***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Purpose of the study Cognitive stimulation therapy ( CST ) is a widely used , evidence -based intervention for people with dementia ( PwD ) . Although design ed as a 14 session , twice weekly intervention , many services in the UK deliver CST once a week for 14 weeks . However , this method of delivery has yet to be evaluated . In addition , CST does not include any formal carer training . This study aim ed to evaluate the effectiveness of once weekly CST and determine any additional impact when enhanced with a carer training program . Design and methods A single blind , r and omized controlled trial was conducted . Sixty eight PwD and their carers were recruited through three community Memory Assessment Services . PwD and their carers were r and omized to one of three conditions : CST plus carer training , CST only , or a wait list control . PwD were administered st and ardized measures of cognition , quality of life , and quality of relationship with carer at baseline and the 15 week follow-up . Results There were no baseline differences across the three groups . At follow-up , there were no significant differences between PwD in the three groups on any outcomes . Implication s Weekly CST with or without carer training may not be an effective form of delivery . Several possible explanations for the outcomes are proposed . Weekly CST may not offer the necessary “ dose ” required to combat decline , and equally the carer training may have been too brief to have made a difference . Services currently offering weekly CST should collect routine outcome data to support its use and provide practice -based evidence The purpose oF this study was to examine the eFFects oF 3 behavioral interventions on aFFect and mood in nursing home residents with Alzheimer 's disease . In a pre — post design , 90 residents with Alzheimer 's disease were r and omized to 3 groups : supervised walking , comprehensive exercise ( walking plus strength training , balance , and Flexibility exercises ) , and social conversation ( casual rather than therapeutic themes ) . Interventions were provided 5 days a week and progressed up to 30 minutes per session over 16 weeks . Interventions were conducted primarily indoors . Outcome measures included the Lawton Observed AFFect Scale , Alzheimer Mood Scale , and Dementia Mood Assessment . At posttest , participants receiving comprehensive exercise exhibited higher positive and lower negative aFFect and mood . The social conversation group exhibited the least positive and most negative mood and aFFect . Results suggest that exercise programs be emphasized in long-term care , particularly whole-body involvement rather than walking alone BACKGROUND The conduct of r and omized , controlled trials of nonpharmacologic treatments presents specific challenges that are not adequately addressed in trial reports . OBJECTIVE To develop an extension of the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) Statement for trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . DESIGN A consensus meeting was organized to develop an extension of the CONSORT Statement that addresses r and omized trials of nonpharmacologic treatments . To prepare for the meeting , a survey was conducted to identify the specific issues for discussion . SETTING Consensus meeting in Paris , France . PARTICIPANTS A total of 33 experts attended the meeting . The experts were method ologists ( n = 17 ) ; surgeons ( n = 6 ) ; editors ( n = 5 ) ; and clinicians involved in rehabilitation ( n = 1 ) , psychotherapy ( n = 2 ) , education ( n = 1 ) , and implantable devices ( n = 1 ) . MEASUREMENTS Experts indicated which of the 22 items on the CONSORT checklist should be modified or which additional items should be added specifically for nonpharmacologic treatments . During a 3-day consensus meeting , all items were discussed and additional method ological issues related to nonpharmacologic research were identified . RESULTS The consensus was that 11 items on the CONSORT checklist needed some modifications for nonpharmacologic trials : item 1 ( title and abstract ) , item 3 ( participants ) , item 4 ( interventions ) , item 7 ( sample size ) , item 8 ( r and omization ) , item 11 ( blinding ) , item 12 ( statistical methods ) , item 13 ( participant flow ) , item 15 ( baseline data ) , item 20 ( discussion : interpretation ) , and item 21 ( generalizability ) . In addition , the meeting participants added 1 item related to implementation of the intervention . LIMITATION Evidence was not always available to support the inclusion of each checklist item . CONCLUSION The methods and processes used to develop this extension could be used for other reporting guidelines . The use of this extension to the CONSORT Statement should improve the quality of reporting r and omized , controlled trials assessing nonpharmacologic treatments [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation including tasks of cognitive training on performance of everyday activities in elderly people with early-stage Alzheimer ’s disease . [ Subjects and Methods ] Forty-three elderly people ( 15 men , 28 women ) with a diagnosis of Alzheimer ’s disease who had a Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) score of 18 or above were r and omly assigned to two groups : the cognitive rehabilitation group ( experimental ) and control group . This study used a r and omized controlled trial design . Cognitive rehabilitation is consisted of 8 sessions , each lasting 60 minutes ( individual 30 min , group 30 min ) . The eight weekly individual sessions of cognitive rehabilitation were performed consisting of an individualized intervention focusing on a personally meaningful goal . The eight weekly group sessions involved practicing time- and -place orientation , matching faces and names , and learning memory and sustaining attention . [ Results ] Significant improvements were observed in rating of occupation performance and satisfaction , Quality of Life in Alzheimer ’s Disease ( QOL-AD ) , and the orientation subscale of the MMSE in the experimental group , whereas participants in the control group did not show any significant difference in any tests between before and after the intervention . [ Conclusion ] Cognitive rehabilitation including tasks of cognitive training is an effective intervention for improving performance and satisfaction with respect to activities of daily living and specific cognitive functions The purpose of this study was to examine the beneficial effects of a new cognitive intervention program design ed for the care and prevention of dementia , namely Learning Therapy . The training program used systematized basic problems in arithmetic and Japanese language as training tasks . In study 1 , 16 individuals in the experimental group and 16 in the control group were recruited from a nursing home . In both groups , all individuals were clinical ly diagnosed with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . In study 2 , we performed a single-blind , r and omized controlled trial in our cognitive intervention program of 124 community-dwelling seniors . In both studies , the daily training program using reading and arithmetic tasks was carried out approximately 5 days a week , for 15 to 20 minutes a day in the intervention groups . Neuropsychological measures were determined simultaneously in the groups both prior to and after six months of the intervention . The results of our investigations indicate that our cognitive intervention using reading and arithmetic problems demonstrated a transfer effect and they provide convincing evidence that cognitive training maintains and improves the cognitive functions of dementia patients and healthy seniors Background Currently available pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have shown only modest effects in slowing the progression of dementia . Our objective was to assess the impact of a long-term non-pharmacological group intervention on cognitive function in dementia patients and on their ability to carry out activities of daily living compared to a control group receiving the usual care . Methods A r and omized , controlled , single-blind longitudinal trial was conducted with 98 patients ( follow-up : n = 61 ) with primary degenerative dementia in five nursing homes in Bavaria , Germany . The highly st and ardized intervention consisted of motor stimulation , practice in activities of daily living , and cognitive stimulation ( acronym MAKS ) . It was conducted in groups of ten patients led by two therapists for 2 hours , 6 days a week for 12 months . Control patients received treatment as usual .  Cognitive function was assessed using the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer 's Disease Assessment Scale ( ADAS-Cog ) , and the ability to carry out activities of daily living using the Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living ( E-ADL test ) at baseline and after 12 months . Results Of the 553 individuals screened , 119 ( 21.5 % ) were eligible and 98 ( 17.7 % ) were ultimately included in the study . At 12 months , the results of the per protocol analysis ( n = 61 ) showed that cognitive function and the ability to carry out activities of daily living had remained stable in the intervention group but had decreased in the control patients ( ADAS-Cog : adjusted mean difference : -7.7 , 95 % CI -14.0 to -1.4 , P = 0.018 , Cohen 's d = 0.45 ; E-ADL test : adjusted mean difference : 3.6 , 95 % CI 0.7 to 6.4 , P = 0.015 , Cohen 's d = 0.50 ) . The effect sizes for the intervention were greater in the subgroup of patients ( n = 50 ) with mild to moderate disease ( ADAS-Cog : Cohen 's d = 0.67 ; E-ADL test : Cohen 's d = 0.69 ) . Conclusions A highly st and ardized , non-pharmacological , multicomponent group intervention conducted in a nursing-home setting was able to postpone a decline in cognitive function in dementia patients and in their ability to carry out activities of daily living for at least 12 months . Trial Registration http://www.is rct n.com Identifier : IS RCT BACKGROUND A recent Cochrane review of reality orientation therapy identified the need for large , well- design ed , multi-centre trials . AIMS To test the hypothesis that cognitive stimulation therapy ( CST ) for older people with dementia would benefit cognition and quality of life . METHOD A single-blind , multi-centre , r and omised controlled trial recruited 201 older people with dementia . The main outcome measures were change in cognitive function and quality of life . An intention-to-treat analysis used analysis of covariance to control for potential variability in baseline measures . RESULTS One hundred and fifteen people were r and omised within centres to the  intervention group and 86 to the control group .  At follow-up the intervention group had significantly improved relative to the control group on the Mini-Mental State Examination ( P=0.044 ) , the Alzheimer 's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognition ( ADAS-Cog ) ( P=0.014 ) and Quality of Life - Alzheimer 's Disease scales ( P=0.028 ) . Using criteria of 4 points or more improvement on the ADAS-Cog the number needed to treat was 6 for the intervention group . CONCLUSION The results compare favourably with trials of drugs for dementia . CST groups may have worthwhile benefits for many people with dementia BACKGROUND There is good evidence for the benefits of short-term cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia but little is known about possible long-term effects . AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy ( CST ) for people with dementia in a single-blind , pragmatic r and omised controlled trial including a sub study with participants taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( AChEIs ) . METHOD The participants were 236 people with dementia from 9 care homes and 9 community services . Prior to r and omisation all participants received the 7-week , 14-session CST programme . The intervention group received the weekly maintenance CST group programme for 24 weeks . The control group received usual care . Primary outcomes were cognition and quality of life ( clinical trial registration : IS RCT N26286067 ) . RESULTS For the intervention group at the 6-month primary end-point there were significant benefits for self-rated quality of life ( Quality of Life in Alzheimer 's Disease ( QoL-AD ) P = 0.03 ) . At 3 months there were improvements for proxy-rated quality of life ( QoL-AD P = 0.01 , Dementia Quality of Life scale ( DEMQOL ) P = 0.03 ) and activities of daily living ( P = 0.04 ) . The intervention subgroup taking AChEIs showed cognitive benefits ( on the Mini-Mental State Examination ) at 3 ( P = 0.03 ) and 6 months ( P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Continuing CST improves quality of life ; and improves cognition for those taking AChEIs BACKGROUND A recent r and omised controlled trial on Cognitive Stimulation Therapy ( CST ) identified the need to evaluate its more long-term benefits for people with dementia . This study evaluates the effectiveness of a weekly maintenance CST programme for people with dementia in residential care . METHOD Thirty-five people with dementia were included , following on from a seven-week twice-weekly study of  CST . The maintenance CST sessions ran in two residential homes using a once a week programme of CST over an additional 16 weeks . Two control homes did not receive the maintenance intervention . RESULTS Using repeated measures ANOVAS , there was a continuous , significant improvement in cognitive function ( MMSE ) for those receiving MCST ( CST+maintenance CST sessions ) as compared to CST alone or no treatment ( p = 0.012 ) . There were no effects on quality of life , behaviour or communication following maintenance sessions . The initial cognitive improvements following CST were only sustained at follow-up when followed by the programme of maintenance CST sessions . CONCLUSIONS The cognitive benefits of CST can be maintained by weekly sessions for around 6 months . A large-scale , multi-centre maintenance CST trial is required to clarify potential longer-term benefits of maintenance CST for dementia Background / A 
    Output:
    
Cognitive interventions are safe and effective for residents with dementia in LTC .
However , while it seems clear that cognitive benefits can specifially be assigned to these forms of intervention , further research is necessary to clarify whether the effects on BPSD and QoL reflect unspecific changes due to additional attention .