***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Increased body fat , autonomic dysfunction and low- grade chronic inflammation are interrelated risk factors implicated in the etiology of several chronic conditions normally presented by older adults . OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different training protocol s on reducing body fat , improving autonomic function , and decreasing low- grade systemic inflammation in community-dwelling elderly adults . METHODS Fifty participants ( 11 men , 68±5.5years ) were r and omly allocated into resistance or aerobic training or control groups . Evaluations were done at baseline and following the 8-month intervention period on their body composition ( assessed by DXA ) , inflammatory biomarkers ( high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [ hs-CRP ] , tumor necrosis-alpha [ TNF-α ] , interferon-gamma [ IFN-γ ] , interleukins-6 and -10 [ IL-6 , IL-10 ] ) , lipoproteic profile , fasting glycemia , blood pressure , heart rate variability ( HRV ; frequency and time domains ) and aerobic fitness ( assessed by six-minute walk distance [ 6MWD ] ) . A paired t-test was used to detect changes ( % Δ=[(post-test score-pretest score)/pre-test score] × 100 ) within groups , while between-group differences were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA or General Linear Models . RESULTS A significant change ( Δ% ) both in total ( -5.4±6.3 % and -3.3±2.9 % , respectively ) and central body fat ( 8.9±11.3 % and -4.8±4.5 % ) was observed in resistance and aerobic training groups , respectively ; along with a change in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures ( -9.2±9.8 % and -8.5±9.6 % ) , heart rate ( -4.6±6.5 % ) , hs-CRP ( -18.6±60.6 % ) , and 6MWD ( 9.5±6.9 % ) in response to aerobic training . CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide further evidence for the benefits of aerobic and resistance training on reducing body fat . Aerobic training was demonstrated to reduce hs-CRP and blood pressure in community-dwelling elderly participants with no serious medical conditions Twenty healthy women aged between 65 and 74 years , trained three times a week , for 16 weeks , on a cycle ergometer , to determine the effects of dynamic resistance training on heart rate variability ( HRV ) . Subjects were allocated to two training groups , high ( HI , n=10 ) and low ( LO , n=10 ) intensity . The HI group performed eight sets of 8 revolutions at 80 % of the maximum resistance to complete 2 pedal revolutions ( 2RM ) ; the LO group performed eight sets of 16 pedal revolutions at 40 % of 2RM . Subjects were tested twice before , as control period ( −4 weeks and 0 weeks ) and once after training ( 16 weeks ) for HRV , maximum voluntary contraction ( MVC ) of knee extensors and peak power ( Pp ) of lower limbs by jumping on a force platform . HRV was measured using time and frequency domain parameters . Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was performed on all variables ( P<0.05 ) . Results showed no differences between training groups . Following training HRV was not modified , while MVC and Pp significantly increased . The two proposed forms of dynamic resistance training were appropriate to improve muscle power and strength in elderly females without affecting HRV . More research should verify the effects of an isometric and more prolonged training stimulus on HRV in older subjects PURPOSE Aging alters cardiac autonomic function , which may contribute to a higher risk of cardiac events . Spectral measures of HR variability ( HRV ) and fractal-like behavior of HR are considered as markers of a healthy heart . The present study examined the effects of combining endurance and strength training compared with endurance or strength training alone on HR dynamics and physical fitness in older previously untrained men aged 40 - 67 yr . METHODS Subjects were r and omized into endurance training ( E , n = 23 ) , strength training ( S , n = 25 ) , combined endurance and strength training ( ES , n = 29 ) , or control group ( C , n = 16 ) . Short-term fractal scaling exponent ( alpha1 ) and spectral HRV were analyzed from maximal aerobic cycling tests and during supine rest , and leg extension one repetition maximum strength was measured . RESULTS Aerobic capacity and maximal strength increased in the training groups performing endurance and /or strength training , respectively . Only ES showed a decrease after training in fractal HR behavior during exercise , and the difference was significant between groups ( P = 0.019 ) . During supine rest , alpha1 only decreased significantly ( P = 0.039 ) in ES from 1.18 ( SD = 0.20 ) to 1.11 ( SD = 0.21 ) . The decrease in alpha1 at rest from 1.21 ( SD = 0.19 ) to 1.11 ( SD = 0.22 ) also approached significance ( P = 0.061 ) in E. Changes in spectral measures of HRV were minor during the study period and only occurred during exercise . CONCLUSION Fractal HR dynamics were improved more by combining strength training with endurance training in our older men compared with endurance training alone , although strength training alone produced no changes in fractal HR behavior . The synergistic effect in fractal HR behavior occurred regardless of changes in aerobic capacity The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women . 29 untrained , non-hypertensive elderly women were r and omly assigned to 2 groups : an intervention group  ( n=15 , 65.5±5.0 years , 57.3±6.5 kg , 156.7±5.1 cm ) that underwent a supervised resistance training program ( 8 exercises , 2 sets , 10 - 15 repetitions , 3 times/week ) or a control group  ( n=14 , 66.2±4.1 years , 61.1±11.7 kg , 157.5±7.1 cm ) that participated in a supervised stretching program ( 25 - 30 min/session , 2 times/week ) . Resting auscultatory blood pressure , heart rate variability , evaluated from short recordings in a seated position , and maximal dynamic strength ( 1-RM test ) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks . A group x time ANOVA revealed that muscular strength increased significantly in the resistance training group ( + 10.2 % for bench press and + 12.7 % for leg extension , P<0.05 ) . Systolic blood pressure was reduced significantly in the resistance training group from pre- to post-intervention period ( - 5 mmHg ; P<0.05 ) , while no significant effect was noted for diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability indexes ( P>0.05 ) . None of these variables changed in the control group throughout the study . In conclusion , a supervised resistance training program  improved muscular strength and reduced systolic blood pressure without affecting diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly postmenopausal women Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) is associated with autonomic dysfunctions that can be evaluated through heart rate variability ( HRV ) . Resistance training promotes improvement in autonomic modulation ; however , studies that evaluate this scenario using geometric indices , which include nonlinear evaluation , thus providing more accurate information for physiological interpretation of HRV , are unknown . This study aim ed to investigate the influence of resistance training on autonomic modulation , using geometric indices of HRV , and peripheral muscle strength in individuals with COPD . Fourteen volunteers with COPD were su bmi tted to resistance training consisting of 24 sessions lasting 60 min each , with a frequency of three times a week . The intensity was determined as 60 % of one maximum repetition and was progressively increased until 80 % for the upper and lower limbs . The HRV and dynamometry were performed at two moments , the beginning and the end of the experimental protocol . Significant increases were observed in the RRtri ( 4·81 ± 1·60 versus 6·55 ± 2·69 , P = 0·033 ) , TINN ( 65·36 ± 35·49 versus 101·07 ± 63·34 , P = 0·028 ) , SD1 ( 7·48 ± 3·17 versus 11·04 ± 6·45 , P = 0·038 ) and SD2 ( 22·30 ± 8·56 versus 32·92 ± 18·78 , P = 0·022 ) indices after the resistance training . Visual analysis of the Poincare plot demonstrated greater dispersion beat‐to‐beat and in the long‐term interval between consecutive heart beats . Regarding muscle strength , there was a significant increase in the shoulder abduction and knee flexion . In conclusion , geometric indices of HRV can predict improvement in autonomic modulation  after resistance training in individuals with COPD ; improvement in peripheral muscle strength in patients with COPD was also observed OBJECTIVE Intensive therapy targeting normal blood glucose increased mortality compared with st and ard treatment in a r and omized clinical trial of 10,251 participants with type 2 diabetes at high-risk for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) events . We evaluated whether the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy ( CAN ) at baseline modified the effect of intensive compared with st and ard glycemia treatment on mortality outcomes in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trial participants . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS CAN was assessed by measures of heart rate variability ( HRV ) and QT index ( QTI ) computed from 10-s resting electrocardiograms in 8,135 ACCORD trial participants with valid measurements ( mean age 63.0 years , 40 % women ) . Prespecified CAN definitions included a composite of the lowest quartile of HRV and highest QTI quartile in the presence or absence of peripheral neuropathy . Outcomes were all-cause and CVD mortality . Associations between CAN and mortality were evaluated by proportional hazards analysis , adjusting for treatment group allocation , CVD history , and multiple prespecified baseline covariates . RESULTS During a mean 3.5 years follow-up , there were 329 deaths from all causes . In fully adjusted analyses , participants with baseline CAN were 1.55–2.14 times as likely to die as participants without CAN , depending on the CAN definition used ( P < 0.02 for all ) . The effect of allocation to the intensive group on all-cause and CVD mortality was similar in participants with or without CAN at baseline ( Pinteraction > 0.7 ) . CONCLUSIONS Whereas CAN was associated with increased mortality in this high-risk type 2 diabetes cohort , these analyses indicate that participants with CAN at baseline had similar mortality outcomes from intensive compared with st and ard glycemia treatment in the ACCORD cohort We postulated that aging is associated with disruption in the fractallike long-range correlations that characterize healthy sinus rhythm cardiac interval dynamics . Ten young ( 21 - 34 yr ) and 10 elderly ( 68 - 81 yr ) rigorously screened healthy subjects underwent 120 min of continuous supine resting electrocardiographic recording .  We analyzed the interbeat interval time series using st and ard time and frequency domain statistics and using a fractal measure , detrended fluctuation analysis , to quantify long-range correlation properties . In healthy young subjects , interbeat intervals demonstrated fractal scaling , with scaling exponents ( alpha ) from the fluctuation analysis close to a value of 1.0 . In the group of healthy elderly subjects , the interbeat interval time series had two scaling regions . Over the short range , interbeat interval fluctuations resembled a r and om walk process ( Brownian noise , alpha = 1.5 ) , whereas over the longer range they resembled white noise ( alpha = 0.5 ) . Short ( alpha s)- and long-range ( alpha 1 ) scaling exponents were significantly different in the elderly subjects compared with young ( alpha s = 1.12 + /- 0.19 vs. 0.90 + /- 0.14 , respectively , P = 0.009 ; alpha 1 = 0.75 + /- 0.17 vs. 0.99 + /- 0.10 , respectively , P = 0.002 ) . The crossover behavior from one scaling region to another could be modeled as a first-order autoregressive process , which closely fit the data from four elderly subjects . This implies that a single characteristic time scale may be dominating heartbeat control in these subjects . The age-related loss of fractal organization in heartbeat dynamics may reflect the degradation of integrated physiological regulatory systems and may impair an individual 's ability to adapt to stress Objectives Isometric h and grip ( IHG ) training ( four , 2-min sustained contractions at 30 % of maximal voluntary contraction , three times per week for 8–10 weeks ) lowers resting arterial blood pressure ( BP ) in hypertensive patients , including those receiving pharmacotherapy , although the mechanisms remain elusive . Ambulatory BP measurements are more efficacious in predicting cardiovascular disease-related events , yet the effects of IHG training on ambulatory BP are unknown . The objective of the current investigation was to test the hypotheses that 8 weeks of IHG training lowers resting and 24 h ambulatory BP concomitantly in medicated hypertensive patients , and may be the result of improved vagal modulation . Methods BP was assessed using 
    Output:
    
The majority of literature on healthy humans suggested no change in cardiac autonomic control following RT .
Conclusion This rigorous systematic analysis revealed that RT has no or minimal effects on cardiac autonomic control of healthy individuals , but RT leads to improvement in cardiac autonomic control of diseased individuals