic sequelae did not delay postoperative recovery times . In addition , a comparable number of patients in each treatment group required analgesic medication for postoperative pain . Although patients who received succinylcholine complained of significantly more neck pain during the 24-h period after discharge , nausea , vomiting , and shoulder pain were similar in all three groups during this period . We conclude that neostigmine and glycopyrrolate may contribute to the development of postoperative emesis when used for reversal of residual neuromuscular block . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Background This study compared efficacy and safety of the selective relaxant binding agent sugammadex ( 2 mg/kg ) with neostigmine ( 50 μg/kg ) for neuromuscular blockade ( NMB ) reversal in Chinese and Caucasian subjects . Methods This was a r and omized , active-controlled , multicenter , safety-assessor-blinded study ( NCT00825812 ) in American Society of Anesthesiologists Class 1 - 3 subjects undergoing surgery with propofol anesthesia .  Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was administered for endotracheal intubation , with 0.1–0.2 mg/kg maintenance doses given as required . NMB was monitored using TOF-Watch ® SX . At second twitch reappearance , after last rocuronium dose , subjects received sugammadex 2 mg/kg or neostigmine 50 μg/kg plus atropine 10–20 μg/kg , according to r and omization . Primary efficacy variable was time from sugammadex/neostigmine to recovery of the train-of-four ( TOF ) ratio to 0.9 . Results Overall , 230 Chinese subjects ( sugammadex , n = 119 , neostigmine , n = 111 ) ; and 59 Caucasian subjects ( sugammadex , n = 29 , neostigmine , n = 30 ) had evaluable data . Geometric mean ( 95 % CI ) time to recovery to TOF ratio 0.9 was 1.6 ( 1.5–1.7 ) min with sugammadex vs 9.1 ( 8.0–10.3 ) min with neostigmine in Chinese subjects . Corresponding times for Caucasian subjects were 1.4 ( 1.3–1.5 ) min and 6.7 ( 5.5–8.0 ) min , respectively . Sugammadex 2 mg/kg was generally well tolerated , with no serious adverse events reported . There was no residual NMB or recurrence of NMB . Conclusion Both Chinese and Caucasian subjects recovered from NMB significantly faster after sugammadex 2 mg/kg vs neostigmine 50 μg/kg , with a ~5.7 times ( p < 0.0001 ) faster recovery with sugammadex vs neostigmine in Chinese subjects . Sugammadex was generally well tolerated . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT00825812 Background Rapid and complete reversal of neuromuscular blockade ( NMB ) is desirable at the end of surgery . Sugammadex reverses rocuronium-induced NMB by encapsulation . It is well tolerated in Caucasian patients , providing rapid reversal of moderate ( reappearance of T2 ) rocuronium-induced NMB . We investigated the efficacy and safety of sugammadex versus neostigmine in Korean patients . Methods This r and omized , safety assessor-blinded trial ( NCT01050543 ) included Korean patients undergoing general anesthesia .  Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was given prior to intubation with maintenance doses of 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg as required . Patients received sugammadex 2.0 mg/kg or neostigmine 50 µg/kg with glycopyrrolate 10 µg/kg to reverse the NMB at the reappearance of T2 , after the last rocuronium dose . The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from sugammadex or neostigmine administration to recovery of the train-of-four ( TOF ) ratio to 0.9 . The safety of these medications was also assessed . Results Of 128 r and omized patients , 118 had evaluable data ( n = 59 in each group ) . The geometric mean ( 95 % confidence interval ) time to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 was 1.8 ( 1.6 , 2.0 ) minutes in the sugammadex group and 14.8 ( 12.4 , 17.6 ) minutes in the neostigmine group ( P < 0.0001 ) . Sugammadex was generally well tolerated , with no evidence of residual or recurrence of NMB ; four patients in the neostigmine group reported adverse events possibly indicative of inadequate NMB reversal . Conclusions Sugammadex was well tolerated and provided rapid reversal of moderate rocuronium-induced NMB in Korean patients , with a recovery time 8.1 times faster than neostigmine . These results are consistent with those reported for Caucasian patients Eighty patients undergoing outpatient surgery under general anaesthesia were allocated r and omly to two groups : in group A residual neuromuscular block was antagonized with a mixture of neostigmine 1.5 mg and atropine 0.5 mg ; in group B spontaneous recovery was allowed . The patients were assessed after operation in hospital and 24 h after discharge . We found a significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) in requirements for antiemetic therapy  with a smaller need in the group which received neostigmine ( in group A four of 40 patients received an antiemetic compared with 12 in group B ) . There was no significant difference in frequency of nausea or vomiting between the two groups . The incidence of postoperative nausea was 14 in group A and 18 in group B and the number of patients with postoperative vomiting was 10 in group A and 15 in group Background Sugammadex is a novel neuromuscular reversal agent , but its associated hypersensitivity reaction and high cost have been obstacles to its widespread use . In the interest of reducing the necessary dosage of sugammadex , the reversal time of the combined use of sugammadex and neostigmine from moderate neuromuscular blockade were investigated . Methods The patients enrolled ranged in age from 18 to 65 years old with American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2 . The subjects were r and omly assigned into one of the four groups ( Group S2 , S1 , SN , and N ; n = 30 per group ) . The reversal agents of each groups were as follows : S2 - sugammadex 2 mg/kg , S1 - sugammadex 1 mg/kg , SN - sugammadex 1 m 
    Output:
    
Sugammadex reverses neuromuscular blockade more rapidly than neostigmine and is associated with fewer adverse events