***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The aim of the present prospect i ve longitudinal study of periodontally diseased and periodontally healthy patients was a clinical , microbiological , and radiographic comparison of teeth and implants and an assessment of the implant success rate . METHODS Thirty-nine partially edentulous patients provided with a total of 150 implants were enrolled in the study . Oral rehabilitation was undertaken in 15 patients treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis ( GAgP ) , 12 patients treated for generalized chronic periodontitis ( GCP ) , and 12 periodontally healthy patients . The examinations of the teeth and implants were carried out within the framework of a 3-month recall schedule over a 3-year period . At each session , clinical parameters for probing depth ( PD ) , gingival recession ( GR ) , attachment level ( AL ) , gingival index ( GI ) , and plaque index ( PI ) were recorded , and the composition of the subgingival microflora determined by dark-field microscopy . In the periodontally diseased patients , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ( A.a . ) , Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P.g . ) , and Prevotella intermedia ( P.i . ) were detected at teeth and implants by DNA analysis in the first and third years after insertion of the superstructure . Intraoral radiographs of the teeth and implants were taken at baseline , immediately after insertion of the superstructure , and then 1 and 3 years later . RESULTS The GI and PI at implants and teeth remained below 0.25 and 0.6 , respectively , in all patient groups throughout the study period . At the implants and teeth , a slight increase in PD and a continuous attachment loss was recorded in the GAgP patients . The attachment loss was greater at the implants than at the teeth in all groups . The morphological distribution of the microorganisms revealed virtually healthy conditions in all groups . A.a . was detected in two GAgP patients , whereas P.g . and P.i . were found more frequently both in the GAgP and in the GCP patients . Radiographically detected bone loss was higher after 3 years at implants and teeth in the GAgP patients than in the other two groups . The implant success rates recorded were 100 % in the periodontally healthy and GCP patients , and 95.7 % in the maxilla and 100 % in the m and ible of the GAgP patients . CONCLUSIONS The results show that oral rehabilitation can be performed with implants in patients treated for generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis . However , slight attachment loss and bone loss were registered at the implants and teeth in the patients with aggressive periodontitis Objective To evaluate the clinical effectiveness , common complications and maintenance associated with hydroxylapatite ( HA ) coated cylindrical implants when used to support single crowns . Design A prospect i ve medium term clinical study of the Calcitek HA-coated implant . Setting Implant placement , crown fabrication and follow-up procedures were carried out at the Leeds Dental Institute , between 1990 and 1998.Subjects and method 26 patients ( 33 implants ) participated in the trial . They were referred from general dental practitioners because of their suitability for single tooth implant placement . Main outcome measures The implants were assessed using recognised clinical review procedures eg radiographs and soft tissue assessment s. Results At exposure there was 100 % implant integration . The cumulative survival rate over 4 years was 100 % . In five implants there was cervical bone loss of more than 4 mm and these were classified as failing . This gave an overall cumulative success rate of 58 % by year 4 . Conclusion The Calcitek HA-coated single tooth implant shows exceptionally high initial integration however , the longer term results suggest that the cervical bone level adjacent to the implant failed to establish a steady state . Doubts remain regarding the long-term prognosis of these cylindrical HA-coated implants BACKGROUND Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens . The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis . METHODS This prospect i ve , split-mouth , single-blind study followed the colonization of ' pristine ' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery ( e.g. abutment connection ) . The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these ' fresh ' peri-implant pockets would soon ( within 2 weeks ) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters ( reference sites ) , including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis . Per patient , four subgingival plaque sample s were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants ( test sites ) , and teeth within the same quadrant ( undisturbed microbiota as control sites ) , 1 , 2 , 4 , 13 , 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection , respectively . The sample s were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization , or cultural techniques , or real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) for intra-subject comparisons ( teeth vs. implant , for comparable probing depths ) . RESULTS Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota ( including several pathogenic species ) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection . After 7 days , the detection frequency for most species ( including the bacteria associated with periodontitis ) was already nearly identical in sample s from the fresh peri-implant pockets ( 5 % and 20 % of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex , respectively ) when compared with sample s from the reference teeth . Afterwards ( e.g. between weeks 2 and 13 ) , the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased ( + /-0.1 log value ) , with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis ( 8 % and 33 % of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex , respectively ) . Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques , a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on , with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types . CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks The aim of this epidemiological survey was to analyze the periodontal conditions of 19-year old individuals in an urban area of Sweden , with special reference to gender and socioeconomic factors . A r and omized sample of 272 individuals living in Göteborg , Sweden , was clinical ly examined with regard to oral hygiene , gingivitis , periodontal pockets , probing attachment loss ( PAL ) and gingival recession .  Bitewing radiographs were used for assessment s of alveolar bone level ( ABL ) and dental calculus . A question naire-based interview regarding oral hygiene habits was included . Data were analyzed with regard to differences between gender and socioeconomic grouping . The subjects showed a mean plaque score of 59 % and a gingivitis score of 44 % . 70 % of the adolescents had a plaque score of > or = 50 % , whereas corresponding figure for gingivitis was 37 % . 27 % of the subjects had at least one tooth with gingival recession . The mean prevalence of sites with probing depth of > or = 6 mm was 0.5 , and the prevalence of PAL > or = 2 mm was 0.7 . A radiographic bone level of > or = 2 mm was observed at on average 0.8 teeth per subject . Females had significantly less plaque and gingivitis than males and significantly higher number of teeth with gingival recession . There were no clinical ly significant differences in periodontal conditions between socioeconomic groups . In conclusion , the survey revealed higher prevalence of plaque and gingivitis among male than female adolescents but no differences between socioeconomic groups BACKGROUND The successful use of osseointegrated implants in periodontally healthy patients has been documented in numerous longitudinal studies in recent years . However , the extent to which these positive results apply to periodontally diseased patients remains unclear . The aim of the present prospect i ve longitudinal study of partially edentulous patients treated for generalized chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis was a clinical , microbiological , and radiographic comparison of teeth and implants and assessment of the implant success rate . METHODS Five partially edentulous patients treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis ( GAgP ) and 5 treated for generalized chronic periodontitis ( GCP ) were enrolled in this study . The GAgP patients received 36 implants , and the GCP patients 12 implants .  The teeth were examined 2 to 4 weeks before extraction of the non-retainable teeth ( baseline ) , and 3 weeks after insertion of the final abutments ( second examination ) . All further examinations were performed during a 3-month recall schedule over a 5-year period for the GAgP patients and over a 3-year period for the GCP patients . At each session clinical parameters were recorded at teeth and implants and the composition of the subgingival microflora was determined by dark-field microscopy and DNA analysis . Intraoral radiographs of the teeth and implants were taken for control purpose s at baseline ; after insertion of the superstructure ; and 1 , 3 , and 5 years later . RESULTS The clinical findings indicated healthy periodontal and peri-implant conditions in both patient groups throughout the study . However , an increased probing depth and an attachment loss were recorded in the GAgP patients after the third year ( P<0.001 ) . The distribution of the microorganisms revealed no significant differences between the patient groups or between implants and teeth . Moderate bone loss at teeth and implants was registered in both groups . The success rates recorded were 100 % in the GCP patients and 88.8 % ( maxilla : 85.7 % ; m and ible : 93.3 % ) in the GAgP patients . CONCLUSIONS The 3-year and 5-year follow-ups show that osseointegrated implants may be successful in oral rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis and generalized chronic periodontitis . However , as no significant differences were recorded between conditions at teeth and at implants , progression of the disease can not be ruled out BACKGROUND The aim of this prospect i ve 10-year study of partially edentulous subjects treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects was a clinical , microbiologic , and radiographic comparison of teeth and implants and assessment of the implants ' success rate . METHODS Five subjects treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis ( GAgP ) and five periodontally healthy subjects who were orally rehabilitated with osseointegrated implants  participated in the study . First , they were examined 2 to 4 weeks before extraction of the non-retainable teeth ( baseline ) and 3 weeks after insertion of the final abutments . All further examinations were performed during a 3-month recall schedule over a 10-year period . At every session , clinical parameters were recorded , and the composition of the subgingival microflora was determined . Radiographs were taken at baseline after insertion of the superstructure and 1 , 3 , 5 , 8 , and 10 years later . RESULTS Throughout the follow-up period , the peri-implant gingival index of GAgP subjects was significantly higher than in periodontally healthy subjects . There was no difference in plaque index between teeth and implants or between the two groups . The peri-implant probing depths were comparable in the two groups and remained < or = 4 mm throughout the follow-up . The probing depth was significantly higher around the teeth of the GAgP subjects compared to periodontally healthy subjects . Implants of GAgP subjects showed a significantly higher attachment loss ( Ø 2.4 mm ) . The attachment level at teeth and implants of the periodontally healthy subjects and at teeth of the GAgP subjects was almost unchanged . Microbiologically , GAgP subjects had fewer cocci and more motile rods and filaments at teeth and implants than periodontally healthy subjects . GAgP subjects showed significantly more peri-implant bone loss in the first year ( Ø 2.07 mm ) and in the subsequent 9 years ( total 1.3 mm ) . Bone loss at teeth also was significantly higher at baseline ( Ø 26.39 % ) and in the following years ( total 9.3 % ) . Implant survival rates were 100 % in periodontally healthy subjects versus 83.33 % in GAgP subjects . CONCLUSIONS This 10-year study showed that partially edentulous subjects treated for GAgP can be rehabilitated successfully with osseointegrated implants . However , the bone and attachment loss at the implants were higher than in periodontally healthy subjects The aim of this study was to longitudinally follow up osseointegrated titanium implants in partially dentate patients by clinical , radiographic and microbiological parameters in order to evaluate possible changes in the peri-implant health over time . Fifteen individuals treated with titanium implants , ad modum Brånemark , and followed for ten years were included in the study . Before implant placement ten years previously , the individuals had been treated for advanced periodontal disease and thereafter been included in a maintenance care program . The survival rate of the implants after ten years was 94.7 % . The bone loss was 1.7 mm when using the abutment-fixture junction as a reference point . Of the individuals , 50 % were positive for plaque at the implants . Bleeding on sulcus probing was present at 61 % of the implant surfaces . Ten years previously , the individuals had been carriers of putative periodontal pathogens , such as Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Capnocytophaga spp . and Campylobacter rectus , and were also carriers of these species at the 
    Output:
    
Based on three studies with a limited number of patients and considerable variations in study design , different definitions of periodontitis , and confounding variables like smoking that not been accounted for , this systematic review indicates that subjects with a history of periodontitis may be at greater risk for peri-implant infections .