***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: & NA ; Myofascial trigger points ( TrPs ) have been clinical ly described as discrete areas of muscle tenderness presenting in taut b and s of skeletal muscle . Using well‐defined clinical criteria , prior investigations have demonstrated interrater reliability in the diagnosis of TrPs within a given muscle . No reports exist , however , with respect to the precision with which experienced clinicians can determine the anatomic locations of TrPs within a muscle . This paper details a study wherein four trained clinicians achieved statistically significant reliability ( see below ) in estimating the precise locations of latent TrPs in the trapezius muscle of volunteer subjects ( n=20 ) . To do so , the clinicians trained extensively together prior to the study . The precise anatomic location of each subject 's primary TrP was measured in a blinded fashion using a 3 dimensional ( 3‐D ) camera system . Use of this measurement system permitted the anatomic co‐ordinates of each TrP to be located without providing feedback to subsequent clinicians . The clinicians each used a pressure algometer along with patient feedback to document the sensitivity of each suspected TrP site , however unlike routine clinical practice , the algometry was performed with a double‐blinded approach hence the results were only examined post‐hoc . At the time of data collection ( algometry readings unknown ) , 16 of the 20 subjects were judged to present with a latent TrP. Subsequently , when subjected to a criterion pressure threshold value of < 3.0 kg.cm−2 , 12 of these TrPs were classified as being clinical ly sensitive . To assess the 3‐D measurement precision , and the reliability of the TrP estimates , statistical measures of the SEM and the Generalizability coefficient ( G‐coeff ) were determined for all suspected TrP sites in the superior‐inferior , medial‐lateral and anterior‐posterior directions . The best results were determined by pooling the measurements of all 4 clinicians , however , based upon exceeding a criterion reliability threshold of 80 % , the use of just two testers was found to produce reliable results . The two‐tester condition yielded a precision of 7.5 , 7.6 and 6.5 mm ( SEM ) with reliability ( G‐coeff ) of 0.92 , 0.86 and 0.83 , respectively . Given the double‐blinded methodology , the use of pressure algometry was also found to demonstrate internal validity . The algometer responses associated with TrP estimates varied inversely with respect to the clinical group 's reliability in identify the TrP locations . To summarize , for the trapezius muscle , this study demonstrates that two trained examiners can reliably localize latent TrPs with a precision that essentially approaches the physical dimensions of the clinician 's own fingertips . Finally , it should be recognized that the ability to precisely document TrP location appears critical to the success of future studies that may be design ed to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of this commonly diagnosed clinical disorder OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that dry needle stimulation of a myofascial trigger point ( sensitive locus ) evokes segmental anti-nociceptive effects . DESIGN Double-blind r and omized controlled trial . SUBJECTS Forty subjects ( 21 males , 19 females ) . METHODS Test subjects received intramuscular dry needle puncture to a right supraspinatus trigger point ( C4,5 ) ; controls received sham intramuscular dry needle puncture .  Pain pressure threshold ( PPT ) readings were recorded from right infraspinatus ( C5,6 ) and right gluteus medius ( L4,5S1 ) trigger points at 0 ( pre-needling baseline ) , 1 , 3 , 5 , 10 and 15 min post-needling and normalized to baseline values . The supraspinatus and infraspinatus trigger points are neurologically linked at C5 ; the supraspinatus and gluteus medius are segmentally unrelated . The difference between the infraspinatus and gluteus medius PPT values ( PPTseg ) represents a direct measure of the segmental anti-nociceptive effects acting at the infraspinatus trigger point . RESULTS Significant increases in PPTseg were observed in test subjects at 3 ( p = 0.002 ) and 5 ( p = 0.015 ) min post-needling , compared with controls . CONCLUSION One intervention of dry needle stimulation to a single trigger point ( sensitive locus ) evokes short-term segmental anti-nociceptive effects . These results suggest that trigger point ( sensitive locus ) stimulation may evoke anti-nociceptive effects by modulating segmental mechanisms , which may be an important consideration in the management of myofascial pain OBJECTIVES To determine the interexaminer reliability of palpation of three characteristics of trigger points ( taut b and , local twitch response , and referred pain ) in patients with subacute low back pain , to determine whether training in palpation would improve reliability , and whether there was a difference between the physiatric and chiropractic physicians . DESIGN Reliability study . SETTING Whittier Health Campus , Los Angeles College of Chiropractic . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six nonsymptomatic individuals and 26 individuals with subacute low back pain . INTERVENTION Twenty muscles per individual were first palpated by an expert and then r and omly by four physician examiners . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Palpation findings . RESULTS Kappa scores for palpation of taut b and s , local twitch responses , and referred pain were .215 , .123 , and .342 , respectively , between the expert and the trained examiners , and .050 , .118 , and .326 , respectively , between the expert and the untrained examiners . Kappa scores for agreement for palpation of taut b and s , twitch responses , and referred pain were .108 , -.001 , and .435 , respectively , among the nonexpert , trained examiners , and -.019 , .022 , and .320 , respectively , among the nonexpert , untrained examiners . CONCLUSIONS Among nonexpert physicians , physiatric or chiropractic , trigger point palpation is not reliable for detecting taut b and and local twitch response , and only marginally reliable for referred pain after training The presence of a trigger point is essential to the myofascial pain syndrome . This study centres on identifying clearer criteria for the presence of trigger points in the quadratus lumborum and gluteus medius muscle by investigating the occurrence and inter-rater reliability of trigger point symptoms . Using the symptoms and signs as described by Simons ' 1990 definition and two other former sets of criteria , 61 non-specific low back pain patients and 63 controls were examined in general practice by 5 observers , working in pairs . From the two major criteria of Simons ' 1990 definition only ' localized tenderness ' has good discriminative ability and inter-rater reliability ( kappa > 0.5 ) . This study does not find proof for the clinical usefulness of ' referred pain ' , which has neither of these two abilities . The criteria ' jump sign ' and ' recognition ' , on the condition that localized tenderness is present , also have good discriminative ability and inter-rater reliability . Trigger points defined by the criteria found eligible in this study allow significant distinction between non-specific low back pain patients and controls . This is not the case with trigger points defined by Simons ' 1990 criteria . Concerning reliability there is also a significant difference between the two different criteria sets . This study suggests that the clinical usefulness of trigger points is increased when localized tenderness and the presence of either jump sign or patient 's recognition of his pain complaint are used as criteria for the presence of trigger points in the M. quadratus lumborum and the M. gluteus medius Objectives : To investigate the test-retest reliability of the following clinical diagnostic characteristics of myofascial trigger points : taut b and , spot tenderness , jump sign , pain recognition , referred pain and local twitch responses ( LTRs ) . Design : Test-retest reliability study . Setting : This study was undertaken in an outpatient physiotherapy department . Subjects : Fifty-eight patients ( 31 males and 27 females ) with rotator cuff tendonitis were recruited into this study . Intervention : Rotator cuff muscles were assessed by an expert for the presence or absence of the main clinical diagnostic characteristics of trigger point assessment . The process was then repeated three days later by the same expert . Main measures : Outcomes included the presence or absence of : a taut b and , spot tenderness , jump sign , pain recognition , referred pain and LTRs . Results : Kappa values between testing situations for the taut b and , spot tenderness , jump sign and pain recognition were 1 . Kappa scores for referred pain ranged between 0.79 and 0.88 and for the local twitch response between 0.75 and 1 depending on the muscles under investigation . Conclusions : The presence or absence of the taut b and , spot tenderness , jump sign and pain recognition was highly reliable between sessions . Referred pain and local twitch response reliability varied depending on the muscle being studied OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate if spinal manipulative therapy ( SMT ) can evoke immediate regional antinociceptive effects in myofascial tissues by increasing pressure pain thresholds ( PPTs ) over myofascial trigger points in healthy young adults . METHODS A total of 36 participants ( 19 men , 17 women ; age , 28.0 [ 5.3 ] years ; body mass index , 26.5 [ 5.7 ] kg/m(2 ) ) with clinical ly identifiable myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus and gluteus medius muscles were recruited from the University of Guelph , Ontario , Canada . Participants were r and omly allocated to 2 groups . Participants in the test group received chiropractic SMT targeted to the C5-C6 spinal segment . Participants in the control group received sham SMT . The PPT was recorded from the right infraspinatus and gluteus medius muscles at baseline ( preintervention ) and 1 , 5 , 10 , and 15 minutes postintervention . RESULTS Three participants were disqualified , result ing in a total of 33 participants analyzed . Significant increases in the PPT ( decreased pain sensitivity ) were observed in the test infraspinatus group when compared with test gluteus medius , control infraspinatus , and control gluteus medius groups ( P < .05 ) . No significant differences in PPT were observed at any time point when comparing test gluteus medius , control infraspinatus , and control gluteus medius groups ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study showed that SMT evokes short-term regional increases in PPT within myofascial tissues in healthy young adults Abstract The myofascial trigger point ( MTrP ) is the hallmark physical finding of the myofascial pain syndrome ( MPS ) . The MTrP itself is characterized by distinctive physical features that include a tender point in a taut b and of muscle , a local twitch response ( LTR ) to mechanical stimulation , a pain referral pattern characteristic of trigger points of specific areas in each muscle , and the reproduction of the patient 's usual pain . No prior study has demonstrated that these physical features are reproducible among different examiners , thereby establishing the reliability of the physical examination in the diagnosis of the MPS . This paper reports an initial attempt to establish the interrater reliability of the trigger point examination that failed , and a second study by the same examiners that included a training period and that successfully established interrater reliability in the diagnosis of the MTrP. The study also showed that the interrater reliability of different features varies , the LTR being the most difficult , and that the interrater reliability of the identification of MTrP features among different muscles also varies Objective . Increasing research interest and emerging new therapies for treatment of fibromyalgia ( FM ) have led to a need to develop a consensus on a core set of outcome measures that should be assessed and reported in all clinical trials , to facilitate interpretation of the data and underst and ing of the disease . This aligns with the key objective of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology ( OMERACT ) initiative to improve outcome measurement through a data driven , interactive consensus process . Methods . Through patient focus groups and Delphi processes , working groups at previous OMERACT meetings identified potential domains to be included in the core data set . A systematic review has shown that instruments measuring these domains are available and are at least moderately sensitive to change . Most instruments have been vali date d in multiple language s. This pooled analysis study aims to develop the core data set by analyzing data from 10 r and omized controlled trials ( RCT ) in FM . Results . Results from this study provide support for the inclusion of the following in the core data set : pain , tenderness , fatigue , sleep , patient global assessment , and multidimensional function/health related quality of life . Construct validity was demonstrated with outcome instruments showing convergent and divergent validity . Content and criterion validity were confirmed by multivariate analysis showing R square values between 0.4 and 0.6 . Low R square value is associated with studies in which one or more domains were not assessed . Conclusion . The core data set was supported by high consensus among attendees at OMERACT 9 . Establishing an international st and ard for RCT in FM should facilitate future metaanalyses and indirect comparisons OBJECTIVE To examine prospect ively the accuracy of an initial diagnosis for fibromyalgia ( FM ) . METHODS All patients newly referred for rheumatology consultation in a 6-month period were evaluated prospect ively for either a preceding , current or subsequent diagnosis of FM . Clinical characteristics , previous and subsequent management and health care utilization were assessed . The final diagnosis at 6 months was verified and accuracy regarding the diagnosis of FM was assessed . RESULTS Seventy six ( 12 % ) of all new patients were either referred with a question of FM or finally diagnosed with FM . At the final evaluation the accuracy of the diagnosis regarding FM by either the referring physician or by the rheumatologist at the time of the initial visit was correct in 34 % of patients . The FM group in comparison with those with some other rhe 
    Output:
    
Statistically significant improvements in pain and disability were reported within but not between groups .
Conclusion Few trials have been conducted study ing thrust manipulation plus another conservative intervention for rotator cuff conditions rendering available evidence of thrust manipulation plus exercise insufficient to determine effects of this combined treatment