***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A r and omised trial in breast cancer patients was design ed to compare the number of peripheral blood progenitor cells collected after mobilisation with a single dose of 10 microg/kg/day granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) ( n=14 ) or a split dose of 5 microg/kg twice daily  ( n=14 ) . Both groups were well balanced . No significant differences were observed between groups regarding aphereses parameters . The total number of CD34 + cells collected was higher in the split-dose group ( mean of 7.1 and median of 7.4 x 10(6)/kg ) than in the single-dose group ( 5.6 and 5.8 x 10(6)/kg , respectively ) ( P=0.26 ) . The mean of CD34 + cells collected after the first apheresis procedure was 3.9 x 10(6)/kg for the split dose group and 3.1 x 10(6)/kg for the single-dose group ( P=0.24 ) . Circulating CD34 + cells before the first apheresis were higher for the split-dose group ( mean 79.7 vs 59.2 x 10(6)/l ) ( P=0.14 ) . All bone pain scores applied were significantly higher for the split-dose group . Our primary end point of improving the mean of total CD34 + cells collected to 2.5 x 10(6)/kg was not achieved with twice-daily G-CSF administration . Further studies evaluating different mobilisation schedules with G-CSF are needed to determine the optimal regimen AIM To evaluate in a multicentre r and omised study the effect on duration of febrile neutropenia ( FN ) , the safety and cost-effectiveness of a single subcutaneous pegfilgrastim injection compared with daily injections of filgrastim after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients receiving high dose chemotherapy for myeloma and lymphoma . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to a single dose of pegfilgrastim at day 5 ( D5 ) or daily filgrastim from D5 to the recovery of absolute neutrophil count ( ANC ) to 0.5 G/L. Duration of FN , of neutrophil and platelet recovery , transfusion and antibiotic requirements were the main end-points of the study . Costs were calculated from D0 until transplant unit discharge . The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed as the cost per day of FN prevented . Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed by non-parametric bootstrap methods . RESULTS Between October 2008 and September 2009 , 10 centres enrolled 151 patients : 80 patients with lymphoma and 71 patients with myeloma .  The mean duration of FN was 3.07 days ( st and ard deviation ( SD ) 1.96 ) in the pegfilgrastin arm and 3.29 ( SD 2.54 ) in the filgrastim one . Mean total costs were 23,256 and 25,448 euros for pegfilgrastim and filgrastim patients , respectively . There was a 62 % probability that pegfilgrastim strictly dominates filgrastim . CONCLUDING STATEMENT Pegfilgrastim after PBSC transplantation in myeloma and lymphoma is safe , effective when compared with filgrastim and could represent a cost-effective alternative in this setting Purpose : To compare the effectiveness , tolerance , and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of pegfilgrastim to daily filgrastim in children and young adults with sarcomas treated with dose-intensive combination chemotherapy . Experimental Design : Patients were r and omized to receive a single dose of 100 mcg/kg of pegfilgrastim s.c . or 5 mcg/kg/day of filgrastim s.c . , daily until neutrophil recovery after two treatment cycles with vincristine , doxorubicin , and cyclophosphamide ( VDC ) and two cycles of etoposide and ifosfamide ( IE ) . The duration of severe neutropenia ( absolute neutrophil count , ≤500/mcL ) during cycles 1 to 4 and cycle duration for all cycles were compared . Pharmacokinetics of pegfilgrastim and filgrastim and CD34 + stem cell mobilization were studied on cycle 1 . Growth factor – related toxicity , transfusions , and episodes of fever and neutropenia and infections were collected for cycles 1 to 4 . Results : Thirty-four patients ( median age , 20 years ; range 3.8 - 25.8 ) were enrolled , and 32 completed cycles 1 to 4 . The median ( range ) duration of absolute neutrophil count of < 500/mcL was 5.5 ( 3 - 8 ) days for pegfilgrastim and 6 ( 0 - 9 ) days for filgrastim ( P = 0.76 ) after VDC , and 1.5 ( 0 - 4 ) days for pegfilgrastim and 3.75 ( 0 - 6.5 ) days for filgrastim ( P = 0.11 ) after IE . More episodes of febrile neutropenia and documented infections occurred on the filgrastim  arm . Serum pegfilgrastim concentrations were highly  variable . Pegfilgrastim apparent clearance ( 11 mL/h/kg ) was similar to that reported in adults . Conclusion : A single dose per cycle of pegfilgrastim was well tolerated and may be as effective as daily filgrastim based on the duration of severe neutropenia and number of episodes of febrile neutropenia and documented infections after dose-intensive treatment with VDC and IE . ( Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7361–7 Patients with lymphoproliferative disorders , c and i date to autologous stem cell transplantation ( ASCT ) , require mobilization with chemotherapy and granulocyte colony -stimulating factor ( G-CSF ) . This study looked for differences in hematopoietic peripheral stem cells ( HPSCs ) mobilization in response to the three available G-CSFs , namely lenograstim , filgrastim , and pegfilgrastim . Between 2000 and 2012 , 146 patients ( 66 M and 80 F ) who underwent ASCT for multiple myeloma , non-Hodgkin ’s lymphoma or Hodgkin ’s lymphoma were studied . All patients received induction therapy and then a mobilization regimen with cyclophosphamide plus lenograstim , or filgrastim , or pegfilgrastim . From days 12 to 14 , HPSCs were collected by two to three daily leukaphereses . Our results show that high-dose cyclophosphamide plus lenograstim achieved adequate mobilization and the collection target more quickly and with fewer leukaphereses as compared to filgrastim and pegfilgrastim . No differences between the three regimens were observed regarding toxicity and days to WBC and platelet recovery . Thus , lenograstim may represent the ideal G-CSF for PBSC mobilization in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases . Further studies are needed to confirm these results and better underst and the biological bases of these differences Ro 25‐8315 is produced by conjugation of rhG‐CSF mutant with polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) . The purpose of this study was to examine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Ro 25‐8315 in comparison with Filgrastim ( rhG‐CSF ) .  Subjects received single subcutaneous doses of Ro 25‐8315 ranging from 10 to 150 μg/kg using a double‐blind , r and omized , placebo‐controlled design . Filgrastim was administered as a single dose ( 5 or 10 μg/kg ) and , following a 14‐day washout period , daily for 7 days . Ro 25‐8315  increased absolute neutrophil count ( ANC ) by 6‐ to 8‐fold and CD34 + cell count more than 30‐fold at the highest doses tested . Single doses ( 60–150 μg/kg ) of Ro 25‐8315 and multiple doses of Filgrastim had similar effects on ANC and CD34 + , although Ro 25‐8315 had a greater effect on CFU‐GM . The pharmacokinetics of Ro 25‐8315 were dose‐dependent , with peak concentrations and area under the serum concentration – time curve ( AUC ) increasing 100‐fold over the range of doses studied . Time to reach peak concentration ( Tmax ) and half‐life of Ro 25‐8315 averaged 20–30 hr at all doses , approximately three times longer than with Filgrastim . Adverse events were not serious and occurred with similar frequency with both products . Pegylation of rhG‐CSF mutant results in more desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a longer duration of action with effective increases in ANC and measures of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization for at least 1 week . Am . J. Hematol . 66:245–251 , 2001 . © 2001 Wiley‐Liss , Goals of workRecently , 6 cycles of R-CHOP-14 have been recommended as the reference st and ard regimen for the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) .  Pegfilgrastim has been shown to facilitate dose-dense chemotherapy schedules with a single administration per chemotherapy cycle . The aims of this study were to evaluate the use of pegfilgrastim in combination with the R-CHOP-14 regimen in a homogenous group of previously untreated elderly patients with DLBCL and to assess the pharmacokinetics of pegfilgrastim within this patient population . Material s and methods Ten patients with DLBCL between 60 and 80 years of age received a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg pegfilgrastim 24 h after administration of R-CHOP chemoimmunotherapy , which was repeated for 6 to 8 cycles in two-weekly intervals . A total of 348 blood sample s were collected .  Pegfilgrastim plasma levels and absolute neutrophil counts were measured every other day during the first treatment cycle and twice weekly during all consecutive cycles . Main results Sixty-three of 72 cycles ( 87.5 % ) could be delivered on time and at the planned dose . Median absolute neutrophil nadir was 0.32 g/l on day 9 . Grade 3/4 granulocytopenia occurred in all patients . Febrile neutropenia occurred in two patients . Plasma levels of pegfilgrastim  remained elevated during the neutropenic phase . At the start of hematologic recovery , plasma concentrations of pegfilgrastim  decreased rapidly to baseline levels . Median pegfilgrastim trough plasma level was 0.43 ng/ml on the day preceding the next application . Conclusions A single fixed dose of 6 mg of pegfilgrastim given once per cycle of R-CHOP-14 is effective in supporting neutrophil recovery to allow two-weekly drug administration in previously untreated elderly patients with DLBCL . However , close monitoring for infectious complications is m and atory in this patient population BACKGROUND It is not known whether increasing the dose of filgrastim after mobilizing chemotherapy improves collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells ( PBPC ) and leads to faster hematopoietic engraftment after autologous transplantation . STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A r and omized , open-label , multicenter trial was carried out in patients with breast cancer , multiple myeloma , and lymphoma , in which patients were r and omized to receive 5 or 10 microg per kg per day of filgrastim after st and ard chemotherapy to mobilize PBPCs . After high-dose chemotherapy , the components from the first two leukapheresis procedures were returned , and all patients received 5 microg per kg day of filgrastim after transplantation . RESULTS A total of 131 patients were r and omized , of whom 128 were mobilized ( Group A , 5 microg/kg , n = 66 ; Group B , 10 microg/kg , n = 62 ) and 112 were transplanted . Only six patients were not transplanted because of insufficient CD34 + cell numbers . The median number of CD34 + cells collected in the first two leukapheresis procedures tended to be higher in Group B than in Group A ( 12.0 vs. 7.2 x 10(6)/kg , NS ) , but after transplantation there was no significant difference in median times to platelet ( 9 days in both groups ) or neutrophil ( 8 days in both groups ) engraftment or the number of platelet transfusions ( three in both groups ) . A subsequent subgroup analysis separating patients transplanted after first- or second-line chemotherapy also showed no measurable impact of filgrastim dose on the median CD34 + cell yield or on platelet engraftment in either subgroup . CONCLUSION PBPC mobilization with chemotherapy and 5 microg per kg of filgrastim is very efficient , and 10 microg per kg of filgrastim does not provide additional clinical benefit Summary . To date , no r and omized study has compared different doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor ( rhG‐CSF ) following submyeloablative mobilization chemotherapy . Therefore , we evaluated the effect of different doses of rhG‐CSF following mobilization chemotherapy on yields of CD34 + peripheral blood stem cells ( PBSC ) . Fifty patients were r and omized to receive 8 ( n = 25 ) versus 16 µg/kg/d ( 
    Output:
    
No difference found on the quantity of CD34 + cells collected , number of apheresis procedure in successful mobilization , level of peak PB CD34 + cells achieved , and day of neutrophil and platelet engraftment