***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: With limited efficacy of medications for symptom relief , non-medication treatments may play an important role in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) , the most common functional gastrointestinal ( GI ) disorder . This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of two self-regulation strategies for symptom relief and mood management in IBS patients . Thirty-five adult participants meeting ROME III criteria for IBS were enrolled , 27 of the 35 participants ( 77 % ) completed treatment and pre- and post-treatment visits ( 89 % women , 11 % men ; M ( SD ) age = 36 ( 13 ) ) , and 20 of the 27 ( 74 % ) completed a 6-month follow-up . Participants were r and omly assigned to 16 biweekly group sessions of Iyengar yoga or a walking program . Results indicated a significant group by time interaction on negative affect with the walking treatment showing improvement from pre- to post-treatment when compared to yoga ( p < .05 ) . There was no significant group by time effect on IBS severity . Exploratory analyses of secondary outcomes examined change separately for each treatment condition . From pre- to post-treatment , yoga showed significant decreases in IBS severity measures ( p < .05 ) , visceral sensitivity ( p < .05 ) , and severity of somatic symptoms ( p < .05 ) . Walking showed significant decreases in overall GI symptoms ( p < .05 ) , negative affect ( p < .05 ) , and state anxiety ( p < .05 ) . At 6-month follow-up , overall GI symptoms for walking continued to significantly decline , while for yoga , GI symptoms rebounded toward baseline levels ( p < .05 ) . When asked about self-regulated home practice at 6 months , significantly more participants in walking than in yoga practice d at least weekly ( p < .05 ) . In sum , results suggest that yoga and walking as movement-based self-regulatory behavioral treatments have some differential effects but are both beneficial for IBS patients , though maintenance of a self-regulated walking program may be more feasible and therefore more effective long term BACKGROUND Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) frequently experience interference with everyday activities . Mind-body approaches such as yoga have been recommended as interventions for patients with IBS . Despite promising results among adult sample s , there have been limited studies exploring the efficacy of yoga with pediatric patients . OBJECTIVE To conduct a preliminary r and omized study of yoga as treatment for adolescents with IBS . METHODS Twenty-five adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with IBS were r and omly assigned to either a yoga or wait list control group . Before the intervention , both groups completed question naires assessing gastrointestinal symptoms , pain , functional disability , coping , anxiety and depression . The yoga intervention consisted of a 1 h instructional session , demonstration and practice , followed by four weeks of daily home practice guided by a video . After four weeks , adolescents repeated the baseline question naires . The wait list control group then received the yoga intervention and four weeks later completed an additional set of question naires . RESULTS Adolescents in the yoga group reported lower levels of functional disability , less use of emotion-focused avoidance and lower anxiety following the intervention than adolescents in the control group . When the pre- and postintervention data for the two groups were combined , adolescents had significantly lower scores for gastrointestinal symptoms and emotion-focused avoidance following the yoga intervention . Adolescents found the yoga to be helpful and indicated they would continue to use it to manage their IBS . CONCLUSIONS Yoga holds promise as an intervention for adolescents with IBS BACKGROUND & AIMS Changes in gut microbiota have been reported to alter signaling mechanisms , emotional behavior , and visceral nociceptive reflexes in rodents . However , alteration of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics or probiotics has not been shown to produce these changes in humans . We investigated whether consumption of a fermented milk product with probiotic ( FMPP ) for 4 weeks by healthy women altered brain intrinsic connectivity or responses to emotional attention tasks . METHODS Healthy women with no gastrointestinal or psychiatric symptoms were r and omly assigned to groups given FMPP ( n = 12 ) , a nonfermented milk product ( n = 11 , controls ) , or no intervention ( n = 13 ) twice daily for 4 weeks . The FMPP contained Bifidobacterium animalis subsp Lactis , Streptococcus thermophiles , Lactobacillus bulgaricus , and Lactococcus lactis subsp Lactis . Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after the intervention to measure brain response to an emotional faces attention task and resting brain activity . Multivariate and region of interest analyses were performed . RESULTS FMPP intake was associated with reduced task-related response of a distributed functional network ( 49 % cross-block covariance ; P = .004 ) containing affective , viscerosensory , and somatosensory cortices . Alterations in intrinsic activity of resting brain indicated that ingestion of FMPP was associated with changes in midbrain connectivity , which could explain the observed differences in activity during the task . CONCLUSIONS Four-week intake of an FMPP by healthy women affected activity of brain regions that control central processing of emotion and sensation This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of yogic and conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) in a r and omized control design . The patients were 22 males , aged 20–50 years , with confirmed diagnosis of diarrhea-predominant IBS . The conventional group ( n=12 , 1 dropout ) was given symptomatic treatment with loperamide 2–6 mg/day for 2 months , and the yogic intervention group ( n=9 ) consisted of a set of 12 asanas ( yogic poses , i.e. , Vajrasana , Shashankasana , Ushtrasana , Marjariasana , Padhastasana , Dhanurasana , Trikonasana in two variations , Pawanmuktasana , and Paschimottanasana ) along with Surya Nadi pranayama ( right-nostril breathing ) two times a day for 2 months . All participants were tested at three regular intervals , at the start of study —0 month , 1 month , and 2 months of receiving the intervention— and were investigated for bowel symptoms , autonomic symptoms , autonomic reactivity ( battery of five st and ard tests ) , surface electrogastrography , anxiety profile by Spielberger 's Self Evaluation Question naire , which evaluated trait and state anxiety . Two months of both conventional and yogic intervention showed a significant decrease of bowel symptoms and state anxiety . This was accompanied by an increase in electrophysiologically recorded gastric activity in the conventional intervention group and enhanced parasympathetic reactivity , as measured by heart rate parameters , in yogic intervention group . The study indicates a beneficial effect of yogic intervention over conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant IBS Distress is an increasing public health problem . We aim ed to investigate the effects of an Iyengar yoga program on perceived stress and psychological outcomes in distressed women and evaluated a potential dose-effect relationship . Seventy-two female distressed subjects were included into a 3-armed r and omized controlled trial and allocated to yoga group 1 ( n = 24 ) with twelve 90 min sessions over 3 months , yoga group 2 ( n = 24 ) with 24 sessions over 3 months , or a waiting list control group ( n = 24 ) . The primary outcome was stress perception , measured by Cohen Stress Scale ; secondary outcomes included state trait anxiety , depression , psychological and physical quality of life ( QOL ) , profile of Mood States , well being , and bodily complaints . After three months , women in the yoga groups showed significant improvements in perceived stress ( P = 0.003 ) , state trait anxiety ( P = 0.021 and P = 0.003 ) , depression ( P = 0.008 ) , psychological QOL ( P = 0.012 ) , mood states being ( P = 0.007 ) , and bodily complaints well(P = 0.012 ) when compared to controls . Both yoga programs were similarly effective for these outcomes ; however , compliance was better in the group with fewer sessions ( yoga group 1 ) . Dose effects were seen only in the analysis of group-independent effects for back pain , anxiety , and depression . These findings suggest that Iyengar yoga effectively reduces distress and improves related psychological and physical outcomes . Furthermore , attending twice-weekly yoga classes was not superior to once-weekly classes , as a result of limited compliance in the twice-weekly group Background Case descriptions suggest IBS patients are more likely to have other disorders , including migraine , fibromyalgia , and depression . We sought to examine the prevalence of these conditions in cohorts of people with and without IBS . Methods The source of data was a large U.S. health plan from January 1 , 1996 though June 30 , 2002 . We identified all people with a medical cl aim associated with an ICD-9 code for IBS . A non-IBS cohort was a r and om sample of people with an ICD-9 code for routine medical care . In the cohorts , we identified all cl aims for migraine , depression , and fibromyalgia . We estimated the prevalence odds ratios ( PORs ) of each of the three conditions using the Mantel-Haenszel method . We conducted quantitative sensitivity analyses to quantify the impact of residual confounding and in differential outcome identification . Results We identified 97,593 people in the IBS cohort , and a r and om sample of 27,402 people to compose the non-IBS comparison cohort . With adjustment , there was a 60 % higher odds in the IBS cohort of having any one of the three disorders relative to the comparison cohort ( POR 1.6 , 95 % CI 1.5 – 1.7 ) . There was a 40 % higher odds of depression in the IBS cohort ( POR 1.4 , 95 % CI 1.3 – 1.4 ) . The PORs for fibromyalgia and migraine were similar ( POR for fibromyalgia 1.8 , 95 % CI 1.7 – 1.9 ; POR for migraine 1.6 , 95 % CI 1.4 – 1.7 ) . Differential prevalence of an unmeasured confounder , or imperfect sensitivity or specificity of outcome detection would have impacted the observed results . Conclusion People in the IBS cohort had a 40 % to 80 % higher prevalence odds of migraine , fibromyalgia , and depression OBJECTIVES : This prospect i ve , r and omized controlled trial explored the feasibility and efficacy of a group program of mindfulness training , a cognitive-behavioral technique , for women with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) . The technique involves training in intentionally attending to present-moment experience and non-judgmental awareness of body sensations and emotions . METHODS : Seventy-five female IBS patients were r and omly assigned to eight weekly and one half-day intensive sessions of either mindfulness group ( MG ) training or a support group ( SG ) . Participants completed the IBS severity scale ( primary outcome ) , IBS- quality of life , brief symptom inventory-18 , visceral sensitivity index , treatment credibility scale , and five-facet mindfulness question naire before and after treatment and at 3-month follow-up . RESULTS : Women in the MG showed greater reductions in IBS symptom severity immediately after training ( 26.4 % vs. 6.2 % reduction ; P=0.006 ) and at 3-month follow-up ( 38.2 % vs. 11.8 % ; P=0.001 ) relative to SG . Changes in quality of life , psychological distress , and visceral anxiety were not significantly different between groups immediately after treatment , but evidence d significantly greater improvements in the MG than in the SG at the 3-month follow-up . Mindfulness scores increased significantly more in the MG after treatment , confirming effective learning of mindfulness skills . Participants ’ ratings of the credibility of their assigned interventions , measured after the first group session , were not different between groups . CONCLUSIONS : This r and omized controlled trial demonstrated that mindfulness training has a substantial therapeutic effect on bowel symptom severity , improves health-related quality of life , and reduces distress . The beneficial effects persist for at least 3 months after group training Background Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) is a functional disorder of the lower gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract affected by stress , which may benefit from a biopsychosocial treatment approach such as mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) . Purpose A treatment as usual ( TAU ) wait-list controlled trial was conducted in Calgary , Canada to investigate the impact of MBSR on IBS symptoms . It was hypothesized that MBSR patients would experience greater reduction in overall IBS symptom severity and self-reported symptoms of stress relative to control patients . Method Ninety patients diagnosed with IBS using the Rome III criteria were r and omized to either an immediate MBSR program ( n = 43 ) or to wait for the next available program ( n = 47 ) . Patients completed IBS symptom severity , stress , mood , quality of life ( QOL ) , and spirituality scales pre- and post-intervention or waiting period and at 6-month follow-up . Intent-to-treat linear mixed model analyses for repeated measures were conducted , followed by completers analyses . Results While both groups exhibited a decrease in IBS symptom severity scores over time , the improvement in the MBSR group was greater than the controls and was clinical ly meaningful , with symptom severity decreasing 
    Output:
    
There was evidence for a beneficial effect of a yogic intervention over conventional treatment in IBS , with significantly decreased bowel symptoms , IBS severity , and anxiety .
Furthermore , there were significant improvements in quality of life , global improvement , and physical functioning after yoga compared with no treatment .
The findings of this systematic review suggest that yoga might be a feasible and safe adjunctive treatment for people with IBS .