***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Dietary supplementation is commonly employed by individuals seeking to improve body composition and exercise performance . The purpose of the present study was to examine the safety and effectiveness of a commercially available dietary supplement design ed to promote thermogenesis and fat loss . In a r and omized double-blind trial , participants were assigned to consume placebo or a multi-ingredient supplement containing caffeine , green tea extract , l-carnitine , evodiamine and other ingredients that purportedly enhance thermogenesis . The study included acute baseline testing , a 6-week progressive resistance training and supplementation intervention , and post-intervention testing . Laboratory assessment s included resting energy expenditure responses to acute supplement ingestion , evaluation of body composition and muscular performance , and analysis of blood variables ( metabolic panel , testosterone , estrogen and cortisol ) . Dependent variables were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures . No unfavorable effects of supplementation were reported , and the supplement did not adversely affect safety markers . However , the supplement did not reduce fat mass or increase lean mass relative to placebo . In the supplement group , lower body maximal strength was increased relative to placebo ( + 18 % , d=1.1 vs. + 10 % , d=0.5 ) , and cortisol concentrations were decreased relative to placebo ( -16 % ; d=-0.4 vs. + 15 % , d=.75 ) . However , no differences were observed for upper body maximal strength or muscular endurance . REE increased in response to both supplement and placebo ingestion ( placebo : + 5 % ; supplement : + 11.5 % ) , but the difference between conditions was not statistically significant . Overall , some select parameters may have been beneficially modified by supplementation , but this did not result in superior weight or fat loss over 6 weeks of supplementation and resistance training Purpose To examine the impact of ingesting hydrolyzed beef protein , whey protein , and carbohydrate on resistance training outcomes , body composition , muscle thickness , blood indices of health and salivary human neutrophil peptides ( HNP1 - 3 ) , as reference of humoral immunity followed an 8-week resistance training program in college athletes . Methods Twenty-seven recreationally physically active males and females ( n = 9 per treatment ) were r and omly assigned to one of the three groups : hydrolyzed beef protein , whey protein , or non-protein isoenergetic carbohydrate . Treatment consisted of ingesting 20 g of supplement , mixed with orange juice , once a day immediately post-workout or before breakfast on non-training days . Measurements were performed pre- and post-intervention on total load ( kg ) lifted at the first and last workout , body composition ( via plethysmography ) vastus medialis thickness ( mm ) ( via ultrasonography ) , and blood indices of health . Salivary HNP1 - 3 were determined before and after performing the first and last workout . Results Salivary concentration and secretion rates of the HNP1 - 3 decreased in the beef condition only from pre-first-workout ( 1.90 ± 0.83 μg/mL ; 2.95 ± 2.83 μg/min , respectively ) to pre-last-workout ( 0.92 ± 0.63 μg/mL , p = 0.025 , d = 1.03 ; 0.76 ± 0.74 μg/min , p = 0.049 , d = 0.95 ) , and post-last-workout ( 0.95 ± 0.60 μg/mL , p = 0.032 , d = 1.00 ; 0.59 ± 0.52 μg/min , p = 0.027 , d = 1.02 ) . No other significant differences between groups were observed . Conclusions Supplementation with a carbohydrate – protein beverage may support resistance training outcomes in a comparable way as the ingestion of only carbohydrate . Furthermore , the ingestion of 20 g of hydrolyzed beef protein result ed in a decreased level and secretion rates of the HNP1 - 3 from baseline with no negative effect on blood indices of health Background Phosphatidic acid ( PA ) is a lipid messenger that has been shown to increase muscle protein synthesis via signaling stimulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) . MaxxTOR ® ( MT ) is a supplement that contains PA as the main active ingredient but also contains other synergistic mTOR signaling substances including L-Leucine , Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate ( HMB ) , and Vitamin D3 . Methods Eighteen healthy strength-trained males were r and omly assigned to a group that either consumed MT ( n = 8 , 22.0 + /− 2.5 years ; 175.8 + /− 11.5 cm ; 80.3 + /− 15.1 kg ) or a placebo ( PLA ) ( n = 10 , 25.6 + /− 4.2 years ; 174.8 + /− 9.0 cm ; 88.6 + /− 16.6 kg ) as part of a double-blind , placebo controlled pre/post experimental design . All participants volunteered to complete the three day per week resistance training protocol for the eight week study duration . To determine the effects of MT , participants were tested on one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) leg press strength ( LP ) , 1RM bench press strength ( BP ) , push-ups to failure ( PU ) , vertical jump ( VJ ) , pro-agility shuttle time ( AG ) , peak power output ( P ) , lean body mass ( LBM ) , fat mass ( FM ) , and thigh muscle mass ( TMM ) . Subjects were placed and monitored on an isocaloric diet consisting of 25 protein , 50 carbohydrates , and 25 % fat by a registered dietitian . Separate two-way mixed factorial repeated measures ANOVA ’s ( time [ Pre , Post ] x group [ MT and PLA ] were used to investigate strength , body composition , and other performance changes . Post-hoc tests were applied as appropriate . Analysis were performed via SPSS with significance at ( p ≤ 0.05 ) . Results There was a significant main effect ( F(1,16 ) = 33.30 , p < 0.001 ) for LBM where MT significantly increased LBM when compared to the PLA group ( p < 0.001 ) . Additionally , there was a significant main effect for LP ( F(1,16 ) = 666.74 , p < 0.001 ) and BP ( F(1,16 ) = 126.36 , p < 0.001 ) where both increased significantly more in MT than PLA group ( p < 0.001 ) . No significant differences between MT and PLA were noted for FM , TMM , VJ , AG , P , or PU . Conclusion The results of this eight week trial suggest that the addition of MaxxTOR ® to a 3-day per week resistance training program can positively impact LBM and strength beyond the results found with exercise alone Abstract Hypoxia is an important modulator of endurance exercise‐induced oxidative adaptations in skeletal muscle . However , whether hypoxia affects resistance exercise‐induced muscle adaptations remains unknown . Here , we determined the effect of resistance exercise training under systemic hypoxia on muscular adaptations known to occur following both resistance and endurance exercise training , including muscle cross‐sectional area ( CSA ) , one‐repetition maximum ( 1RM ) , muscular endurance , and makers of mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis , such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α ( PGC‐1α ) , citrate synthase ( CS ) activity , nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 ( HIF‐1 ) , and capillary‐to‐fiber ratio . Sixteen healthy male subjects were r and omly assigned to either a normoxic resistance training group ( NRT , n = 7 ) or a hypoxic ( 14.4 % oxygen ) resistance training group ( HRT , n = 9 ) and performed 8 weeks of resistance training .  Blood and muscle biopsy sample s were obtained before and after training . After training muscle CSA of the femoral region , 1RM for bench‐press and leg‐press , muscular endurance , and skeletal muscle VEGF protein levels significantly increased in both groups . The increase in muscular endurance was significantly higher in the HRT  group . Plasma VEGF concentration and skeletal muscle capillary‐to‐fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HRT group than the NRT group following training . Our results suggest that , in addition to increases in muscle size and strength , HRT may also lead to increased muscular endurance and the promotion of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle The purpose of the present study was to investigate the additive effects of ballistic training to a traditional heavy resistance training program on upper- and lower-body maximal strength . Seventeen resistance-trained men were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 groups : ( i ) a combined ballistic and heavy resistance training group ( COM ; age = 21.4 ± 1.7 years , body mass = 82.7 ± 15.1 kg ) or ( ii ) a heavy resistance training group ( HR ; age = 20.1 ± 1.2 years , body mass = 81.0 ± 9.2 kg ) and subsequently participated in an 8-week periodized training program . Training was performed 3 days per week , that is , 6 - 8 exercises per workout ( 6 - 8 traditional exercises for HR ; 4 - 6 traditional + 2 ballistic exercises in COM ) for 3 - 8 repetitions . A significant increase in 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) squat was shown in both groups ( COM = 15.2 % ; HR = 17.3 % ) with no difference observed between groups . However , 1RM bench press increased to a significantly greater extent ( P = 0.04 ) in COM than HR ( 11.6 % vs. 7.1 % , respectively ) . For peak power attained during the jump squat , an interaction ( P = 0.02 ) was observed where the 5.4 % increase in COM and -3.2 % reduction in HR were statistically significant . Nonsignificant increases were observed in peak plyometric push-up power in COM ( 8.5 % ) and HR ( 3.4 % ) . Lean body mass increased significantly in both groups , with no between-group differences observed . The results of this study support the inclusion of ballistic exercises into a heavy resistance training program for increasing 1RM bench press and enhancing lower-body power [ Purpose ] Resistance exercise training ( RET ) and an additional intake of dietary protein supplements may improve muscle mass and muscular function , and reduce inflammatory markers . The types , amount , and timing of dietary protein supplements are important for the synergistic effects of resistance training and dietary protein supplements . We hypothesized that a 25.1 g protein complex supplement taken for 12 weeks , immediately before and after resistance exercise , would enhance fat free mass and isokinetic muscular function in young untrained males . [ Methods ] Eighteen participants were r and omly assigned to a placebo ( n=8 ) or protein complex supplement groups ( n=10 ) . The RET was a supervised progressive program , 3 times per week for 12-weeks , and was performed progressing 80 % of their one repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) . Body composition , blood pressure , plasma inflammatory markers , lipid level and isokinetic muscular function were assessed before and after the study period . [ Results ] There was a significant interaction effect in C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ( p = 0.044 ) among blood vessel inflammatory markers . The protein complex supplement group had shown more effective improvement at 12 weeks intervention compared to the placebo group in isokinetic muscular function . There was a significant interaction effect in peak torque at 60 degrees/sec leg extension ( p = 0.044 ) , total work at 240 degrees/sec leg extension ( p = 0.025 ) , and total work at 240 degrees/sec leg flexion ( p = 0.011 ) . [ Conclusion ] Protein complex supplementation during RET appears more effective than RET alone in improving isokinetic muscular function for 12 weeks in untrained young men The effects of 8 wk of daily chromium supplementation ( 3.3 - 3.5 mumol as chromium chloride or chromium picolinate ) or placebo ( 0.1 mumol Cr ) and weight training were examined in 36 men in a double-blind design .  Strength , mesomorphy , fat-free mass , and muscle mass increased with resistance training independently of chromium supplementation ( P < 0.0001 ) . Protein , magnesium , zinc , copper , and iron intakes equalled or exceeded the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) or estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake ( ESADDI ) during training and did not change significantly from pretraining intakes ( P > 0.05 ) . Chromium supplementation increased the serum chromium concentration and urinary chromium excretion without a difference as a result of the chemical form of chromium ( P < 0.05 ) . Resistance training was associated with a significant decrease ( P < 0.05 ) in serum ferritin , total-iron-binding capacity , transferrin saturation , the ratio of enzymatic to immunoreactive ceruloplasmin , and plasma copper , independently of chromium supplementation . However , transferrin saturation was decreased more with chromium picolinate supplementation ( 24 % ) than with chromium chloride or placebo ( 10 - 13 % ) . Compared with pretraining values , urinary 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , RT has a significant effect on the improvement of hypertrophy ( ~1.5 kg ) .
The excessive sets per workout affects negatively the muscle mass gain