***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives It is not established to what extent caloric intake must be reduced to lower oxidative stress in humans . The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term , moderate caloric restriction on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight and obese premenopausal women . Material s/ Methods R and omized trial comparison of 25 % caloric restriction ( CR ) or control diet in 40 overweight or obese women ( body mass index 32±5.8 kg/m2 ) observed for 28 days and followed for the next 90 days . Weight , anthropometry , vali date d markers of oxidative stress ( F2-isoprostane ) and inflammation ( C-reactive protein ) , adipokines , hormones , lipids , interleukins , and blood pressure were assessed at baseline , during the intervention , and at follow-up . Results Baseline median F2-isoprostane concentration ( 57.0 , IQR = 40.5–79.5 ) in the CR group was 1.75-fold above average range for normal weight women ( 32.5 pg/ml ) . After starting of the caloric restriction diet , F2-isoprostane levels fell rapidly in the CR group , reaching statistical difference from the control group by day 5 ( median 33.5 , IQR = 26.0–48.0 , P<0.001 ) and remained suppressed while continuing on the caloric restriction diet . Three months after resuming a habitual diet , concentrations of F2-isoprostane returned to baseline elevated levels in ∼80 % of the women . Conclusions Oxidative stress can be rapidly reduced and sustained through a modest reduction in caloric intake suggesting potential health benefits in overweight and obese women . Trial Registration Clinical trials.gov The purpose of this trial was to determine whether exercise without weight loss would reduce F2-isoprostanes in previously sedentary young women . Participants ( N=319 ) were r and omized to four months of 150min/week aerobic exercise or a control group . Plasma free F2-isoprostanes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . Other assessment s included fitness and % body fat . Intervention groups were compared with stratification by quartiles of baseline plasma F2-isoprostane . This stratified comparison was linearly adjusted for baseline plasma F2-isoprostane and we also used baseline plasma F2-isoprostane as a propensity score to balance the intervention . Training result ed in significant improvements in aerobic fitness ( 0.88 METs ) and body fat percent ( 1 % ) in exercisers compared to controls ( p<0.001 ) . The exercise group had significantly higher mean baseline plasma F2-isoprostanes ( 79.1 vs 67.9pg/mL ) than the control group in the highest quartile of baseline plasma F2-isoprostanes . Within this highest quartile , exercise led to a greater decline in plasma F2-isoprostanes ( -20.2±2.5pg/mL ) than control ( -7.4±2.5pg/mL ) ; with adjustment for baseline plasma F2-isoprostanes and in the balanced groups , this difference was reduced but remained significant . Four months of exercise training result ed in significant reductions of systemic oxidative stress only among previously sedentary young women who were in the highest quartile of plasma F2-isoprostanes at baseline ( ≥57pg/mL ) . Our findings indicate that the benefits of aerobic exercise in reducing systemic oxidative stress may be limited to those who present higher baseline levels of plasma F2-isoprostanes Objective Investigate the effects of 12 months of dietary weight loss and /or aerobic exercise on leukocyte telomere length in postmenopausal women . Design and Methods 439 overweight or obese women ( 50–75 y ) were r and omized to : i ) dietary weight loss ( N=118 ) ; ii ) aerobic exercise ( N=117 ) , iii ) diet + exercise ( N=117 ) , or iv ) control ( N=87 ) . The diet intervention was a group-based program with a 10 % weight loss goal . The exercise intervention was 45 mins/day , 5 days/week of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity .  Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and 12 months . DNA was extracted from isolated leukocytes and telomere length was measured by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) . Mean changes were compared between groups ( intent-to-treat ) using generalized estimating equations . Results Baseline telomere length was inversely associated with age ( r=−0.12 p<0.01 ) and positively associated with maximal oxygen uptake ( r=0.11 , p=0.03 ) , but not with BMI or % body fat . Change in telomere length was inversely correlated with baseline telomere length ( r=−0.47 , p<0.0001 ) . No significant difference in leukocyte telomere length was detected in any intervention group compared to controls , nor was the magnitude of weight loss associated with telomere length at 12 months . Conclusions Twelve-months of dietary weight loss and exercise did not change telomere length in postmenopausal women Oxidative stress is higher in obese diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects . This pilot study evaluates oxidative stress during short-term administration of a very low calorie diet in obese persons . Nine obese Type 2 diabetic patients ( age 55+/-5 years , BMI 35.9+/-1.9 kg/m2 ) and nine obese non-diabetic control subjects ( age 52+/-6 years , BMI 37.3+/-2.1 kg/m2 ) were treated by a very low calorie diet ( 600 kcal daily ) during 8 days stay in the hospital . Serum cholesterol , triglycerides , non-esterified fatty acids ( NEFA ) , beta-hydroxybutyrate ( B-HB ) , ascorbic acid ( AA ) , alpha-tocopherol ( AT ) , plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity in erythrocytes were measured before and on day 3 and 8 of very low calorie diet administration . A decrease of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations on day 8 was associated with a significant increase of NEFA ( 0.30+/-0.13 vs. 0.47+/-0.11 micromol/l , p<0.001 ) and B-HB ( 0.36+/-.13 vs. 2.23+/-1.00 mmol/l , p<0.001 ) in controls but only of B-HB ( 1.11+/-0.72 vs. 3.02+/-1.95 mmol/l , p<0.001 ) in diabetic patients . A significant decrease of plasma MDA and serum AT together with an increase of SOD activity and AA concentration ( p<0.01 ) was observed in control persons , whereas an increase of SOD activity ( p<0.01 ) was only found in diabetic patients after one week of the very low calorie diet . There was a significant correlation between NEFA or B-HB and SOD activity ( p<0.01 ) . We conclude that one week of a very low calorie diet administration decreases oxidative stress in obese non-diabetic but only partly in diabetic persons . Diabetes mellitus causes a greater resistance to the effects of a low calorie diet on oxidative stress Oxidative stress , a potential mechanism linking obesity and cancer , results from an imbalance between activation/inactivation of reactive oxygen species , byproducts of cellular metabolism . In a r and omized controlled trial , we investigated effects of diet and /or exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress . A total of 439 overweight/obese [ body mass index ( BMI ) > 25 kg/m2 ] postmenopausal women , ages 50 of 75 years , were r and omized to 12 months of ( i ) reduced-calorie weight loss diet ( “ diet ” ; n = 118 ) ; ( ii ) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( “ exercise ” ; n = 117 ) ; ( iii ) combined diet and exercise intervention ( “ diet + exercise ” ; n = 117 ) ; or ( iv ) control ( n = 87 ) . Outcomes were circulating markers of oxidative stress , including fluorescent oxidation products ( FOP ) , F2-isoprostanes , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) . On average , participants were 57.9 years , with a BMI of 30.9 kg/m2 . F2-isprostanes were significantly reduced in the diet ( −22.7 % , P = 0.0002 ) and diet + exercise ( −23.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) arms versus controls ( −2.99 % ) and nonsignificantly reduced in the exercise arm ( −14.5 % , P = 0.01 ) . Participants r and omized to the diet and diet + exercise arms had significant increases in levels of FOP [ control −5.81 % ; diet + 14.77 % ( P = 0.0001 ) ; diet + exercise + 17.45 % , ( P = 0.0001 ) ] . In secondary analyses , increasing weight loss was statistically significantly associated with linear trends of greater reductions in oxidized LDL and in F2-isoprostanes and increases in FOP . Compared with controls , exercise participants whose maximal oxygen consumption increased had significant decreases in levels of F2-isoprostanes and in oxidized LDL and increases in FOP .  Dietary weight loss , with or without exercise , significantly reduced some markers of oxidative stress in postmenopausal women . Cancer Prev Res ; 9(11 ) ; 835–43 . © 2016 AACR AIM Effects of dietary weight loss on endothelial function , particularly when combined with exercise training , is largely unknown in type 2 diabetes . We sought to determine whether aerobic exercise training provided any additional improvements in endothelial function , oxidative stress or other established markers of cardiovascular risk when combined with an energy-restricted diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . METHODS In a parallel study design , 29 sedentary , overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes ( age 52.4 + /- 1.4 years and BMI 34.2 + /- 0.9 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omized to a 12-week moderate energy-restricted diet ( ~5000 kJ/day and approximately 30 % energy deficit ) with or without aerobic exercise training [ diet only ( D ) , n = 16 and diet plus exercise ( DE ) , n = 13 ] . Body weight , cardiovascular risk markers , malondialdehyde ( MDA , oxidative stress marker ) , 24-h urinary nitrate/nitrite and flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery were measured pre- and postintervention . RESULTS Both interventions reduced body weight ( D 8.9 % , DE 8.5 % , time effect p < 0.001 ) . Significant reductions in body fat , waist circumference , blood pressure , glycated haemoglobin , glucose , insulin resistance , lipids and MDA and increases in urinary nitrite/nitrate were observed in both groups ( time effect p < or = 0.05 ) ; however , these changes were not different between treatments . At baseline , FMD was similar in both groups ( D 2.5 + /- 0.9 % , DE 4.2 + /- 1.2 % ; p = 0.25 ) and did not change after the interventions ( p = 0.59 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lifestyle interventions incorporating diet with or without exercise improve glycaemic control , reduce oxidative stress and improve other cardiovascular risk factors but do not improve FMD in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes INTRODUCTION Maintenance of normal weight and higher levels of physical activity are associated with a reduced risk of several types of cancer . Because genomic instability is regarded as a hallmark of cancer development , one proposed mechanism is improvement of DNA repair function . We investigated links between dietary weight loss , exercise , and str and break rejoining in an ancillary study to a r and omized-controlled trial . METHODS Overweight/obese postmenopausal women ( n = 439 ) were r and omized to the following : a ) reduced calorie weight loss diet ( " diet , " n = 118 ) , b ) moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise ( " exercise , " n = 117 ) , c ) a combination ( " diet + exercise , " n = 117 ) , or d ) control ( n = 87 ) . The reduced calorie diet had a 10 % weight loss goal . The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity 5 d·wk for 12 months . DNA repair capacity was measured in a subset of 226 women at baseline and 12 months from cryopreserved peripheral mononuclear cells using the comet assay . Anthropometric and body composition measures were performed at baseline and 12 months . RESULTS DNA repair capacity did not change significantly with any of the 12-month interventions compared with control ; there were also no significant changes when stratified by changes in body composition or aerobic fitness ( V˙O2max ) . At baseline , DNA repair capacity was positively associated with weight , body mass index , and fat mass ( r = 0.20 , P = 0.00 
    Output:
    
Results : Across a broad range of intervention design s , diet- , exercise- , surgery- , balloon-induced weight loss regimens decreased oxidative stress measures .
Conclusion : While this systematic review supports a role for intentional weight loss in reducing obesity-associated oxidative stress , it is not clear whether the effects are primary outcomes or secondary to improvement in obesity-associated insulin resistance and /or chronic inflammation .