***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and objectives Post-operative airway symptoms can be troublesome to patients following an uneventful general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation . In this study , we compared the effectiveness of lubricating an endotracheal tube with betamethasone gel or lidocaine jelly with using an unlubricated tube in reducing the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat , hoarseness and cough . Methods This was a prospect i ve , r and omized , single-blind comparative study carried out among 120 ASA I and II patients aged 18–65 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation .  Patients were r and omly divided into three groups of 40 patients each . Endotracheal tube used for patients in group C was unlubricated , while that for group B and group L were lubricated up to 15 cm mark with 2.5 ml of 0.05 % betamethasone gel or 2 % lidocaine jelly respectively . Incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat , hoarseness and cough were observed at 1 , 6 and 24 h following extubation . Results At 24 h following extubation , group B had the lowest incidence of postoperative sore throat among the three groups ( group B : 12.5 % vs group L : 37.5 % vs group C : 25 % ; p = 0.036 ) . Severity of postoperative sore throat at 24 h was less with betamethasone ( score 0 : 87.5 % , 1 : 10 % ) compared with lidocaine ( score 0 : 62.5 % , 1 : 37.5 % ) and control ( score 0:75 % , 1 : 20 % ) ( p = 0.006 ) . Observations at other times and of other variables were comparable . Conclusion Wide spread application of 0.05 % betamethasone gel to lubricate the endotracheal tube significantly reduces the incidence and severity of sore throat at 24 h of extubation but not of hoarseness or cough Background : Patient satisfaction is one of the variables that affect the outcome of health care and the use of health‐care services . As more procedures are performed on an ambulatory basis , the role of the anesthesiologist becomes more important . To improve the delivery of care , the predictors of dissatisfaction with the entire process ( global dissatisfaction ) of ambulatory surgery and with anesthesia itself must be identified . The authors conducted a hypothesis‐generating study to identify predictors ; specifically , they hypothesized that satisfaction with anesthesia was a predictor of global satisfaction with ambulatory surgery and that 24‐h postoperative symptoms were a predictor of satisfaction with anesthesia . Methods : The authors prospect ively studied 5,228 consecutive patients having surgery in the ambulatory setting during a 1‐yr period . Preoperative , intraoperative , and postoperative variables were gathered and patient satisfaction was assessed using a postoperative telephone question naire administered 24 h after operation in 2,730 respondents . Significant univariate variables and clinical ly important variables were entered into multiple logistic regression models . Qualitative data on dissatisfaction were obtained by asking patients ' reasons for dissatisfaction . Results : Sixty‐eight of the 2,730 respondents ( 2.5 % ) had global dissatisfaction with ambulatory surgery . Nine of these patients were dissatisfied with anesthesia . Dissatisfaction with anesthesia was associated with a 12‐fold increase in global dissatisfaction ( P = 0.0001 ) . Thirty‐one of the 2,730 respondents ( 1.1 % ) were dissatisfied with anesthesia . An increasing number of symptoms occurring 24 h after operation was associated with an exp(0.28 x N)‐fold increase in dissatisfaction with anesthesia for N number of symptoms ( P = 0.0001 ) . Qualitative data showed that the most common reason for global dissatisfaction with ambulatory surgery was personal preference for inpatient care ( 26 % ) , whereas intraoperative and postoperative adverse outcomes were the major causes of dissatisfaction with anesthesia ( 88 % ) . Conclusions : Dissatisfaction with anesthesia is a predictor of global dissatisfaction with ambulatory surgery . An increasing number of symptoms 24 h after operation is a predictor of dissatisfaction with anesthesia . The rate of global dissatisfaction and anesthesia dissatisfaction is very low . The predictors from this model need to be vali date d by a second data set from either this or another center . Given the low rate of dissatisfaction , a focused study testing specific interventions to improve patient satisfaction would be difficult Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more BACKGROUND : One small study suggests that gargling with licorice before induction of anesthesia reduces the risk of postoperative sore throat . Double-lumen tubes are large and thus especially likely to provoke sore throats . We therefore tested the hypothesis that preoperative gargling with licorice solution prevents postoperative sore throat and postextubation coughing in patients intubated with double-lumen tubes . METHODS : We enrolled 236 patients having elective thoracic surgery who required intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube . Patients were r and omly assigned to gargle 5 minutes before induction of anesthesia for 1 minute with : ( 1 ) Extractum Liquiritiae Fluidum ( licorice 0.5 g ) ; or ( 2 ) Sirupus Simplex ( sugar 5 g ) ; each diluted in 30 mL water .  Sore throat and postextubation coughing were evaluated 30 minutes , 90 minutes , and 4 hours after arrival in the postanesthesia care unit , and the first postoperative morning using an 11-point Likert scale by an investigator blinded to treatment . RESULTS : The incidence of postoperative sore throat was significantly reduced in patients who gargled with licorice rather than sugar-water : 19 % and 36 % at 30 minutes , 10 % and 35 % at 1.5 hours , and 21 % and 45 % at 4 hours , respectively . The corresponding estimated treatment effects ( relative risks ) were 0.54 ( 95 % CI , 0.30–0.99 , licorice versus sugar-water ; P = 0.005 ) , 0.31 ( 0.14–0.68 ) ( P < 0.001 ) , and 0.48 ( 0.28–0.83 ) ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION : Licorice gargling halved the incidence of sore throat . Preinduction gargling with licorice appears to be a simple way to prevent a common and bothersome complication Introduction : Postoperative sore throat is a common complaint in patients with endotracheal intubation and has potentially dangerous complications . This r and omized controlled trial study investigated the incidence of postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia when betamethasone gel is applied to a tracheal tube compared with when IV dexamethasone is prescribed . Material s and Methods : Two hundred and twenty five American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA)-class I and II patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation were r and omly divided into three groups : betamethasone gel , intravenous ( IV ) dexamethasone , and control groups . In the post-anesthesia care unit , a blinded anesthesiologist interviewed all patients regarding postoperative sore throat at 1,6 , and 24 hours after surgery . Results : The incidence of sore throat was significantly lower in the betamethasone gel group compared with the IV dexamethasone and control groups , 1 , 6 , and 24 hours after surgery . In the first day after surgery 10.7 % of the betamethasone group had sore throat whereas 26.7 % of the IV dexamethasone group and 30.7 % of the control group had sore throat . Bucking before extubation was observed in 14(18.4 % ) , 8(10.4 % ) , and 9(12.2 % ) patients , in the IV dexamethasone , betamethasone gel , and control group , respectively . Conclusion : We concluded that wide spread application of betamethasone gel over tracheal tubes effectively mitigates postoperative sore throat , compared with IV dexamethasone application Background Postoperative sore throat ( POST ) is a complication that undermines patient satisfaction and increases discomfort in the postoperative period . The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone gargle and endotracheal tube cuff soaking on the incidence and severity of POST . Methods Ninety patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were r and omly allocated into three groups : 0.9 % normal saline gargling and tube soaking ( group C ) , 0.05 % dexamethasone solution gargling and 0.9 % normal saline tube soaking ( group G ) , 0.9 % normal saline gargling and 0.05 % dexamethasone tube soaking ( group S ) . The incidence and severity of POST were then assessed and recorded at 24 hours after surgery . Results The total incidence of POST was significantly different among the groups ( P < 0.05 ) , and group S exhibited a significantly lower incidence of POST than group C ( P < 0.0167 ) . In addition , the POST intensity of group G and group S was less severe than those of group C ( Both P < 0.0167 ) . Conclusions Among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy , those who gargled with 0.05 % dexamethasone solution exhibited lower severity of POST than the control group , and those whose endotracheal tube cuff was soaked in the dexamethasone solution before intubation exhibited significantly lower incidence and severity of POST than the control group Introduction : Post-operative sore throat and cough are common complications of endotracheal intubation . These conditions may be very distressing for the patient and may lead to unpleasant memories . This study was performed in order to determine whether beclomethasone and lidocaine spray could reduce the frequency of post-operative sore throat and hoarseness after tracheal extubation . Material s and Methods : Ninety women ( 18–60 years of age ) with an American Society of Anesthesiologists ( ASA ) physical status I or II and undergoing elective mastoidectomy were r and omized into three groups of 30 patients . The endotracheal tubes in each group were sprayed with 50 % beclomethasone , 10 % lidocaine hydrochloride , or normal saline ( control group ) before endotracheal intubation . Patients were examined for sore throat ( none , mild , moderate , or severe ) , cough , and hoarseness at 1 and 24 h after extubation . Results : There was a significantly lower incidence and severity of post-operative sore throat in the beclomethasone group than the lidocaine and control groups ( P<0.05 ) at each observation time point . At 24 h after extubation , the incidence and severity of sore throat and cough was significantly lower in the lidocaine compared with the control group . The incidence of hoarseness was not significantly different among the three groups . Conclusion : Spraying beclomethasone and lidocaine on the endotracheal tube is a simple and effective method to reduce the incidence and severity of post-operative sore throat BACKGROUND Tracheal intubation for general anesthesia often leads to trauma of the airway mucosa result ing in postoperative sore throat , hoarseness of voice and cough . The aim of this study was to evaluate two different methods as regard their efficacy for controlling the postoperative pharyngo-laryngo-tracheal sequelae ( sore throat , cough , hoarseness of voice ) after general anesthesia with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation . We compared between the effects of betamethasone gel applied over the endotracheal tube and gargling with ketamine solution in reducing these complications during the first 24 postoperative hours after elective surgical procedures in a prospect i ve r and omized controlled single blind clinical trial . METHODS Seventy five patients ASA physical status I and II , undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia using endotracheal intubation were enrolled in this prospect i ve , r and omized , single-blind study . Patients were r and omly divided into 3 groups of 25 patients each : Group ( K ) : ( n : 25 ) Patients in this group were asked to gargle with ketamine 40 mg in 30 ml saline for 60 seconds as repeated smaller attempts , 5 minutes before induction of anesthesia . Group ( B ) ( n : 25 ) : Endotracheal tubes were lubricated with 0.05 % betamethasone gel . Group ( C ) ( n : 25 ) :  CONTROL GROUP patients did not receive ketamine gargle nor betamethasone gel . The incidence and the severity of Postoperative sore throat , cough , and hoarseness of voice were grade d at 0 , 2 , 4 , and 24 h after operation by a blinded investigator . RESULTS The incidence and severity of sore throat were significantly lower in group ( K ) and group ( B ) than group ( C ) ( p < 0.05 ) 
    Output:
    
Trial sequential analyses suggested the presence of firm evidence that corticosteroids applied to tracheal tubes were superior both to non-analgesic controls and lidocaine , in preventing postoperative sore throat .