***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the effects of acute morning or evening exercise on nocturnal sleep  in individuals with two subjective insomnia symptoms : difficulty in initiating sleep ( DIS ) , and early morning awakening ( EMA ) , separately for the first vs the second halves of the night . METHODS Older individuals ( 55 - 65 years old ) with DIS ( N = 15 ) or EMA ( N = 15 ) and age- and sex-matched controls ( N = 13 ) participated in this non-r and omized crossover study . Participants were assigned to two exercise conditions ( morning exercise and evening exercise ) in counterbalanced order following the baseline condition with a two-week interval between conditions . A single session of aerobic step exercise was performed during each exercise condition . Nocturnal polysomnography was carried out to evaluate objective sleep quality . Patient global impression of change scale scores for nocturnal sleep were obtained to subjectively evaluate the different groups . RESULTS Acute physical exercise did not improve subjective sleep quality .  Morning exercise decreased the number of stage shifts over the whole night . The arousal index and the number of stage shifts were decreased especially during the second half of the night in all groups . Furthermore , morning exercise decreased the number of wake stages during the second half of the night in the DIS group , but not in the EMA group . CONCLUSIONS Acute morning exercise can improve nocturnal sleep quality in individuals with difficulty initiating sleep , especially during the later part of the night BACKGROUND Experimental sleep restriction causes impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) ; however , little is known about the metabolic effects of habitual sleep restriction . We assessed the cross-sectional relation of usual sleep time to diabetes mellitus ( DM ) and IGT among participants in the Sleep Heart Health Study , a community-based prospect i ve study of the cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing . METHODS Participants were 722 men and 764 women , aged 53 to 93 years .  Usual sleep time was obtained by st and ardized question naire . Diabetes mellitus was defined as a serum glucose level of 126 mg/dL or more ( > or = 7.0 mmol/L ) fasting or 200 mg/dL or more ( > or = 11.1 mmol/L ) 2 hours following st and ard oral glucose challenge or medication use for DM . Impaired glucose tolerance was defined as a 2-hour postchallenge glucose level of 140 mg/dL or more ( > or = 7.8 mmol/L ) and less than 200 mg/dL. The relation of sleep time to DM and IGT was examined using categorical logistic regression with adjustment for age , sex , race , body habitus , and apnea-hypopnea index . RESULTS The median sleep time was 7 hours per night , with 27.1 % of subjects sleeping 6 hours or less per night . Compared with those sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night , subjects sleeping 5 hours or less and 6 hours per night had adjusted odds ratios for DM of 2.51 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.57 - 4.02 ) and 1.66 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.15 - 2.39 ) , respectively . Adjusted odds ratios for IGT were 1.33 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.83 - 2.15 ) and 1.58 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.15 - 2.18 ) , respectively . Subjects sleeping 9 hours or more per night also had increased odds ratios for DM and IGT . These associations persisted when subjects with insomnia symptoms were excluded . CONCLUSIONS A sleep duration of 6 hours or less or 9 hours or more is associated with increased prevalence of DM and IGT . Because this effect was present in subjects without insomnia , voluntary sleep restriction may contribute to the large public health burden of DM Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Acute physical exercise may affect cardiac autonomic modulation hours or even days during the recovery phase . Although sleep is an essential recovery period , the information on nocturnal autonomic modulation indicated by heart rate variability ( HRV ) after different exercises is mostly lacking . Therefore , this study investigated the effects of exercise intensity and duration on nocturnal HR , HRV , HR , and HRV-based relaxation , as well as on actigraphic and subjective sleep quality .  Fourteen healthy male subjects ( age 36 ± 4 years , maximal oxygen uptake 49 ± 4 ml/kg/min ) performed five different running exercises on separate occasions starting at 6 p.m. with HR guidance at home . The effect of intensity was studied with 30 min of exercises at intensities corresponding to HR level at 45 % ( easy ) , 60 % ( moderate ) and 75 % ( vigorous ) of their maximal oxygen uptake . The effect of duration was studied with 30 , 60 , and 90 min of moderate exercises .  Increased exercise intensity elevated nocturnal HR compared to control day ( p < 0.001 ) , but it did not affect nocturnal HRV . Nocturnal HR was greater after the day with 90- than 30- or 60-min exercises ( p < 0.01 ) or control day ( p < 0.001 ) . Nocturnal HRV was lower after the 90-min exercise day compared to control day ( p < 0.01 ) . Neither exercise intensity nor duration had any impact on actigraphic or subjective sleep quality . The results suggest that increased exercise intensity and /or duration cause delayed recovery of nocturnal cardiac autonomic modulation , although long exercise duration was needed to induce changes in nocturnal HRV . Increased exercise intensity or duration does not seem to disrupt sleep quality The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic fitness level would influence measurements of excess postexercise oxygen consumption ( EPOC ) and initial rate of recovery .  Twelve trained [ Tr ; peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 peak ) = 53.3 + /- 6.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1 ] and ten untrained ( UT ; VO2 peak = 37.4 + /- 3.2 ml . kg-1 . min-1 ) subjects completed two 30-min cycle ergometer tests on separate days in the morning , after a 12-h fast and an abstinence from vigorous activity of 24 h. Baseline metabolic rate was established during the last 10 min of a 30-min seated preexercise rest period . Exercise workloads were manipulated so that they elicited the same relative , 70 % VO2 peak ( W70 % ) , or the same absolute , 1.5 l/min oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) ( W1.5 ) , intensity for all subjects , respectively . Recovery VO2 , heart rate ( HR ) , and respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) were monitored in a seated position until baseline VO2 was reestablished . Under both exercise conditions , Tr had shorter EPOC duration ( W70 % = 40 + /- 15 min , W1.5 = 21 + /- 9 min ) than UT ( W70 % = 50 + /- 14 min ; W1.5 = 39 + /- 14 min ) , but EPOC magnitude ( Tr : W70 % = 3.2 + /- 1.0 liters O2 , W1.5 = 1.5 + /- 0.6 liters O2 ; UT : W70 % = 3.5 + /- 0.9 liters O2 , W1.5 = 2.4 + /- 0.6 liters O2 ) was not different between groups . The similarity of Tr and UT EPOC accumulation in the W70 % trial is attributed to the parallel decline in absolute VO2 during most of the initial recovery period . Tr subjects had faster relative decline during the fast-recovery phase , however , when a correction for their higher exercise VO2 was taken . Postexercise VO2 was lower for Tr group for nearly all of the W1.5 trial and particularly during the fast phase . Recovery HR kinetics were remarkably similar for both groups in W70 % , but recovery was faster for Tr during W1.5 . RER values were at or below baseline throughout much of the recovery period in both groups , with UT experiencing larger changes than Tr in both trials . These findings indicate that Tr individuals have faster regulation of postexercise metabolism when exercising at either the same relative or same absolute work rate OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which  infant sleep duration  is associated with overweight at age 3 years . DESIGN Longitudinal survey . SETTING Multisite group practice in Massachusetts . PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred fifteen children in Project Viva , a prospect i ve cohort . Main Exposure At children 's ages 6 months , 1 year , and 2 years , mothers reported the number of hours their children slept in a 24-hour period , from which we calculated a weighted average of daily sleep . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We used multivariate regression analyses to predict the independent effects of  sleep duration  ( < 12 h/d vs > or = 12 h/d ) on body mass index ( BMI ) ( calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared ) z score , the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses , and overweight ( BMI for age and sex > or = 95th percentile ) at age 3 years . RESULTS The children 's mean ( SD ) duration of daily sleep was 12.3 ( 1.1 ) hours . At age 3 years , 83 children ( 9 % ) were overweight ; the mean ( SD ) BMI z score and sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses were 0.44 ( 1.03 ) and 16.66 ( 4.06 ) mm , respectively . After adjusting for maternal education , income , prepregnancy BMI , marital status , smoking history , and breastfeeding duration and child 's race/ethnicity , birth weight , 6-month weight-for-length z score , daily television viewing , and daily participation in active play , we found that infant sleep of less than 12 h/d was associated with a higher BMI z score ( beta , 0.16 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.02 - 0.29 ) , higher sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses ( beta , 0.79 mm ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.18 - 1.40 ) , and increased odds of overweight ( odds ratio , 2.04 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.07 - 3.91 ) . CONCLUSION Daily sleep duration of less than 12 hours during infancy appears to be a risk factor for overweight and adiposity in preschool-aged children Abstract Alley , JR , Mazzochi , JW , Smith , CJ , Morris , DM , and Collier , SR . Effects of resistance exercise timing on  sleep architecture and nocturnal blood pressure . J Strength Cond Res 29(5 ) : 1378–1385 , 2015—Short sleep duration and poor quality of sleep have been associated with health risks including cardiovascular disease , diabetes , and obesity . Prior research has suggested that regular aerobic exercise improves the quality of sleep ; however , less is known regarding resistance exercise ( RE ) and how RE may affect sleep architecture . The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of timing of RE on sleep architecture and nocturnal blood pressure .  College-aged subjects engaged in 5 laboratory visits . Visits 1 ( C ) and 2 provided a non-RE control day and established the 10-repetition maximum on each of 9 RE machines , respectively . During visits 3–5 , the subjects reported at 0700 hours ( 7A ) , 1300 hours ( 1P ) , and 1900 hours ( 7P ) in a r and omized order to perform 30 minutes of RE . Ambulatory blood pressure and sleep-monitoring devices were worn during sleep after C , 7A , 1P , and 7P . Time to fall asleep was significantly different between RE conditions 7A and 1P and between 7A and 7P . All exercise conditions exhibited significantly fewer times woken than the non-RE control day , with 7P result ing in significantly less time awake after initially falling asleep as compared with C. Although timing of RE does not seem to statistically impact sleep stages or nocturnal blood pressure , these data indicate that engaging in RE at any time of the day may improve quality of sleep as compared with no RE . Resistance exercise may offer additional benefits regarding the ability to fall asleep and stay asleep to population s with osteoporosis , sarcopenia , anxiety , or depression On separate nights 90 to 30 min before typical bedtime , eight physically active men completed three conditions : seated rest , low-intensity and moderate-intensity cycle exercise . Low- and moderate-intensity exercise had no significant effect on sleep onset latency , the number of awakenings , total sleep time or sleep efficiency as measured by the Sleep Assessment Device . Mean core body temperature was higher during sleep after moderate intensity ( 36.80+/-0.02 degrees C ) exercise compared to both the low-intensity exercise ( 36.67+/-0.02 degrees C ) and rest ( 36.51+/-0.02 degrees C ) conditions . It is concluded that a 1-h bout of moderate-intensity exercise performed shortly before bed elevates core body temperature before and during sleep ; however , this elevated temperature does not disrupt behavioral measures of sleep obtained in the home environment in physically active male college students who were somewhat sleep 
    Output:
    
Conclusion Overall , the studies review ed here do not support the hypothesis that evening exercise negatively affects sleep , in fact rather the opposite .
However , sleep-onset latency , total sleep time , and SE might be impaired after vigorous exercise ending ≤ 1 h before bedtime