***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Long-term pedometer monitoring has not been attempted . Purpose : The purpose of this project was to collect 365 days of continuous self-monitored pedometer data to explore the natural variability of physical activity . Methods : Twenty-three participants ( 7 men , 16 women ; M age = 38 ± 9.9 years ; M body mass index = 27.7± 6.2 kg/m2 ) were recruited by word of mouth at two southern U.S. universities . Participants were asked to wear pedometers at their waist during waking hours and record steps per day and daily behaviors ( e.g. , sport/exercise , work or not ) on a simple calendar . In total , participants wore pedometers and recorded 8,197 person-days of data ( of a possible 8,395 person-days , or 98 % ) for a mean of 10,090± 3,389 steps/day . Missing values were estimated using the Missing Values Analysis EM function in SPSS , Version 11.0.1 . Results : A mean of 10,082± 3,319 steps/day was computed . Using the corrected data , differences in steps/day were significant for season ( summer > winter , F = 7.57 , p = .001 ) , day of the week ( weekday > weekend , F = 3.97 , p = .011 ) , type of day ( workday vs. nonworkday , F = 9.467 , p = .008 ) , and participation in sport/exercise ( day with sport/exercise > day without sport/exercise , F = 102.5 , p < .0001 ) . Conclusions : These data suggest that surveillance should be conducted in the spring/fall or that an appropriate correction factor should be considered if the intent is to capture values resembling the year-round average PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the step values of multiple br and s of pedometers over a 24-h period . The following 13 electronic pedometers were assessed in the study : Accusplit Alliance 1510 ( AC ) , Freestyle Pacer Pro ( FR ) , Colorado on the Move ( CO ) , Kenz Lifecorder ( KZ ) , New-Lifestyles NL-2000 ( NL ) , Omron HJ-105 ( OM ) , Oregon Scientific PE316CA ( OR ) , Sportline 330 ( SL330 ) and 345 ( SL345 ) , Walk4Life LS 2525 ( WL ) , Yamax Skeletone EM-180 ( SK ) , Yamax Digi-Walker SW-200 ( YX200 ) , and the Yamax Digi-Walker SW-701 ( YX701 ) . METHODS Ten males ( 39.5 + /- 16.6 yr , mean + /- SD ) and 10 females ( 43.3 + /- 16.6 yr ) ranging in BMI from 19.8 to 35.4 kg.m-2 wore two pedometers for a 24-h period . The criterion pedometer ( YX200 ) was worn on the left side of the body , and a comparison pedometer was worn on the right . Steps counted by each device were recorded at the end of the day for each of the thirteen pedometers . RESULTS Subjects took an average of 9244 steps.d-1 . The KZ , YX200 , NL , YX701 , and SL330 yielded mean values that were not significantly different from the criterion . The FR , AC , SK , CO , and SL345 significantly underestimated steps ( P < 0.05 ) and the WL , OM , and OR significantly overestimated steps ( P < 0.05 ) when compared with the criterion . In addition , some pedometers underestimated by 25 % whereas others overestimated by 45 % . CONCLUSION The KZ , YX200 , NL , and YX701 appear to be suitable for most research purpose s. Given the potential for pedometers in physical activity research , it is necessary that there be consistency across studies in the measurement of " steps per day . We investigated the relationship between  walking levels  and the local neighbourhood physical environment during the Walking for Wellbeing in the West ( WWW ) r and omised pedometer-based community intervention .  Walking activity was recorded as step counts at baseline ( n = 76 ) , and at 3 months ( n = 57 ) , 6 months ( n = 54 ) , and 12 months ( n = 45 ) post-intervention . Objective physical environment data were obtained from GIS data sets and street surveys conducted using the SWAT audit tool . Sixty-nine environment variables were reduced to eight environment factors using principal axis factoring , and the relationship between environment factors and ( i ) step counts , and ( ii ) the change in step counts relative to baseline , was examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression , controlling for age , gender , income , and deprivation . Five environment factors were significant predictors of step counts , but none were significant predictors of the change in step counts relative to baseline . None of the demographic variables included in the analysis were significant predictors at any stage of the study . Total variance explained by the environment ranged from 6 % ( P < 0.05 ) to 34 % ( P < 0.01 ) , with lowest levels during the initial stages of the study . The physical environment appears to have influenced walking levels during the WWW intervention , and to have contributed to the maintenance of walking levels post-intervention Objective Previous studies on the association between physical activity ( PA ) and neighborhood environments ( NE ) focused on either objective ly measuring the NE or the residents ’ perception of NE . Here , we investigate which actual or perceived NE is associated with  residents ’ PA in Japan . Methods Two regions with an objective ly assessed high and low residential density , l and use mix-diversity , and street connectivity , respectively , were identified in one city . The subjects were selected using a stratified r and om sampling method by sex and age in each region . The NE of the subjects was objective ly measured using the Geographic Information System ( GIS ) , and the subjects ' perception of the NE was assessed using a question naire . The  daily total number of walking steps was measured with an accelerometer , and walking and cycling time were assessed by a question naire . Results For the female subjects , the mean cycling time , subjectively assessed as a means of transport , was significantly longer in the group with a high GIS score for the number of l and use types , while the score for total number of walking steps was significantly higher among those who were aware of places to walk to , and cycling time for transport was longer for those who perceived an accessibility to post offices , banks/credit unions , gymnasiums/fitness facilities , and amusement facilities in their neighborhood . For the male subjects , the score for walking time for leisure was longer for those who perceived aesthetics and an accessibility to parks , and the score for total walking steps was significantly higher for those who perceived an accessibility to bookstores or rental video stores in their neighborhood . Conclusions The results to this study demonstrate that  daily PA  was high among female subjects living in a NE with l and use mix-diversity , and who had an awareness of places to walk to and the accessibility to facilities for daily necessities in their neighborhood . For male subjects  , daily PA  was high among those who perceived the aesthetics of and accessibility to facilities for pleasure in their neighborhood . Further research is needed to determine the association between PA and NE on the basis of sex differences Background Self-reported and objective ly-determined neighborhood built characteristics are associated with physical activity , yet little is known about their combined influence on walking . This study : 1 ) compared self-reported measures of the neighborhood built environment between objective ly-determined low , medium , and high walkable neighborhoods ; 2 ) estimated the relative associations between self-reported and objective ly-determined neighborhood characteristics and walking and ; 3 ) examined the extent to which the objective ly-determined built environment moderates the association between self-reported measures of the neighborhood built environment and walking . Methods A r and om cross-section of 1875 Canadian adults completed a telephone-interview and postal question  naire capturing neighborhood walkability , neighborhood-based walking , socio-demographic characteristics , walking attitudes , and residential self- selection . Walkability of each respondent ’s neighborhood was objective ly-determined ( low [ LW ] , medium [ MW ] , and high walkable [ HW ] ) . Covariate-adjusted regression models estimated the associations between weekly participation and duration in transportation and recreational walking and self-reported and objective ly-determined walkability . Results Compared with objective ly-determined LW neighborhoods , respondents in HW neighborhoods positively perceived access to services , street connectivity , pedestrian infrastructure , and utilitarian and recreation destination mix , but negatively perceived motor vehicle traffic and crime related safety . Compared with residents of objective ly-determined LW neighborhoods , residents of HW neighborhoods were more likely ( p < .05 ) to participate in ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 3.06 ) , and spend more time , per week ( 193 min/wk ) transportation walking . Perceived access to services , street connectivity , motor vehicle safety , and mix of recreational destinations were also significantly associated with transportation walking . With regard to interactions , HW x utilitarian destination mix was positively associated with participation , HW x physical barriers and MW x pedestrian infrastructure were positively associated with minutes , and HW x safety from crime was negatively associated with minutes , of transportation walking . Neither neighborhood type nor its interactions with perceived measures of walkability were associated with recreational walking , although perceived aesthetics was associated with participation ( OR = 1.18 , p < .05 ) . Conclusions Objective ly-determined and self-reported built characteristics are associated with neighborhood-based transportation walking . The objective ly-determined built environment might moderate associations between perceptions of walkability and neighborhood-based transportation walking . Interventions that target perceptions in addition to modifications to the neighborhood built environment could result in increases in physical activity among adults PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability evidence for the Omron Healthcare HJ-151 and HJ-720ITC pedometers for prescribed and self-paced walking . METHODS A total of 47 adults ( 24 males , 23 females ; age = 24 + /- 4.4 yr . ; body mass index = 25.7 + /- 4.2 kg x m(-2 ) ) participated in this study . Under prescribed walking conditions , 34 participants completed three r and omized 100-m walking trials through a range of scripted walking speeds ( slow , moderate , and very brisk ) for each pedometer model . Under self-paced walking conditions , 31 participants completed one 1-mile walk on a st and ardized course for each model . HJ-151 pedometers were chosen at r and om from a pool of 54 devices and were worn along the waistb and at the right hip , the left hip , and the midback , whereas HJ-720ITC pedometers were chosen from a pool of 24 devices and incorporated right pocket , left pocket , and backpack positions in addition to the three waist-mounted sites . Absolute percent error ( APE ) scores were calculated to examine pedometer accuracy between actual steps ( a criterion measure ) and pedometer-determined steps . Coefficient of variation ( CoV ) was computed to describe interdevice reliability . RESULTS With the exception of the HJ-720ITC at the backpack position in the prescribed walking setting ( mean APE = 3.4 % ) , the HJ-151 and the HJ-720ITC accurately reported step counts under prescribed and self-paced conditions ( all APE values < 3.0 % ) . Moreover , interdevice reliability evidence was established for the HJ-151 and the HJ-720ITC under prescribed and self-paced conditions ( all CoV values < 2.1 % ) . CONCLUSIONS The Omron HJ-151 and HJ-720ITC pedometers demonstrated validity and reliability at various mounting positions under prescribed and self-paced walking conditions with both healthy and overweight adults OBJECTIVE 1 . To demonstrate that combining pedometer use with cognitive and behavioral support material s has a positive effect on  physical activity ( PA ) and attitudes towards pedometer  use . 2 . To investigate how familiar the study sample is with pedometers and the ' 10,000 steps/day ' recommendation . METHODS From a r and om sample , drawn from the phone book , 304 volunteered ( 18 - 75 year ) to complete a question naire about familiarity with pedometers and the ' 10,000 steps/day ' recommendation . A sample of 103 participants agreed to wear a pedometer  for 3 weeks , and was r and omly assigned to a condition with cognitive and behavioral support material s ( n=51 ) or without these material s ( n=52 ) . Participants completed the  International Physical Activity Question  naire before and after 21 days of pedometer use and an additional question naire on the attitudes towards pedometer use . RESULTS More than 58 % had never heard of a pedometer . In both conditions , walking ( F=10 , p=0.002 ) , moderate PA ( F=11 , p=0.001 ) , and vigorous PA ( F=14 , p<0.001 ) increased over time , however no interaction effects could be found . Significantly more participants in the condition with support material s had a positive attitude towards pedometer use . CONCLUSION Wearing a pedometer , with or without support material s , may increase PA . In our study , cognitive and behavioral support material s only affected attitudes towards pedometer use . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S More research is needed to investigate the effect of combining pedometer use with support material s on a longer time base and in less motivated people PURPOSE This study examined the effects of walking speed on the accuracy and reliability of 10 pedometers : Yamasa Skeletone ( SK ) , Sportline 330 ( SL330 ) and 345 ( SL345 ) , Omron ( OM ) , Yamax Digiwalker 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The results of European and Asian studies support the hypothesis that higher neighbourhood walkability is associated with higher levels of biosensor-assessed walking in adults .