***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Prostate cancer incidence was prospect ively studied among 7999 men of Japanese ancestry who were first examined between 1965 and 1968 and then followed through 1986 . During this surveillance period , 174 incident cases of prostate cancer were recorded . Prostate cancer was not associated with any measure of socioeconomic status , including amount of education , type of occupation , and type of residence . There was also no relationship with the number of children , as a surrogate measure of sexual activity . Increased consumption of rice and tofu were both associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer , while consumption of seaweeds was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer . There was no relationship between prostate cancer and the intake of various nutrients , including total fat and total protein . Etiological implication s of these associations are discussed , but more research is needed on these dietary factors and the subsequent development of prostate cancer before any firm conclusions can be drawn Abstract Background : Calcium , phosphorus , fructose , and animal protein are hypothesized to be associated with prostate cancer risk , potentially via their influence on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . We examined these nutrients and overall diet and prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study ( ATBC Study ) . Material s and methods : The ATBC Study was a r and omized 2 × 2 trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on lung cancer incidence conducted among Finnish male smokers ; 27,062 of the men completed a food-use question naire at baseline , and comprise the current study population . There were 184 incident clinical ( stage 2–4 ) prostate cancer cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 . We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine associations between dietary intakes and prostate cancer . Results : We did not observe significant independent associations for calcium and phosphorus and prostate cancer risk . However , men with lower calcium and higher phosphorus intake had a multivariate relative risk of 0.6 ( 95 % CI 0.3–1.0 ) compared to men with lower intakes of both nutrients , adjusting for age , smoking , body mass index , total energy , education , and supplementation group . Of the other foods and nutrients examined , none was significantly associated with risk . Discussion : This study provides , at best , only weak evidence for the hypothesis that calcium and phosphorus are independently associated with prostate cancer risk , but suggests that there may be an interaction between these nutrients BACKGROUND Findings from early observational studies have suggested that the intake of dietary fat might be a contributing factor in the etiology of prostate cancer . However , the results from more recent prospect i ve studies do not support this hypothesis , and the possible association between different food sources of fat and prostate cancer risk also remains unclear . OBJECTIVE The objectives were to assess whether intakes of dietary fat , subtypes of fat , and fat from animal products were associated with prostate cancer risk . DESIGN This was a multicenter prospect i ve study of 142,520 men in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) . Dietary fat intake was estimated with the use of country-specific vali date d food question naires . The association between dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer was assessed by using Cox regression , stratified by recruitment center and adjusted for height , weight , smoking , education , marital status , and energy intake . RESULTS After a median follow-up time of 8.7 y , prostate cancer was diagnosed in 2727 men . There was no significant association between dietary fat ( total , saturated , monounsaturated , and polyunsaturated fat and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat ) and risk of prostate cancer . The hazard ratio for prostate cancer for the highest versus the lowest quintile of total fat intake was 0.96 ( 95 % CI : 0.84 , 1.09 ; P for trend = 0.155 ) . There were no significant associations between prostate cancer risk and fat from red meat , dairy products , and fish . CONCLUSION The results from this large multicenter study suggest that there is no association between dietary fat and prostate cancer risk itamin E supplements could V reduce prostate-cancer incidence and mortality by one-third in men who smoke , according to the results of a large primary -prevention trial in Finnish men . Prostate cancer is the fourth most common male cancer . As part of the Alpha-Tocopherol , Beta-Carotene ( ATBC ) study ( US National Cancer Institute and University of Helsinki , Finl and ) , more than 29 000 male smokers aged 50 - 69 years were r and omly assigned to receive 50 mg atocopherol , 20 mg P-carotene , both , or placebo daily for up to 8 years . At the end of the study , 246 new cases of prostate cancer and 62 deaths from the disease had occurred . Incidence was 32 % lower , and mortality 41 % lower , in men taking a-tocopherol , with or without P-carotene , than in those not taking the vitamin Nad Cancer Znst 1998 ; 90 : 440 - 46 ) . Men taking P-carotene had a 23 % . amin supplementation can be diffihigher incidence of , and 15 % higher cult to interpret , especially when mortality from , prostate cancer than there are multiple endpoints and no those not taking it . But these differences were not statistically significant . In addition , the investigators found that p-carotene nonsignificantly reduced the risk of prostate cancer in nondrinkers and increased the risk in drinkers , the risk rising with increasing strong a priori hypothesis . “ If the effect of a vitamin supplement is examined at , say , 20 cancer sites ” , says Franceschi , “ it is likely to appear protective at one site purely by chance . ” “ Studies with vitamin supplements are not a good basis for dietary advice ” , consumpDeserves further High dietary intakes of calcium and dairy products have been hypothesized to enhance prostate cancer risk , but available prospect i ve data regarding these associations are inconsistent . We examined dietary intakes of calcium and dairy products in relation to risk of prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol , Beta-Carotene ( ATBC ) Cancer Prevention Study , a cohort of 29,133 male smokers aged 50 - 69 years at study entry . Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a vali date d 276-item food use question naire . Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for known or suspected risk factors for prostate cancer . During 17 years of follow-up , we ascertained 1,267 incident cases of prostate cancer . High versus low intake of dietary calcium was associated with a marked increase in prostate cancer risk . The multivariate relative risk ( RR ) of prostate cancer for > or = 2,000 mg/day compared to < 1,000 mg/day of calcium intake was 1.63 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 1.27 - 2.10 ; p trend < 0.0001 ) . Total dairy intake was also positively associated with risk of prostate cancer . The multivariate RR of prostate cancer comparing extreme quintiles of intake was 1.26 ( 95 % CI , 1.04 - 1.51 ; p trend = 0.03 ) . However , no association with total dairy intake remained after we adjusted for calcium ( p trend = 0.17 ) . Findings were similar by stage and grade of prostate cancer . The results from this large prospect i ve study suggest that intake of calcium or some related component contained in dairy foods is associated with increased prostate cancer risk BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a disease with a complex etiology . Oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis ; however , few prospect i ve studies have investigated the association between an  oxidative stress/balance score  and risk of prostate cancer . METHODS We investigated associations between an  oxidative balance score  , calculated as the summation of individual scores obtained from five pro-oxidative and eight anti-oxidative exposures , as well as each individual constituent of the score and risks of prostate cancer overall , and by clinical characteristics , in a case-cohort study ( 661 cases and 1864 subcohort ) nested within the Canadian Study of Diet , Lifestyle , and Health cohort . Men in the lowest quintiles of each pro-oxidant exposure received a score of four ( the highest score ) , while those in the highest quintile received a score of zero ( the lowest score ) . In contrast , scoring for all anti-oxidants was performed in the opposite way . Total oxidative balance score was calculated by summating all individual scores of pro- and anti-oxidative variables , with higher values indicating a higher antioxidant status . RESULTS The average oxidative balance score was similar between prostate cancer cases and men in the subcohort : 25.2 and 25.3 , respectively . There was no association between oxidative balance score and overall risk of prostate cancer with hazard ratios ( HRs ) of 1.00 , 1.02 , 1.03 , 0.97 and 1.01 for increasing quintiles of the score ( p-trend=0.71 ) . There were also no associations for non-advanced or advanced disease , or when analysis was restricted to incident cases that arose after two years of follow-up ( n=508 ) . In general constituents of the score were not associated with prostate cancer , except for red meat intake ( HR=1.44 ; 95%CI 1.06 - 1.95 comparing Q5 vs. Q1 ) and lycopene ( HRs of 0.7 - 0.8 for increasing quintiles ) . CONCLUSION Our findings do not support an association between oxidative balance score and risks of overall prostate cancer or advanced disease BACKGROUND The strong correlation between national consumption of fat and national rate of mortality from prostate cancer has raised the hypothesis that dietary fat increases the risk of this malignancy . Case-control and cohort studies have not consistently supported this hypothesis . PURPOSE We examined prospect ively the relationship between prostate cancer and dietary fat , including specific fatty acids and dietary sources of fat . We examined the relationship of fat consumption to the incidence of  advanced prostate cancer ( stages C , D , or fatal cases ) and to the total incidence of prostate cancer . METHODS We used data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study , which is a prospect i ve cohort of 51529 U.S. men , aged 40 through 75 , who completed a vali date d food-frequency question naire in 1986 . We sent follow-up question naires to the entire cohort in 1988 and 1990 to document new cases of a variety of diseases and to up date exposure information . As of January 31 , 1990 , 300 new cases of prostate cancer , including 126 advanced cases , were documented in 47855 participants initially free of diagnosed cancer . The Mantel-Haenszel summary estimator was used to adjust for age and other potentially confounding variables . Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks ( RRs ) when controlling simultaneously for more than two covariates . RESULTS Total fat consumption was directly related to risk of advanced prostate cancer ( age- and energy-adjusted RR = 1.79 , with 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.04 - 3.07 , for high versus low quintile of intake ; P [ trend ] = .06 ) . This association was due primarily to animal fat ( RR = 1.63 ; 95 % CI = 0.95 - 2.78 ; P [ trend ] = .08 ) , but not vegetable fat . Red meat represented the food group with the strongest positive association with advanced cancer ( RR = 2.64 ; 95 % CI = 1.21 - 5.77 ; P = .02 ) . Fat from dairy products ( with the exception of butter ) or fish was unrelated to risk . Saturated fat , monounsaturated fat , and alpha-linolenic acid , but not linoleic acid , were associated with advanced prostate cancer risk ; only the association with alpha-linolenic acid persisted when saturated fat , monounsaturated fat , linoleic acid , and alpha-linolenic acid were modeled simultaneously ( multivariate RR = 3.43 ; 95 % CI = 1.67 - 7.04 ; P [ trend ] = .002 ) . CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that animal fat , especially fat from red meat , is associated with an elevated risk of advanced prostate cancer . IMPLICATION S These findings support recommendations to lower intake of meat to reduce the risk of prostate cancer . The potential roles of carcinogens formed in cooking animal fat and of alpha-linolenic acid in the progression of prostate cancer need to be explored CONTEXT The most recent summary of the European Association of Urology ( EAU ) guidelines on prostate cancer ( PCa ) was published in 2011 . OBJECTIVE To present a summary of the 2013 version of the EAU guidelines on screening , diagnosis , and local treatment with curative intent of clinical ly organ-confined PCa . EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review of the new data emerging from 2011 to 2013 has been performed by the EAU PCa guideline group . The guidelines have been up date d , and levels of evidence and grade s of recommendation have been added to the text based on a systematic review of the literature , which included a search of online data bases and bibliographic review s. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A full version of the guidelines is available at the EAU office or online ( www.uroweb.org ) . Current evidence is insufficient to warrant widespread population -based screening by prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) for PCa . Systematic 
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Subgroup and sensitively analyses showed consistent results .
Conclusion Little evidence from published cohort studies supports the statement that total fat , saturated fat or unsaturated fat intake increases the risk for Pca or advanced stage Pca