***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Although nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) has shown efficacy in r and omized controlled trials , population effectiveness has appeared to diminish after it became available over the counter . The present study examined the population effectiveness of  bupropion . It also examined whether population effectiveness of pharmaceutical-aid use in general ( NRT , bupropion , or both ) might be influenced by environmental factors : Having a smoke-free home ( possible indication of motivation to quit ) or no other smoker in the household . Data from the large population -based cross-sectional 1999 and 2002 California Tobacco Surveys were combined to improve statistical power for subgroup analyses of duration of abstinence following the most recent quit attempt in the past year . Moderate-to-heavy daily smokers ( at least 15 cigarettes/day ) a year prior to the survey ( N = 2,640 ) were the main focus . A Cox proportional-hazards analysis suggested that bupropion was effective , perhaps even in the longer term . Further analyses identified significant interactions on abstinence duration between having a smoke-free home and any pharmaceutical-aid use ( NRT , bupropion , or both ) , and between having a smoke-free home and no other smoker in the household . Although pharmaceutical aids may have had a slight short-term benefit if the home was not smoke free , they appeared particularly effective if the home was smoke free , both in the short and longer term . The California population experience supports the policy that programs subsidizing pharmaceutical aids to help smokers quit ( particularly bupropion , if appropriate ) should target highly motivated smokers who have already taken a behavioral action , such as implementing a smoke-free home BACKGROUND Sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of cigarette smoking . It is not known whether psychological intervention increases the efficacy of these antidepressants . This study compared both drugs with placebo . It also examined the efficacy of these 2 drugs and placebo with and without psychological intervention . METHODS This was a 2 ( medical management vs psychological intervention ) x 3 ( bupropion vs nortriptyline vs placebo ) r and omized trial . Participants were 220 cigarette smokers . Outcome measures were biologically verified abstinence from cigarettes at weeks 12 , 24 , 36 , and 52 . RESULTS Psychological intervention produced higher 7-day point-prevalence rates of biochemically verified abstinence than did medical management alone . With the use of point-prevalence abstinence , both nortriptyline and bupropion were more efficacious than placebo . On rates of 1-year continuous abstinence , the 2 drugs did not differ from each other or from placebo . Psychological intervention did not differ from medical management alone on rates of 1-year continuous abstinence . CONCLUSIONS Both nortriptyline and bupropion are efficacious in producing abstinence in cigarette smokers . Similarly , psychological intervention produces better abstinence rates than simple medical management . Both drugs , and psychological intervention , have limited efficacy in producing sustained abstinence . The data also suggest that combined psychological intervention and antidepressant drug treatment may not be more effective than antidepressant drug treatment alone Three smoking cessation interventions design ed for use by general practitioners ( GPs ) within the routine consultation were evaluated in a field setting using 26 GPs throughout metropolitan Sydney . A total of 450 smoking patients were allocated to either Structured Behavioral Change with nicotine gum ( Group SBCN ) , Structured Behavioral Change without nicotine gum ( Group SBC ) , or GP advice with nicotine gum ( Group AN ) . Although significant differences in the percentage of abstainers were observed between Groups SBCN and SBC three weeks after treatment ( 39 % vs. 26 % ) , the point prevalence abstinence rate for patients at 12 months declined to 19 , 18 , and 12 % for Groups SBCN , SBC , and AN , respectively . Continuous abstinence to the end of the 12-month period was 9 % for Groups SBCN and SBC , and 6 % for Group AN . Forty-eight percent of the 450 patients made an attempt to stop smoking , and 89 % reduced their cigarette consumption at some point during the study . Examination of 132 self- selecting patients who fully participated in the three interventions and attended all scheduled visits , revealed significantly larger proportions of abstainers within Groups SBCN ( 34 % ) and SBC ( 33 % ) than in Group AN ( 15 % ) at the 12-month follow-up Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly Efficacy of bupropion SR and individual counseling as smoking cessation treatments was assessed in a r and omized ,  placebo-controlled clinical trial among adult daily smokers .  Bupropion SR treatment and counseling were fully crossed in this factorial design so that the efficacy of each treatment and the combination could be estimated , relative to a placebo medication and assessment control condition . Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that bupropion SR increased abstinence rates at the end of treatment , relative to the placebo medication conditions , for both biochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence ( OR = 1.97 , 95 % CI 1.04 - 3.72 ) and self-reported prolonged abstinence ( OR = 2.90 , 95 % CI 1.66 - 5.06 ) . Bupropion SR treatment also improved latency to lapse and relapse and improved the latency between lapse and relapse in survival analyses . Medication effects were more modest for both 12-month point-prevalence abstinence ( OR = 1.47 , 95 % CI 0.74 - 2.92 ) and prolonged abstinence ( OR = 1.34 , 95 % CI 0.66 - 2.72 ) . Counseling was not associated with increases in the likelihood of abstinence at any time point ( odds ratios ranged from 0.80 to 1.16 across abstinence outcomes in the full intent-to-treat sample ) . Counseling and medication did not significantly interact at any time point , and adding counseling did not improve end-of-treatment point-prevalence abstinence ( OR = 1.17 , 95 % CI 0.68 - 2.03 ) or prolonged abstinence ( OR = 1.26 , 95 % CI 0.75 - 2.12 ) substantially when offered in conjunction with active medication BACKGROUND We previously documented that cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking-related weight concerns ( CONCERNS ) improves cessation rates . However , the efficacy of combining CONCERNS with cessation medication is unknown . We sought to determine if the combination of CONCERNS and bupropion therapy would enhance abstinence for weight-concerned women smokers . METHODS In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , weight-concerned women ( n = 349 ; 86 % white ) received smoking cessation counseling and were r and omized to 1 of 2 adjunctive counseling components : CONCERNS or ST AND ARD ( st and ard cessation treatment with added discussion of smoking topics but no specific weight focus ) , and 1 of 2 medication conditions : bupropion hydrochloride sustained release ( B ) or placebo ( P ) for 6 months . Rates and duration of biochemically verified prolonged abstinence were the primary outcomes . Point-prevalent abstinence , postcessation weight gain , and changes in nicotine withdrawal , depressive symptoms , and weight concerns were evaluated . RESULTS Women in the CONCERNS + B group had higher rates of abstinence ( 34.0 % ) and longer time to relapse than did those in the ST AND ARD + B ( 21 % ; P = .05 ) or CONCERNS + P ( 11.5 % ; P = .005 ) groups at 6 months , although rates of prolonged abstinence in the CONCERNS + B and ST AND ARD + B groups did not differ significantly at 12 months . Abstinence rates and duration did not differ in the ST AND ARD + B group ( 21 % and 19 % ) compared with the ST AND ARD + P group ( 10 % and 7 % ) at 6 and 12 months , respectively . There were no differences among abstinent women in postcessation weight gain or weight concerns , although ST AND ARD + B produced greater decreases in nicotine withdrawal and depressive symptoms than did ST AND ARD + P. CONCLUSIONS Weight-concerned women smokers receiving the combination of CONCERNS + B were most likely to sustain abstinence . This effect was not related to differences in postcessation weight gain or changes in weight concerns . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00006170 AIM To assess the smoking prevalence and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy on the quitting rate after 3 weeks of therapy and after 1- and 5-year follow-up among health care workers with a smoking habit in Split , Croatia . METHODS Among 311 hospital health professionals included in the study , there were 112 ( 36 % ) smokers ; 44 ( 39 % ) of them were physicians and 68 ( 61 % ) nurses . In a r and omized double-blind study , 112 smokers were divided in 2 groups , applying daily either a transdermal nicotine system ( TNS ) or placebo patch over 3 weeks .  Abstinence was evaluated via question naire and on the basis of carbon monoxide concentration measured in the exhaled breath . RESULTS The abstinence rates after the 3-week intervention period were 39 % in the TNS group and almost 20 % in the control group ( chi-square test , p=0.038 ) . After one year , these rates declined to 23 % and 16 % , respectively ( p=0.476 ) , and converged to 18 % and 14 % ( p=0.797 ) , respectively , at 5-year follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Short-term TNS treatment is effective in smoking cessation , although the effects steadily wane over time and the relapse rate is high . Continuous , structured , and composite efforts are needed for the maintenance of the non-smoking behavior In this double-blind , placebo-controlled smoking cessation treatment study , 608 participants were r and omly assigned to receive active bupropion and active 4-mg gum ( AA , n = 228 ) , active bupropion and placebo gum ( AP , n = 224 ) , or placebo bupropion and placebo gum ( PP , n = 156 ) . Relative to the PP group , the AA and AP groups were each significantly more likely to be abstinent at 1 week , end of treatment , and 6 months but not at 12 months postquit . After the first week postquit there were no differences in abstinence rates between the AA and AP groups . We found no significant individual difference variables that moderated outcome beyond 1 week postquit Recent research on treatments to stop smoking has focused almost entirely on nicotine replacement , and several meta-analyses testify to the efficacy of four delivery systems.1 Although the ultimate goal of treatment is lifelong cessation , few trials have published results of abstinence beyond one year . Little consideration has therefore been given to whether the treatment is effective in reducing the major health risks of smoking . This effect would become evident only after many years of abstinence . Our r and omised trial showed that the use of nicotine nasal spray compared with a placebo spray was associated with more than double the number of abstainers at one year.2 We report the results from a longer term follow up to estimate the impact of relapse after one year on effectiveness . A total of 227 heavy smokers entered the trial ; 116 were given IMPORTANCE Smoking cessation medications are routinely used in health care ; it is vital to identify medications that most effectively treat this leading cause of prevent 
    Output:
    
The proportion of smokers who use smoking cessation medications who benefit from doing so decreases during the course of the first year , but a net benefit still remains at 12 months