***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess the efficacy of an innovative smoking cessation intervention targeted to a multiethnic , economically disadvantaged HIV-positive population . Design : A two-group r and omized clinical trial compared a smoking cessation intervention delivered by cellular telephone with usual care approach . Methods : Current smokers from a large , inner city HIV/AIDS care center were recruited and r and omized to receive either  usual care or  a  cellular telephone intervention . The usual care group received brief physician advice to quit smoking , targeted self-help written material s and nicotine replacement therapy . The cellular telephone intervention received eight counseling sessions delivered via cellular telephone in addition to the usual care components .  Smoking-related outcomes were assessed at a 3-month follow-up . Results : The trial had 95 participants and 77 ( 81.0 % ) completed the 3-month follow-up assessment . Analyses indicated biochemically verified point prevalence smoking abstinence rates of 10.3 % for the usual care group and 36.8 % for the cellular telephone group ; participants who received the cellular telephone intervention were 3.6 times ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.3 - 9.9 ) more likely to quit smoking compared with participants who received usual care ( P = 0.0059 ) . Conclusions : These results suggest that individuals living with HIV/AIDS are receptive to , and can be helped by , smoking cessation treatment . In addition , smoking cessation treatment tailored to the special needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS , such as counseling delivered by cellular telephone , can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates over that achieved by usual care Background Advances in technology allowed the development of a novel smoking cessation program delivered by video messages sent to mobile phones . This social cognitive theory-based intervention ( called “ STUB IT ” ) used observational learning via short video diary messages from role models going through the quitting process to teach behavioral change techniques . Objective The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of a multimedia mobile phone intervention for smoking cessation . Methods A r and omized controlled trial was conducted with 6-month follow-up . Participants had to be 16 years of age or over , be current daily smokers , be ready to quit , and have a video message-capable phone . Recruitment targeted younger adults predominantly through radio and online advertising . Registration and data collection were completed online , prompted by text messages . The intervention group received an automated package of video and text messages over 6 months that was tailored to self-selected quit date , role model , and timing of messages . Extra messages were available on dem and to beat cravings and address lapses . The control group also set a quit date and received a general health video message sent to their phone every 2 weeks . Results The target sample size was not achieved due to difficulty recruiting young adult quitters . Of the 226 r and omized participants , 47 % ( 107/226 ) were female and 24 % ( 54/226 ) were Maori ( indigenous population of New Zeal and ) . Their mean age was 27 years ( SD 8.7 ) , and there was a high level of nicotine addiction . Continuous abstinence at 6 months was 26.4 % ( 29/110 ) in the intervention group and 27.6 % ( 32/116 ) in the control group ( P = .8 ) . Feedback from participants indicated that the support provided by the video role models was important and appreciated . Conclusions This study was not able to demonstrate a statistically significant effect of the complex video messaging mobile phone intervention compared with simple general health video messages via mobile phone . However , there was sufficient positive feedback about the ease of use of this novel intervention , and the support obtained by observing the role model video messages , to warrant further investigation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Number : ACTRN12606000476538 ; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=81688 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5umMU4sZi AIMS To assess Sweet Talk , a text-messaging support system design ed to enhance self-efficacy , facilitate uptake of intensive insulin therapy and improve glycaemic control in paediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes . METHODS One hundred and twenty-six patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria ; Type 1 diabetes for > 1 year , on conventional insulin therapy , aged 8 - 18 years . Ninety-two patients were r and omized to conventional insulin therapy  ( n = 28 ) , conventional therapy and Sweet Talk ( n = 33 ) or  intensive insulin therapy and Sweet Talk ( n = 31 ) . Goal - setting at clinic visits was reinforced by daily text-messages from the Sweet Talk software system , containing personalized goal -specific prompts and messages tailored to patients ' age , sex and insulin regimen . RESULTS HbA(1c ) did not change in patients on conventional therapy without or with Sweet Talk ( 10.3 + /- 1.7 vs. 10.1 + /- 1.7 % ) , but improved in patients r and omized to intensive therapy and Sweet Talk ( 9.2 + /- 2.2 % , 95 % CI -1.9 , -0.5 , P < 0.001 ) . Sweet Talk was associated with improvement in diabetes self-efficacy  ( conventional therapy 56.0 + /- 13.7 , conventional therapy plus Sweet Talk 62.1 + /- 6.6 , 95 % CI + 2.6 , + 7.5 , P = 0.003 ) and self-reported adherence  ( conventional therapy 70.4 + /- 20.0 , conventional therapy plus Sweet Talk 77.2 + /- 16.1 , 95 % CI + 0.4 , + 17.4 , P = 0.042 ) . When surveyed , 82 % of patients felt that Sweet Talk had improved their diabetes self-management and 90 % wanted to continue receiving messages . CONCLUSIONS Sweet Talk was associated with improved self-efficacy and adherence ; engaging a classically difficult to reach group of young people . While Sweet Talk alone did not improve glycaemic control , it may have had a role in supporting the introduction of intensive insulin therapy . Scheduled , tailored text messaging offers an innovative means of supporting adolescents with diabetes and could be adapted for other health-care setting s and chronic diseases Background Prevention of the onset of depression in adolescence may prevent social dysfunction , teenage pregnancy , substance abuse , suicide , and mental health conditions in adulthood . New technologies allow delivery of prevention programs scalable to large and disparate population s. Objective To develop and test the novel mobile phone delivery of a  depression prevention intervention for adolescents . We describe the development of the intervention and the results of participants ’ self-reported satisfaction with the intervention . Methods The intervention was developed from 15 key messages derived from cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) . The program was fully automated and delivered in 2 mobile phone messages/day for 9 weeks , with a mixture of text , video , and cartoon messages and a mobile website . Delivery modalities were guided by social cognitive theory and marketing principles . The intervention was compared with an attention control program of the same number and types of messages on different topics . A double-blind r and omized controlled trial was undertaken in high schools in Auckl and , New Zeal and , from June 2009 to April 2011 . Results A total of 1348 students ( 13–17 years of age ) volunteered to participate at group sessions in schools , and 855 were eventually r and omly assigned to groups . Of these , 835 ( 97.7 % ) self-completed follow-up question naires at postprogram interviews on satisfaction , perceived usefulness , and adherence to the intervention . Over three-quarters of participants viewed at least half of the messages and 90.7 % ( 379/418 ) in the intervention group reported they would refer the program to a friend . Intervention group participants said the intervention helped them to be more positive ( 279/418 , 66.7 % ) and to get rid of negative thoughts ( 210/418 , 50.2%)—significantly higher than proportions in the control group . Conclusions Key messages from CBT can be delivered by mobile phone , and young people report that these are helpful . Change in clinician-rated depression symptom scores from baseline to 12 months , yet to be completed , will provide evidence on the effectiveness of the intervention . If proven effective , this form of delivery may be useful in many countries lacking widespread mental health services but with extensive mobile phone coverage . Clinical Trial Australia New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN ) : 12609000405213 ; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=83667 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/64aueRqOb INTRODUCTION Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) represents a significant public health concern . However , few efforts to assess smoking cessation interventions targeting this population have been reported . In this brief report , 3-month outcomes from an ongoing treatment trial for PLWHA who smoke are described . METHODS Study participants were recruited from a large HIV care center serving a diverse population of PLWHA . A two-group r and omized design was used to compare the efficacy of usual-care ( UC ) smoking cessation treatment versus a cell phone intervention ( CPI ) . Follow-ups were conducted at the HIV clinic 3 months postenrollment . Using an intent-to-treat approach , a series of multiple regression models were used to compare smoking outcomes in the 2 groups . RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-four participants were enrolled and r and omized , UC ( n = 238 ) and CPI ( n = 236 ) . Mean age in the sample was 44.8 ( SD = 8.1 ) years , and the majority were male ( 70.0 % ) , Black ( 76.6 % ) , and had an education level of high school or less ( 77.5 % ) . At follow-up , participants in the CPI group were 4.3 ( 95 % CI = 1.9 , 9.8 ) times more likely to be abstinent ( 7 day ) compared with those in the UC group . Similarly , significant point estimates were observed for the other smoking outcomes of interest . CONCLUSIONS Findings from this preliminary report indicate that a smoking cessation intervention for PLWHA consisting of cell phone-delivered proactive counseling results in significantly higher abstinence rates compared with a st and ard care approach . Evaluation of the long-term ( 6-month and 12-month ) efficacy of the CPI approach is ongoing Adherence to antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) represents one of the strongest predictors of progression to AIDS , yet it is difficult for most patients to sustain high levels of adherence . This study compares the efficacy of a personalized cell phone reminder system ( ARemind ) in enhancing adherence to ART versus a beeper .  Twenty-three HIV-infected subjects on ART with self-reported adherence less than 85 % were r and omized to a cellular phone ( CP ) or beeper ( BP ) . CP subjects received personalized text messages daily ; in contrast , BP subjects received a reminder beep at the time of dosing . Interviews were scheduled at weeks 3 and 6 . Adherence to ART was measured by self-report ( SR , 7-day recall ) , pill count ( PC , past 30 days at baseline , then past 3 weeks ) , Medication Event Monitoring System ( MEMS ; cumulatively at 3 and 6 weeks ) , and via a composite adherence score constructed by combining MEMS , pill count , and self report . A mixed effects model adjusting for baseline adherence was used to compare adherence rates between the intervention groups at 3 and 6 weeks . Nineteen subjects completed all visits , 10 men and 9 females . The mean age was 42.7 ± 6.5 years , 37 % of subjects were Caucasian and 89 % acquired HIV heterosexually .  The average adherence to ART was 79 % by SR and 65 % by PC at baseline in both arms ; over 6 weeks adherence increased and remained significantly higher in the ARemind group using multiple measures of adherence . A larger and longer prospect i ve study is needed to confirm these findings and to better underst and optimal reminder messages and user fatigue This paper describes the results of a controlled multicenter study on the effect of the computer assistance in the intensive insulin therapy . The patient collective consisted of 50 diabetics , r and omly divided in two groups with 25 patients per group . The Multiple Subcutaneous Injection ( MSI ) group was treated with the usually intensive regimen . The treatment in the Computer Assisted Meal Related Insulin Therapy ( CAMIT ) group was performed with the aid of a specialized pocket computer . Only in the CAMIT group during the study we observed a significant decrease : in the mean blood glucose ( BG ) with 1.6+/-0.4 mmol/l ( P<0.05 ) , in the BG amplitudes by 1.0+/-0.3 mmol/l ( P<0.05 ) , and in the hypoglycemia frequency-from 2.0+/-0.4 to 1.2+/-0.3 ( P<0.01 ) hypoglycemic episodes weekly . The HbA(1 ) values fell in the MSI group by 3.7 
    Output:
    
Interventions for other conditions showed suggestive benefits in some cases , but the results were not consistent .
No evidence of publication bias was demonstrated on visual or statistical examination of the funnel plots for either disease management or health behaviours .
Text messaging interventions increased adherence to ART and smoking cessation and should be considered for inclusion in services .