***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Pain on injection is a recognized adverse event ( AE ) of propofol administration for the induction of general anesthesia . Preceded by venous occlusion , flurbiprofen axetil , a prodrug of the NSAID flurbiprofen , has been associated with a reduction in pain induced by propofol injection . A review of the literature determined that no published data were available on the influence of age on the requirements for flurbiprofen axetil dose . OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to examine the influence of age on flurbiprofen axetil requirements for the treatment of propofol-induced pain on injection in Japanese adult surgical patients . METHODS This prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , vehicle-controlled , parallel-group , dose-ranging study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology , Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan . Young ( age 20 - 40 years ) and older ( age 60 - 80 years ) Japanese patients scheduled for various types of surgery ( eg , cholecystectomy ) were eligible . Patients were r and omized to receive flurbiprofen axetil at 1 of 2 doses ( 25 or 50 mg , regardless of body weight ) or inactive vehicle ( saline ) , preceded by manual venous occlusion with a rubber tourniquet for 2 minutes and followed by the infusion of the first 25 % of calculated propofol dose ( 0.5 mg/kg at room temperature , 23 degrees C ) into the largest dorsal vein of the h and through a 20-G IV cannula ( without local anesthesia ) , followed by the release of the occlusion and delivery of propofol 2 mg/kg . An investigator blinded to treatment question ed each patient about pain intensity during propofol injection which was assessed using a verbal rating scale : 0 = none ; 1 = mild ; 2 = moderate ; and 3 = severe . The overall prevalence of pain was calculated in each group . AEs at the injection site ( pain , edema , wheal , inflammation ) were assessed by the study investigator for 24 hours after surgery using spontaneous reporting and patient interview . RESULTS A total of 150 patients , 75 young adults ( 38 men , 37 women ; mean [ SD ] age , 31 [ 5 ] years ; mean [ SD ] height , 163 [ 7 ] cm ; mean [ SD ] body weight , 58 [ 9 ] kg ) and 75 older adults ( 38 men , 37 women ; mean [ SD ] age , 70 [ 6 ] years ; mean [ SD ] height , 154 [ 8 ] cm ; mean [ SD ] body weight , 53 [ 10 ] kg ) , were enrolled . Each treatment group comprised 25 patients . No differences in demographic characteristics were observed among the 3 study groups . In young patients , the overall prevalence of propofol-induced pain was significantly lower in patients who received flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg ( 12 [ 48 % ] ) compared with that in patients who received flurbiprofen axetil 25 mg ( 20 [ 80 % ] ) or vehicle ( 22 [ 88 % ] ) ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) . The median pain intensity score was significantly lower in patients who received flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg ( 0 ) compared with that in patients who received flurbiprofen axetil 25 mg ( 1 ) or vehicle ( 2 ) ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) . In older patients , the overall prevalences of pain on propofol injection were 9 ( 36 % ) in the flurbiprofen axetil 50-mg group and 11 ( 44 % ) in the flurbiprofen axetil 25-mg group compared with 21 ( 84 % ) in the vehicle group ( both , P < 0.01 ) . The median pain score was significantly lower in patients who received flurbiprofen 50 mg ( 0 ) or 25 mg ( 0 ) than in those who received vehicle ( 1 ) ( both , P < 0.01 ) . All treatments were well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS In this small clinical trial in Japanese surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia , flurbiprofen axetil requirements for the reduction of pain during injection of propofol were found to be 50 mg in young adults ( age 20 - 40 years ) and 25 or 50 mg in older adults ( age 60 - 80 years ) , regardless of weight , preceded by venous occlusion for 2 minutes Purpose To examine the analgesic effect of preoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil and that of postoperative administration of a combination of flurbiprofen axetil and fentanyl , as well as perioperative plasma β-endorphin ( β-EP ) levels in patients undergoing esophagectomy . Methods Forty-five patients were r and omly divided into three groups : group A : 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil preoperative , 10 μg/kg fentanyl + 10 ml placebo postoperative ; group B : 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil preoperative , 10 μg/kg fentanyl + 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil postoperative ; group C : 10 ml placebo preoperative , 10 μg/kg fentanyl + 10 ml placebo postoperative . Postoperative analgesia was achieved by intravenous infusion containing flurbiprofen axetil and /or fentanyl at 2.0 ml/h ( total volume , 100 ml ) using infusion pumps . The β-EP was measured at preanesthesia ( T1 ) , the end of surgery ( T2 ) , 24 h ( T3 ) , and 48 h ( T4 ) after surgery . Visual analog scale scores ( VAS ) at T3 , T4 ( at rest ) , and rescue analgesic tramadol requirement was recorded . Results The VAS of group B was significantly lower than group A and C ( P < 0.01 ) at T3 and T4 . The β-EP levels at T2–T4 in group A did not differ significantly from those at T1 ( P > 0.05 ) ; however , the β-EP levels in group B at T3–T4 increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ) , while those in group C increased at T2 and decreased at T4 ( P < 0.05 ) . The β-EP levels in group B at T3 and T4 were the highest as compared to its levels in groups A and C ( P < 0.01 ) . Tramadol consumption in group B was significantly lower than in groups A and C ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion These results show that flurbiprofen axetil enhances the analgesic effect of fentanyl associated with increase in β-EP levels BACKGROUND Pain on injection is a recognized adverse event ( AE ) of propofol administration for the induction of general anesthesia . Pretreatment with lidocaine , metoclopramide , or flurbiprofen axetil has been reported to be effective in reducing propofol-induced pain . However , no studies comparing the efficacy of these 3 drugs for preventing pain on injection of propofol have been identified . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of lidocaine , metoclopramide , and flurbiprofen axetil for reducing pain on injection of propofol in Japanese adult surgical patients . METHODS This prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , placebo-controlled study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology , Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital , Ibaraki , Japan . Japanese patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery were eligible for inclusion in the study . Patients were r and omized into 4 groups to receive IV lidocaine 40 mg , metoclopramide 10 mg , flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg , or placebo ( saline ) , preceded by venous occlusion with a rubber tourniquet for 2 minutes , and followed by the administration of propofol 0.5 mg/kg into the largest vein of the h and through a 20-gauge IV cannula . Immediately after the administration of propofol , an investigator blinded to treatment interviewed each patient on injection-site pain . Responses were scored on a 4-point verbal rating scale ( 0 = none , 1 = mild pain , 2 = moderate pain , and 3 = severe pain ) . Incidence and intensity of pain ( as assessed by mean pain scores ) were determined in each of the 4 study groups . AEs at the injection site ( eg , pain , edema , wheal , inflammation ) , extrapyramidal disturbance , and symptoms or signs associated with gastrointestinal ( GI ) ulceration were assessed by the study investigator for 24 hours following surgery using spontaneous reporting and patient interview . RESULTS A total of 100 patients ( 54 women , 46 men ) aged 22 to 65 years were enrolled in the study . The patients ' mean ( SD ) age was 42 ( 12 ) years . Their mean ( SD ) height was 161 ( 8) cm and their mean ( SD ) weight was 59 ( 9 ) kg . Each treatment group comprised 25 patients . There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between treatment groups . The overall incidence of propofol-induced pain was 24 % ( 6/25 patients ) with lidocaine ( P = 0.001 ) , 28 % ( 7/25 patients ) with metoclopramide ( P = 0.001 ) , and 36 % ( 9/25 patients ) with flurbiprofen axetil ( P = 0.001 ) , compared with placebo ( 92 % , [ 23/25 patients ] ) . The median pain score was less in patients who had received lidocaine ( 0 ) , metoclopramide ( 0 ) , or flurbiprofen axetil ( 0 ) than in those who received placebo ( 2 ) ( all , P = 0.001 ) . The incidence and severity of such pain were not significantly different between the lidocaine- , metoclopramide- , and flurbiprofen axetil-treated groups . There were no reported injection-site AEs , extrapyramidal disturbance , or symptoms or signs associated with GI ulceration observed . CONCLUSIONS In this study of Japanese adult surgical patients , lidocaine 40 mg , metoclopramide 10 mg , and flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg , preceded by venous occlusion for 2 minutes , were effective in reducing pain during the injection of propofol . The analgesic efficacy of these 3 drugs was comparable for minimizing such pain OBJECTIVE To explore whether perioperative intravenous flurbiprofen axetil can reduce the incidence and intensity of chronic pain for breast cancer after surgical treatment . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , controlled trial enrolled 60 patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection under general anesthesia . All patients accepted Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HAD ) tests the day before the surgery to evaluate depression and anxiety . The patients were r and omly assigned to receive either 50 mg flurbiprofen axetil intravenously 15 minutes before the surgical incision and 6 hours later ( group F ) or intravenous 5 mL intralipid as a control ( group C ) . All patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia ( PCIA ) with fentanyl postoperatively . Peripheral venous blood sample s were drawn before the surgery , at 4 and 24 h after the surgery to detect the plasma level of PGE2 and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) . Postoperative fentanyl consumption , Numerical Rating Scale ( NRS ) scores and adverse effects were recorded at 2 , 6 , 12 , 24 and 48 h after the surgery . The duration and intensity of pain were followed up by telephone at the 2nd-12th month after the surgery . RESULTS The incidence of pain at 2 , 4 , 6 , and 12 months after the breast surgery was 33 % , 20 % , 15 % , and 10 % , respectively , and the average pain score was 0.77 , 0.57 , 0.28 , and 0.18 , respectively . Compared with group C , the scores of pain in group F were significantly lower at 2 , 4 , 6 and 12 months postoperatively ( F=7.758 , P=0.007 ) . The incidence of pain in group F was significantly lower at 2 , 4 and 6 months postoperatively ( P<0.05 ) . There was no significant difference in the incidence of pain between the groups at 12 months postoperatively ( P>0.05 ) . Preoperatively and at 4 and 24 h after the surgery , there was no significant difference in the level of TNF-α between the two groups ( F=0.530 , P=0.470 ) ; but plasma concentration of PGE2 in group F was significantly lower than that in group C ( F=5.646 , P=0.021 ) . No patients developed abnormal bleeding , peptic ulcer , impaired liver or renal function and respiratory depression . CONCLUSION Perioperative intravenous infusion of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil can decrease the intensity and incidence of chronic pain for breast cancer after surgical treatment Background A microemulsion propofol causes a high incidence of pain during intravenous injection . 
    Output:
    
In terms of drug safety , there were no adverse effects ( AEs ) reported between flurbiprofen axetil-based regimens and placebo regimens .
Flurbiprofen axetil , an injectable prodrug of flurbiprofen , can significantly prevent or relieve the pain induced by propofol injection .