***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
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    Input: We prospect ively estimated the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) , as defined by the NIH/NICHHD 1990 endocrine criteria , in a population of 154 Caucasian women of reproductive age reporting spontaneously for blood donation .  Anthropometric data ; the presence of hirsutism , acne , and and rogenic alopecia ; and the menstrual history were recorded by a single investigator . In 145 women , blood sample s were also obtained for measurement of serum and rogen levels .  PCOS was defined by the presence of 1 ) oligomenorrhea , 2 ) clinical and /or biochemical hyper and rogenism , and 3 ) exclusion of hyperprolactinemia , thyroid disorders , and nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency . Hirsutism was defined by a modified Ferriman-Gallwey score of 8 or more , acne was considered as a sign of hyper and rogenism when persistent after the second decade of life , and hyper and rogenemia was defined by an increase in circulating testosterone or dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate or an increase in the free and rogen index above the 95th percentile of the control values derived from the nonhirsute , nonacneic women having regular menses who were not receiving hormonal therapy . PCOS was present in 10(6.5 % ) , hirsutism was present in 11 ( 7.1 % ) , and acne was present in 19 ( 12.3 % ) of the 154 women . Our results demonstrate a 6.5 % prevalence of PCOS , as defined , in a minimally biased population of Caucasian women from Spain . The polycystic ovary syndrome , hirsutism , and acne are common endocrine disorders in women BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive is the most commonly used method of fertility control . Yasmin is a combination of a novel progestogen with anti- and rogenic and anti-mineralcorticoid activities ( 3 mg Drospirenone ( DRSP ) and 30 microg ethinylestradiol ( EE ) ) . It has been shown in many clinical trials that Yasmin is an efficacious oral contraceptive , lacking undesired effects as with other oral contraceptives such as weight gain . However the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire and libido have not been intensively investigated so far OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire , libido and changes in the free and rogen index ( FAI ) compare to  Meliane  ( 75 microg gestodene + 20 microg ethinylestradiol ) . MATERIAL AND METHOD The authors ' report the results of a double blind r and omized controlled study using a translated version of the Female Sexual Function Index question naire ( FSFI ) for the assessment of the sexual function . The free and rogen index was calculated from measurements of testosterone and sexual hormone binding globulin . RESULT The result shows statistically significant improvements regarding sexual desire , arousal and overall satisfaction in the Yasmin group . Additionally , an increased frequency of orgasms in the Meliane group was reported . Statistically significant differences between the two treatments regarding changes in the FSFI score and changes in the free and rogen index have not been observed . CONCLUSION The novel oral contraceptive containing drospirenone ( Yasmin ) and the non-anti- and rogenic progestin containing oral contraceptive ( Meliane ) do not show unfavorable effects on sexual response and libido The relationships between plasma free testosterone ( FT ) and measures of sexual attitude , sexual behavior , and gender role behavior were assessed in 55 oral contraceptive-using and 53 nonusing female undergraduates .  Plasma FT and other measures of and rogenicity were substantially lower in the oral contraceptive ( OC ) group . Correlations between FT and certain behavioral and attitudinal measures were found in the OC users but not the nonusers . In the OC users , FT was positively associated with frequency of sexual intercourse but not with frequency of masturbation . It was negatively associated with restrictive sexual morality . Correlations between FT and measures of gender role behavior were negligible , and FT was unrelated to proceptivity , homosexual interest , or the use of sexual fantasy . The occurrence of some predicted correlations among pill-using women but not the nonusers requires explanation , particularly in view of the substantially lower levels of FT in the pill-using group . It is suggested that and rogen — behavior relationships in women are easily obscured by psychosocial influences and in this sample of young women such influences may have been more powerful among those not using OCs . Such psychosocial influences are likely to differ at different stages of women 's life cycles . The importance of controlling for such influences in any study of hormone — sexual behavior relationships in women is emphasized , and the need for prospect i ve studies of women before and after starting on steroidal contraception is recognized The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in plasma and rogen levels ( total testosterone ( T ) , free testosterone ( FT ) , and dehydro-epi and rosterone-sulfate ( DHEA-S ) ) induced by oral contraceptive ( OC ) use were related to changes in sexual interest or response or in mood . Sixty-one women provided blood sample s and were assessed , using interviews and st and ardized question naires , prior to starting , and after 3 months on OCs ( Ortho-Tricyclen , Ortho-Tricyclen-Lo , or Ortho-Cyclen , all containing the same progestagen , norgestimate ) . Significant decreases in T , FT , and DHEA-S were found after 3 months , although the extent of reduction was variable across women . There was some support for a relationship between the degree of reduction in total T and FT and the frequency of sexual thoughts after 3 months on OCs . However , some women had no loss of sexual interest in spite of substantial reduction in FT , and there was overall no evidence that reduction in FT affected enjoyment of sexual activity with a partner . The findings are consistent with the idea that some women may be more sensitive to changes in T than others . No relationship was found between negative mood , as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory , and changes in T , FT , or The relationship between plasma testosterone ( T ) secretion and patterns of sexual behavior was examined in 18 women using oral contraceptives ( OCs ) and 13 nonusers matched for partner availability . Retrospective assessment s of perimenstrual symptoms , sexual attitudes , and sexual experience were obtained and women completed daily ratings of the frequency of sexual activities and the level of well-being for 1 month . Plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin ( SHBG ) , progesterone , Total T , Free T , and non-SHBG bound T were determined by radioimmunoassay at four phases of the pill or menstrual cycle . Overall , women not using OCs had higher plasma levels of Total , Free , and non-SHBG bound T and lower plasma levels of SHBG than those of OC users . Further , only nonusers had perimenstrual decreases in plasma levels of Total and Free T. The two groups were comparable on most retrospective measures . However , OC users reported more satisfaction with their sexual partners than did nonusers and prospect i ve monitoring revealed that they engaged in sexual interactions more frequently than did nonusers across the cycle . In contrast , both groups reported a similar frequency of autosexual activities across the cycle . There were no correlations between average levels of T and levels of sexual desire , sexual interactions , or autosexuality . Moreover , only nonusers reported a decrease in levels of sexual desire during the perimenstrual period that was associated with the changes in Free T over the menstrual cycle BACKGROUND The ovaries provide approximately half the circulating testosterone in premenopausal women . After bilateral oophorectomy , many women report impaired sexual functioning despite estrogen replacement . We evaluated the effects of transdermal testosterone in women who had impaired sexual function after surgically induced menopause . METHODS Seventy-five women , 31 to 56 years old , who had undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy received conjugated equine estrogens ( at least 0.625 mg per day orally ) and , in r and om order , placebo , 150 microg of testosterone , and 300 microg of testosterone per day transdermally for 12 weeks each . Outcome measures included scores on the Brief Index of Sexual Functioning for Women , the Psychological General Well-Being Index , and a sexual-function diary completed over the telephone . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) serum free testosterone concentration increased from 1.2+/-0.8 pg per milliliter ( 4.2+/-2.8 pmol per liter ) during placebo treatment to 3.9+/-2.4 pg per milliliter ( 13.5+/-8.3 pmol per liter ) and 5.9+/-4.8 pg per milliliter ( 20.5+/-16.6 pmol per liter ) during treatment with 150 and 300 microg of testosterone per day , respectively ( normal range , 1.3 to 6.8 pg per milliliter [ 4.5 to 23.6 pmol per liter ] ) . Despite an appreciable placebo response , the higher testosterone dose result ed in further increases in scores for frequency of sexual activity and pleasure-orgasm in the Brief index of Sexual Functioning for Women ( P=0.03 for both comparisons with placebo ) . At the higher dose the percentages of women who had sexual fantasies , masturbated , or engaged in sexual intercourse at least once a week increased two to three times from base line . The positive-well-being , depressed-mood , and composite scores of the Psychological General Well-Being Index also improved at the higher dose ( P=0.04 , P=0.03 , and P=0.04 , respectively , for the comparison with placebo ) , but the scores on the telephone-based diary did not increase significantly . CONCLUSIONS In women who have undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy , transdermal testosterone improves sexual function and psychological well-being INTRODUCTION Women may use new oral contraceptives ( OC ) having flexible extended-cycle regimens with a reduced hormone-free interval . AIM To study the changes of the quality of sexual life in users of the traditional 21/7 or extended-cycle 24/4 OC regimens both containing 3 mg drospirenone and 20 µg ethinyl estradiol .  METHODS One hundred fifteen women ( age range 18 - 37 years ) were enrolled . Fifty-four women were r and omly placed on traditional OC st and ard regimen , administered for 21 days , followed by a 7-day hormone-free interval ( group A ) ; and 61 women were placed on extended-cycle OC regimen covering 24 days of the cycle with a 4-day hormone-free interval ( group B ) . The Short Form-36 ( SF-36 ) vali date question naire to assess quality of life ( QoL ) and the Short Personal Experience Question naire ( SPEQ ) to measure the changes of sexual behavior were administered before starting OC intake and at the 3rd and 6th cycle follow-ups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The SF-36 and the SPEQ question naires . RESULTS Group A women reported QoL improvement during the 6th cycle on all the scales ( P < 0.05 ) . Group B women reported QoL improvement during the 3rd and 6th cycle ( P < 0.05 ) . Satisfaction with sexual activity , arousal , orgasm , and desire increased during the 3rd cycle in women on the group B ( P < 0.05 ) . Group A women did not report any change in all SPEQ items . At the 6th cycle , group B women reported better sexual experience than baseline in all SPEQ items ( P < 0.05 ) . All subjects who were affected by dyspareunia before OC intake reported decreased genital pain associated with intercourse at the 3rd and 6th cycle of both OC regimens ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Women could use OCs in a subjective flexible modality . The extended-cycle OC might produce positive effects on the quality of sexual life , enforcing the concept of tailoring an OC to a woman The purpose of the study was to explore predictors of discontinuation of oral contraceptives ( OC ) including pre-OC use characteristics and adverse physical , emotional , and sexual effects of OCs . Women aged 18 + years in committed , sexually active relationships were assessed before starting OC and reassessed at 3 , 6 , and 12 months or shortly after discontinuation . Assessment included pre-OC use attitudes and expectations about the pill ; self-reported side effects and perimenstrual symptoms including premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) ; physical and emotional well-being ; and sexual interest , enjoyment , and frequency of sexual activity .  Seventy-nine women completed the study , 38 % continued OCs , 47 % discontinued , and 14 % switched to another OC .  Emotional side effects , worsening of PMS , decreased frequency of sexual thoughts , and decreased psychosexual arousability correctly categorized 87 % of cases by using logistic regression . Emotional and sexual side effects were the best predictors of discontinuation/switching , yet such OC effects have been largely ignored in the research literature An open , r and omized , multicenter study was carried out to compare two  oral contraceptives  as regards their  therapeutic efficacy  in and rogenization symptoms such as acne , seborrhea and hirsutism in women . The preparations used were the combination of 2 mg cyproterone acetate ( CPA ) with 0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) ( Diane35 ® , Schering AG , Berlin‐West ) and 0.150 mg desogestrel ( DG ) with 0.03 mg ethinyl 
    Output:
    
The majority of COC users report no significant change in libido although in most studies a decline in plasma levels of free testosterone and an increase in those of sex hormone binding globulin were observed