***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: Background Advances in technology allowed the development of a novel smoking cessation program delivered by video messages sent to mobile phones . This social cognitive theory-based intervention ( called “ STUB IT ” ) used observational learning via short video diary messages from role models going through the quitting process to teach behavioral change techniques . Objective The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of a multimedia mobile phone intervention for smoking cessation . Methods A r and omized controlled trial was conducted with 6-month follow-up . Participants had to be 16 years of age or over , be current daily smokers , be ready to quit , and have a video message-capable phone . Recruitment targeted younger adults predominantly through radio and online advertising . Registration and data collection were completed online , prompted by text messages . The intervention group received an automated package of video and text messages over 6 months that was tailored to self-selected quit date , role model , and timing of messages . Extra messages were available on dem and to beat cravings and address lapses . The control group also set a quit date and received a general health video message sent to their phone every 2 weeks . Results The target sample size was not achieved due to difficulty recruiting young adult quitters . Of the 226 r and omized participants , 47 % ( 107/226 ) were female and 24 % ( 54/226 ) were Maori ( indigenous population of New Zeal and ) . Their mean age was 27 years ( SD 8.7 ) , and there was a high level of nicotine addiction . Continuous abstinence at 6 months was 26.4 % ( 29/110 ) in the intervention group and 27.6 % ( 32/116 ) in the control group ( P = .8 ) . Feedback from participants indicated that the support provided by the video role models was important and appreciated . Conclusions This study was not able to demonstrate a statistically significant effect of the complex video messaging mobile phone intervention compared with simple general health video messages via mobile phone . However , there was sufficient positive feedback about the ease of use of this novel intervention , and the support obtained by observing the role model video messages , to warrant further investigation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Number : ACTRN12606000476538 ; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81688 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5umMU4sZi Background Smoking is more prevalent among lower-income individuals and certain racial/ethnic minorities . Addressing tobacco cessation among diverse population s is an urgent public health priority . As Internet use continues to rise among all segments of the US population , Web-based interventions have enormous potential to reach priority population s. Conducting Web-based smoking cessation research in priority population s requires psychometrically sound measurement instruments . To date , only one published study has examined the psychometric properties of Internet-administered measures commonly used in Web-based cessation trials . However , the sample was homogeneous with regard to race/ethnicity and income . We sought to replicate and extend these findings in a more diverse sample of smokers . Objective The aim was to examine the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of measures commonly used in smoking cessation clinical trials among racial/ethnic minorities and smokers with lower income . Methods Participants were enrolled in a r and omized trial of the efficacy of an Internet smoking cessation program between June 2005 and September 2006 . Following a baseline telephone assessment and r and omization into the parent trial , participants were recruited to the reliability sub study . In phase I of recruitment , all participants in the parent trial were recruited to the sub study ; in phase II , all consecutive racial/ethnic minority participants in the parent trial were recruited . Race and ethnicity were assessed via self-report using two st and ard items from the US Office of Management and Budget . An email was sent 2 days after the telephone assessment with a link to the Internet survey . Measures examined were quit methods , perceived stress , depression , social support , smoking temptations , alcohol use , perceived health status , and income . Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of Internet- versus telephone-administered measures were examined within four strata defined by race/ethnicity ( non-Hispanic White , racial/ethnic minority ) and annual household income ( US $ 40,000 or less , more than $ 40,000 ) . Results Of the 442 individuals invited , 319 participated ( 72 % response rate ) : 52.4 % were non-Hispanic White , 22.9 % Black , 11.6 % Hispanic , 7.8 % Asian , 4.4 % American Indian / Alaska Native , and 1 % Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Isl and er . About half ( 49.4 % ) reported an annual household income of US $ 40,000 or less , and 25.7 % had a high school degree or less . Test-retest reliability was satisfactory to excellent across all strata for the majority of measures examined : 9 of 12 continuous variables had intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.70 , and 10 of 18 binary variables and both ordinal variables had kappa coefficients ≥ 0.70 . Test-retest reliability of several quit methods varied across strata . Conclusions Race/ethnicity and income do not affect the psychometric properties of most Internet-administered measures examined . This knowledge adds to the confidence of conducting Web-based smoking cessation research and strengthens the scientific rigor of collecting information via the Internet on racial/ethnic minority and low-income subgroups . Trial registration clinical trials.gov NCT00282009 ( parent trial OBJECTIVES To examine patterns of nicotine dependence , the value of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence ( FTND ) and its correlation with self-reported tobacco use and urinary cotinine concentrations among pregnant Indigenous women in Townsville . DESIGN , PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Cross-sectional study of 201 consecutive women who self-reported tobacco use at their first antenatal visit to Townsville Aboriginal and Isl and er Health Service ( TAIHS ) between 1 November 2005 and 31 October 2007 . All smokers were to be assessed by FTND , and 108 women participating in the Tilly 's Tracks project ( a r and omised trial of an intervention to reduce smoking in pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Isl and er women ) were to have a comprehensive smoking history taken and urinary cotinine sample s collected . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported smoking status , FTND scores and urinary cotinine concentrations . RESULTS Of 302 Indigenous women presenting to TAIHS , 201 ( 66.6 % ) identified as current tobacco users at their first antenatal visit ; this proportion rose to 79.6 % in women aged<20 years . An FTND was completed for 152 women ( 75.6 % ) , with a median score of 4 , and 40.1 % scoring 3 or less , indicating low levels of nicotine dependence . There were significant correlations between the FTND and number of cigarettes smoked ( r=0.56 ; P<0.001 ) and urinary cotinine concentrations ( r=0.25 ; P=0.030 ) . Of those who provided comprehensive smoking histories , the median age of starting smoking was 15 years , with a median of two previous quit attempts ; 71.4 % reported partners who smoked and 27.3 % reported smoking occurred inside the house . CONCLUSION The use of the FTND in Indigenous pregnant women may assess physical nicotine dependence , thus providing information that will help in preparing quit-smoking plans , including tailoring of pharmacological support to individual need . Quit-smoking programs that better address the behavioural and psychological aspects of smoking within the Indigenous community in Australia are needed We present statistical considerations for the design of the Community Intervention Trial for  Smoking Cessation ( COMMIT ) . One outcome measurement , the quit rate in r and omly selected cohorts of smokers  , is compared with another outcome measurement , the decrease in smoking prevalence , in terms of statistical efficiency and interpretability . The COMMIT study uses both types of outcome measurements . The merits of pair-matching the communities are considered , and sample size calculations take into account heterogeneity among pair-matched communities . In addition to significance tests based on the permutational ( r and omization ) distribution , we also describe approaches for covariate adjustment . The COMMIT design includes 11 pair-matched communities , which should provide good power to detect a 10 % or greater difference in quit rates between the intervention and control communities in cohorts of heavy smokers and in cohorts of light or moderate smokers . The power is only moderate to detect intervention effects on the decreases in overall smoking prevalence or in the prevalence of heavy smoking Background : Smoking rates are high in indigenous population s and contribute to their poor health . In New Zeal and the indigenous Maori population has a high rate of smoking , with around 50 % of adults being smokers compared with 20 % of the adult European population . A study was undertaken to determine whether bupropion is effective in the treatment of smoking cessation in the indigenous Maori population in New Zeal and . Methods : A r and omised , placebo controlled , double blind , parallel group study was performed in 134 Maori smokers aged 16–70 years who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day . The main outcome measures were continued abstinence from smoking at 3 and 12 months . Results : At each time point continued abstinence was better for the subjects allocated to bupropion , with a risk ratio for abstinence over all time points of 2.44 ( 95 % CI 1.22 to 4.88 ) . The rates of continued abstinence in the bupropion and placebo groups at 3 months were 44.3 % and 17.4 % , respectively , with a risk ratio of 2.54 ( 95 % CI 1.30 to 5.00 ) . The corresponding figures at 12 months were 21.6 % and 10.9 % , respectively , with a risk ratio of 1.99 ( 95 % CI 0.79 to 5.00 ) . Conclusion : Bupropion is an effective treatment for smoking cessation in the indigenous Maori population in New Zeal and Objectives : To determine the effectiveness of a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme . Design : R and omised controlled trial Setting : New Zeal and Participants : 1705 smokers from throughout New Zeal and who wanted to quit , were aged over 15 years , and owned a mobile phone were r and omised to an intervention group that received regular , personalised text messages providing smoking cessation advice , support , and distraction , or to a control group . All participants received a free month of text messaging ; starting for the intervention group on their quit day to assist with quitting , and starting for the control group at six months to encourage follow up . Follow up data were available for 1624 ( 95 % ) at six weeks and 1265 ( 74 % ) at six months . Main outcome measures : The main trial outcome was current non-smoking ( that is , not smoking in the past week ) six weeks after r and omisation . Secondary outcomes included current non-smoking at 12 and 26 weeks . Results : More participants had quit at six weeks in the intervention compared to the control group : 239 ( 28 % ) v 109 ( 13 % ) , relative risk 2.20 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.79 to 2.70 ) , p < 0.0001 . This treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by age , sex , income level , or geographic location ( p homogeneity > 0.2 ) . The relative risk estimates were similar in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data and salivary cotinine verification tests . Reported quit rates remained high at six months , but there was some uncertainty about between group differences because of incomplete follow up . Conclusions : This programme offers potential for a new way to help young smokers to quit , being affordable , personalised , age appropriate , and not location dependent . Future research should test these findings in different setting s , and provide further assessment of long term quit rates Background Acute respiratory illness ( ARI ) is the most common cause of acute presentations and hospitalisations of young Indigenous children in Australia and New Zeal and ( NZ ) . Environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) from household smoking is a significant and preventable contributor to childhood ARI . This paper describes the protocol for a study which aims to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control program about ETS to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zeal and . For the purpose of this paper ' Indigenous ' refers to Australia 's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Isl and er peoples when referring to Australian Indigenous population s. In New Zeal and , the term ' Indigenous ' refers to Māori . Methods / Design This study will be a parallel , r and omized , controlled trial . Participants will be Indigenous women and their infants , half of whom will be r and omly allocated to an ' intervention ' group  , who will receive the tobacco control program over three home visits in the first three months of the infant 's life and half to a control group receiving ' usual care ' ( i.e. they will not receive the tobacco control program ) . Indigenous health workers will deliver the intervention , the goal of which is to reduce or eliminate infant exposure to ETS . Data collection will occur at baseline ( shortly after birth ) and when the infant is four months and one year of age . The primary outcome is a doctor-diagnosed , documented case of respiratory illness in participating infants . Discussion Interventions aim ed at reducing exposure of Indigenous children to ETS have the potential for significant benefits for Indigenous communities . There 
    Output:
    
The limited but available evidence reported does indicate that smoking cessation interventions specifically targeted at Indigenous population s can produce smoking abstinence .