***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Despite its effectiveness , methadone maintenance is rarely provided in American correctional facilities . This study is the first r and omized clinical trial in the US to examine the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment provided to prisoners with pre-incarceration heroin addiction . METHODS A three-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted between September 2003 and June 2005 . Two hundred eleven Baltimore pre-release inmates who were heroin dependent during the year prior to incarceration were enrolled in this study . Participants were r and omly assigned to the following : counseling only : counseling in prison , with passive referral to treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; counseling+transfer : counseling in prison with transfer to methadone maintenance treatment upon release ( n=70 ) ; and counseling+methadone : methadone maintenance and counseling in prison , continued in a community-based methadone maintenance program upon release ( n=71 ) . RESULTS Two hundred participants were located for follow-up interviews and included in the current analysis . The percentages of participants in each condition that entered community-based treatment were , respectively , counseling only 7.8 % , counseling+transfer 50.0 % , and counseling+methadone 68.6 % , p<.05 . All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant ( all ps<.05 ) . The percentage of participants in each condition that tested positive for opioids at 1-month post-release were , respectively , counseling only 62.9 % , counseling+transfer 41.0 % , and counseling+methadone 27.6 % , p<.05 , with the counseling only group significantly more likely to test positive than the counseling+methadone group . CONCLUSIONS Methadone maintenance initiated prior to or immediately after release from prison appears to have beneficial short-term impact on community treatment entry and heroin use . This intervention may be able to fill an urgent treatment need for prisoners with heroin addiction histories Background Approximately 10 million Americans enter jails annually . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends routine opt-out HIV testing in these setting s. The logistics for performing routine opt-out HIV testing within jails , however , remain controversial . The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to routinely HIV test newly incarcerated jail detainees using an opt-out strategy . Methods This prospect i ve , controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 298 newly incarcerated male inmates in an urban men 's jail in New Haven , Connecticut . 298 sequential entrants to the men 's jail over a three week period in March and April 2008 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration : immediate ( same day , n = 103 ) , early ( next day , n = 98 ) , or delayed ( 7 days , n = 97 ) . The primary outcome was the proportion of men in each group consenting to testing . Results  Routine opt-out HIV testing  was significantly higher for the early ( 53 % : AOR = 2.6 ; 95 % CI = 1.5 to 4.7 ) and immediate ( 45 % : AOR = 2.3 ; 95 % CI = 1.3 to 4.0 ) testing groups compared to the delayed ( 33 % ) testing group . The immediate and early testing groups , however , did not significantly differ ( p = 0.67 ) . In multivariate analyses , factors significantly associated with routine opt-out  HIV testing were assignment to the ‘ early ’ testing group ( p = 0.0003 ) and low ( bond ≥$5,000 , immigration or federal charges or pre-sentencing > 30 days ) likelihood of early release ( p = 0.04 ) . Two subjects received preliminary positive results and one of them was subsequently confirmed HIV seropositive . Conclusions In this men 's jail where attrition was high , routine opt-out HIV testing was not only feasible , but result ed in the highest rates of HIV testing when performed within 24 hours of incarceration . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Ten million Americans enter jails annually . The objective was to evaluate new CDC guidelines for routine opt-out HIV testing and examine the optimal time to implement routine opt-out HIV testing among newly incarcerated jail detainees . Methods This prospect i ve , controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 323 newly incarcerated female inmates in Connecticut 's only women 's jail . 323 sequential entrants to the women 's jail over a five week period in August and September 2007 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration : immediate ( same day , n = 108 ) , early ( next day , n = 108 ) , or delayed ( 7 days , n = 107 ) . The primary outcome was the proportion of women in each group consenting to testing . Results  Routine opt-out HIV testing  was significantly highest ( 73 % ) among the early testing group compared to 55 % for immediate and 50 % for 7 days post-entry groups . Other factors significantly ( p = 0.01 ) associated with being HIV tested were younger age and low likelihood of early release from jail based on bond value or type of charge for which women were arrested . Conclusions In this correctional facility , routine opt-out HIV testing in a jail setting was feasible , with highest rates of testing if performed the day after incarceration . Lower testing rates were seen with immediate testing , where there is a high prevalence of inability or unwillingness to test , and with delayed testing , where attrition from jail increases with each passing day . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov BACKGROUND We aim ed to assess audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing ( audio-CASI ) as a method of reducing under-reporting of HIV risk behaviour among injecting drug users . METHODS Injecting drug users were interviewed at syringe-exchange programmes in four US cities . Potential respondents were r and omly selected from participants in the syringe exchanges , with weekly alternate assignment to either traditional face-to-face interviews or audio-CASI . The question naire included items on sociodemographic characteristics , drug use , and HIV risk behaviours for 30 days preceding the interview . We calculated odds ratios for the difference in reporting of HIV risk behaviours between interview methods . FINDINGS 757 respondents were interviewed face-to-face , and 724 were interviewed by audio-CASI .  More respondents reported HIV risk behaviours and other sensitive behaviours in audio-CASI than in face-to-face interviews ( odds ratios for reporting of rented or bought used injection equipment in audio-CASI vs face-to-face interview 2.1 [ 95 % CI 1.4 - 3.3 ] p=0.001 ; for injection with borrowed used injection equipment 1.5 [ 1.1 - 2.2 ] p=0.02 ; for renting or selling used equipment 2.3 [ 1.3 - 4.0 ] p=0.003 ) . INTERPRETATION Although validation of these self-reported behaviours was not possible , we propose that audio-CASI enables substantially more complete reporting of HIV risk behaviour . More complete reporting might increase underst and ing of the dynamics of HIV transmission and make the assessment of HIV-prevention efforts easier BACKGROUND Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis reduces sexual transmission of HIV . We assessed whether daily oral use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( tenofovir ) , an antiretroviral , can reduce HIV transmission in injecting drug users . METHODS In this r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , we enrolled volunteers from 17 drug-treatment clinics in Bangkok , Thail and . Participants were eligible if they were aged 20 - 60 years , were HIV-negative , and reported injecting drugs during the previous year . We r and omly assigned participants ( 1:1 ; blocks of four ) to either tenofovir or placebo using a computer-generated r and omisation sequence . Participants chose either daily directly observed treatment or monthly visits and could switch at monthly visits . Participants received monthly HIV testing and individualised risk-reduction and adherence counselling , blood safety assessment s every 3 months , and were offered condoms and methadone treatment . The primary efficacy endpoint was HIV infection , analysed by modified intention-to-treat analysis . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00119106 . FINDINGS Between June 9 , 2005 , and July 22 , 2010 , we enrolled 2413 participants , assigning 1204 to tenofovir and 1209 to placebo .  Two participants had HIV at enrolment and 50 became infected during follow-up : 17 in the tenofovir group ( an incidence of 0·35 per 100 person-years ) and 33 in the placebo group ( 0·68 per 100 person-years ) , indicating a 48·9 % reduction in HIV incidence ( 95 % CI 9·6 - 72·2 ; p=0·01 ) . The occurrence of serious adverse events was much the same between the two groups ( p=0·35 ) . Nausea was more common in participants in the tenofovir group than in the placebo group ( p=0·002 ) . INTERPRETATION In this study , daily oral tenofovir reduced the risk of HIV infection in people who inject drugs . Pre-exposure prophylaxis with tenofovir can now be considered for use as part of an HIV prevention package for people who inject drugs . FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration AIMS To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment ( MMT ) on mortality , re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users . DESIGN , SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study cohort comprised 382 imprisoned male heroin users who had participated in a r and omized controlled trial of prison-based MMT in 1997/98 . Subjects were followed-up between 1998 and 2002 either in the general community or in prison . MEASUREMENTS All-cause mortality , re-incarceration , hepatitis C and HIV serostatus and MMT retention . FINDINGS There were no deaths recorded while subjects were enrolled in MMT . Seventeen subjects died while out of MMT , representing an untreated mortality rate of 2.0 per 100 person-years ( 95 % CI , 1.2 - 3.2 ) . Re-incarceration risk was lowest during MMT episodes of 8 months or longer ( adjusted hazard ratio 0.3 ( 95 % CI , 0.2 - 0.5 ; P < 0.001 ) , although MMT periods 2 months or less were associated with greatest risk of re-incarceration ( P < 0.001 ) . Increased risk of hepatitis C seroconversion was significantly associated with prison sentences of less than 2 months [ adjusted hazard ratio 20 ( 95 % CI , 5 - 76 ; < P = 0.001 ) ] and MMT episodes less than 5 months [ adjusted hazard ratio 4.2 ( 95 % CI , 1.4 - 12.6 ; P = 0.01 ) ] . Subjects were at greatest risk of  MMT dropout during short prison sentences of 1 month or less ( adjusted hazard ratio 10.4 ( 95 % CI , 7.0 - 15.7 ; P < 0.001 ) . HIV incidence was 0.3 per 100 person-years ( 95 % CI , 0.03 - 0.99 ) . CONCLUSIONS Retention in MMT was associated with reduced mortality , re-incarceration rates and hepatitis C infection .  Prison-based MMT programmes are integral to the continuity of treatment needed to ensure optimal outcomes for individual and public health This study examined benefits of methadone maintenance among prerelease prison inmates . Incarcerated males with preincarceration heroin dependence ( n = 197 ) were r and omly assigned to ( a ) group educational counseling ( counseling only ) ; ( b ) counseling , with opportunity to begin methadone maintenance on release ( counseling + transfer ) ; or ( c ) counseling and methadone maintenance in prison , with opportunity to continue methadone maintenance on release ( counseling + methadone ) . At 90-day follow-up , counseling + methadone participants were significantly more likely than counseling-only and counseling + transfer participants to attend drug treatment ( p = .0001 ) and less likely to be reincarcerated ( p = .019 ) . Counseling + methadone and counseling + transfer participants were significantly less likely ( all ps < .05 ) to report heroin use , cocaine use , and criminal involvement than counseling-only participants . Follow-up is needed to determine whether these findings hold over a longer period AIMS Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of both methadone and buprenorphine when used with opioid dependent men transitioning from prison to the community , but no studies have been conducted with women in the criminal justice ( CJ ) system . The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of buprenorphine for relapse prevention among opioid dependent women in the CJ system transitioning back to the community . METHODS 36 women under CJ supervision were recruited from an inpatient drug treatment facility that treats CJ individuals returning back to the community . Nine were enrolled in an open label buprenorphine arm then 
    Output:
    
Numerous interventions may reduce HIV-related risks among adults with criminal justice involvement .