***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: UNLABELLED Chinese research indicates that the Qigong method reduces psychosomatic and physical symptoms through an effect on the sympathetic nervous system . OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the effects of Qigong on stress among computer operators . DESIGN Ten women were included in a Qigong group  and an equal number in a control group .  Heart rate , blood pressure , and finger temperature were measured at the beginning and at the end of the working day during 5 weeks . twenty four-hours urine sample s were collected in the first and last weeks to measure catecholamine excretion in urine . Participants kept a daily record of psychological measures of strain and weekly measures of stress levels . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Qigong reduced noradrenaline excretion in urine ( p<0.05 ) , and influenced the heart rate and temperature , indicating reduced activity of the sympathetic nervous system . Moreover , Qigong reduced low-back symptoms ( p<0.05 ) . In conclusion , Qigong exercise may reduce stress at computerised work OBJECTIVE Based on individual cases of treatment , we were interested in whether the effects of a special kind of qigong , the " White Ball " exercises , can be objectified by physically measurable parameters and psychological scores . METHODS We performed a preliminary prospect i ve controlled interventional study with the waiting list design . In the qigong group eight children were included . They received specific qigong lessons of the " White Ball " qigong over seven weeks , twice a week , for 30 min with a waiting list design and instructions to perform the same exercises at home daily . In the control group eight children were included in a waiting list design with no qigong instruction .  Subjective perception of anxiety was measured by the Portuguese version of the Depression , Anxiety and Stress Scale adapted for children . In addition , salivary cortisol , heart rate variability , blood pressure , surface electromyography of the trapezius muscle and reaction time were measured at the beginning and the end of the study prior to the regular public auditions . RESULTS In comparison to the changes in the control group , the qigong group scored significantly lower in heart rate . Otherwise the groups did not differ significantly ; however , the effect size was large for salivary cortisol , surface electromyography of the trapezius muscle and blood pressure . There were relevant reductions of subjective perception of anxiety , salivary cortisol levels and heart rate . CONCLUSION The heart rate of performing schoolchildren can be potentially reduced by " White Ball " exercises . Based on a sample of 8/8 , positive tendencies were also observed for anxiety and blood pressure . The next steps of objectifying possible qigong effects are to increase the sample size , to study young people in other situations arousing anxiety , to develop an appropriate control intervention , to solve the problem of blinding and double blinding , to find additional parameters that may be influenced by the " White Ball " qigong , and to compare the qigong effects with other methods reducing anxiety such as more traditional biofeedback or systematic desensitization OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a qigong training program in reducing stress in hospital staff . METHODS Subjects were r and omly assigned to a 6-week intervention of either  qigong practice ( n = 16 ) or a waiting list ( n = 21 ) . The primary measure of stress was the Perceived Stress Scale . Secondary measures included the Short Form 36 ( SF-36 ) quality -of-life measure and a 100-mm analog pain scale . RESULTS The qigong group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of perceived stress compared to the control group ( p = 0.02 ) . On the Social Interaction subscale of the SF-36 , the qigong group demonstrated greater improvement compared to controls ( p = 0.04 ) . Within-groups analyses demonstrated that the qigong group ( p = 0.03 ) , but not the control group , experienced a significant reduction of pain intensity . A regression analysis demonstrated an association between higher baseline stress levels and greater improvement within the qigong group ( R(2 ) = 0.34 ; p = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that short-term exposure to qigong was effective in reducing  stress in hospital staff . Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effectiveness of qigong in reducing pain and in improving quality of life Background Distressed individuals in Korea may benefit from the practice of mind – body exercises such as Qigong . However , the effectiveness of such techniques needs to be investigated . Methods Fifty participants who were eligible to this study were r and omized into a group receiving a 4-week intervention of a brief Qigong-based stress reduction program ( BQSRP ) or a wait-list control group . Before and after the intervention period , saliva sample s were collected and question naires were completed on perceived stress , anxiety , “ Hwa-Byung ” ( anger syndrome ) , and quality of life . Salivary cortisol has emerged in mind-body therapy research as an easy-to-collect , relatively inexpensive , biologic marker of stress . Salivary corisol were collected to evaluate physiological effect of BQSRP . Between-group comparisons of change from baseline to study completion were analyzed by analysis of covariance for the Perceived Stress Scale and independent two sample t- tests for other measures . Results Compared with the control group , the BQSRP intervention group displayed significantly larger decreases in Perceived Stress Scale scores ( p = 0.0006 ) , State Anxiety scores ( p = 0.0028 ) , Trait Anxiety scores ( p < 0.0001 ) , personality subscale scores of the Hwa-Byung Scale ( p = 0.0321 ) , symptoms scores of the Hwa-Byung Scale ( p = 0.0196 ) , and a significantly larger increase in World Health Organization Quality of Life Abbreviated version scores ( p s < .05 ) . Salivary cortisol levels were not changed . Conclusions The BQSRP appears to be effective in reducing stress perception , anxiety , anger , and improving quality of life ( KCT0000056 ) OBJECTIVES Psychologic problems is increasing among pupils and has become a major problem in Sweden as well as in other Western countries . The aim of this study was to explore whether scheduled qigong exercise could have an effect on well-being at school , psychologic distress , self-image , and general stress .  SUBJECTS Pupils , 13 - 14 years , were assigned to either a qigong group or a control group . INTERVENTION The qigong group had scheduled qigong 2 times a week for 8 weeks . MEASURES Self-reported well-being at school , psychologic distress , self-image , and stress were measured pre- and postintervention . RESULTS The control group had reduced well-being at school during the semester and the qigong group was stable . The qigong group reduced psychologic distress and stress , and had a tendency to improved self-image , whereas no changes were found in the control group . Self-image explains 47 % ( R(2 ) = 0.47 ) of well-being at school , and stress explains 29 % ( R(2 ) = 0.29 ) of psychologic distress . CONCLUSIONS Scheduled qigong , meditative movement , is a possible way to improve well-being at school BACKGROUND Qigong is a Chinese health promoting exercise with a rhythmic pattern of slow movements and breathing affecting the autonomous nervous system . OBJECTIVES To examine the implementation of Qigong for half an hour daily in a computerised office , and to study effects on health state , general health , neck-shoulder and lumbar spine symptoms and stress after six weeks training DESIGN A crossover intervention study with 37 employees r and omised in two groups . A question naire was completed one week before starting study and every second week during the training period . After 6 weeks the first group stopped and the second group started the training . RESULTS There was a small significant improvement of neck pain and disability following therapy . CONCLUSION Qigong training may reduce  neck disability in office workers . A longer training period might be needed in further Qigong studies in healthy , normal population Qigong exercise has been shown to induce acute psychological changes of a positive nature ; but whether longer duration s have greater effects than shorter ones is not known . Forty-one regular qigong practitioners therefore engaged in either 30 or 60 min of qigong exercise within a r and omized cross-over design . Measures of mood , anxiety , activation , and hedonic tone were obtained pre- and post-exercise . Results showed benefits of the same magnitude in the two conditions : more positive mood states , reduced state anxiety , and enhanced perceived pleasure . Thirty minutes of qigong exercise thereby seems to be sufficient to provide psychological benefits , and with no additional benefits detected after 60 min . This finding is important for those having little time or motivation to engage in activities of longer duration s. In addition , health professionals prescribing exercise for health benefits can prescribe shorter exercise sessions with confidence knowing that positive psychological effects can also occur after a shorter exercise bout This cross-sectional investigation evaluated the trend of psychological changes by ChunDoSunBup ( CDSB ) Qi-training using a self-report inventory of emotional distress , Symptom Check List-90-Revision ( SCL-90-R ) . 41 normal healthy subjects ( mean age = 20.98 + /- 5.39 ) and 123 CDSB Qi-trainees ( divided into three groups , Q1 , Q2 and Q3 ) participated in this study . Group Q1 has received 1 - 4 months CDSB Qi-training ( age 21.95 + /- 7.82 , n = 41 ) ; Q2 has 5 - 12 months Qi-training ( age 20.0 + /- 7.75 , n = 41 ) ; and Q3 has more than 13 months Qi-training ( age 22.68 + /- 6.72 , n = 41 ) . Our results show that Qi-trainees over 13 months had significantly lower scores compared to controls . A significant negative correlation was found between the Qi-training period and all SCL-90-R subscales except phobic anxiety . These results suggest that CDSB Qi-training is effective in protection as well as reduction of psychological symptomatology 
    Output:
    
Conclusions The available evidence suggests that qigong exercise  reduces stress and anxiety in healthy adults .