***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the disgust- and fear-reactivity of patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . Ten OCD patients were scanned while viewing blocks of pictures showing OCD triggers from their personal environment and OCD-irrelevant disgust-inducing , fear-inducing and neutral scenes . Afterwards , the patients rated the intensity of the induced disgust , fear and OCD symptoms . The responses were compared with those of 10 healthy control subjects . The disorder-relevant pictures provoked intense OCD symptoms in the clinical group associated with increased activation in the bilateral prefrontal cortex , the left insula , the right supramarginal gyrus , the left cau date nucleus and the right thalamus . The patients gave higher disgust and fear ratings than the controls for all aversive picture categories . Neural responses towards the disorder-irrelevant disgusting and fear-inducing material included more pronounced insula activation in patients than controls . Summarizing , photos of individual OCD-triggers are an effective means of symptom provocation and activation of the fronto-striato-thalamo-parietal network . The increased insular reactivity of OCD patients during all aversive picture conditions might mirror their susceptibility to experience negative somatic states In subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , lower pre-treatment metabolism in the right orbitofrontal cortex ( OFC ) and anterior cingulate gyrus ( AC ) has been associated with a better response to clomipramine . We sought to determine pre-treatment metabolic predictors of response to behavioral therapy ( BT ) vs. pharmacotherapy in subjects with OCD . To do this , [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans of the brain were obtained in subjects with OCD before treatment with either BT or fluoxetine .  A Step-Wise Variable Selection was applied to normalized pre-treatment glucose metabolic rates in the OFC , AC , and cau date by treatment response ( change in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale ) in the larger BT group . Left OFC metabolism ( normalized to the ipsilateral hemisphere ) alone was selected as predicting treatment response in the BT-treated group ( F = 6.07 , d.f . = 1,17 , P = 0.025 ) . Correlations between normalized left OFC metabolism and treatment response revealed that higher normalized metabolism in this region was associated with greater improvement in the BT-treated group ( tau = 0.35 , P = 0.04 ) , but worse outcome ( tau = -0.57 , P = 0.03 ) in the fluoxetine-treated group . These results suggest that subjects with differing patterns of metabolism preferentially respond to BT vs. medication BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) with exposure and response prevention ( ERP ) is the psychotherapeutic treatment of choice for obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . However , little is known about the impact of CBT on frontostriatal dysfunctioning , known to be the neuronal correlate of OCD . METHOD A probabilistic reversal learning ( RL ) task probing adaptive strategy switching capabilities was used in 10 unmedicated patients with OCD and 10 healthy controls during an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) experiment . Patients were scanned before and after intensive CBT , controls twice at comparable intervals . RESULTS Strategy change within the RL task involved activity in a broad frontal network in patients and controls . No significant differences between the groups or in group by time interactions were detected in a whole-brain analysis corrected for multiple comparisons . However , a re analysis with a more lenient threshold revealed decreased responsiveness of the orbitofrontal cortex and right putamen during strategy change before treatment in patients compared with healthy subjects . A group by time effect was found in the cau date nucleus , demonstrating increased activity for patients over the course of time . Patients with greater clinical improvement , reflected by greater reductions in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale ( YBOCS ) scores , showed more stable activation in the pallidum . CONCLUSIONS Although these findings are preliminary and need to be replicated in larger sample s , they indicate a possible influence of psychotherapy on brain activity in core regions that have been shown to be directly involved both in acquisition of behavioral rules and stereotypes and in the pathophysiology of OCD , the cau date nucleus and the pallidum 
    Output:
    
We found that functional abnormalities in OCD cluster within cortico-striatal thalamic circuits .
Within these circuits , the abnormalities identified showed significant dependence on the affective or non-affective nature of the tasks employed as circuit probes .
In studies using affective tasks , patients overactivated regions involved in salience , arousal and habitual responding ( anterior cingulate cortex , insula , cau date head and putamen ) and underactivated regions implicated in cognitive and behavioral control ( medial prefrontal cortex , posterior cau date ) .
In studies using non-affective cognitive tasks , patients overactivated regions involved in self-referential processing ( precuneus , posterior cingulate cortex ) and underactivated subcortical regions that support goal -directed cognition and motor control ( pallidum , ventral anterior thalamus , posterior cau date ) .
The overall pattern suggests that OCD-related brain dysfunction involves increased affective and self-referential processing , enhanced habitual responding and blunted cognitive control