***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverages and maternal weight are strong drivers of child obesity , but few studies have targeted these risk factors as an obesity prevention strategy in children . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a smartphone-delivered intervention to reduce parent-provided  sugar-sweetened beverage and juice ( SSB/juice ) consumption among children ages 3 - 5 and maternal weight . METHODS Mothers with overweight or obesity , who had a child ages 3 - 5 that consumed at least 12 fl . oz./day of SSB/juice ( N = 51 dyads ) were r and omized to the Smart Moms  group that received one group session , lessons on a mobile website , and text messages , or to a waitlist control group . Mothers self-monitored their children 's beverages in addition to their own beverages , high-calorie foods , and weight . Assessment s at baseline , 3 , and 6 months included dietary recalls to measure SSB/juice intake and objective ly measured maternal weight . RESULTS Using linear mixed models controlling for baseline values , child age and race , there was a greater reduction in child SSB/juice in Smart Moms compared with control at 6 months ( -9.7 oz./day vs. 1.7 oz./day , p < .01 ) . Mothers in Smart Moms lost 2.4 kg at 6 months compared with a 0.9-kg gain in the control group ( p < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS An intervention delivered using mHealth technologies can target mothers to change child dietary behaviours and improve maternal weight , which suggests a novel approach to family-based obesity prevention OBJECTIVE . The study tested whether a combined environmental and educational intervention solely promoting water consumption was effective in preventing overweight among children in elementary school . METHODS . The participants in this r and omized , controlled cluster trial were second- and third- grade rs from 32 elementary schools in socially deprived areas of 2 German cities .  Water fountains were installed and teachers presented 4 prepared classroom lessons in the intervention group schools ( N = 17 ) to promote water consumption .  Control group schools ( N = 15 ) did not receive any intervention . The prevalence of overweight ( defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria ) , BMI SD scores , and beverage consumption ( in glasses per day ; 1 glass was defined as 200 mL ) self-reported in 24-hour recall question naires , were determined before ( baseline ) and after the intervention . In addition , the water flow of the fountains was measured during the intervention period of 1 school year ( August 2006 to June 2007 ) . RESULTS . Data on 2950 children ( intervention group : N = 1641 ; control group : N = 1309 ; age , mean ± SD : 8.3 ± 0.7 years ) were analyzed . After the intervention , the risk of overweight was reduced by 31 % in the intervention group , compared with the control group , with adjustment for baseline prevalence of overweight and clustering according to school . Changes in BMI SD scores did not differ between the intervention group and the control group . Water consumption after the intervention was 1.1 glasses per day greater in the intervention group . No intervention effect on juice and soft drink consumption was found . Daily water flow of the fountains indicated lasting use during the entire intervention period , but to varying extent . CONCLUSION . Our environmental and educational , school-based intervention proved to be effective in the prevention of  overweight among children in elementary school , even in a population from socially deprived areas OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based , 2-year , multi-component intervention on BMI , eating and physical activity behaviour in Fl and ers , Belgium , targeting children aged 3 - 6 years in communities of high and low socio-economic status ( SES ) . DESIGN Cluster-r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Thirty-one pre- primary and primary schools in three different intervention communities and three paired-matched ( on SES profile ) control communities in Fl and ers , Belgium . SUBJECTS BMI Z-scores  at baseline and follow-up were calculated for 1102 children . Question naires with sociodemographic data and FFQ were available from 694 of these 1102 children . RESULTS No significant effects were found on BMI Z-scores for the total sample . However , there was a significant decrease in BMI Z-score of 0·11 in the low-SES intervention community compared with the low-SES control community , where the BMI Z-score increased by 0·04 ( F = 6·26 , P = 0·01 ) . No significant intervention effects could be found for eating behaviour , physical activity or screen-time . There were no significant interaction effects of age and gender of the children on the outcome variables . CONCLUSIONS Although no significant effects were found for BMI Z-scores in the total sample , this intervention had a promising effect in the low-SES community of reducing excess weight gain among young children Background The FAN Social Marketing program was developed to improve dietary and physical activity habits of families with children in Ticino , Switzerl and . The aim of this study was to examine if the effects of the program on  children ’s food intake differed by intervention group . Methods Effects of the FAN program were tested through a R and omized Controlled Trial . The program lasted 8 weeks , during which participants received tailored communication about nutrition and physical activity . Families were r and omly allocated to one of three groups , where the parent received the intervention by the Web ( G1 ) , Web + e-mail ( G2 ) or Web + SMS ( G3 ) . Children in all groups received tailored print letters by post . Children ’s food consumption was assessed at baseline and immediate post intervention using a 7-day food diary . Generalized linear mixed models with child as a r and om effect and with time , treatment group , and the time by treatment interaction as fixed effects were used to test the impact of the intervention . Results Analyses were conducted with a sample of 608 children . After participating in FAN the marginal means of daily consumption of fruit changed from 0.95 to 1.12 in G1 , from 0.82 to 0.94 in G2 , and from 0.93 to 1.18 in G3 . The margins of the daily consumption of sweets decreased in each group ( 1.67 to 1.56 in G1 , 1.71 to 1.49 in G2 , and 1.72 to 1.62 in G3 ) . The change in vegetable consumption observed from pre to post intervention in G3 ( from 1.13 to 1.21 ) was significantly different from that observed in G1 ( from 1.21 to 1.17 ) . Conclusions A well- design ed Web-based Social Marketing intervention complemented with print letters can help improve children ’s consumption of water , fruit , soft drinks , and sweets . The use of SMS to support greater behavior change , in addition to Web-based communication , result ed only in a small significant positive change for vegetables , while the use of e-mail in addition to Web did not result in any significant difference . Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the IS RCT N registry ( ID IS RCT N48730279 ) OBJECTIVE Consumption of water may help promote health and prevent obesity in children by decreasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages . This study used evidence -based strategies to increase water consumption in Mexican-American and Mexican children . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 2012 , two schools in San Diego , USA and two other in Tlaltizapan , Mexico were recruited to Agua para Niños ( Water for Kids )  , a program  design ed to promote water consumption among elementary grade students . Guided by operant psychology , the intervention focused on school and classroom activities to encourage water consumption . One control and one intervention school in each country were included . RESULTS Agua para Niños result ed in increases in observed water consumption and bottle possession among US and Mexican students . Teacher receptivity to the program was very positive in both countries . CONCLUSIONS Agua para Niños yielded sufficiently positive behavioral changes to be used in a future fully r and omized design , and to contribute to school nutrition policy changes The objective of this study was to evaluate an educational module for Latino parents about the health effects of sweet beverages . Latino parents were r and omized to receive the beverage module or a control module .  Child beverage consumption was assessed at baseline , 2 weeks , 2 months , and 3 months via a beverage recall survey . At 2-week follow-up , children of intervention participants had a mean reduction in 7-day total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100 % fruit juice consumption of 16 ounces while controls had a mean increase of 4 ounces ( P = .01 ) . At 2-month and 3-month follow-up , there was a reduction in mean total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100 % fruit juice consumption among both intervention and control children . An educational module on beverages for Latino parents  reduced child consumption of sweet beverages at 2-week follow-up . However , study participation appears to have also reduced controls ’ beverage consumption suggesting that frequent intensive surveys of beverage intake may be an intervention unto itself UNLABELLED The current pilot study examined the effectiveness of a social network-based intervention using peer influence on  self-reported water consumption . A total of 210 children ( 52 % girls ; M age = 10.75 ± SD = 0.80 ) were r and omly assigned to either the intervention ( n = 106 ; 52 % girls ) or control condition ( n = 104 ; 52 % girls ) . In the intervention condition , the most influential children in each classroom were trained to promote water consumption among their peers for eight weeks . The schools in the control condition did not receive any intervention . Water consumption , sugar-sweetened beverage ( SSB ) consumption , and intentions to drink more water in the near future were assessed by self-report measures before and immediately after the intervention . A repeated measure MANCOVA showed a significant multivariate interaction effect between condition and time ( V = 0.07 , F(3 , 204 ) = 5.18 , p = 0.002 , pη(2 ) = 0.07 ) on the dependent variables . Further examination revealed significant univariate interaction effects between condition and time on water ( p = 0.021 ) and SSB consumption ( p = 0.015 ) as well as water drinking intentions ( p = 0.049 ) . Posthoc analyses showed that children in the intervention condition reported a significant increase in their water consumption ( p = 0.018 ) and a decrease in their SSB consumption ( p < 0.001 ) over time , compared to the control condition ( p-values > 0.05 ) . The children who were exposed to the intervention did not report a change in their water drinking intentions over time ( p = 0.576 ) whereas the nonexposed children decreased their intentions ( p = 0.026 ) . These findings show promise for a social network-based intervention using peer influence to positively alter consumption behaviors . TRIAL REGISTRATION This RCT was registered in the Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614001179628 ) . Study procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Radboud University ( ECSW2014 - 1003 - 203 ) INTRODUCTION Across the U.S. , afterschool programs ( ASPs , 3:00pm-6:00pm ) are trying to achieve nationally endorsed nutrition st and ards ( Healthy Eating St and ards ) calling for fruits/vegetables and water to be served every day , while eliminating sugar-sweetened beverages and foods . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 2-year changes in the types of foods and beverages served during a community-based intervention design ed to achieve the Healthy Eating St and ards . STUDY DESIGN R and omized delayed treatment trial with an immediate ( 1-year baseline and 2-year intervention ) or delayed ( 2-year baseline and 1-year intervention ) group . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Twenty ASPs serving 1,700 children ( aged 5 - 12 years ) were recruited , with baseline occurring spring 2013 , and outcome assessment occurring spring 2014 and 2015 . INTERVENTION The multistep intervention , Strategies To Enhance Practice for Healthy Eating , assisted ASP leaders/staff to serve foods/beverages that meet the nutrition st and ards . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The foods and beverages served for snack were observed directly . RESULTS Compared with non-intervention years , both the immediate and delayed groups increased the number of days/week that fruits/vegetables ( 0.6 vs 1.7 days/week and 0.6 vs 4.4 days/week , OR=3.80 , 95 % CI=1.45 , 9.95 ) and water ( 2.3 vs 3.7 days/week and 2.7 vs 4.8 days/week , OR=4.65 , 95 % CI=1.69 , 12.79 ) were served . Sugar-sweetened beverages were almost eliminated by post- assessment ( 1.2 vs 0.2 days/week and 3.2 vs 0.0 days/week , OR=0.05 , 95 % CI=0.02 , 0.13 ) . Only the immediate group decreased the number of days/week desserts were served ( 2.9 vs 0.6 days/week , OR=0.10 , 95 % CI=0.03 , 0.33 ) . Implementation barriers for the delayed group included once/month delivery sched 
    Output:
    
In conclusion , there is evidence that , on average , lifestyle interventions can lead to small increases in children 's daily water consumption .