***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The effects of the powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale on the symptoms of motion sickness were compared with those of dimenhydrinate and placebo in 36 undergraduate men and women who reported very high susceptibility to motion sickness . Motion sickness was induced by placing the blindfolded subject in a tilted rotating chair . Measurements of perceived degree of gastrointestinal distress were reported every 15 s for up to 6 minutes by means of psychophysical methods . Z. officinale was superior to dimenhydrinate in reducing motion sickness OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Hypericum perforatum on  cesarean wound healing and hypertrophic scar .  DESIGN This was a r and omized , double-blind clinical trial study . SETTING The study was conducted in Samen-Ol-Aemmeh ( Pbuh ) Hospital in Mashhad , Iran . SUBJECTS The subjects included 144 women with surgical childbirth who had eligible criteria . INTERVENTION The participants were r and omly assigned to three groups . The treatment and placebo groups applied H. perforatum or placebo ointment 3 times a day for 16 days based on consecutive coded ointments . The control group remained without any intervention postoperatively . ASSESSMENT Wound healing was assessed on the 10th day postcesarean using the REEDA scale ( REEDA st and s for redness , edema , ecchymosis , discharge , and approximation ) , which had criteria including redness , edema , ecchymosis , discharge , and approximation . On the 40th day , the degree of scarring was assessed using the Vancouver scar scale including pigmentation , height , pliability , and vascularity . The subjects were also asked some questions about pain by using the Visual Analogue Scale and pruritus of scar . RESULTS The mean age of all the study subjects was 23.50 + /- 4.03 and mean parity was 1.23 + /- 0.48 . There were significant differences in wound healing on the 10th day ( p < 0.005 ) and scar formation on the 40th day postpartum ( p < 0.0001 ) between treatment group with placebo and control groups . However , the placebo group had no differences in wound healing ( p = 0.93 ) and scar formation ( p = 0.11 ) with the control group . In addition , significantly lower pain and pruritus were reported by the treatment group compared with the placebo and control groups on the 40th day postpartum . CONCLUSIONS Topical application of H. perforatum is safe and can facilitate cesarean wound healing and minimize formation of scar and its pain and pruritus PURPOSE We compared the effects of daily cranberry juice cocktail to those of placebo during pregnancy on  asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections .  MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 188 women were r and omized to cranberry or placebo in 3 treatment arms of A-cranberry 3 times daily ( 58 ) , B-cranberry at breakfast then placebo at lunch and dinner ( 67 ) , and C-placebo 3 times daily ( 63 ) . After 27.7 % ( 52 of 188 ) of the subjects were enrolled in the study the dosing regimens were changed to twice daily dosing to improve compliance . RESULTS There were 27 urinary tract infections in 18 subjects in this cohort , with 6 in 4 group A subjects , 10 in 7 group B subjects and 11 in 7 group C subjects ( p = 0.71 ) . There was a 57 % and 41 % reduction in the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria and all urinary tract infections , respectively , in the multiple daily dosing group . However , this study was not sufficiently powered at the alpha 0.05 level ( CI 0.14 - 1.39 and 0.22 - 1.60 , respectively , incidence rate ratios ) . Of 188 subjects 73 ( 38.8 % ) withdrew , most for gastrointestinal upset . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest there may be a protective effect of cranberry ingestion against asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy . Further studies are planned to evaluate this effect Objective To determine the effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy . Methods Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , who first attended an antenatal clinic at or before 17 weeks ' gestation , were invited to participate in the study . During a 5-month period , 70 eligible women gave consent and were r and omized in a double-masked design to receive either oral ginger 1 g per day or an identical placebo for 4 days . Subjects grade d the severity of their nausea using visual analog scales and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours before treatment , and again during 4 consecutive days while taking treatment . At a follow-up visit 7 days later , five-item Likert scales were used to assess the severity of their symptoms . Results All participants except three in the placebo group remained in the study . The visual analog scores of posttherapy minus baseline nausea decreased significantly in the ginger group ( 2.1 ± 1.9 ) compared with the placebo group ( 0.9 ± 2.2 , P = .014 ) . The number of vomiting episodes also decreased significantly in the ginger group ( 1.4 ± 1.3 ) compared with the placebo group ( 0.3 ± 1.1 , P < .001 ) . Likert scales showed that 28 of 32 in the ginger group had improvement in nausea symptoms compared with 10 of 35 in the placebo group ( P < .001 ) . No adverse effect of ginger on pregnancy outcome was detected . Conclusion Ginger is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ginger in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy . DESIGN This was a single blind clinical trial study . SETTING The study was conducted in a selected prenatal care clinic of Isfahan City hospitals . SUBJECTS The subjects included 67 pregnant women who complained of nausea and vomiting from Isfahan city hospitals participated in the study . INTERVENTION The participants were r and omly assigned to two groups , an experimental group and a control group . The groups were matched according to the age , gestational age , parity , occupational status , and educational level of the participants . The experimental group received ginger 250 mg capsules for 4 days , and the control group received placebo with the same prescription form . OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of treatment of nausea were evaluated twice daily for 4 days by a before- and -after treatment question naire . RESULTS The mean ages of the experimental and control groups were 24.1 + /- 4.8 and 23.3 + /- 5 years , respectively . The mean gestational age was 13 + /- 3 weeks , and the mean parity was 1.6 + /- 0.8 . The ginger users demonstrated a higher rate of improvement than the placebo users did ( 85 % versus 56 % ; p < 0.01 ) . The decrease in vomiting times among ginger users was also significantly greater than among the women who received the placebo ( 50 % versus 9 % ; p < 0.05 ) . DISCUSSION A daily total of 1000 mg of ginger in a capsule preparation can be suggested by care providers as a means of decreasing pregnancy nausea and vomiting in women who tend to herbal medicines . CONCLUSION Ginger is an effective herbal remedy for decreasing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy Objective : To investigate the effect of a ginger extract ( EV.EXT35 ) on the symptoms of morning sickness OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN Double blind r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Thammasat Hospital , Faculty of Medicine , Thammasat University . MATERIAL AND METHOD Between January 2005 and December 2005 , 170 pregnant women who attended at antenatal clinic Thammasat University Hospital with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were r and omly allocated into group A ( n = 85 ) and group B ( n = 85 ) . The patients in group A received one capsule of ginger twice daily ( one capsule contained 0.5 gm of ginger powder ) while the patients in group B received the identical capsule of 50 mg dimenhydrinate twice daily . The visual analogue nausea scores ( VANS ) and vomiting times were evaluated at day 0 - 7 of the treatment . RESULTS There was no significant difference in the visual analogue nausea scores ( VANS ) between group A and group B in day 1 - 7 of the treatment . The vomiting episodes of group A were greater than group B during the first and second day of the treatment with statistically significant difference . No difference in vomiting episodes during the day 3 - 7 of treatment was found in both groups . There was a statistically significant difference in the side effect of drowsiness after treatment in group B greater ( 77.64 % ) than group A ( 5.88 % ) ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION From the presented data , ginger is as effective as dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and has fewer side effects To explore pregnant women 's use , attitudes , knowledge and beliefs of complementary and alternative drugs ( CADs ) defined as products manufactured from herbs or with a natural origin . A preliminary survey was conducted among 172 pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy , consecutively recruited in two obstetrical setting s ; 15 women were r and omly selected to compute a test-to-retest analysis . Response rate was 87.2 % . Test-to-retest analysis showed a question naire 's reproducibility exceeding a K-value of 0.7 for all items . Mean age was 32.4 ± 0.4 years ; most women were nulliparae ( 62.7 % ) . The majority of subjects ( 68 % ) declared to have used one or more CADs during their lifetime ; 48 % of pregnant women reported taking at least one CAD previously and during the current pregnancy . Women 's habitual use of CADs meant they were at higher risk of taking CADs  also during pregnancy ( adjusted odds ratio = 10.8 ; 95 % confidence interval : 4.7–25.0 ) . Moreover , 59.1 % of the subjects were unable to correctly identify the type of CADs they were using . The majority of women resorted to gynecologists as the primary information source for CADs  during pregnancy , while they mainly referred to herbalists when not pregnant . Habitual use of CADs seems to be a strong predictor for their ingestion also during pregnancy ; in addition most subjects were unable to correctly identify the products they were taking . In the light of the scanty data concerning the safety of CADs  during pregnancy , these preliminary results confirm the need to investigate thoroughly the situation of pregnant women and CADs consumption The effectiveness of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) as an antiemetic agent was compared with placebo and metoclopramide in 60 women who had major gynaecological surgery in a double‐blind , r and omised study . There were statistically significantly fewer recorded incidences of nausea in the group that received ginger root compared with placebo ( p < 0.05 ) . The number of incidences of nausea in the groups that received either ginger root or metoclopramide were similar . The administration of antiemetic after operation was significantly greater in the placebo group compared to the other two groups ( p < 0.05 ) OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of ginger to vitamin B6 in the treatment of  nausea and vomiting of pregnancy .  STUDY DESIGN A r and omized double-blind controlled trial . SETTING The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital . SUBJECTS Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy at or before 16 weeks of gestation , who attended the antenatal care clinic . The subjects requested anti-emetics , had no medical complications , non-hospitalized and were able to attend a one week follow-up visit . From November , 1999 to November 2000 , 138 women participated and gave consent for the study . METHOD The subjects were r and omly allocated into two groups to take either 500 mg of ginger orally or an identical 10 mg of vitamin B6 one capsule three times daily for three days . Subjects grade d the severity of their nausea using visual analogue scales before treatment and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours and again during three consecutive days of treatment . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The change of nausea scores and the number of vomiting episodes during three days of treatment . RESULTS The 64 subjects in each group remained in the study . The demographic data were comparable in both groups . The ginger and vitamin B6 significantly reduced the nausea scores from 5.0 ( SD , 1.99 ) to 3.6 ( SD , 2.48 ) and 5.3 ( SD , 2.08 ) to 3.3 ( SD , 2.07 ) respectively , with p < 0.001 . The mean score change after treatment with ginger was 1.4 ( 2.21 ) , less than with vitamin B6 , which was 2.0 ( 2.19 ) but with no statistically significant difference ( 95 % CI -1.4 to 0.2 
    Output:
    
Ginger was the most investigated remedy and was consistently reported to ameliorate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy better than placebo ; its efficacy in doing so was noted to be equal to that of vitamin B6 and dimenhydrinate .
Cranberry , however , was not efficacious in the treatment of urinary tract infections ; finally , raspberry leaf did not shorten the first stage of labor , and garlic did not prevent pre-eclampsia .
With the exception of ginger , there is no data to support the use of any other herbal supplement during pregnancy