***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: UNLABELLED The anti-VSC ( volatile sulphur compounds ) effect of zinc is known to be associated with free zinc ions . OBJECTIVE To examine whether zinc salts with low stability constants were more suitable as sources of zinc in zinc lozenges than zinc salts with high stability constants . The former provide free zinc ions upon dissolution in water , whereas the latter provide few such ions . DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Identical lozenges were produced which contained either zinc acetate , zinc gluconate ( low stability constants ) , zinc citrate or amino-acid chelated zinc ( extremely high stability constants ) . All the lozenges contained 0.1 per cent of zinc . A test panel of 10 volunteers used the different lozenges r and omly . VSC were measured by GC . RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The lozenge with the highest stability constant was as effective as those with very low stability constants . The anti-VSC effect was thus not related to this constant . These findings may be explained by the possibility that alternative lig and s with stronger affinity for zinc than the original lig and s in the lozenges may be present in the oral cavity . An in vitro experiment indicated that the sulphide ion ( S2- ) may be such a lig and AIM To evaluate the potential of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis . MATERIAL AND METHODS In a single-centred r and omized and controlled clinical trial , 90 patients ( 51 females and 39 males ) with untreated chronic periodontitis were r and omly assigned to receive SRP with aPDT ( test group ) or SRP alone ( control group ) . Clinical parameters and halitosis were recorded for 6 months after treatment by a periodontist who was blinded to the procedure . RESULTS Inter-group and intra-group statistical analyses were performed . Significant difference between the two groups with respect to each variable was assessed using non-parametric Rank Order ancova . Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels showed statistically significant reduction in the test group on evaluation at 3 months and 6 months as compared to the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . A statistically significant improvement in gingival index and gingival bleeding index was seen for the test group after 2 weeks and 1 month of aPDT ( p < 0.01 ) , whereas the improvement in gingival index and gingival bleeding index at 3 months and in plaque index at 2 weeks after aPDT was less ( p < 0.05 ) . Also , a significant difference was detected for the test group at 1 month in terms of halitosis ( p < 0.05 ) , which did not persist for long . CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy acts as a beneficial adjunct to SRP in non-surgical treatment and management of chronic periodontitis in short-term . Further studies are required to assess the long-term effectiveness of aPDT The deodorizing effect of the mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) extract on the malodor produced after garlic consumption was investigated using an electronic sensor and sensory evaluation measurements . Comparative gas chromatography analysis revealed that the quantity of methane- and allylthiols that were usually found after garlic solution rinse , significantly fell after mushroom extract rinsing . Furthermore , in-vitro analysis ( mixing the garlic solution and mushroom extract ) showed that the methanethiol reaction with the mushroom extract proceeded faster than that of the allylthiol . Ab initio calculations implicated an addition reaction as the possible mechanism between the thiol compounds and the polyphenols . In comparison to the methanethiol , the higher activation energy required by allylthiol for a feasible reaction path way with the model acceptor , o-quinone , is expected to contribute to the difference in the rate of the reaction Background Previous research has shown the oxidizing properties and microbiological efficacies of chlorine dioxide ( ClO2 ) , however , its clinical efficacies on oral malodor have been evaluated only with organoleptic measurements ( OM ) or sulphide monitors . No clinical studies have investigated the inhibitory effects of ClO2 on volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs ) using gas chromatography ( GC ) . The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of a mouthwash containing ClO2 on morning oral malodor using OM and GC . Methods A r and omized , double blind , crossover , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 15 healthy male volunteers , who were divided into 2 groups . In the first test phase , the group 1 subjects ( N = 8) were instructed to rinse with the experimental mouthwash containing ClO2 , and those in group 2 ( N = 7 ) to rinse with the placebo mouthwash without ClO2 . In the second test , phase after a one week washout period , each group used the opposite mouthwash . Oral malodor was evaluated before rinsing , right after rinsing and every 30 minutes up to 4 hours with OM , and concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ) , methyl mercaptan ( CH3SH ) and dimethyl sulfide ( (CH3)2S ) , the main VSCs of human oral malodor , were evaluated with GC . Results The baseline oral condition in the subjects in the 2 groups did not differ significantly . The mouthwash containing ClO2  improved morning bad breath according to OM and reduced concentrations of H2S , CH3SH and (CH3)2S according to GC up to 4 hours after rinsing . OM scores with ClO2 were significantly lower than those without ClO2 at all examination times . Significant reductions in the concentrations of the three kinds of VSCs measured by GC were also evident at all examination times . The concentrations of the three gases with ClO2 were significantly lower than those without ClO2 at most examination times . Conclusion In this explorative study , ClO2 mouthwash was effective at reducing morning malodor for 4 hours when used by healthy subjects . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Introduction This study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of using the Perio-Flow device ( Electro Medical Systems , Nyon , Switzerl and ) adjunctively with mechanical instrumentation on periodontal parameters and halitosis . Material s and Methods Sixty patients who presented with a 4- to 6-mm probing pocket depth were recruited for the study . Patients were r and omly assigned to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) or SRP + glycine powder air-polishing ( GPAP ) . For both groups , the plaque index , gingival index , pocket depth , bleeding on probing , and clinical attachment level scores were recorded at baseline and 1 month . Volatile sulphur compounds ( VSCs ) were measured by a Halimeter ( Interscan Corp. , Chatsworth , CA , USA ) at baseline , immediately after treatment , and at 7 , 14 , and 30 days . Results Both groups showed significantly lower plaque index , gingival index , pocket depth , bleeding on probing , and clinical attachment level gain scores at 1 month than at baseline . No significant differences were found between the groups at any time point . The VSCs were significantly different at 1 month compared with baseline in both groups . However , the intergroup comparisons of VSCs were not statistically significant at any time point . Conclusion Within the limits of this study , SRP is effective for treatment of periodontitis and halitosis . However , using GPAP adjunctively with mechanical instrumentation has no beneficial effects on halitosis or periodontal parameters The European Food Safety Authority recognizes the contribution of sugar-free chewing gum to oral health through increased salivation , clearance of food debris , and neutralization of biofilm pH. Magnolia bark extract is a gum additive shown to reduce the prevalence of bad-breath bacteria but its effects on self-perceived mouthfeel are unknown . This paper aims to relate the effects of sorbitol-containing chewing gum , with and without Magnolia bark extract , on tooth-surface hydrophobicity and salivary-film composition with self-perceived mouthfeel . In a crossover clinical trial , volunteers chewed sorbitol-containing gum , with or without Magnolia bark extract added , three times daily during a 4-wk time period . A subset of volunteers also chewed Parafilm as a mastication control .  Oral moistness and tooth smoothness were assessed using question naires , and intra-oral water-contact angles were measured before , immediately after , and 60 min after , chewing . Simultaneously , saliva sample s were collected , placed on glass slides , and the compositions of the adsorbed film were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy . Chewing of gum , regardless of whether or not it contained Magnolia bark extract , improved self-perceived mouthfeel up to 60 min , concurrent with a more hydrophilic tooth surface and an increased amount of O1s electrons bound at 532.6 eV in salivary films . Chewing of Parafilm affected neither tooth-surface hydrophobicity nor salivary-film composition . Accordingly , adsorption of sorbitol , rather than the presence of Magnolia bark extract or increased salivation , is responsible for improved self-perceived mouthfeel Background : The key to good oral health is hidden in nature . Natural herbs like neem , tulsi , pudina , clove oil , ajwain , triphala and many more has been used since ages either as a whole single herb or as a combination against various oral health problems like bleeding gums , halitosis , mouth ulcers and preventing tooth decay . The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthrinse ( Herboral ) with that of chlorhexidine gluconate which is considered to be a gold st and ard as an anti-plaque agent . Material s and Methods : A r and omized , two-group , parallel study as a ‘ de novo ’ plaque accumulation model was carried out on 50 subjects ( 23 males and 27 females ) . At baseline , all participants received a  professional prophylaxis  and were r and omly assigned to the test ( Herbal mouthrinse ) and control ( Chlorhexidine Gluconate ) group . On the following three days , all subjects rinsed with 10 ml of the allocated mouthrinse twice daily for 1 min . They were asked to refrain from use of any other oral hygiene measures during the study . At the end of the experimental period , plaque was assessed and a question naire was filled by all subjects . Results : Chlorhexidine ( mean plaque score=1.65 ) inhibited plaque growth significantly more than the herbal mouthrinse ( mean plaque score=1.43 , P<0.001 ) . The results of the question naire showed that Herboral was preferred by patients for its taste , its convenience of use and taste duration ( aftertaste ) . However , Chlorhexidine was considered to be more effective in reducing plaque as compared to Herboral . Conclusion : Herbal mouthrinse was found to be a potent plaque inhibitor , though less effective than Chlorhexidine Gluconate . However , it can serve as a good alternative for the patients with special needs as in case of diabetics , xerostomics , and so on Background Breath odor is a nuisance problem for many people around the world . Bad breath affects social interactions of people in daily life by causing personal discomfort and emotional stress . There are chemical and mechanical methods for controlling oral malodor . Many studies of various mouth rinse applications and tongue cleaning procedures have been conducted . However , few studies have compared the effect of simultaneous chemical and mechanical procedures on the reduction of volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs ) in subjects with oral malodor . The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different oral hygiene procedures on reduction of VSCs in subjects with oral malodor . Methods Thirty male volunteers who matched with study criteria were divided r and omly into two groups . Both groups performed tooth brushing , mouth washing with chlorine dioxide , tongue cleaning and combination of those in different sequence for five weeks . Total VSCs of subjects were measured with a  Breathtron ® , and oral health status was also examined . Quantitative analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS 16.0 ) . Results There were no significant differences in oral health status between the two groups at the baseline . No significant decrease in oral malodor was detected after one week of tooth brushing . Significant reductions in VSCs were shown by adding mouthwash or tongue cleaning to tooth brushing from the second week to fourth week ( P < 0.01 ) . The greatest reduction in VSCs was found at the fifth week after the practice of all three oral hygiene regimens . Conclusions Tooth brushing alone does not significantly reduce oral malodor .  Mouth washing and tongue cleaning significantly reduce oral malodor , but combining tooth brushing , mouth washing and tongue cleaning regimens is most effective for oral malodor reduction . The results of this study could contribute to the formulation of appropriate preventive strategies against oral malodor not only for the general public but also for dental professionals serving as oral malodor-related service providers . Trial registration Registration number - Clinical Trials.gov NCT02113137 . Registration date – April 7th , 2014 Abstract Objectives . To assess the effects on intra-oral halitosis by a mouth rinse containing zinc acetate ( 0.3 % ) and chlorhexidine diacetate ( 0.025 % ) with and without adjunct tongue scraping . Material s and methods . Twenty-one subjects without a diagnosis of periodontitis were r and omized in a cross-over clinical trial . Organoleptic scores ( OLS ) were assessed to define intra-oral halitosis by total volatile sulfur compound ( T-VSC ) measurements and by gas chromatography . Results . Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 45.7 years ( SD : ±13.3 , range : 21–66 ) . The OLS were significantly lower following active rinse combined with tongue scraping ( p < 0.001 ) at all time points . Immediately after , at 30 min , and at day 1 
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AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS We found low- to very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions for managing halitosis compared to placebo or control for the OLT and patient-reported outcomes tested .
We were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the superiority of any intervention or concentration .