***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The authors studied weight gain mechanisms and energy balance in patients treated with olanzapine .  METHOD The body mass index of male schizophrenic adolescent in patients treated with olanzapine ( N=10 ) and of 10 matched patients treated with haloperidol ( N=10 ) were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment . For the patients treated with olanzapine , caloric intake , resting energy expenditure , and physical activity ( determined through accelerometry and heart rate monitoring ) were assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment . RESULTS Body mass index significantly increased in those treated with olanzapine but not in those given haloperidol . The increase in body mass index was due to an increase in caloric intake without change in diet composition . Olanzapine had no significant effect on resting energy expenditure . Daily energy expenditure was very low before and after treatment . CONCLUSIONS Olanzapine-induced  weight gain is associated with a general increase in caloric intake OBJECTIVE Clinical factors predicting weight change in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders during acute treatment with the antipsychotic drugs olanzapine , risperidone , and haloperidol  were sought through retrospective analyses . METHOD Six-week body-weight data from 2 trials , study 1 comparing olanzapine and haloperidol ( N = 1,369 ) and study 2 olanzapine and risperidone ( N = 268 ) , were analyzed . Effects of 8 clinical ly relevant covariates -- therapy , clinical outcome ( Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ) , baseline body mass index ( B BMI ) , increased appetite , age , gender , race , and dose -- on weight were compared . RESULTS In study 1 , olanzapine ( vs. haloperidol ) therapy , better clinical outcome , lower B BMI , and nonwhite race significantly affected weight gain . Effects of increased appetite and male gender on weight gain were significant for olanzapine but not for haloperidol . In study 2 , better clinical outcome , lower B BMI , and younger age significantly affected weight gain . Increased appetite was more frequent during olanzapine treatment than during haloperidol , but not significantly different from risperidone . Significant differences in effect on weight change were found between olanzapine and haloperidol but not between olanzapine and risperidone . No evidence was found that lower antipsychotic drug doses were associated with lower weight gain . CONCLUSION This report identifies predictive factors of acute weight change in patients with schizophrenia . Similar factors across antipsychotic drugs in predicting greater weight gain included better clinical outcome , low B BMI , and nonwhite race . Factors differing between conventional ( haloperidol ) and atypical ( olanzapine ) agents included increased appetite and gender . Choice of atypical antipsychotic drug ( olanzapine vs. risperidone ) was of minor importance with regard to influence on acute weight gain The bilateral communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems plays an essential role in modulating the adequate response of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal ( HPA ) axis to the stimulatory influence of cytokines and stress-related mediators . Growing evidence suggests that neuro-immune-endocrine crosstalk may be impaired in schizophrenia . We determined the relationship between cortisol , cytokines interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and symptoms in schizophrenia during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs . Subjects included 30 healthy controls ( HC ) and 78 schizophrenic ( SCH ) in- patients . SCH were r and omly assigned to 12-week treatment with 6 mg/day of risperidone or 20 mg/day of haloperidol using a double-blind design . Clinical efficacy was determined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) . Serum cortisol and IL-2 levels were assayed by radioimmunometric assay , and serum IL-6 levels by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Following a 2-week washout period , serum levels of cortisol , IL-2 , and IL-6 were increased in patients with schizophrenia compared to HC . Elevations in cortisol were associated with increase in both IL-2 and IL-6 in SCH . Moreover , elevations in cortisol were associated with negative symptoms and IL-2 with positive symptoms . In all , 12 weeks of risperidone treatment significantly decreased elevated cortisol and improved negative symptoms , but produced similar effects on IL-2 and IL-6 as well as on positive symptoms compared to haloperidol . The improvement of negative symptoms was related to the change in cortisol . Our results suggest that the imbalance in the HPA axis and cytokine system in patients with SCH is implicated in clinical symptoms , and is improved with atypical antipsychotic treatment The aim of this study was to determine the location of antipsychotic-induced weight gain in drug naïve , first episode patients with schizophrenia . Various fatness and fat distribution parameters ( by Computerized Tomography scanning and anthropometry ) and 1600 hr plasma cortisol were measured in 19 ( 15 men and 4 women ) subjects with schizophrenia ( mean age = 31.0 years ; mean body mass index [ BMI ] = 24.6 kg/m2 ) and an equal number of age- and sex- matched controls ( mean age = 32.6 yr ; mean BMI = 23.0 kg/m2 ) . Patients were then given either olanzapine or risperidone .  Sixteen patients were re-tested following a treatment period lasting approximately 6 months . Patients with schizophrenia , had significantly more intra-abdominal fat [ IAF ] ( 116.8 + /- 20.2 cm2 vs. 38.0 + /- 4.8 cm2 , respectively ; t = 3.80 , df = 18 , p < 0.0001 ) and had higher levels of plasma cortisol ( 360.2 + /- 49.6 nmol/L vs. 192.7 + /- 19.7 nmol/L , respectively ; t = 3.13 , df = 18 , p < 0.003 ) than appropriately matched control subjects . Treatment with atypical antipsychotics did not result in a significant increase in IAF ( 116.8 + /- 20.2 cm2 vs. 131.7 + /- 20.9 cm2 ; p = NS ) though visceral fat stores still remained significantly higher than those seen in controls ( 38.0 + /- 4.8 cm2 ) ( F = 9.34 ; df = 2 , 51 ; p < 0.0003 ) . However , plasma levels of cortisol did significantly decrease ( 360.2 + /- 49.6 nmol/L + /- vs. 316.2 + /- 48.4 nmol/L ; p < 0.05 ) . Pre-treatment levels of IAF did not differ between those who received risperidone and those who were given olanzapine ( 123.0 + /- 35.9 cm2 vs. 113.1 + /- 15.7 cm2 , respectively ; t = 0.20 , df = 16 , p < 0.84 ) . The increase in IAF did not differ between those given risperidone and those who received olanzapine ( 26.9 + /- 12.1 cm2 vs. 18.24 + /- 11.44 cm2 , respectively ; t = 0.50 , df = 16 , p < 0.63 ) . Patients with drug naïve , first episode , schizophrenia have higher levels of visceral fats stores as compared to matched control subjects . Treatment with atypical antipsychotics does not result in a significant increase in IAF distribution Obesity results from chronic deregulation of energy balance , which may in part be caused by stress . Our objective was to investigate the effect of acute and psychological stress on food intake , using the eating in the absence of hunger paradigm , in normal and overweight men and women ( while taking dietary restraint and disinhibition into account ) . In 129 subjects ( BMI = 24.5 + /- 3.4 kg/m(2 ) and age = 27.6 + /- 8.8 years ) , scores were determined on the Three Factor Eating Question naire ( dietary restraint = 7.2 + /- 4.4 ; disinhibition = 4.5 + /- 2.6 ; feeling of hunger = 3.9 + /- 2.6 ) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( trait score = 31.7 + /- 24.2 ) . In a r and omized crossover design , the " eating in absence of hunger " protocol was measured as a function of acute stress vs. a control task and of state anxiety scores . Energy intake from sweet foods ( 708.1 kJ vs. 599.4 kJ , P < 0.03 ) and total energy intake ( 965.2 kJ vs. 793.8 kJ , P < 0.01 ) were significantly higher in the stress condition compared to the control condition . Differences in energy intake between the stress and control condition were a function of increase in state anxiety scores during the stress task ( Delta state anxiety scores ) ( R(2 ) = 0.05 , P < 0.01 ) . This positive relationship was stronger in subjects with high disinhibition scores ( R(2 ) = 0.12 , P < 0.05 ) . Differences in state anxiety scores were a function of trait anxiety scores ( R(2 ) = 0.07 , P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that acute psychological stress is associated with eating in the absence of hunger , especially in vulnerable individuals characterized by disinhibited eating behavior and sensitivity to chronic stress 
    Output:
    
RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia have a poor diet , mainly characterized by a high intake of saturated fat and a low consumption of fibre and fruit .
Such diet is more likely to increase the risk to develop metabolic abnormalities .
Subjects with schizophrenia show a poor diet that partly accounts for their higher incidence of metabolic abnormalities .