***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To explore the efficacy of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women . Sixty-two women ( ages 19 - 64 ; BMI 22.5 - 52.1 ) who were attempting to lose weight were r and omised to an intervention or control condition . The former were invited to attend four 2-h workshops , the latter were asked to continue with their normal diets . Data were collected at baseline , 4 and 6 months . BMI , physical activity , mental health . At 6 months intervention participants showed significantly greater increases in physical activity compared to controls ( p<.05 ) but no significant differences in weight loss or mental health . However , when intervention participants who reported ' never ' applying the workshop principles at 6 months ( n=7 ) were excluded , results showed both significantly greater increases in physical activity ( 3.1 sessions per week relative to controls , p<.05 ) and significantly greater reductions in BMI ( 0.96 relative to controls , equivalent to 2.32 kg , p<0.5 ) . Reductions in BMI were mediated primarily by reductions in binge eating . Despite its brevity , the intervention was successful at bringing about change . Further refinements should increase its efficacy OBJECTIVE Using self-refilling soup bowls , this study examined whether visual cues related to portion size can influence intake volume without altering either estimated intake or satiation . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Fifty-four participants ( BMI , 17.3 to 36.0 kg/m2 ; 18 to 46 years of age ) were recruited to participate in a study involving soup . The experiment was a between-subject design with two visibility levels : 1 ) an accurate visual cue of a food portion ( normal bowl ) vs. 2 ) a biased visual cue ( self-refilling bowl ) . The soup apparatus was housed in a modified restaurant-style table in which two of four bowls slowly and imperceptibly refilled as their contents were consumed . Outcomes included intake volume , intake estimation , consumption monitoring , and satiety . RESULTS Participants who were unknowingly eating from self-refilling bowls  ate more soup [ 14.7+/-8.4 vs. 8.5+/-6.1 oz ; F(1,52)=8.99 ; p<0.01 ] than those eating from normal soup bowls . However , despite consuming 73 % more , they did not believe they had consumed more , nor did they perceive themselves as more sated than those eating from normal bowls . This was unaffected by BMI . DISCUSSION These findings are consistent with the notion that the amount of food on a plate or bowl increases intake because it influences consumption norms and expectations and it lessens one 's reliance on self-monitoring . It seems that people use their eyes to count calories and not their stomachs . The importance of having salient , accurate visual cues can play an important role in the prevention of unintentional overeating How important are visual cues for determining satiation ? To find out , 64 participants were served lunch in a " dark " restaurant where they ate in complete darkness . Half the participants unknowingly received considerably larger " super-size " portions which subsequently led them to eat 36 % more food . Despite this difference , participants ' appetite for dessert and their subjective satiety were largely unaffected by how much they had consumed . Consistent with expectations , participants were also less accurate in estimating their actual consumption quantity than a control group who ate the same meal in the light BACKGROUND Habituation is a form of learning in which repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a decrease in responding . Eating involves repeated presentation of the same food stimulus in a meal , and habituation is reliably observed within a meal such that faster rates of habituation are associated with less energy intake . It is possible that repeated presentation of the same food over days will lead to long-term habituation , such that subjects habituate to foods repeated over meals . However , no research on long-term habituation to food in humans has been conducted . OBJECTIVE The current study was design ed to assess long-term habituation in 16 obese and 16 nonobese premenopausal women . DESIGN Obese and nonobese women ( aged 20 - 50 y ) were r and omly assigned to receive a macaroni and cheese meal presented 5 times , either daily for 1 wk or once per week for 5 wk . RESULTS In both obese and nonobese women , daily presentation of food result ed in faster habituation and less energy intake than did once-weekly presentation of food . CONCLUSIONS Long-term habituation was observed when the same food was presented at daily meals but not when presented once weekly for 5 wk . These results provide the first evidence of long-term habituation to food in women and show that memory of food over daily meals can increase the rate of habituation and reduce energy intake . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01208870 BACKGROUND The effect of television viewing ( TVV ) with and without advertisements ( ads ) on energy intake is unclear . OBJECTIVE The objectives were to test 1 ) the effect of TVV , with and without ads , on energy intake compared with a control and reading condition and 2 ) the association of distractibility and memory for ads with energy intake and body weight . DESIGN Forty-eight ( 26 female ) adults ( age : 19 - 54 y ) with a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 20 - 35 completed this laboratory-based study . All participants completed 4 buffet-style meals in r and om order in the following conditions : 1 ) control , 2 ) while reading , 3 ) while watching TV with food and nonfood ads ( TV-ads ) , and 4 ) while watching TV with no ads ( TV-no ads ) .  Energy intake was quantified by weighing foods . Distractibility and memory for ads in the TV-ads condition were quantified with a norm-referenced test and recognition task , respectively . RESULTS Repeated- measures analysis of variance indicated that energy and macronutrient intake did not differ significantly among the 4 conditions ( P > 0.65 ) . Controlling for sex , memory for ads was associated with body weight ( r = 0.36 , P < 0.05 ) and energy intake but only when viewing TV ( r = 0.39 , P < 0.05 during the TV-no ads condition , and r = 0.29 , P = 0.06 during the TV-ads condition ) . Controlling for sex , distractibility was associated with body weight ( r = 0.36 , P < 0.05 ) but not energy intake . Distractibility , however , accounted for 13 % of the variance in men 's energy intake ( P = 0.11 ) . CONCLUSIONS TVV did not affect energy intake , but individual characteristics ( memory for ads ) were associated with body weight and energy intake in certain conditions . These characteristics should be considered in food intake and intervention studies BACKGROUND Sedentary activities , such as watching television , may disrupt habituation to food cues , thereby increasing motivation to eat and energy intake . OBJECTIVE These experiments were design ed to examine the effect of television watching on habituation of ingestive behavior in children . DESIGN In experiment 1 , all children worked for access to cheeseburgers in trials 1 - 7 ( habituating stimulus ) . In trials 8 - 10 , children in the control group continued to work for cheeseburgers without any dishabituating stimuli , whereas children in the other groups received either a novel food ( French fries ) or television as dishabituating stimuli . Responding for food and amount of food eaten were measured . In experiment 2 , all children had access to 1000 kcal of a preferred snack food . One group watched a continuous television show , and the control groups either watched no television or watched a repeated segment of a television show , which controls for the television stimulus but requires reduced allocation of attention . RESULTS In experiment 1 , both the novel food and the television watching groups reinstated responding for food ( P = 0.009 ) and increased the amount of energy earned ( P = 0.018 ) above the level of the control subjects . In experiment 2 , the continuous television group spent more time eating ( P < 0.0001 ) and consumed more energy than the no television and the repeated segment groups ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSION These experiments show that television watching can dishabituate eating or disrupt the development of habituation , which may provide a mechanism for increased energy intake associated with watching television Long-term behavioral self-regulation is the hallmark of successful weight control . We tested mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women who participated in a r and omized controlled 12-month weight management intervention . Overweight and obese women ( N = 225 , BMI = 31.3 + /- 4.1 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omly assigned to a control or a 1-year group intervention design ed to promote autonomous self-regulation of body weight . Key exercise , eating behavior , and body image variables were assessed before and after the program , and tested as mediators of weight loss ( 12 months , 86 % retention ) and weight loss maintenance ( 24 months , 81 % retention ) . Multiple mediation was employed and an intention-to-treat analysis conducted . Treatment effects were observed for all putative mediators ( Effect size : 0.32 - 0.79 , P < 0.01 vs. controls ) . Weight change was -7.3 + /- 5.9 % ( 12-month ) and -5.5 + /- 5.0 % ( 24-month ) in the intervention group and -1.7 + /- 5.0 % and -2.2 + /- 7.5 % in controls . Change in most psychosocial variables was associated with 12-month weight change , but only flexible cognitive restraint ( P < 0.01 ) , disinhibition ( P < 0.05 ) , exercise self-efficacy ( P < 0.001 ) , exercise intrinsic motivation ( P < 0.01 ) , and body dissatisfaction ( P < 0.05 ) predicted 24-month weight change . Lower emotional eating , increased flexible cognitive restraint , and fewer exercise barriers mediated 12-month weight loss ( R(2 ) = 0.31 , P < 0.001 ; effect ratio : 0.37 ) , but only flexible restraint and exercise self-efficacy mediated 24-month weight loss ( R(2 ) = 0.17 , P < 0.001 ; effect ratio : 0.89 ) . This is the first study to evaluate self-regulation mediators of weight loss and 2-year weight loss maintenance , in a large sample of overweight women . Results show that lowering emotional eating and adopting a flexible dietary restraint pattern are critical for sustained weight loss . For long-term success , interventions must also be effective in promoting exercise intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy This study compared 2 extended therapy programs for weight management with st and ard behavioral treatment ( BT ) without additional therapy contacts . Participants were 80 obese women who completed 20 weekly group sessions of BT and achieved a mean initial weight loss of 8.74 kg . Participants were r and omly assigned to a no-further-contact condition ( BT only ) or to one of two extended interventions consisting of relapse prevention training ( RPT ) or problem-solving therapy ( PST ) . No significant overall weight-change differences were observed between RPT and BT or between RPT and PST . However , participants who completed the PST intervention had significantly greater long-term weight reductions than BT participants , and a significantly larger percentage of PST participants achieved clinical ly significant losses of 10 % or more in body weight than did BT participants ( 35 % vs. 6 % ) The effect of being reminded of a recent eating episode on subsequent food intake was examined in unrestrained eaters . In Experiment 1 , female participants were exposed to a " lunch cue " ( in which they were asked to think about what they had eaten for lunch ) , or " no cue " ( free thought condition ) , for 5 min prior to eating . Participants ate less following exposure to the " lunch cue " than the " no cue " condition . In Experiment 2 , food intake was measured following exposure to either a " lunch today " cue , " lunch yesterday " cue or " no cue " condition . Intake in the " lunch today " condition was suppressed relative to both the " lunch yesterday " and " no cue " condition . Subjective ratings of hunger , fullness , and desire to eat did not vary as a function of cue type in either Experiment 1 or Experiment 2 . These results are consistent with the suggestion that memory of recent eating is an important cognitive factor influencing food intake Women were divided into those eating at a decelerated or linear rate . Eating rate was then experimentally increased or decreased by asking the women to adapt their rate of eating to curves presented on a computer screen and the effect on food intake and satiety was studied . Decelerated eaters were unable to eat at an increased rate , but ate the same amount of food when eating at a decreased rate as during the control condition . Linear eaters ate more food when eating at an increased rate , but less food when eating at a decreased rate . Decelerated eaters estimated their level of satiety lower when eating at an increased rate but similar to the control condition when eating at a decreased rate . Linear eaters estimated their level of satiety similar to the control level despite eating more food at an increased rate and higher despite eating less food at a decreased rate . The cumulative satiety curve was fitted to a sigmoid curve both in decelerated and linear eater under all conditions . Linear eaters rated their desire to eat and estimated their prospect i ve intake lower than decelerated eaters and scored higher on a scale for restrained eating . It is suggested that linear eaters have difficulty maintaining their intake when eating rate is dissociated from its baseline level and that this puts them at risk of developing disordered eating . It is also suggested that feedback on eating rate can be used as an intervention to 
    Output:
    
The effect of distraction on immediate intake appeared to be independent of dietary restraint .
Evidence indicates that attentive eating is likely to influence food intake , and incorporation of attentive-eating principles into interventions provides a novel approach to aid weight loss and maintenance without the need for conscious calorie counting