***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIMS Despite widespread prevention efforts to decrease adolescent risk-taking , substance use and driving after drinking ( DD ) are prevalent in the United States . The current study compared the efficacy of an abbreviated version of Drug Abuse and Resistance Education ( DARE-A ) to a new Risk Skills Training Program ( RSTP ) . DESIGN Adolescent participation in drinking , drug use , DD and riding with a drunk driver was examined longitudinally . After baseline assessment s , adolescents were r and omly assigned to the RSTP . DARE-A or a no intervention control group and then completed 2-month post-test and 6-month follow-up assessment s. SETTING Adolescents attended a mid-sized suburban high school . PARTICIPANTS The sample ( N = 300 ) was comprised of 58 % females and the age range was 14 - 19 years . INTERVENTION The RSTP was developed to target several risk behaviors and to examine the feasibility of conducting a brief personalized prevention program in a group setting . DARE-A focused on increasing knowledge and underst and ing the deleterious effects of substance use . MEASUREMENTS Risk-taking behavior , perception of peer risk-taking and positive and negative alcohol expectancies were assessed . FINDINGS RSTP participants decreased participation in several risk behaviors at post-test , but reductions were not maintained at 6-month follow-up . The control and DARE-A groups increased their positive and decreased their negative alcohol expectancies . The control group increased their alcohol consumption . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a brief , personalized , group prevention program is a feasible approach to reducing adolescent risk-taking . Strategies must be developed to solidify these positive changes so that they are longer-lasting Abstract Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of combinations of three methods to promote physical activity . Design : R and omised controlled trial . Baseline assessment with post-intervention follow up at 12 weeks and 1 year . Setting : One urban general practice , 1995 - 7 . Participants : 523 adults aged 40 to 64 years , r and omised to four intervention groups and a control group . Interventions : Brief ( one interview ) or intensive ( six interviews over 12 weeks ) motivational interviewing based on the stages of change model of behaviour change , with or without financial incentive ( 30 vouchers entitling free access to leisure facilities ) . Main outcome measures : Physical activity score ; sessions of moderate and vigorous activity in the preceding four weeks . Results : Response rate was 81 % at 12 weeks and 85 % at one year . More participants in the intervention group reported increased physical activity scores at 12 weeks than controls ( 38 % v 16 % , difference 22 % , 95 % confidence interval for difference 13 % to 32 % ) , with a 55 % increase observed in those offered six interviews plus vouchers . Vigorous activity increased in 29 % of intervention participants and 11 % of controls ( difference 18 % , 10 % to 26 % ) , but differences between the intervention groups were not significant . Short term increases in activity were not sustained , regardless of intensity of intervention . Conclusions : The most effective intervention for promoting adoption of exercise was the most intensive . Even this did not promote long term adherence to exercise . Brief interventions promoting physical activity that are used by many schemes in the United Kingdom are of question able effectiveness . Key messages Schemes promoting physical activity are currently popular in general practice in Britain , but few have been rigorously evaluated and their effectiveness is unknown . In this study , the most effective intervention for promoting adoption of physical activity was the most intensive , involving six motivational interviews and a financial incentive A comparatively brief intervention ( one interview ) was only effective in the short term in around a third of participants Short term increases in physical activity were not maintained at one year follow up and even the most intensive intervention was ineffective in promoting long term adherence to increased physical activity . National and local government , health authorities , and primary healthcare teams should be cautious about current and future expenditure on , and implementation of , exercise prescription or referral OBJECTIVES Message tailoring , based on individual needs and circumstances , is commonly used to enhance face-to-face patient counseling . Only recently has individual tailoring become feasible for printed messages . This study sought to determine whether printed tailored recommendations addressing women 's specific screening and risk status and perceptions about breast cancer and mammography are more effective than st and ardized printed recommendations . METHODS Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with 435 women , aged 40 to 65 years , who had visited family practice groups within the previous 2 years . Subjects were r and omly allocated to receive individually tailored or st and ardized mammography recommendation letters mailed from physicians to patients ' homes . Follow-up interviews were conducted 8 months later . RESULTS Tailored letter recipients were more likely to remember and to have read more of their letters than st and ardized version recipients . After controlling for baseline status , tailored letter receipt was associated with more favorable follow-up mammography status for women with incomes below $ 26,000 and for Black women . CONCLUSIONS Tailored messages are a more effective medium for physicians ' mammography recommendations ; tailoring may be especially important for women of low socioeconomic status OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of UV photographs and information about photoaging ( eg , wrinkles and age spots ) for increasing the sun protection intentions and behaviors of young adults and to determine whether any effects of this appearance-based intervention could be enhanced by providing a non-UV alternative for achieving a tan ( ie , sunless tanning lotion ) . DESIGN R and omized control trial with 1-month follow-up . SETTING Two universities in Southern California . PARTICIPANTS A volunteer sample of 146 college students , 91.1 % of whom completed the " surprise " 1-month follow-up . INTERVENTION A UV facial photograph and a brief videotape describing the causes and consequences of photoaging . The study tested the effects of the photoaging information/UV photographic intervention only , the intervention plus use of sunless tanning lotion , and a control condition . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants sun protection intentions as assessed immediately after the intervention and sun protection behaviors during the month after the intervention as assessed during a surprise telephone follow-up . RESULTS The intervention result ed in significantly stronger sun protection intentions ( P<.001 ) and greater sun protection behaviors ( P<.05 ) relative to controls . Furthermore , the group that also used sunless tanning lotion tended to engage in greater sun protection behaviors than the group that received the intervention alone ( P<.08 ) . CONCLUSION The UV photographic intervention holds promise as a cost-effective approach to motivate practice s that may ultimately result in health benefits ( ie , reduced skin cancer rates ) Testing behavioral interventions to increase safer sex practice s of HIV+ individuals has the potential to significantly reduce the number of new infections . This study evaluated a behavioral intervention design ed to reduce the sexual risk behaviors of HIV+ individuals . HIV+ individuals ( N = 387 ) who reported engaging in unprotected sex with HIV- or partners of unknown serostatus were r and omly assigned to ( a ) a single counseling session targeting problem areas identified by the participant in 3 possible intervention domains ( i.e. , condom use , negotiation , disclosure ) ; ( b ) a single-session comprehensive intervention that covered all 3 intervention domains ; ( c ) the same comprehensive intervention , plus 2 monthly booster sessions ; or ( d ) a 3-session diet and exercise attention-control condition . The median number of unprotectedsex acts decreasedfrom 14 at baseline to6 , 6 , and 4 at 4- , 8- , and 12-month follow-ups , respectively . A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant decrease in unprotected sex acts across all groups across time . A significant Group x Time interaction revealed that the comprehensive-with-boosters group had the most unprotected sex at 8-month follow-up as compared to the other 3 groups . These findings suggest that a brief intervention can result in large reductions in HIV transmission risks among HIV+ individuals , but the relative benefit of one intervention approach over another remains unclear The authors investigated the efficacy of an interactive Web site , MyStudentBody.com : Alcohol ( MSB : Alcohol ) that offers a brief , tailored intervention to help heavy drinking college students reduce their alcohol use . They conducted a r and omized , controlled clinical trial to compare the intervention with an alcohol education Web site at baseline , postintervention , and 3-month follow-up . Students were assessed on various drinking measures and their readiness to change their drinking habits . The intervention was especially effective for women and persistent binge drinkers . Compared with women who used the control Web site , women who used the intervention significantly reduced their peak and total consumption during special occasions and also reported significantly fewer negative consequences related to drinking . In addition , persistent heavy binge drinkers in the experimental group experienced a more rapid decrease in average consumption and peak consumption compared with those in the control group . The authors judged MSB : Alcohol a useful intervention for reaching important subgroups of college binge drinkers Motivational interviewing offers health care professionals a potentially effective strategy for increasing a patient 's readiness to change health behaviors . Recently , elements of motivational interviewing and the stages of change model have been simplified and adapted for use with patients in brief clinical encounters . This paper describes in detail a brief motivational intervention model to improve and renew dietary adherence with adolescents in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children ( DISC ) . DISC is a r and omized , multi-center clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of lowering dietary fat to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-risk children . In the first 3 years of follow-up covering ages 8 - 13 , intervention participants ( n = 334 ) were exposed to a family-based group intervention approach to change dietary choices . To address adherence and retention obstacles as participants moved into adolescence ( age 13 - 17 ) , an individual-level motivational intervention was implemented . The DISC motivational intervention integrates several intervention models : stages of change , motivational interviewing , brief negotiation and behavioral self-management . A preliminary test of the intervention model suggests that it was acceptable to the participants , popular with interventionists and appeared to be an age-appropriate shift from a family-based intervention model AIMS This clinical trial investigated effects of motivational enhancement treatment ( MET ) and group coping-skills training ( CST ) tailored for cocaine dependence . Effects of MET were hypothesized to be greater with CST and for less motivated patients . DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS A 2 x 2 design investigated two individual sessions of MET compared to meditation-relaxation ( MRT ) , followed by four group sessions of CST versus drug education ( ED ) , as daily adjuncts to intensive treatment . SETTING The substance abuse program provided full-day treatment with a learning-theory and 12-Step orientation . PARTICIPANTS Cocaine-dependent patients were recruited . MEASUREMENTS Assessment included treatment retention ; change in cocaine-related urge , self-efficacy , pros and cons , and motivation ; substance use and problems during 12-month follow-up . Findings Of 165 patients , follow-up status is known for 90 % ( n = 149 ) . Patients in MET with low initial motivation to change reported less cocaine and alcohol relapse and use days and fewer alcohol problems than MET patients with higher initial motivation . MET produced more employment improvement than MRT , with no other significant benefit for MET . Patients with higher motivation had more cocaine use and alcohol problems after MET than MRT . Group CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use during follow-up for women only and reduced alcohol relapse for men and women . CONCLUSIONS MET is more beneficial for patients with lower initial motivation than for patients with high initial motivation . CST reduced cocaine and alcohol use for women only and reduced alcohol relapses , in contrast to results with lengthier individual CST OBJECTIVE The current study examined the efficacy of mailed personalized normative feedback ( PNF ) as a brief alcohol intervention for at-risk college drinkers , and investigated discrepancy as a possible mediator of the intervention effect . METHOD Participants consisted of 100 at-risk college drinkers who completed an alcohol-use assessment at baseline , 6-week posttest and 6-month follow-up . Measures included number of drinks consumed per heaviest drinking week , frequency of heavy-drinking episodes , peak blood alcohol concentration and number of alcohol-related problems , all for the last month . Participants were r and omly assigned to either a mailed brief intervention ( MBI ; n = 49 ) or attention-control ( C ; n = 51 ) group . The MBI group received mailed PNF that was based on baseline responses to the drinking measures ; the C group received a psychoeducational brochure about alcohol . RESULTS Mixed-model , repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of time , group and gender on discrepancy and the drinking variables . Following the intervention , the MBI group reported significantly higher perceived discrepancy between self and others ' drinking than the C group . The MBI group reported consuming significantly fewer drinks per heaviest drinking week and engaging in heavy episodic drinking less frequently than the C group at the 6-week posttest ; however , these differences were no longer evident at the 6-month follow-up . Hierarchical regression analyses did not provide evidence for the hypothesized mediating effect of discrepancy . CONCLUSIONS Mailed PNF may be a cost- and time-efficient means of developing discrepancy and temporarily reducing heavy alcohol consumption among at-risk college drinkers OBJECTIVE Comorbidity of substance abuse disorders with schizophrenia is associated with a greater risk for serious illness complications and poorer outcome . Method ologically sound studies investigating treatment approaches for patients with these disorders are rare , although recommendations for integrated and comprehensive treatment programs abound . This 
    Output:
    
A number of advantages of BI suggest they are well suited for translating behavioral research .
In addition , findings from 13 systematic review s of BI effects show their potential versatility .