***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives Describe proportions of individuals with patellofemoral pain ( PFP ) with an unfavourable recovery over 12 months ; identify clinical predictors of poor recovery at 3 and 12 months ; and determine baseline values of predictors that identify those with poor 12-month prognosis . Methods An observational analysis utilised data from 310 individuals with PFP enrolled in two r and omised clinical trials . Thirteen baseline variables ( participant , PFP , study characteristics ) were investigated for their prognostic ability . Pain , function and global recovery were measured at 3 and 12 months . Multivariate backward stepwise regression analyses ( treatment-adjusted , p<0.10 ) were performed for each follow-up measure . Receiver operator characteristic curves identified cut-points associated with unfavourable recovery at 12 months . Results 55 % and 40 % of participants had an unfavourable recovery at 3 and 12 months , respectively . Longer baseline pain duration was significantly associated with poor 3-month and 12-month recovery on measures of pain severity ( β 11.36 to 24.94 ) , Anterior Knee Pain ( AKP ) Scale ( −4.44 to −11.33 ) and global recovery ( OR : 2.32 to 6.11 ) . Greater baseline pain severity and lower AKP Scale score were significantly associated with poor recovery on multiple measures ( p<0.05 ) . Baseline duration > 2 months and AKP Scale score < 70/100 were associated with unfavourable 12-month recovery . Conclusions A substantial number of individuals with PFP have an unfavourable recovery over 12 months , irrespective of intervention . Knee pain duration > 2 months is the most consistent prognostic indicator , followed by AKP Scale score < 70 . Sports medicine practitioners should utilise interventions with known efficacy in reducing PFP , and promote early intervention to maximise prognosis . Trial registration Australian study : Australian Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN012605000463673 ) , Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT00118521 ) ; Dutch study : International St and ard R and omised Controlled Trial Number Register ( IS RCT N83938749 We examined the effects of medially wedged foot orthoses on knee and hip joint mechanics during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome ( PFPS ) . We also tested if these effects depend on st and ing calcaneal eversion angle . Twenty female runners with and without PFPS participated .  Knee and hip joint transverse and frontal plane peak angle , excursion , and peak internal knee and hip abduction moment were calculated while running with and without a 6 ° full-length medially wedged foot orthoses . Separate 3-factor mixed ANOVAs ( group [ PFPS , control ] x condition [ medial wedge , no medial wedge ] x st and ing calcaneal angle [ everted , neutral , inverted ] ) were used to test the effect of medially wedged orthoses on each dependent variable . Knee abduction moment increased 3 % ( P = .03 ) and hip adduction excursion decreased 0.6 ° ( P < .01 ) using medially wedged foot orthoses . No significant group x condition or calcaneal angle x condition effects were observed . The addition of medially wedged foot orthoses to st and ardized running shoes had minimal effect on knee and hip joint mechanics during running thought to be associated with the etiology or exacerbation of PFPS symptoms . These effects did not appear to depend on injury status or st and ing calcaneal posture Anterior  knee pain  ( AKP ) is a common injury among runners and effectively treated with posted insoles and foot orthotics . While clinical ly effective , the underlying biomechanical mechanisms that bring about these improvements remain debatable . Several method ological factors contribute to the inconsistent biomechanical findings , including errors associated with removing and reattaching markers , inferring foot motion from markers placed externally on a shoe , and redefining segmental coordinate systems between conditions . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of medially posted insoles on lower extremity kinematics in runners with and without AKP while trying to limit the influence of these method ological factors . Kinematics of 16 asymptomatic and 17 runners with AKP were collected while running with and without insoles . Reflective markers were attached to the surface of the calcaneus and kept in place ( as opposed to detached ) between conditions , eliminating the error associated with reattaching markers and redefining segmental coordinate systems . Using these methods , no significant interactions between insole and injury and the main effect of injury were detected ( p>0.05 ) ; therefore , means were pooled across injury . Insoles , on average , reduced peak eversion by 3.6 ° ( 95 % confidence interval -2.9 ° to -4.3 ° ) , peak eversion velocity by 53.2 ° /s ( 95 % confidence interval -32.9 to -73.4 ) and eversion range of motion by 1.33 ( 95 % confidence interval -0.8 to -1.9 ) . However , while insoles systematic ally reduced eversion variables , they had small influences on the transverse plane kinematics of the tibia or knee , indicating that they may bring about their clinical effect by influencing other variables Treadmills are often used in research to analyse kinematic and physiological variables . The success of transfering the results to overground running depends on the comparability of the values between the two situations . The aim of the present study was to compare the kinematics and muscle activities in overground and treadmill running .  Ten male physical education students with experience in treadmill running were asked to run with a speed of 4.0 and 6.0 m/s both overground and on a Woodway treadmill . The 3D-kinematics of the limbs were studied using a two camera video tracking system . Additionally the surface EMG of six lower limb muscles and the pattern of ground contact of the right foot was registered . Both the activities of the leg muscles and several kinematic variables showed systematic changes from overground to treadmill running . On the treadmill the subjects favoured a type of running that provided them with a higher level of security . The swing amplitude of the leg , the vertical displacement and the variance in vertical and horizontal velocity were lower in treadmill running . The angle between shoe sole and ground at foot impact was also lower and the forward lean of the upper body was higher in running on the treadmill compared with the overground mode . Most of the subjects reduced their step length and increased stride frequency in treadmill running . Furthermore , the contact time in treadmill running was shorter than for overground running . The above mentioned kinematic variables were significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) . The EMG patterns of the leg muscles were generally similar between overground and treadmill modes , but some minor differences could consistently be identified OBJECTIVE To examine the test-retest reliability , validity , and responsiveness of several outcome measures in the treatment of patellofemoral pain . DESIGN Evaluation of the clinimetric properties of individual outcome measures for patellofemoral pain treatment , using data collected from a previously published r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . SETTING General community and private practice . PARTICIPANTS The data from 71 persons enrolled in an RCT of a conservative intervention for patellofemoral pain were used to evaluate the measures ' validity and responsiveness . A subset of this cohort ( n=20 ) was used to assess reliability . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Three  10-cm visual analog scales ( VASs ) for usual pain ( VAS-U ) , worst pain ( VAS-W ) , and pain on 6 aggravating activities ( walking , running , squatting , sitting , ascending and descending stairs ) ( VAS-activity ) ; the Functional Index Question naire ( FIQ ) ; the Anterior Knee Pain Scale ( AKPS ) ; and the global rating of change . RESULTS The test-retest reliability ranged from poor ( intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=.49 ) to good ( ICC=.83 ) , and the measures correlated moderately with each other ( r range,.56-.72 ) . Median change scores differed significantly between improved and unimproved persons for all measures . The effect sizes for VAS-U ( .79 ) , VAS-W ( .88 ) , and the AKPS ( .98 ) were large , indicating greater responsiveness than the FIQ ( .37 ) and VAS-activity ( .66 ) . Similarly , the AKPS and VAS-W were the most efficient measures for detecting a treatment effect when compared with a reference measure ( VAS-U , which was assigned a value of 1 ) . The minimal difference that patients or clinicians consider clinical ly important for the AKPS is 10 ( out of 100 ) points and for the VAS it is 2 cm ( out of 10 cm ) . CONCLUSIONS The AKPS and VAS for usual or worst pain are reliable , valid , and responsive and are therefore recommended for future clinical trials or clinical practice in assessing treatment outcome in persons with patellofemoral pain BACKGROUND Excessive rearfoot eversion is thought to be a risk factor for patellofemoral pain syndrome development , based on theoretical rationale linking it to greater tibial internal rotation and hip adduction . This study aim ed to establish the relationship of rearfoot eversion with tibial internal rotation and hip adduction during walking in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome . METHODS Twenty-six individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome and 20 controls ( 18 - 35years ) participated . Each underwent instrumented three-dimensional motion analysis during over-ground walking .  Pearson 's correlation coefficients ( r ) were calculated to establish the relationship of rearfoot eversion  with tibial internal rotation and hip adduction ( peak and range of motion ) . FINDINGS Greater peak rearfoot eversion was associated with greater peak tibial internal rotation in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group ( r=0.394 , P=0.046 ) . Greater rearfoot eversion range of motion was associated with greater hip adduction range of motion in the patellofemoral pain syndrome ( r=0.573 , P=0.002 ) and control ( r=0.460 , P=0.041 ) groups ; and greater peak hip adduction in the control group ( r=0.477 , P=0.033 ) . INTERPRETATION Associations between greater rearfoot eversion and greater hip adduction indicate that interventions targeted at the foot or hip in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome may have similar overall effects on lower limb motion and clinical outcomes . The relationship between rearfoot eversion and tibial internal rotation identified in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group may be related to aetiology . However , additional prospect i ve research is needed to confirm this OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effects of unmodified prefabricated foot orthoses over a 12-week period on functional performance ; and subjective pain and function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome ( PFPS ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study over 12 weeks . Each participant was prescribed prefabricated foot orthoses at baseline . PARTICIPANTS Sixty individuals with PFPS ( 18 - 35 years ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in pain and ease of completing a single leg squat ; change in the number of pain free step downs and single leg rises from sitting ; usual and worst pain in the previous week ; the anterior knee pain scale ( AKPS ) ; and the lower extremity functional scale ( LEFS ) . RESULTS At 12 weeks , significant improvements in single leg squat pain and ease , and the number of pain free step downs and single leg rises from sitting were found . Additionally , significant reductions in usual and worst pain , and improvements on the AKPS and LEFS were observed . CONCLUSIONS Functional performance improvements following unmodified prefabricated foot orthoses were greater at 12 weeks that those achieved immediately . Enhanced functional performance over time may have significant implication s for osteoarthritis prevention in some individuals with PFPS . Improvements in subjective pain and function appear to plateau over time BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The effectiveness of soft foot orthotics in the treatment of patients who have patellofemoral pain syndrome was investigated . SUBJECTS Subjects were 20 adolescent female patients , aged 13 to 17 years ( mean = 14.8 , SD = 1.2 ) , who were diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome and who exhibited excessive forefoot varus or calcaneal valgus . METHODS Subjects were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : a control group ( n = 10 ) , which took part in an exercise program , or a treatment group ( n = 10 ) , which used soft foot orthotics in addition to participating in the exercise program . The exercise program consisted of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscle strengthening and stretching exercises . A visual analogue scale was used to assess the level of pain of the subjects over an 8-week period . RESULTS Both the treatment and control groups demonstrated a significant decrease in the level of pain , but the improvement of the treatment group was significantly greater than that of the control group . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The results suggest that in addition to an exercise program , the use of soft foot orthotics is an effective means of treatment for the patient with patellofemoral pain syndrome BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of patellofemoral pain ( PFP ) in young female athletes and prospect ively evaluate measures of frontal plane knee loading during l and ing to determine their relationship to development of PFP . We hypothesized that increased dynamic  knee  abduction measured during preseason biomechanical testing would be increased in those who developed PFP relative to teammates who did not develop PFP . METHODS Middle and high school female athletes ( n=240 ) were evaluated by a physician for PFP and for l and ing biomechanics prior to their basketball season . The athletes were monitored for athletic exposures and PFP injury during their competitive seasons . FINDINGS At the 
    Output:
    
Significant effects on pain and function were determined .
A slight effect on kinematics of the lower limb and muscle activation of selected lower limb muscles was identified .
Foot orthoses seem to be an effective treatment device in the therapy for PFPS .
An immediate and long-term reduction in pain and an improvement of function occurred following the intervention .
There was just a slight change in lower limb kinematics and muscle activation of selected lower limb muscles .
The relationship between biomechanical effects of orthoses and pain still seems to be unclear