***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background . Dust control is recommended as one of the primary strategies to prevent or control children 's exposure to residential lead hazards , but the effect of dust control on children 's blood lead levels is poorly understood . Objective . To determine the effectiveness of dust control in preventing children 's exposure to lead , as measured by blood lead levels , during their peak age of susceptibility . Design . A r and omized , controlled trial . Setting . Rochester , NY . Participants . A total of 275 urban children were r and omized at 6 months of age , of whom 246 ( 90 % ) were available for the 24-month-old follow-up visit . Interventions . Children and their families were r and omly assigned to an intervention group ( n = 140 ) , which received cleaning equipment and up to eight visits by a dust control advisor , or a control group ( n = 135 ) . Outcome Measures . Geometric mean blood lead levels and prevalence of elevated blood lead levels ( ie , > 10 μg/dL , 15 μg/dL , and 20 μg/dL ) . Results . At baseline , children 's geometric mean blood lead levels were 2.9 μg/dL ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 2.7 , 3.1 ) ; there were no significant differences in characteristics or lead exposure by group assignment , with the exception of water lead levels . For children in the intervention group , the mean number of visits by a dust control advisor during the 18-month study period was 6.2 ; 51 ( 36 % ) had 4 to 7 visits , and 69 ( 49 % ) had 8 visits . At 24 months of age , the geometric mean blood lead was 7.3 μg/dL ( 95 % CI = 6.6 , 8.2 ) for the intervention group and 7.8 μg/dL ( 95 % CI = 6.9 , 8.7 ) for the control group . The percentage of children with a 24-month blood lead ≥10 μg/dL , ≥15 μg/dL , and ≥20 μg/dL was 31 % versus 36 % , 12 % versus 14 % , and 5 % versus 7 % in the intervention and control groups , respectively . Conclusions . We conclude that dust control , as performed by families and in the absence of lead hazard controls to reduce ongoing contamination from lead-based paint , is not effective in the primary prevention of childhood lead exposure . blood lead , lead-contaminated house dust , r and omized trial , children , environmental exposure , lead poisoning , primary prevention , prevention BACKGROUND Although additional dietary calcium is recommended frequently to reduce the risk of lead poisoning , its role in preventing lead absorption has not been evaluated clinical ly . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the safety and to estimate the size of the effect of calcium- and phosphorus-supplemented infant formula in preventing lead absorption . DESIGN One hundred three infants aged 3.5 - 6 mo were r and omly assigned to receive iron-fortified infant formula ( 465 mg Ca and 317 mg P/L ) or the same formula with added calcium glycerophosphate ( 1800 mg Ca and 1390 mg P/L ) for 9 mo . RESULTS There was no significant difference between groups in the mean ratio of urinary calcium to creatinine , serum calcium and phosphorus , or change in iron status ( serum ferritin , total iron binding capacity ) . At month 4 , the median ( + /-SD ) increase from baseline in blood lead concentration for the supplemented group was 57 % of the increase for the control group ( 0.04 + /- 0.09 compared with 0.07 + /- 0.10 micromol/L ; P = 0.039 ) . This effect was attenuated during the latter half of the trial , with an overall median increase in blood lead concentration from baseline to month 9 of 0.12 + /- 0.13 micromol/L for the control group and 0.10 + /- 0.18 micromol/L for the supplemented group ( P = 0.284 ) . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation did not have a measurable effect on urinary calcium excretion , calcium homeostasis , or iron status . The significant effect on blood lead concentrations during the first 4 mo was in the direction expected ; however , because this was not sustained throughout the 9-mo period we can not conclude that the calcium glycerophosphate supplement prevented lead absorption in this population BACKGROUND Contaminated household dust is believed to be a major source of exposure for most children with elevated blood lead levels . To determine if a vigorous dust clean-up effort would reduce this exposure we conducted a r and omized controlled field trial . METHODS We r and omized 113 urban children between the ages of 6 and 36 months : 56 children to a lead dust intervention composed of maternal education and biweekly assistance with household cleaning and 57 children to a control group . Household cleaning was done by two trained lay workers who focused their efforts on wet mopping of floors , damp-sponging of walls and horizontal surfaces , and vacuuming with a high-efficiency particle accumulating vacuum . Household dust lead levels , child blood lead levels , and maternal knowledge of lead poisoning and sources of exposure were measured before and after the intervention . RESULTS Ninety-nine children were successfully followed for 12 + /- 3 months : 46 children in the lead group and 53 children in the control group .  Age and blood lead were similar in the two groups at baseline and averaged 20 months and 12.0 micrograms/dL , respectively . Blood lead fell 17 % in the intervention group and did not change among controls . Household dust and dust lead measures also fell significantly in the intervention group . Children in homes cleaned 20 or more times throughout the year had an average blood lead reduction of 34 % . CONCLUSIONS Regular home cleaning , accompanied by maternal education , is a safe and partially effective intervention that should be recommended for the large majority of lead-exposed children for whom , unfortunately , removal to lead-safe housing is not an option Background . Dust control is recommended to prevent children 's exposure to residential lead hazards , but the long-term effect of dust control on children 's exposure to environmental lead is unknown . Objective . To determine the effect of dust control on children 's exposure to lead , as measured by blood lead concentration at 48 months of age . Design . A r and omized , controlled trial . Setting . Rochester , New York . Participants . A total of 275 urban children were r and omized at 6 months of age ; 189 ( 69 % ) were available for the 48-month follow-up blood test . Intervention . Children and their families were r and omly assigned to an intervention group that received cleaning equipment and up to 8 visits by a trained lead hazard control advisor or to a control group . The intervention was terminated when the children were 24 months of age . Outcome Measures . Geometric mean blood lead concentration and prevalence of elevated blood lead concentration ( ie , ≥10 μg/dL , ≥15 μg/dL , and ≥20 μg/dL ) , by group assignment . Results . For children with 48-month blood tests , baseline geometric mean blood lead concentrations were 2.8 μg/dL ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 2.6,3.0 ) ; there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics or lead exposure by group assignment . At 48 months of age , the geometric mean blood lead was 5.9 μg/dL ( 95 % CI : 5.3,6.7 ) for the intervention group and 6.1 μg/dL ( 95 % CI : 5.5,6.9 ) for the control group . The percentage of children with a 48-month blood lead ≥10 μg/dL , ≥15 μg/dL , and ≥20 μg/dL was 19 % versus 19 % , 2 % versus 9 % , and 1 % versus 2 % in the intervention and control groups , respectively . Conclusions . We conclude that dust control , as performed by families and in the absence of lead hazard controls to reduce ongoing contamination from lead-based paint , was not effective in preventing children 's exposure to residential lead hazards OBJECTIVE Dust control is recommended as one of the cornerstones of controlling childhood lead exposure ; however , the effectiveness of dust control has not been demonstrated for children who have low to mild elevations in blood lead ( ie , less than 25 micrograms/dL ) . The objective of this study was to determine whether dust control , as performed by families , had an effect on children 's  blood lead levels and dust lead levels in children 's homes . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Community-based trial in Rochester , NY . PARTICIPANTS One hundred four children , 12 to 31 months of age at baseline . INTERVENTION Families and children were r and omized to one of two groups . Families of children in the intervention group received cleaning supplies , information about cleaning areas that are often contaminated with lead , and a cleaning demonstration . Families in the control group received only a brochure about lead poisoning prevention . OUTCOME MEASURES Baseline measurements of lead in blood , house dust , soil , water , and paint were taken from both groups . Seven months after enrollment , a second blood lead assay was obtained , and lead levels in household dust were measured . The main outcome measures were change in blood lead levels and dust lead levels by treatment group . RESULTS The  median blood lead level of children enrolled in the study was 6.7 micrograms/dL ( range , 1.7 to 30.6 micrograms/dL ) . There was no significant difference in the change of children 's blood lead levels or dust lead levels by treatment group . The median change in blood lead levels among children in the intervention group was -0.05 micrograms/dL compared with -0.60 micrograms/dL among those in the control group . There also was no significant difference in the change of dust lead by group assignment , although there was a trend toward a significant difference in the percentage of change in dust lead levels on noncarpeted floors , which was greater among houses in the intervention group . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that an intervention that consists only of providing cleaning supplies and a brief description of dust control is not effective at reducing blood lead levels among urban children with low to mild elevations in blood lead levels at a 7-month follow-up OBJECTIVES This prospect i ve study describes the impact of residential lead-based-paint hazard remediations on children with mildly elevated blood lead levels . METHODS Changes in blood lead levels were observed following paint hazard remediation alone and in combination with soil abatement . RESULTS After adjustment for the confounding variables paint hazard remediation alone was associated with a blood lead increase of 6.5 micrograms/dL ( P = 0.5 ) , and paint hazard remediation combined with soil abatement was associated with an increase of 0.9 microgram/dL ( P = 36 ) . CONCLUSIONS Lead-based-paint hazard remediation as performed in this study , is not an effective secondary prevention strategy among children with mildly elevated blood lead levels The Port Pirie Cohort Study is the first study to monitor prospect ively the association between lifetime blood lead exposure and the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems experienced by children . Lead exposure data along with ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist were obtained for 322 11 - 13-year-old children from the lead smelting community of Port Pirie , Australia .  Mean total behavior problem score ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) for boys whose lifetime average blood lead concentration was above 15 microg/dl was 28.7 ( 24.6 - 32.8 ) compared with 21.1 ( 17.5 - 24.8 ) in boys with lower exposure levels . The corresponding mean scores ( 95 % CI ) for girls were 29.7 ( 25.3 - 34.2 ) and 18.0 ( 14.7 - 21.3 ) . After controlling for a number of confounding variables , including the quality of the child 's HOME environment ( assessed by Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment ) , maternal psychopathology , and the child 's IQ , regression modeling predicted that for a hypothetical increase in lifetime blood lead exposure from 10 to 30 microg/dl , the externalizing behavior problem score would increase by 3.5 in boys ( 95 % CI 1.6 - 5.4 ) , and by 1.8 ( 95 % CI -0.1 to 11.1 ) in girls . Internalizing behavior problem scores were predicted to rise by 2.1 ( 95 % CI 0.0 - 4.2 ) in girls but by only 0.8 ( 95 % CI -0.9 to 2.4 ) in boys The changes in dust loading , lead loading and lead concentration , determined from vacuum sample s and wipe sample s collected during the Childhood Lead Exposure Assessment and Reduction Study ( CLEARS ) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of the cleaning protocol in homes of children found to have moderate lead poisoning , e.g. levels between 10 - 20 micrograms/dL. The sample s were collected at least twice , and in 65 homes three times , during the course of a year long intervention in homes where half were r and omized into a group which received a st and ardized Lead Intervention program for lead reduction  , and the other homes only received an Accident Intervention program . The homes with lead burdened children were located in Hudson County , New Jersey ( primarily in Jersey City ) , and were referred to the CLEARS by a number of private and public sources . Each home had wipe sampling conducted with the LWW Sample r ( patented ) , and vacuum sampling was completed using a device described by Wang et al. in Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene . The 
    Output:
    
We conclude that although low-cost , interior lead hazard control was associated with 50 % or greater reduction in the proportion of children who had blood lead concentrations exceeding 15 microg/dL and > or = 20 microg/dL , there was no substantial effect on mean blood lead concentration