***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Orientation and mobility training ( O&M-training ) in using an identification cane , also called symbol cane , is provided to people with low vision to facilitate independent participation in the community . In The Netherl and s this training is mainly practice -based because a st and ardised and validly evaluated O&M-training in using the identification cane is lacking . Recently a st and ardised O&M-training in using the identification cane was developed . This training consists of two face-to-face sessions and one telephone session during which , in addition to usual care , the client 's needs regarding mobility are prioritised , and cognitive restructuring techniques , action planning and contracting are applied to facilitate the use of the cane . This paper presents the design of a r and omised controlled trial aim ed to evaluate this st and ardised O&M-training in using the identification cane in older adults with low vision . Methods / design A parallel group r and omised controlled trial was design ed to compare the st and ardised O&M-training with usual care , i.e. the O&M-training commonly provided by the mobility trainer . Community-dwelling older people who ask for support at a rehabilitation centre for people with visual impairment and who are likely to receive an O&M-training in using the identification cane are included in the trial ( N = 190 ) . The primary outcomes of the effect evaluation are ADL self care and visual functioning with respect to distance activities and mobility . Secondary outcomes include quality of life , feelings of anxiety , symptoms of depression , fear of falling , and falls history . Data for the effect evaluation are collected by means of telephone interviews at baseline , and at 5 and 17 weeks after the start of the O&M-training . In addition to an effect evaluation , a process evaluation to study the feasibility of the O&M-training is carried out . Discussion The screening procedure for eligible participants started in November 2007 and will continue until October 2009 . Preliminary findings regarding the evaluation are expected in the course of 2010 . If the st and ardised O&M-training is more effective than the current O&M-training or , in case of equal effectiveness , is considered more feasible , the training will be embedded in the Dutch national instruction for mobility trainers . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive description of vision function beyond acuity in older individuals . METHODS A sample of 900 individuals between the ages of 58 and 102 years ( mean age of 75.5 ) was binocularly tested wearing habitual correction on a battery of psychophysical tests including high and low contrast acuity , low contrast low luminance acuity , disability glare , contrast sensitivity , color vision , stereoacuity , recovery from glare , and attentional visual fields . RESULTS High contrast acuity is reasonably well maintained on average , even into very old ages . Spatial vision measures under conditions of reduced contrast or luminance , or glare reveal significant impairment in a large portion of the aged . Many older individuals also have greatly reduced stereopsis , poor color discrimination , and severely restricted peripheral fields under conditions of divided attention . A single exponential function relating performance to age fits all spatial vision data sets . The function for individual spatial measures lies at different positions along the age scale . The derived aging function with a time constant of approximately 15 years also fits results from other recent aging studies of acuity and contrast sensitivity . CONCLUSIONS St and ard visual acuity underestimates the degree of vision function loss suffered by many older individuals under the nonoptimal viewing conditions encountered in daily life . All spatial vision functions show a similar rate of decline with age of the population , but the age at which decline begins varies among measures This paper reports two experiments about street crossing under conditions of free flowing traffic , with a focus on modern roundabout intersections . Experiment 1 was conducted at three roundabouts varying in size and traffic volume . Six totally blind and six sighted adults judged whether gaps in traffic were long enough to permit crossing to the median ( splitter ) isl and before the next vehicle arrived . Gap distributions and measures of judgment quality are reported . Overall , blind participants were about 2.5 times less likely to make correct judgments than sighted participants , took longer to detect crossable gaps , and were more likely to miss crossable gaps altogether . However , the differences were significant only at the two higher volume roundabouts . In Experiment 2 , we evaluated the response of drivers to pedestrians with and without mobility devices  ( i.e. , long canes , dog guides ) .  The experiment was conducted at a single-lane roundabout , a midblock crossing , and a two-way-stop-controlled intersection . Site-specific characteristics appeared to have a greater impact on drivers ' yielding than did a mobility device . Actual or potential applications of this research include the development of methods for assessing pedestrian safety and driver behavior as well as identifying intersections that may require modification in order to be accessible to blind pedestrians 
    Output:
    
Conclusion : Our review of the literature showed a lack of well-described protocol s and studies on orientation and mobility training in identification cane use