***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND in a secondary analysis of a r and omised controlled trial , we investigated whether 6 months of music-based multitask training had beneficial effects on cognitive functioning and mood in older adults . METHODS 134 community-dwellers aged ≥65 years at increased risk for falling were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n = 66 ) who attended once weekly 1-h supervised group classes of multitask exercises , executed to the rhythm of piano music , or a control group with delayed intervention ( n = 68 ) who maintained usual lifestyle habits , for 6 months . A short neuropsychological test battery was administered by an intervention-blinded neuropsychologist at baseline and Month 6 , including the mini-mental state examination ( MMSE ) , the clock-drawing test , the frontal assessment battery ( FAB ) and the hospital anxiety ( HADS-A ) and depression scale . RESULTS intention-to-treat analysis showed an improvement in the sensitivity to interference subtest of the FAB ( adjusted between-group mean difference ( AMD ) , 0.12 ; 95 % CI , 0.00 to 0.25 ; P = 0.047 ) and a reduction in anxiety level ( HADS-A ; AMD , -0.88 ; 95 % CI , -1.73 to -0.05 ; P = 0.039 ) in intervention participants , as compared with the controls . Within-group analysis revealed an increase in MMSE score ( P = 0.004 ) and a reduction in the number of participants with impaired global cognitive performance ( i.e. , MMSE score ≤23 ; P = 0.003 ) with intervention . CONCLUSION six months of once weekly music-based multitask training was associated with improved cognitive function and decreased anxiety in community-dwelling older adults , compared with non-exercising controls . Studies design ed to further delineate whether training-induced changes in cognitive function could contribute to dual-task gait improvements and falls reduction , remain to be conducted Physical exercise has been shown to increase brain volume and improve cognition in r and omized trials of non-demented elderly . Although greater social engagement was found to reduce dementia risk in observational studies , r and omized trials of social interventions have not been reported . A representative sample of 120 elderly from Shanghai , China was r and omized to four groups ( Tai Chi , Walking , Social Interaction , No Intervention ) for 40 weeks . Two MRIs were obtained , one before the intervention period , the other after . A neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline , 20 weeks , and 40 weeks . Comparison of changes in brain volumes in intervention groups with the No Intervention group were assessed by t-tests . Time-intervention group interactions for neuropsychological measures were evaluated with repeated- measures mixed models . Compared to the No Intervention group , significant increases in brain volume were seen in the Tai Chi and Social Intervention groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Improvements also were observed in several neuropsychological measures in the Tai Chi group , including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score ( p = 0.004 ) , the Trailmaking Test A ( p = 0.002 ) and B ( p = 0.0002 ) , the Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( p = 0.009 ) , and verbal fluency for animals ( p = 0.01 ) . The Social Interaction group showed improvement on some , but fewer neuropsychological indices . No differences were observed between the Walking and No Intervention groups . The findings differ from previous clinical trials in showing increases in brain volume and improvements in cognition with a largely non-aerobic exercise ( Tai Chi ) . In addition , intellectual stimulation through social interaction was associated with increases in brain volume as well as with some cognitive improvements Strength training has been reported as a potentially useful exercise to improve psychological aspects in the elderly , but its effects remain controversial . This study investigated the effectiveness of strength training conducted twice a week for 12 weeks for improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and executive cognitive function . The study was a single-blind r and omized controlled trial with assessment s before and after intervention . HRQOL and executive function were assessed using the SF-36 Health Status Survey and a computerized neuro-cognitive assessment using task-switch reaction time trials , respectively . Subjects comprised 119 participants > or = 65 years old , r and omized to either strength training ( n=65 ) or health education classes ( controls , n=54 ) . The strength training program was design ed to strengthen the large muscle groups most important for functional activities and to improve balance . The effects of the intervention on the eight dimensions of the SF-36 in the control and training groups were analyzed . Only the mental health scale of the SF-36 was significantly improved for the training group compared with controls after 12 weeks . Task-switch reaction time and correct response rate remained unchanged . Short-term strength training might have modest positive effects on HRQOL , although this training period may not be sufficient to affect executive function in relatively healthy older people Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) is not optimal . Without transparent reporting , readers can not judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic review s. Recent method ological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects . Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs , which are considered the gold st and ard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias . A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT ( Consoli date d St and ards of Reporting Trials ) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs . It was first published in 1996 and up date d in 2001 . The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT . Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement . The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs . During the 2001 CONSORT revision , it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports . A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement . After an expert meeting in January 2007 , the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement . This up date improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition , such as selective outcome reporting bias . This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use , underst and ing , and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised . It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and up date d checklist item providing examples of good reporting and , where possible , references to relevant empirical studies . Several examples of flow diagrams are included . The CONSORT 2010 Statement , this revised explanatory and elaboration document , and the associated website ( www.consort-statement.org ) should be helpful re sources to improve reporting of r and omised trials The aims of this study were to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on measures of executive performance and their relationships with changes in cardiorespiratory fitness , cardiac vagal control ( heart rate variability ) and psychological variables . Thirty-six sedentary seniors aged 60 - 75 years were r and omly assigned to a swimming and aquaerobics program or a stretching program two times a week for 21 weeks . Executive functions ( inhibition , updating of working memory and cognitive flexibility ) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( estimated VO2max ) were assessed at the start , after 10 weeks of program and at the end of the program . Resting HRV and measures of psychological outcomes ( depression , self-efficacy , decisional balance ) were obtained at the start and at the end of the program . Participants of both groups significantly improved their VO2max level , their psychological state and their performance for the 2-back task . Only the participants in the aquaerobics group significantly improved their vagally-mediated HRV and their performance for the Stroop test and the verbal running-span test at the end of the program . Only improvements in cardiac vagal control and in inhibition were shown to be functionally related . These results are discussed in line with the model of neurovisceral integration Executive function declines with age , but engaging in aerobic exercise may attenuate decline . One mechanism by which aerobic exercise may preserve executive function is through the up-regulation of brain-derived neurotropic factor ( BDNF ) , which also declines with age . The present study examined BDNF as a mediator of the effects of a 1-year walking intervention on executive function in 90 older adults ( mean age = 66.82 ) . Participants were r and omized to a stretching and toning control group or a moderate intensity walking intervention group .  BDNF serum levels and performance on a task-switching paradigm were collected at baseline and follow-up . We found that age moderated the effect of intervention group on changes in BDNF levels , with those in the highest age quartile showing the greatest increase in BDNF after 1-year of moderate intensity walking exercise ( p = 0.036 ) . The mediation analyses revealed that BDNF mediated the effect of the intervention on task-switch accuracy , but did so as a function of age , such that exercise-induced changes in BDNF mediated the effect of exercise on task-switch performance only for individuals over the age of 71 . These results demonstrate that both age and BDNF serum levels are important factors to consider when investigating the mechanisms by which exercise interventions influence cognitive outcomes , particularly in elderly population BACKGROUND Cognitive decline among seniors is a pressing health care issue . Specific exercise training may combat cognitive decline . We compared the effect of once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training with that of twice-weekly balance and tone exercise training on the performance of executive cognitive functions in senior women . METHODS In this single-blinded r and omized trial , 155 community-dwelling women aged 65 to 75 years living in Vancouver were r and omly allocated to once-weekly ( n = 54 ) or twice-weekly ( n = 52 ) resistance training or twice-weekly balance and tone training ( control group ) ( n = 49 ) . The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test , an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution . Secondary outcomes of executive cognitive functions included set shifting as measured by the Trail Making Tests ( parts A and B ) and working memory as assessed by verbal digit span forward and backward tests . Gait speed , muscular function , and whole-brain volume were also secondary outcome measures . RESULTS Both resistance training groups significantly improved their performance on the Stroop test compared with those in the balance and tone group ( P < or = .03 ) . Task performance improved by 12.6 % and 10.9 % in the once-weekly and twice-weekly resistance training groups , respectively ; it deteriorated by 0.5 % in the balance and tone group . Enhanced selective attention and conflict resolution was significantly associated with increased gait speed . Both resistance training groups demonstrated reductions in whole-brain volume compared with the balance and tone group at the end of the study ( P < or = .03 ) . CONCLUSION Twelve months of once-weekly or twice-weekly resistance training benefited the executive cognitive function of selective attention and conflict resolution among senior women . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00426881 Background Mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) represents a critical window to intervene against dementia . Exercise training is a promising intervention strategy , but the efficiency ( i.e. , relationship of costs and consequences ) of such types of training remains unknown . Thus , we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of resistance training or aerobic training compared with balance and tone exercises in terms of changes in executive cognitive function among senior women with probable MCI . Methods Economic evaluation conducted concurrently with a six-month three arm r and omized controlled trial including eighty-six community dwelling women aged 70 to 80 years living in Vancouver , Canada . Participants received twice-weekly resistance training ( n = 28 ) , twice weekly aerobic training ( n = 30 ) or twice-weekly balance and tone ( control group ) classes ( n = 28 ) for 6 months . The primary outcome measure of the Exercise for Cognition and Everyday Living ( EXCEL ) study assessed executive cognitive function , a test of selective attention and conflict resolution ( i.e. , Stroop Test ) . We collected healthcare re source utilization costs over six months . Results Based on the bootstrapped estimates from our base case analysis , we found that both the aerobic training and resistance training interventions were less costly than twice weekly balance and tone classes . Compared with the balance and tone group , the resistance-training group had significantly improved performance on the Stroop Test ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusions Resistance training and aerobic training result in health care cost saving and are more effective than balance and tone classes after only 6 months of intervention . Resistance training is a promising strategy to alter the trajectory of cognitive decline in seniors with MCI . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00958867 OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a municipality-led walking program  under the Japanese public Long-Term Care Insurance Act to prevent mental decline . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING The city of Takasaki . PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty community members aged 72.0 ± 4.0 were r and omly divided into intervention ( n = 75 ) and control ( n = 75 ) groups . INTERVENTION A walking program was conducted once a week for 90 minutes for 3 months . The program encouraged participants to walk on a regular basis and to increase their steps per day gradually . The intervention was conducted in small groups of approximately six , so combined benefits of exercise and social interaction were expected . MEASUREMENTS Cognitive function was evaluated focusing on nine tests in five 
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This suggests that women 's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men .
Regardless of sex , compared to control , all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function , but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory .
Overall , aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions , while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function , episodic memory , and word fluency .