***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This quasi-experimental longitudinal study documented the impact of a comprehensive cancer informational intervention using information technology on healthcare service use among individuals newly diagnosed with cancer . Women with breast cancer ( n = 205 ) and men with prostate cancer ( n = 45 ) were recruited within 8 weeks of diagnosis at 4 university teaching hospitals in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The intervention group ( n = 148 ) received a 1-hour training on information technology use , a CD-ROM on cancer , and a list of reputable cancer-related Web sites . The intervention material was available for a period of 8 weeks . The control group ( n = 102 ) received usual care .  Self-reported question naires were completed at T1 ( baseline ) , T2 ( 1 week after intervention ) , and T3 ( 3 months after intervention ) . Using multivariate statistics , the experimental group reported significantly more satisfaction with cancer information received compared to the control group . No significant differences were found between experimental and control groups in their reliance on healthcare services . However , women as opposed to men spent more time with nurses , were more satisfied with cancer information received , and relied more heavily on health services . Future research would explore whether the latter observations reflect genuine sex differences or are more contingent on the specific cancer diagnosis The purpose of this study was to test a brief orientation program for reducing anxiety , depressive symptoms , and overall distress in cancer patients at their initial clinic visit . One hundred and fifty consecutively referred patients seen in an oncology outpatient clinic were r and omly assigned to an intervention or usual care control group . The intervention group received a clinic tour , general information about clinic operations , and a question and answer session with an oncology counselor . Outcome measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) , the Brief Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) , the Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression ( CES-D ) Scale , and an oncology clinic question naire which were administered at the initial clinic visit and follow-up . There were no statistically significant clinical or demographic differences between groups at initial assessment . At follow-up , the intervention group had lower state anxiety , lower overall distress , and fewer patients reporting depressive symptoms . Patients in the intervention group demonstrated significantly more knowledge about clinic operations and greater satisfaction with care . These data provide evidence that anxiety , distress and depressive symptoms can be reduced with an orientation program . This finding has particular relevance in the early stages of diagnosis where patients may suffer symptoms of anxiety and depression The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a new patient information package ( NPIP ) or a mini version of the same package ( mini-NPIP ) reduces emotional distress and meets the informational needs of patients arriving at a tertiary cancer centre for the first time . A comprehensive package , NPIP , consisting of procedural information regarding cancer centre location , description of the health care team , treatment services , research , educational activities , accommodation and community services provided at the centre ; and a condensed version of the same package , mini-NPIP , were developed . Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed breast , gynaecological , lung and prostate cancer , referred to the centre for the first time were prer and omised to receive NPIP , mini-NPIP or no information package . Patients r and omised to NPIP or mini-NPIP  were mailed the information package at least one week before their first appointment . On arrival at the centre , patients were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory ( BSI ) which measures psychological distress , and interviewed regarding preferences for information and acceptability of the information packages . Of 465 r and omised patients , 161 were excluded post-r and omisation and 304 completed the entire interview : 100 were r and omised to the NPIP , 102 to the  mini-NPIP  and 102 to the  control group .  Emotional distress as measured by the BSI was similar for all groups ( P = 0.98 ) . Most patients preferred to receive the information ( 98 % ) , receive it before the first appointment ( 84 % ) and by mail ( 79 % ) . These preferences were more evident for those given the information packages . The majority of patients found the information packages easy to underst and ( 88 % ) and useful ( 89 % ) , and no differences were detected between packages . The cost of production and dissemination of NPIP was more than double the cost for mini-NPIP : $ 8.93 vs $ 3.98 ( Canadian dollars ) per patient . For patients presenting to a cancer centre for the first time , packages of procedural information do not appear to reduce psychological distress , but are preferred by patients . Given the cost of producing NPIP , mini-NPIP is the preferred approach The primary objective of this study was to test whether specific information given prior to surgery can help patients obtain better  pain relief  after total knee arthroplasty ( TKA ) . Secondary objectives were to study the impact of preoperative information on state and trait anxiety , satisfaction with pain management and satisfaction with nursing care . The study was an intervention study with two groups of equal size ( n=30 ) . The intervention group was given specific information while the control group received routine information .  Pain assessment s were made preoperatively and every 3h for the first three postoperative days , using the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) . The results of this study suggest that information does influence the experience of pain after surgery and related psychological factors . The postoperative pain declined more rapidly for patients in the treatment group , the degree of preoperative state anxiety was lower and they were more satisfied with the postoperative pain management Goals of workBased on meta-analyses regarding the preparation of patients for potentially threatening medical procedures , a DVD , incorporating behavioral role modelling , was developed to prepare patients for chemotherapy and assist them to self-manage side effects . It was hypothesized that patients who watched the DVD ( vs those who did not ) would report ( 1 ) lower anxiety ; ( 2 ) higher self-efficacy related to coping with treatment side effects ; ( 3 ) fewer supportive care needs ; and ( 4 ) higher satisfaction with information received . It was further hypothesized that these effects would be stronger in those perceiving their treatment intent to be curative rather than palliative . Material s and methods Quasi-experimental design using a historical control group was employed . Participants were scheduled to receive their first ever chemotherapy treatment . Group 1 ( usual care ; n = 50 ) was prospect ively recruited before the release of the DVD and group 2 ( DVD plus usual care ; n = 50 ) after the release . Before commencing chemotherapy , all patients completed reliable and valid measures of self-efficacy , anxiety , and supportive care needs . Data was stratified according to perceived treatment intent . Independent sample t tests were performed for each group ( curative vs palliative).Main results Significant differences were found between the usual care and intervention groups : for self-perceived curative patients in relation to self-efficacy for seeking social support ( p = 0.044 ) , with increased confidence in those watching the DVD , and for self-perceived palliative patients in relation to their satisfaction with information about side effects ( p = 0.026 ) , with increased satisfaction in those watching the DVD . Overall , significant differences were found between self-perceived curative vs palliative patients on measures of self-efficacy and supportive care needs , with self-perceived curative patients reporting more confidence and fewer needs . Conclusions The educational DVD was considered highly acceptable by patients and was found to increase self-efficacy and reduce supportive care needs . Hence , it is appropriate to give to patients before face-to-face chemotherapy education . Additional pretreatment education is recommended , particularly for self-perceived palliative patients , to reduce their pretreatment anxiety and enhance their confidence in coping with treatment Targeted treatment education for cancer patients has the potential to promote adjustment through assisting patients to participate in treatment decision making , comply with treatment regimens and cope more effectively with treatment side effects . A quasi-experimental longitudinal pre-test post-test and follow-up design was used to assess the effect of a patient education video about radiation therapy on patients ' psychological distress , knowledge about radiation therapy , self-efficacy about coping with treatment and physical symptoms .  Patients with head and neck ( n=26 ) and breast cancer ( n=66 ) were recruited into the study and allocated into control and intervention groups . No significant differences were found between the control and intervention groups on any of the outcome variables . However , patients in the intervention group reported high levels of satisfaction with the video and all reported that they would recommend the video to other patients preparing for radiation therapy . As well , 90 % of patients in the intervention group reported that some or all of the information in the video was new to them . Education material s that have excellent face validity and that are well received by patients may fail to produce significant change using st and ard controlled study design s. Future research in this area may need to consider alternative paradigms for evaluating the helpfulness of such material Sixty cancer chemotherapy patients were r and omly assigned to one of four treatments : ( a ) relaxation training with guided relaxation imagery ( RT ) , ( b ) general coping preparation package ( PREP ) , ( c ) both RT and PREP , or ( d ) routine clinic treatment only . All patients were assessed on self-report , nurse observation , family observation , and physiological measures and were followed for five sequential chemotherapy treatments . Results indicate that the PREP intervention increased patients ' knowledge of the disease and its treatment , reduced anticipatory side effects , reduced negative affect , and improved general coping . RT patients showed some decrease in negative affect and vomiting , but not as great as in past studies . The data suggest that a relatively simple , one-session coping preparation intervention can reduce many different types of distress associated with cancer chemotherapy and may be more effective than often-used behavioral relaxation procedures 
    Output:
    
This review has demonstrated the feasibility and some potential benefits of orientation interventions .
There was a low level of evidence to suggest that orientation interventions can reduce distress in patients .
However , other outcomes , including patient knowledge recall/satisfaction , remain inconclusive .