***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: CONTEXT : Although cognitive aspects of meditation underlie much of its clinical application , very little research has examined meditation 's cognitive consequences . This investigation provides experimental support for the idea that meditation leads to a reduction in habitual responding using r and omly selected subjects , a secular form of meditation , and a full experimental design . OBJECTIVE : To test the hypothesis that meditation leads to a reduction in habitual responding . DESIGN : Studies 1 and 2 each incorporated pre-test and post-test design s with a 20-minute intervening attention task ( meditation , rest , or a cognitive control ) . SETTING : Yale University in New Haven , Conn , and the University of California , Berkeley . PARTICIPANTS : One hundred and twenty and 90 undergraduates participated in Studies 1 and 2 , respectively . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Stroop  and Word Production ( category generation and stem-completion ) tasks assessed habitual responding in Study 1 . Galvanic Skin response measured arousal in Study 1 . The category generation task assessed habitual responding in Study 2 . Tellegen 's Absorption Scale ( TAS ) measured attention ability . RESULTS : In Study 1 ,  meditation participants showed a reduction in habitual responding on the Stroop task as compared to controls . Study 1 revealed no statistically significant effects in the word production task . Stroop task performance was not mediated by arousal reduction . In Study 2 ,  meditation participants showed a reduction in habitual responding on the category production task . Specifically , when participants generated either typical or atypical items , on average , meditation participants produced more atypical items than controls . Category production performance was not mediated by Tellegen 's Absorption Scale ( TAS ) scores . Overall , high TAS scores were related to atypical responding . CONCLUSION : Across cognitive tasks , when participants understood that the goal was to respond non-habitually , meditation reduced habitual responding BACKGROUND Individuals with a history of recurrent depression have a high risk of repeated depressive relapse or recurrence .  Maintenance antidepressants for at least 2 years is the current recommended treatment , but many individuals are interested in alternatives to medication . Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) has been shown to reduce risk of relapse or recurrence compared with usual care , but has not yet been compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in a definitive trial . We aim ed to see whether MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressant treatment ( MBCT-TS ) was superior to maintenance antidepressants for prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence over 24 months . METHODS In this single-blind , parallel , group r and omised controlled trial ( PREVENT ) , we recruited adult patients with three or more previous major depressive episodes and on a therapeutic dose of maintenance antidepressants , from primary care general practice s in urban and rural setting s in the UK . Participants were r and omly assigned to either MBCT-TS or maintenance antidepressants ( in a 1:1 ratio ) with a computer-generated r and om number sequence with stratification by centre and symptomatic status . Participants were aware of treatment allocation and research assessors were masked to treatment allocation . The primary outcome was time to relapse or recurrence of depression , with patients followed up at five separate intervals during the 24-month study period . The primary analysis was based on the principle of intention to treat . The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials , IS RCT N26666654 . FINDINGS Between March 23 , 2010 , and Oct 21 , 2011 , we assessed 2188 participants for eligibility and recruited 424 patients from 95 general practice s. 212 patients were r and omly assigned to MBCT-TS and 212 to maintenance antidepressants . The time to relapse or recurrence of depression did not differ between MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants over 24 months ( hazard ratio 0·89 , 95 % CI 0·67 - 1·18 ; p=0·43 ) , nor did the number of serious adverse events . Five adverse events were reported , including two deaths , in each of the MBCT-TS and maintenance antidepressants groups . No adverse events were attributable to the interventions or the trial . INTERPRETATION We found no evidence that MBCT-TS is superior to maintenance antidepressant treatment for the prevention of depressive relapse in individuals at risk for depressive relapse or recurrence . Both treatments were associated with enduring positive outcomes in terms of relapse or recurrence , residual depressive symptoms , and quality of life . FUNDING National Institute for Health Research ( NIHR ) Health Technology Assessment ( HTA ) programme , and NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula Rationale An involvement of 5-HT1A receptors is postulated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders and mechanism of action of antidepressants . Methods for study ing their functional integrity in humans are , however , limited . Preliminary data suggests that activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors cause a negative shift in the EEG frequency spectrum . Animal research suggests that pindolol is an agonist at these receptors but an antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors . Objective We postulated that while pindolol would antagonise known postsynaptic mediated neuroendocrine responses to the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone , both drugs would have a similar effect on the EEG frequency spectrum . Methods Fourteen healthy men were administered placebo or pindolol ( 20 mg orally ) 90 min before placebo or buspirone ( 30 mg orally ) in a double blind cross-over study . Plasma prolactin and growth hormone were assayed and EEGs recorded before and after drug administration . Results A significant negative shift in the EEG frequency spectrum was found for both buspirone and pindolol , with the combination producing a similar effect to each drug alone . In contrast , the neuroendocrine response to buspirone was significantly attenuated by pindolol . Conclusions The data obtained are consistent with the EEG effects of buspirone and pindolol being mediated by somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors , in contrast to the neuroendocrine response , which is known to be mediated by postsynaptic receptors . The development of this novel method of assessing somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in humans is a potentially important advance which may allow the testing of hypotheses of its involvement in depression and response to antidepressants Meditation-based interventions reduce the relapse risk in recurrently depressed patients . R and omized trials utilizing neurophysiologic outcome measures , however , have yielded inconsistent results with regard to a prophylactic effect . Although frontal brain asymmetry , assessed through electroencephalographic ( EEG ) alpha activity ( 8 - 13 Hz ) , is indicative of approach vs. withdrawal-related response dispositions and represents a vulnerability marker of depression , clinical trials have provided mixed results as to whether meditation has beneficial effects on alpha asymmetry . Inconsistencies might have arisen since such trials relied on resting-state recordings , instead of active paradigms under challenge , as suggested by contemporary notions of alpha asymmetry . We examined two groups of remitted , recurrently depressed females . In a " mindfulness support group " , EEG was recorded during neutral rest , and rest following a negative mood induction . Subsequently , participants received initial meditation instructions . EEG was then obtained during an active period of guided mindfulness meditation and rest following the active period . In a " rumination challenge group " ,  EEG  was obtained during the same resting conditions , whereas in the active period , initial meditation instructions were followed by a rumination challenge . A significant shift in mid-frontal asymmetry , yielding a pattern indicative of approach motivation , was observed in the mindfulness support group , specifically during the meditation period . This indicates that mindfulness meditation may have a transient beneficial effect , which enables patients to take an approach-related motivational stance , particularly under circumstances of risk The human brain spontaneously generates neural oscillations with a large variability in frequency , amplitude , duration , and recurrence . Little , however , is known about the long-term spatiotemporal structure of the complex patterns of ongoing activity . A central unresolved issue is whether fluctuations in oscillatory activity reflect a memory of the dynamics of the system for more than a few seconds . We investigated the temporal correlations of network oscillations in the normal human brain at time scales ranging from a few seconds to several minutes . Ongoing activity during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions was recorded with simultaneous magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography . Here we show that amplitude fluctuations of 10 and 20 Hz oscillations are correlated over thous and s of oscillation cycles . Our analyses also indicated that these amplitude fluctuations obey power-law scaling behavior . The scaling exponents were highly invariant across subjects . We propose that the large variability , the long-range correlations , and the power-law scaling behavior of spontaneous oscillations find a unifying explanation within the theory of self-organized criticality , which offers a general mechanism for the emergence of correlations and complex dynamics in stochastic multiunit systems . The demonstrated scaling laws pose novel quantitative constraints on computational models of network oscillations . We argue that critical-state dynamics of spontaneous oscillations may lend neural networks capable of quick reorganization during processing dem and OBJECTIVE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are widely used to treat depression , but the rates , timing , and baseline predictors of remission in " real world " patients are not established . The authors ' primary objectives in this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of citalopram , an SSRI , using measurement-based care in actual practice , and to identify predictors of symptom remission in out patients with major depressive disorder . METHOD This clinical study included out patients with major depressive disorder who were treated in 23 psychiatric and 18 primary care " real world " setting s. The patients received flexible doses of citalopram prescribed by clinicians for up to 14 weeks . The clinicians were assisted by a clinical research coordinator in the application of measurement-based care , which included the routine measurement of symptoms and side effects at each treatment visit and the use of a treatment manual that described when and how to modify medication doses based on these measures . Remission was defined as an exit score of < or=7 on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D ) ( primary outcome ) or a score of < or=5 on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology , Self-Report ( QIDS-SR ) ( secondary outcome ) . Response was defined as a reduction of > or=50 % in baseline QIDS-SR score . RESULTS Nearly 80 % of the 2,876 out patients in the analyzed sample had chronic or recurrent major depression ; most also had a number of comorbid general medical and psychiatric conditions . The mean exit citalopram dose was 41.8 mg/day . Remission rates were 28 % ( HAM-D ) and 33 % ( QIDS-SR ) . The response rate was 47 % ( QIDS-SR ) . Patients in primary and psychiatric care setting s did not differ in remission or response rates . A substantial portion of participants who achieved either response or remission at study exit did so at or after 8 weeks of treatment . Participants who were Caucasian , female , employed , or had higher levels of education or income had higher HAM-D remission rates ; longer index episodes , more concurrent psychiatric disorders ( especially anxiety disorders or drug abuse ) , more general medical disorders , and lower baseline function and quality of life were associated with lower HAM-D remission rates . CONCLUSIONS The response and remission rates in this highly generalizable sample with substantial axis I and axis III comorbidity closely resemble those seen in 8-week efficacy trials . The systematic use of easily implemented measurement-based care procedures may have assisted in achieving these results Mindfulness-based stress reduction ( MBSR ) is an established program shown to reduce symptoms of stress , anxiety , and depression . MBSR is believed to alter emotional responding by modifying cognitive-affective processes . Given that social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) is characterized by emotional and attentional biases as well as distorted negative self-beliefs , we examined MBSR-related changes in the brain-behavior indices of emotional reactivity and regulation of negative self-beliefs in patients with SAD . Sixteen patients underwent functional MRI  while reacting to negative self-beliefs and while regulating negative emotions using 2 types of attention deployment emotion regulation-breath-focused attention and distraction-focused attention . Post-MBSR , 14 patients completed neuroimaging  assessment s. Compared with baseline , MBSR completers showed improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms and self-esteem . During the breath-focused attention task ( but not the distraction-focused attention task ) , they also showed ( a ) decreased negative emotion experience , ( b ) reduced amygdala activity , and ( c ) increased activity in brain regions implicated in attentional deployment .  MBSR training in patients with SAD may reduce emotional reactivity while enhancing emotion regulation . These changes might facilitate reduction in SAD-related avoidance behaviors , clinical symptoms , and automatic emotional reactivity to negative self-beliefs in adults with SAD Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( MBCT ) effectively prevents relapse/recurrence in major depression . The ability to deploy and maintain attention on a particular focus is considered as a prerequisite for ' mindful ' , ' metacognitive ' awareness , and hence crucial for therapy success . Accordingly , sustained concentration is the skill most extensively taught in MBCT . The goal of the present study was to test whether this ability increases after MBCT , as assumed . The late component of the contingent negative variation ( CNV ) , an event-related brain potential ( ERP ) , known to reflect the allocation of attentional re sources , was used as the measure of concentration ability . In the main phase of the study , 91 recurrently depressed patients in remission were r 
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HIGHLIGHTSThe prefrontal cortex , cingulate cortex , and basal ganglia are modified after MBI in depression .
MBIs have modulatory effects on several brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD , such as the prefrontal cortex , the basal ganglia , the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices , and the parietal cortex .
These regions have been implicated in self‐awareness , attention and emotion regulation .
Some of these findings were consistent with the effects of MBIs observed in healthy subjects and patients with other psychiatric disorders , especially enhanced activity in the frontal and subcortical regions related to the improved somatosensory awareness .