***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We investigated the effects of mild evaporative cooling applied to the torso , before or during running in the heat . Nine male participants performed three trials : control-no cooling ( CTR ) , pre-exercise cooling ( PRE-COOL ) , and during-exercise cooling ( COOL ) . Trials consisted of 10-min neutral exposure and 50-min heat exposure ( 30 ° C ; 44 % humidity ) , during which a 30-min running protocol ( 70 % VO2max ) was performed . An evaporative cooling t-shirt was worn before the heat exposure ( PRE-COOL ) or 15 min after the exercise was started ( COOL ) . PRE-COOL significantly lowered local skin temperature ( Tsk ) ( up to -5.3 ± 0.3 ° C ) ( P < 0.001 ) , mean Tsk ( up to -2 ± 0.1 ° C ) ( P < 0.001 ) , sweat losses ( -143 ± 40 g ) ( P = 0.002 ) , and improved thermal comfort ( P = 0.001 ) . COOL suddenly lowered local Tsk ( up to -3.8 ± 0.2 ° C ) ( P < 0.001 ) , mean Tsk ( up to -1 ± 0.1 ° C ) ( P < 0.001 ) , heart rate ( up to -11 ± 2 bpm ) ( P = 0.03 ) , perceived exertion ( P = 0.001 ) , and improved thermal comfort ( P = 0.001 ) . We conclude that the mild evaporative cooling provided significant thermoregulatory benefits during exercise in the heat . However , the timing of application was critical in inducing different thermoregulatory responses . These findings provide novel insights on the thermoregulatory role of Tsk during exercise in the heat Heat stress on workers working outdoors in the power industry may result in fatigue and deterioration in task performance . This research collected and analyzed data on task performance of workers working indoors and outdoors with and without a cooling suit .  The task performance was compared on the basis of heart rate , oxygen consumption , tympanic temperature , subjective responses , productivity , and error rates . Based on One-Way Analysis Of Variance ( ANOVA ) results , a significantly lower estimated working oxygen consumption was observed ( p < .001 ) when the cooling suit was worn . The productivity was higher while workers wore the cooling suit as compared to no cooling suit ( p = .011 ) whereas the error rates were significantly lower(p < .001 ) . Also a significantly lower self-reported discomfort was observed in the neck and shoulders while working wearing the cooling suit ( p = .004 ) . This study concluded that wearing a cooling suit while working outdoors was associated with physiological benefits as well as improved task performance of the study participants This study investigated the effects of body cooling using liquid cooling garments ( LCG ) on performance time ( PT ) and recovery in individuals wearing a fully equipped prototype firefighter ensemble ( PFE ) incorporating a self-contained breathing apparatus ( SCBA ) . Six healthy male participants ( three firefighters and three non-firefighters ) completed six experimental sessions in an environmental chamber ( 35 ° C , 50 % relative humidity ) , consisting of three stages of 15 min exercise at 75 % VO2max , and 10 min rest following each exercise stage . During each session , one of the following six conditions was administered in a r and omized order : control ( no cooling , CON ) ; air ventilation of exhaust SCBA gases rerouted into the PFE ( AV ) ; top cooling garment ( TCG ) ; TCG combined with AV ( TCG+AV ) ; a shortened whole body cooling garment ( SCG ) , and SCG combined with AV ( SCG+AV ) . Results showed that total PT completed was longer under SCG and SCG+AV compared with CON , AV , TCG , and TCG+AV ( p < 0.01 ) . Magnitude of core temperature ( Tc ) elevation was significantly decreased when SCG was utilized ( p < 0.01 ) , and heart rate recovery rate ( 10 min ) was enhanced under SCG , SCG+AV , TCG , and TCG+AV compared with CON ( p < 0.05 ) . Estimated Esw rate ( kg·h−1 ) was the greatest in CON , 1.62 ( 0.37 ) , and the least in SCG+AV 0.98 ( 0.44 ) : ( descending order : CON > AV > TCG = TCG+AV > SCG > SCG+AV ) without a statistical difference between the conditions ( p < 0.05 ) . Results of the present study suggest that the application of LCG underneath the PFE significantly improves the recovery during a short period of rest and prolongs performance time in subsequent bouts of exercise . LCG also appears to be an effective method for body cooling that promotes heat dissipation during uncompensable heat stress Background In uncontrolled before-after studies , CONSORT was shown to improve the reporting of r and omised trials . Before-after studies ignore underlying secular trends and may overestimate the impact of interventions . Our aim was to assess the impact of the 2007 STROBE statement publication on the quality of observational study reporting , using both uncontrolled before-after analyses and interrupted time series . Methods For this quasi-experimental study , original articles reporting cohort , case-control , and cross-sectional studies published between 2004 and 2010 in the four dermatological journals having the highest 5-year impact factors ( ≥4 ) were selected . We compared the proportions of STROBE items ( STROBE score ) adequately reported in each article during three periods , two pre STROBE period ( 2004–2005 and 2006–2007 ) and one post STROBE period ( 2008–2010 ) . Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was also performed . Results Of the 456 included articles , 187 ( 41 % ) reported cohort studies , 166 ( 36.4 % ) cross-sectional studies , and 103 ( 22.6 % ) case-control studies .  The median STROBE score was 57 % ( range , 18%–98 % ) . Before-after analysis evidence d significant STROBE score increases between the two pre-STROBE periods and between the earliest pre-STROBE period and the post-STROBE period ( median score2004–05 48 % versus median score2008–10 58 % , p<0.001 ) but not between the immediate pre-STROBE period and the post-STROBE period ( median score2006–07 58 % versus median score2008–10 58 % , p = 0.42 ) . In the pre STROBE period , the six-monthly mean STROBE score increased significantly , by 1.19 % per six-month period ( absolute increase 95%CI , 0.26 % to 2.11 % , p = 0.016 ) . By segmented analysis , no significant changes in STROBE score trends occurred ( −0.40 % ; 95%CI , −2.20 to 1.41 ; p = 0.64 ) in the post STROBE statement publication . Interpretation The quality of reports increased over time but was not affected by STROBE . Our findings raise concerns about the relevance of uncontrolled before-after analysis for estimating the impact of guidelines OBJECTIVES The purpose was to determine if an air-filled vest worn under ballistic protection reduces physiological strain during exercise in the heat either while wearing a tactical military ( TM ) protective vest or a law enforcement ( LE ) concealable vest . METHODS Sixteen men ( 24.5±3.9 years ; 179.5±5.6 cm ; 84.6±12.3 kg ) performed either two or four trials of treadmill walking ( 1.34 m s(-1 ) ; 2 % grade ) over 120 min in a hot , dry environment ( 37 ° C , 30 % relative humidity , wind speed 3.5 m s(-1 ) ) . Participants completed trials wearing a TM or LE , with either the air-filled vest ( TMa ; LEa ) or no vest ( TMc ; LEc ) in r and om order . During trials , participants wore Army Combat Uniform pants . Physiological variables measured every 5min included gastrointestinal temperature ( T GI ) , mean skin temperature ( T sk ) , and heart rate ( HR ) . Sweat rate ( SR ) was calculated based on fluid intake and body mass measures . RESULTS In the tactical trial ( TMa versus TMc ) , no differences in final T GI ( 38.2±0.4 versus 38.3±0.4 ° C ) , T sk ( 35.0±0.9 versus 35.0±1.0 ° C ) , HR ( 142±19 versus 143±23 bpm ) existed ( P>0.05 ) . In the LE trials ( LEa versus LEc ) , no differences in final T GI ( 38.0±0.4 versus 38.1±0.3 ° C ) , T sk ( 35.3±1.1 versus 35.6±0.9 ° C ) , HR ( 132±20 versus 135±20 bpm ) existed ( P>0.05 ) . Despite slightly higher SR , there was no statistical difference in TM ( 1.15±1.13 versus 1.54±0.46 l h(-1 ) ; P=0.10 ) or in LE ( 1.39±0.52 versus 1.37±0.18 l h(-1 ) ; P=0.35 ) during trials . CONCLUSION When participants exercised with a TM or LE while wearing the air-filled vest , there were no thermoregulatory and physiological differences compared to control trials . In our testing conditions , the air-filled device had little effect on physiological responses during prolonged mild exercise in the heat The relationship among changes in thirst sensations , blood variables , and differential fluid intake in hypohydrated humans was examined . Seven subjects were hypohydrated by 0 % , 3 % , 5 % , and 7 % of their body weight on four separate trials which were systematic ally r and omized between subjects . Hypohydration levels were achieved with a regimen of restricted food and fluid intake and moderate heat-exercise stress . Statistically significant linear and quadratic trends were found for the intensity of several sensations with progressive hypohydration levels . In general , plasma osmolality and renin activity increased and plasma volume decreased with increasing hypohydration levels . During a one hour period of ad lib drinking , all subjects consumed insufficient fluid to rehydrate back to baseline body weights . Using regression analyses , fluid intake was predicted by the magnitude of subjective and physiological indices of hypohydration . Results demonstrate that both hypovolemia and plasma osmolality contribute significantly to fluid intake in hypohydrated humans . The results also indicate that thirst sensations make a substantial contribution to differential fluid intake in humans Abstract Cleary , MA , Toy , MG , and Lopez , RM . Thermoregulatory , cardiovascular , and perceptual responses to intermittent cooling during exercise in a hot , humid outdoor environment . J Strength Cond Res 28(3 ) : 792–806 , 2014—Decreasing core body temperature during exercise may improve exercise tolerance , facilitate acclimatization , and prevent heat illness during summer training . We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent superficial cooling on thermoregulatory , cardiovascular , and perceptual responses during exercise in a hot humid environment . We used a r and omized , counterbalanced , repeated measures investigation with 2 conditions ( control and cooling ) during exercise and recovery outdoors on artificial turf in a hot , humid tropical climate in the sun ( wet bulb globe temperature outdoors [ WBGTo ] , 27.0 ± 0.8 ° C ; range , 25.8–28.1 ° C ) and in the shade ( WBGTo , 25.4 ± 0.9 ° C ; range , 24.3–26.8 ° C ) . Participants were 10 healthy males ( age , 22.6 ± 1.6 years ; height , 176.0 ± 6.9 cm ; mass , 76.5 ± 7.8 kg ; body fat , 15.6 ± 5.4 % ) who wore  shorts and T-shirt ( control ) or “ phase change cooling ” vest ( cooling ) during 5-minute rest breaks during 60 minutes of intense American football training and conditioning exercises in the heat and 30 minutes of recovery in the shade . Throughout , we measured core ( Tgi ) and skin ( Tchest ) temperature , heart rate ( HR ) , thermal and thirst sensations , and rating of perceived exertion . We found significant ( p ⩽ 0.001 ) hypohydration ( −2.1 % ) ; for Tgi , we found no significant differences between conditions ( p = 0.674 ) during exercise and progressive decreases during recovery ( p < 0.001 ) . For [INCREMENT]Tg , i we found no significant ( p = 0.090 ) differences . For Tchest , we found significantly ( p < 0.001 ) decreased skin temperature in the cooling condition ( Tchest , 31.85 ± 0.43 ° C ) compared with the control condition ( Tchest , 34.38 ± 0.43 ° C ) during exercise and significantly ( p < 0.001 ) lower skin temperature in the cooling condition ( Tchest , 31.24 ± 0.47 ° C ) compared with the control condition ( Tchest , 33.48 ± 0. 
    Output:
    
HBCGs ( ( PCMs ) and ( ACGs ) ) are effective means in hot , moderate , humid or dry environments