***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Exposure to unhealthy food marketing stimulates children 's food consumption . A child 's responsiveness is influenced by individual factors , result ing in an increased vulnerability to advertising effects among some children . Whether these differential responses may be altered by different parental feeding behaviours is unclear . The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parental feeding practice s and children 's food intake responses to food advertising exposure . A r and omised , crossover , counterbalanced , within subject trial was conducted across four , six-day holiday camps in New South Wales , Australia between April 2016 and January 2017 with 160 children ( 7 - 12 years , n = 40/camp ) . Children were r and omised to either a multiple media ( TV and Internet ) or single media ( TV ) condition and exposed to food ( 3 days ) and non-food ( 3 days ) advertising in an online game and /or a cartoon .  Children 's food consumption ( kilojoules ( kJ ) ) was measured at a snack immediately after advertising exposure and then at lunch later in the day . Parents completed the Child Feeding Question naire , and ' restriction ' and ' pressure to eat ' subscale scores were calculated . While food advertising affected all children in the multiple media condition , there was an increased effect on snack intake among children whose parents reported pressuring them to eat , with children consuming an additional 356 kJ after food advertising compared with non-food advertising . This was 209 kJ more than children whose parents did not pressure them to eat . In the single media condition , only children whose parents reported restrictive feeding practice s ate more at lunch on food advertising days than non-food advertising days ( 240 kJ ) . These data highlight an increased susceptibility to food advertising among children whose parents report controlling feeding practice The weight of evidence points to the advertising of food affecting food consumption , especially among children . Such advertising often promotes unhealthy foods . Current policy deliberations focus on developing effective ' protective ' messages to increase advertising literacy and consequent scepticism about advertising targeting children . This study examined whether incorporating a ' protective ' message in an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks would reduce  children 's snack intake . A r and omized between-subject design was conducted in the Netherl and s ( N = 215 ) and Spain ( N = 382 ) with an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products . The results showed that playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks increased caloric intake in both countries , irrespective of whether the ' protective ' message was present or not . These results point to the limitations of ' protective ' messages and advertising literacy and provide policy makers with a rationale for extending the current prohibition of food advertising to young children in the terrestrial media to online environments Background / Objective : Exposure to food advertisements may cue overeating among children , especially among those genetically predisposed to respond to food cues . We aim ed to assess how television food advertisements affect eating in the absence of hunger among children in a r and omized trial . We hypothesized that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene ( FTO ) rs9939609 single-nucleotide polymorphism would modify the effect of food advertisements . Subjects/ Methods : In this r and omized experiment , 200 children aged 9–10 years were served a st and ardized lunch and then shown a 34-min television show embedded with either food or toy advertisements . Children were provided with snack food to consume ad libitum while watching the show and we measured caloric intake . Children were genotyped for rs9939609 and analyses were conducted in the overall sample and stratified by genotype . A formal test for interaction of the food advertisement effect on consumption by rs9939609 was conducted . Results : About 172 unrelated participants were included in this analysis . Children consumed on average 453 ( s.d.=185 ) kcals during lunch and 482 ( s.d.=274 ) kcals during the experimental exposure . Children who viewed food advertisements consumed an average of 48 kcals ( 95 % confidence interval : 10 , 85 ; P=0.01 ) more of a recently advertised food than those who viewed toy advertisements . There was a statistically significant interaction between genotype and food advertisement condition ( P for interaction=0.02 ) , where the difference in consumption of a recently advertised food related to food advertisement exposure increased linearly with each additional FTO risk allele , even after controlling for body mass index percentile . Conclusions : Food advertisement exposure was associated with greater caloric consumption of a recently advertised food , and this effect was modified by an FTO genotype . Future research is needed to underst and the neurological mechanism underlying these associations Background Policies restricting children ’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between food advertising exposure and  children ’s energy intake and body weight .  Food advertising exposure increases children ’s immediate food consumption , but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known ; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear . Methods We conducted a within-subject , r and omised , crossover , counterbalanced study across four , six-day holiday camps in New South Wales , Australia between April 2016 and January 2017 . Children ( 7–12 years , n = 160 ) were recruited via local schools , email networks and social media . Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp ( n = 20 ) , r and omised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to food and non-food advertising in an online game and /or a television cartoon .  Children ’s food consumption ( kilojoules ) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day . Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between food advertising exposure and dietary intake , taking into account gender , age and weight status . Results All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to food advertising compared with non-food advertising ; this was not compensated for at lunch , leading to additional daily food intake of 194 kJ ( 95 % CI 80–308 , p = 0.001 , d = 0.2 ) . Exposure to multiple-media food advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ ( 95 % CI 46–317 , p = 0.009 , d = 0.4 ) . Food advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups . Conclusion Online ( ‘ advergame ’ ) advertising combined with TV advertising exerted a stronger influence on children ’s food consumption than TV advertising alone . The lack of compensation at lunch for children ’s increased snack intake after food advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy food advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap , which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry , number ACTRN12617001230347 ( Retrospectively registered ) OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on children 's  body mass index ( BMI ) as a risk factor for the development of overweight in young children . DESIGN R and omized controlled clinical trial . SETTING University children 's hospital . PARTICIPANTS Seventy children aged 4 to 7 years whose BMI was at or above the 75th BMI percentile for age and sex . INTERVENTIONS Children were r and omized to an intervention to reduce their television viewing and computer use by 50 % vs a monitoring control group that did not reduce television viewing or computer use . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age- and sex-st and ardized BMI ( z BMI ) , television viewing , energy intake , and physical activity were monitored every 6 months during 2 years . RESULTS Children r and omized to the intervention group showed greater reductions in targeted sedentary behavior ( P < .001 ) , z BMI ( P < .05 ) , and energy intake ( P < .05 ) compared with the monitoring control group . Socioeconomic status moderated z BMI change ( P = .01 ) , with the experimental intervention working better among families of low socioeconomic status . Changes in targeted sedentary behavior mediated changes in z BMI ( P < .05 ) . The change in television viewing was related to the change in energy intake ( P < .001 ) but not to the change in physical activity ( P = .37 ) . CONCLUSIONS Reducing television viewing and computer use may have an important role in preventing obesity and in lowering  BMI in young children , and these changes may be related more to changes in energy intake than to changes in physical activity BACKGROUND : Preschoolers in the United States are heavily exposed to unhealthy food advertisements . Whether such exposure promotes cued eating has not been documented in this age group . METHODS : R and omized experiment among 60 children , aged 2 to 5 years , recruited in 2015–2016 from New Hampshire and Vermont . Children completed the experiment at a behavioral laboratory . Children were provided with a healthy snack to consume upon arrival then r and omized to view a 14-minute TV program embedded with advertisements for either a food or a department store . Children were provided 2 snack foods to consume ad libitum while viewing the TV program ; 1 of those snacks was the food advertised . Eating in the absence of hunger ( EAH ) was operationalized as the kilocalories of snack foods consumed . t tests were used to compare EAH by advertisement condition ; linear regression models assessed effect modification by the child ’s age , sex , BMI percentile , and parental feeding restriction . RESULTS : Mean age was 4.1 ( SD 0.9 ) years , 55 % of children were male , 80 % were non-Hispanic white , and 20 % were overweight or obese . There were no differences in child or socioeconomic characteristics by advertisement condition .  Child BMI was not related to EAH . Mean kilocalories consumed during the EAH phase was greater among children exposed to the food advertisements ( 126.8 , SD : 58.5 ) versus those exposed to the nonfood advertisements ( 97.3 , SD : 52.3 ; P = .04 ) , an effect driven by greater consumption of the advertised food ( P < .01 ) . There was no evidence of effect modification . CONCLUSIONS : Findings suggest that food advertisement exposure may encourage obesogenic-eating behaviors among the very young BACKGROUND Previous studies have focused on the effects of television advertising on the energy intake of children . However , the rapidly changing food-marketing l and scape requires research to measure the effects of nontraditional forms of marketing on the health-related behaviors of children . OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks or fruit on children 's ad libitum snack and fruit consumption and to examine whether this consumption differed according to br and and product type ( energy-dense snacks and fruit ) . The second aim was to examine whether advergames can stimulate fruit intake . DESIGN We used a r and omized between-subject design with 270 children ( age : 8 - 10 y ) who played an advergame that promoted energy-dense snacks ( n = 69 ) , fruit ( n = 67 ) , or nonfood products  ( n = 65 ) or  were in the control condition  ( n = 69 ) . Subsequently , we measured the free intake of energy-dense snacks and fruit . The children then completed question naire measures , and we weighed and measured them . RESULTS The main finding was that playing an advergame containing food cues increased general energy intake , regardless of the advertised br and or product type ( energy-dense snacks or fruit ) , and this activity particularly increased the intake of energy-dense snack foods . Children who played the fruit version of the advergame did not eat significantly more fruit than did those in the other groups . CONCLUSION The findings suggest that playing advergames that promote food , including either energy-dense snacks or fruit , increases energy intake in children OBJECTIVE Recent research offers conflicting views of whether women high in dietary restraint are inspired or demoralized after viewing thin-ideal images . We conducted two studies to explore the impact of diet commercials featuring the thin-ideal image on snack food consumption . METHOD In Study 1 , 91 high school women watched a sad movie interrupted with diet or neutral commercials .  In Study 2 , 102 college women saw diet commercials early or midway through a sad movie . RESULTS In Study 1 , high restraint participants consumed more snacks after exposure to diet commercials than to neutral commercials . In Study 2 , early commercials reduced snacking in low restraint women but not in high restraint women . DISCUSSION Thin-ideal images embedded in diet commercials do not inspire high restraint women but can modify the eating of low restraint women BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children . However , the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear . The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children ’s snack intake . METHODS : First , impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task . Then a r and omized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products .  As an extra manipulation , half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating , the other half were not . Children could eat freely while playing the game . Food intake was measured . The children then 
    Output:
    
Findings from nonexperimental studies revealed that exposure to TV food advertising was positively associated with and predictive of dietary intake in children .
Short-term exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV and advergames increases immediate calorie consumption in children