***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Infobuttons are message-based content search and retrieval functions embedded within other applications that dynamically return information relevant to the clinical task at h and . The objective of this study was to determine whether infobuttons effectively answer providers ' questions about medications or affect patient care decisions . DESIGN The authors implemented and evaluated a medication infobutton application called KnowledgeLink .  Health care providers at 18 outpatient clinics were r and omized to one of two versions of KnowledgeLink  , one that linked to information from Micromedex ( Thomson Micromedex , Greenwood Village , Co ) and the other to material from SkolarMD ( Wolters Kluwer Health , Palo Alto , CA ) . MEASUREMENTS Data were collected about the frequency of use and demographics of users , patients , and drugs that were queried . Users were periodically surveyed with short question naires and then with a more extensive survey at the end of one year . RESULTS During the first year , KnowledgeLink was used 7,972 times by 359 users to look up information about 1,723 medications for 4,961 patients . Clinicians used KnowledgeLink twice a month on average , and during an average of 1.2 % of patient encounters . KnowledgeLink was used by a wide variety of medical staff , not just physicians and nurse practitioners . The frequency of usage and the questions asked varied with user role ( primary care physician , specialist physician , nurse practitioner ) . Although the median KnowledgeLink session was brief ( 21 seconds ) , KnowledgeLink answered users ' queries 84 % of the time , and altered patient care decisions 15 % of the time . Users rated KnowledgeLink favorably on multiple scales , recommended extending KnowledgeLink to other content domains , and suggested enhancing the interface to allow refinement of the query and selection of the target re source . CONCLUSION An infobutton can satisfy information needs about medications . Although used infrequently and for brief sessions , KnowledgeLink was positively received , answered most users ' questions , and had a significant impact on medical decision making . The next steps would be to broaden the domains that KnowledgeLink covers to more specifically tailor results to the user type , to provide options when queries are not immediately answered , and to implement KnowledgeLink within other electronic clinical applications OBJECTIVE Authors evaluated whether displaying context sensitive links to infrequently accessed educational material s and patient information via the user interface of an inpatient computerized care provider order entry ( CPOE ) system would affect access rates to the material s. DESIGN The CPOE of V and erbilt University Hospital ( VUH ) included " baseline " clinical decision support advice for safety and quality . Authors augmented this with seven new primarily educational decision support features . A prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial compared clinicians ' utilization rates for the new material s via two interfaces . Control subjects could access study -related decision support from a menu in the st and ard CPOE interface . Intervention subjects received active notification when study -related decision support was available through context sensitive , visibly highlighted , selectable hyperlinks . MEASUREMENTS Rates of opportunities to access and utilization of study -related decision support material s from April 1999 through March 2000 on seven VUH Internal Medicine wards . RESULTS During 4,466 intervention subject-days , there were 240,504 ( 53.9/subject-day ) opportunities for study -related decision support , while during 3,397 control subject-days , there were 178,235 ( 52.5/subject-day ) opportunities for such decision support , respectively ( p = 0.11 ) . Individual intervention subjects accessed the decision support features  at least once on 3.8 % of subject-days logged on ( 278 responses ) ; controls accessed it at least once on 0.6 % of subject-days ( 18 responses ) , with a response rate ratio adjusted for decision support frequency of 9.17 ( 95 % confidence interval 4.6 - 18 , p < 0.0005 ) . On average , intervention subjects accessed study -related decision support material s once every 16 days individually and once every 1.26 days in aggregate . CONCLUSION Highlighting availability of context -sensitive educational material s and patient information through visible hyperlinks significantly increased utilization rates for study -related decision support when compared to " st and ard " VUH CPOE methods , although absolute response rates were low Abstract Objectives : To characterise the information needs of family doctors by collecting the questions they asked about patient care during consultations and to classify these in ways that would be useful to developers of knowledge bases . Design : Observational study in which investigators visited doctors for two half days and collected their questions . Taxonomies were developed to characterise the clinical topic and generic type of information sought for each question . Setting : Eastern Iowa . Participants : R and om sample of 103 family doctors . Main outcome measures : Number of questions posed , pursued , and answered ; topic and generic type of information sought for each question ; time spent pursuing answers ; information re sources used . Results : Participants asked a total of 1101 questions . Questions about drug prescribing , obstetrics and gynaecology , and adult infectious disease were most common and comprised 36 % of all questions . The taxonomy of generic questions included 69 categories ; the three most common types , comprising 24 % of all questions , were “ What is the cause of symptom X ? ” “ What is the dose of drug X ? ” and “ How should I manage disease or finding X ? ” Answers to most questions ( 702 , 64 % ) were not immediately pursued , but , of those pursued , most ( 318 , 80 % ) were answered Doctors spent an average of less than 2 minutes pursuing an answer , and they used readily available print and human re sources Only two questions led to a formal literature search . Conclusions : Family doctors in this study did not pursue answers to most of their questions . Questions about patient care can be organised into a limited number of generic types , which could help guide the efforts of knowledge base developers . Key messages Questions that doctors have about the care of their patients could help guide the content of medical information sources and medical training In this study of US family doctors , participants frequently had questions about patient care but did not pursue answers to most questions ( 64 % ) On average , participants spent less than 2 minutes seeking an answer to a question The most common re sources used to answer questions included textbooks and colleagues ; formal literature search es were rarely performed The most common generic questions were “ What is the cause of symptom X ? ” “ What is the dose of drug X ? ” and “ How should I manage disease or finding X ? OBJECTIVE Infobuttons are decision support tools that provide links within electronic medical record systems to relevant content in online information re sources . The aim of infobuttons is to help clinicians promptly meet their information needs . The objective of this study was to determine whether infobutton links that direct to specific content topics ( " topic links " ) are more effective than links that point to general overview content ( " nonspecific links " ) . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with a control and an intervention group . Clinicians in the control group had access to nonspecific links , while those in the intervention group had access to topic links . MEASUREMENTS  Infobutton session duration , number of infobutton sessions , session success rate , and the self-reported impact that the infobutton session produced on decision making . RESULTS The analysis was performed on 90 subjects and 3,729 infobutton sessions . Subjects in the intervention group spent 17.4 % less time seeking for information ( 35.5 seconds vs. 43 seconds , p = 0.008 ) than those in the control group . Subjects in the intervention group used infobuttons  20.5 % ( 22 sessions vs. 17.5 sessions , p = 0.21 ) more often than in the control group , but the difference was not significant . The information seeking success rate was equally high in both groups ( 89.4 % control vs. 87.2 % intervention , p = 0.99 ) . Subjects reported a high positive clinical impact ( i.e. , decision enhancement or knowledge up date ) in 62 % of the sessions . Limitations The exclusion of users with a low frequency of infobutton use and the focus on medication-related information needs may limit the generalization of the results . The session outcomes measurement was based on clinicians ' self- assessment and therefore prone to bias . CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that topic links are more efficient than nonspecific links regarding the time seeking for information . It is unclear whether the statistical difference demonstrated will result in a clinical ly significant impact . However , the overall results confirm previous evidence that infobuttons are effective at helping clinicians to answer questions at the point of care and demonstrate a modest incremental change in the efficiency of information delivery for routine users of this tool 
    Output:
    
Conclusions : Weak evidence suggests that infobuttons can help providers answer clinical questions .