***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM To determine the long-term efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells ( BM-MNCs ) transplantation in terms of improving liver function and reducing complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis . METHODS A total of 47 in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this trial , including 32 patients undergoing a single BM-MNCs transplantation plus routine medical treatment , and 15 patients receiving medical treatment only as controls . Forty-three of 47 patients were infected with hepatitis B virus . Bone marrow of 80 - 100 mL was obtained from each patient and the BM-MNCs suspension was transfused into the liver via the hepatic artery . The efficacy of BM-MNCs transplantation was monitored during a 24-mo follow-up period . RESULTS Liver function parameters in the two groups were observed at 1 mo after BM-MNCs transfusion . Prealbumin level was 118.3 ± 25.3 mg/L vs 101.4 ± 28.7 mg/L ( P = 0.047 ) ; albumin level was 33.5 ± 3.6 g/L vs 30.3 ± 2.2 g/L ( P = 0.002 ) ; total bilirubin 36.9 ± 9.7 mmol/L vs 45.6 ± 19.9 mmol/L ( P = 0.048 ) ; prothrombin time 14.4 ± 2.3 s vs 15.9 ± 2.8 s ( P = 0.046 ) ; prothrombin activity 84.3 % ± 14.3 % vs 74.4 % ± 17.8 % ( P = 0.046 ) ; fibrinogen 2.28 ± 0.53 g/L vs 1.89 ± 0.44 g/L ( P = 0.017 ) ; and platelet count 74.5 ± 15.7 × 10(9)/L vs 63.3 ± 15.7 × 10(9)/L ( P = 0.027 ) in the treatment group and control group , respectively . Differences were statistically significant . The efficacy  of BM-MNCs transplantation lasted 3 - 12 mo as compared with the control group . Serious complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were also significantly reduced in BM-MNCs transfused patients compared with the controls . However , these improvements disappeared 24 mo after transplantation . CONCLUSION BM-MNCs transplantation is safe and effective in patients with decompensated cirrhosis . It also decreases the incidence of serious complications Background & AimS earch for an effective therapy for patients with hepatitis B virus related acute-on-chronic liver failure ( HBV-ACLF ) remains an important issue . This study investigated the efficacy of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell ( UC-MSC ) transplantation in patients with HBV-ACLF . Methods 45 consecutive entecavir-treated HBV-ACLF patients were prospect ively studied . Among these patients , 11 received both plasma exchange ( PE ) and a single transplantation of UC-MSCs ( group A ) , while 34 received only PE ( group B ) . The primary endpoint was survival at 24 months . Results Compared with group B , levels of albumin , alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , total bilirubin , direct bilirubin , prothrombin time ( PT ) , international normalized ratio ( INR ) and model for end-stage liver disease score in group A improved significantly at 4 weeks after transplantation ( p < 0.05 ) . Levels of albumin , PT and INR in group A were also markedly improved at 24 months ( p < 0.05 ) . Group A had significantly higher cumulative survival rate at 24 months ( 54.5 % v.s. 26.5 % , p = 0.015 by log rank test ) . Between the two groups , levels of creatinine , White blood cell , hemoglobin and platelet were similar . HBeAg loss and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence were similar at 24 months . Group assignment ( relative risk : 2.926 , 95%confidence interval : 1.043–8.203 , p = 0.041 ) was an independent predictor for survival at 24 months . Success rate of UC-MSC transplantation was 100 % in group A. No severe adverse event was observed in any patient . Conclusion UC-MSC transplantation is safe and effective for HBV-ACLF patients treated with PE and entecavir . It further improves the hepatic function and survival UNLABELLED Acute-on-chronic liver failure ( ACLF ) is characterized by acute decompensation ( AD ) of cirrhosis , organ failure(s ) , and high 28-day mortality . We investigated whether assessment s of patients at specific time points predicted their need for liver transplantation ( LT ) or the potential futility of their care . We assessed clinical courses of 388 patients who had ACLF at enrollment , from February through September 2011 , or during early ( 28-day ) follow-up of the prospect i ve multicenter European Chronic Liver Failure ( CLIF ) ACLF in Cirrhosis study . We assessed ACLF grade s at different time points to define disease resolution , improvement , worsening , or steady or fluctuating course . ACLF resolved or improved in 49.2 % , had a steady or fluctuating course in 30.4 % , and worsened in 20.4 % . The 28-day transplant-free mortality was low-to-moderate ( 6%-18 % ) in patients with nonsevere early course ( final no ACLF or ACLF-1 ) and high-to-very high ( 42%-92 % ) in those with severe early course ( final ACLF-2 or -3 ) independently of initial grade s. Independent predictors of course severity were CLIF Consortium ACLF score ( CLIF-C ACLFs ) and presence of liver failure ( total bilirubin ≥12 mg/dL ) at ACLF diagnosis . Eighty-one percent had their final ACLF grade at 1 week , result ing in accurate prediction of short- ( 28-day ) and mid-term ( 90-day ) mortality by ACLF grade at 3 - 7 days . Among patients that underwent early LT , 75 % survived for at least 1 year . Among patients with ≥4 organ failures , or CLIF-C ACLFs > 64 at days 3 - 7 days , and did not undergo LT , mortality was 100 % by 28 days . CONCLUSIONS Assessment of ACLF  patients at 3 - 7 days of the syndrome provides a tool to define the emergency of LT and a rational basis for intensive care discontinuation owing to futility Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells ( MSCs ) have been explored in a number of clinical trials as a possible method of treating various diseases . However , the effect of long-term cell expansion in vitro on physiological function and genetic stability is still poorly understood . In this study ,  MSC cultures  derived from bone marrow and liver were evaluated for the presence of aberrant cells following long-term expansion . In 46 independent cultures , four batches of transformed MSCs ( TMCs ) were found , which were all beyond the culture period of five weeks . These aberrant cells were first identified based on the appearance of abnormal cytology and the acquirement of growth advantage . Despite common MSC markers being diminished or absent , TMCs remain highly susceptible to lysis by allogenic natural killer ( NK ) cells . When transplanted into immunodeficient mice , TMCs formed sarcoma-like tumors , whereas parental MSCs did not form tumors in mice . Using a combination of high-resolution genome-wide DNA array and short-t and em repeat profiling , we confirmed the origin of TMCs and excluded the possibility of human cell line contamination . Additional genomic duplication and deletions were observed in TMCs , which may be associated with the transformation event . Using gene and microRNA expression arrays , a number of genes were identified that were differentially expressed between TMCs and their normal parental counterparts , which may potentially serve as biomarkers to screen cultures for evidence of early transformation events . In conclusion , the spontaneous transformation of MSCs result ing in tumorigenesis is rare and occurs after relatively long-term ( beyond five weeks ) culture . However , as an added safety measure , cultures of MSCs can potentially be screened based on a novel gene expression signature Background : Chronic hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection may eventually lead to decompensated liver cirrhosis , which is a terminal illness . Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of autologous peripheral blood stem cell ( APBSC ) transplantation to improve portal vein hemodynamics in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . Patients and Methods : This prospect i ve study included 68 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . These patients were divided into two groups : the transplantation group included 33 patients , while the control group included 35 . Both groups received conventional medical treatment simultaneously , and APBSC transplantation was performed on the patients in the transplantation group . We evaluated the effects of APBSC transplantation on postoperative liver function using the following indices : total bilirubin , serum prothrombin and albumin , spleen size , and portal vein hemodynamics . Postoperatively , all of the patients were followed up at 24 , 36 , and 48 weeks . Results : The transplantation group had no serious reactions . Compared with the control group , albumin and prothrombin activity in the transplantation group was significantly improved at 24 , 36 , and 48 weeks after the procedure , and spleen length and portal vein diameter were substantially reduced at 48 weeks . The velocity of peak portal vein blood flow and mean maximum portal vein blood flow were greatly increased in the APBSC transplantation group at 36 and 48 weeks , respectively ; however , there was also decreased portal vein diameter , which reduced portal vein pressure in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis . Conclusions : APBSC transplantation greatly benefits HBV-linked decompensated cirrhosis patients and should be recommended in clinical practice Objectives Counseling patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure ( ACHBLF ) on their individual risk of short-term mortality is challenging . This study aim ed to develop a conditional survival estimate ( CSE ) for predicting individualized mortality risk in ACHBLF patients . Methods We performed a large prospect i ve cohort study of 278 ACHBLF patients from December 2010 to December 2013 at three participating medical centers . The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative overall survival ( OS ) . Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze the risk factors associated with OS . 4-week CSE at “ X ” week after diagnostic established were calculated as CS4 = OS(X+4)/OS(X ) . Results The actual OS at 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 weeks were 80.5 % , 71.8 % , 69.3 % , 66.0 % and 63.7 % , respectively . Using CSE , the probability of surviving an additional 4 weeks , given that the patient had survived for 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 weeks was 74 % , 86 % , 92 % , 93 % , 97 % , respectively . Patients with worse prognostic feathers , including MELD > 25 , Child grade C , age > 45 , HE , INR > 2.5 , demonstrated the greatest increase in CSE over time , when compared with the “ favorable ” one ( Δ36 % vs. Δ10 % ; Δ28 % vs. Δ16 % ; Δ29 % vs. Δ15 % ; Δ60 % vs. Δ12 % ; Δ33 % vs. Δ12 % ; all P < 0.001 ; respectively ) . Conclusions This easy-to-use CSE can accurately predict the changing probability of survival over time . It may facilitate risk communication between patients and physicians Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ( HUMSCs ) are highly proliferative and can be induced to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three germ layers . Thus , HUMSCs are considered to be a promising source for cell-targeted therapies and tissue engineering . However there are reports on spontaneous transformation of mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) derived from human bone marrows . The capacity for HUMSCs to undergo malignant transform spontaneously or via induction by chemical carcinogens is presently unknown . Therefore , we isolated HUMSCs from 10 donors and assessed their transformation potential either spontaneously or by treating them with 3-methycholanthrene ( 3-MCA ) , a DNA-damaging carcinogen . The malignant transformation of HUMSCs in vitro was evaluated by morphological changes , proliferation rates , ability to enter cell senescence , the telomerase activity , chromosomal abnormality , and the ability to form tumors in vivo . Our studies showed that HUMSCs from all 10 donors ultimately entered senescence and did not undergo spontaneous malignant transformation . However , HUMSCs from two of the 10 donors treated with 3-MCA displayed an increased prol 
    Output:
    
It was found that multipotent cell transplantation was able to alleviate liver damage and improve liver function .
Multipotent cell transplantation can also enhance the short‐term and medium‐term survival rates of ACLF .
In conclusions , this study suggested that multipotent cell transplantation could be recommended as a potential therapeutic supplementary tool in clinical practice .