***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Following an extensive recruitment campaign , a 16-week lunchtime intervention to increase walking was implemented with insufficiently physically active University employees to examine programme feasibility and the effects of the programme in increasing walking behaviour , and in improving well-being and work performance . Methods / design A feasibility study in which participants were r and omised to an immediate treatment or a delayed treatment control ( to start at 10 weeks ) group . For the first ten weeks of the intervention , participants took part in three facilitator-led group walks per week each of thirty minutes duration and were challenged to accumulate another sixty minutes of walking during the weekends . In the second phase of the intervention , the organised group walks ceased to be offered and participants were encouraged to self-organise their walks . Motivational principles were employed using contemporary motivational theory . Outcome measures ( including self-reported walking , step counts , cardiovascular fitness , general and work-related well-being and work performance ) were assessed at baseline , at the end of the 16-week intervention and ( for some ) four months after the end of the intervention . Process and outcome assessment s were also taken throughout , and following , the intervention . Discussion The results of the intervention will determine the feasibility of implementing a lunchtime walking programme to increase walking behaviour , well-being and performance in sedentary employees . If successful , there is scope to implement definitive trials across a range of worksites with the aim of improving both employee and organisational health . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N81504663 Background This up date describes changes to procedures for our r and omised controlled trial of ‘ On Your Feet to Earn Your Seat ’ , a habit-based intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in older adults . Some of the amendments have arisen from the addition of new sites , each offering different possibilities and constraints for study procedures . Others have been made in response to problems encountered in administering intended recruitment procedures at the London sites described in our original protocol . All changes have received ethics and governance clearance , and were made before or during data collection and prior to analyses . Methods / design Five non-London UK NHS-based sites ( three general practice s , one hospital , one NHS Foundation Trust ) have been added to the study , each employing locally-tailored variations of recruitment and data collection procedures followed at the London sites . In contrast to the London sites , accelerometry data are not being collected nor are shopping vouchers being given to participants at the new sites . Data collection was delayed at the London sites because of technical difficulties in contacting participants . Subsequently , a below-target sample size was achieved at the London sites ( n = 23 ) , and recruitment rates can not be estimated . Additionally , the physical inactivity inclusion criterion ( i.e. , < 30 consecutive minutes of leisure time activity ) has been removed from all sites , because we found that participants at the London sites meeting this criterion at consent subsequently reported activity above this threshold at the baseline assessment . Conclusion This is primarily a feasibility trial . The addition of new sites , each employing different study procedures , offers the opportunity to assess the feasibility of alternative recruitment and data collection methods , so enriching the informational value of our analyses of primary outcomes . Recruitment has finished , and the coincidence of a small sample at the London sites with addition of new sites has ensured a final sample size similar to our original target . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N47901994 ( registration date : 16th January 2014 Background Extended sitting time at work is viewed as a crucial public health issue . Encouraging workers to st and during their office hours via the installation of st and ing desks maybe one effective option to combat this . Here , we investigate whether the installation of high desks in the workplace can induce positive changes in the amount of physical activity ( PA ) and thereby lead to subsequent improvements in anthropometric parameters . Methods Thirty-two white-collar workers ( 22 men and 10 women , mean age 44.2 ) were r and omly divided into two groups . A r and omised crossover trial was performed for 13 weeks . During the experimental period , subjects completed their office work in a st and ing position using stationary high desks ( st and ing work , SW ) for 10 hours per week or more ( SW period ) . The subjects were asked to maintain their normal sitting working habits during the control period ( CONT period ) . The primary outcome was PA , which was assessed objective ly using a triaxial accelerometer during weekdays and weekends . The secondary outcomes were anthropometric measurements . For each group and each parameter , the mean values during each period were recorded and were compared by paired t test . Results The daily total PA ( 10.2 ± 2.4 vs. 9.7 ± 2.3 METs · h/day , P = 0.043 ) , MVPA ( 4.2 ± 2.2 vs. 3.7 ± 1.8 METs · h/day , P = 0.025 ) , time spent in moderate PA ( 58.2 ± 20.7 vs. 53.4 ± 17.0 min/day , P = 0.019 ) and time spent in MVPA ( 62.8 ± 25.1 vs. 57.0 ± 20.3 min/day , P = 0.019 ) were significantly higher during the SW period compared to the CONT period . A weekdays verses weekends sub analysis revealed that these parameters were significantly higher during the SW period compared to the CONT period during weekdays only . No significant differences were noted before and after SW periods for most of the anthropometric measures , except waist circumference ( 83.7 ± 7.9 vs. 83.0 ± 7.9 cm , respectively , P = 0.007 ) . Conclusions St and ing work , via the installation of high desks , significantly increases moderate to vigorous physical activity , especially on weekdays . Trial registration UMIN-CRT , UMIN000016731 , 7th March 2015 Background Prolonged sitting time has been identified as a health risk factor . Sit-st and workstations allow desk workers to alternate between sitting and st and ing throughout the working day , but not much is known about their acceptability and feasibility . Hence , the aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the acceptability , feasibility and perceptions of using sit-st and workstations in a group of desk-based office workers . Methods This article describes the qualitative evaluation of the r and omized controlled cross-over St and @Work pilot trial . Participants were adult employees recruited from a non-government health agency in Sydney , Australia . The intervention involved using an Ergotron Workfit S sit-st and workstation for four weeks . After the four week intervention , participants shared their perceptions and experiences of using the sit-st and workstation in focus group interviews with 4–5 participants . Topics covered in the focus groups included patterns of workstation use , barriers and facilitators to st and ing while working , effects on work performance , physical impacts , and feasibility in the office . Focus group field notes and transcripts were analysed in an iterative process during and after the data collection period to identify the main concepts and themes . Results During nine 45-min focus groups , a total of 42 participants were interviewed . Participants were largely intrinsically motivated to try the sit-st and workstation , mostly because of curiosity to try something new , interest in potential health benefits , and the relevance to the participant ’s own and organisation ’s work . Most participants used the sit-st and workstation and three common usage patterns were identified : task-based routine , time-based routine , and no particular routine . Common barriers to sit-st and workstation use were working in an open plan office , and issues with sit-st and workstation design . Common facilitators of sit-st and workstation use were a supportive work environment conducive to st and ing , perceived physical health benefits , and perceived work benefits . When prompted , most participants indicated they were interested in using a sit-st and workstation in the future . Conclusions The use of a sit-st and workstation in this group of desk-based office workers was generally perceived as acceptable and feasible . Future studies are needed to explore this in different desk-based work population s and setting Background Effective interventions to influence workplace sitting are needed , as office-based workers demonstrate high levels of continued sitting , and sitting too much is associated with adverse health effects . Therefore , we developed a theory-driven , Web-based , interactive , computer-tailored intervention aim ed at reducing and interrupting sitting at work . Objective The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of this intervention on objective ly measured sitting time , st and ing time , and breaks from sitting , as well as self-reported context -specific sitting among Flemish employees in a field-based approach . Methods Employees ( n=213 ) participated in a 3-group r and omized controlled trial that assessed outcomes at baseline , 1-month follow-up , and 3-month follow-up through self-reports . A sub sample ( n=122 ) were willing to wear an activity monitor ( activPAL ) from Monday to Friday . The tailored group received an automated Web-based , computer-tailored intervention including personalized feedback and tips on how to reduce or interrupt workplace sitting . The generic group received an automated Web-based generic advice with tips . The control group was a wait-list control condition , initially receiving no intervention . Intervention effects were tested with repeated- measures multivariate analysis of variance . Results The tailored intervention was successful in decreasing self-reported total workday sitting ( time × group : P<.001 ) , sitting at work ( time × group : P<.001 ) , and leisure time sitting ( time × group : P=.03 ) , and in increasing objective ly measured breaks at work ( time × group : P=.07 ) ; this was not the case in the other conditions . The changes in self-reported total nonworkday sitting , sitting during transport , television viewing , and personal computer use , objective ly measured total sitting time , and sitting and st and ing time at work did not differ between conditions . Conclusions Our results point out the significance of computer tailoring for sedentary behavior and its potential use in public health promotion , as the effects of the tailored condition were superior to the generic and control conditions . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov NCT02672215 ; http:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02672215 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6glPFBLWv BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and decreased energy expenditure ( EE ) . Workplace interventions breaking up sedentary time have increased EE but the cardiovascular responses are unknown . The practicalities of these interventions , such as required costs and workplace adaptations , are question ed . Calisthenics exercises overcome such limitations , but have not been assessed . The aim of this study was to assess the EE and heart rate ( HR ) response when breaking up sedentary time with a short bout of st and ing , walking or calisthenics . METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty healthy participants ( 15 male ) completed four 30 min conditions : a ) 30 min sitting , or breaking up this period with two minutes of b ) st and ing , c ) treadmill walking ( 4 km·h(-1 ) ) or d ) a set of calisthenics exercises ( including squats and lunges ) . HR and EE ( indirect calorimetry ) were assessed throughout . During the activity break , calisthenics caused the highest HR ( 90 ± 12 bpm ) compared to all other conditions ( Sit : 70 ± 12 bpm ; St and : 72 ± 13 bpm ; Walk:84 ± 10 bpm ; p < 0.001 ) and EE was the highest with calisthenics ( 13 ± 5 kcal ) compared to all conditions except walking ( Sit:3 ± 1 kcal ; St and : 5 ± 1 kcal ; p < 0.001 ) . The recovery following calisthenics had highest total EE ( 27 ± 7 kcal ) compared to walking ( 23 ± 6 kcal ) and st and ing ( 22 ± 6 kcal ) and also the longest elevation of HR ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Calisthenics led to a greater total EE and HR response compared to st and ing or walking interventions . Calisthenics may be a time efficient method to break up sedentary time without individuals leaving their work environment . Hence calisthenics could be utilised to disrupt workplace sedentary time and improve cardiovascular health and assist in weight management BACKGROUND Prolonged sitting has been shown to increase mortality and obesity . OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether physicians would use a treadmill desk , increase their daily physical activity and lose weight . PARTICIPANTS 20 overweight and obese physicians aged 25 to 70 with Body Mass Index > 25 . METHODS Participants used a treadmill desk , a triaxial accelerometer , and received exercise counseling in a r and omized , cross-over trial over 24 weeks . Group 1 received exercise counseling , accelerometer feedback , and a treadmill desk for 12 weeks and then accelerometer only for 12 weeks . Group 2 received an accelerometer without feedback for 12 weeks followed by exercise counseling , accelerometer feedback , and the treadmill desk for 12 weeks . RESULTS Daily physical activity increased while using the treadmill desk compared to not using the desk by 197 kcal per day ( p=0.003 ) . The difference in weight during the two 12 week periods was 1.85 kg ( p=0.03 ) . Percent body fat was 1.9 % lower while using the treadmill desk ( p=0.02 ) . There were no differences in metabolic or well-being measures . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that physicians will use a treadmill desk , that it does increase their activity , and that it may help with weight loss . Further studies are warranted Purpose Encouraging office workers to ‘ sit less and move more ’ encompasses two public health priorities . However , there is little evidence on the effectiveness of workplace interventions for reducing sitting , even less about the longer term effects of such interventions and still 
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Total sitting time ( including sitting at and outside work ) also decreased with sit-st and desks compared to sit-desks ( mean difference ( MD ) -82 minutes/day , 95 % CI -124 to -39 , two studies ) as did the duration of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more ( MD -53 minutes/day , 95 % CI -79 to -26 , two studies , very low- quality evidence ) .We found no significant difference between the effects of st and ing desks and sit-st and desks on reducing sitting at work .
Active workstations , such as treadmill desks or cycling desks , had unclear or inconsistent effects on sitting time .
One study found no significant effects of activity trackers on sitting time at work .
At present there is low- quality evidence that the use of sit-st and desks reduce workplace sitting at short-term and medium-term follow-ups .
However , there is no evidence on their effects on sitting over longer follow-up periods .