***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE A prospect i ve series of 643 persons with epilepsy attending a reference neurologic center in Medellín , Colombia , was examined by computed tomography ( CT scan ) or serology or both with the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay ( EITB ) to assess the prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis . METHODS All presenting patients were consecutively enrolled in the study . Five hundred forty-six persons underwent cerebral CT scans ; 376 of them also had serum EITB performed . RESULTS Prevalence of neurocysticercosis by CT scan was 13.92 % . Overall prevalence of T. solium antibodies with EITB was 9.82 % , but for those with late-onset epilepsy ( onset after age 30 years ) , prevalence increased to 17.5 % and 19 % for those who originated from outside urban Medellín . Seroprevalence in individuals with mixed lesions ( cysts and calcifications ) was 88.2 % and 64.10 % in those with live cysts . Conversely , only 2.72 % of persons with CT findings not related to neurocysticercosis had positive EITB tests . CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that an important proportion of individuals with epilepsy have radiologic or serologic evidence of T. solium infection , suggesting that neurocysticercosis is an important etiology for epilepsy in Colombia BACKGROUND It is now agreed that the prognosis of seizure disorder due to solitary cysticercus granuloma ( SCG ) is generally good . However , the choice antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs ) remain empirical , with no comparative trials of different AEDs being available . AIMS To determine the safety and efficacy ( measured by the incidence of ' treatment failure ' ) of clobazam in comparison to st and ard treatment with phenytoin-sodium for prevention of seizures in persons with solitary cysticercus granulomas ( SCGs ) . SETTING S AND DESIGN This pilot study was conducted in a neurology department of a medical college hospital in the form of a prospect i ve , r and omized , open-labeled trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-eight patients with seizures due to SCG were r and omized in an open-labeled trial to either , clobazam ( 1 mg/kg oral loading followed by 0.5 mg/kg/d ) ( n=21 ) or phenytoin ( 15 mg/kg , oral loading in 3 divided doses over 24 h , followed by 5 mg/kg/d ) ( n=27 ) . They were followed over 6 months with the primary outcome measure being treatment failure ( either discontinuation or modification of AEDs ) due to either adverse effects or breakthrough seizures . RESULTS Treatment failures were noted to be significantly less common ( P = 0.03 ) in the clobazam-treated group ( n=1 ; 4.7 % ) than in phenytoin-treated group ( n=9 ; 33.3 % ) . These included one patient ( 4.7 % ) in the clobazam-group who had breakthrough seizures and 3 ( 11.1 % ) who had breakthrough seizures and 6 ( 22.2 % ) in the phenytoin-treated group who had adverse effects requiring treatment discontinuation . CONCLUSIONS Clobazam was well tolerated , safe and more effective than phenytoin in the AED treatment of patients with SCG The duration of anti epileptic drug therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions ( SSECTL ) presents a major dilemma . We studied the efficacy of short duration ( 6 months ) antiepileptic drug therapy as compared to long duration ( 2 years ) drug therapy .  Seventy three patients presenting with seizures and showing SSECTL on cranial CT scans ( plain and contrast ) were r and omized into group A ( 6 months therapy ) and group B ( 2 years therapy ) . There were 47 patients in group A and 26 patients in group B. Patients were followed up for one year after withdrawal of anti epileptic drugs . CT Head ( plain and contrast ) was repeated after 3 months , or earlier in cases of recurrence to rule out reinfection . 53.2 % in group A and 53.8 % in group B showed complete resolution and were seizure free on one year follow up . Punctate residual calcification was seen in 46.8 % in group A and 46.2 % in group B. Eight patients ( 17 % ) in group A and three ( 11.5 % ) in group B had a recurrence . The difference in recurrence of seizure between the two groups was not statistically significant ( p<0.77 ) in the calcified lesion subset . Since none of the patients in total resolution subset showed recurrence , the difference between calcified and total resolution subset was highly significant . The study shows that a short duration ( 6 months ) AED therapy in patients with total resolution of lesion on follow up scan , may be adequate in comparison to those who have calcific speck as a residue . However , a longer duration of therapy in case of calcific group probably does not alter their chances of recurrence Neurocysticercosis is a major cause of neurologic illness worldwide . Its manifestations are variable , and somewhat different when it occurs in children . Controversy exists regarding anticysticercal therapy . The clinical , laboratory , and radiographic features of 500 consecutive children with neurocysticercosis were studied ; the children were then followed prospect ively and their response to albendazole therapy was analyzed . Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was based primarily on neuroimaging . Computed tomographic ( CT ) scans , neurocysticercosis serology , chest radiographs , and Mantoux tests were done in all children , and magnetic resonance imaging scans in 10 % . All children with multiple lesions , and some r and omly allocated children with single , small , enhancing CT lesions received albendazole . CT scans were repeated after 3 to 6 months . There were 272 boys and 228 girls , age range 16/12 to 126/12 years .  Seizures were present in 94.8 % of cases ; 83.7 % had focal seizures . Features of raised intracranial pressure were seen in 30 % of patients and focal neurodeficit in 4 % . Single lesions were seen in 76 % of the children , with perilesional edema in 57.4 % . Thirty-four children who had multiple cysts and received albendazole underwent serial CT evaluation . Four showed disappearance of lesions and 22 had reductions in the size or number , to give an overall improvement rate of 76 % . Serial CT studies were available on 176 children with single lesions , 90 of whom received albendazole . Improvement ( disappearance or reduction in the size of lesions ) was observed in 91 % ( 82 of 90 ) of albendazole-treated children versus 85 % ( 73 of 86 ) of untreated children . This difference was not significant . No significant side-effects of albendazole were reported . These data indicate that partial seizures and single parenchymal cysts are the most frequent clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of neurocysticercosis in children . Although albendazole therapy should be considered , especially in children with multiple lesions , many children with isolated neurocysticercosis will improve without antiparasitic therapy . ( J Child Neurol 2000;15:207 - 213 ) The aim of the present investigation was to determine the interaction between the antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs ) phenytoin , carbamazepine , and phenobarbital and the enantioselective metabolism of albendazole .  Thirty-two adults with a diagnosis of the active form of intraparenchymatous neurocysticercosis and treated with albendazole at the dose of 7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 8 days were studied . The patients were divided into four groups based on the combined use of AEDs or not : control group ( n = 9 ) , phenytoin group ( n = 9 patients treated with 3–4 mg/kg/d sodium phenytoin ) , carbamazepine group ( n = 9 patients treated with 10–20 mg/kg/d carbamazepine ) , and phenobarbital group ( n = 5 patients treated with 1.5–4.5 mg/kg/d phenobarbital ) . Serial blood collection s were carried out on day 8 of albendazole treatment during the last 12-hour dose interval . Plasma concentrations of the (+)- and (−)-albendazole sulfoxide ( ASOX ) and albendazole sulfone ( ASON ) metabolites were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral phase column and fluorescence detection . The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey-Kramer test . The results are reported as means . The following differences ( P < 0.05 ) were observed between the control and the phenytoin , carbamazepine , and phenobarbital groups , respectively : (+)-ASOX area under the concentration – time curve for 0 to 12 hours after treatment ( AUC0–12 ) 6.1 , 2.1 , 3.1 , 2.4 & mgr;g/h/mL ; (+)-ASOX maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) 0.8 , 0.3 , 0.4 , 0.3 & mgr;g/mL ; (+)-ASOX half-life ( t1/2 ) 8.0 , 3.8 , 4.1 , 4.9 h ; (−)-ASOX AUC0–12 1.8 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.5 & mgr;g/h/mL ; (−)-ASOX Cmax 0.2 , 0.06 , 0.1 , 0.1 & mgr;g/mL ; (−)-ASOX t1/2 4.3 , 1.9 , 2.2 , 2.1 h ; ASON AUC0–12 0.5 , 0.2 & mgr;g/h/mL ; ASON Cmax 0.8 , 0.3 , 0.4 , 0.3 & mgr;g/mL ; ASON t1/2 8.0 , 3.8 , 4.1 h. The results show that phenytoin , carbamazepine , and phenobarbital induce to approximately the same extent the oxidative metabolism of albendazole in a nonenantioselective manner . Notably , a significant reduction in the plasma concentration of the active ASOX metabolite was observed in patients with neurocysticercosis treated with these AEDs Objective : To study the long-term seizure outcome and determine factors that predict recurrence of seizures following early withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs ) in patients with a solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma ( SCCG ) . Methods : The authors prospect ively studied 185 patients with SCCG and seizures in whom AEDs were withdrawn soon after ( within 2 to 12 weeks ) resolution of the SCCG was demonstrated on the CT scan . The follow-up of these patients ranged from 24 to 125 months ( mean 65.8 months ) or until seizure recurrence . Age , number of seizures , duration of AED therapy , occurrence of breakthrough seizures , administration of albendazole , and presence of a calcific residue of the SCCG on the CT scan were studied as prognostic factors to predict recurrence of seizures . Results : One hundred fifty-seven patients ( 84.9 % ) were seizure-free , whereas 28 patients ( 15.1 % ) had recurrence of seizures after withdrawal of AEDs . The recurrences occurred at a mean duration of 18.8 months ( range 0.5 to 78 months ) after withdrawal of AEDs . Multivariate analysis showed that presence of calcific residue on the CT scan , occurrence of breakthrough seizures , and occurrence of more than two seizures were associated with a higher risk of recurrence of seizures . The other factors including administration of albendazole therapy did not affect seizure recurrence . Conclusions : Nearly 85 % of patients with a solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma have a good seizure outcome following resolution of the lesion and early withdrawal of AEDs . However , recurrence of seizures can be expected in about 15 % of patients . Patients with more than two seizures , those with breakthrough seizures , and those whose follow-up CT scan shows a calcific residue of the granuloma have a higher risk of recurrence and therefore need to be appropriately caution ed after withdrawal of AEDs . AED therapy might also have to be continued for longer periods in patients with these risk factors The study was conducted in 81 patients of epilepsy with small single enhancing CT ( SSECT ) lesion in brain to determine the clinical profile and duration of antiepileptic drugs ( AEDs )  treatment . The patients were r and omly divided into group A ( 41 cases ) and group B ( 40 cases ) . Group A patients were treated for 6 months and group B for 1 year with AEDS without cysticidal drugs . The most common mode of presentation was simple partial motor seizures with secondary generalization in both the groups . Repeat imaging of brain ( CT/MRI ) at 6 months showed disappearance of lesion in 82.94 % in group A and 87 % in group B , while persistence of lesion was present only in 4.87 % in group A and 5 % in group B. 87. 
    Output:
    
Despite neurocysticercosis being the most common cause of epilepsy worldwide , there is currently no evidence available regarding the use of AEDs as prophylaxis for preventing seizures among people presenting with symptoms other than seizures .
For those presenting with seizures , there is no reliable evidence regarding the duration of treatment required .