***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND A r and omized trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of a videotape for increasing mammography screening among a multiethnic sample of older women . METHODS A multiethnic sample of Caucasian , African-American , and Hispanic women between the ages of 50 and 70 was recruited from Resident Lists compiled by the State of Massachusetts . After completing a baseline question naire , women were r and omized to receive either a videotape or pamphlet about mammography and recontacted at 2 and 12 months after baseline to assess attitudes , beliefs , and mammography screening . A total of 581 women completed question naires at all three time points . RESULTS At baseline , approximately 75 % of women reported having a mammogram in the past year and 90 % reported having one in the past 2 years . Rates did not differ between groups . At the 12-month follow-up , mammography rates , adjusted for baseline screening , were 80.4 % in the video and 74.8 % in the pamphlet group . Logistic regression analysis of mammography at 12 months ( within past year vs. > 1 year ago ) controlling for baseline mammogram produced an odds ratio of 1.48 for the video group that was not significantly different from unity ( 95 % CI = 0.95 - 2.28 ) . CONCLUSIONS The videotape had a small effect on increasing mammography screening . Although the effect was smaller than more intensive interventions , the video is a convenient , low cost , and easily implemented method to increase mammography screening Background Whether early detection and treatment of prostate cancer ( PCa ) will reduce disease-related mortality remains uncertain . As a result , tools are needed to facilitate informed decision making . While there have been several decision aids ( DAs ) developed and tested , very few have included an exercise to help men clarify their values and preferences about PCa screening . Further , only one DA has utilized an interactive web-based format , which allows for an expansion and customization of the material . We describe the development of two DAs , a booklet and an interactive website , each with a values clarification component and design ed for use in diverse setting s. Methods We conducted two feasibility studies to assess men 's ( 45 - 70 years ) Internet access and their willingness to use a web- vs. a print-based tool .  The booklet was adapted from two previous versions evaluated in r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) and the website was created to closely match the content of the revised booklet . Usability testing was conducted to obtain feedback regarding draft versions of the material s. The tools were also review ed by a plain language expert and the interdisciplinary research team . Feedback on the content and presentation led to iterative modifications of the tools . Results The feasibility studies confirmed that the Internet was a viable medium , as the majority of men used a computer , had access to the Internet , and Internet use increased over time . Feedback from the usability testing on the length , presentation , and content of the material s was incorporated into the final versions of the booklet and website . Both the feasibility studies and the usability testing highlighted the need to address men 's informed  decision making regarding screening . Conclusions Informed decision making for PCa screening is crucial at present and may be important for some time , particularly if a definitive recommendation either for or against screening does not emerge from ongoing prostate cancer screening trials . We have detailed our efforts at developing print- and web-based DAs to assist men in determining how to best meet their PCa screening preferences . Following completion of our ongoing RCT design ed to test these material s , our goal will be to develop a dissemination project for the more effective tool . Trial Registration OBJECTIVE Adherence to self-care behaviors improves heart failure ( HF )  morbidity and life quality . We examined short-term impact of video education ( VE ) in addition to st and ard education ( SE ) on HF healthcare utilization and self-care behavior adherence . METHODS One hundred and twelve hospitalized patients were r and omly assigned to SE ( n=53 ) or SE plus VE ( n=59 ) . Differences between groups were analyzed in patients who underwent 3-month follow-up ( 39 SE and 37 VE patients ) . Mean age was 60+/-14 years ; mean HF length was 57 months . RESULTS Three-month healthcare utilization was similar between groups but VE patients needed less extra diuretic dosing ( P<0.02 ) , received more HF literature ( P<0.03 ) , and had less healthcare team telephone communication ( P<0.04 ) . VE patients had greater sign/symptom reduction ( P<0.04 ) ; especially related to edema ( P<0.01 ) and fatigue ( P<0.01 ) and initiated more actions for edema ( P<0.05 ) and dyspnea ( with exercise or rest , both P<0.01 ) . Overall , VE patients had a higher mean self-care behavior score ( P<0.01 ) , reflecting greater self-care adherence . CONCLUSION Video education prompts self-care behavior adherence to control worsening signs/symptoms of volume overload . During 3-month follow-up , utilization of most healthcare re sources was unchanged . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S VE is a useful adjunct to in-person education In this study we compared 3 methods of conducting the preanesthetic visit . We prospect ively studied 197 consecutive surgical patients who were to undergo general anesthesia . The patients were r and omized to a routine preanesthetic interview , a brochure plus an interview , or a self-made documentary video plus an interview . After the preanesthetic visit , the degree of patient satisfaction and information gain was quantified by a question naire for each method . The questions on patient satisfaction were assessed on a six-point scale , and those on information gain were assessed on a multiple-choice basis . The video plus interview group showed the highest point scores ( 98 % of the possible maximum sum point score in patient satisfaction and 93 % of the maximum sum score in information gain ) . In contrast , the patients of the brochure plus interview group revealed 93 % for patient satisfaction and 80 % for information gain , and in the st and ard interview group , the corresponding figures were 91 % and 72 % , respectively . The maximum sum scores in patient satisfaction and information gain were significantly different between the interview and the video groups , but not between the interview and the brochure groups . Therefore , these data suggest that the use of a documentary video to supplement a preoperative interview may enhance patient satisfaction and maximize information gain Background Although many men who have sex with men ( MSM ) in Peru are unaware of their HIV status , they are frequent users of the Internet , and can be approached by that medium for promotion of HIV testing . Methods We conducted an online r and omized controlled trial to compare the effect of  HIV-testing motivational videos versus st and ard public health text , both offered through a gay website . The videos were customized for two audiences based on self- identification : either gay or non-gay men . The outcomes evaluated were ‘ intention to get tested ’ and ‘ HIV testing at the clinic . ’ Findings In the non-gay identified group , 97 men were r and omly assigned to the video-based intervention and 90 to the text-based intervention . Non-gay identified participants r and omized to the video-based intervention were more likely to report their intention of getting tested for HIV within the next 30 days ( 62.5 % vs. 15.4 % , Relative Risk ( RR ) : 2.77 , 95 % Confidence Interval ( CI ) : 1.42–5.39 ) . After a mean of 125.5 days of observation ( range 42–209 days ) , 11 participants r and omized to the video and none of the participants r and omized to text attended our clinic requesting HIV testing ( p = 0.001 ) . In the gay-identified group , 142 men were r and omized to the video-based intervention and 130 to the text-based intervention . Gay-identified participants r and omized to the video were more likely to report intentions of getting an HIV test within 30 days , although not significantly ( 50 % vs. 21.6 % , RR : 1.54 , 95 % CI : 0.74–3.20 ) . At the end of follow up , 8 participants who watched the video and 10 who read the text visited our clinic for HIV testing ( Hazard Ratio : 1.07 , 95 % CI : 0.40–2.85 ) . Conclusion This study provides some evidence of the efficacy of a video-based online intervention in improving HIV testing among non-gay-identified MSM in Peru . This intervention may be adopted by institutions with websites oriented to motivate HIV testing among similar MSM population s. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov OBJECTIVE The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV testing be a st and ard part of medical care ; however , testing is voluntary and some patients decline . We evaluated 2 brief interventions to promote rapid HIV testing among STD clinic patients who initially declined testing . METHOD Using a r and omized controlled trial , patients either viewed an educational digital video disc ( DVD ) or participated in stage-based behavioral counseling ( SBC ) provided by a nurse .  Sixty clients presenting for care at a STD clinic who initially declined HIV testing at registration and during risk behavior screening participated in the study . RESULTS The primary outcome was whether patients agreed to be tested for HIV . The secondary outcomes included attitudes , knowledge , and stage-of-change regarding HIV testing . Patients receiving both interventions improved their attitudes and knowledge about testing ( ps < .01 ) . Patients receiving SBC agreed to testing more often ( 45 % ) than did patients who viewed the DVD ( 19 % ; p < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Brief interventions can increase rapid HIV testing acceptance among patients who are reluctant to be tested ; counseling guided by behavioral science theory is more effective than a well- design ed information-based intervention BACKGROUND Morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer ( CRC ) are heightened among the socioeconomically disadvantaged . METHOD A r and omized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a videotaped intervention using peer educators as well as a health professional to increase compliance with  fecal occult blood test  ( FOBT )  screening . Participants were 160 older individuals attending a medical outpatient clinic .  Compliance with FOBT use was the dependent measure . Demographic variables , family history of CRC , viewing the videotape , perceived risk , self-efficacy , physician recommendation , knowledge about CRC screening , and intent to use the FOBT were independent measures . RESULTS Approximately 41 % of participants complied with FOBT screening . Significant relationships were found between intent and family history of CRC , viewing the video , perceived risk , self-efficacy , and CRC knowledge . However , none of these variables was significantly related to compliance with FOBT use . CONCLUSIONS Although modest compliance rates were shown for both experimental and control groups , their compliance did not differ significantly . Further investigation of the impact of a video as part of an enhanced intervention program should be considered OBJECTIVES : The success of colonoscopy depends on high- quality bowel preparation by patients ; yet inadequate preparation is common . We developed and tested an educational booklet to improve bowel preparation quality . METHODS : We conducted patient cognitive interviews to identify knowledge and belief barriers to colonoscopy preparation . We used these interviews to create an educational booklet to enhance preparatory behaviors . We then prospect ively r and omized patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy at a VA Medical Center to receive usual instructions vs. the booklet before colonoscopy . Patients in both groups received st and ard pharmacy instructions for single-dose bowel preparation ; the protocol did not specify which purgatives to prescribe . The primary outcome was preparation quality based on blinded ratings using the vali date d Ottawa score . We performed bivariate analyses to compare mean scores between groups using a t-test , and logistic regression to measure the booklet effect on preparation quality , adjusting for potential confounders . RESULTS : A total of 436 patients were r and omized between arms . In an intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome , mean Ottawa scores were superior in patients allocated to booklet vs. controls ( P=0.03 ) . An intention-to-treat analysis of the secondary outcome revealed a “ good ” preparation in 68 vs. 46 % of booklet and control patients , respectively ( P=0.054 ) . In a per- protocol analysis limited to patients who actually received the booklet , preparation was good in 76 vs. 46 % patients , respectively ( P<0.00001 ) . Regression analysis revealed that booklet receipt increased the odds of good preparation by 3.7 times ( 95 % confidence interval=2.3–5.8 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Provision of a novel educational booklet considerably improves preparation quality in patients receiving single-dose purgatives . The effect of the booklet on split-dose purgatives remains untested and will be evaluated in future research Abstract BACKGROUND : Little is known about the relative advantages of video versus internet-based decision aids to facilitate shared medical decision making . This study compared internet and video patient education modalities for men considering the prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) test . METHODS : Two hundred and twenty-six men , aged 50 years or older , and scheduled to complete a physical examination at an HMO Health Appraisal Clinic were r and omly assigned to access a website ( N=114 ) or view a 23-minute videotape in the clinic ( N=112 ) prior to deciding whether they wanted to be screened for prostate cancer . RESULTS : There were no between-groups differences in participants ’ ratings of convenience , effort , or satisfaction following exposure to the decision aid . Participants assigned to the video group were more likely to review the material s than individuals assigned to the internet group ( 98.2 % vs 53.5 % ) . Participants in the video group showed significantly greater increases in PSA 
    Output:
    
Video interventions were variably effective for modifying health behaviors depending on the target behaviors to be influenced .
Video interventions appear to be effective in breast self-examination , prostate cancer screening , sunscreen adherence , self-care in patients with heart failure , HIV testing , treatment adherence , and female condom use .
However , videos have not shown to be effective in influencing addiction behaviors when they are not tailored .
Compared to loss-framing , gain-framed messages may be more effective in promoting certain types of health behavior change .