***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of different use of amine and stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2)- containing toothpaste with and without a mouthrinse ( MeridolÂ ® ) on plaque accumulation and gingival health after four weeks ' use in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances . METHODS Plaque accumulation and periodontal variables were recorded in 40 volunteers ( mean age : 20.1Â±5.6 years ) , who were r and omly divided into two groups . They refrained from oral hygiene two days before each assessment . The test group brushed with AmF/SnF2 toothpaste twice daily for three minutes and rinsed with an AmF/SnF2 mouthrinse for 30 seconds . The control group used only the AmF/SnF2 toothpaste twice daily , toothbrushing for three minutes . RESULTS Baseline values for plaque index ( PI ) and gingival index ( GI ) were 2.21Â±0.52 and 1.98Â±0.58 ( meanÂ±SD ) in the test group , 2.29Â±0.42 and 2.02Â±0.44 in the control group . After four weeks , PI and GI were 1.32Â±0.42 and 0.93Â±0.59 in the test group , and 1.27Â±0.52 and 1.09Â±0.51 in the control group , respectively . Bleeding on probing at baseline was 40 % in the test group and 37.5 % for the controls ; at the final evaluation , these values were 10.1 % and 12.7 % , respectively . All of the indices were reduced significantly in both groups . There was no statistically significant difference between the groups ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this pilot study , it is suggested that the use of AmF/SnF2-containing products result ed in beneficial clinical effects on plaque accumulation and gingival health after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances . These beneficial effects may be more pronounced after long-term and combined use of these products . A six-month duration study with a larger sample of participants is needed to confirm the promising results from this pilot OBJECTIVES To test the short term clinical effectiveness of commercially available 0.07%.cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment as compared to a placebo mouth rinse and patients using toothbrush and toothpaste . METHOD Forty-five subjects for this double blind study were assigned r and omly into three groups of 15 each . Gingival inflammation , plaque accumulation , and bleeding on probing , were recorded at baseline ( 10 days after prophylaxis ) , and at the end of one month in all the three groups and compared . RESULTS Paired t test showed significant differences in bleeding index for pre and post treatment recordings for cetylpyridinium group . Modified gingival index showed no significant difference in the cetylpyridinium group . For plaque index significant difference was found for cetylpyridinium and control groups . CONCLUSION Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.7 % was found to be effective in reducing the bleeding and plaque index scores . It was not effective in reducing the modified gingival index scores .  Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.07 % improves the oral hygiene of orthodontic patients when used as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene measures The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 0.12 % chlorhexidine gluconate ( CH ) mouthrinse , Peridex , on orthodontic patients 11 through 17 years of age with established gingivitis . Thirty-four subjects were divided into two groups ( CH and placebo ) of 17 subjects each on the basis of gender , and they were evaluated at baseline , at 6 weeks , and at 12 weeks in a double-blinded manner . The gingival index ( GI ) of Löe and Silness , the plaque index ( PI ) of Silness and Löe , the Eastman Interproximal Bleeding Index , and the CWRU staining index were recorded for each subject . The subjects in the CH group , as compared with the placebo group , had statistically significant reductions , expressed as percent reductions against baseline , at the conclusion of this 3-month period : PI = 64.9 % , GI = 60.0 % , and gingival bleeding = 77.2 % . Staining was in the moderate range , and it was concentrated on the m and ibular lingual surfaces . Peridex , in combination with mechanical plaque removal , proved to be an important therapeutic agent in controlling gingival inflammation , bleeding , and plaque accumulation in orthodontic patients 11 through 17 years of age with established gingivitis Multibracket orthodontic appliances increase dental plaque retention and make teethbrushing more difficult for patients . As a result , advice from the orthodontist on oral hygiene along with patient motivation regarding teethbrushing are particularly important . The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of electric toothbrushes with that of manual brushing associated with mouth-rinses comprising chlorhexidine ( 0.12 % ) and 0 % alcohol . To this end , 84 patients receiving current orthodontic treatment were r and omly selected from patients treated at the Dento-Facial Orthopedics department in the Casablanca Dental Consultation and Treatment Center . Selected patients were divided into three groups : Group 1 : manual teethbrushing ; Group 2 : electric teethbrushing ; Group 3 : manual brushing combined with mouth rinse .  Oral hygiene was assessed using the Loe-Silness plaque and gingival indices . Measurements were made before and 4 weeks after the observation period . Results were subjected to statistical comparison in order to determine the group showing greatest improvement and to deduce the best means of controlling bacterial plaque . The electric toothbrush and the chlorhexidine mouth rinse appear to control dental plaque more effectively than manual teethbrushing alone . Following this study , patients receiving multibracket treatment were invited to combine manual brushing with short clinical mouth-rinsing sessions or to use an electric toothbrush In a prospect i ve plaque regrowth study focusing on oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy 12 adolescent patients ( mean age 14.1±1.5 years ) were evaluated twice over 2-day test periods . In the r and omized , double-blind study the influence of a 0.2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) mouthrinse ( Corsodyl ® ) and a commercially available dentifrice supplementing fluoride ( Odol-med-3 ® ) were compared intra- and interindividually in a crossover design with regard to plaque and gingivitis . Before starting the first test phase there was a 14-day preliminary phase for upgrading the oral hygiene . Between the 2 test phases was a 5-day “ washout ” . On the last day of the second test phase the patients were asked to fill in a question naire concerning their experiences during the study .The 0.2 % Corsodyl ®  reduced the plaque index scores significantly ( p<0.001 ) . The gingival index revealed a similar reduction ( 2nd day of test : p=0.03 ) . Until the 5th day of washout a clear-cut carryover effect of the chlorhexidine rinse on the gingival index was observed . Both the lower mean values of the 2 clinical parameters at the beginning of the test phases as compared with those at the beginning of the preliminary phase and the evaluation of the question naires indicated a possible Hawthorne effect.0.2  % Corsodyl ® may be employed as an adjunct to other preventive measures such as professional care and patient-oriented instruction on an intermittent basis in order to reduce the plaque-induced iatrogenic side effects and to enhance the efficacy of oral hygiene measures in connection with orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances . ZusammenfassungZwölf jugendliche Patienten ( Durchschnittsalter 14,1±1,5 Jahre ) wurden zweimal i m Rahmen einer jeweils zweitägigen prospektiven Plaque-Regrowth-Studie in Hinsicht auf die Mundhygieneproblematik bei festsitzender Beh and lungsapparatur untersucht . Dazu wurden i m Cross-over- Design r and omisiert und doppelblind die intra- und interindividuellen Auswirkungen einer 0,2%igen Chlorhexidinspülung ( Corsodyl ® ) gegenüber einem h and elsüblichen fluoridhaltigen Mundwasser ( Odol-med-3 ® ) in Hinblick auf die klinischen Indizes für Plaque und Gingivitis ausgewertet . Vor Beginn der ersten Testphase lag eine 14tägige Hygienephase . Zwischen den beiden Testphasen lag eine Auswaschphase von fünt Tagen . Am letzten Testtag wurden alle Patienten mittels Fragebogen nach ihren Erfahrungen während der Studie befragt . Unter Anwendung der Chlorhexidinspülung wurde die Plaquebildung signifikant ( p<0,001 ) reduziert . Das gleiche galt für den Gingivaindex ( zweiter Testtag : p=0,03 ) . Bis einschließlich zum fünften Tag nach Absetzen der Chlorhexidinspülung ließ sich ein deutlicher Nachhangeffekt auf den Gingivaindex nachweisen . Die niedrigeren Mittelwerte beider klinischen Parameter zu Beginn der Testphasen gegenüber den Werten vor der Hygienephase sowie die Auswertung des Fragebogens deuteten auf einen möglichen Hawthorne-Effekt . Die intermittierende Anwendung einer 0,2%igen Corsodyl ® -Spülung zusammen mit professionellen Zahnreinigungen und individuellen Instruktionen der Patienten können die plaquebedingten iatrogenen Nebeneffekte einer kieferorthopädischen Beh and lung reduzieren und die Effizienz der Mundhygienemaßnahmen optimieren The objective of this research was to compare the ability of the two most popular methods for denture cleaning to remove plaque microorganisms from dentures .  Dentu-Creme abrasive denture paste and Efferdent alkaline peroxide denture-cleanser soak were selected for study . Two trials were completed in which these material s were used alone and in combination along with a no-treatment control to determine the level of recoverable plaque bacteria from removable dentures . Plaque was allowed to accumulate for 48 or 72 hours in individuals with healthy oral mucosa during which time they refrained from all denture hygiene procedures . The results of two studies following similar double-blind cross-over design s were consistent in that soaking with the denture cleanser caused a significantly greater reduction of microorganisms than did brushing with the denture paste . Further , combining brushing with the soak did not reduce the level of recoverable microorganisms significantly more than soaking alone . Overall , brushing alone did not consistently remove more microorganisms than were observed in the no-treatment group . The denture-cleanser soak displayed broad antimicrobial activity against gram-negative anaerobic rods ( Fusobacterium sp. ) , gram-positive facultative cocci ( streptococci ) , and gram-negative anaerobic cocci ( Veillonella sp. ) , as well as total recoverable microorganisms , which were all equally reduced by the denture-cleanser treatment . These results support the need for use of a denture cleanser in addition to brushing with a denture paste for proper denture hygiene OBJECTIVE To determine the absolute and relative antibacterial activity of octenidine dihydrochloride ( OCT ) against total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva sample s of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances during 5 days of usage . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The study group consisted of 5 male and 13 female subjects who were selected from patients in the Clinic of Orthodontics . Each patient was given physiologic saline ( PS ) , chlorhexidine gluconate ( CHX ) , polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex ( PVP-I ) , and OCT every morning for 5 days , each separated by a 2-week interval . Total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva sample s of orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances were collected during 5 days of usage . Unstimulated saliva was collected as a baseline sample . Saliva sample s were collected at 15 minutes , and on the second , third , and fifth day after rinsing the mouth with any of the solutions for 30 seconds , and bacterial counts were detected . RESULTS OCT showed an ultimate reduction of total viable oral bacteria , Lactobacillus species , and Streptococcus mutans in vivo .  OCT also had a significantly greater inhibitory effect than 0.2 % CHX and 7.5 % PVP-I , from the beginning of the study until the fifth day after the orthodontic appliances were bonded ( P < .1 ) . CONCLUSIONS OCT compared favorably with respect to CHX and PVP-I complex in orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances ( P < /= .1 ) The aim of this study was to examine the effect of combined use of a toothpaste/mouthrinse containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride ( AmF/SnF2 ; meridol ) on the development of white spot lesions , plaque , and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth in orthodontic patients . A prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study with 115 orthodontic patients ( 42 males and 73 females , average age 14.4 years , drop outs 18 ) was design ed . Group A ( 50 ) brushed twice daily with an AmF/SnF2 toothpaste ( 1400 ppm F ) and rinsed every evening with an AmF/SnF2 solution ( 250 ppm F ) . Group B ( 47 ) brushed twice daily with a sodium fluor 
    Output:
    
There is evidence of effectiveness of the use of oral mouthwashes in the control of cariogenic plaque in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances .
The orthodontists may suggest the use of oral antiseptics in the oral hygiene of their patients as coadjuvent means to reduce cariogenic plaque .
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Given current evidence , orthodontists may prescribe mouthwash as an auxiliary method in the control of cariogenic biofilm in orthodontic patients