***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
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    Input: BACKGROUND This paper aims to describe factors associated with HIV sero-status in young , rural South African women and the relationship between intimate partner violence ( IPV ) and HIV . METHODS A total of 1295 sexually active female volunteers , aged 15 - 26 , from 70 villages were recruited to participate in a cluster r and omized controlled trial of an HIV behavioural intervention . The main measures were HIV sero-status , and IPV and sexual practice s measured using a question naire administered during baseline interviews . RESULTS About 12.4 % of women had HIV and 26.6 % had experienced more than one episode of physical or sexual IPV . After adjusting for age , HIV infection was associated with having three or more past year partners [ odds ratio ( OR ) 2.39 ; 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 1.48 - 3.85 ] , sex in past 3 months ( OR 3.33 ; 95 % CI 1.87 - 5.94 ) , a partner three or more years older ( OR 1.69 ; 95 % CI 1.16 - 2.48 ) , and a more educated partner ( OR 1.91 ; 95 % CI 1.30 - 2.78 ) . IPV was associated with HIV in two-way analyses ( OR 1.56 ; 95 % CI 1.08 - 2.23 ) , but the effect was non-significant after adjusting for HIV risk behaviours . The experience of IPV was strongly associated with past year partner numbers , time of last sex , and partner 's education ; it was also marginally associated with partner age difference . Adverse experiences in childhood , including sexual abuse , increased the likelihood of having more past year partners ( OR 1.43 ; 95 % CI 1.21 - 1.69 ) . CONCLUSIONS IPV was strongly associated with most of the identified HIV risk factors . Our findings provide further evidence of links between IPV and HIV among women and the importance of joint prevention OBJECTIVE To describe factors associated with  HIV infection in men aged 15 - 26 years . SETTING Rural Eastern Cape Province , South Africa . SAMPLE A total of 1277 sexually experienced Xhosa male volunteers from 70 villages participating in a cluster r and omized controlled trial of an HIV behavioural intervention . Xhosas circumcise during manhood initiation rituals . DESIGN Cross-sectional , analysis of the study 's baseline interviews . MAIN MEASURE HIV sero-status , sexual practice s measured with an interviewer-administered question naire . RESULTS About 2 % of the men were HIV positive . A logistic regression model showed HIV positivity to be associated with age ( OR 1.55 ; 95%CI 1.22 - 1.95 ) , having made a woman pregnant ( OR 2.93 ; 95 % CI 1.28 - 6.68 ) , having been circumcised ( OR 0.40 ; 95 % CI 0.16 - 0.98 ) , and having had sex with a man ( OR 3.61 ; 95 % CI 1.0 - 13.0 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence to suggest that circumcision is protective . There was much heterosexual risk taking among men but only pregnancy ( with its association with sexual frequency ) predicted HIV sero-positivity . Although relatively rare , same-sex sexual experiences were a risk factor . Male-male sexual contact is rarely assessed in HIV research in Africa and almost never addressed in general HIV prevention programming . Our findings suggest that it should be given more attention To better underst and the prevalence , incidence , and risk factors for  sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) among female adolescents , a prospect i ve 6-month cohort study was conducted at four teen clinics in a southeastern city . At enrollment , 260 ( 40 % ) of 650 sexually active females ages 14 - 19 years had an STD : chlamydia , 27 % ; herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2 ) , 14 % ; gonorrhea , 6 % ; trichomoniasis , 3 % ; and hepatitis B , 2 % . At follow-up , 112 ( 23 % ) of 501 participants had an incident infection : chlamydia , 18 % ; HSV-2 , 4 % ; gonorrhea , 4 % ; and trichomoniasis , 3 % . At either enrollment or follow-up , 53 % had > /=1 STD ; of those with 1 lifetime partner , 30 % had an STD . Having a new partner ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 2.2 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1 . 1 - 4.2 ) or friends who sell cocaine ( OR , 1.6 ; CI , 1.0 - 2.6 ) was independently associated with incident infection . STD incidence and prevalence were extremely high in this population , even in teenagers with only 1 lifetime partner . Individual risk behaviors appeared less important for STD risk than population factors Objectives : To evaluate tolerance for the oral administration of zidovudine ( ZDV ) during labor and measure the result ing  ZDV concentrations in umbilical cord blood . Design : A cross-sectional study of women in a placebo-controlled trial of short-course ZDV  ( twice a day from 36 weeks ' gestation until labor and every 3 h during labor ) to prevent perinatal HIV transmission in Bangkok . Methods : Umbilical cord blood was collected . Sixty control specimens and specimens from 372 women ( 182 in the ZDV group , 190 in the placebo group ) were tested for ZDV by radioimmunoassay ( lower detection limit < 1 ng/ml ) . Results : All women in the ZDV group took one or more labor dose , 170 ( 93 % ) took their last dose within 3 h of delivery , and only five ( 3 % ) experienced nausea or vomiting , a proportion similar to the placebo group . The median concentration of ZDV in the cord blood in the ZDV group was 252 ng/ml ( range , < 1–1133 ng/ml ) ; 31 ( 17 % ) specimens were less than 130 ng/ml ( 0.5 μM ) , the concentration thought to be active against HIV in vitro . Median concentrations were 189 ng/ml in specimens from women taking one or two labor doses , 290 ng/ml in those taking three or four doses , and 293 ng/ml in those taking more than four doses ( P < 0.01 ) . The ZDV concentration was not associated with time since the last dose , body weight , or perinatal transmission . Conclusion : Oral intrapartum ZDV was feasible and well tolerated . Most ZDV concentrations in the cord blood after oral dosing during labor were at therapeutic concentrations but were lower than those reported after continuous intravenous administration . Although concentrations were not associated with perinatal transmission , these data do not exclude the possibility that intrapartum and neonatal chemoprophylaxis is effective Objectives : To determine risk factors for HIV-1 infection in young men in northern Thail and . Methods : At enrollment into a prospect i ve study , data were collected from a self-administered question naire and serologic testing on a cohort of 1115 young men selected by lottery for conscription . Results : The overall HIV-1 infection rate was 6.9 % ; however , the rate was 15.3 % among the 387 ( 34.7 % ) men who had been living in the upper north subregion of Thail and compared with 2.5 % for the remaining 728 men ( P < 0.001 ) . A history of sex with female prostitutes was reported by 74.7 % of men and increased frequency of this type of sex was highly associated with HIV-1 infection and a history of sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) symptoms ( x2 for trend , P < 0.001 ) . In stratified and multivariate analyses , however , history of STD symptoms , reported by 42.5 % of the cohort , was most strongly associated with HIV-1 infection . Only 42.8 % of men who reported sex with prostitutes had used condoms more than half the time . Conclusions : Young men in the general population in northern Thail and are at high risk for HIV-1 infection via sex with female prostitutes ; STD are highly associated with HIV-1 infection . Increasing condom use and controlling STD should be immediate goals of HIV control programs Background : To treat chlamydial infection , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends either a single dose of azithromycin or a 7‐day course of doxycycline . Cost is a concern with the single‐dose regimen ; compliance is a concern with the multidose regimen . Goal : To compare the use‐effectiveness of azithromycin and doxycycline for preventing persistence or recurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and to evaluate associated risk behaviors . Study Design : One hundred and ninety‐six chlamydia‐infected women and their sex partners were recruited into a r and omized controlled trial of single‐dose versus multidose regimens in seven public health clinics , with no incentives for enrollment , compliance , or follow‐up . The outcome measure was a positive test for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction testing at 1 month after treatment . Results : C. trachomatis positivity at 1 month was similar for women receiving single‐dose ( 5.1 % , 5/98 ) and multidose therapy ( 4.1 % , 4/98 ) . Reported compliance among 73 women taking multidose therapy was 94.5 % . A twofold to threefold increased risk of chlamydial persistence or recurrence was observed among women who were ≤24 and white or who reported : a recent new partner , multiple partners , or a partner who may have had multiple partners at the time of enrollment or that not all partners were treated during the 1‐month follow‐up period after initiation of treatment . Conclusions : The use‐effectiveness  of single‐dose and multidose therapy was comparably high . Observed rates of persistence or recurrence were consistent with reported rates of pharmacological treatment failure . However , all women with C. trachomatis detected at 1 month had behavioral risk factors that may have contributed to reinfection Objective To determine the incidence of HIV-1 infection and associated risk factors among young , seronegative , and sexually active women in a mixed rural and urban population in southern Rw and a. Design A prospect i ve cohort study . Methods Between October 1991 and April 1993 , we completed a 2-year follow-up survey among HIV-1-seronegative women aged ≤30 years at the time of their initial HIV-1 screening during pregnancy . All women aged ≤25 years and a r and omly selected sample of 26–30-year olds were invited to participate from five prenatal clinics in the Butare region . The interview focused on potential risk factors for HIV-1 acquisition during the 2-year interval between blood collection . Results Out of 1524 women selected , 1150 ( 75 % ) participated in the follow-up survey .  The 2-year incidence of HIV-1 infection was 2.7 % [ 95 % confidence interval ( CD , 1.8–3.9 ] . Teenage women were at the highest risk ( incidence , 10.5 % ; 95 % Cl , 5.2–19.4 ) , with incidence leveling off with increasing age ( P < 0.001 ) . Women who began sexual activity recently were also at higher risk ; the lowest risk category consisted of women aged 26–30 years with 5 or more years of sexual experience . The more urban the geographic residence of the woman , the more likely she was to have acquired HIV-1 infection ( P < 0.001 ) . In the urban and peri-urban zones , the poorest women were at significantly higher risk of incident HIV-1 infection than women reporting higher household income . In a multivariate analysis , young maternal age , marital status ( being single , divorced or widowed ) , multiple sexual partners , and a history of sexually transmitted diseases remained strongly associated with incident HIV-1 infection . Geographic residence , hormonal contraception , and receipt of injections were no longer significantly associated with incident HIV-1 infection when these other factors were accounted for simultaneously . Conclusion Among young Rw and an women , the early years of sexual activity are particularly dangerous for acquisition of HIV-1 infection . Interventions should focus on young teenagers before they become sexually active Introduction : Little is known regarding whether partner characteristics explain sex differences in sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) rates in nonclinic-based , school-aged African American youth . Material s and Methods : A  r and om digit dial household sample of 14- to 19-year-old youth in San Francisco reported the total number , age , race , and perceived history of incarceration , gang membership , and level of sexual activity of their partners . Youth were tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia . Results : Female participants were more likely than male participants to have a partner who was older or had been incarcerated and less likely to have a non-African American partner . Controlling for partner number , female 's odds ratio ( OR ) for having an STI was 1.39 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 0.98–1.98 ; P = 0.07 ) . Controlling for partner incarceration and number of partners , the borderline sex difference was eliminated ( OR = 1.07 ; 95 % CI = 0.70–1.63 ) . Conclusion : Sex differences in STI rates among African American adolescents may be determined more by the risk of the partner than the risk of the individual Objectives : To examine differences in population based rates 
    Output:
    
Partner attributes assessed most frequently included the following : age , race/ethnicity , multiple sex partners , and STI symptoms .
Older partners were associated with prevalent STIs but largely unrelated to incidence .
Black race was associated with STIs but not uniformly .
Partners with multiple partners and STI symptoms seem to be associated with STIs predominantly among females .
Although significant associations were reported , weaker evidence exists for the following : other partner sociodemographics , sexual and other behaviors ( sexual concurrency , intimate partner violence , substance use , travel ) , and STI history .
There were no apparent differences by STI .
Partner attributes are independently associated with STIs among male and female adolescents worldwide .