***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Muscle mass decreases with age , leading to " sarcopenia , " or low relative muscle mass , in elderly people . Sarcopenia is believed to be associated with metabolic , physiologic , and functional impairments and disability . Methods of estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risks in elderly population s are lacking . Data from a  population -based survey of 883 elderly Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women living in New Mexico ( the New Mexico Elder Health Survey , 1993 - 1995 ) were analyzed to develop a method for estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia . An anthropometric equation for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass was developed from a r and om sub sample ( n = 199 ) of participants and was extended to the total sample . Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height2 ( m2 ) being less than two st and ard deviations below the mean of a young reference group . Prevalences increased from 13 - 24 % in persons under 70 years of age to > 50 % in persons over 80 years of age , and were slightly greater in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites . Sarcopenia was significantly associated with self-reported physical disability in both men and women , independent of ethnicity , age , morbidity , obesity , income , and health behaviors . This study provides some of the first estimates of the extent of the public health problem posed by sarcopenia Exercise training improves vascular function in subjects with cardiovascular disease and risk factors , but there is mounting evidence these vascular adaptations may be vessel bed specific . We have therefore examined the hypothesis that exercise-induced improvements in conduit vessel function are related to changes in resistance vessel function . Endothelium-dependent and -independent conduit vessel function were assessed by using wall-tracking of high-resolution brachial artery ultrasound images of the response to flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) and nitroglycerine [ glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) ] administration . Resistance vessel endothelium-dependent and -independent function were assessed using intrabrachial administration of acetylcholine ( ACh ) and nitroprusside ( SNP ) . R and omized crossover studies of 8-wk exercise training were undertaken in untreated hypercholesterolemic ( n = 10 ) , treated hypercholesterolemic ( n = 10 ) , coronary artery disease ( n = 8) , and Type 2 diabetic subjects ( n = 15 ) .  Exercise training significantly enhanced responses to ACh ( P < 0.05 ) and FMD ( P < 0.0001 ) . There were no significant changes in either SNP or GTN responses . The correlation between ACh and FMD responses at entry was not significant ( r = 0.186 ; P = 0.231 ) , and training-induced changes in the ACh did not correlate with those in FMD ( r = -0.022 ; P = 0.890 ) . Similarly , no correlation was evident between the SNP and GTN responses at entry ( r = -0.010 ; P = 0.951 ) or between changes in these variables with training ( r = -0.211 ; P = 0.191 ) . We conclude that , although short-term exercise training improves endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated vascular function in both conduit and resistance vessels , the magnitude of these improvements are unrelated BACKGROUND Exercise training improves physical fitness , insulin resistance , and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes . Hypoxia may further optimize these beneficial effects . The aim of this study was to compare the effects of hypoxic versus normoxic exercise training on physical fitness , endothelial function , and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes . METHODS Peak oxygen consumption , flow mediated dilation ( endothelial function ) , and glucose homeostasis were assessed in 19 patients ( 55±7 years ) before and after an 8-week intervention . Subjects were r and omly allocated to normoxic ( 21 % O2 , n=9 ) or hypoxic ( 16.5 % O2 , n=10 ) exercise training . Endothelium-independent dilation was examined using sublingual administration of glyceryl trinitrate , and used to calculate the ratio between endothelium-dependent and -independent dilation . RESULTS Exercise training  improved physical fitness and brachial artery ratio between endothelium-dependent and -independent dilation ( both p<0.05 ) , whilst these exercise training-induced changes were similar in both groups ( interaction-effects p>0.05 ) . Exercise training did not significantly change brachial artery flow-mediated dilation or glyceryl trinitrate-response , superficial femoral artery flow-mediated dilation , or glucose homeostasis , whilst hypoxia did not alter the impact of exercise training . CONCLUSION Contrary to our hypothesis , hypoxia does not potentiate the effect of exercise training  on physical fitness , vascular function , or glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of an exercise intervention on flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) and circulating endothelial biomarkers in adults with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) . METHODS Sedentary adults ( n = 140 ) , aged 40 - 65 , with T2DM and untreated pre or Stage I hypertension or treated hypertension were r and omized to a 6-month , supervised , exercise program ( 3 × week ) or a sedentary control . Assessment s included BMI , body and visceral fat , blood pressure , lipids , HbA1c , insulin sensitivity ( QUICKI ) , fitness , FMD , E-selectin , P-selectin , intracellular and vascular cellular adhesion molecules ( ICAM , VCAM ) , and tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) . Intervention effects were compared by t-tests . Pearson 's correlations were calculated between changes in cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial outcomes . RESULTS Exercisers significantly improved BMI ( -0.6 kg/m(2 ) ) , body fat % ( -1.4 % ) , HbA1c ( -0.5 % ) , and fitness ( 2.9 mL/kg min ) vs. controls ( p < 0.05 ) . However , there were no differences between groups in changes in FMD , E-selectin , P-selectin , ICAM , VCAM , or tPA . Among exercisers , changes in cardiovascular risk factors correlated with several biomarkers . Decreased P-selectin correlated with decreased BMI ( r = 0.29 , p = 0.04 ) and increased HDL cholesterol ( r = -0.36 , p = 0.01 ) . Decreased ICAM correlated with decreased triglycerides and HbA1c ( r = 0.30 , p = 0.04 ; r = 0.31 , p = 0.03 ) and increased QUICKI ( r = - 0.28 , p = 0.05 ) . Decreased tPA correlated with decreased total body and visceral fat ( r = 0.28 , p = 0.05 ; r = 0.38 , p = 0.008 ) and increased QUICKI ( r = -0.38 , p = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSIONS While exercise result ed in improved fitness , body composition , and glycemic control , there were no changes in FMD or circulating endothelial biomarkers . The associations of changes in cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial biomarkers suggest that improvement in risk factors could mediate the exercise-induced improvements in endothelial function seen in prior studies BACKGROUND AND AIMS Very-low carbohydrate diets can improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) . However , compared to traditional higher carbohydrate , low fat ( HighCHO ) diets , they have been associated with impaired endothelial function ( measured by flow mediated dilatation [ FMD ] ) that is possibly related to saturated fat . This study aim ed to examine the effects of a 12-month hypocaloric very-low carbohydrate , low saturated fat ( LowCHO ) diet compared to an isocaloric HighCHO diet . METHODS One hundred and fifteen obese patients with T2DM ( age:58.4 ± 0.7 [ SEM ] yr , BMI : 34.6 ± 0.4 kg/m(2 ) , HbA1c:7.33 [ 56.3 mmol/mol ] ± 0.10 % ) were r and omised to consume an energy restricted LowCHO diet ( Carb : Pro : Fat : Sat-Fat 14:28:58 : < 10 % energy ; n = 58 ) or isocaloric HighCHO diet ( 53:17:30 : < 10 % ; n = 57 ) whilst undertaking exercise ( 60 min , 3/wk ) . Bodyweight , HbA1c and FMD were assessed . RESULTS Seventy eight participants completed the intervention ( LowCHO = 41 , HighCHO = 37 ) . Both groups experienced similar reductions in weight and HbA1c ( -10.6 ± 0.7 kg , -1.05 ± 0.10 % ; p < 0.001 time , p ≥ 0.48 time × diet ) . FMD did not change ( p = 0.11 time , p = 0.20 time × diet ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with obesity and T2DM  , HighCHO diet and LowCHO diet have similar effects on endothelial function To determine the effects of continuous aerobic exercise training ( CON ) vs interval aerobic exercise training ( INT ) on glycemic control and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation , 43 participants with type 2 diabetes were r and omly allocated to the sedentary , CON , and INT groups . The CON and INT exercise training programs were design ed to yield the same energy expenditure/exercise session and included walking on treadmill for 30 and 40 min/day , 3 times/week for 12 weeks . Body fatness and heart rate at rest decreased and leg muscle strength increased ( all P < 0.05 ) in both the CON and INT groups . Fasting blood glucose levels decreased ( P < 0.05 ) in both exercise groups but glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased ( P < 0.05 ) only in the INT group . Maximal aerobic capacity , flow-mediated dilation , and cutaneous reactive hyperemia increased significantly in both exercise groups ; however , the magnitude of improvements was greater in the INT group . Only the INT group experienced reductions in erythrocyte malondialdehyde and serum von Willebr and factor and increases in plasma glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide ( all P < 0.05 ) . We concluded that both continuous and interval training were effective in improving glycemic control , aerobic fitness , and endothelium-dependent vasodilation , but the interval training program appears to confer greater improvements than the continuous training program AIMS To determine if type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2D ) differentiates endothelial function and plasma nitrite response ( a marker of nitric oxide bioavailability ) during exercise in peripheral arterial disease ( PAD ) subjects prior to and following 3 months supervised exercise training ( SET ) . METHODS In subjects with T2D+PAD ( n = 13 ) and PAD-only ( n = 14 ) , endothelial function was measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation . On a separate day , venous blood draws were performed at rest and 10 min following a symptom-limited grade d treadmill test ( SL-GXT ) . Plasma sample s were snap-frozen for analysis of nitrite by reductive chemiluminescence . All testing was repeated following 3 months of SET . RESULTS Prior to training both groups demonstrated endothelial dysfunction , which was correlated with a net decrease in plasma nitrite following a SL-GXT ( p ≤ 0.05 ) . Following SET , the PAD-only group demonstrated an improvement in endothelial function ( p ≤ 0.05 ) and COT ( p ≤ 0.05 ) , which was related to a net increase in plasma nitrite following the SL-GXT ( both p ≤ 0.05 ) . The T2D+PAD group had none of these increases . CONCLUSIONS T2D in the presence of PAD attenuated improvements in endothelial function , net plasma nitrite , and COT following SET . This suggests that T2D maybe associated with an inability to endogenously increase vascular NO bioavailability to SET Background : Resistance training has been increasingly incorporated into the overall exercise programme because of its effect on muscle strength , functional capacity and osteoporosis . High-intensity resistance training increases arterial stiffness . However , the effect of moderate-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness is unknown . Objective : To determine whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training increases arterial stiffness in middle-aged women . Methods : 35 middle-aged women ( age range 32 to 59 years ) volunteered to participate . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : resistance training ( RT ) group , aerobic exercise training ( AET ) group or control group . The RT and AET groups performed 12 weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training or aerobic exercise training ( two days/week ) . Results : In the RT group , one-repetition maximum strength significantly increased after the intervention . Interestingly , aortic ( carotid 
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Conclusion Our results suggest that in patients with T2D  , lower intensity exercise has physiological meaningful effects on EF , in support of the emerging concept that the lower efforts of exercise are not necessarily less cardioprotective than higher intensity training