***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Fatigue or lack of interest can reduce the feasibility of intensive physical exercise in nursing home residents .  Low-volume exercise interventions with similar training effects might be an alternative . The aim of this r and omised controlled trial was to investigate the feasibility of Whole Body Vibration ( WBV ) in institutionalised elderly , and its impact on functional capacity and muscle performance . Methods Twenty-four nursing home residents ( 15 female , 9 male ; mean age 77.5 ± 11.0 years ) were r and omised ( stratification for age , gender and ADL-category ) to 6 weeks static WBV exercise ( WBV+ , N = 13 ) or control ( only static exercise ; N = 11 ) . Outcome measures were exercise compliance , timed up- and -go , Tinetti-test , back scratch , chair sit- and -reach , h and grip strength and linear isokinetic leg extension . Results At baseline , WBV+ and control groups were similar for all outcome variables . Twenty-one participants completed the program and attended respectively 96 % and 86 % of the exercise sessions for the WBV+ and control groups . Training-induced changes in timed up- and -go and Tinetti-test were better for WBV+ compared to control ( p = 0.029 for timed up- and -go , p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 for Tinetti body balance and total score respectively ) . In an alternative analysis ( Worst Rank Score & Last Observation Carried Forward ) the differences in change remained significant on the Tinetti body balance and total score . No other significant differences in change between both groups were observed . Conclusion In nursing home residents with limited functional dependency , six weeks static WBV exercise is feasible , and is beneficial for balance and mobility . The supplementary benefit of WBV on muscle performance compared to classic exercise remains to be explored further OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults Increased fat mass , particularly abdominal fat mass , is associated with poor metabolic profiles and an increase in cardiovascular risk factors . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year combined aerobic and strength training regimen , compared to aerobic training only , on body composition in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Thirty-six males with CAD were assigned to 3 groups : 13 to weight training plus aerobic training ( combined training group [ CT ] ) , 13 to aerobic training only ( aerobic training group [ AT ] ) , and 10 to a control group ( no exercise [ CG ] ) . Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) . Differences were observed between groups at the end of the study , controlling for prevalues . The total and trunk percent fat mass ( % FM ) were lower in CT compared with AT and CG ( P<.05 ) . The total % FM in AT was significantly ( P<.05 ) lower than in CG , but the % FM of the trunk did not differ between the 2 groups . Fat-free mass ( FFM ) was significantly higher in CT than in AT and CG ( P<.05 ) . The results suggest that a long-term CT program is more effective than an AT program alone in producing changes in body composition . The percentage changes in total and trunk fat mass were higher in CT ( -11 % and -12 % , respectively ) than in AT ( -2.4 % and -0.7 % , respectively ) . Future studies need to investigate the specific health effects of trunkal fat mass loss in patients with CAD Aim . To analyse the effect of a specific program of weight training exercise with closed kinetic chain in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis . Methods . A total of 59 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia were included in this prospect i ve study . Subjects were divided into two groups : the study group ( SG , n = 30 ; 57.5 ± 5.1 years ) and the control group ( CG , n = 29 ; 56.6 ± 4.6 years ) . In the study group was applied a weight exercise protocol ( longitudinal forces in closed kinetic chain ) during 12 months , whereas in the control group no weight exercise protocol was applied . Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip was assessed at baseline and at the end of follow-up by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry . Results . Although no significant intragroup differences were found , patients in SG showed a 1.17 % increase in the lumbar spine whereas in CG a 2.26 % decrease in bone density was detected . Conclusion . This protocol of weight training exercise did not significantly improve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis , but in comparison to the control group , the results showed the importance of practising the specific exercise program for maintenance of bone health in postmenopausal women OBJECTIVE To test whether training on a high-frequency ( 28Hz ) vibrating platform improves muscle power and bone characteristics in postmenopausal women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up . SETTING Outpatient clinic in a general hospital in Italy . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine postmenopausal women ( intervention group , n=14 ; matched controls , n=15 ) . INTERVENTION Participants stood on a ground-based oscillating platform for three 2-minute sessions for a total of 6 minutes per training session , twice weekly for 6 months . The controls did not receive any training . Both groups were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle power , calculated from ground reaction forces produced by l and ing after jumping as high as possible on a forceplate , cortical bone density , and biomarkers of bone turnover . RESULTS Over 6 months , muscle power improved by about 5 % in women who received the intervention , and it remained unchanged in controls ( P=.004 ) . Muscle force remained stable in both the intervention and control groups . No significant changes were observed in bone characteristics . CONCLUSION Reflex muscular contractions induced by vibration training improve muscle power in postmenopausal women PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 months of whole-body resistive training ( RT ) on total and regional bone mineral density ( BMD ) and bone mineral content ( BMC ) by age and gender in young and older men and women . METHODS Younger men ( n=10 ) and women ( n=7 ) aged 20 - 29 years ( 25+/-1 years ) and older men ( n=10 ) and women ( n=10 ) aged 65 - 74 years ( 69+/-1 years ) participated in 6 months of progressive whole-body RT .  Upper- and lower-body strength was assessed by the one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) test , and total body fat , lean tissue mass , femoral neck BMD , Ward 's triangle BMD , greater trochanter BMD , total-body BMD , and L2-L4 spine BMD were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 6 months of RT . RESULTS Percent body fat decreased only in the young men ( P<0.05 ) . Lean tissue mass increased after training in young men and women and older men ( P<0.05 ) but did not change significantly in older women . Upper- and lower-body 1RM strength increased in all groups ( P<0.01 ) . Overall , there was a significant increase in BMD at the femoral neck , ward 's triangle and greater trochanter BMD , as well as total body BMC and leg BMC ( P<0.05 ) . Total-body BMD and L2-L4 spine BMD did not change with RT . There were no gender differences in the training response between men and women for any of the BMD regions and no age differences in the training response , except for a trend between young and older subjects for femoral neck ( P<0.08 ) . CONCLUSION A 6-month RT program increases muscle mass and improves BMD of the femoral region in young and healthy older men and women as a group , with a trend for this to be greater in young subjects Background Whole-body vibration ( WBV ) is a new type of exercise that has been increasingly tested for the ability to prevent  bone fractures and osteoporosis in frail people . There are two currently marketed vibrating plates : a ) the whole plate oscillates up and down ; b ) reciprocating vertical displacements on the left and right side of a fulcrum , increasing the lateral accelerations . A few studies have shown recently the effectiveness of the up- and -down plate for increasing Bone Mineral Density ( BMD ) and balance ; but the effectiveness of the reciprocating plate technique remains mainly unknown . The aim was to compare the effects of WBV using a reciprocating platform at frequencies lower than 20 Hz and a walking-based exercise programme on BMD and balance in post-menopausal women .  Methods Twenty-eight physically untrained post-menopausal women were assigned at r and om to a WBV group or a Walking group . Both experimental programmes consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 months . Each vibratory session included 6 bouts of 1 min ( 12.6 Hz in frequency and 3 cm in amplitude with 60 ° of knee flexion ) with 1 min rest between bouts . Each walking session was 55 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of stretching . Hip and lumbar BMD ( g·cm-2 ) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and balance was assessed by the blind flamingo test . ANOVA for repeated measurements was adjusted by baseline data , weight and age . Results After 8 months , BMD at the femoral neck in the WBV group was increased by 4.3 % ( P = 0.011 ) compared to the Walking group . In contrast , the BMD at the lumbar spine was unaltered in both groups . Balance was improved in the WBV group ( 29 % ) but not in the Walking group . Conclusion The 8-month course of vibratory exercise using a reciprocating plate is feasible and is more effective than walking to improve two major determinants of bone fractures : hip BMD and balance This study examines the effects of weight loss by caloric restriction ( WL ) and aerobic exercise plus weight loss ( AEx+WL ) on total and regional bone mineral density ( BMD ) in older women . Healthy , postmenopausal women [ age 63 + /- 1 ( SE ) yr ] not on hormone-replacement therapy underwent 6 mo of WL ( n = 15 ) consisting of dietary counseling one time per week with a caloric deficit ( 250 - 350 kcal/day ) or AEx+WL ( n = 15 ) consisting of treadmill exercise three times per week in addition to the weight loss . Maximal aerobic capacity increased only in the AEx+WL group ( P < 0 . 001 ) . Body weight , percent fat , and fat mass decreased similarly in both groups ( P < 0.005 ) , with no changes in fat-free mass . Total body BMD ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) decreased in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Femoral neck , Ward 's triangle , and greater trochanter BMD decreased in the WL group ( P < /= 0.05 ) but were not significantly different after AEx+WL .  L2-L4 BMD did not significantly change in either group . Thus WL and AEx+WL both result in losses of total body BMD ; however , AEx+WL appears to prevent the loss in regional BMD seen with WL alone in healthy , older women . This suggests that the addition of exercise to weight-loss programs may reduce the risk for bone loss Summary This study showed that combination of strength , balance , agility and jumping training prevented functional decline and bone 
    Output:
    
Inclusion criteria were met by 59 controlled trials , 7 meta-analyses and 8 review s. The studies included in this review indicate that bone-related variables can be increased , or at least the common decline in bone mass during ageing attenuated , through following specific training programmes .
Walking provides a modest increase in the loads on the skeleton above gravity and , therefore , this type of exercise has proved to be less effective in osteoporosis prevention .
Strength exercise seems to be a powerful stimulus to improve and maintain bone mass during the ageing process .
Some novelties are that WBV training is a promising alternative to prevent bone fractures and osteoporosis .
Because this type of exercise under prescription is potentially safe , it may be considered as a low impact alternative to current methods combating bone deterioration .
In other respects , the ability of peripheral quantitative computed tomography ( pQCT ) to assess bone strength and geometric properties may prove advantageous in evaluating the effects of training on bone health .
As a result of changes in bone mass becoming evident by pQCT even when dual energy X-ray absortiometry ( DXA ) measurements were unremarkable , pQCT may provide new knowledge about the effects of exercise on bone that could not be eluci date d by DXA .