***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It is well known that applying vibrations to men influences multiple physiological functions . The authors analysed post effects of whole-body-vibration ( WBV ) on motor symptoms in Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Sixty-eight persons with PD were r and omly subdivided into one experimental and one control group . Motor symptoms were assessed by the UPDRS ( Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ) motor score . A cross-over design was used to control treatment effects . The treatment consisted of 5 series of whole-body-vibration taking 60 seconds each . On average a highly significant ( p<0.01 ) improvement of 16.8 % in the UPDRS motor score was found in the treatment group . Only marginal changes ( p>0.05 ) were found in the control group . The cross-over procedure showed comparable treatment effects ( 14.7 % improvement after treatment ) . With respect to different symptom clusters only small changes were found in limb akinesia and cranial symptoms . By contrast , tremor and rigidity scores were improved by 25 % and 24 % , respectively . According to the structure of symptom changes it is unlikely that these effects are explainable on peripheral sensory level , exclusively . With respect to the findings of other studies one can speculate about changes in activation of the supplementary motor area and in neurotransmitter functions OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of high-frequency whole-body vibration ( WBV ) on balancing ability in elderly women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . Subjects were r and omized to either the WBV intervention or the no-treatment control group . SETTING Community-living elderly women . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-nine elderly women aged 60 or above without habitual exercise . INTERVENTION Side alternating WBV at 20Hz with 3 minutes a day and 3 days a week for 3 months in the WBV intervention group . Those in control group remained sedentary with normal daily life for the whole study period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Limits of stability in terms of reaction time , movement velocity , directional control , endpoint excursion , maximum excursion , and the functional reach test were performed at baseline and endpoint . RESULTS Significant enhancement of stability was detected in movement velocity ( P<.01 ) , maximum point excursion ( P<.01 ) , in directional control ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS WBV was effective in improving the balancing ability in elderly women . This also provides evidence to support our user-friendly WBV treatment protocol of 3 minutes a day for the elderly to maintain their balancing ability and reduce risks of fall OBJECTIVE To test whether training on a high-frequency ( 28Hz ) vibrating platform improves muscle power and bone characteristics in postmenopausal women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up . SETTING Outpatient clinic in a general hospital in Italy . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine postmenopausal women ( intervention group , n=14 ; matched controls , n=15 ) . INTERVENTION Participants stood on a ground-based oscillating platform for three 2-minute sessions for a total of 6 minutes per training session , twice weekly for 6 months . The controls did not receive any training . Both groups were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle power , calculated from ground reaction forces produced by l and ing after jumping as high as possible on a forceplate , cortical bone density , and biomarkers of bone turnover . RESULTS Over 6 months , muscle power improved by about 5 % in women who received the intervention , and it remained unchanged in controls ( P=.004 ) . Muscle force remained stable in both the intervention and control groups . No significant changes were observed in bone characteristics . CONCLUSION Reflex muscular contractions induced by vibration training improve muscle power in postmenopausal women According to experimental studies , low-amplitude high-frequency vibration is anabolic to bone tissue , whereas in clinical trials , the bone effects have varied . Given the potential of whole body vibration in bone training , this study aim ed at exploring the transmission of vertical sinusoidal vibration to the human body over a wide range of applicable amplitudes ( from 0.05 to 3 mm ) and frequencies ( from 10 to 90 Hz ) . Vibration-induced accelerations were assessed with  skin-mounted triaxial accelerometers  at the ankle , knee , hip , and lumbar spine in four males st and ing on a high-performance vibration platform .  Peak vertical accelerations of the platform covered a range from 0.04 to 19 in units of G ( Earth 's gravitational constant ) . Substantial amplification of peak acceleration could occur between 10 and 40 Hz for the ankle , 10 and 25 Hz for the knee , 10 and 20 Hz for the hip , and at 10 Hz for the spine . Beyond these frequencies , the transmitted vibration power declined to 1/10th-1/1000 th of the power delivered by the platform . Transmission of vibration to the body is a complicated phenomenon because of nonlinearities in the human musculoskeletal system . These results may assist in estimating how the transmission of vibration-induced accelerations to body segments is modified by amplitude and frequency and how well the sinusoidal waveform is maintained . Although the attenuation of vertical vibration at higher frequencies is fortunate from the aspect of safety , amplitudes > 0.5 mm may result in greater peak accelerations than imposed at the platform and thus pose a potential hazard for the fragile musculoskeletal system Background Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) is a new type of exercise that has been increasingly tested for the ability to prevent  bone fractures and osteoporosis in frail people . There are two currently marketed vibrating plates : a ) the whole plate oscillates up and down ; b ) reciprocating vertical displacements on the left and right side of a fulcrum , increasing the lateral accelerations . A few studies have shown recently the effectiveness of the up- and -down plate for increasing Bone Mineral Density ( BMD ) and balance ; but the effectiveness of the reciprocating plate technique remains mainly unknown . The aim was to compare the effects of WBV using a reciprocating platform at frequencies lower than 20 Hz and a walking-based exercise programme on BMD and balance in post-menopausal women .  Methods Twenty-eight physically untrained post-menopausal women were assigned at r and om to a WBV group or a Walking group . Both experimental programmes consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 months . Each vibratory session included 6 bouts of 1 min ( 12.6 Hz in frequency and 3 cm in amplitude with 60 ° of knee flexion ) with 1 min rest between bouts . Each walking session was 55 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of stretching . Hip and lumbar BMD ( g·cm-2 ) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and balance was assessed by the blind flamingo test . ANOVA for repeated measurements was adjusted by baseline data , weight and age . Results After 8 months , BMD at the femoral neck in the WBV group was increased by 4.3 % ( P = 0.011 ) compared to the Walking group . In contrast , the BMD at the lumbar spine was unaltered in both groups . Balance was improved in the WBV group ( 29 % ) but not in the Walking group . Conclusion The 8-month course of vibratory exercise using a reciprocating plate is feasible and is more effective than walking to improve two major determinants of bone fractures : hip BMD and balance Disease progression in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) leads to muscle wasting and loss of muscle function . The aim of this prospect i ve pilot study was to evaluate the effects of whole body vibration ( WBV ) on muscle function in adult patients with CF . Ten patients ( three males ; seven females ) of the CF Center Cologne , Germany , have completed the 3-month study ( age : 24–47 years ; forced expiratory volume in 1 s ( FEV1 ) 17–109 % predicted ( 49±29 ) and body mass index ( BMI ) 16.6–24.4 kg/m2 ( 19.3±2.5 ) .  WBV was provided by a vibration platform ( Galileo 2000 ) . The patients were st and ing in an upright position receiving vertical vibration of frequencies between 20 and 25 Hz . The vibration exercise evokes muscle contractions via stretch reflexes improving muscular activity . The training schedule consisted of three 3-min sessions twice a day , 5 days per week for 3 months . Every 4 weeks the following tests were carried out : FEV1 , forced vital capacity ( FVC ) , BMI , chair-rising test ( CRT ) , one-leg and two-leg jump test as well as maximal isometric grip force . The study has been approved by the local ethics committee . After 3 months of WBV all parameters in the CRT significantly improved : chair-rising time ( P=0.03 ) , maximal force ( P=0.02 ) , maximal power ( P=0.01 ) as well as velocity ( P=0.02 ) . The peak jump force ( P=0.02 ) and velocity ( P=0.01 ) of the two-leg jump significantly improved . Parameters in the one-leg jump as well as maximal isometric grip force showed no significant improvement . Weight and BMI showed a slightly positive trend whereas FEV1 and FVC did not significantly change . Any change in mechanographic parameters did not correlate with FEV1 or FVC in this study . These results demonstrate that WBV can improve muscle function in CF patients Recent studies have suggested that vibration therapy may have a positive influence on motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . However , quantitative evidence of these benefits is scarce , and the concept of " whole-body " vibration in these studies is vague . The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the influence of vibration on motor symptoms and functional measures in PD by delivering sound waves to the entire body . We delivered whole body sound wave vibration to 40 individuals with PD using a Physioacoustic Chair  , a piece of equipment with speakers spaced throughout the chair permitting a series of programmed low frequency sound waves through the body . Using a parallel cross-over design we utilized the Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) , quantitative gait assessment s , and a grooved pegboard for upper limb control . Improvements were seen in all symptom , motor control and functional outcome measures at the time of assessment . Specifically , a significant decrease in rigidity , and tremor were shown , as well as a significant increase in step length and improved speed on the grooved pegboard task . Results of this initial investigation provide support for vibration therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment alternative . Long-term benefits of vibration therapy will require further research Objective : To examine whether a whole-body vibration ( mechanical oscillations ) in comparison to a placebo administration leads to better postural control , mobility and balance in patients with multiple sclerosis . Design : Double-blind , r and omized controlled trial . Setting : Outpatient clinic of a university department of physical medicine and rehabilitation . Subjects : Twelve multiple sclerosis patients with moderate disability ( Kurtzke 's Exp and ed Disability Status Scale 2.5 - 5 ) were allocated either to the intervention group or to the placebo group . Interventions : In the intervention group a whole-body vibration at low frequency ( 2.0 - 4.4 Hz oscillations at 3-mm amplitude ) in five series of 1 min each with a 1-min break between the series was applied . In the placebo group a Burst-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) application on the nondominant forearm in five series of 1 min each with a 1-min break between the series was applied as well . Main outcome measures : Posturographic assessment using the Sensory Organization Test , the Timed Get Up and Go Test and the Functional Reach Test immediately preceding the application , 15 min , one week and two weeks after the application . The statistical analysis was applied to the change score from preapplication values to values 15 min , one week and two weeks post intervention . Results : Compared with the placebo group the intervention group showed advantages in terms of the Sensory Organization Test and the Timed Get Up and Go Test at each time point of measurement after the application . The effects were strongest one week after the intervention , where significant differences for the change score ( p=0.041 ) were found for the Timed Get Up and Go Test with the mean score reducing from 9.2 s ( preapplication ) to 8.2 s one week after whole-body vibration and increasing from 9.5 s ( preapplication ) to 10.2 s one week after placebo application . The mean values of the posturographic assessment increased from 70.5 points ( preapplication ) to 77.5 points one week after whole body vibration and increased only from 67.2 points ( preapplication ) to 67.5 points one week after the placebo application . No differences were found for the Functional Reach Test . Conclusion : The results of this pilot study indicated that whole-body vibration may positively influence the postural control and mobility in multiple sclerosis patients OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on spasticity , muscle strength and motor performance after 8 weeks of whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training in adults with cerebral palsy . METHODS Fourteen persons with spastic diplegia ( 21 - 41 years ) were r and omized to intervention with either whole-body vibration training ( n=7 ) or resistance training ( n=7 ) . Pre- and post-training measures of spasticity using the modified Ashworth scale , muscle strength using isokinetic dynamometry , walking ability using Six-Minute Walk Test , balance using Timed Up and Go test and gross motor performance using Gross Motor Function Measure were performed . RESULTS Spasticity decreased in knee extensors in the whole-body vibration group . Muscle strength increased in the resistance training group at the velocity 30 degrees /s and in both groups at 90 
    Output:
    
Two studies showed that , compared with no intervention , WBV treatment led to significant reductions in tremor and rigidity , as measured with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) .