***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Car head-up displays ( HUDs ) , which portray information in the form of a virtual image reflected off a combiner , allow the viewing of complex information , such as route guidance , without the need for the driver to look away from the road ahead . The cognitive dem and required by the HUD task may distract drivers from the outside world scene and cause reaction times to slow . Cognitive capacity also decreases with age . The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of cognitive dem and and age on the use of a car HUD .  Subjects ( young , middle or older age drivers , each group n = 8) performed a HUD-assisted driving task , with three levels of cognitive dem and , whilst accommodation was simultaneously measured using a dynamically recording infra-red optometer .  Response times to , and the detection rate of , changes in both the HUD image and the outside world scene were analysed . Increasing the cognitive dem and associated with the HUD image increased over-accommodation ( greatest in the young , 0.34 + /- 0.05 D , p < 0.001 ) . Response times to and detection of changes in the HUD image and outside world scene were significantly worse with increased cognitive dem and . Response times to and detection of changes in the HUD image and outside world scene also increased with age . The implication of the results with respect to car HUD design and safety are discussed PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive description of vision function beyond acuity in older individuals . METHODS A sample of 900 individuals between the ages of 58 and 102 years ( mean age of 75.5 ) was binocularly tested wearing habitual correction on a battery of psychophysical tests including high and low contrast acuity , low contrast low luminance acuity , disability glare , contrast sensitivity , color vision , stereoacuity , recovery from glare , and attentional visual fields . RESULTS High contrast acuity is reasonably well maintained on average , even into very old ages . Spatial vision measures under conditions of reduced contrast or luminance , or glare reveal significant impairment in a large portion of the aged . Many older individuals also have greatly reduced stereopsis , poor color discrimination , and severely restricted peripheral fields under conditions of divided attention . A single exponential function relating performance to age fits all spatial vision data sets . The function for individual spatial measures lies at different positions along the age scale . The derived aging function with a time constant of approximately 15 years also fits results from other recent aging studies of acuity and contrast sensitivity . CONCLUSIONS St and ard visual acuity underestimates the degree of vision function loss suffered by many older individuals under the nonoptimal viewing conditions encountered in daily life . All spatial vision functions show a similar rate of decline with age of the population , but the age at which decline begins varies among measures A system that contrasts  driver behaviour with normative behaviour was tested in an advanced driving simulator . Drivers were provided with auditory and visual tutoring messages if deviations were detected from normative , i.e. legally allowed behaviour with respect to a selection of offences . Results showed that the system was very effective in increasing law-abiding behaviour , which has a major positive effect on traffic safety . However , driver mental effort , as indicated by self-reports and drivers ' physiological states , was slightly increased in conditions where drivers received feedback . Opinion about the tutoring system was positive in terms of usefulness . Self-reports on satisfaction differed between age groups ; young drivers rated it low , while elderly drivers held a positive attitude Forty-eight drivers of different ages ( 35 - 50 years old , 61 years and older ) took part in our study , which tested a marketable navigation system ( TRAVELPILOT IDS ) .  Driving and navigation performance , as well as mental workload and the acceptance of innovative technology , were investigated . A limited range of findings will be presented in this paper . The results show that older and middle-aged drivers differ in only a few aspects . Both age groups reveal comparable results in driving . However , regarding the operation of the navigation system and concerning its effectiveness , older drivers performed worse . Age-related differences being rather small , analyses revealed significant global differences between the navigation system and a common road map : usage of the TRAVELPILOT influenced driving behavior negatively with respect to traffic safety . Also , the drivers ' orientation was not any better using the navigation system . Based on this experimental work and on results derived from the literature , conclusions are drawn regarding future navigation systems in general and with respect to needs of elderly drivers 
    Output:
    
Although the evidence related to Intelligent Transportation Systems is inconclusive , studies have indicated that older adults would use selected technology options .
Aftermarket window tinting negatively affects older adults '  driving performance , and no evidence demonstrates that hydrophobic window treatment improves driving performance .