***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Preterm-born or asphyxiated term-born children who received neonatal intensive care show more emotional and behavioral problems than term-born children without a medical condition . It is uncertain whether regular parenting intervention programs to which the parents of these children are usually referred , are effective in reducing child problem behavior in this specific population . Our objective was to investigate whether a regular , brief parenting intervention , Primary Care Triple P , is effective in decreasing emotional and behavioral problems in preterm-born or asphyxiated term-born preschoolers . Methods For this pragmatic , open r and omized clinical trial , participants were recruited from a cohort of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care units ( NICU ) of two Dutch hospitals . Children born with a gestational age < 32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 g and children born at a gestational age 37–42 weeks with perinatal asphyxia were included . After screening for a t-score ≥60 on the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL ) , children were r and omly assigned to Primary Care Triple P ( n = 34 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 33 ) . The primary outcome was child emotional and behavioral problems reported by parents on the CBCL , 6 months after the start of the trial . Results There was no effect of the intervention on the CBCL at the trial endpoint ( t64 = 0.54 , P = .30 ) . On secondary measurements of child problem behavior , parenting style , parenting stress , and parent perceived child vulnerability , groups either did not differ significantly or the intervention group showed more problems . In both the intervention and control group there was a significant decrease in emotional and behavioral problems during the trial . Conclusions Primary Care Triple P , a brief parenting intervention , is not effective in reducing child emotional and behavioral problems in preterm-born children or term-born children with perinatal asphyxia . Trial registration Netherl and s National Trial Register ( NTR ) : OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to measure the agreement , reliability , construct validity , and feasibility of a measurement tool to assess  systematic review s ( AMSTAR ) . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We r and omly selected 30 systematic review s from a data base . Each was assessed by two review ers using : ( 1 ) the enhanced quality assessment question naire ( Overview of Quality Assessment Question naire [ OQAQ ] ) ; ( 2 ) Sacks ' instrument ; and ( 3 ) our newly developed measurement tool ( AMSTAR ) . We report on reliability ( interobserver kappas of the 11 AMSTAR items ) , intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) of the sum scores , construct validity ( ICCs of the sum scores of AMSTAR compared with those of other instruments ) , and completion times . RESULTS The interrater agreement of the individual items of AMSTAR was substantial with a mean kappa of 0.70 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 0.57 , 0.83 ) ( range : 0.38 - 1.0 ) . Kappas recorded for the other instruments were 0.63 ( 95 % CI : 0.38 , 0.78 ) for enhanced OQAQ and 0.40 ( 95 % CI : 0.29 , 0.50 ) for the Sacks ' instrument . The ICC of the total score for AMSTAR was 0.84 ( 95 % CI : 0.65 , 0.92 ) compared with 0.91 ( 95 % CI : 0.82 , 0.96 ) for OQAQ and 0.86 ( 95 % CI : 0.71 , 0.94 ) for the Sacks ' instrument . AMSTAR proved easy to apply , each review taking about 15 minutes to complete . CONCLUSIONS AMSTAR has good agreement , reliability , construct validity , and feasibility . These findings need confirmation by a broader range of assessors and a more diverse range of review Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objective : To examine the language development at corrected age 4 years of a regionally representative cohort of children born very preterm ( VPT ) . Of particular interest was the identification of biological and socioenvironmental risk and protective factors that influence  VPT children 's early language development . Method : Data were collected as part of a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 110 VPT ( VPT : ≤33 weeks gestation ) and 113 full-term children ( full term : 37–41 weeks gestation ) born in Canterbury , New Zeal and from 1998 to 2000 . At corrected age 4 years , all children were assessed with the preschool version of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals . Extensive information was also collected about children 's family social background , perinatal health , childrearing environment , education/intervention exposures , and neurodevelopmental progress from birth to age 4 . Results : At the age of 4 years , VPT children were characterized by poorer receptive and expressive language development than full-term children . These differences persisted after exclusion of children with neurosensory impairment as well as statistical adjustment for the effects of social risk . Within the VPT group , the key predictors of children 's overall language development were family social risk at birth ( p = .05 ) , severity of white matter abnormalities on neonatal magnetic resonance imaging ( p = .49 ) , observed parent-child synchrony ( p = .001 ) , and concurrent child cognitive ability ( p = .001 ) . Together , these factors accounted for 45 % of the variance in children 's total Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals — Preschool scores . Conclusion : By preschool age , children born VPT  show early emerging mild to moderate language delays that are likely to affect their school success and longer-term developmental progress . Findings highlight the importance of potentially modifiable factors such as early brain injury and parenting quality in predicting the language outcomes of children born VPT This study reports on child welfare outcomes of a community based , r and omized control trial of Promoting First Relationships ® ( PFR ; Kelly , S and oval , Zuckerman , & Buehlman , 2008 ) , a 10-week relationship-based home visiting program , on stability of children 's placements and permanency status two years after enrollment into the study . Toddlers 10 - 24 months ( N = 210 ) with a recent placement disruption were r and omized , along with their birth or foster/kin parents , to PFR ( n = 105 ) or a comparison condition ( n = 105 ) . A stable placement had no interruptions or disruptions . A permanent placement was a stable placement ending with a legal discharge to the study caregiver . Logistic regression models predicting the dichotomous stability and permanency variables , controlling for caregiver type , child welfare variables , and caregiver commitment , were conducted . There was no difference by intervention group on stability or permanency , but there was a significant interaction between caregiver type ( birth parent vs. foster/kin ) and intervention group . More foster/kin caregivers who received the PFR intervention provided stable , uninterrupted care and eventually adopted or became the legal guardians of the toddlers in their care , compared to foster/kin caregivers r and omized to the comparison condition The differential susceptibility to parenting model was examined in relation to toddler  self-regulation in a prospect i ve longitudinal study of infants born preterm or low birth weight . We followed 153 mother-infant dyads across five time points between the infant 's Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay and 24 months postterm . Assessment s of infant temperament , quality of early parenting interactions , context ual variables , and toddler effortful control and behavior problems were conducted . Results supported differential susceptibility and dual risk models in addition to documenting main effects of early parenting on children 's emerging self-regulation . Our data suggested that preterm or low birth weight infants who were prone to distress or rated by mothers as more difficult were particularly susceptible to the effects of early negative parenting OBJECTIVE . Although low birth weight premature infants and parents are at high risk for adverse health outcomes , there is a paucity of studies that test early NICU interventions with parents to prevent the development of negative parent-infant interaction trajectories and to reduce hospital length of stay . Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of an educational-behavioral intervention program ( ie , Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment ) that was design ed to enhance parent-infant interactions and parent mental health outcomes for the ultimate purpose of improving child developmental and behavior outcomes . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS . A r and omized , controlled trial was conducted with 260 families with preterm infants from 2001 to 2004 in 2 NICUs in the northeast United States . Parents completed self-administered instruments during hospitalization , within 7 days after infant discharge , and at 2 months ' corrected age . Blinded observers rated parent-infant interactions in the NICU . INTERVENTION . All participants received 4 intervention sessions of audiotaped and written material s. Parents in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program received information and behavioral activities about the appearance and behavioral characteristics of preterm infants and how best to parent them . The comparison intervention contained information regarding hospital services and policies . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES . Parental stress , depression , anxiety , and beliefs ; parent-infant interaction during the NICU stay ; NICU length of stay ; and total hospitalization were measured . RESULTS . Mothers in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program reported significantly less stress in the NICU and less depression and anxiety at 2 months ' corrected infant age than did comparison mothers . Blinded observers rated mothers and fathers in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program as more positive in interactions with their infants . Mothers and fathers also reported stronger beliefs about their parental role and what behaviors and characteristics to expect of their infants during hospitalization . Infants in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program had a 3.8-day shorter NICU length of stay ( mean : 31.86 vs 35.63 days ) and 3.9-day shorter total hospital length of stay ( mean : 35.29 vs 39.19 days ) than did comparison infants . CONCLUSIONS . A reproducible educational-behavioral intervention program for parents that commences early in the NICU can improve parent mental health outcomes , enhance parent-infant interaction , and reduce hospital length of stay ABSTRACT . We investigated the effects of a 1 -year home intervention on premature infants with low ( < 1500 g ) and higher ( 1500–2000 g ) birth weights . Infants from each weight condition were block r and omly assigned to a control or to one of two treatment groups . One treatment group focused on the development of the infant ; the other treatment group focused on the parent-infant interaction . The low birth weight infants obtained significantly lower Bayley mental and motor scores , and were more passive and less intense than the higher birth weight infants . However , the low birth weight infants and their parents were more responsive to the home intervention than were the higher birth weight infants , as demonstrated by changes in the Bayley mental scores and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment ( HOME ) inventory . These findings exemplify the reciprocal relationship between the child 's characteristics and parental responding . The importance of selecting the most high-risk premature infants for early home intervention is outlined The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a parent-focused intervention program ( COPE ) on infant cognitive development and maternal coping . A r and omized clinical trial was conducted with 42 mothers of low-birth-weight ( LBW ) premature infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) , with follow-up at 3 months ' and 6 months ' corrected ages . COPE mothers received the four-phase educational-behavioral program that began 2 - 4 days postbirth and continued through 1 week following discharge from the NICU . Comparison mothers received audiotaped information during the same four time frames . Results indicated that COPE infants had significantly higher mental development scores at a 3 months ' corrected age ( M = 100.3 ) than did the comparison infants ( M = 93.9 ) , and this difference widened at 6 months ' corrected age , with COPE infants scoring 14 points higher . COPE mothers were significantly less stressed by the NICU sights and sounds and had significantly stronger beliefs about what behaviors and characteristics to expect from their premature infants . Findings from this study support the need for further testing of early NICU interventions with parents to determine their effectiveness on parental coping and infant developmental outcomes OBJECTIVE Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected sample s. This study prospect ively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period . METHOD In 1983 ,  parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population . At follow-up , 14 years later , subjects were reassessed with a st and ardized DSM-IV interview . RESULTS High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses . The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex . Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder . Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood . CONCLUSIONS High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood . The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior . Attention Problems did not predict any 
    Output:
    
Parental responsivity is the only parenting axis strongly associated with both improved child cognition and behaviour .
Parental dem and ingness is associated only with improved child cognition , and parental warmth and rejection are associated only with child behaviour .
Parental coercion is not associated with subsequent child outcomes .
Parental responsivity may be essential in optimizing neurodevelopment in former preterm infants .