***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To test whether overfeeding isoenergetic doses protein , carbohydrate and fat would differentially influence appetite on the same day , and the subsequent day 's food intake . DESIGN Six men were each studied three times on a 5-day protocol . On days 1 and 2 they were fed a medium fat ( MF ) maintenance diet ( comprising 40:47:13 % fat , CHO and protein by energy ) calculated at 1.6 x RMR . Subjects entered the calorimeter at 08.00 on day 3 for 48 h. On day 3 ( manipulation day ) , they ate a MF diet at 1.5 x RMR with an additional 0.6 x RMR as protein ( HP ) , carbohydrate ( HC ) or fat ( HF ) . On days 4 and 5 , ( outcome days ) , subjects had ad libitum access to isoenergetically dense MF ( 40:47:13 ) foods ( 550kJ/100 g ) . Subjective hunger and satiety were tracked hourly during waking hours throughout days 1 - 5 . RESULTS Throughout day 3 subjects felt significantly more full and less hungry on the high protein diet relative to the other two diets ( P = 0.002 ) . Also by the end of day 3 each overfed nutrient led to a significant increase in its own balance of the other two diets ( P < 0.01 ) . These effects did not influence the subsequent day 's energy intake . The alterations in nutrient balance by the end of day 3 were partially buffered by increases in the oxidative disposal of each overfed macronutrient throughout day 4 ( which was proportionately greater for protein ( P < 0.001 ) than carbohydrate ( P = 0.07 ) or fat ( P = 0.1 ) ) . CONCLUSIONS HP diets were more satiating that isoenergetically-dense HC or HF diets on the day they are eaten . The HC diet was transiently more satiating than the HF diet after each meal . This study supports previous work which suggests that relatively large changes in nutrient balance produced on one day appear to be poorly compensated by changes in energy intake on a subsequent day in men OBJECTIVE To investigate whether protein intake influences the decline in energy expenditure during energy restriction . DESIGN Cross-over study of three diets of 4.2 MJ/d for 7 days : one diet with 36 % energy as protein and two with 15 % energy as protein , one high in carbohydrate and the other high in fat . SUBJECTS Two men and six women aged 31 - 57 y. BMI 27.B-34.1 kg/m2 . MEASUREMENTS 24-h energy expenditure ( 24-h EE ) , sleeping metabolic rate ( SMR ) and body weight on days 0 and 7 of each diet ; 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion ( 24-h UN ) on days 0 - 7 of each diet . RESULTS 24-h EE and SMR declined on all three diets but the decrease was significantly less on the high protein diet than on the two low protein diets .  Weight loss was similar on all three diets . 24-h UN was less than N intake on the high protein diet but greater than N intake on the two low protein diets . CONCLUSIONS Maintaining protein intake reduces the decrease in energy expenditure during energy restriction BACKGROUND The effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss and risk factors for atherosclerosis have been incompletely assessed . METHODS We r and omly assigned 132 severely obese subjects ( including 77 blacks and 23 women ) with a mean body-mass index of 43 and a high prevalence of diabetes ( 39 percent ) or the metabolic syndrome ( 43 percent ) to a carbohydrate-restricted ( low-carbohydrate ) diet or  a calorie- and fat-restricted ( low-fat ) diet . RESULTS Seventy-nine subjects completed the six-month study . An analysis including all subjects , with the last observation carried forward for those who dropped out , showed that subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet lost more weight than those on the low-fat diet ( mean [ + /-SD ] , -5.8+/-8.6 kg vs. -1.9+/-4.2 kg ; P=0.002 ) and had greater decreases in triglyceride levels ( mean , -20+/-43 percent vs. -4+/-31 percent ; P=0.001 ) , irrespective of the use or nonuse of hypoglycemic or lipid-lowering medications . Insulin sensitivity , measured only in subjects without diabetes , also improved more among subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet ( 6+/-9 percent vs. -3+/-8 percent , P=0.01 ) . The amount of weight lost ( P<0.001 ) and assignment to the low-carbohydrate diet ( P=0.01 ) were independent predictors of improvement in triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity . CONCLUSIONS Severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet , with a relative improvement in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels , even after adjustment for the amount of weight lost . This finding should be interpreted with caution , given the small magnitude of overall and between-group differences in weight loss in these markedly obese subjects and the short duration of the study . Future studies evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes are needed before a carbohydrate-restricted diet can be endorsed BACKGROUND : A relatively high percentage of energy intake as protein has been shown to increase satiety and decrease energy efficiency during overfeeding . AIM : To investigate whether addition of protein may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5–10 % in moderately obese subjects . DESIGN OF THE STUDY : In a r and omized parallel design , 148 male and female subjects ( age 44.2±10.1 y ; body mass index ( BMI ) 29.5±2.5 kg/m2 ; body fat 37.2±5.0 % ) followed a very low-energy diet ( 2.1 MJ/day ) during 4 weeks . For subsequent 3 months weight-maintenance assessment , they were stratified according to age , BMI , body weight , restrained eating , and resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , and r and omized over two groups . Both groups visited the University with the same frequency , receiving the same counseling on dem and by the dietitian . One group ( n=73 ) received 48.2 g/day additional protein to their diet . Measurements at baseline , after weight loss , and after 3 months weight maintenance were body weight , body composition , metabolic measurements , appetite profile , eating attitude , and relevant blood parameters . RESULTS : Changes in body mass , waist circumference , REE , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , dietary restraint , fasting blood-glucose , insulin , triacylglycerol , leptin , β-hydroxybutyrate , glycerol , and free fatty acids were significant during weight loss and did not differ between groups . During weight maintenance , the ‘ additional-protein group ’ showed in comparison to the nonadditional-protein group 18 vs 15 en% protein intake , a 50 % lower body weight regain only consisting of fat-free mass , a 50 % decreased energy efficiency , increased satiety while energy intake did not differ , and a lower increase in triacylglycerol and in leptin ; REE , RQ , TEE , and increases in other blood parameters measured did not differ . CONCLUSION : A 20 % higher protein intake , that is , 18 % of energy vs 15 % of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss , result ed in a 50 % lower body weight regain , only consisting of fat-free mass , and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of isoenergetically-dense , high-protein ( HP ) , high-fat ( HF ) or high-carbohydrate ( HC ) breakfasts ( at 08.30 ) on subjective hunger , fullness and appetite ( measured hourly on a 100 mm visual analogue scale ) , macronutrient balance and ad libitum energy intake ( EI ) , at a test meal ( 13.30 ) and throughout the rest of the day ( until 23.00 ) . DESIGN Six men each spent 24 h in a whole-body indirect calorimeter on three separate occasions during which they received breakfasts design ed to match 75 % of BMR and that comprised , on average 3.1 MJ of protein ( HP ) , carbohydrate ( HC ) or fat ( HF ) , respectively , the remainder being split between the other two macronutrients . Every item of the ad libitum diet comprised 13 % protein , 40 % fat and 47 % carbohydrate by energy , with an energy density of 550 kJ/100 g. RESULTS Subjectively-rated pleasantness did not differ between the breakfasts , or any of the subsequent ad libitum meals . Subjective hunger was significantly greater during the hours between breakfast and lunch after the HF ( 26 ) treatment relative to the HP ( 18 ) or HC ( 18 mm ) meals ( P < 0.001 ) , although the HP treatment suppressed hunger to a greater extent than the other two treatments over 24 h. However , mean ad libitum lunch intakes were similar at 5.38 , 5.30 and 5.18 MJ ( NS ) on the HP , HC and HF treatments , respectively . After-lunch intakes were also very similar at 6.14 , 6.18 and 5.83 MJ ( NS ) . Mean 24-h energy expenditure amounted to 11.12 , 11.14 and 10.93 MJ , respectively , producing energy balances of 5.71 , 5.83 and 5.04 MJ ( NS ) , respectively . The HP , HF and HC breakfasts led to enhanced P , F and C oxidation , respectively ( P < 0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS Large HP , HC or HF breakfasts led to detectable changes in hunger that were not of sufficient magnitude to influence lunch-time intake 5 h later , or EI for the rest of the day . A single positive balance of each macronutrient can be buffered by oxidation and storage capacity , without leading to changes in meal-to-meal EI , when subjects feed ad libitum on unfamiliar diets of fixed composition The aim of this study was to investigate whether a high protein meal has a different effect on short-term satiety in preschool children than a high carbohydrate meal by measuring their intake of a subsequent meal . Subjects were 35 normal preschool children of both genders aged 5 to 6 years . All children were healthy and r and omly chosen from those who were attending to a day-care center where they received feeding at three meal times : breakfast , lunch and teatime . Children were weighed with light clothes following st and ard recommendations . They were normal according to the weight for height index , using the NCHS st and ards . Two meals with different levels of protein and carbohydrate and equal energy contents were assayed at lunch . The lunches were cooked dishes made from common ingredients . The high carbohydrate meal was consumed in greater amount than the high protein meal ( P < 0.01 ) and a significantly greater energy intake was observed ( P < 0.01 ) . Food and energy intakes at teatime were greater with the high carbohydrate meal , but only the energy intake was significant ( P < 0.05 ) . When subjects consumed the high protein meal during lunch , they ate a significantly lower amount of protein in the subsequent meal , but the carbohydrate intake was similar . The long-term effects of a high protein diet remain to be investigated before recommending of a high protein for obese children The purpose of this investigation was to learn whether the thermogenic effect in man of sucrose and glucose was similar and whether normal weight and overweight subjects responded in a similar manner . Dietary-induced thermogenesis was calculated for the period 15 to 180 min after ingestion of sucrose or glucose in six normal weight and five obese subjects . The metabolic rate was calculated from the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output utilizing the ventilated hood technique . In normal weight subjects , the total dietary-induced thermogenesis was significantly greater after sucrose than after glucose ( p less than 0.005 ) but the difference was much less marked in the obese subjects The rates of energy expenditure and wholebody protein turnover were determined during a 9-h period in a group of seven men while they received hourly isocaloric meals of high-protein ( HP ) or high-carbohydrate ( HC ) content . Their responses to feeding were compared with those to a short period of fasting ( 15 - 24 h ) . The 9-h thermic response to the repeated feeding of HP meals was found to be greater than that to the HC meals ( 9.6 + /- 0.6 % vs 5.7 + /- 0.4 % of the energy intake , respectively , means + /- SEM , p less than 0.01 ) . The rate of whole-body nitrogen turnover over 9 h increased from 17.6 + /- 2.2 g on the fasting day to 27.4 + /- 1.4 g during HC feeding ( NS ) and there was a 
    Output:
    
There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content .
The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake .
Some evidence suggests that diets higher in protein result in an increased weight loss and fat loss as compared to diets lower in protein , but findings have not been consistent .