***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention design ed to increase preventive health care seeking  among adolescents . METHODS Adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 21 years , recruited from community-based organizations in 2 different communities , were r and omized into either a 3-session intervention or a control condition . We estimated outcomes from 3-month follow-up data using logistic and ordinary least squares regression . RESULTS Female intervention participants were significantly more likely than female control participants to have scheduled a health care appointment ( odds ratio [OR]=3.04 ) , undergone a checkup ( OR=2.87 ) , and discussed with friends or family members the importance of undergoing a checkup ( OR=4.5 ) . There were no differences between male intervention and male control participants in terms of outcomes . CONCLUSIONS This theory-driven , community-based group intervention significantly increased preventive health care seeking  among female adolescents . Further research is needed , however , to identify interventions that will produce successful outcomes among male adolescents Abstract Objective : To determine the effectiveness of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention in reducing the incidence of sexually transmitted infections among gay men . Design : R and omised controlled trial with 12 months ' follow up . Setting : Sexual health clinic in London . Participants : 343 gay men with an acute sexually transmitted infection or who reported having had unprotected anal intercourse in the past year . Main outcome measures : Number of new sexually transmitted infections diagnosed during follow up and self reported incidence of unprotected anal intercourse . Results : 72 % ( 361/499 ) of men invited to enter the study did so . 90 % ( 308/343 ) of participants returned at least one follow up question naire or re-attended the clinic and requested a check up for sexually transmitted infections during follow up . At baseline , 37 % ( 63/172 ) of the intervention group and 30 % ( 50/166 ) of the control group reported having had unprotected anal intercourse in the past month . At 12 months , the proportions were 27 % ( 31/114 ) and 32 % ( 39/124 ) respectively ( P=0.56 ) . However , 31 % ( 38/123 ) of the intervention group and 21 % ( 35/168 ) of controls had had at least one new infection diagnosed at the clinic ( adjusted odds ratio 1.66 , 95 % confidence interval 1.00 to 2.74 ) . Considering only men who requested a check up for sexually transmitted infections , the proportion diagnosed with a new infection was 58 % ( 53/91 ) for men in the intervention group and 43 % ( 35/81 ) for men in the control group ( adjusted odds ratio 1.84 , 0.99 to 3.40 ) . Using a regional data base that includes information from 23 sexual health clinics in London , we determined that few participants had attended other sexual health clinics . Conclusions : This behavioural intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver , but it did not reduce the risk of acquiring a new sexually transmitted infection among these gay men at high risk . Even carefully design ed interventions should not be assumed to bring benefit . It is important to evaluate their effects in r and omised trials with objective clinical end points . What is already known on this topic The need for effective HIV prevention strategies based on reducing sexual risk behaviour remains important Few interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviour have been rigorously evaluated using r and omised controlled trials What this study adds This is the first r and omised controlled trial of an intervention addressing sexual behaviour in homosexual men that uses sexually transmitted infections and self reported behaviour as end points The intervention was brief and feasible to use in a busy clinic , but it did not reduce the risk of participants acquiring new infections The potential for behavioural interventions to do more harm than good needs to be taken Love , Sex , and Choices is a 12-episode soap opera video series created as an intervention to reduce HIV sex risk . The effect on women ’s HIV risk behavior was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial in 238 high risk , predominately African American young adult women in the urban Northeast . To facilitate on-dem and access and privacy , the episodes were streamed to study -provided smartphones . Here , we discuss the development of a mobile platform to deliver the 12-weekly video episodes or weekly  HIV risk reduction written messages to smartphones , including ; the technical requirements , development , and evaluation . Popularity of the smartphone and use of the Internet for multimedia offer a new channel to address health disparities in traditionally underserved population s. This is the first study to report on streaming a serialized video-based intervention to a smartphone . The approach described here may provide useful insights in assessing advantages and disadvantages of smartphones to implement a video-based intervention BACKGROUND Seeking screening and treatment for chlamydia ( CT ) and gonorrhea ( GC ) by young women is critical to reduction of asymptomatic cervicitis and its complications . OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a client-centered motivational behavioral intervention ( MBI ) , to promote seeking of  sexually tranmitted infection ( STI ) checkups by young women . METHODS Three hundred seventy-six of 770 eligible sexually active , nonpregnant , English-speaking women ( mean age 18.5 years ) were recruited from an urban reproductive health clinic and r and omized to two groups : intervention plus st and ard care ( MBI ) or st and ard care alone ( SC ) . MBI ( two sessions plus booster ) was based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and employed motivational interviewing . Outcome measures monitored for 12 months included : client-initiated clinic visits for STI checkups in response to seven high-risk sexual behaviors by self-report ( primary ) , consistent condom use , number of CT and GC episodes , and movement along the stages of change obtained at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up assessment s ( secondary ) . Analyses included chi-square , logistic regression , and generalized estimating equations . RESULTS At baseline , more than 70 % endorsed the action stage of change for seeking STI checkups for three of seven high-risk sexual behaviors . No significant differences were noted between the two groups for the primary or secondary outcomes . Across groups , having multiple partners and being pregnant or thinking one might be pregnant were associated with STI checkups . CONCLUSIONS This is the first known client-centered clinical trial to promote STI screening . Risk-taking and health-seeking behaviors are complex and interrelated with STI and pregnancy concerns . The intervention may have an effect if it is targeted to women in a less medically connected community-based sample Background : Brief and low-burden HIV risk reduction counseling interventions are needed for population s at greatest risk for HIV infection . Purpose : This r and omized controlled trial tested a brief theory-based counseling intervention delivered entirely over the telephone for men who engage in unprotected intercourse with men . Methods : Participants received either risk reduction counseling that included information , motivational enhancement and behavior skills building , or brief HIV education counseling . A total of 319 participants completed follow-up assessment s over a 10-month period . Descriptive and r and om effects mixed models are used to evaluate findings . Results : Results demonstrate that a brief telephone intervention can reach and engage high-risk men in risk reduction counseling . Nearly one third of participants identified as men of color ; the median age was 33 years . Participants in both counseling conditions increased their motivation and behavioral skills to practice safer sex and reduced their number of sex partners and frequencies of engaging in unprotected anal sex over the study observation period . However , there were few differences between intervention conditions . Conclusions : The effects of repeated measurement reactivity and brief interpersonal consciousness raising may account for the lack of differences between counseling conditions and the decrease in risk for all participants over time OBJECTIVES We tested the efficacy of a brief intervention to promote correct and consistent use of condoms among Black male youths attending sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) clinics in 3 southern US cities . METHODS In 2010 to 2012 , we screened ( n = 1102 ) and enrolled ( n = 702 ) youths aged 15 to 23 years who identified as Black and reported recent ( past 2 months ) sexual activity and r and omized them to a private , brief , interactive intervention ( n = 349 ) or an attention-equivalent control condition ( n = 353 ) . Assessment s occurred at baseline and 2 and 6 months after the intervention . RESULTS At 6 months , with adjustment for age and pretest nonequivalence of the outcome variable , an estimated odds ratio ( EOR ) of 1.63 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 1.07 , 2.49 ; P = .02 ) indicated efficacy for correct condom use . An adjusted generalized estimating equations model with both 2- and 6-month condom use variables produced an EOR of 1.49 ( 95 % CI = 1.06 , 2.08 ; P = .02 ) . We did not observe significant effects on chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence . CONCLUSIONS This brief intervention , delivered as part of STI clinical care , could help alleviate the disproportionate STI-HIV burden among young Black men At the time of this writing , no r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) of an intervention to reduce unsafe sex among Latino gay and bisexual men ( LGBM ) had been published . We report the results of an RCT conducted in New York City in which 180 LGBM were assigned either to an intervention developed specifically for this population or to a wait-list control group . The intervention was based on empowerment theory and used factors identified in prior research as determinants of unsafe sex . By eligibility criteria , all men had engaged in unprotected anal intercourse ( UAI )  within two months of the baseline assessment . At first ( two months ) and second ( six months later ) follow-up assessment s , approximately half of the men in the experimental group reported no UAI . Yet , a similar proportion of the control group also reported no UAI . Baseline data indicate that although the men had been the subject of social oppression and sexual prejudice ( homophobia ) , they did not feel disempowered , externally controlled or fatalistic , and they reported self-efficacy and intentionality to enact safer sex . Lessons learned are discussed , as well as notes of caution for future research employing a similar conceptual framework PURPOSE To evaluate a brief , theoretically guided sexually transmitted disease ( STD ) risk-reduction intervention tailored to college-aged women . METHODS The participants were 78 undergraduate females ( M = 20 years ; 76 % European-American ) who reported inconsistent condom use or multiple sexual partners . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of three groups : ( a ) a one-session intervention based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills ( IMB ) model , ( b ) a one-session information-only intervention ( INFO ) , or ( c ) a wait-list control ( WLC ) group . Consistent with Fisher and Fisher 's ( 1992 ) IMB model , we predicted that risk reduction would be greater when information about HIV was supplemented with motivational enhancement strategies and skills training . To evaluate this hypothesis , groups were compared at the post-intervention assessment and at a 2-month follow-up using analyses of covariance and log odds ratios . RESULTS At the post-intervention assessment , the IMB and INFO groups demonstrated increased STD-related knowledge . At 2-month follow-up , the IMB and INFO groups showed sustained STD-related knowledge , and the IMB group showed reductions in number of sexual partners compared to the WLC group . CONCLUSIONS These results provide partial support for the hypothesis that an IMB model-based intervention leads to reductions in sexual risk behavior and suggest directions for future research Background As HIV infection continues unabated , there is a need for effective interventions targeting at-risk men who have sex with men ( MSM ) . Engaging MSM online where they meet sexual partners is critical for HIV prevention efforts . Methods A r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) conducted online among U.S. MSM recruited from several gay sexual networking websites assessed the impact of 2 HIV prevention videos and an HIV prevention webpage compared to a control condition for the study outcomes HIV testing , serostatus disclosure , and unprotected anal intercourse ( UAI ) at 60-day follow-up . Video conditions were pooled due to reduced power from low retention ( 53 % , n = 1,631 ) . No participant incentives were provided . Principal Findings Follow-up was completed by 1,631 ( 53 % ) of 3,092 eligible men . In the 60 days after the intervention , men in the pooled video condition were significantly more likely than men in the control to report full serostatus disclosure ( ‘ asked and told ’ ) with their last sexual partner ( OR 1.32 , 95 % CI 1.01–1.74 ) . Comparing baseline to follow-up , HIV-negative men in the pooled video ( OR 0.70 , 95 % CI 0.54–0.91 ) and webpage condition ( OR 0.43 , 95 % CI 0.25–0.72 ) significantly reduced UAI at follow-up . HIV-positive men in the pooled video condition significantly reduced UAI ( OR 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.20–0.67 ) and serodiscordant UAI ( OR 0.53 , 95 % CI 0.28–0.96 ) at follow-up . Conclusions / Significance Findings from this online RCT of MSM recruited from sexual networking websites suggest that a low cost , brief digital media intervention design ed to engage critical thinking can increase HIV disclosure to sexual partners and decrease sexual risk . Effective , brief HIV prevention inter 
    Output:
    
A small number of interventions which could be used , or adapted for use , in sexual health clinics were found to be effective in reducing STIs among young people and in promoting self-reported STI-risk behavior change in MSM