***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Normal brain and visual development is thought to require exogenous docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6n-3 ) intake , but the amount needed is debatable . Because the supplementation of breastfeeding mothers with DHA increases the DHA content of their infants ' plasma lipids , we hypothesized that it might also improve brain or visual function in the infants . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effect of DHA supplementation of breastfeeding mothers on neurodevelopmental status and visual function in the recipient infant . DESIGN Breastfeeding women received capsules containing either a high-DHA algal oil ( approximately 200 mg DHA/d ) or a vegetable oil ( no DHA ) for 4 mo after delivery . Outcome variables included the fatty acid pattern of maternal plasma phospholipid and milk lipids 4 mo postpartum , the fatty acid pattern of plasma phospholipids and visual function in infants at 4 and 8 mo of age , and neurodevelopmental indexes of the infants at 12 and 30 mo of age . RESULTS Milk lipid and infant plasma phospholipid DHA contents of the supplemented and control groups were approximately 75 % and approximately 35 % higher , respectively , at 4 mo postpartum . However , neither the neurodevelopmental indexes of the infants at 12 mo of age nor the visual function at 4 or 8 mo of age differed significantly between groups . In contrast , the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index , but not the Mental Development Index , of the supplemented group was higher ( P < 0.01 ) at 30 mo of age . CONCLUSION DHA supplementation  of breastfeeding mothers results in higher infant plasma phospholipid DHA contents during supplementation and a higher Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 30 mo of age but results in no other advantages either at or before this age Abstract n−3 PUFA influence immune functioning and may affect the cytokine phenotype during development . To examine whether maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation could modify later  immune responses in children , 122 lactating Danish mothers with a fish intake below the population median were r and omized to groups supplemented for the first 4 mon of lactation with 4.5 g/d of fish oil ( equivalent to 1.5 g/d of n−3 long-chain PUFA ) or olive oil .  Fifty-three mothers with a fish intake in the highest quartile of the population were also included . The FA composition of erythrocyte membranes was measured at 4 mon and at 2 1/2 yr . Plasma immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) levels and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood cultures were determined at 2 1/2 yr . Erythrocyte n−3 PUFA at 4 mon were higher in infants from the fish oil group compared with the olive oil group ( P<0.001 ) but were no longer different at 2 1/2 yr . The median production of lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon γ(IFN-γ ) in the fish oil group was fourfold higher than that in the olive oil group ( P=0.034 ) , whereas interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) production was similar . The IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio was twofold higher in the fish oil group ( P=0.019 ) and was positively correlated with 20∶5n−3/20∶4n−6 in erythrocytes at 4 mon ( P=0.050 ) . The percentages of atopic children and plasma IgE were not different in the two groups , but the study was not design ed to look at atopy . Cytokine responses and erythrocyte FA composition in children of mothers with a high fish intake were intermediate in comparison with those in the r and omized groups . Fish oil supplementation during lactation result ed in increased in vitro IFN-γ production in the children 2 yr after the supplementation was given , which may reflect a faster maturation of the immune system OBJECTIVE This study was design ed to assess the relation of exclusive breast-feeding , independent of recognized risk factors , to  acute and recurrent otitis media in the first 12 months of life . METHODS Records of 1220 infants who used a health maintenance organization and who were followed during their first year of life as part of the Tucson Children 's Respiratory Study were review ed . Detailed prospect i ve information about the duration and exclusiveness of breast-feeding was obtained , as was information relative to potential risk factors ( socioeconomic status , gender , number of siblings , use of day care , maternal smoking , and family history of allergy ) . Acute otitis media and recurrent otitis media , defined as three or more episodes of acute otitis media in a 6-month period or four episodes in 12 months , were the outcome variables . RESULTS Of the 1013 infants followed for their entire first year , 476 ( 47 % ) had at least one episode of otitis and 169 ( 17 % ) had recurrent otitis media . Infants exclusively breast-fed for 4 or more months had half the mean number of acute otitis media episodes as did those not breastfed at all and 40 % less than those infants whose diets were supplemented with other foods prior to 4 months . The recurrent otitis media rate in infants exclusively breast-fed for 6 months or more was 10 % and was 20.5 % in those infants who breast-fed for less than 4 months . This protection was independent of the risk factors considered . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exclusive breast-feeding of 4 or more months protected infants from single and recurrent episodes of otitis media Study objective : To investigate the association of having been breast fed with  cardiovascular disease risk factors , incidence , and mortality . Design : Prospect i ve cohort study . Setting : Caerphilly , South Wales . Participants : All men aged 45–59 years living in and around the study area . Of 2818 eligible men , 2512 ( 89 % ) were seen . Altogether 1580 men ( 63 % ) obtained details of how they had been fed in infancy ( ever breast fed or only bottle fed ) from their mother or a close female relative . A subset of 1062 subjects reported on whether bottle fed or the duration of breast feeding if breast fed . Main results : Breast feeding was not associated with stature , blood pressure , insulin resistance , total cholesterol , or fibrinogen . In fully adjusted models ( controlling for age , birth order , and social position in childhood and adulthood ) , breast feeding was associated with greater body mass index than bottle feeding ( difference : 0.41 kg/m2 ( 95 % CI : 0.01 to 0.81 ) . There was a positive association between breast feeding and coronary heart disease mortality ( hazard ratio : 1.73 ; 1.17 to 2.55 ) and incidence ( 1.54 ; 1.17 to 2.04 ) ( fully adjusted models ) . There was no evidence of a duration -response effect , which might be expected if an adverse effect of breast feeding was causal . Conclusion : These data provide little evidence of a protective influence of breast feeding on cardiovascular disease risk factors , incidence , or mortality . A possible adverse effect of breast feeding on coronary heart disease incidence was observed but may have a number of explanations , including selection and information bias . In view of these limitations , further long term studies with improved measures of infant feeding are required to confirm or refute these findings Abstract Objective : To investigate the relation of infant feeding practice to childhood respiratory illness , growth , body composition , and blood pressure . Design : Follow up study of a cohort of children ( mean age 7.3 years ) who had detailed infant feeding and demographic data collected prospect ively during the first two years of life . Setting : Dundee . Subjects : 674 infants , of whom 545 ( 81 % ) were available for study . Data on respiratory illness were available for 545 children ( mean age 7.3 ( range 6.1- 9.9 ) years ) ; height for 410 children ; weight and body mass index for 412 children ; body composition for 405 children ; blood pressure for 301 children ( mean age 7.2 ( range 6.9 - 10.0 ) years ) . Main outcome measures : Respiratory illness , weight , height , body mass index , percentage body fat , and blood pressure in relation to duration of breast feeding and timing of introduction of solids . Results : After adjustment for the significant confounding variables the estimated probability of ever having respiratory illness in children who received breast milk exclusively for at least 15 weeks was consistently lower ( 17.0 % ( 95 % confidence interval 15.9 % to 18.1 % ) for exclusive breast feeding , 31.0 % ( 26.8 % to 35.2 % ) for partial breast feeding , and 32.2 % ( 30.7 % to 33.7 % ) for bottle feeding . Solid feeding before 15 weeks was associated with an increased probability of wheeze during childhood ( 21.0 % ( 19.9 % to 22.1 % ) v 9.7 % ( 8.6 % to 10.8 % ) ) . It was also associated with increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood ( mean body fat 18.5 % ( 18.2 % to 18.8 % ) v 16.5 % ( 16.0 % to 17.0 % ) ; weight st and ard deviation score 0.02 ( −0.02 to 0.06 ) v −0.09 ( −0.16 to 0.02 ) . Systolic blood pressure was raised significantly in children who were exclusively bottle fed compared with children who received breast milk ( mean 94.2 ( 93.5 to 94.9 ) mm Hg v 90.7 ( 89.9 to 91.7 ) mm Hg ) . Conclusions : The probability of respiratory illness occurring at any time during childhood is significantly reduced if the child is fed exclusively breast milk for 15 weeks and no solid foods are introduced during this time . Breast feeding and the late introduction of solids may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult disease . Key messages Current guidelines in the United Kingdom recommend that babies are exclusively breast fed for the first 4 months of life , with solids being introduced thereafter This study found that exclusive breast feeding is associated with a significant reduction in childhood respiratory illness The early introduction of solids is associated with increased body fat and weight in childhood Exclusive bottle feeding is associated with higher systolic blood pressure in childhood Breast feeding and delaying the introduction of solids until after 15 weeks may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult The neuropeptide oxytocin is essential for mammalian parturition and lactation . Recent animal studies suggest that oxytocin is also implicated in the central nervous control of behavior including learning and memory . There has been little investigation , however , of the impact of oxytocin on human memory . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on implicit and explicit memory in humans . In a placebo-controlled , double-blind study , 38 healthy men were r and omly assigned to receive intranasal oxytocin ( 24 IU ) or placebo 50 min before the study phase ( incidental learning ) . Memory was measured using three different memory tests : an implicit perceptual test ( word stem completion ) , an implicit conceptual test ( category-cued semantic association ) , and an explicit test ( cued recall ) . Due to the reproductive-biological role of oxytocin and the impact of adequate environmental conditions for the stimulation of behavioral effects of oxytocin known from animal research , we used semantic word stimuli with reproduction-related vs. neutral meaning . Oxytocin significantly impaired recall performance as compared with placebo treatment irrespective of the meaning of words in the cued recall test . In the implicit conceptual test , characterized by a deepened information processing , compared with placebo , oxytocin significantly impaired only the overall generation of associated target words with reproduction relevant meaning , whereas no significant difference between oxytocin and placebo was obtained for neutral words . These findings concur with data from animal research suggesting that central oxytocin selectively influences memory performance depending on the kind of memory test used and , more importantly , the psychobiological relevance of stimuli CONTEXT A number of studies suggest a positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive development in early and middle childhood . However , the only previous study that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence in adults had several method ological shortcomings . OBJECTIVE To determine the association between duration of infant breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in a sample of 973 men and women and a sample of 2280 men , all of whom were born in Copenhagen , Denmark , between October 1959 and December 1961 . The sample s were divided into 5 categories based on duration of breastfeeding , as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a 1-year examination . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intelligence , assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( WAIS ) at a mean age of 27.2 years in the mixed-sex sample and the Børge Priens Prøve ( BPP ) test at a mean age of 18.7 years in the all-male sample . Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates : parental social status and education ; single mother status ; mother 's height , age , and weight gain during pregnancy and cigarette consumption during the third trimester ; number of pregnancies ; estimated gestational age ; birth weight ; birth length ; and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications . RESULTS Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the Verbal , Performance , and Full Scale WAIS IQs . With regression 
    Output:
    
There is also some evidence of lower prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases , childhood cancers , and type I diabetes in breast-fed infants , suggesting that breast-feeding influences the development of the infant 's own immune system .
One of the most consistent findings of breast-feeding is a positive effect on later intelligence tests with a few test points advantage for breast-fed infants .
There seems to be a small protective effect against later overweight and obesity .
Blood pressure and blood cholesterol seem to be slightly lower in breast-fed infants ; however , the few studies examining breast-feeding and the risk of coronary heart disease in later life did not find an association .