***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE : To test the hypothesis that commencing induction of labor in the morning more closely reflects the physiologic timing of onset of labor and is associated with fewer women who remain undelivered 24 hours after cervical ripening and induction begins . METHODS : This was a nested r and omized clinical trial , conducted between April 2001 and December 2004 . Pregnant women at more than 36 + 6 weeks gestation with a cephalic presentation who were scheduled for prostagl and in induction of labor were eligible to participate . Women were r and omly assigned to either admission in the morning ( 0800 hours ) or admission in the evening ( 2000 hours ) . The primary outcome measures were vaginal birth not achieved in 24 hours , uterine hyperstimulation with associated fetal heart rate changes , and cesarean delivery . RESULTS : A total of 620 women were entered in the trial , with 280 women in the morning admission group and 340 women in the evening admission group . There were no statistically significant differences between the timing of admission for induction and the primary trial outcomes . However , women admitted in the morning were less likely to require  oxytocin infusion ( morning admission 126 of 280 [ 45.0 % ] compared with evening admission 184 of 340 [ 54.1 % ] ; relative risk 0.83 , 95 % confidence interval 0.70–0.97 ; P=.022 ) . Nulliparous women admitted in the morning were less likely to require operative vaginal birth ( morning admission 10 of 62 [ 16.1 % ] compared with evening admission 28 of 82 [ 34.2 % ] ; relative risk 0.47 , 95 % confidence interval 0.25–0.90 ; P=.015 ) . CONCLUSION : For women who require induction of labor , consideration should be given to admission in the morning rather than admission in the evening . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION : Australian Clinical Trials Registry , www.actr.org.au , 12606000156583 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : OBJECTIVE To compare pre-induction ultrasonographic cervical length and Bishop score in predicting risk of caesarean section after labor induction with prostagl and ins . PATIENTS AND METHODS Assessment of the Bishop score and measurement of the cervical length by transvaginal sonography  were performed by two operators , blinded to each other 's results among women with singleton pregnancies at between 34(+0 ) - 41(+3 ) weeks of gestation requiring induction of labor with prostagl and ins for medical indications . Fisher 's exact test and regression logistic models were used for statistics analysis . In order to measure the strength of the association between ultrasonographic cervical length or Bishop score on one h and , and the caesarean sections rate ( global or for failed induction or failure to progress ) on the other h and , we computed odds ratios with 95 % confidence interval . RESULTS Among the 266 patients included in the study , multivariate analysis has shown that only Bishop score was predictive for the global caesarean section risk ( OR [ 95 % CI ] 0.63 [ 0.45 - 0.87 ] ; P = 0.005 ) . However , neither Bishop score ( OR [ 95 % CI ] 0.68 [ 0.42 - 1.09 ] ; P = 0.11 ) , nor ultrasonographic cervical length ( OR [ 95 % CI ] 1.01 [ 0.95 - 1.08 ] ; P = 0.59 ) was predictive for failed induction or failure to progress caesarean section risk . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The Bishop score appears to be a better predictor of the global caesarean section risk than ultrasonographic cervical length after induction of labor for medical reasons Objective To compare pre‐induction ultrasonographic cervical length and Bishop score in predicting time to  delivery after labour induction with prostagl and ins Background Previous work by us and others had suggested that cervical electrical impedance spectroscopy ( EIS ) may be predictive of the outcome of induced labour . We sought to determine which probe configuration of the EIS device is predictive of the outcome of induced labour and compare this to digital assessment by the Bishop score . Methods In a prospect i ve cohort of 205 women admitted for induction of labour , we used four probes of diameter 3 , 6 , 9 and 12 mm connected to an impedance meter to measure cervical resistivity ( CR ) in Ohm.meters at 14 electrical frequencies and compared their values to digital assessment of the cervix by the Bishop score for the prediction of the outcome of induced labour . We tested the association of labour characteristics and outcomes with CR and Bishop score by stepwise multilinear regression analyses , and the accuracy of prediction of categorical clinical outcomes by analysis of the area under the curves ( AUC ) of derived Receiver Operator Characteristic ( ROC ) curves . Results Of the four CR probe dimensions studied , only the 12 mm probe was predictive of any labour indices . In the frequency range 19 - 156 kHz , CR obtained with this probe was higher in women who delivered by caesarean section ( CS ) than those who delivered vaginally , and in labours lasting > 24 hrs . Cervical resistivity at 78.1 kHz best predicted vaginal delivery [ optimal cut-off < 2.25 Ohm.meter , AUC 0.66 ( 95 % CI 0.59 - 0.72 ) , sensitivity 71.0 % , specificity 56.5 % , LR+ 1.63 , LR- 0.51 , P < 0.01 ] and labour duration > 24 hrs [ optimal cut-off 2.27 Ω.m , AUC 0.65 ( 95 % CI 0.58 , 0.72 ) , sensitivity 71 % , specificity 59 % , LR+ 1.72 , LR- 0.50 , P < 0.05 ] . In contrast digital assessment by the Bishop score neither predicted vaginal delivery nor the duration of labour . However , Bishop score predicted time to onset of labour > 12 hours and induction-delivery interval < 24 hrs [ optimal cut-off ≤ 4 , AUC 0.8 ( 95 % CI 0.75 , 0.86 ) , sensitivity 77 % , specificity 76 % , LR+ 3.3 , LR- 0.3 , P < 0.05 ] whilst CR did not . Conclusion Cervical resistivity appears predictive of labour duration and delivery mode following induced labour . However the low predictive values obtained suggest that its current design proffers no immediate clinical utility OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of prostagl and in E(2 ) intravaginal gel with the intracervical gel in patients with an unfavorable cervix . METHOD In a prospect i ve multicenter trial 470 patients with unfavorable Bishop scores ( 3 - 4 ) were r and omized to receive prostagl and in vaginal gel ( 2 mg ) or intracervical gel ( 0.5 mg ) . RESULTS In patients with unfavorable Bishop scores the intravaginal application route result ed in a better cervical ripening , a shorter induction to delivery interval and a higher cumulative rate of deliveries during 24 h ( P=0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Intravaginal instillation of prostagl and in E(2 ) gel for induction of labor is effective in patients with an unfavorable Bishop score of 3 - 4 OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of low dose prostagl and in E2 vaginal tablets with that of high dose in induction of labour . DESIGN A retrospective study . SETTING Abha Maternity Hospital , a teaching hospital in the southern region of Saudia Arabia . PATIENTS The outcome of induction of labour in 73 women induced with 1.5 mg prostagl and in E2 vaginal tablets was compared with those in 168 women induced with 3 mg vaginal tablets . RESULTS There were no statistical significant differences in the success rate , induction-delivery interval , caesarean section rate and Apgar scores between the two groups . There were two incidences of uterine hyperstimulation and two of uterine rupture in the high dose group . These were not statistically significant . Logistic regression analysis showed that the success rate of induction of labour was dependent only on maternal age ( P=0.0025 ) and Bishop score ( P=-0.0403 ) and not on parity , gestational age , birthweight or dose of prostagl and in . CONCLUSION The low dose regimen of 1.5 mg is as efficacious as the high dose regimen of 3 mg prostagl and in E2 vaginal tablets in inducing labour . This implies that using the low dose regimen reduces the cost of induction of labour effectively . Larger prospect i ve r and omized studies are needed to confirm this finding AIM To examine the predictive value of previous obstetric history , Bishop score , and sonographic measurement of cervical length for predicting failed induction of labor in parous women at term . METHODS This prospect i ve observational study enrolled 110 consecutive parous women at term with singleton gestations scheduled for the induction of labor .  Transvaginal ultrasound for measurement of cervical length was performed and the Bishop score was assessed using digital examination . Univariate and multivariate analyses were used for statistical analysis . RESULTS Labor induction failed in 15 women ( 14 % ) . In terms of previous obstetric history , women with only previous mid-trimester loss or preterm delivery had a significantly higher risk of failed labor induction than those with at least one previous term delivery . Logistic regression demonstrated that previous obstetric history and the Bishop score , but not cervical length , were found to be significant and independent contributing factors for failed labor induction . In the receiver operating characteristic curves , the best cut-off value of the Bishop score for the prediction of failed labor induction was 3 , with a sensitivity of 73 % and a specificity of 44 % . CONCLUSIONS The previous obstetric history ( i.e. , only previous mid-trimester loss or preterm delivery ) and the Bishop score independently predicted the failure of labor induction in parous women ; however sonographic measurement of the cervical length appeared to have a poor predictive value for the risk of failed induction Objective To evaluate maternal parity , the sonographic measurement of cervical length , and the five components of the Bishop score to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor in women undergoing labor induction . Methods Cervical position , cervical consistency , cervical effacement , cervical dilation , station of fetal presenting part , maternal parity , and sonographic measurement of cervical length  were studied prospect ively in 109 women undergoing labor induction .  A multiple regression model was used to determine which factors best predict the length of latent-phase labor . Results A model using these seven factors was predictive in determining the number of hours of latent-phase labor ( F = 32.1 , P < .001 ) . Backward stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that only cervical dilation independently predicted the length of latent-phase labor . There was a significant correlation between the clinical assessment of cervical effacement and the sonographic estimation of cervical length , ( r = −0.523 , P < .001 ) . Conclusion Only cervical dilation appears to predict the length of latent-phase labor . The sonographic evaluation of cervical length and maternal parity do not add significant independent information OBJECTIVE To compare transvaginal ultrasound and digital cervical examination in predicting successful induction in post‐term pregnancy . METHODS Transvaginal ultrasound and digital vaginal examinations were performed on 122 women at 41 or more weeks ' gestation , immediately before labor induction . Ultrasound assessment s of cervical length , dilatation , and presence of funneling were compared with the components of the Bishop score . The primary outcome was the rate of vaginal delivery . Secondary outcomes assessed included the rates of active labor in 12 hours , vaginal delivery in 12 and 24 hours , mean duration of latent phase , and induction to vaginal delivery interval . Linear and multiple logistic regression models were generated to identify factors independently associated with successful induction . RESULTS No ultrasound characteristic predicted primary or secondary outcomes . Bishop score ( odds ratio [ OR ] 2.98 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.71 , 5.20 ) , cervical position ( OR 4.35 , 95 % CI 1.41 , 12.50 ) , and maternal age ( OR 1.15 , 95 % CI 1.01 , 1.30 ) independently predicted vaginal delivery . Maternal weight ( OR 0.96 , 95 % CI 0.94 , 0.98 ) , cervical dilatation ( OR 6.08 , 95 % CI 1.70 , 21.68 ) , and effacement ( OR 2.34 , 95 % CI 1.16 , 4.73 ) independently predicted active labor in 12 hours . Independent predictors of vaginal delivery in 12 hours were induction method ( P < .001 ) , cervical dilatation ( OR 11.16 , 95 % CI 3.17 , 39.29 ) , gravidity ( OR 2.06 , 95 % CI 1.13 , 3.77 ) , and maternal weight ( OR 0.96 , 95 % CI 0.93 , 0.99 ) . Cervical effacement ( OR 2.70 , 95 % CI 1.59 , 4.57 ) and parity ( OR 7.10 , 95 % CI 2.22 , 22.72 ) independently predicted vaginal delivery in 24 hours . Maternal weight , cervical position , and cervical dilatation 
    Output:
    
Conclusions Bishop Score seems be a determinant of achieving vaginal delivery and is associated with induction-to-vaginal delivery time interval