***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: IMPORTANCE Sauna bathing is a health habit associated with better hemodynamic function ; however , the association of sauna bathing with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality is not known . OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of frequency and duration of sauna bathing with the risk of sudden cardiac death ( SCD ) , fatal coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , fatal cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , and all-cause mortality . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a prospect i ve cohort study ( Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study ) of a population -based sample of 2315 middle-aged ( age range , 42 - 60 years ) men from Eastern Finl and . Baseline examinations were conducted from March 1 , 1984 , through December 31 , 1989 . EXPOSURES Frequency and duration of sauna bathing assessed at baseline . RESULTS During a median follow-up of 20.7 years ( interquartile range , 18.1 - 22.6 years ) , 190 SCDs , 281 fatal CHDs , 407 fatal CVDs , and 929 all-cause mortality events occurred . A total of 601 , 1513 , and 201 participants reported having a sauna bathing session 1 time per week , 2 to 3 times per week , and 4 to 7 times per week , respectively . The numbers ( percentages ) of SCDs were 61 ( 10.1 % ) , 119 ( 7.8 % ) , and 10 ( 5.0 % ) in the 3 groups of the frequency of sauna bathing . The respective numbers were 89 ( 14.9 % ) , 175 ( 11.5 % ) , and 17 ( 8.5 % ) for fatal CHDs ; 134 ( 22.3 % ) , 249 ( 16.4 % ) , and 24 ( 12.0 % ) for fatal CVDs ; and 295 ( 49.1 % ) , 572 ( 37.8 % ) , and 62 ( 30.8 % ) for all-cause mortality events . After adjustment for CVD risk factors , compared with men with 1 sauna bathing session per week , the hazard ratio of SCD was 0.78 ( 95 % CI , 0.57 - 1.07 ) for 2 to 3 sauna bathing sessions per week and 0.37 ( 95 % CI , 0.18 - 0.75 ) for 4 to 7 sauna bathing sessions per week ( P for trend = .005 ) . Similar associations were found with CHD , CVD , and all-cause mortality ( P for trend ≤.005 ) . Compared with men having a sauna bathing session of less than 11 minutes , the adjusted hazard ratio for SCD was 0.93 ( 95 % CI , 0.67 - 1.28 ) for sauna bathing sessions of 11 to 19 minutes and 0.48 ( 95 % CI , 0.31 - 0.75 ) for sessions lasting more than 19 minutes ( P for trend = .002 ) ; significant inverse associations were also observed for fatal CHDs and fatal CVDs ( P for trend ≤.03 ) but not for all-cause mortality events . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Increased frequency of sauna bathing is associated with a reduced risk of SCD , CHD , CVD , and all-cause mortality . Further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanism that links sauna bathing and cardiovascular health The effect of the Finnish sauna on insulin absorption from a subcutaneous injection site was examined in eight insulin-dependent diabetic patients by measuring externally the disappearance rate of 125I-labelled rapid-acting insulin .  The sauna ( twice for 25 minutes at 85 degrees C ) accelerated insulin absorption by 110 % as compared with room temperature ( p < 0.01 ) . After the sauna  blood glucose concentrations were 3.0 - 3.3 mmol/1 ( 54.1 - 59.5 mg/100 ml ) lower than on the control day ( p < 0.05 ) . The fall in blood glucose values was proportional to the increased rate of insulin absorption ( r = 0.30 ; p < 0.01 ) . The hypoglycaemic effect of a sauna in insulin-treated diabetics is clearly at least partly due to enhanced insulin absorption from the injection site . Such an effect might be prevented by taking a snack or reducing the insulin dose We have reported that repeated sauna therapy improves impaired vascular endothelial function in a patient with coronary risk factors . We hypothesized that sauna therapy decreases urinary 8-epi-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) ( PGF(2alpha ) ) levels as a marker of oxidative stress and conducted a r and omized , controlled study . Twenty-eight patients with at least one coronary risk factor were divided into a sauna group ( n = 14 ) and non-sauna group ( n = 14 ) . Sauna therapy was performed with a 60 degrees C far infrared-ray dry sauna for 15 minutes and then bed rest with a blanket for 30 minutes once a day for two weeks . Systolic blood pressure and increased urinary 8-epi-PGF(2alpha ) levels in the sauna group were significantly lower than those in the non-sauna group at two weeks after admission ( 110 + /- 15 mmHg vs 122 + /- 13 mmHg , P < 0.05 , 230 + /- 67 pg/mg x creatinine vs 380 + /- 101 pg/mg x creatinine , P < 0.0001 , respectively ) . These results suggest that repeated sauna therapy may protect against oxidative stress , which leads to the prevention of atherosclerosis KEY POINTS A recent 30 year prospect i ve study showed that lifelong sauna use reduces cardiovascular-related and all-cause mortality ; however , the specific cardiovascular adaptations that cause this chronic protection are currently unknown . We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of repeated hot water immersion ( ' heat therapy ' ) on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health in young , sedentary humans . We showed that , relative to a sham group which participated in thermoneutral water immersion , heat therapy  increased flow-mediated dilatation , reduced arterial stiffness , reduced mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure , and reduced carotid intima media thickness , with changes all on par or greater than what is typically observed in sedentary subjects with exercise training . Our results show for the first time that heat therapy has widespread and robust effects on vascular function , and as such , could be a viable treatment option for improving cardiovascular health in a variety of patient population s , particularly those with limited exercise tolerance and /or capabilities . ABSTRACT The majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries , predominantly caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening . Intermittent hot water immersion ( ' heat therapy ' ) results in elevations in core temperature and changes in cardiovascular haemodynamics , such as cardiac output and vascular shear stress , that are similar to exercise , and thus may provide an alternative means of improving health which could be utilized by patients with low exercise tolerance and /or capabilities . We sought to comprehensively assess the effects of 8 weeks of heat therapy on biomarkers of vascular function in young , sedentary subjects . Twenty young , sedentary subjects were assigned to participate in 8 weeks ( 4 - 5 times per week ) of heat therapy ( n = 10 ; immersion in a 40.5 ° C bath sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥ 38.5 ° C for 60 min per session ) or thermoneutral water immersion ( n = 10 ; sham ) . Eight weeks of heat therapy increased flow-mediated dilatation from 5.6 ± 0.3 to 10.9 ± 1.0 % ( P < 0.01 ) and superficial femoral dynamic arterial compliance from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.09 ±0.01 mm(2 ) mmHg(-1 ) ( P = 0.03 ) , and reduced ( i.e. improved ) aortic pulse wave velocity from 7.1 ± 0.3 to 6.1 ± 0.3 m s(-1 ) ( P = 0.03 ) , carotid intima media thickness from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.37 ± 0.01 mm ( P < 0.001 ) , and mean arterial blood pressure from 83 ± 1 to 78 ± 2 mmHg ( P = 0.02 ) . No changes were observed in the sham group or for carotid arterial compliance , superficial femoral intima media thickness or endothelium-independent dilatation  . Heat therapy improved endothelium-dependent dilatation , arterial stiffness , intima media thickness and blood pressure , indicating improved cardiovascular health . These data suggest heat therapy may provide a simple and effective tool for improving cardiovascular health in various population Background there are no previous studies linking repeated heat exposure of sauna and the risk of memory diseases . We aim ed to investigate whether frequency of sauna bathing is associated with risk of dementia and Alzheimer 's disease . Setting prospect i ve population -based study . Methods the frequency of sauna bathing was assessed at baseline in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease population -based prospect i ve cohort study of 2,315 apparently healthy men aged 42 - 60 years at baseline , with baseline examinations conducted between 1984 and 1989 .  Hazard ratios ( HRs ) with 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) for dementia and Alzheimer 's disease were ascertained using Cox-regression modelling with adjustment for potential confounders . Results during a median follow-up of 20.7 ( interquartile range 18.1 - 22.6 ) years , a total of 204 and 123 diagnosed cases of dementia and Alzheimer 's disease were respectively recorded . In analysis adjusted for age , alcohol consumption , body mass index , systolic blood pressure , smoking status , Type 2 diabetes , previous myocardial infa rct ion , resting heart rate and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , compared with men with only 1 sauna bathing session per week , the HR for dementia was 0.78 ( 95 % CI : 0.57 - 1.06 ) for 2 - 3 sauna bathing sessions per week and 0.34 ( 95 % CI : 0.16 - 0.71 ) for 4 - 7 sauna bathing sessions per week . The corresponding HRs for Alzheimer 's disease were 0.80 ( 95 % CI : 0.53 - 1.20 ) and 0.35 ( 95 % CI : 0.14 - 0.90 ) . Conclusion in this male population , moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer 's disease . Further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and memory diseases BACKGROUND Sauna bathing is associated with reduced  cardiovascular risk  , but the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect are not entirely understood . We aim ed to assess the relationship between sauna bathing and risk of incident hypertension . METHODS Frequency of sauna bathing was ascertained using question naires in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study , a prospect i ve cohort study conducted in Eastern Finl and that comprised a population -based sample of 1,621 men aged 42 to 60 years without hypertension at baseline . The incidence of hypertension was defined as a physician diagnosis of hypertension , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) > 140 mm Hg , diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg , or use of antihypertensive medication . RESULTS During a median follow-up of 24.7 years , 251 incident cases ( 15.5 % ) were recorded . In Cox regression analysis adjusted for baseline age , smoking , body mass index , and SBP ; compared to participants reporting 1 sauna session per week , the hazard ratio for incident hypertension in participants reporting 2 to 3 sessions and 4 to 7 sessions was 0.76 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.57 - 1.02 ) and 0.54 ( 0.32 - 0.91 ) , respectively . The corresponding hazard ratios were similar after further adjustment for glucose , creatinine , alcohol consumption , heart rate , family history of hypertension , socioeconomic status , and cardiorespiratory fitness : 0.83 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.59 - 1.18 ) and 0.53 ( 0.28 - 0.98 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Regular sauna bathing is associated with reduced risk of hypertension , which may be a mechanism underlying the decreased cardiovascular risk associated with sauna use . Further epidemiological and experimental studies could help eluci date the effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular function There have been a few reports in Caucasians that glucose tolerance is worse at higher environmental temperatures . In investigating these observations in a tropical African population , we performed st and ard oral gl 
    Output:
    
CONCLUSION PH preceded by a glucose load results in acute glucose intolerance in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals .
However , heating a non-diabetic individual without a glucose load appears not to affect glycaemic control .
Likewise , a glucose challenge given within 24 hours of a single-bout of heating does not affect glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals .
Despite the promise PH may hold , no short-term benefit to glucose tolerance is observed in non-diabetic individuals .