***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Psoriasis is an immunoinflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular risk factors , atherothrombotic events , and hypercoagulability . Venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) is potentially lethal and shares risk factors with psoriasis , but the risk of VTE associated with psoriasis is unknown . The present study investigated the potential association between psoriasis and VTE . Methods and Findings Information from nationwide prospect ively recorded registers of hospitalization , drug dispensing from pharmacies , socio-economic data , and causes of death was linked on an individual level . In an unselected nationwide cohort , we used multivariate Poisson regression models controlling for age , gender , comorbidity , concomitant medication , socio-economic data , and calendar year , to assess the risk of VTE associated with psoriasis . A total of 35,138 patients with mild and 3,526 patients with severe psoriasis were identified and compared with 4,126,075 controls . Patients with psoriasis had higher incidence rates per 1000 person-years of VTE than controls ( 1.29 , 1.92 , and 3.20 for controls , mild psoriasis , and severe psoriasis , respectively ) . The rate ratio ( RR ) of VTE was elevated in all patients with psoriasis with RR 1.35 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.21–1.49 ) and RR 2.06 ( CI 1.63–2.61 ) for mild and severe psoriasis , respectively . Exclusion of patients with malignancies , and censoring of patients undergoing surgery did not alter the results . Conclusion This nationwide cohort study indicates that patients with psoriasis are at increased risk of VTE . The risk was highest in young patients with severe psoriasis . Physicians should be aware that patients with psoriasis may be at increased risk of both venous and arterial thromboembolic events BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease and is associated with cardiovascular events . Little is known about sub clinical myocardial dysfunction and potential changes in myocardial function during anti-inflammatory treatment in these patients . We prospect ively studied left ventricular function in patients with severe psoriasis who initiated biologic therapy .  METHODS Between November 1 2013 and May 31 2014 the study subjects underwent physical , laboratory and comprehensive echocardiographic examination at baseline and after 3 months of treatment . Pearson correlation coefficients and Student 's t-test were applied to assess changes in diastolic function ( defined as the E/e ' ratio ) and global longitudinal strain ( GLS ) . RESULTS Eighteen patients with severe psoriasis treated with biologic therapy with a mean follow-up of 85.6 ± 18.2 days were included . The patients had a baseline psoriasis area and severity index ( PASI ) of 12.0 ± 4.1 and normal left ventricular ejection fraction [ ( LVEF ) 56.3 ± 3.8 % ] , diastolic dysfunction ( E/e ' 8.1 ± 2.1 ) and GLS ( -16.8 ± 2.1 % ) . At follow-up , an improvement ( baseline vs. follow-up ) of PASI ( 12.0 ± 4.1 vs. 2.7 ± 3.1 , P < 0.001 ) , E/e ' ( 8.1 ± 2.1 vs. 6.7 ± 1.9 , P ≤ 0.001 ) and GLS ( -16.8 ± 2.1 vs. -18.3 ± 2.3 % , P < 0.001 ) were recorded . No changes were demonstrated in LVEF ( 56.3 ± 3.8 vs. 56.8 ± 3.3 % , P = 0.31 ) , body mass index ( 30.9 ± 5.7 vs. 31.0 ± 5.8 kg/m(2 ) , P = 0.90 ) , mean arterial blood pressure ( 103.1 ± 8.5 vs. 103.7 ± 10.8 mmHg , P = 0.74 ) . Likewise , no changes were seen in total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , estimated glomerular filtration rate and glycosylated haemoglobin . CONCLUSION In patients with severe psoriasis  treatment with biologic therapy was associated with improved PASI and amelioration of myocardial dysfunction OBJECTIVES To assess the extent to which abstract s of method ological research  , initially presented at meetings on systematic review s , have gone on to be published as full articles . METHODS Full publication was assessed in three ways : a search was carried out of The Cochrane Library ; a search was conducted using MEDLINE ; and a question naire was sent to the contact author of each abstract . RESULTS Approximately half of the abstract s had not been , or were unlikely ever to be , published in full . CONCLUSIONS The rate of full publication of abstract s related to the methodology of systematic review s seems similar to that for r and omized trials AIMS Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease and inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of  atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and ischaemic stroke . We therefore investigated the risk of these endpoints in patients with psoriasis . METHODS AND RESULTS Cohort study of the entire Danish population followed from 1997 to 2006 by individual-level-linkage of nationwide prospect ively recorded registers . Multivariable Poisson 's regression and sensitivity analyses were used to assess the psoriasis-related risk of AF and ischaemic stroke .  A total of 36 765 patients with mild psoriasis and 2793 with severe psoriasis were compared with 4 478 926 individuals , i.e. , the reference population . In patients with mild psoriasis , the adjusted rate ratios ( RRs ) for AF were 1.50 ( 1.21 - 1.86 ) and 1.16 ( 1.08 - 1.24 ) in patients aged < 50 and ≥50 years , respectively . Patients with severe psoriasis had a higher risk of AF with RRs 2.98 ( 1.80 - 4.92 ) in patients aged < 50 years and 1.29 ( 1.01 - 1.65 ) in patients aged ≥50 years . Patients with psoriasis also demonstrated a disease severity-dependent increased risk of ischaemic stroke , i.e. RRs 1.97 ( 1.66 - 2.34 ) and 2.80 ( 1.81 - 4.34 ) in patients aged < 50 years with mild and severe psoriasis , and RRs 1.13 ( 1.04 - 1.21 ) and 1.34 ( 1.04 - 1.71 ) in patients aged ≥50 years with mild and severe psoriasis , respectively . A range of sensitivity analyses yielded comparable results . CONCLUSION Psoriasis is associated with increased risk of AF and ischaemic stroke . These novel results add to a growing body of evidence , suggesting that patients with psoriasis could be considered at increased cardiovascular risk OBJECTIVE To compare clinicians ' ratings of therapeutic effectiveness when different trial end points were presented as percent reductions in relative compared with absolute risk and as numbers of patients treated to avoid one adverse outcome . DESIGN Survey , with r and om allocation of two question naires . SETTING Toronto teaching hospitals . RESPONDENTS Convenience sample of 100 faculty and housestaff in internal medicine and family medicine . INTERVENTION One question naire presented results for three end points of the Helsinki Heart Study as separate drug trials using only absolute differences in events ; the other showed the same end points as relative differences . Both question naires included a fourth " trial , " showing person-years of treatment needed to prevent one myocardial infa rct ion . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The " trials " were each rated on an 11-point scale , from treatment " harmful " to " very effective . " RESULTS Respondents ' ratings of effectiveness varied with the end point . Controlling for end point , ratings of effectiveness by the 50 participants receiving absolute event data were lower than those by 50 participants responding to relative risk reductions ( P < 0.001 ) ; however , no end-point difference was more than 0.6 scale points . For a " trial " reporting that 77 persons were treated for 5 years to prevent one myocardial infa rct ion , mean ratings were 2.3 or 1.8 scale points lower , respectively ( both P < 0.001 ) , than when the same data were shown as relative or absolute risk reductions . CONCLUSIONS Clinicians ' views of drug therapies are affected by the common use of relative risk reductions in both trial reports and advertisements , by end-point emphasis , and , above all , by underuse of summary measures that relate treatment burden to therapeutic yields in a clinical ly relevant manner Clinical trials may lead to conflicting results . We studied how different ways of reporting results affected physicians ' recommendations . A question naire distributed to 148 general practitioners presented results of a clinical trial where a reduction of cardiac events and an increase of mortality was reported . Results were shown in four different ways -- relative risk reduction , absolute risk reduction , percentages of event-free patients , number needing to be treated to prevent an event -- as if they derived from different trials . A fifth presentation was the reduced rate of cardiac events along with the increased rate of mortality .  Physicians were asked to estimate how much they would be willing to prescribe each drug . The mean agreement of physicians ' decisions was 77 (28)% for relative risk reduction , 24 (28)% for absolute risk reduction , 37 (37)% for different percentages event-free patients , 34 (34)% for number need to treat , and 23 (28)% for events reduction and mortality for increase ( p < 0.001 relative risk vs others ) . The method of reporting trial results and the completeness of information in the case of controversial results affects physicians willingness to prescribe Abstract Objective : To determine whether the reporting of study results by using reductions in relative or absolute risk and the number needed to treat affects the views of physicians about the effectiveness of drugs to lower lipid concentrations and decisions about treatment . Design : R and om allocation of two question naires presenting the results of three end points of the Helsinki heart study as results from separate trials by using reduction in either relative or absolute20risk . In both question naires one end point was also presented by showing person years of treatment20needed to prevent one myocardial infa rct ion . The effectiveness of lipid lowering drugs  was assessed for all end points on an 11 point scale . For each study result the likelihood to treat hypercholesterolaemia of 7.5 mmol/l in a healthy man had to be indicated on a seven point scale . Subjects : R and om sample of 802 internists and general practioners representative of providers of primary care in Switzerl and . Results - The response rate was 69.6 % ( 558 ) . For the prevention of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infa rct ion the mean ratings of effectiveness of lipid lowering drugs  were 0.45 ( 95 % confidence interval 0.21 to 0.69 ) and 1.39 ( 1.09 to 1.68 ) scale points lower when the reduction of absolute risk or number needed to treat were reported instead of the relative risk reduction ( both P<0.001 ) . Physicians receiving trial results for identical end points in form of absolute reduction of risk or number needed to treat were less inclined to treat hypercholesterolaemia ( both P<0.001 ) . Conclusions : Physicians ' views of the effectiveness of lipid lowering drugs and the decision to prescribe such drugs is affected by the predominant use of reduction of relative risk in trial reports and advertisements 
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Limitations : Data base studies might not fully account for confounders , result ing in overestimates of the risk impact of comorbidities .
Conclusions : Presenting attributable risk in the form of the number needed to harm provides a clearer picture of the magnitude of risk and a basis for wiser medical decision making and patient education