***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIMS To undertake the first r and omized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention delivered by community pharmacists to reduce hazardous or harmful drinking . DESIGN This parallel group r and omized trial allocated participants individually to brief alcohol intervention ( n = 205 ) or a leaflet-only control condition ( n = 202 ) , with follow-up study after 3 months . SETTING Sixteen community pharmacies in one London Borough , UK . PARTICIPANTS A total of 407 pharmacy customers ( aged 18 years or over ) with Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test ( AUDIT ) scores 8 - 19 , inclusive . INTERVENTION A brief motivational discussion of approximately 10 minutes ' duration , for which 17 pharmacists received a half-day of training . MEASUREMENTS Hazardous or harmful drinking was assessed using the AUDIT administered by telephone by a research er blind to allocation status . The two primary outcomes were : ( 1 ) change in AUDIT total scores and ( 2 ) the proportions no longer hazardous or harmful drinkers ( scoring < 8) at 3 months . The four secondary outcomes were : the three subscale scores of the AUDIT ( for consumption , problems and dependence ) and health status according to the EQ-5D ( a st and ardized instrument for use as a measure of health outcome ) . FINDINGS At 3 months 326 ( 80 % overall ; 82 % intervention , 78 % control ) participants were followed-up . The difference in reduction in total AUDIT score ( intervention minus control ) was -0.57 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = -1.59 to 0.45 , P = 0.28 . The odds ratio for AUDIT ˂ 8 ( control as reference ) was 0.87 , 95 % CI = 0.50 to 1.51 , P = 0.61 ) . For two of the four secondary outcomes ( dependence score : -0.46 , 95 % CI = -0.82 to -0.09 , P = 0.014 ; health status score : -0.09 , 95 % CI = -0.16 to -0.02 , P = 0.013 ) the control group did better , and in the other two there were no differences ( consumption score : -0.05 , 95 % CI = -0.54 to 0.44 , P = 0.85 ; non-dependence problems score : -0.13 , 95 % CI = -0.66 to 0.41 ) . Sensitivity analyses did not change these findings . CONCLUSIONS A brief intervention delivered by community pharmacists appears to have had no effect in reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption OBJECTIVE To evaluate a training workshop for community pharmacy personnel  to improve their counselling in smoking cessation based on the stage-of-change model . DESIGN A r and omised controlled trial of community pharmacies and pharmacy customers . SETTING All 76 non-city community pharmacies registered in Grampian , Scotl and , were invited to participate . Sixty-two pharmacies ( 82 % ) were recruited . SUBJECTS All the intervention pharmacy personnel were invited to attend the training ; 40 pharmacists and 54 assistants attended . A total of 492 customers who smoked ( 224 intervention , 268 controls ) were recruited during the 12-month recruitment period ( overall recruitment rate 63 % ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The perceptions of customers and pharmacy personnel of the pharmacy support and self-reported smoking cessation rates for the two groups of customers at one , four , and nine months . RESULTS The intervention customer respondents were significantly more likely to have discussed stopping smoking with pharmacy personnel , 85 % ( 113 ) compared with 62 % ( 99 ) of the controls ( p<0.001 ) . The former also rated their discussion more highly ; 34 % ( 45 ) of the intervention customers compared with 16 % ( 25 ) of the controls rated it as “ very useful ” ( p = 0.048 ) . Assuming non-responders had lapsed , one-month point prevalence of abstinence was cl aim ed by 30 % of intervention customers and 24 % of controls ( p = 0.12 ) ; four months ’ continuous abstinence was cl aim ed by 16 % of intervention customers and 11 % of controls ( p = 0.094 ) ; and nine months ’ continuous abstinence was cl aim ed by 12 % of intervention customers and 7 % of controls ( p = 0.089 ) . These trends in outcome were not affected by potential confounders ( sex , age , socioeconomic status , nicotine dependence , and type of nicotine replacement product used ) or adjustment for clustering . CONCLUSIONS The intervention was associated with increased and more highly rated counselling , and a trend toward higher smoking cessation rates , indicating that community pharmacy personnel have the potential to make a significant contribution to national smoking cessation targets Background Tobacco smoking leads to death or disability and a drain on national re sources . The literature suggests that cigarette smoking continues to be a major modifiable risk factor for a variety of diseases and that smokers aged 18 - 30 years are relatively resistant to antismoking messages due to their widely held belief that they will not be lifelong smokers . Objective To conduct a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) of a computer-generated photoaging intervention to promote smoking cessation among young adult smokers within a community pharmacy setting . Methods A trial was design ed with 80 % power based on the effect size observed in a published pilot study ; 160 subjects were recruited ( 80 allocated to the control group and 80 to the intervention group ) from 8 metropolitan community pharmacies located around Perth city center in Western Australia . All participants received st and ardized smoking cessation advice . The intervention group participants were also digitally photoaged by using the Internet-based APRIL Face Aging software so they could p review images of themselves as a lifelong smoker and as a nonsmoker . Due to the nature of the intervention , the participants and research er could not be blinded to the study . The main outcome measure was quit attempts at 6-month follow-up , both self-reported and biochemically vali date d through testing for carbon monoxide ( CO ) , and nicotine dependence assessed via the Fagerström scale . Results At 6-month follow-up , 5 of 80 control group participants ( 6.3 % ) suggested they had quit smoking , but only 1 of 80 control group participants ( 1.3 % ) consented to , and was confirmed by , CO validation . In the intervention group , 22 of 80 participants ( 27.5 % ) reported quitting , with 11 of 80 participants ( 13.8 % ) confirmed by CO testing . This difference in biochemically confirmed quit attempts was statistically significant ( χ2 1=9.0 , P=.003 ) . A repeated measures analysis suggested the average intervention group smoking dependence score had also significantly dropped compared to control participants ( P<.001 ) . These differences remained statistically significant after adjustment for small differences in gender distribution and nicotine dependence between the groups . The mean cost of implementing the intervention was estimated at AU $ 5.79 per participant . The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was AU $ 46 per additional quitter . The mean cost that participants indicated they were willing to pay for the digital aging service was AU $ 20.25 ( SD 15.32 ) . Conclusions Demonstrating the detrimental effects on facial physical appearance by using a computer-generated simulation may be both effective and cost-effective at persuading young adult smokers to quit . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12609000885291 ; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/ Registration /Trial Review .aspx?ACTRN=12609000885291 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6F2kMt3kC OBJECTIVE To compare a meal replacement ( MR ) program with a conventional reduced-calorie diet ( RCD ) for weight management using the pharmacy as the setting and the pharmacist as the point of contact for dietary advice . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , open-label trial . SETTING Travis Pharmacy in Shen and oah , Iowa . PATIENTS Ninety-five patients from southwestern iowa and southeastern Nebraska were enrolled , of whom 88 were considered eligible for comparison ( by continuing through week 2 of the study ) . INTERVENTION Patients were r and omized to an MR plan or a traditional RCD plan . Patients were followed for a 3-month period of active weight loss and a 10-week period of weight maintenance . Patients returned every 3 weeks for follow-up with the pharmacist , for a total of 13 visits . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Weight changes . RESULTS During the active weight loss phase , the MR ( n = 45 ) and RCD ( n = 43 ) groups lost a significant amount of weight , although no significant difference was found between the groups ( mean + /- st and ard error = 4.90 + /- 0.30 kg MR versus 4.30 + /- 0.30 kg RCD ; P = .16 ) . In the weight maintenance phase , the MR group lost 0.70 + /- 0.40 kg and the RCD group lost 0.90 + /- 0.40 kg ( P = .60 ) . Significant improvements were observed in waist circumference , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and triglyceride levels . No significant changes were seen in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in either group . CONCLUSION Successful weight management can be achieved in a pharmacy setting . Both MR and RCD programs were effective We conducted a r and omized , controlled study to evaluate whether pharmacists ' advice on smoking cessation would result in a higher smoking cessation rate using Nicorette ( nicotine gum preparation ) . Fourteen pharmacies in Tokyo , Kanagawa , and Nagano participated . Smokers who visited pharmacies to buy Nicorette from March 1 , 2002 , through August 31 , 2002 , were recruited and r and omly assigned to two groups . For the intervention group ( A ) , pharmacists provided both regular instructions on Nicorette use and smoking cessation advice at the first sale and then gave follow-up advice just before starting a cessation and 1 , 3 , and 8 weeks and 3 months thereafter . For the control group ( B ) , pharmacists provided regular instructions alone . The primary outcome measure was the self-reported smoking cessation rate and the secondary outcome measure was the relationship between the smoker 's egogram and effectiveness of intervention .  Twenty-eight smokers were enrolled and r and omized into group A ( n=11 ) or group B ( n=17 ) . The absolute abstinence rate in groups A and B at 3 months was 45.5 % and 31.2 % , respectively . The odds ratio was 1.83 , which was not statistically significant . There was no difference in egogram score between absolute abstinence subjects and nonabstinence subjects in group A. The egogram scores in Adapted Child of absolute abstinence subjects in group B were significantly higher than in nonabstinence subjects . In conclusion , instructions and advice given by pharmacists may improve the smoking cessation rate in smokers receiving nicotine replacement therapy Background Community pharmacists can deliver health care advice at an opportunistic level , related to prescription or non-prescription medicines and as part of focused services design ed to reduce specific risks to health . Obesity , smoking and excessive alcohol intake are three of the most significant modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in the UK , and interventions led by community pharmacists , aim ed at these three risk factors , have been identified by the government as public health priorities . In 2008 , the Department of Health for Engl and stated that ‘ a sound evidence base that demonstrates how pharmacy delivers effective , high quality and value for money services is needed ’ ; this systematic review aims to respond to this requirement . Methods / design We will search the data bases MEDLINE , Embase , CINAHL , PsycINFO , Social Sciences Citation Index , ASSIA , IBSS , Sociological Abstract s , Scopus and NHS Economic Evaluation Data base for studies that have evaluated interventions based on community pharmacies that aim to target weight management , smoking cessation and alcohol misuse . We will include all r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) , non-r and omised controlled trials ( N RCTs ) , controlled before-after studies ( CBAs ) and interrupted time series ( ITS ) and repeated measures studies . Data from included studies will be extracted by two independent review ers and will include study details methods , results , intervention implementation/costs and method ological quality . Meta- analysis will be conducted if appropriate ; if not , the synthesis will be restricted to a narrative overview of individual studies looking at the same question . Discussion The review aims to summarise the evidence base on the effectiveness of community pharmacy interventions on health and health behaviours in relation to weight management , smoking cessation and alcohol misuse . It will also explore if , and how , socio-economic status , gender , ethnicity and age moderate the effect of the interventions and will describe how the interventions included in the review have been organised , implemented and delivered , since context is an important factor governing the success of public health interventions . The findings from this review will have an impact on the commissioning of public health services aim ing to promote healthy weight , smoking cessation and prevent excessive alcohol consumption . Systematic review registration The review has been registered with PROSPERO ( registration no. 
    Output:
    
Pharmacy-based interventions produced similar weight loss compared with active interventions in other primary care setting s ; however , weight loss was not sustained longer term in a range of primary care and commercial setting s compared with control .
Pharmacy-based weight management interventions have similar provider costs to those delivered in other primary care setting s , which are greater than those delivered by commercial organisations .
Very few studies explored if and how sociodemographic or socioeconomic variables moderated intervention effects .
Insufficient information was available to examine relationships between effectiveness and behaviour change strategies , implementation factors , or organisation and delivery of interventions .
Community pharmacy-delivered interventions are effective for smoking cessation , and demonstrate that the pharmacy is a feasible option for weight management interventions .