***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A small r and omized trial investigated a new family-based intervention for Hispanic adolescents who met DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse disorder . The Culturally Informed and Flexible Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents ( CIFFTA ) is a tailored/adaptive intervention that includes a flexible treatment manual and multiple treatment components . The study used an " add on " design to isolate the effects on substance abuse , behavior problems , and parenting practice s attributable to the newly developed components . Twenty-eight Hispanic adolescents and their families were r and omized either to the experimental treatment or to traditional family therapy ( TFT ) and were assessed at baseline and 8-month follow-up . Despite the small sample , results revealed statistically significant time × treatment effects on both self-reported drug use ( marijuana + cocaine ) , F(1 , 22 ) = 10.59 , p < .01 , η² = .33 and adolescent reports of parenting practice s , F(1 , 22 ) = 9.01 , p < .01 , η² = .29 . Both sets of analyses favored CIFFTA participants . There was a significant time × treatment effect , F(1 , 22 ) = 6.72 , p = .02 , η² = .23 , favoring CIFFTA on parent report of parenting practice s using a composite that matched the variables used for adolescents , but only a nonsignificant trend , F(1 , 22 ) = 2.43 , p = .13 , η² = .10 , with a composite that used all parenting subscales . Parent reports of adolescent behavior problems did not show a significant time or time × treatment effect . These results show the promise of this adaptive treatment for substance abuse in Hispanic adolescents and suggest the need for a larger r and omized trial to fully investigate this treatment Comparative studies examining the difference between empirically supported substance abuse treatments versus their culturally accommo date d counterparts with participants from a single ethnic minority group are frequently called for in the literature but infrequently conducted in practice . This r and omized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of an empirically supported st and ard version of a group-based cognitive-behavioral treatment ( S-CBT ) to a culturally accommo date d version ( A-CBT ) with a sample of Latino adolescents primarily recruited from the juvenile justice system . Development of the culturally accommo date d treatment and testing was guided by the Cultural Accommodation Model for Substance Abuse Treatment ( CAM-SAT ) . Seventy Latino adolescents ( mean age = 15.2 ; 90 % male ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 group-based treatment conditions ( S-CBT = 36 ; A-CBT = 34 ) with assessment s conducted at pretreatment , posttreatment , and 3-month follow-up . Longitudinal Poisson mixed models for count data were used to conduct the major analyses . The primary outcome variable in the analytic models was the number of days any substance was used ( including alcohol , except tobacco ) in the past 90 days . In addition , the variables ethnic identity , familism , and acculturation were included as cultural moderators in the analysis . Although both conditions produced significant decreases in substance use , the results did not support a time by treatment condition interaction ; however , outcomes were moderated by ethnic identity and familism . The findings are discussed with implication s for research and practice within the context of providing culturally relevant treatment for Latino adolescents with substance use disorders Many family therapies for adolescent drug use include ecological interventions . The purpose of this r and omized clinical trial was to establish whether ecological interventions contribute to the impact of family therapy above and beyond the contributions of family process-only interventions . A family-based ecological approach , structural ecosystems therapy ( SET ) , was compared with family process-only condition ( FAM ) and community services control ( CS ) .  One hundred ninety substance-abusing or dependent African American and Hispanic adolescents were r and omized to SET , FAM , or CS . Follow-up assessment s were conducted at 3 , 6 , 12 , and 18 months postr and omization . SET was significantly more efficacious than FAM and CS in reducing adolescent drug use . However , these improvements were limited to Hispanic adolescents . The study demonstrates the importance of investigating changes in adolescent drug use as a result of treatment condition across more than 1 racial/ethnic group OBJECTIVE The purpose of this r and omized trial was to investigate the efficacy of 2 behavioral treatments focusing on different change mechanisms in ameliorating a borderline personality disorder constellation of behaviors and substance use in adolescents referred by juvenile diversion programs . METHODS Forty adolescents 14 - 17 years of age and meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed . ) criteria for borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders were r and omized to integrative borderline personality disorder-oriented adolescent family therapy ( I-BAFT ) or individual drug counseling . This design allowed a comparison of 2 manualized interventions , 1 family based and 1 individually oriented . Profiles of clinical change were used to detect impact and estimate treatment effect sizes . RESULTS Primary analyses showed that both interventions had a clinical ly significant impact on borderline personality disorder behaviors 12 months after baseline but with no differential treatment effects . The impact on substance use was more complex . Subgroup analyses revealed that adolescents with depression had significantly more severe profiles of borderline personality disorder and substance use . These youths were the only group to show reductions in substance use , but they only did so if they received the I-BAFT intervention . Study data also documented the high dosage of intensive residential treatment needed by this population . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION S FOR PRACTICE Results highlight the intensive treatment needs of juvenile justice-involved youths with co-occurring substance use and borderline personality disorder including depression , the hybrid outpatient and residential treatment often required by this population , and the promise of a family-oriented approach , particularly for youths with severe symptoms and co-occurring depression . ( PsycINFO Data base OBJECTIVE Although several treatments for adolescent substance abuse have been identified as promising by review ers and federal agencies , treatment effects extending beyond 12 months have not been demonstrated in r and omized clinical trials . The primary purpose of this report was to examine the 4-year outcomes of an evidence -based treatment of substance-abusing juvenile offenders . METHOD Eighty of 118 substance-abusing juvenile offenders participated in a follow-up 4 years after taking part in a r and omized clinical trial comparing multisystemic therapy ( MST ) with usual community services . A multi method ( self-report , biological , and archival measures ) assessment battery was used to measure the criminal behavior , illicit drug use , and psychiatric symptoms of the participating young adults . RESULTS Analyses demonstrated significant long-term treatment effects for aggressive criminal activity ( 0.15 versus 0.57 convictions per year ) but not for property crimes . Findings for illicit drug use were mixed , with biological measures indicating significantly higher rates of marijuana abstinence for MST participants ( 55 % versus 28 % of young adults ) . Long-term treatment effects were not observed for psychiatric symptoms . CONCLUSIONS Findings provide some support for the long-term effectiveness of an evidence d-based family-oriented treatment of substance-abusing juvenile offenders . The clinical , research , and policy implication s of these findings are noted This study is a 6-month follow-up of a r and omized pilot evaluation of st and ard one-session treatment ( OST-S ) versus culturally adapted OST ( OST-CA ) with phobic Asian Americans .  OST-CA included seven cultural adaptations drawn from prior research with East Asians and Asian Americans . Results from 1-week and 6-month follow-up show that both OST-S and OST-CA were effective at reducing phobic symptoms compared with self-help control . Moreover , OST-CA was superior to OST-S for several outcomes . For catastrophic thinking and general fear , moderator analyses indicated that low-acculturation Asian Americans benefitted more from OST-CA than OST-S , whereas both treatments were equally effective for high-acculturation participants . Although cultural process factors ( e.g. , facilitating emotional control , exploiting the vertical therapist-client relationship ) and working alliance were predictive of positive outcomes , they did not mediate treatment effects . This study offers a potential model for evaluating cultural adaptation effects , as well as the mechanisms that account for such effects This study compared individual ( I ) to group ( G ) formats of cognitive-behavioral therapy ( CBT ) and interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) for the treatment of  depression in adolescents . One hundred and 12 Puerto Rican adolescents were r and omized to four conditions ( CBT-I , CBT-G , IPT-I , IPT-G ) . Participants were assessed at pretreatment and posttreatment with structured interviews to establish diagnosis and with self-report measures to assess treatment outcome . The results suggest that CBT and IPT are robust treatments in both group and individual formats . However , CBT produced significantly greater decreases in depressive symptoms and improved self-concept than IPT .  The implication s of these findings are discussed AIM To examine the efficacy of two adolescent drug abuse treatments : individual cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) and multidimensional family therapy ( MDFT ) . DESIGN A 2 ( treatment condition ) x 4 ( time ) repeated- measures intent-to-treat r and omized design . Data were gathered at baseline , termination , 6 and 12 months post-termination . Analyses used latent growth curve modeling . SETTING Community-based drug abuse clinic in the northeastern United States . PARTICIPANTS A total of 224 youth , primarily male ( 81 % ) , African American ( 72 % ) , from low-income single-parent homes ( 58 % ) with an average age of 15 years were recruited into the study . All youth were drug users , with 75 % meeting DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence and 13 % meeting criteria for abuse . MEASUREMENTS Five outcomes were measured : ( i ) substance use problem severity ; ( ii ) 30-day frequency of cannabis use ; ( iii ) 30-day frequency of alcohol use ; ( iv ) 30-day frequency of other drug use ; and ( v ) 30-day abstinence . FINDINGS Both treatments produced significant decreases in cannabis consumption and slightly significant reductions in alcohol use , but there were no treatment differences in reducing frequency of cannabis and alcohol use . Significant treatment effects were found favoring MDFT on substance use problem severity , other drug use and minimal use ( zero or one occasion of use ) of all substances , and these effects continued to 12 months following treatment termination . CONCLUSION Both interventions are promising treatments . Consistent with previous controlled trials , MDFT is distinguished by the sustainability of treatment effects This study investigated the efficacy of brief strategic family therapy ( BSFT ) with Hispanic behavior problem and drug using youth , an underrepresented population in the family therapy research literature . One hundred twenty-six Hispanic families with a behavior problem adolescent were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions : BSFT or group treatment control ( GC ) . Results showed that , compared to GC cases , BSFT cases showed significantly greater pre- to post-intervention improvement in parent reports of adolescent conduct problems and delinquency , adolescent reports of marijuana use , and observer ratings and self reports of family functioning . These results extend prior findings on the efficacy of family interventions to a difficult to treat Hispanic adolescent sample Background : Contemporary intervention models use research about the determinants of adolescent problems and their course of symptom development to design targeted interventions . Because developmental detours begin frequently during early-mid adolescence , specialized interventions that target known risk and protective factors in this period are needed . Methods : This study ( n = 83 ) examined parenting practice s as mediators of treatment effects in an early-intervention trial comparing Multidimensional Family Therapy ( MDFT ) , and a peer group intervention .  Participants were clinical ly referred , low-income , predominantly ethnic minority adolescents ( average age 14 ) . Assessment s were conducted at intake , and six weeks after intake , discharge , and at 6 and 12 months following intake . Results : Previous studies demonstrated that MDFT was more effective than active treatments as well as services as usual in decreasing substance use and improving abstinence rates . The current study demonstrated that MDFT  improves parental monitoring — a fundamental treatment target — to a greater extent than group therapy , and these improvements occur during the period of active intervention , satisfying state-of-the-science criteria for assessing mediation in r and omized clinical trials . Conclusions and Scientific Significance : Findings indicate that change in MDFT occurs through improvements in parenting practice s. These results set the foundation for examining family factors as mediators in other sample The effectiveness and transportability of multisystemic therapy ( MST ) were examined in a study that included 118 juvenile offenders meeting DSM-III-R criteria for substance abuse or dependence and their families . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive MST versus usual community services . Outcome measures assessed drug use , criminal activity , and days in out-of-home placement at posttreatment ( T2 ) and at a 6-month posttreatment follow-up ( T3 ) ; also treatment adherence was examined from multiple perspectives ( i.e. , caregiver , youth , and therapist ) . MST  reduced alcohol , marijuana , and other drug use at T2 and total days in out-of-home placement by 
    Output:
    
Nonetheless , this review suggests that culturally sensitive treatments offer promise as an effective way to address substance use among racial/ethnic minority youth