***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract In a r and omised controlled trial design , effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance performance were compared in male and female soccer players . Young ( age 21.1 ± 2.7 years ) players with similar training load and competitive background were assigned to training ( women , n = 19 ; men , n = 21 ) and control ( women , n = 19 ; men , n = 21 ) groups . Players were evaluated for lower- and upper-body maximal-intensity exercise , 30 m sprint , change of direction speed and endurance performance before and after 6 weeks of training . After intervention , the control groups did not change , whereas both training groups improved jumps ( effect size ( ES ) = 0.35–1.76 ) , throwing ( ES = 0.62–0.78 ) , sprint ( ES = 0.86–1.44 ) , change of direction speed ( ES = 0.46–0.85 ) and endurance performance ( ES = 0.42–0.62 ) . There were no differences in performance improvements between the plyometric training groups . Both plyometric groups improved more in all performance tests than the controls . The results suggest that adaptations to plyometric training do not differ between men and women Makaruk , H , Winchester , JB , Sadowski , J , Czaplicki , A , and Sacewicz , T. Effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on  power and jumping ability in women . J Strength Cond Res 25(12 ) : 3311–3318 , 2011—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric exercise on peak power and jumping performance during different stages of a 12-week training and detraining in women . Forty-nine untrained but physically active female college students were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 groups : unilateral plyometric group ( n = 16 ) , bilateral plyometric group ( BLE ; n = 18 ) , and a control group ( n = 15 ) . Peak power and jumping ability were assessed by means of the alternate leg tests ( 10-second Wingate test and 5 alternate leg bounds ) , bilateral leg test ( countermovement jump [ CMJ ] ) and unilateral leg test ( unilateral CMJ ) . Performance indicators were measured pretraining , midtraining , posttraining , and detraining . Differences between dependent variables were assessed with a 3 × 4 ( group × time ) repeated analysis of variance with Tukey 's post hoc test applied where appropriate . Effect size was calculated to determine the magnitude of significant differences between the research ed parameters . Only the unilateral plyometric training produced significant ( p < 0.05 ) improvement in all tests from pretraining to midtraining , but there was no significant ( p < 0.05 ) increase in performance indicators from midtraining to posttraining . The BLE group significantly ( p < 0.05 ) improved in all tests from pretraining to posttraining and did not significantly ( p > 0.05 ) decrease power and jumping ability in all tests during detraining . These results suggest that unilateral plyometric exercises  produce power and jumping performance during a shorter period when compared to bilateral plyometric exercises but achieved performance gains last longer after bilateral plyometric training . Practitioners should consider the inclusion of both unilateral and bilateral modes of plyometric exercise to elicit rapid improvements and guard against detraining Background : Limited knee flexion and increased muscle co-contraction during jump l and ing are believed to diminish outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) reconstruction . The efficacy of jump training to improve patients ’ mechanical and neuromuscular deficits is understudied . Hypothesis : Jump training will improve functional , mechanical , and neuromuscular outcomes and higher repetition training augmented by body weight support will result in better retention of gains . Study Design : R and omized controlled trial ; Level of evidence , 1 . Methods : Thirty athletes ( 18 months after surgery ) were screened , and 19 with mechanical deficits and limited clinical outcomes were enrolled in the trial . Testing included the International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) question naire , leg l and ing mechanics via motion analysis , knee joint effusion using a stroke test , and a surface electromyography – generated co-contraction index during a single-legged l and ing . Participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 groups : jump training with normal body weight ( JTBW ) and high-repetition jump training with body weight support ( JTBWS ) . Knee effusion grading throughout training was used to assess joint tolerance . Changes in outcomes over time were analyzed with mixed-effects modeling . Immediate outcomes were compared with retention testing at 8 weeks after training by use of 2-way analyses of variance with effects of time and group . Results : Significant effects of time were found during the training phase for all outcome measures , but no effects of group or sex were found . IKDC score ( pooled ; mean ± SD ) increased from 76 ± 12 to 87 ± 8 ( P < .001 ) . Knee flexion during single-legged l and ing increased from 57 ° ± 11 ° to 73 ° ± 9 ° ( P < .001 ) . Average co-contraction index decreased from 37 ± 15 to 19 ± 6 ( P < .001 ) . All measures were retained over the retention period in both groups . The relative risk of knee effusion of the JTBW group versus the JTBWS group was 4.2 ( 95 % CI , 2.25 - 7.71 ; P < .001 ) . Conclusion : Jump training mitigated some risk factors for second injury and osteoarthritis in patients after ACL reconstruction . Training made lasting improvements in physical function measures as well as mechanical and neuromuscular coordination deficits . Higher repetitions used with body weight support did not improve retention but substantially reduced risk for effusion . Clinical Relevance : Jump training is an efficacious intervention for athletes with poor outcomes after ACL reconstruction , and training with body weight support lessens the risk for excessive joint stress during practice . Registration : NCT02148172 ( Clinical Trials.gov identifier Halteres ( αλτηρεζ ) are h and -held weights that were first used in the st and ing long jump in the eighteenth ancient Olympiad in 708 bc , and may have been introduced either to make the challenge more difficult or to extend the jumping distance . Here we use computer and experimental simulations to determine the optimal mass of halteres that would be needed to maximally extend a st and ing long jump , and find that this corresponds closely to the size range of actual archaeological specimens . These halteres were made of stone or lead and weighed 2–9 kg , which we calculate would increase a 3-metre jump by at least 17 cm , indicating that their purpose was to boost the performance of pentathletes . Halteres may therefore be the earliest passive tool that was devised to enhance human-powered locomotion ABSTRACT Anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury prevention programmes have not been as successful at reducing injury rates in women ’s basketball as in soccer . This r and omised controlled trial ( Clinical Trials.gov # NCT02530333 ) compared biomechanical adaptations in basketball and soccer players during jump-l and ing activities after an ACL injury prevention programme . Eighty-seven athletes were cluster r and omised into intervention ( 6-week programme ) and control groups . Three-dimensional biomechanical analyses of drop vertical jump ( DVJ ) , double- ( SAG-DL ) and single-leg ( SAG-SL ) sagittal , and double- ( FRONT-DL ) and single-leg ( FRONT-SL ) frontal plane jump l and ing tasks were tested before and after the intervention . Peak angles , excursions , and joint moments were analysed using two-way MANCOVAs of post-test scores while controlling for pre-test scores . During SAG-SL the basketball intervention group exhibited increased peak knee abduction angles ( p = .004 ) and excursions ( p = .003 ) compared to the basketball control group ( p = .01 ) and soccer intervention group ( p = .01 ) . During FRONT-SL , the basketball intervention group exhibited greater knee flexion excursion after training than the control group ( p = .01 ) , but not the soccer intervention group ( p = .11 ) . Although women ’s soccer players exhibit greater improvements in knee abduction kinematics than basketball players , these athletes largely exhibit similar biomechanical adaptations to ACL injury prevention programmes Abstract We aim ed to analyse the effects of combined strength and power training during the competitive season on physical fitness in high-level amateur football players . Sixteen male players ( 22.5 ( SD 2.5 ) years , 1.79 ( 0.05 ) m , 76.8 ( 6.1 ) kg ) from one team were r and omly assigned to either a strength training ( ST , N = 8) or a control ( CON , N = 8) group . ST conducted lower extremity resistance exercises combined with plyometrics and /or sprints 2 × 30 min per week for 7 weeks . CON performed technical-tactical training during the same time period . Before and after training several physical fitness parameters were assessed : one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM , half squat ) , isometric peak strength and rate of force development ( RFD , leg press ) , jump height ( countermovement , CMJ , drop jump , DJ ) , sprint times , agility , and intermittent endurance . Large significant test × group interactions were found for 1-RM , CMJ , and DJ reactivity index with increases in CT relative to CON(+11 to 18 % ) . Although not significant ( P < 0.20 ) , likely practically relevant effects were observed for isometric peak strength and RFD ( + 24 to 29 % ) . We found no relevant interaction effects for agility , sprint times , and intermittent endurance . A 7-week in-season combined strength and power training program can improve relevant strength and jump parameters in high-level amateur football players Background : Plyometric training is a widely used method to improve performance in healthy athletes . It is highly recommended in the late stage of rehabilitation of many lower limb injuries . However , its effects on muscle strength and function in management of lateral ankle sprain have not been reported . Therefore , the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of plyometric training versus resistive exercises on muscle strength and function following acute lateral ankle sprain . Material s and Methods : Twenty-two athletes ( aged from 20 to 35 years ) of both sexes with grade I or II unilateral inversion ankle sprain participated in the study ( at least 3 weeks after acute injury ) . They were r and omly assigned to two groups . The first group received plyometric training , whereas the second one received resistive training for 6 weeks . Isokinetic peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at 30 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s and functional tests were assessed before and after training . Results : Both plyometric and resistive training improve isokinetic evertor and invertor peak torques and functional performance of athletes p < 0.05 . There were no significant differences between groups concerning peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at both speeds measured p > 0.05 . The functional test measures of the plyometric group were significantly higher than that of resistive group . Conclusion : Plyometrics were more effective than resistive exercises in improving functional performance of athletes after lateral ankle sprain . Level of Evidence : I , Prospect i ve R and omized To prospect ively evaluate the effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes , we monitored two groups of female athletes , one trained before sports participation and the other not trained , and a group of untrained male athletes throughout the high school soccer , volleyball , and basketball seasons . Weekly reports included the number of practice and competition exposures and mechanism of injury . There were 14 serious knee injuries in the 1263 athletes tracked through the study . Ten of 463 untrained female athletes sustained serious knee injuries ( 8 noncontact ) , 2 of 366 trained female athletes sustained serious knee injuries ( 0 noncontact ) , and 2 of 434 male athletes sustained serious knee injuries ( 1 noncontact ) . The knee injury incidence per 1000 athlete-exposures was 0.43 in untrained female athletes , 0.12 in trained female athletes , and 0.09 in male athletes ( P 0.02 , chi-square analysis ) . Untrained female athletes had a 3.6 times higher incidence of knee injury than trained female athletes ( P 0.05 ) and 4.8 times higher than male athletes ( P 0.03 ) . The incidence of knee injury in trained female athletes was not significantly different from that in untrained male athletes ( P 0.86 ) . The difference in the incidence of noncontact injuries between the female groups was also significant ( P 0.01 ) . This prospect i ve study demonstrated a decreased incidence of knee injury  in female athletes after a specific plyometric training program Sedano Campo , S , Vaeyens , R , Philippaerts , RM , Redondo , JC , De Benito , AM , and Cuadrado , C. Effects of lower-limb plyometric training on body composition , explosive strength , and kicking speed in female soccer players . J Strength Cond Res 23(6 ) : 1714 - 1722 , 2009-The aim of the present study was to examine how explosive strength , kicking speed , and body composition are affected by a 12-week plyometric training program in elite female soccer players . The hypothesis was that this program would increase the jumping ability and kicking speed and that these gains could be maintained by means of regular soccer training only . Twenty adult female players were divided into 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , PJT is effective in female soccer players for the improvement of vertical jump height .