***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between high-polyphenol intake and reduced incidence of atherosclerosis . The healthy effects of cocoa-polyphenols may be due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions , although the exact mechanisms are unknown and depend on the matrix in which cocoa-polyphenols are delivered . Nuclear factor κB ( NF-κB ) is a key molecule in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involved in the regulation of adhesion molecules(AM ) and cytokine expression and its activation is the first step in triggering the inflammatory process . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute cocoa consumption in different matrices related to the bioavailability of cocoa-polyphenols in NF-κB activation and the expression of AM . METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen healthy volunteers r and omly received 3 interventions : 40 g of cocoa powder with milk ( CM ) , with water ( CW ) , and only milk ( M ) . NF-κB activation in leukocytes and AM ( sICAM , sVCAM , E-selectin ) were measured before and 6h after each intervention . Consumption of CW significantly decreased NF-κB activation compared to baseline and to CM ( P < 0.05 , both ) , did not change after CM intervention , and significantly increased after M intervention ( P = 0.014 ) . sICAM-1 concentrations significantly decreased after 6h of CW and CM interventions ( P ≤ 0.026 ; both ) and E-selectin only decreased after CW intervention ( P = 0.028 ) . No significant changes were observed in sVCAM-1 concentrations . CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory effect of cocoa intake may depend on the bioavailability of bioactive compounds and may be mediated at least in part by the modulation of NF-κB activation and downstream molecules reinforcing the link between cocoa intake and health BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health Intake of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has been demonstrated to beneficially affect risk markers of atherosclerosis  and  diabetes in rats . CLA is naturally found in milk fat , especially from cows fed a diet high in oleic acid , and increased CLA intake can occur concomitantly with increased milk fat intake . Our objective was to investigate the effect of CLA as part of a diet rich in butter as a source of milk fat on risk markers of atherosclerosis , inflammation , diabetes type II , and lipid peroxidation .  A total of 38 healthy young men were given a diet with 115 g/d of CLA-rich fat ( 5.5 g/d CLA oil , a mixture of 39.4 % cis9 , trans11 and 38.5 % trans10 , cis12 ) or of control fat with a low content of CLA in a 5-wk double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We collected blood and urine before and after the intervention . The fatty acid composition of plasma triacylglycerol , cholesterol esters , and phospholipids reflected that of the intervention diets . The CLA diet result ed in increased lipid peroxidation measured as an 83 % higher 8-iso-prostagl and in F2alpha concentration compared with the control , P < 0.0001 . We observed no other significant differences in the effect of the interventions diets . In conclusion , when given as part of a diet rich in butter , a mixture of CLA isomers increased lipid peroxidation but did not affect risk markers of cardiovascular disease , inflammation , or fasting insulin and glucose concentrations BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have suggested that flavonoid intake plays a critical role in the prevention of coronary heart disease . Because atherosclerosis is considered a low- grade inflammatory disease , some feeding trials have analyzed the effects of cocoa ( an important source of flavonoids ) on inflammatory biomarkers , but the results have been controversial . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of chronic cocoa consumption on cellular and serum biomarkers related to atherosclerosis in high-risk patients . DESIGN Forty-two high-risk volunteers ( 19 men and 23 women ; mean + /- SD age : 69.7 + /- 11.5 y ) were included in a r and omized crossover feeding trial . All subjects received 40 g cocoa powder with 500 mL skim milk/d ( C+M ) or only 500 mL skim milk/d ( M ) for 4 wk . Before and after each intervention period , cellular and serum inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis were evaluated . RESULTS Adherence to the dietary protocol was excellent . No significant changes in the expression of adhesion molecules on T lymphocyte surfaces were found between the C+M and M groups . However , in monocytes , the expression of VLA-4 , CD40 , and CD36 was significantly lower ( P = 0.005 , 0.028 , and 0.001 , respectively ) after C+M intake than after M intake . In addition , serum concentrations of the soluble endothelium-derived adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were significantly lower ( both P = 0.007 ) after C+M intake than after M intake . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the intake of cocoa polyphenols may modulate inflammatory mediators in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease . These antiinflammatory effects may contribute to the overall benefits of cocoa consumption against atherosclerosis . This trial was registered in the Current Controlled Trials at London , International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number , at controlled-trials.com as IS RCT N75176807 BACKGROUND We recently showed that calcitriol increases oxidative and inflammatory stress ; moreover , inhibition of calcitriol with high-calcium diets decreased both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and inflammatory stress in obese mice , whereas dairy exerted a greater effect . However , these findings may be confounded by concomitant changes in adiposity . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of adiposity changes . DESIGN Twenty subjects ( 10 obese , 10 overweight ) participated in a blinded , r and omized , crossover study of dairy- compared with soy-supplemented eucaloric diets . Two 28-d dietary periods were separated by a 28-d washout period . Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured on days 0 , 7 , and 28 of each dietary period . RESULTS The dairy-supplemented diet result ed in significant suppression of oxidative stress ( plasma malondialdehyde , 22 % ; 8-isoprostane-F(2alpha ) , 12 % ; P < 0.0005 ) and lower inflammatory markers ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha , 15 % , P < 0.002 ; interleukin-6 , 13 % , P < 0.01 ; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , 10 % , P < 0.0006 ) and increased adiponectin ( 20 % , P < 0.002 ) , whereas the soy exerted no significant effect . These effects were evident by day 7 of treatment and increased in magnitude at the end of the 28-d treatment periods . There were no significant differences in response to treatment between overweight and obese subjects for any variable studied . CONCLUSION An increase in dairy food intake produces significant and substantial suppression of the oxidative and inflammatory stress associated with overweight and obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00686426 n-3 long-chain PUFA ( n-3 LC-PUFA ) may improve  cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases .  The effects of n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented dairy products on inflammation and immunological parameters , biomarkers of oxidative stress , serum lipids , and on disease activity were determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . Forty-five subjects ( forty-three females and two males ) were r and omly divided into two groups in a double-blind , placebo-controlled cross-over study . Both groups received placebo or verum products consecutively for 3 months with a 2-month washout phase between the two periods . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and at the end of each period . The dairy products generally improved serum lipids by increasing HDL and lowering lipoprotein a. The n-3 LC-PUFA supplements act to lower TAG . Additionally , a decreased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cylo-oxygenase-2 expression was found in patients who had consumed the enriched dairy products . The majority of the CD analysed were not influenced , although n-3 LC-PUFA did suppress the immune response as lymphocytes and monocytes were found to be significantly decreased . The n-3 LC-PUFA did not increase the biomarkers of oxidative stress such as 8-iso-PGF(2alpha ) and 15-keto-dihydro PGF(2alpha ) , and DNA damage like 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine . The long-term consumption of dairy products ( 2 x 12 weeks ) diminished the excretion of hydroxypyridinium 
    Output:
    
When the subjects were stratified according to their health status , the IS was strongly indicative of an anti-inflammatory activity in subjects with metabolic disorders and of a pro-inflammatory activity in subjects allergic to bovine milk .