***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with denture stomatitis ( DS ) . METHODS A question naire was used to gather demographic information . Clinical oral examination was performed to determine location of denture in the jaws and oral erythematous lesions . Presence of fungal hyphae in smokers and non-smokers was confirmed using exfoliative cytology . In both groups , aPDT was performed and colony forming units per milliliter ( CFU/ml ) were assessed i m both groups at 3-months follow-up . Level of significance was et at P<0.05 . RESULTS Twenty-two males with DS ( 12 smokers and 10 non-smokers ) were included . The mean ages of smokers and non-smokers was 73.8±2.5 and 70.5±1.2years , respectively . The duration and daily frequency of cigarette smoking was 20.6±4.5years and 12.3±1.5 cigarettes daily , respectively . Smokers and non-smokers had been wearing complete dentures since 6.2±0.8 and 5.8±0.4years , respectively . At 3-months follow-up , there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean fungal CFU/ml among smokers ( 25.5±8.3 CFU/ml ) compared with their respective baseline values 106.7±6.3 CFU/ml ( P<0.01 ) . Among non-smokers , the mean CFU/ml values were 12.7±0.8 CFU/ml compared with their respective baseline values ( 93.6±8.4 CFU/ml ) ( P<0.01 ) . At 3-months follow-up , fungal CFU/ml levels were statistically significantly higher among smokers ( 25.5±8.3 CFU/ml ) compared with non-smokers ( 12.7±0.8 CFU/ml ) ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION aPDT  is effective in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization  among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with . The role of denture is also emphasized BACKGROUND DATA Photodynamic therapy is a technique that involves the activation of photosensitizers by light in the presence of tissue oxygen , result ing in the production of reactive radicals capable of inducing cell death . OBJECTIVE The present study assessed the overall susceptibility of pathogens of salivary flora to photodynamic therapy after sensitization with curcumin and exposure to blue light at 450 nm . METHODS A r and omized trial was executed with 13 adult volunteers . Three different groups were analyzed : L-D- ( no light , no drug ; control group ) , L-D+ ( treated only with the drug ; curcumin group ) and L+D+ ( treated with drug and light ; photodynamic therapy group ) . Non-stimulated saliva sample s were collected for bacterial counts at baseline and after the experimental phase , and adverse events experienced were recorded . Serial dilutions were performed , and the result ing sample s were cultured on blood agar plates in microaerophilic conditions . The number of colony-forming units was then determined . RESULTS There was a considerable difference between the two experimental groups with regard to effectiveness of bacterial reduction . In the L-D+ group , the bacterial decline was considerably smaller ( 9 % ) than in the L+D+ group , with a 68 % decrease in bacteria . A statistically significant reduction in the bacterial population was observed only in the photodynamic therapy group ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Photodynamic therapy was found to be effective in the reduction of salivary microorganisms . No significant reduction was found for the group in which only curcumin was used , proving the absence of dark toxicity of the drug . This work shows that overall disinfection of the mouth can be done with a simple procedure involving photodynamic action OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( a-PDT ) with blue light and curcumin on oral disinfection during the 2 h after treatment . BACKGROUND DATA a-PDT is a technique that can potentially affect the viability of bacterial cells , with selective action targeting only areas with photosensitizer accumulation . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized controlled trial was undertaken . Twenty-seven adults were r and omly divided into three groups : ( 1 ) the PDT group , which was treated with the drug , curcumin , and blue light ( n=9 ) ; ( 2 ) the light group , which was treated only with the blue light , and no drug ( n=9 ) and ; ( 3 ) the curcumin group , which was treated only with the drug , curcumin , and no light ( n=9 ) . The irradiation parameters were : blue light-emitting diode ( LED ) illumination ( 455±30 nm ) , 400 mW of average optical power , 5 min of application , illumination area of 0.6 cm(2 ) , 600 mW/cm(2 ) of intensity , and 200 J/cm(2 ) of fluence . A curcumin concentration of 30 mg/L was used . The saliva sample s were collected for bacterial counts at baseline and after the experimental phases ( immediately after treatment , and 1 and 2 h after treatment ) . Serial dilutions were performed , and the result ing sample s were cultured on blood agar plates in microaerophilic conditions . The number of colony-forming units ( CFU ) was determined . RESULTS The PDT group showed a significant reduction of CFU immediately after treatment ( post-treatment ) with PDT ( 5.71±0.48 , p=0.001 ) , and 1 h ( 5.14±0.92 , p=0.001 ) and 2 h ( 5.35±0.76 , p=0.001 ) after treatment , compared with pretreatment ( 6.61±0.82 ) . There were no significant changes for the light group . The curcumin group showed a significant increase of CFU 1 h after treatment ( 6.77±0.40 , p=0.02 ) compared with pretreatment ( 5.57±0.91 ) falling to baseline values at 2 h after treatment ( 5.58±0.70 ) . CONCLUSIONS The PDT group showed significant difference in microbial reduction ( p<0.05 ) compared with both the light and curcumin groups until 2 h post-treatment . The new blue LED device for PDT using curcumin may be used for reduction of salivary microorganisms , leading to overall disinfection of the mouth ( e.g. , mucosa , tongue , and saliva ) , but new protocol s should be explored AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of five different mouthwashes through measurement of the plaque index . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty subjects took part in this blind study , r and omized into blocks of five groups according to the active ingredient of the mouthwash : CHX group ( 0.12 % chlorhexidine gluconate ) , essential oils ( EO ) group , cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) group , Tri group ( triclosan ) and Hamamelis virginiana ( HV ) group . All subjects were evaluated for a reduction in the bacterial plaque index at 7 , 14 and 21 days . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the mean plaque index during the period of evaluation ( p < 0.01 ) , and the reduction during the period of evaluation was different between mouthwashes ( p < 0.01 ) . The reduction in the plaque index at the end of 21 days was , in decreasing order , CHX > EO > CPC > Tri > HV . CONCLUSION The reduction in the plaque index during the period of evaluation was different between the types of mouth-wash . The mouthwash containing the active ingredient chlorhexidine was the most effective , followed by the essential oil , cetylpyridinium chloride , triclosan and H. virginiana OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the efficacy of mechanical debridement ( MD ) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( aPDT ) in reducing periimplant inflammation among cigarette-smokers and non-smokers . METHODS Cigarette-smokers and non-smokers were r and omly divided into 2 groups . In the test-group , participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD with adjunct aPDT ; and in the control-group , the participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD alone .  Periimplant bleeding on probing ( BOP ) , probing depth ( PD ) and crestal bone loss ( CBL ) were measured at baseline and at 6- and 12-months follow-up . Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test . P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant . RESULTS Eighty-four smokers ( 41 patients in the test group and 43 in the control group ) and 82 non-smokers ( 40 patients in the test group and 42 in the control group ) were included . Among smokers and non-smokers , periimplant PD was significantly higher in the control-group compared with the test-group ( P<0.05 ) at 6-months of follow-up . There was no statistically significant difference in BOP , PD and CBL among smokers and non-smokers in the test- and control-groups at 12-months of follow-up . BOP was comparable among smokers at all time intervals . CONCLUSION In the short-term , MD with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing periimplant probing depth than MD alone in smokers and non-smokers . However , in the long-term outcomes of MD either with or without aPDT among smokers and non-smokers are comparable OBJECTIVE In this study , we aim to compare the photodynamic inactivation ( PDI ) effects of two different photosensitizers ( PS ) , Photogem ® and Natural Curcumin , irradiated with light-emitted diodes ( LED ) at 630 and 450 nm , respectively . BACKGROUND The current antimicrobial mouthwash for oral hygiene has several drawbacks . In this context , PDI is an alternative technique to inactivate pathogenic microbes in mucosa and in periodontal tissue . Furthermore , there are numerous infectious diseases that may affect the oral cavity , motivating the use of PDI in dentistry . METHODS The volunteers ( n = 50 ) were r and omize separated into five experimental groups ( n = 5 ) for each PS : water control , PS control , light control , and two PS concentrations ( 25 and 100 mg/L ) . Each patient underwent mouthwash solution containing the PS before illumination procedure that was performed with an LED device . For microbial decontamination evaluation , the saliva was collected three times : before ( T0 ) , immediately after ( T1 ) , and 24 h after the illumination procedure ( T2 ) . After that , the difference between the colony forming units ( CFU ) for each volunteer was compared . RESULTS The results show that regardless of PS and treatment applied , there was microbial reduction immediately after PDI , however , after 24 h only Natural Curcumin still presents a reduction . For Photogem after 24 h , the microorganism returns to the original CFU . CONCLUSIONS Immediately after PDI , both PS have the same efficiency , nevertheless the Natural Curcumin still has an efficacy after 24 h and also is a more viable photosensitizer . In addition , the results indicate that PDI can be a promised technique used for microbial reducing for the oral cavity The aim of this r and omized , single blinded clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of a pre-procedural mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) , zinc lactate ( Zn ) and sodium fluoride ( F ) in the reduction of viable bacteria in oral aerosol after a dental prophylaxis with ultrasonic scaler . Sixty systemically healthy volunteers receiving dental prophylaxis were r and omly assigned to one of the following experimental groups ( 15 per group ) : ( i ) rinsing with 0.075 % CPC , 0.28 % Zn and 0.05 % F ( CPC+Zn+F ) , ( ii ) water or ( iii ) 0.12 % chlorhexidine digluconate ( CHX ) , and ( iv ) no rinsing . Viable bacteria were collected from different locations in the dental office on enriched TSA plates and anaerobically incubated for 72 hours . The colonies were counted and species were then identified by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization . The total number of colony-forming units ( CFUs ) detected in the aerosols from volunteers who rinsed with CPC+Zn+F or CHX was statistically significantly ( p<0.05 ) lower than of those subjects who did not rinse or who rinsed with water . When all locations were considered together , the aerosols from the CPC+Zn+F and CHX groups showed , respectively , 70 % and 77 % fewer CFUs than those from the No Rinsing group and 61 % and 70 % than those from the Water group . The mean proportions of bacterial species from the orange complex were statistically significantly ( p<0.05 ) lower in aerosols from the CPC+Zn+F and CHX groups compared with the others two groups . In conclusion , the mouthwash containing CPC+Zn+F , is effective in reducing viable bacteria in oral aerosol after a dental prophylaxis with ultrasonic scaler 
    Output:
    
The efficacy of aPDT for oral decontamination remains unclear .