***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The objective is to study the effect of after-birth oral colonization by a probiotic Escherichia coli strain in infants of allergic mothers to reduce occurrence of allergy later in life . Methods : In a controlled clinical trial , 158 infants were r and omly divided into groups of ( i ) 56 colonized infants of allergic mothers , ( ii ) 57 control infants of allergic mothers , and ( iii ) 45 control infants of healthy mothers . Incidence rates of bacterial pathogens in stool and levels of anti-E. coli immunoglobulins and some cytokines in serum were determined , and secretory IgA was monitored in stool filtrates and maternal milk . Clinical check-ups of infants aged 4 days , 3 and 6 months , 2 , 3 and 5 years were carried out and clinical symptoms of allergy were monitored . One milliliter of the probiotic E. coli strain was administered to infants of allergic mothers at first within 48 h after birth and subsequently 3 times a week over a period of 4 weeks . Control infants of allergic and healthy mothers were monitored in these intervals as well . Results : Presence of the E. coli strain was monitored in stool sample s throughout the study . At the conclusion of the study , allergy symptoms were found in 14 infants of control allergic mothers , 7 infants of healthy mothers , and in 2 colonized infants of allergic mothers . Colonization affected levels of several cytokines and specific anti-E. coli antibodies . Conclusions : After birth , targeted colonization of the intestine by a probiotic E. coli strain can be an effective means of allergy prevention in infants of allergic mothers Background The ' hygiene hypothesis ' suggests that early exposure to microbes can be protective against atopic disease . The intestinal microbial flora could operate as an important postnatal regulator of the Th1/Th2 balance . The aim of the study was to investigate the association between early intestinal colonisation and the development of  asthma in the first 3 years of life . Methods In a prospect i ve birth cohort , 117 children were classified according to the Asthma Predictive Index . A positive index included wheezing during the first three years of life combined with eczema in the child in the first years of life or with a parental history of asthma .  A faecal sample was taken at the age of 3 weeks and cultured on selective media . Results Asthma Predictive Index was positive in 26/117 ( 22 % ) of the children . The prevalence of colonisation with Bacteroides fragilis was higher at 3 weeks in index+ compared to index- children ( 64 % vs. 34 % p < 0,05 ) . Bacteroides fragilis and Total Anaerobes counts at 3 weeks were significantly higher in children with a positive index as compared with those without . After adjusting for confounders a positive association was found between Bacteroides fragilis colonisation and Asthma Predictive Index ( odds ratio : 4,4 ; confidence interval : 1,7 – 11,8 ) . Conclusion Bacteroides fragilis colonisation at age 3 weeks is an early indicator of possible asthma later in life . This study could provide the means for more accurate targeting of treatment and prevention and thus more effective and better controlled modulation of the microbial milieu BACKGROUND It is debated whether a low total diversity of the gut microbiota in early childhood is more important than an altered prevalence of particular bacterial species for the increasing incidence of allergic disease . The advent of powerful , cultivation-free molecular methods makes it possible to characterize the total microbiome down to the genus level in large cohorts . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool during the first year of life in relation to atopic eczema development . METHODS Microbial diversity and composition were analyzed with barcoded 16S rDNA 454-pyrosequencing in stool sample s at 1 week , 1 month , and 12 months of age in 20 infants with IgE-associated eczema and 20 infants without any allergic manifestation until 2 years of age ( Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT01285830 ) . RESULTS Infants with IgE-associated eczema had a lower diversity of the total microbiota at 1 month ( P = .004 ) and a lower diversity of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Bacteroides at 1 month ( P = .02 and P = .01 ) and the phylum Proteobacteria at 12 months of age ( P = .02 ) . The microbiota was less uniform at 1 month than at 12 months of age , with a high interindividual variability . At 12 months , when the microbiota had stabilized , Proteobacteria , comprising gram-negative organisms , were more abundant in infants without allergic manifestation ( Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression in R [ edgeR ] test : P = .008 , q = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Low intestinal microbial diversity during the first month of life was associated with subsequent atopic eczema Background A modest number of prospect i ve studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiota and eczema in early life have yielded conflicting results . Objective To examine the relationship between the bacterial diversity of the gut and the development of eczema in early life by methods other than stool culture . Methods Fecal sample s were collected from 21 infants at 1 and 4 months of life . Nine infants were diagnosed with eczema by the age of 6 months ( cases ) and 12 infants were not ( controls ) . After conducting denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis ( DGGE ) of stool sample s , we compared the microbial diversity of cases and controls using the number of electrophoretic b and s and the Shannon index of diversity ( H ' ) as indicators . Results Control subjects had significantly greater fecal microbial diversity than children with eczema at ages 1 ( mean H ' for controls = 0.75 vs. 0.53 for cases , P = 0.01 ) and 4 months ( mean H ' for controls = 0.92 vs. 0.59 for cases , P = 0.02 ) . The increase in diversity from 1 to 4 months of age was significant in controls ( P = 0.04 ) but not in children who developed eczema by 6 months of age ( P = 0.32 ) . Conclusion Our findings suggest that reduced microbial diversity is associated with the development of eczema in early life BACKGROUND Alterations in intestinal microflora have been linked to the development of allergic disease . Recent studies suggest that healthy infant immune development may depend on the establishment of a diverse gut microbiota rather than the presence or absence of specific microbial strains . OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between diversity of gut microbiota in the early postnatal period and subsequent development of eczema and atopy in the first year of life . METHODS Fecal sample s were collected 1 wk after birth from 98 infants at high risk of allergic disease , who were followed prospect ively to age 12 months .  Fecal microbial diversity was assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism ( T-RFLP ) using restriction enzymes Sau96I and AluI , with a greater number of peaks representing greater diversity of bacterial communities . RESULTS Microbial diversity at day 7 was significantly lower in infants with eczema at age 12 months as compared to infants without eczema ( AluI mean number of peaks 13.1 vs. 15.5 , p = 0.003 , 95 % CI for difference in means -3.9 , -0.8 ; Sau96I 14.7 vs. 17.2 , p = 0.03 , 95 % CI -4.9 , -0.3 ) . No differences were observed for atopic compared to non-atopic infants , or infants with two allergic parents compared to those with one or no allergic parent . CONCLUSIONS A more diverse intestinal microbiota in the first week of life is associated with a reduced risk of subsequent eczema in infants at increased risk of allergic disease . Interventions that enhance microbial diversity in early life may provide an effective means for the prevention of eczema in high-risk infants Background Deviations in composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota in infancy have been associated with both the development and recurrence of atopic eczema . Thus , we decided to use a deep and global microarray-based method to characterize the diversity and temporal changes of the intestinal microbiota in infancy and to define specific bacterial signatures associated with eczema . Faecal microbiota at 6 and 18 months of age were analysed from 34 infants ( 15 with eczema and 19 healthy controls ) selected from a prospect i ve follow-up study based on the availability of faecal sample s. The infants were originally r and omized to receive either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or placebo . Results Children with eczema harboured a more diverse total microbiota than control subjects as assessed by the Simpson ’s reciprocal diversity index of the microarray profiles . Composition of the microbiota did not differ between study groups at age of 6 months , but was significantly different at age of 18 months as assessed by MCPP ( p=0.01 ) . At this age healthy children harboured 3 -fold greater amount of members of the Bacteroidetes ( p=0.01 ) . Microbiota of  children  suffering from  eczema  had increased abundance of the Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa , which are typically abundant in adults . Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation in early infancy was observed to have minor long-term effects on the microbiota composition . Conclusion A diverse and adult-type microbiota in early childhood is associated with eczema and it may contribute to the perpetuation of eczema BACKGROUND Changes in the human microbiome have been suggested as a risk factor for a number of lifestyle-related disorders , such as atopic diseases , possibly through a modifying influence on immune maturation in infancy . OBJECTIVES We aim ed to explore the association between neonatal fecal flora and the development of atopic disorders until age 6 years , hypothesizing that the diversity of the intestinal microbiota influences disease development . METHODS We studied the intestinal microbiota  in infants in the Copenhagen Prospect i ve Study on Asthma in Childhood , a clinical study of a birth cohort of 411 high-risk children followed for 6 years by clinical assessment s at 6-month intervals , as well as at acute symptom exacerbations . Bacterial flora was analyzed at 1 and 12 months of age by using molecular techniques based on 16S rRNA PCR combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis , as well as conventional culturing . The main outcome measures were the development of allergic sensitization ( skin test and specific serum IgE ) , allergic rhinitis , peripheral blood eosinophil counts , asthma , and atopic dermatitis during the first 6 years of life . RESULTS We found that bacterial diversity in the early intestinal flora 1 and 12 months after birth was inversely associated with the risk of allergic sensitization ( serum specific IgE P = .003 ; skin prick test P = .017 ) , peripheral blood eosinophils ( P = .034 ) , and allergic rhinitis ( P = .007 ) . There was no association with the development of asthma or atopic dermatitis . CONCLUSIONS Reduced bacterial diversity of the infant 's intestinal flora was associated with increased risk of allergic sensitization , allergic rhinitis , and peripheral blood eosinophilia , but not asthma or atopic dermatitis , in the first 6 years of life . These results support the general hypothesis that an imbalance in the intestinal microbiome is influencing the development of lifestyle-related disorders , such as allergic disease Background The extended ' hygiene hypothesis ' suggests that the initial composition of the infant gut microbiota is a key determinant in the development of atopic disease . Several studies have demonstrated that the microbiota of allergic and non-allergic infants are different even before the development of symptoms , with a critical time window during the first 6 months of life . The aim of the study was to investigate the association between early intestinal colonisation and the development of asthma in the first 3 years of life using DGGE ( denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ) . Methods In a prospect i ve birth cohort , 110 children were classified according to the API ( Asthma Predictive Index ) . A positive index included wheezing during the first three years of life combined with eczema in the child in the first years of life or with a parental history of asthma . A fecal sample was taken at the age of 3 weeks and analysed with DGGE using universal and genus specific primers . Results The Asthma Predictive Index was positive in 24/110 ( 22 % ) of the children . Using universal V3 primers a b and corresponding to a Clostridum coccoides XIVa species was significantly associated with a positive API . A Bacteroides fragilis subgroup b and was also significantly associated with a positive API . A final DGGE model , including both b and s , allowed correct classification of 73 % ( 80/110 ) of the cases . Conclusion Fecal colonisation at age 3 weeks with either a Bacteroides fragilis subgroup or a Clostridium coccoides subcluster XIVa species is an early indicator of possible asthma later in life . These findings need to be confirmed in a new longitudinal follow-up study BACKGROUND The intestinal 
    Output:
    
In the microbiota of allergic children whose intestinal microbiota was assessed at the onset of allergic symptoms , there was a higher count of Bacteroides ; a lower count of Akkermansia muciniphila , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , and Clostridium ; a higher prevalence of B. adolescentis ; a lower prevalence of B. catenulatum and Staphylococcus aureus ; and a lower bacterial diversity