***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study examined the extent to which being abused and /or neglected in childhood increases a person 's  risk for promiscuity , prostitution , and teenage pregnancy .  METHODS A prospect i ve cohorts design was used to match , on the basis of age , race , sex , and social class , cases of abused and /or neglected children from 1967 to 1971 with nonabused and nonneglected children ; subjects were followed into young adulthood . From 1989 to 1995 1196 subjects ( 676 abused and /or neglected and 520 control subjects were located and interviewed . RESULTS Early childhood abuse and /or neglect was a significant predictor of prostitution for females ( odds ratio [ OR ] = 2.96 ) . For females , sexual abuse ( OR = 2.54 ) and neglect ( OR = 2.58 ) were associated with prostitution , whereas physical abuse was only marginally associated . Childhood abuse and neglect were not associated with increased risk for promiscuity or teenage pregnancy . CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support a relationship between childhood victimization and subsequent prostitution . The presumed causal sequence between childhood victimization and teenage pregnancy may need to be reevaluated The relationship between sexual and physical abuse history and negative health effects has been well-documented in medical facility sample s. Few studies have examined the role of abuse history and its relationship with chronic fatigue and psychiatric disorders in a diverse , r and omly selected community-based sample . The present study compared rates of different types of abuse events in individuals with chronic fatigue and non-symptomatic controls . Relationships between specific types of abuse and psychiatric disorders commonly associated with chronic fatigue were also explored . A stratified r and om sample of 18,675 adults residing in ethnically and socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Chicago first completed a telephone screening question naire . A control group and a group of individuals with chronic fatigue symptomatology were identified and administered a semi-structured psychiatric interview assessing DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders and a sexual and physical abuse history question naire . Controlling for sociodemographic differences , fatigue outcome was significantly predicted by childhood sexual abuse and the total number of different childhood abuse events . Within the chronic fatigue group , diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) was significantly predicted by childhood sexual abuse , childhood death threat , the total number of childhood abuse events , and lifetime abuse events . Sexual abuse during adolescence or adulthood significantly predicted other anxiety disorders among individuals with chronic fatigue . These findings suggest that a history of abuse , particularly during childhood , may play a role in the development and perpetuation of a wide range of disorders involving chronic fatigue . Among individuals with chronic fatigue , PTSD and other anxiety disorders appear to demonstrate the strongest association with abuse history . The implication s of these findings are discussed Using a r and omly selected community-based sample , this investigation examined whether histories of childhood sexual , physical , and death threat abuse predicted adulthood outcomes of specific medical and psychiatric conditions involving chronic fatigue . This study also tested prior suggestions that most individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome report a past history of interpersonal abuse . Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between abuse history and chronic fatigue group outcomes while controlling for the effects of sociodemographics . Compared with healthy controls , childhood sexual abuse was significantly more likely to be associated with outcomes of idiopathic chronic fatigue , chronic fatigue explained by a psychiatric condition , and chronic fatigue explained by a medical condition . None of the abuse history types were significant predictors of chronic fatigue syndrome . A closer examination of individuals in the chronic fatigue syndrome group revealed that significantly fewer individuals with CFS reported abuse as compared with those who did not . The implication s of these findings are discussed Patterns of physical comorbidity among women with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) were explored using Michigan Medicaid cl aims data . PTSD-diagnosed women ( n = 2,133 ) were compared with 14,948 r and omly selected women in three health outcome areas : ICD-9 categories of disease , chronic conditions associated with sexual assault history in previous research , and reproductive health conditions . PTSD was associated with increased risk of all categories of diseases ( OR range = 1.3 - 4.8 ) , endometriosis ( OR = 2.7 ) , and dyspareunia ( OR = 3.4 ) . When PTSD was not complicated by other mental health conditions , odds ratios for chronic conditions ranged from 1.9 for fibromyalgia to 4.3 for irritable bowel . Comorbidity with depression or a dissociative or borderline personality disorder raised risk in a dose-response pattern OBJECTIVE Clinic based studies suggest that adverse events in childhood may predispose to  chronic pain in adult life . These have been conducted on highly selected groups , and it is unknown whether these relationships hold in the general population and to what extent the increased rate of adverse childhood events in persons with pain is an artefact of differential reporting . We examined the hypothesis that chronic widespread pain was associated with reports of adverse experiences in childhood and whether any observed relationships could be explained by differential recall . METHODS A cross sectional population based screening survey was conducted . Subjects completed a question naire that included assessment s of pain and psychological state . In total , 296 subjects who had demonstrated psychological distress were r and omly selected and had a detailed interview , which included an assessment of 14 adverse childhood experiences . Medical records relating to childhood were also examined for those subjects . RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported adverse childhood experiences was greatest in adult subjects with current chronic widespread pain . Exposure to illness in family members , parental loss , operations , and abuse were all associated with increased , but nonsignificant , odds of having chronic widespread pain versus those without such exposures . However the only statistically significant association was with childhood hospitalizations . From medical record information the associations of hospitalizations ( OR 5.1 , 95 % CI 2.0 - 13.0 ) and operations ( OR 3.0 , 95 % CI 1.2 - 7.2 ) with pain previously noted were partly explained by differential recall between subjects with and without pain : hospitalizations , OR 2.2 , 95 % CI 0.9 - 5.5 ; operations , OR 1.2 , 95 % CI 0.5 - 3.4 . CONCLUSION Although several reported adverse events in childhood were observed to be associated with chronic widespread pain in adulthood , only reports of hospitalizations were significantly associated . Validation of self-reported exposures suggests that there was differential recall of past events among those with and without pain , and this differential recall explained the association between hospitalizations and current chronic pain . Such differential recall may explain other observations of an association between reports of adverse childhood events and chronic pain in adulthood To profile differences in current physical symptoms and medical conditions among women users of Veterans Administration ( VA ) health services with and without a self-reported history of sexual assault sustained during military service , we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative , r and om sample of women veterans using VA outpatient services ( n = 3632 ) . A self-administered , mailed survey asked whether women had sustained sexual assault while in the military  and requested information about a spectrum of physical symptoms and medical conditions . A history of sexual assault  while in the military was reported by 23 % of women VA users and was associated with current physical symptoms and medical conditions in every domain assessed . For example , women who reported sexual assault were more likely to indicate that they had a " heart attack " within the past year , even after adjusting for age , hypertension , diabetes , and smoking history ( OR 2.3 , 95 % CI 1.3 - 4.0 ) . Among women reporting a history of sexual assault while in the military , 26 % endorsed > or = 12 of 24 symptoms/conditions , compared with 11 % of women with no reported sexual assault while in the military ( p < 0.001 ) . Clinicians need to be attuned to the high frequency of sexual assault occurring while in the military reported by women VA users and its associated array of current physical symptoms and medical conditions . Clinicians should consider screening both younger and older patients for a sexual violence history , especially patients with multiple physical symptoms BACKGROUND Little is known about the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis ( CFS/ME ) ; prospect i ve studies suggest a role for premorbid mood disorder . AIMS To examine childhood and early adult adversity , ill health and physical activity as premorbid risk markers for CFS/ME by 42 years , taking psychopathology into account . METHOD Data were from the 1958 British birth cohort , a prospect i ve study from birth to 42 years ( n = 11 419 ) . The outcomes were self-reported CFS/ME ( n = 127 ) and operationally defined CFS-like illness ( n = 241 ) at 42 years . RESULTS Adjusting for psychopathology , parental physical abuse ( odds ratio ( OR ) = 2.10 , 95 % CI 1.16 - 3.81 ) , childhood gastrointestinal symptoms ( OR = 1.58 , 95 % CI 1.00 - 2.50 ) and parental reports of many colds ( OR = 1.65 , 95 % CI 1.09 - 2.50 ) were independently associated with self-reported CFS/ME . Female gender and premorbid psychopathology were the only risk markers for CFS-like illness , independent of comorbid psychopathology . CONCLUSIONS This confirms the importance of premorbid psychopathology in the aetiological pathways of CFS/ME , and replicates retrospective findings that childhood adversity may play a role in a minority Abstract Prior studies of careseeking fibromyalgia ( FM ) patients often report that they have an elevated risk of psychiatric disorders , but biased sampling may distort true risk . The current investigation utilizes state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic procedures for both FM and psychiatric disorders to estimate prevalence rates of FM and the comorbidity of FM and specific psychiatric disorders in a diverse community sample of women . Participants were screened by telephone for  FM and MDD , by r and omly selecting telephone numbers from a list of households with women in the NY/NJ metropolitan area . Eligible women were invited to complete physical examinations for FM and clinician‐administered psychiatric interviews . Data were weighted to adjust for sampling procedures and population demographics . The estimated overall prevalence of FM among women in the NY/NJ metropolitan area was 3.7 % ( 95 % CI = 3.2 , 4.4 ) , with higher rates among racial minorities .  Although risk of current MDD was nearly 3‐fold higher in community women with than without FM , the groups had similar risk of lifetime MDD . Risk of lifetime anxiety disorders , particularly obsessive compulsive disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder , was approximately 5‐fold higher among women with FM . Overall , this study found a community prevalence for FM among women that replicates prior North American studies , and revealed that FM may be even more prevalent among racial minority women . These community‐based data also indicate that the relationship between MDD and FM may be more complicated than previously thought , and call for an increased focus on anxiety disorders in FM Abstract Previous studies of the association between posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and chronic widespread pain ( CWP ) or fibromyalgia have not examined the role of familial or genetic factors . The goals of this study were to determine if symptoms of PTSD are related to CWP in a genetically informative community‐based sample of twin pairs , and if so , to ascertain if the association is due to familial or genetic factors . Data were obtained from the University of Washington Twin Registry , which contains 1042 monozygotic and 828 dizygotic twin pairs . To assess the symptoms of PTSD , we used questions from the Impact of Events Scale ( IES ) . IES scores were partitioned into terciles . CWP was defined as pain located in 3 body regions lasting at least 1 week during the past 3 months . R and om‐effects regression models , adjusted for demographic features and depression , examined the relationship between IES and CWP . IES scores were strongly associated with CWP ( P < 0.0001 ) . Compared to those in the lowest IES tercile , twins in the highest tercile were 3.5 times more likely to report CWP . Although IES scores were associated with CWP more strongly among dizygotic than among monozygotic twins , this difference was not significant . Our findings suggest that PTSD symptoms , as measured by IES , are strongly linked to CWP , but this association is not explained by a common familial or genetic vulnerability to both conditions . Future research is needed to underst and the temporal association of PTSD and CWP , as well as the physiological underpinnings of this relationship Background —In out patients and the community , an association between abuse ( particularly sexual abuse ) and irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) has been observed , but whether there is a causal link continues to be disputed . Aims —To test the hypothesis that psychological factors explain the apparent association between abuse and IBS . Methods —A sample of residents of Penrith ( a Sydney suburb sociodemographically similar to the Australian population ) selected r and omly from the electoral rolls ( that by law include the entire population of age 18 years and above ) was mailed a vali date d self report question naire . Measured were gastrointestinal ( GI ) symptoms including the Rome criteria for IBS , abuse ( including the st and ardised Drossman questions ) , neuroticism ( Eysenck Personality Question naire ) , and psychological morbidity ( General Health Question naire ) . Results —The response rate was 64 % ( n=730 
    Output:
    
This association was robust against both publication bias and the generally low quality of the literature .
The magnitude of the association with PTSD was significantly larger than that with sexual or physical abuse .
The association of reported trauma with chronic fatigue syndrome was larger than the association with either irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia .
Studies using nonvali date d question naires or self-report of trauma reported larger associations than did those using vali date d question naires .
Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that traumatic events are associated with an increased prevalence of functional somatic syndromes .