***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a recent study , children with movement clumsiness ( or Developmental Coordination Disorder-DCD ) were shown to have difficulties making rapid online corrections when reaching , demonstrated by slower and less accurate movements to double-step targets ( Hyde & Wilson , 2011 ) . These results suggest that children with DCD have difficulty using predictive estimates of limb position when making rapid adjustments to movement , in-flight . However , chronometric data alone does not provide strong evidence for this hypothesis : it remains unclear whether early ( and rapid ) control parameters or post-correction stages of the movement trajectory are affected . Thus , the overarching aim of this study was to conduct a kinematic analysis of double-step reaching in order to isolate the different control parameters that might explain the slower and less accurate double-step reaching performance of children with DCD . Participants were a new sample of 13 children with DCD aged between 8 - 12 years and 13 age-matched controls . Children were required to reach and touch one of three possible targets presented at the coordinates -20 ° , 0 ° and 20 ° on a 17 in . LCD touch-screen . For most trials ( 80 % ) the target remained stationary for the duration of movement ( non-jump trials ) , while for the remainder ( 20 % ) , the target jumped r and omly to one of two peripheral locations at movement onset ( jump trials ) . Consistent with earlier work , children with DCD were slower to initiate reaching compared to controls and showed longer MT and more errors on jump trials . Kinematic data showed that while the two groups did not differ on time to peak velocity or acceleration , children with DCD were slower to correct reach trajectory on jump trials . No group differences were observed on late kinematic markers , e.g. , post-correction time . The pattern of results support and extend earlier work showing deficits in ROC in DCD . From a computational perspective , delayed corrections to the reach trajectory suggests some difficulty integrating information about the target perturbation with a predictive ( or forward ) estimate of limb position relative to the initial target . These conclusions are discussed , along with directions for future research Children with developmental coordination disorder ( DCD ) have been demonstrated to show a deficit of inhibitory control in volitional shifts of attention . The aim of this study was to use ecological intervention to investigate the efficacy of table-tennis training on treating both problems with attentional networks and motor disorder in children with DCD . Forty-three children aged 9 - 10 years old were screened using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and divided into DCD ( n=27 ) and typically developing ( TD , n=16 ) groups . Children with DCD were then quasi-r and omly assigned to either a DCD-training group who underwent a ten-week table-tennis training program with a frequency of 3 times a week or a DCD non-training group . Before and after training , the capacity of inhibitory control was examined with the endogenous Posner paradigm task for DCD and TD groups . Table-tennis training result ed in significant improvement of cognitive and motor functions for the children with DCD . The study demonstrated that exercise intervention employed within the school setting can benefit the inhibitory control and motor performance in children with DCD . However , future research efforts should continue to clarify whether the performance gains could be maintained over time Theoretical motor control predicts that because of delays in sensorimotor pathways , a neural system should exist in the brain that uses efferent copy of comm and s to the arm , sensory feedback , and an internal model of the dynamics of the arm to predict the future state of the h and ( i.e. , a forward model ) . We tested this theory under the hypothesis that saccadic eye movements , tracking an unseen reaching movement , would reflect the output of this state predictor . We found that in unperturbed reaching movements , saccade occurrence at any timet consistently provided an unbiased estimate of h and position at t + 196 msec . To investigate the behavior of this predictor during feedback error control , we applied 50 msec r and om-force perturbations to the moving h and . Saccades showed a sharp inhibition at 100 msec after perturbation . At ∼170 msec , there was a sharp increase in saccade probabilities . These postperturbation saccades were an unbiased estimator of h and position at saccade timet + 150 msec . The ability of the brain to guide saccades to the future position of the h and failed when a force field unexpectedly changed the dynamics of the h and immediately after perturbation . The behavior of the eyes suggested that during reaching movements , the brain computes an estimate of future h and position based on an internal model that relies on real-time proprioceptive feedback . When an error occurs in reaching movements , the estimate of future h and position is recomputed . The saccade inhibition period that follows the h and perturbation may indicate the length of time it takes for this computation to take place Children with impaired motor coordination ( or developmental coordination disorder ) have difficulty representing internally the visuospatial coordinates of intended movements . We have proposed that this deficit reflects impairment in the generation of forward models of the efference copy of intended movements―the efference-copy-deficit hypothesis . In this study , we challenged this hypothesis by examining the efficacy of an imagery intervention design ed specifically to train the forward modeling of purposive actions . A pre-post design was adopted . Fifty-four children referred with motor coordination problems were assigned r and omly to one of three groups : imagery training , traditional perceptual-motor training , and wait-list control . The imagery protocol ―delivered by an interactive CD―ROM―was shown to be equally effective to  perceptual-motor training  in facilitating the development of motor skill in the referred children . These results support the efference-copy-deficit hypothesis in explaining the cause of motor clumsiness in most children . Directions for future intervention studies and remediation in the field of developmental clumsiness are discussed . ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:491 - 498 ) The study investigated whether 10-week soccer training can benefit the inhibitory control and neuroelectric indices in children with developmental coordination disorder ( DCD ) . Fifty-one children were divided into groups of typically developing ( TD , n=21 ) , DCD-training ( n=16 ) , and DCD non-training ( n=14 ) individuals using the for Children test , and , before and after training , were assessed with the visuospatial attention orienting task with their lower extremities , while brain event-related potentials ( ERPs  ) were concurrently recorded . The results indicated that , when compared to TD children , children with DCD responded significantly more slowly across conditions of the visuospatial attention orienting task and showed a deficit of inhibitory control capacity in their lower extremities , whereas no group differences were observed for the accuracy rate . Neuroelectric data indicated that , before training , P3 amplitude was smaller and P3 latency was slower for both DCD groups compared to TD children across conditions of the visuospatial attention orienting task ; after training , the beneficial effects were seen in the strength of inhibitory control and P3 latency in the DCD-training group . The data suggest that soccer training result ed in significant improvements in ERP and task performance indices for the children with DCD Abstract The motor control of a sequence of two motor acts forming an action was studied in the present experiment . The two analysed motor acts were reaching-grasping an object  ( first target ) and placing it on a second target of the same shape and size ( experiment 1 ) . The aim was to determine whether extrinsic properties of the second target ( i.e. target distance ) could selectively influence the kinematics of reaching and grasping . Distance , position and size of both targets were r and omly varied across the experimental session . The kinematics of the initial phase of the first motor act , that is , velocity of reaching and h and shaping of grasping , were influenced by distance of the second target . No kinematic difference was found between movements executed with and without visual control of both h and and targets . These results could be due to computation of the general program of an action that takes into account extrinsic properties of the final target . Conversely , they could depend on a visual interference effect produced by the near second target on the control of the first motor act . In order to dissociate the effects due to second target distance from those due to visual interference , two control experiments were carried out . In the first control experiment ( experiment 2 ) subjects executed movements directed towards spatial locations at different distances from the first target , as in experiment 1 . However , the near second target was not presented and subjects were required to place the object on an arbitrary near position . Distance of the second ( either real or arbitrary ) target affected the reaching component of the first motor act , as in experiment 1 , but not the grasp component . In the second control experiment ( experiment 3 ) , the pure visual interference effect was tested . Subjects were required to reach and grasp the object and to lift it in either presence or absence of a second near stimulus . No effect on the initial phase of the first motor act was observed . The results of the this study suggest a dissociation in the control of reaching and grasping , concerning not only visual analysis of extrinsic properties of the immediate target but also visual analysis of the final target of the action . In other words , the notion of modularity for the motor control can be extended to the construction of an entire action & NA ; The chronometry of imagined and actual movements was investigated in a patient with a unilateral lesion of the motor cortex .  Motor imagery generated highly accurate estimates of motor performance in a variety of situations , reflecting the hypokinesia of the contralesional h and . There were parallel increases in mental and actual movement times from proximal to distal limb segments . Bimanual movements adopted the slower speed of the impaired h and in both conditions . Imagined motor sequences to the beat of a metronome predicted the maximum speed reached in actual performance . Finally , visually guided pointing showed the same target‐size effects in the imagery and movement conditions . The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that common cerebral motor representations are activated when imaging and planning voluntary movements The aims of this study were to determine the motor outcome of extremely‐low‐birthweight ( ELBW ; < 1000 g ) or very preterm ( < 28wks ) children compared with normal birthweight ( NBW ) children , to establish the perinatal associations of developmental coordination disorder ( DCD ) and its cognitive and behavioural consequences . Participants were consecutive surviving ELBW or very preterm children and r and omly selected NBW(>2499 g ) children born in the state of Victoria , Australia , in 1991 or 1992 . Main outcomes were : ( 1 ) results of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children ( MABC ) at 8 years of age ; ( 2 ) cognitive function ; ( 3 ) academic progress ; and ( 4 ) behaviour .  Of 298 consecutive ELBW/very preterm survivors , 255 ( 85.6 % ; 117 males , 138 females ) had the  MABC  at a mean age of 8 years 8 months . More ELBW/very preterm children ( 9.5 % ) had DCD than the NBW group ( 2 % , p=0.001 ) . Only male sex increased the likelihood of DCD in ELBW/very preterm children ( p=0.017 ) . ELBW/very preterm children with DCD had worse cognitive function and academic test scores ( up to 1SD below those without DCD ) ; they also had more adaptive behaviour and externalizing problems , but not internalizing problems . DCD is more common in ELBW/very preterm children , has few perinatal correlates , and is associated with poor cognitive and academic performance as well as increased behaviour problems The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the extremities in different aspects of motor performance , including simple reaction time , choice reaction time , speed of movement , tapping speed , and coordination , i.e. , speed of movement/accuracy .  186 healthy r and omly selected right-h and ed subjects ( 93 men , 93 women ; aged 21–70 years ) were measured on a test battery of five tests for both h and s and feet .  Correlations between the extremities in motor performance were highest between h and s ( r = .71–.80 , p<.001 ) or between feet ( r = .57–.88 , p<.001 ) depending on the complexity of response for all subjects . These relations remained at almost the same magnitude even when age was eliminated . Correlations between the upper and lower extremities were lower ( r = .40–.62 ) . Correlations between extremities were lower for one age group ( 21–30 years ) than for all subjects ( 21–70 years ) . These results showed that the motor performance for the h and s is not a very good indicator of the motor performance of the lower extremities , especially in a homogeneous age group , and it seems that the lower extremities should be studied with specific motor performance tests Consistent preferences for particular types of movement suggest criteria for movement selection . These can be important when , as is usually the case , infinitely many movements allow a task to be achieved . The experiments reported here were design ed to identify the source of a strong preference observed in earlier object-manipulation studies . In those earlier studies , subjects usually grabbed objects to be moved from one location to another in a way that afforded a comfortable final posture rather than a comfortable initial posture ( the end-state comfort effect ) . The comfortable final state usually allowed the forearm to be at or near the middle of its range of motion on the pronation-supination dimension . The hypothesis tested here was that the end-state comfort effect stemmed from an expectation that movements can be made more quickly in the middle of the pronation-supination range than at either extreme . To test this hypothesis , we asked subjects , in the first experiment , to perform a h and le rotation task that dem and ed little or no precision and so no need to make rapid to- and -fro homing-in movements near the end of the rotation . Half the subjects did not show the end-state comfort effect , in contrast to all previous studies , where all subjects showed the effect . An incidental finding of the first experiment was that h and le rotations that ended at or near the end of the range of motion took longer than h and le rotations that ended at or near the middle of the range of motion . To test the latter result more carefully , we asked subjects , in Experiments 2 and 3 , to oscillate the forearm as quickly as possible , either in the supination part of the forearm rotation range , in the middle part of the range , or in the pronation part of the range . As predicted , oscillation frequencies were highest in midrange , and this was true for both h and s. The results as a whole have implication 
    Output:
    
Results showed compromised control of overt and covert eye movements , dynamic postural control , manual control for tasks that vary in complexity , and for motor imagery of manual and whole-body postures .
Importantly , this review shows support for general hypothesis that deficits of predictive control manifest in DCD across effector systems