***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combined weights and plyometrics program on golf drive performance .  Eleven male golfers ' full golf swing was analyzed for club head speed ( CS ) and driving distance ( DD ) before and after an 8-week training program . The control group ( n = 5 ) continued their normal training , while the experimental group ( n = 6 ) performed 2 sessions per week of weight training and plyometrics . Controls showed no significant ( p > 0.05 ) changes , while experimental subjects showed a significant increase ( p > 0.05 ) in CS and DD . The changes in golf drive performance were attributed to an increase in muscular force and an improvement in the sequential acceleration of body parts contributing to a greater final velocity being applied to the ball . It was concluded that specific combined weights and plyometrics training can help increase CS and DD in club golfers Abstract Reliability refers to the reproducibility of values of a test , assay or other measurement in repeated trials on the same individuals . Better reliability implies better precision of single measurements and better tracking of changes in measurements in research or practical setting s. The main measures of reliability are within-subject r and om variation , systematic change in the mean , and retest correlation . A simple , adaptable form of within-subject variation is the typical ( st and ard ) error of measurement : the st and ard deviation of an individual ’s repeated measurements . For many measurements in sports medicine and science , the typical error is best expressed as a coefficient of variation ( percentage of the mean ) . A biased , more limited form of within-subject variation is the limits of agreement : the 95 % likely range of change of an individual ’s measurements between 2 trials . Systematic changes in the mean of a measure between consecutive trials represent such effects as learning , motivation or fatigue ; these changes need to be eliminated from estimates of within-subject variation . Retest correlation is difficult to interpret , mainly because its value is sensitive to the heterogeneity of the sample of participants . Uses of reliability include decision-making when monitoring individuals , comparison of tests or equipment , estimation of sample size in experiments and estimation of the magnitude of individual differences in the response to a treatment . Reasonable precision for estimates of reliability requires approximately 50 study participants and at least 3 trials . Studies aim ed at assessing variation in reliability between tests or equipment require complex design s and analyses that research ers seldom perform correctly . A wider underst and ing of reliability and adoption of the typical error as the st and ard measure of reliability would improve the assessment of tests and equipment in our disciplines Functional training programs have been used in a variety of rehabilitation setting s with documented success . Based on that success , the concept of functional training has gained popularity in applied fitness setting s to enhance sport performance . However , there has been little or no research study ing the efficacy of functional training programs on the improvement of sport performance or functional fitness . Thus , it was the purpose of this study to determine the effect of a progressive functional training program on club head speed and functional fitness in older male golfers . Eighteen male golfers ( age : 70.7 ± 9.1 [ SD ] years ) were r and omly assigned to an exercise ( N = 11 ) or control ( N = 7 ) group . The exercise group participated in an 8-week progressive functional training program including flexibility exercises , core stability exercises , balance exercises , and resistance exercises . Pre- and post measurements included club head speed of a driver by radar ( exercise and Control ) and Fullerton Senior Fitness Test measurements ( exercise only ) . One-way analysis of covariance was performed on club head speed measurements using pretest measurements as the covariate . Paired t-tests were performed to analyze Senior Fitness Test variables . After the intervention , maximal club head speed increased in the exercise group ( 127.3 ± 13.4 to 133.6 ± 14.2 km·hr−1 ) compared with the control group ( 134.5 ± 14.6 to 133.3 ± 11.2 km·hr−1 ; p < 0.05 ) . Additionally , improvements ( p < 0.05 ) were detected for most Senior Fitness Test variables in the exercise group . In summary , this functional training program result ed in significant improvements in club head speed and several components of functional fitness . Future research should continue to examine the effect of functional training programs on sport performance and functional fitness in older adults Objectives : To determine whether a golf specific warm up programme ( both immediately prior to play and after performing it five times a week for 5 weeks ) improved performance in 10 male golfers compared with 10 controls matched for age , sex , and h and icap . Methods : Twenty male golfers were matched for age ( ±2 years ) and h and icap ( ±1 stroke ) . Club head speed was assessed by two dimensional video analysis in a laboratory setting . In week 1 , all golfers performed 10 strokes . In weeks 2 and 7 , the controls underwent the same procedure as in week 1 . The exercise group performed the golf specific warm up followed by their 10 strokes . Between weeks 2 and 7 , the exercise group performed the specially design ed warm up five times a week for 5 weeks . Results : The mean club head speeds of the exercise group improved at each testing week . Between weeks 1 and 2 , golfers in the exercise group improved their club head speed on average by 3–6 m/s ( 12.8 % ) , and between weeks 1 and 7 , they increased their club head speeds by 7–10 m/s ( 24.0 % ) . With the exception of one golfer whose club head speed varied by 1.7 m/s , the mean club head speeds of the golfers in the control group hardly varied over the testing period ( range : 0.3–0.8 m/s ) . A significant difference ( p = 0.029 ) was found between the mean club head speeds of the exercise and control groups over the duration of the study , and a significant interaction over time ( p<0.001 ) was also found . Conclusions : This study has shown that golfers ’ performances will be significantly improved by undertaking a golf specific warm up programme compared with not performing the warm up Substantial research has indicated the beneficial effect of physical activity on physical fitness and activities of daily living in older adults , but none have investigated the effects on performance of recreational activities . This investigation studied the effect of an exercise program on fitness and golf-clubhead speed in older men . Thirty-one golfers ( mean age 65.1 + /- 6.2 years ) were r and omly assigned to a treatment ( n = 19 ) or control ( n = 12 ) group . The treatment group completed an 8-week strength and flexibility program . Assessment s included 10-RM muscle strength ; selected range-of-motion ( ROM ) measurements ; and golf-clubhead speed ( CHS ) . ANCOVA revealed significant differences between groups ( p < .005 ) for all strength measurements and several ROM measurements . CHS was significantly different ( p < .05 ) between groups after the intervention . Mean CHS improved from 85.0 to 87.1 miles/hr ( 136.8 to 140.2 km/hr ) . These results indicate that a strength and flexibility program can improve golf performance  in older adults 
    Output:
    
Most studies assessed changes in fitness characteristics and generally result ed in improvements .
The findings from this review suggest that strength and conditioning programmes can have a positive effect on the golf swing and fitness characteristics of golfers .
The majority of studies in this review evaluated the effects of generic conditioning programmes on fitness characteristics and club head speed .