***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: AIM To determine the long-term efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BM-MNCs ) transplantation in terms of improving liver function and reducing complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis . METHODS A total of 47 in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this trial , including 32 patients undergoing a single BM-MNCs transplantation plus routine medical treatment , and 15 patients receiving medical treatment only as controls . Forty-three of 47 patients were infected with hepatitis B virus . Bone marrow of 80 - 100 mL was obtained from each patient and the BM-MNCs suspension was transfused into the liver via the hepatic artery . The efficacy of BM-MNCs transplantation was monitored during a 24-mo follow-up period . RESULTS Liver function parameters in the two groups were observed at 1 mo after BM-MNCs transfusion . Prealbumin level was 118.3 ± 25.3 mg/L vs 101.4 ± 28.7 mg/L ( P = 0.047 ) ; albumin level was 33.5 ± 3.6 g/L vs 30.3 ± 2.2 g/L ( P = 0.002 ) ; total bilirubin 36.9 ± 9.7 mmol/L vs 45.6 ± 19.9 mmol/L ( P = 0.048 ) ; prothrombin time 14.4 ± 2.3 s vs 15.9 ± 2.8 s ( P = 0.046 ) ; prothrombin activity 84.3 % ± 14.3 % vs 74.4 % ± 17.8 % ( P = 0.046 ) ; fibrinogen 2.28 ± 0.53 g/L vs 1.89 ± 0.44 g/L ( P = 0.017 ) ; and platelet count 74.5 ± 15.7 × 10(9)/L vs 63.3 ± 15.7 × 10(9)/L ( P = 0.027 ) in the treatment group and control group , respectively . Differences were statistically significant . The efficacy  of BM-MNCs transplantation lasted 3 - 12 mo as compared with the control group . Serious complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were also significantly reduced in BM-MNCs transfused patients compared with the controls . However , these improvements disappeared 24 mo after transplantation . CONCLUSION BM-MNCs transplantation is safe and effective in patients with decompensated cirrhosis . It also decreases the incidence of serious complications Summary Background More than half of patients with multiple sclerosis have progressive disease characterised by accumulating disability . The absence of treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis represents a major unmet clinical need . On the basis of evidence that mesenchymal stem cells have a beneficial effect in acute and chronic animal models of multiple sclerosis , we aim ed to assess the safety and efficacy of these cells as a potential neuroprotective treatment for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis . Methods Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis involving the visual pathways ( exp and ed disability status score 5·5–6·5 ) were recruited from the East Anglia and north London regions of the UK . Participants received intravenous  infusion of autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in this open-label study . Our primary objective was to assess feasibility and safety ; we compared adverse events from up to 20 months before treatment until up to 10 months after the infusion . As a secondary objective , we chose efficacy outcomes to assess the anterior visual pathway as a model of wider disease . Masked endpoint analyses was used for electrophysiological and selected imaging outcomes . We used piecewise linear mixed models to assess the change in gradients over time at the point of intervention . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT00395200 . Findings We isolated , exp and ed , characterised , and administered mesenchymal stem cells in ten patients . The mean dose was 1·6 × 106 cells per kg bodyweight ( range 1·1–2·0 ) . One patient developed a transient rash shortly after treatment ; two patients had self-limiting bacterial infections 3–4 weeks after treatment . We did not identify any serious adverse events . We noted improvement after treatment in visual acuity ( difference in monthly rates of change −0·02 logMAR units , 95 % CI −0·03 to −0·01 ; p=0·003 ) and visual evoked response latency ( −1·33 ms , −2·44 to −0·21 ; p=0·020 ) , with an increase in optic nerve area ( difference in monthly rates of change 0·13 mm2 , 0·04 to 0·22 ; p=0·006 ) . We did not identify any significant effects on colour vision , visual fields , macular volume , retinal nerve fibre layer thickness , or optic nerve magnetisation transfer ratio . Interpretation Autologous mesenchymal stem cells were safely given to patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in our study . The evidence of structural , functional , and physiological improvement after treatment in some visual endpoints is suggestive of neuroprotection . Funding Medical Research Council , Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Northern Irel and , Evelyn Trust , NHS National Institute for Health Research , Cambridge and UCLH Biomedical Research Centres , Wellcome Trust , Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation , and Sir David and Isobel Walker Trust Background : Chronic hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection may eventually lead to decompensated liver cirrhosis , which is a terminal illness . Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of autologous peripheral blood stem cell ( APBSC ) transplantation to improve portal vein hemodynamics in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . Patients and Methods : This prospect i ve study included 68 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . These patients were divided into two groups : the transplantation group included 33 patients , while the control group included 35 . Both groups received conventional medical treatment simultaneously , and APBSC transplantation was performed on the patients in the transplantation group . We evaluated the effects of APBSC transplantation on postoperative liver function using the following indices : total bilirubin , serum prothrombin and albumin , spleen size , and portal vein hemodynamics . Postoperatively , all of the patients were followed up at 24 , 36 , and 48 weeks . Results : The transplantation group had no serious reactions . Compared with the control group , albumin and prothrombin activity in the transplantation group was significantly improved at 24 , 36 , and 48 weeks after the procedure , and spleen length and portal vein diameter were substantially reduced at 48 weeks . The velocity of peak portal vein blood flow and mean maximum portal vein blood flow were greatly increased in the APBSC transplantation group at 36 and 48 weeks , respectively ; however , there was also decreased portal vein diameter , which reduced portal vein pressure in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . Conclusions : APBSC transplantation greatly benefits HBV-linked decompensated cirrhosis patients and should be recommended in clinical practice Objectives Counseling patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure ( ACHBLF ) on their individual risk of short-term mortality is challenging . This study aim ed to develop a conditional survival estimate ( CSE ) for predicting individualized mortality risk in ACHBLF patients . Methods We performed a large prospect i ve cohort study of 278 ACHBLF patients from December 2010 to December 2013 at three participating medical centers . The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative overall survival ( OS ) . Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze the risk factors associated with OS . 4-week CSE at “ X ” week after diagnostic established were calculated as CS4 = OS(X+4)/OS(X ) . Results The actual OS at 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 weeks were 80.5 % , 71.8 % , 69.3 % , 66.0 % and 63.7 % , respectively . Using CSE , the probability of surviving an additional 4 weeks , given that the patient had survived for 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 weeks was 74 % , 86 % , 92 % , 93 % , 97 % , respectively . Patients with worse prognostic feathers , including MELD > 25 , Child grade C , age > 45 , HE , INR > 2.5 , demonstrated the greatest increase in CSE over time , when compared with the “ favorable ” one ( Δ36 % vs. Δ10 % ; Δ28 % vs. Δ16 % ; Δ29 % vs. Δ15 % ; Δ60 % vs. Δ12 % ; Δ33 % vs. Δ12 % ; all P < 0.001 ; respectively ) . Conclusions This easy-to-use CSE can accurately predict the changing probability of survival over time . It may facilitate risk communication between patients and physicians Mortality from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure ( ACLF ) is high due to limited treatment options . Pre clinical and clinical investigations have proved that treatment with mesenchymal stromal cells ( MSCs ) is beneficial for recovery from liver injury . We hypothesized that the outcome of HBV-related ACLF would be improved by MSC treatment . From 2010 to 2013 , 110 patients with HBV-related ACLF were enrolled in this open-label , nonblinded r and omized controlled study . The control group ( n = 54 ) was treated with st and ard medical therapy ( SMT ) only . The experimental group ( n = 56 ) was infused weekly for 4 weeks with 1.0 to 10 × 105 cells/kg allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs and then followed for 24 weeks . The cumulated survival rate of the MSC group was 73.2 % ( 95 % confidence interval 61.6%-84.8 % ) versus 55.6 % ( 95 % confidence interval 42.3%-68.9 % ) for the SMT group ( P = 0.03 ) . There were no infusion-related side effects , but fever was more frequent in MSC compared to SMT patients during weeks 5 - 24 of follow-up . No carcinoma occurred in any trial patient in either group . Compared with the control group , allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSC treatment markedly improved clinical laboratory measurements , including serum total bilirubin and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores . The incidence of severe infection in the MSC group was much lower than that in the SMT group ( 16.1 % versus 33.3 % , P = 0.04 ) . Mortality from multiple organ failure and severe infection was higher in the SMT group than in the MSC group ( 37.0 % versus 17.9 % , P = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Peripheral infusion of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs is safe and convenient for patients with HBV-related ACLF and significantly increases the 24-week survival rate by improving liver function and decreasing the incidence of severe infections . ( Hepatology 2017;66:209 - 219 ) UNLABELLED The present study assessed the effects of intraportal infusions of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells ( MNCs ) and /or CD133 + cells on liver function in patients with decompensated cirrhosis . We r and omly assigned 27 eligible patients to a placebo , MNCs , and /or CD133 + cells . Cell infusions were performed at baseline and month 3 . We considered the absolute changes in the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease ( MELD ) scores at months 3 and 6 after infusion as the primary outcome . The participants and those who assessed the outcomes were unaware of the treatment intervention assignments . After 6 months , 9 patients were excluded because of liver transplantation ( n=3 ) , hepatocellular carcinoma ( n=1 ) , loss to follow-up ( n=3 ) , and death ( n=2 ) . The final analysis included 4 patients from the CD133 + group , 8 from the MNC group , and 6 from the placebo group . No improvement was seen in the MELD score at month 6 using either CD133 + cells or MNC infusions compared with placebo . However , at month 3 after infusion , a trend was seen toward a higher mean absolute change in the MELD score in patients who had received CD133 + cells compared with placebo ( -2.00±1.87 vs. -0.13±1.46 ; p=.08 ) . No significant adverse events occurred in the present study . A transient improvement in the MELD score was observed in subjects treated with CD133 + cells but not in the MNC or placebo group . Although the study was not powered to make definitive conclusions , the data justify further study of CD133 + therapy in cirrhotic patients . SIGNIFICANCE Cell therapy is a new approach in liver disease . Several clinical experiments have been reported on the safety of bone marrow-derived stem cells to treat liver disorders . However , the effectiveness of these approaches in the long-term follow-ups of patients initiated controversial discussion 
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Conclusion This study suggests that the clinical outcomes of stem cell therapy were satisfied in patients with ACLF in the short-term .
MSCs may be better than BM-MNCs in the stem cells transplantation of ACLF .