***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: STUDY OBJECTIVE Exercise has the potential to improve the ability of a patient with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) to cope with the physical dem and s of everyday life , and may improve prognosis . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a home-based , semi-supervised , upper-body strength-training regimen with a similarly structured aerobic training regimen . DESIGN Data were collected during a 1-year r and omized clinical trial . SETTING Counselors conducted in-home visits with the participants once per week for the first 8 weeks followed by monthly visits for the remainder of the study . PATIENTS Sixty-seven patients with CF , aged 8 to 18 years , participated in the trial . INTERVENTION Participants in both exercise conditions were encouraged to exercise at least three times per week for 1 year . Each child in the aerobic group was given a stair-stepping machine , and each child in the upper-body strength training group was given an upper-body-only weight-resistance machine . MEASURES AND RESULTS Aerobic fitness , pulmonary function , quality of life , and strength were measured at baseline , at 6 months , and at 12 months . Strength training increased the maximum weight lifted for biceps curls significantly more than aerobic training ( p < 0.02 ) . However , this differential did not remain significant after control for increase in height . Both training procedures were associated with increased strength ( p < 0.002 ) and physical work capacity ( PWC ) [ p < 0.033 ] . CONCLUSIONS We concluded that strength and aerobic training may increase upper-body strength , and that both types of training may increase PWC for children with CF . Future trials should be conducted with no-training control subjects and larger sample s to increase statistical power BACKGROUND Children 's physical activity patterns are characterized by short-term anaerobic activities . Anaerobic exercise performance in children with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) has received little attention compared to aerobic performance . This study investigated the effects of anaerobic training in children with CF . DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty patients were r and omly assigned to the training group ( TG ) [ 11 patients ; mean ( + /- SD ) age , 13.6 + /- 1.3 years ; mean FEV(1 ) , 75.2 + /- 20.7 % predicted ] or the control group ( CG ) [ 9 patients ; mean age , 14.2 + /- 2.1 years ; FEV(1 ) , 82.1 + /- 19.1 % predicted ] . The TG trained 2 days per week for 12 weeks , with each session lasting 30 to 45 min . The training program consisted of anaerobic activities lasting 20 to 30 s. The control subjects were asked not to change their normal daily activities . Body composition , pulmonary function , peripheral muscle force , habitual physical activity , aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance , and quality of life were reevaluated at the end of the training program , and again after a 12-week follow-up period . RESULTS Patients in the TG significantly improved their anaerobic performance , aerobic performance , and quality of life . No significant changes were seen in other parameters , and no improvements were found in CG . After the follow-up period , only anaerobic performance and quality of life in TG were significantly higher compared to pretraining values . CONCLUSIONS Anaerobic training has measurable effects on aerobic performance ( although not sustained ) , anaerobic performance , and health-related quality of life in children with CF . Therefore , anaerobic training could be an important component of therapeutic programs for CF patients Bronchial hygiene therapy is a st and ard part of the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) . Coughing alone promotes sputum expectoration and is probably the primary effective component of st and ard bronchial hygiene therapy . The purpose of this study was to determine whether substituting regular exercise , which also promotes coughing , for two of three daily bronchial hygiene treatments would affect the expected improvements in pulmonary function and exercise response in hospitalized patients with CF . Seventeen patients with CF hospitalized ( means length of stay = 13.0 + /- 2.6 days ) for an acute exacerbation of their pulmonary disease participated in the study . The patients were r and omly assigned to either a group that participated in two cycle ergometer exercise sessions and one bronchial hygiene treatment session per day ( EX Group [ n = 9 ] ) or a group that participated in three bronchial hygiene treatment sessions per day ( PD Group [ n = 8 ] ) . Pulmonary functions and responses to a progressive , incremental cycle ergometer exercise test were measured on admission and before discharge . Bronchial hygiene therapy consisted of postural drainage , in six positions , with chest percussion and vibration . Therapeutic exercise was of moderate intensity and was individually adjusted based on the patient 's heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation response to the admission exercise test . Coughing was encouraged during and after all treatments . Pulmonary function and exercise response were significantly improved over the period of hospitalization in both groups ; the improvements were the same in the two groups . These results indicate that , in some hospitalized patients with CF , exercise therapy may be substituted for at least part of the st and ard protocol of bronchial hygiene therapy Background : Short term studies of exercise training have shown benefits in cystic fibrosis . Transferring exercise programmes to the community and sustaining them long term is a challenge for the patient . The effectiveness of an individualised unsupervised home based exercise programme was examined in adults with cystic fibrosis over a 1 year period . Methods : Subjects were r and omised to undertake three sessions per week of upper and lower body exercise based on individualised preferences ( n = 30 ) or to a control group ( n = 18 ) . They were evaluated at baseline and at 12 months . The primary outcome measure was improved fitness as assessed by change in blood lactate concentration at the end of an identical constant work rate for both arm and leg ergometric testing . Secondary outcome measurements were heart rate and pulmonary function . Results : For leg exercise , significant differences were seen at 12 months between the active and control groups in the mean ( SE ) change in blood lactate levels ( −0.38 ( 0.23 ) mmol/l v 0.45 ( 0.25 ) mmol/l , p<0.05 ) and heart rate ( −4.8 ( 2.5 ) bpm v 3.4 ( 2.5 ) bpm , p<0.05 ) , confirming a training effect . For arm ergometry there was no change in lactate levels at 12 months but there was a significant difference in forced vital capacity ( 46 ( 72 ) ml v −167 ( 68 ) ml , p<0.05 ) . Conclusions : A training effect , as measured by a reduction in lactate levels and heart rate , can be achieved with unsupervised individualised home exercise  in adults with cystic fibrosis . A benefit to pulmonary function was observed and together these findings suggest that exercise programmes should be encouraged as an important component of care in cystic fibrosis The aim of this study was to compare aerobic and resistance training in children with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) admitted to hospital with an intercurrent pulmonary infection with a control group . The subjects were r and omized into three groups on the first day of admission . The fat-free mass ( FFM ) was calculated , using the skin fold thickness from four sites ( biceps , triceps , subscapular , and iliac crest ) . Pulmonary function tests were performed within 36 hr of admission and repeated on discharge from the hospital , and again at 1 month after discharge . All subjects performed an incremental treadmill exercise test , using a modified Bruce protocol .  Lower limb strength was measured using a Cybex dynamometer . An assessment of quality of life was made using the Quality of Well Being Scale , as previously reported . Activity levels were measured using a 7-day activity diary , and subjects also wore an accelerometer on their hips . There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of disease severity , and length of stay in hospital . Subjects in all three groups received intravenous antibiotics and nutritional supplementation as determined by the physician . Children r and omized to the aerobic training group participated in aerobic activities for five sessions , each of 30-min duration , a week . The children r and omized to the resistance training group exercised both upper and lower limbs against a grade d resistance machine . Subjects in the control group received st and ard chest physiotherapy . Our study demonstrated that children who received aerobic training had significantly better peak aerobic capacity , activity levels , and quality of life than children who received the resistance training program . Children who received resistance training had better weight gain ( total mass , as well as fat-free mass ) , lung function , and leg strength than children who received aerobic training . A combination of aerobic and resistance training may be the best training program , and future studies to assess optimal training programs for CF patients are indicated Six girls and two boys with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) 10 - 13.5 years of age ( mean 11.5 years ) participated in a prescribed exercise program on a mini-trampoline , maximum 109 min/week , during 8 weeks . The training consisted of three short bouts of trampoline exercise .  The CF children were divided into two groups . The first group was a control as the other group exercised on the trampoline and vice versa .  Three patients in each group completed the study . Pulmonary and exercise tests were performed before and after the exercise/control periods . The pulmonary tests ( FVC , FEV1 , and PEFR ) showed minor changes during the exercise period , but a slight increase in FVC ( P less than 0.05 ) during the total time of the study was found . The two patients with more advanced lung disease improved their spirometric results during the training period . The maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2 max ) improved from 45 to 49 ml/kg/min ( P less than 0.025 ) during the exercise period . Trampoline exercise programs are suggested to supply other types of training to avoid monotony in the training for CF patients OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a 3-year home exercise program on pulmonary function and exercise tolerance in mildly to moderately impaired patients with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) and to assess whether regular aerobic exercise is a realistic treatment option . STUDY DESIGN Seventy-two patients with CF ( 7 - 19 years ) were r and omly assigned to an exercise group ( a minimum of 20 minutes of aerobic exercise , at a heart rate of approximately 150 beats/min , 3 times weekly ) or a control group ( usual physical activity participation ) . Pulmonary function , exercise tolerance , clinical status , hospitalizations , and compliance with therapy were monitored during scheduled visits to the hospital 's CF clinic . RESULTS Sixty-five patients were included in the analyses . The control group demonstrated a greater annual decline in percent of predicted forced vital capacity compared with the exercise group ( mean slope + /- SD , -2.42 + /- 4.15 vs -0.25 + /- 2.81 ; P = .02 ) , with a similar trend for forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( -3.47 + /- 4.93 vs -1.46 + /- 3 . 55 ; P = .07 ) . Patients remained compliant with the exercise program over the study period . An improved sense of well-being was reported with exercise . CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary function declined more slowly in the exercise group than in the control group , suggesting a benefit for patients with CF participating in regular aerobic exercise . Consistent compliance with the home exercise program and a self-reported positive attitude toward exercise provide further evidence of the feasibility and value of including an aerobic exercise program in the conventional treatment regimen of patients with CF Exercise intolerance is common in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) . We examined the effects of a supervised three-month running program on exercise tolerance , pulmonary function , cardiorespiratory fitness ( peak oxygen consumption ) , and respiratory muscle endurance in CF patients . We studied 31 patients , 21 exercise and ten control , aged 10 to 30 years , with pulmonary involvement ranging from mild to severe . The exercise and control groups were not significantly different with respect to age , sex , pulmonary function , exercise tolerance , or cardiorespiratory fitness . After three months of physical conditioning , the exercise group had significantly increased exercise tolerance and peak oxygen consumption and significantly lower heart rates for submaximal work loads , while the nonexercising ( control ) group was unchanged in all these variables . The FEV1 decreased significantly in the control group . There were no other significant changes in pulmonary function in either the control or exercise group . Respiratory muscle endurance increased significantly in the exercise patients , and did not change in the control patients . There were no adverse effects of the program . The data suggest that a supervised running program can increase CF patients '  exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory fitness , perhaps in part by increasing respiratory muscle tolerance . The effects of a much longer program deserve study 
    Output:
    
This review does provide some limited evidence from both short- and long-term studies that aerobic or anaerobic physical training has a positive effect on primary outcomes ( exercise capacity , strength and lung function ) but improvements are not consistent between studies .
Physical training is already part of the care package offered to most people with cystic fibrosis and there is a lack of evidence to actively discourage this .
The benefits obtained from including physical training in a package of care may be influenced by the type of training programme .