***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Multiple exercise interventions have shown beneficial effects on fatigue and quality of life ( QoL ) in cancer patients , but various psychosocial interventions as well . It is unclear to what extent the observed effects of exercise interventions are based on physical adaptations or rather on psychosocial factors associated with supervised , group-based programs . It needs to be determined which aspects of exercise programs are truly effective . Therefore , we aim ed to investigate whether resistance exercise during chemotherapy provides benefits on fatigue and QoL beyond potential psychosocial effects of group-based interventions . One-hundred-one breast cancer patients starting chemotherapy  were r and omly assigned to resistance exercise ( EX ) or a relaxation control ( RC ) group . Both interventions were supervised , group-based , 2/week over 12 weeks . The primary endpoint fatigue was assessed with a 20-item multidimensional question naire , QoL with the EORTC QLQ-C30/BR23 . Analyses of covariance for individual changes from baseline to Week 13 were calculated . In RC , total and physical fatigue worsened during chemotherapy , whereas EX showed no such impairments ( between-group p = 0.098 and 0.052 overall , and p = 0.038 and 0.034 among patients without severe baseline depression ) . Differences regarding affective or cognitive fatigue were not significant . Benefits of EX were also seen to affect role and social function . Effect sizes were between 0.43 and 0.48 . Explorative analyses indicated significant effect modification by thyroxin use ( p-interaction = 0.044 ) . In conclusion , resistance exercise appeared to mitigate physical fatigue and maintain QoL during chemotherapy beyond psychosocial effects inherent to supervised group-based setting s. Thus , resistance exercise could be an integral part of supportive care for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy Purpose This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an 8-week supervised exercise program in de-conditioned cancer survivors within 2–6 months of chemotherapy completion . Methods Participants were r and omly assigned to an 8-week , twice-weekly , supervised aerobic exercise training regime ( n = 23 ) or a usual care group ( n = 20 ) .  Feasibility was assessed by recruitment rate , program adherence and participant feedback . The primary outcome was aerobic fitness assessed by the Modified Bruce fitness test at baseline ( 0 weeks ) , post-intervention ( 8 weeks ) and at 3-month follow-up . Secondary outcomes included physical activity , waist circumference , fatigue and quality of life . Results The recruitment rate was 81 % and adherence to the supervised exercise was 78.3 % . Meaningful differences in aerobic fitness between the exercise and usual care groups at both the 8-week [ mean 3.0 mL kg−1 min−1 ( 95 % CI −1.1–7.0 ) ] and 3-month follow-up [ 2.1 mL kg−1 min−1 ( −2.3–6.6 ) ] were found , although these differences did not achieve statistical significance ( p values > 0.14 ) . Self-reported physical activity increased in the exercise group ( EG ) compared to the usual care group at both 8-week ( p = 0.01 ) and 3-month follow-up ( p = 0.03 ) and significant differences in favour of the EG were found for physical well-being at both the 8-week ( p = 0.03 ) and 3-month follow-up ( p = 0.04 ) . Improvements in fatigue ( p = 0.01 ) , total quality of life plus fatigue ( p = 0.04 ) , and a composite physical functioning score ( p = 0.01 ) at the 3-month follow-up were also found . Conclusion The PEACH trial suggests that 8 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training was feasible and may improve aerobic fitness , fatigue and quality of life in de-conditioned cancer survivors during the early survivorship phase . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsExercise interventions commenced in the early survivorship phase appear safe , feasible and may lead to improvements in QOL and fatigue Background Today , the 5-year relative survival rate for cancer is 65 % and there are 10.5 million survivors . The largest group of survivors are those of breast cancer . Reductions in mortality are occurring at a greater rate for women under age 50 at diagnosis than among older women . Aims Our goal was to design a socio-educational intervention for 5-year survivors aged 50 or younger at diagnosis and test the hypotheses that women in the intervention group would show greater improvement than controls with respect to ( 1 ) knowledge of breast cancer , its treatment , and long-term health concerns ; ( 2 ) lifestyle habits ( i.e. , exercise and diet ) ; and ( 3 ) communication with family and physicians . Methods Using a r and omized controlled trial with a pre-post design , 404 women who were 5 years from diagnosis and cancer-free ( response rate 54 % ) were r and omly assigned to an intervention or delayed intervention ( control ) group and were assessed at pre-test ( baseline ) and 6 months later ( 96 % retention ) . The intervention consisted of three 6-h workshops over a 3 month period . Four series of workshops were held at different geographical areas in the greater San Francisco Bay Area . The workshops included activities and information to promote physical , social , emotional , and spiritual well-being . The intervention design was based on findings from focus groups and a survey of 185 cancer-free 5-year survivors that assessed changes since the early months after diagnosis in physical , social , emotional , and spiritual concerns ( response rate 73 % ) . Results Consistent with our first hypothesis , at post-test , women in the intervention group , on average , had greater knowledge regarding breast cancer , its treatment , and their own future health than did those in the control group ( p = 0.015 ) . Hypothesis 2 was partially supported as women in the intervention group were more likely than the control group to report an increased amount of physical activity ( p = 0.036 ) , but not significant dietary changes . Social support was related to increased self report of physical activity . With the exception of the last series of workshops , the intervention group did not report improved communications with family , friends , and physicians ( hypothesis 3 ) . Conclusions A short-term intervention can affect knowledge levels and physical activity but not diet or communication in the family . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsThe intervention was related to greater knowledge related to breast cancer , and increased report of physical activity . The program was not related to changes in reported diet or family communication PURPOSE Interventions to increase physical activity among breast cancer survivors are needed to improve health and quality of life and possibly to reduce the risk of disease recurrence and early mortality . Therefore , we report the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a pilot r and omized trial design ed to increase physical activity in sedentary breast cancer survivors receiving hormone therapy . METHODS Forty-one sedentary women on estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors for stage I , II , or IIIA breast cancer were r and omly assigned to receive a 12-wk multidisciplinary physical activity behavior change intervention or usual care . RESULTS Recruitment was 34 % , intervention adherence was 99 % , and complete follow-up data were obtained on 93 % . Most participants ( 93 % ) were white with mean age of 53 + /- 9 yr . Differences favoring the intervention group were noted for accelerometer physical activity counts ( mean difference = 72,103 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 25,383 - 119,000 ; effect size ( d ) = 1.02 ; P = 0.004 ) , aerobic fitness ( mean difference = 2.9 ; 95 % CI = -0.1 to 5.8 ; d = 0.64 ; P = 0.058 ) , back/leg muscle strength ( mean difference = 12.3 ; 95 % CI = 0.4 - 15.9 ; d = 0.81 ; P = 0.017 ) , waist-to-hip ratio ( mean difference = -0.05 ; 95 % CI = -0.01 to -0.08 ; d = -0.77 ; P = 0.018 ) , and social well-being ( mean difference = 2.0 ; 95 % CI = 0.3 - 3.8 ; d = 0.76 ; P = 0.03 ) . However , the intervention group also reported a greater increase in joint stiffness ( mean difference = 1.1 ; 95 % CI = 0.1 - 2.2 ; d = 0.70 ; P = 0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS A behavior change intervention for breast cancer survivors based on the social cognitive theory is feasible and results in potentially meaningful improvements in physical activity and selected health outcomes . Confirmation in a larger study is warranted Physical activity has been deemed safe and effective in reducing many negative side effects of treatment for cancer survivors and promoting better overall health . However , most of this research has focused on highly controlled r and omized trials and little of this research has been translated into care or policy for survivors . The purpose of the present article is to present a research agenda for the field to accelerate the dissemination and implementation of empirically supported physical activity interventions into care . We provide rationale for the role of basic , behavioral , clinical implementation , and population scientists in moving this science forward and call for a more coordinated effort across different phases of research . In addition , we provide key strategies and examples for ongoing and future studies using the RE- AIM ( reach , efficacy/effectiveness , adoption , implementation , and maintenance ) framework and pose recommendations for collaborations between research ers and stakeholders to enhance the integration of this research into policy and practice . Overall , we recommend that physical activity and cancer survivorship research use additional study design s , include relevant stakeholders , and be more collaborative , integrated , context ual , and representative in terms of both setting and participants . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 23(5 ) ; 687–99 . © 2014 AACR Background . Physical activity has been demonstrated to increase survival in breast cancer patients , but few breast cancer patients meet the general recommendations for physical activity . The aim of this pilot study was to investigate if a supervised integrated counseling and group-based exercise program could increase leisure-time activity in women with breast cancer . Methods . This pilot project , design ed as a single-arm study with pre-post testing , consisted of 24 classes of combined aerobic and strength exercise training as well as classes on dietary and health behavior . A total of 48 women with breast cancer who were undergoing or had recently completed anticancer treatment completed the study .  Leisure-time physical activity , grip strength , functional capacity , quality of life ( QoL ) , and depression were assessed at baseline , after intervention , and at the 12-week follow-up after intervention . Results . The breast cancer patients increased their leisure-time physical activity ( P = .004 ) , global strength ( P = .004 ) , functional capacity ( P = .001 ) , and QoL ( P = .009 ) , and their depression score ( P = .004 ) significantly decreased . These improvements were independent of whether the patients were in ongoing therapy or had completed their treatment . Conclusion . This integrated intervention may produce lifestyle changes in breast cancer patients and survivors using the teachable moment to increase their leisure-time physical activity and , thereby , their Introduction Breast cancer survival rates are lower for African American women than for white women . Obesity , high-fat diets , and lack of regular physical activity increase risk for breast cancer recurrence , comorbid conditions , and premature death . Eighty-two percent of African American women are overweight or obese , partly because of unhealthy eating and exercise patterns . Although successful weight loss and lifestyle interventions for breast cancer survivors are documented , none has considered the needs of African American breast cancer survivors . This study assessed the feasibility and impact of Moving Forward , a culturally tailored weight loss program for African American breast cancer survivors . Methods The study used a pre-post design with a convenience sample of 23 African American breast cancer survivors . The 6-month intervention was theory-based and incorporated qualitative data from focus groups with the targeted community , urban African American breast cancer survivors .  Data on weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , diet , physical activity , social support , and quality of 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The additional benefit of group dynamics – based interventions for  increasing  PA in cancer survivors remains unclear .