***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Persistent drug-resistant psychotic symptoms are a pervasive problem in the treatment of schizophrenia . AIMS To evaluate the durability of the treatment effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic schizophrenia one year after treatment termination . METHOD A comparison of clinical outcomes was made at one-year follow-up from a r and omised trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy , supportive counselling and routine care alone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia . RESULTS Seventy out of the 72 patients ( 97 % ) who completed treatment were assessed at follow-up . There were significant differences between the three groups when positive and negative symptoms were analysed by means of ANCOVAs . Between-group comparisons indicated significant differences between cognitive-behavioural therapy and routine care at follow-up for positive symptoms . There was a trend towards significance for both cognitive-behavioural therapy and supportive counselling to be superior to routine care alone on negative symptoms . CONCLUSIONS At 12-month follow-up the significant advantage of cognitive-behavioural therapy compared to routine care alone remained BACKGROUND Comm and hallucinations are a distressing and high-risk group of symptoms that have long been recognised but little understood , with few effective treatments . In line with our recent research , we propose that the development of an effective cognitive therapy for comm and hallucinations ( CTCH ) would be enhanced by applying insights from social rank theory . AIMS We tested the efficacy of CTCH in reducing beliefs about the power of voices and thereby compliance , in a single-blind , r and omised controlled trial . METHOD A total of 38 patients with comm and hallucinations , with which they had recently complied with serious consequences , were allocated r and omly to CTCH or treatment as usual and followed up at 6 months and 12 months . RESULTS Large and significant reductions in compliance behaviour were obtained favouring the cognitive therapy group ( effect size 1.1 ) . Improvements were also observed in the CTCH but not the control group in degree of conviction in the power and superiority of the voices and the need to comply , and in levels of distress and depression . No change in voice topography ( frequency , loudness , content ) was observed . The differences were maintained at 12 months ' follow-up . CONCLUSIONS The results support the efficacy of cognitive therapy for CTCH Comm and hallucinations represent a special problem for the clinical management of psychosis . While compliance with both non-harmful and harmful comm and s can be problematic , sometimes in the extreme , active efforts to resist comm and s may also contribute to their malignancy . Previous research suggests Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT ) to be a useful treatment for reducing compliance with harmful comm and hallucinations . The purpose of this trial was to evaluate whether CBT augmented with acceptance-based strategies from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy could more broadly reduce the negative impact of comm and hallucinations .  Forty-three participants with problematic comm and hallucinations were r and omized to receive 15 sessions of the intervention " TORCH " ( Treatment of Resistant Comm and Hallucinations ) or the control , Befriending , then followed up for 6 months . A sub- sample of 17 participants was r and omized to a waitlist control before being allocated to TORCH or Befriending . Participants engaged equally well with both treatments . Despite TORCH participants subjectively reporting greater improvement in comm and hallucinations compared to Befriending participants , the study found no significant group differences in primary and secondary outcome measures based on blinded assessment data . Within-group analyses and comparisons between the combined treatments and waitlist suggested , however , that both treatments were beneficial with a differential pattern of outcomes observed across the two conditions OBJECTIVE Patients with first-episode psychosis are responsive to acute-phase treatments , but relapse rates are high . This study aim ed to evaluate the effectiveness of a psychosocial treatment design ed to prevent the second episode of psychosis compared with st and ardized early psychosis care . METHOD In a r and omized controlled trial , conducted at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre and Barwon Health , Australia , a multimodal individual and family cognitive-behavioral therapy for relapse prevention was compared with st and ardized case management within a specialist early psychosis service .  Patients aged 15 to 25 years with a first episode of a DSM-IV psychotic disorder were recruited between November 2003 and May 2005 . The main outcome measures were the number of relapses and time to first relapse . RESULTS Forty-one first-episode psychosis patients were r and omly assigned to the  relapse prevention therapy ( RPT ) and 40 to st and ardized case management . At the 7-month follow up , the relapse rate was significantly lower in the therapy condition compared to treatment as usual ( p = .042 ) and time to relapse was significantly longer for the RPT condition ( p = .03 ) . The number needed to treat was 6 over 7 months . CONCLUSIONS Interim findings suggest that RPT provided within a specialist early psychosis program was effective in reducing relapse in early psychosis when compared with st and ardized early psychosis case management . TRIAL REGISTRATION www.anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000514606 BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that cognitive-behavioural therapy can be an effective intervention for patients experiencing drug-refractory positive symptoms of schizophrenia . AIMS To investigate the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on in- patients with treatment-refractory psychotic symptoms . METHOD Manualised therapy was compared with supportive counselling in a r and omised controlled study . Both interventions were delivered by experienced psychologists over 16 sessions of treatment . Therapy fidelity was assessed by two independent raters . Participants underwent masked assessment at baseline , after treatment and at 6 months ' follow-up . Main outcome measures were the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale . The analysis was by intention to treat . RESULTS Participants receiving cognitive cognitive-behavioural therapy had improved with regard to auditory hallucinations and illness insight at the post-treatment assessment , but these findings were not maintained at follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Cognitive-behavioural therapy showed modest short-term benefits over supportive counselling for treatment-refractory positive symptoms of schizophrenia BACKGROUND Family intervention reduces relapse rates in psychosis .  Cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) improves positive symptoms but effects on relapse rates are not established . AIMS To test the effectiveness of CBT and family intervention in reducing relapse , and in improving symptoms and functioning in patients who had recently relapsed with non-affective psychosis . METHOD A multicentre r and omised controlled trial ( IS RCT N83557988 ) with two pathways : those without carers were allocated to treatment as usual or CBT plus treatment as usual , those with carers to treatment as usual , CBT plus treatment as usual or family intervention plus treatment as usual . The CBT and family intervention were focused on relapse prevention for 20 sessions over 9 months . RESULTS A total of 301 patients and 83 carers participated . Primary outcome data were available on 96 % of the total sample . The CBT and family intervention had no effects on rates of remission and relapse or on days in hospital at 12 or 24 months . For secondary outcomes , CBT showed a beneficial effect on depression at 24 months and there were no effects for family intervention . In people with carers , CBT significantly improved delusional distress and social functioning . Therapy did not change key psychological processes . CONCLUSIONS Generic CBT for psychosis is not indicated for routine relapse prevention in people recovering from a recent relapse of psychosis and should currently be reserved for those with distressing medication-unresponsive positive symptoms . Any CBT targeted at this acute population requires development . The lack of effect of family intervention on relapse may be attributable to the low overall relapse rate in those with carers UNLABELLED Cognitive behavioural therapy ( CBT ) is recommended in treatment guidelines for psychotic symptoms ( NICE , 2009 ) but clients from some minority groups have been shown to have higher dropout rates and poorer outcomes . A recent qualitative study in ethnic minority groups concluded that CBT would be acceptable and may be more effective if it was culturally adapted to meet their needs ( Rathod et al. , 2010 ) . AIM This study assessed the effectiveness of a culturally adapted CBT for psychosis ( CaCBTp ) in Black British , African Caribbean/Black African and South Asian Muslim participants . METHOD A r and omised controlled trial was conducted in two centres in the UK ( n=35 ) in participants with a diagnosis of a disorder from the schizophrenia group . Assessment s were conducted at three time points : baseline , post-therapy and at 6 months follow-up , using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale ( CPRS ) and Insight Scale . Outcomes on specific subscales of CPRS were also evaluated . Participants in the treatment arm completed the Patient Experience Question naire ( PEQ ) to measure satisfaction with therapy . Assessors blind to r and omisation and treatment allocation conducted administration of outcome measures . In total , n=33 participants were r and omly allocated to CaCBTp arm ( n=16 ) and treatment as usual ( TAU ) arm ( n=17 ) after ( n=2 ) participants were excluded . CaCBTp participants were offered 16 sessions of CaCBTp with trained therapists and the TAU arm continued with their st and ard treatment . RESULTS Analysis was based on the principles of intention to treat ( ITT ) . This was further supplemented with secondary sensitivity analyses . Post-treatment , the intervention group showed statistically significant reductions in symptomatology on overall CPRS scores , CaCBTp Mean (SD)=16.23 ( 10.77 ) , TAU=18.60 ( 14.84 ) ; p=0.047,with a difference in change of 11.31 ( 95 % CI:0 . 14 to 22.49 ) ; Schizophrenia change :  CaCBTp=3.46 ( 3.37 ) ; TAU=4.78 ( 5.33 ) diff 4.62 ( 95 % CI : 0.68 to 9.17 ) ; p=0.047 and positive symptoms ( delusions ; p=0.035 , and hallucinations ; p=0.056 ) . At 6 months follow-up , MADRAS change=5.6 ( 95 % CI : 2.92 to 7.60 ) ; p<0.001 . Adjustment was made for age , gender and antipsychotic medication . Overall satisfaction was significantly correlated with the number of sessions attended ( r=0.563 ; p=0.003 ) . CONCLUSION Participants in the CaCBTp group achieved statistically significant results post-treatment compared to those in the TAU group with some gains maintained at follow-up . High levels of satisfaction with the CaCBTp were reported Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of group-based cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ) for social anxiety in schizophrenia . Method : Patients with schizophrenia ( 20 ) with comorbid social anxiety were r and omly assigned to the group-based CBT or wait-list control condition . Pre- , post- and 6-week follow-up ratings included measures of social anxiety and avoidance , mood and quality of life . Results : The intervention group improved on all outcome measures and the control group showed no change in symptomatology . Conclusions : Group-based CBT is effective in treating social anxiety in schizophrenia Background : Recent research indicates that cognitive-behaviour therapy ( CBT ) can be effective in ameliorating persistent positive symptoms in chronic psychotic patients . The effectiveness of CBT in acute and recent-onset psychosis has been little explored , although a recent pilot study indicated that CBT could significantly improve recovery in acutely psychotic in patients . Method : Short-term individual CBT was compared to supportive counselling/psychoeducation ( SC ) as an adjunct to st and ard inpatient hospital care and medication in 21 in patients experiencing a recent-onset acute schizophrenic episode . Results : Both groups showed significant reductions in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) scores following treatment , although there were no group differences . Time to discharge did not differ significantly between the groups , although there was a greater variance for the SC patients . Two-year follow-up showed no significant differences between the groups , although the number of patients who relapsed , the number of relapses and the time to recurrence of psychotic symptoms was lower in the CBT group than the SC group . Interestingly , the time to readmission was shorter in the CBT group . Conclusions : CBT and SC are acceptable treatments for recent-onset acutely psychotic in patients . A larger r and omised controlled trial over multiple hospital sites is warranted Emerging models of cognitive-behavioral treatment ( CBT ) offer promising new intervention strategies in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia . These models , however , have not been integrated into community support programs and evaluated in comparison to st and ard community treatments . This study examined differences in outcomes of clients who received long-term day treatment program services ( DTP ) compared to clients who received individual CBT that was included as part of their DTP treatment . Twenty-four clients were r and omly assigned to DTP treatment or CBT/DTP treatment .  Data on st and ardized measures of psychosocial functioning , symptomatology and rehospitalizations were collected over the course of three years of treatment . Analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to evaluate the effects of type of treatment ( CB 
    Output:
    
Use of a control intervention did not moderate effect size in any of the analyses .
There was no consistent evidence of publication bias across different analyses .
Cognitive-behavioural therapy has a therapeutic effect on schizophrenic symptoms in the ' small ' range .