***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Using data from a previous investigation , the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Behavioral Couples Therapy ( BCT ) on the prevalence of  partner violence among married or cohabiting substance-abusing men ( N = 80 ) . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive either BCT or individual-based treatment ( IBT ) . The proportion of couples who engaged in male-to-female physical aggression was not different during the year before treatment for dyads in BCT ( n = 17 , 43 % ) and IBT ( n = 19 , 48 % ) . However , a smaller proportion of couples in the BCT condition reported male-to-female physical aggression during the year after treatment ( n = 7 , 18 % ) than those in the IBT condition ( n = 17 , 43 % ) . Dyadic adjustment , frequency of heavy drinking , and frequency of drug use during the year after treatment mediated the relationship between type of treatment and the prevalence of male-to-female physical aggression This pilot study examined effects of Parent Skills with Behavioral Couples Therapy ( PSBCT ) on substance use , parenting , and relationship conflict among fathers with alcohol use disorders . Male participants ( N = 30 ) entering outpatient alcohol treatment , their female partners , and a custodial child ( 8 to 12 years ) were r and omly assigned to ( a ) PSBCT ; ( b ) Behavioral Couples Therapy ( BCT ) ; or ( c ) Individual-Based Treatment ( IBT ) . Children were not actively involved in treatment . Parents completed measures of substance use , couples ' dyadic adjustment , partner violence , parenting , and Child Protection Services ( CPS ) involvement at pretreatment , posttreatment , 6- and 12-month follow-up . PSBCT was comparable to BCT on substance use , dyadic adjustment , and partner violence ; both groups showed clinical ly meaningful effects over IBT . Compared to BCT , PSBCT result ed in larger effect sizes on parenting and CPS involvement throughout follow-up . PSBCT for fathers may enhance parenting couple- or individual-based treatment , and warrant examination in a larger , r and omized efficacy trial Couples suffering from sexual dysfunctions were treated using three different formats : 1 ) two therapists , long-term ; 2 ) one therapist , long-term ; and 3 ) two therapists , intensive . The analysis of outcome data showed no significant differences between one vs. two therapists . There was a slight trend for better results from long-term as compared to the intensive therapy . These differences , however , were no longer evident at one-year follow-up . It is concluded that the success of  couple therapy  is rather independent of the format . Recommendations are made for a differential indication for the three formats BACKGROUND The Cochrane Collaboration is strongly encouraging the use of a newly developed tool , the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool ( CCRBT ) , for all review groups . However , the psychometric properties of this tool to date have yet to be described . Thus , the objective of this study was to add information about psychometric properties of the CCRBT including inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity , in comparison with the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool ( EPHPP ) . METHODS Both tools were used to assess the method ological quality of 20 r and omized controlled trials included in our systematic review of the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions  to improve the management of cancer pain . Each study assessment was completed independently by two review ers using each tool . We analysed the inter-rater reliability of each tool 's individual domains , as well as final grade assigned to each study . RESULTS The EPHPP had fair inter-rater agreement for individual domains and excellent agreement for the final grade . In contrast , the CCRBT had slight inter-rater agreement for individual domains and fair inter-rater agreement for final grade . Of interest , no agreement between the two tools was evident in their final grade assigned to each study . Although both tools were developed to assess ' quality of the evidence ' , they appear to measure different constructs . CONCLUSIONS Both tools performed quite differently when evaluating the risk of bias or method ological quality of studies in knowledge translation interventions for cancer pain . The newly introduced CCRBT assigned these studies a higher risk of bias . Its psychometric properties need to be more thoroughly vali date d , in a range of research fields , to underst and fully how to interpret results from its application Follow-up data across 2 years were obtained on 130 of 134 couples who were originally part of a r and omized clinical trial comparing traditional versus integrative behavioral couple therapy ( TBCT vs. IBCT ; A. Christensen et al. , 2004 ) . Both treatments produced similar levels of clinical ly significant improvement at 2 years posttreatment ( 69 % of IBCT couples and 60 % of TBCT couples ) . Both treatments showed a " hockey-stick " pattern of change in which satisfaction dropped immediately after treatment termination but then increased for most of follow-up . The break point when couples reversed courses and gained in satisfaction occurred sooner for IBCT than TBCT couples , and those couples who stayed together generally fared better in IBCT than in TBCT . Finally , there was evidence of greater stability during follow-up in IBCT than in TBCT couples . There was little change in individual functioning over follow-up , but when change occurred it was strongly related to change in marital satisfaction . Given that this sample was selected for its significant and chronic distress , the data are encouraging about the long-term impact of behavioral couple therapy Married or cohabiting female alcoholic patients ( n = 138 ) and their non-substance-abusing male partners were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 equally intensive interventions : ( a ) behavioral couples therapy plus individual-based treatment ( BCT ; n = 46 ) , ( b ) individual-based treatment only ( IBT ; n = 46 ) , or ( c ) psychoeducational attention control treatment ( PACT ; n = 46 ) . During treatment , participants in BCT showed significantly greater improvement in dyadic adjustment than those in IBT or PACT ; drinking frequency was not significantly different among participants in the different conditions . During the 1-year posttreatment follow-up , compared with participants who received IBT or PACT , participants who received BCT reported ( a ) fewer days of drinking , ( b ) fewer drinking-related negative consequences , ( c ) higher dyadic adjustment , and ( d ) reduced partner violence An experimental design was used to determine outcomes of a domestic violence-focused treatment program for couples that choose to stay together after mild-to-moderate violence has occurred . Forty-two couples were r and omly assigned to either individual couple or multi-couple group treatment .  Nine couples served as the comparison group . Male violence recidivism rates 6 months after treatment were significantly lower for the multi-couple group ( 25 % ) than for the comparison group ( 66 % ) . In contrast , men in the individual couple condition were not significantly less likely to recidivate ( 43 % ) than those in the comparison group . In addition , marital satisfaction increased significantly , and both marital aggression and acceptance of wife battering decreased significantly among individuals who participated in multi-couple group therapy , but not among those who participated in individual couple therapy or the comparison group OBJECTIVE To examine changes in observed communication after therapy termination in distressed couples from a r and omized clinical trial . METHOD A total of 134 distressed couples were r and omly assigned to either traditional behavioral couple therapy ( TBCT ; Jacobson & Margolin , 1979 ) or integrative behavioral couple therapy ( IBCT ; Jacobson & Christensen , 1998 ) . Videotaped sample s of each couple 's interactions were coded from pre-therapy , post-therapy , and 2-year follow-up assessment s. At these 3 time points , each partner chose 1 current relationship problem to discuss . Relationship satisfaction was assessed at 2-year follow-up , and clinical ly significant treatment response and marital status were assessed 5 years after treatment . RESULTS Observed negativity and withdrawal decreased from therapy termination through the 2-year follow-up as expected , but problem solving did not change , and observed positivity decreased . IBCT produced superior changes from post-therapy to the 2-year follow-up assessment compared with TBCT . Post-therapy levels and changes in communication over follow-up were associated with wife satisfaction at 2-year follow-up ; only post-therapy to 2-year follow-up changes in communication were associated with husb and satisfaction at 2-year follow-up . Post-therapy levels of problem solving and changes in wives ' positivity from pre-therapy to post-therapy were associated with 5-year relationship outcomes . We found some counterintuitive results with positivity , but they were no longer significant after controlling for withdrawal . CONCLUSIONS We found support for improvements in observed communication following treatment termination , with IBCT demonstrating greater maintenance of communication improvement over follow-up . We found limited evidence of associations between communication and relationship outcomes at 5-year follow-up This work evaluated a psycho-educational intervention design ed to reduce  intimate partner violence ( IPV ) in low-income situationally violent couples . The primary objective was to evaluate the mechanism through which violence was reduced . It was hypothesized that IPV would be reduced via use of therapeutic skills taught during the intervention ( i.e. , friendship , sex/romance/passion , shared meaning , and conflict management skills ) . One-hundred-fifteen couples were r and omly assigned to a treatment or no-treatment control group . Couples self-reported attitudes reflecting healthy relationship skills and IPV at multiple time points ( baseline , post-intervention , and long-term post-intervention ) . Results support the notion that violence was reduced via an increase in intervention-based skills . Findings suggest that IPV can be safely reduced in low-income situationally violent couples via conjoint treatment focused on building healthy relationship skills 
    Output:
    
Preliminary data suggest that  couples therapy  is a viable treatment in select situations