***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Purpose Today , many patients with voiding dysfunction select suprapubic cystostomy ( SPC )  instead of clean intermittent catheterization ( CIC ) for practical reasons . There is thus a need to reconsider SPC as a management for voiding dysfunction . We design ed SPC with timed drainage ( TSPCD ) and evaluated its effectiveness compared with continuous drainage with a urine bag ( CSPCD ) . Material s and Methods Between January 2006 and January 2010 , a total of 82 patients underwent SPC . Patients undergoing SPC  were r and omly assigned to CSPCD or TSPCD .  Patient characteristics , complications , and the results of urine cultures were compared between the two groups through retrospective chart review s. Also , preferences for CSPCD and TSPCD in another 15 patients who had experienced both CSPCD and TSPCD were investigated . Results The CSPCD and TSPCD groups comprised 46 and 36 patients , respectively . In a comparison of complications between the two groups , the incidence of acute symptomatic cystitis was significantly lower in the TSPCD group than in the CSPCD group ( 43 % vs. 20 % , p=0.032 ) . The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection ( UTI ) was lower in the TSPCD group . Positive urine culture rates were 89.7 % and 72.4 % in groups 1 and 2 , respectively . There was a significant difference between the two groups ( p=0.004 ) . In another 15 patients who experienced both CSPCD and TSPCD , 14 patients ( 93 % ) stated a preference for TSPCD after converting from CSPCD to TSPCD , and one patient ( 7 % ) returned to CSPCD only at night . Conclusions In this study , TSPCD had the advantages of less morbidity as UTI and being more preferable by patients with relatively good daily activity compared with CSPCD . TSPCD is an alternative to CSPCD for the treatment of voiding dysfunction We conducted a r and omized study of 100 patients to examine the efficacy and risks of two methods of urinary-bladder management  after total joint-replacement surgery . Patients who had hip or knee replacement were r and omly assigned either to Group I , in which indwelling catheters were placed during the operation and removed the next morning , or Group II , in which urinary retention was treated by intermittent catheterization as needed . After the removal of the indwelling catheter , the patients in Group I had a lower incidence of urinary retention than those in Group II ( 27 vs. 52 percent ; P less than 0.01 ) . Bladder distention ( volume above 700 ml ) was more common in Group II ( 45 percent as compared with 7 percent in Group I ; P less than 0.01 ) and was associated with an increased need for subsequent long-term catheterization . There was no significant difference between the groups in the rates of urinary tract infection ( 11 vs. 15 percent ) . We could not identify patients at high risk for retention or infection on the basis of preoperative urinary symptoms , previous urinary tract surgery , previous urinary tract infection or urinary retention , high-risk medical conditions , sex , type of anesthesia , or age ( in the absence of prophylactic treatment ) . We conclude that the short-term use of an indwelling catheter after extended surgery , such as joint replacement , reduces the incidence of urinary retention and bladder overdistention , without increasing the rate of urinary tract infection Abstract . A prospect i ve , r and omised double-blind trial of suprapubic ( SPC ) versus transurethral ( TUC ) catheterisation was undertaken in fifty consecutive male patients of median age 66 ( range 32 – 81 ) years undergoing pelvic colorectal surgery . Twenty-four patients were r and omised to SPC .  Catheter removal times were comparable between the two groups : SPC = mean 7.2 ( 3 – 14 ) days ; TUC = mean 7.5 ( 2 – 13 ) days ; P>0.5 . Acute urinary retention was recorded in 5 patients with SPC and 6 in the TUC group . Chronic retention with overflow was recorded in one TUC patient . Frequent voiding after catheter removal occurred in two SPC , and in eleven TUC patients ( P<0.05 ) . Re-catheterization was required in two SPC , and seven TUC patients . One culture positive urinary tract infection occurred in the SPC , and three in the TUC groups . It is concluded that suprapubic catheterisation allows comparable controlled return of normal voiding with fewer bladder and urethral symptoms when compared with transurethral catheterisation . Résumé . Une étude prospect i ve r and omisée en double aveugle comparant le drainage vésical supra-pubien ( SPC ) au drainage trans-urétral ( TUC ) a été entreprise chez 50 patients consécutifs de sexe masculin , d'un âge moyen de 66 ans ( 32 – 81 ans ) subissant une chirurgie colo-rectale pelvienne . Vingt-quatre patients ont subi un drainage suspubien . L'ablation du drainage est comparable entre les deux groupes : SPC = 7,2 jours en moyenne ( 3,14 ) ; TUC = 7,5 jours en moyenne ( 2 – 13 ; P>0,5 ) . Une rétention urinaire aiguë s'est produite chez 5 patients avec SPC et 6 patients avec TUC . Une fréquence élevée de mictions après ablation du cathéter s'est produite chez 2 patients du groupe SPC et chez 11 patients du groupe TUC ( P<0,05 ) . La repose d'un cathéter a été nécessaire chez 2 patients du groupe SPC et chez 7 patients du groupe TUC . Une culture urinaire positive témoignant d'une infection urinaire a été observée chez 1 patient du groupe SPC et 3 du groupe TUC . En conclusion : Le cathétérisme vésical supra-pubien assure une reprise des mictions normales comparables à celles du drainage trans-urétral mais entraîne moins de symptômes vésicaux et urétraux PURPOSE Retrospective single institution data suggest that postoperative pain after  robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy  is decreased by early removal of the urethral catheter with suprapubic tube drainage . In a r and omized patient population we determined whether suprapubic tube drainage with early urethral catheter removal would improve postoperative pain compared with urethral catheter drainage alone . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Men with a body mass index of less than 40 kg/m(2 ) who had newly diagnosed prostate cancer and elected robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were included in analysis . Block r and omization by surgeon was used and r and omization assignment was done after completing the urethrovesical anastomosis . In patients assigned to suprapubic tube drainage the urethral catheter was removed on postoperative day 1 and all catheters were removed on postoperative day 7 . Visual analog pain scale and satisfaction question naires were administered on postoperative days 0 , 1 and 7 . RESULTS A total of 29 patients were r and omized to the urethral catheter vs 29 to the suprapubic tube plus early urethral catheter removal at the time of interim futility analysis . Mean visual analog pain scale scores did not differ between the groups at any time point and a similar percent of patients cited the catheter as the greatest bother with nonsignificant differences in treatment related satisfaction . Complications during postoperative week 1 did not vary between the groups . Based on interim results the trial was terminated due to lack of effect . CONCLUSIONS Patients r and omized to suprapubic tube vs urethral catheter drainage for the week after prostatectomy had similar pain , catheter related bother and treatment related satisfaction in the perioperative period . We no longer routinely offer suprapubic tube drainage with early urethral catheter removal at our institution In a prospect i ve study the results of postoperative urinary discharge by suprapubic catheterisation ( SC )  are compared with those of transurethral catheterisation ( TC ) in a r and omised collective of gynaecological patients after vaginal hysterectomy with front ( resp . front and back ) plastic . During November 1979 and September 1980 157 patients were examined , 88 patients by suprapubic catheterisation and 69 by transurethral catheterisation , with r and om distribution . Additionally , 430 other patients with suprapubic aspiration after vaginal hysterectomy with front and /or back plastic performed between September 1980 and October 1982 were examined retrospectively especially under the aspect of possible complications . The advantages of suprapubic urinary discharge are shown in the significantly reduced rate of primary infections . 20.5 per cent of infections are opposed to 67.1 per cent in the comparative group with TC . Spontaneous miction was possible in the SC group two days earlier than in the group of TC ( 5.2 days opposed to 7.35 days ) . Additional drug treatment for restitution of the bladder function was more often necessary for patients with TC , although the results with 43.5 per cent against 29.5 per cent in the SC collective are not significant . The number of renewed catheterisations after removal of the catheter was higher by 27 per cent in the group of patients with SC . Subjective complaints were stated by patients with TC in 66.7 per cent against 18.2 per cent of women with SC . This result is significant . In the TC collective there were significantly more patients with leucocyturia ( 88.5 per cent against 48.7 per cent ) . Antibiotic treatment of an urinary tract infection with typical symptoms was necessary in 35.8 per cent for patients with TC and in 14.1 per cent for women with SC . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND Bladder drainage is necessary for several days following rectal surgery . Urethral catheterization has long been known to be associated with significant morbidity . Therefore a prospect i ve r and omized trial was performed to determine if this morbidity could be decreased by suprapubic catheterization . METHODS One hundred and thirty-seven patients undergoing rectal surgery were prospect ively r and omized to either suprapubic or urethral catheterization .  RESULTS After exclusions , 108 patients were analysed . Of the 49 patients with suprapubic catheters there was 14 % morbidity , and of the 59 patients with urethral catheters there was 32 % morbidity . Significant bacteriuria was halved with suprapubic catheterization .  Patient acceptability of suprapubic catheterization was high , and there was no increased morbidity in any of the areas studied . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that suprapubic catheterization has advantages over urethral catheterization with decreased bacteriuria , and greater patient acceptability . However , the significance of decreased bacteriuria is not clear and therefore we can only say suprapubic catheter drainage is comparable to urethral catheter drainage Background / Aim : Transurethral catheterization is generally associated with a higher incidence of urinary tract infections than suprapubic catheterization ; however , suprapubic catheterization is associated with other disadvantages such as higher costs and a more difficult technique , and at the moment there is no consensus about the use of both catheter systems . Therefore , a prospect i ve r and omized study was performed to investigate the effects of suprapubic catheterization and  transurethral catheterization  in patients undergoing surgery on the incidence of urinary tract infections and patient satisfaction . Methods : Patients who underwent an elective laparotomy were r and omized and received a  suprapubic or transurethral catheter . The primary end point was urinary tract infection . Other parameters of urinary tract infection , as well as duration of catheterization , hospital stay , and number of recatheterizations and of relaparotomies were monitored . Treatment ‘ per protocol ’ was also analyzed after exclusion of patients receiving another catheter than r and omized for . Patients were asked for their satisfaction with the catheters and complaints during and after catheterization . Results : 165 patients were eligible , of whom 19 patients had to be excluded . 75 patients were allocated to receive the suprapubic catheter and 71 the transurethral catheter . There was no difference in the incidence of a urinary tract infection between the suprapubic group ( n = 9/75 ; 12 % ) and the transurethral group ( n = 8/71 ; 11 % ) . Most patients ( 6/9 ) who developed a urinary tract infection in the suprapubic group , however , underwent recatheterization because of postoperative complications/sepsis and relaparotomy . The incidence of urinary tract infections in patients who received a suprapubic catheter and not a transurethral catheter was 3/59 ( 5 % ) . The patients did not differ with respect to satisfaction and complaints . Being a men , recatheterization and duration of catheterization are risk factors . Conclusions : The incidence of a urinary tract infection between a suprapubic catheter and a transurethral catheter in patients undergoing major surgery was not different . A potential advantage of the suprapubic catheter ( reduction of urinary tract infections ) is probably partly negated , because transurethral catheters were used if recatheterization was indicated during the postoperative stay or due to comp 
    Output:
    
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS Suprapubic catheters reduced the number of participants with asymptomatic bacteriuria , recatheterisation and pain compared with indwelling urethral .
The evidence for symptomatic urinary tract infection was inconclusive .
For indwelling versus intermittent urethral catheterisation , the evidence was inconclusive for symptomatic urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria .
The evidence was inconclusive for suprapubic versus intermittent urethral catheterisation .